UV LIGA involves the exposure of SU-8 negative resist, using a UV mask aligner, to produce high aspect ratio pillars or microchannels as part of the manufacturing process for microsystems. This has been made possible by the widespread use of a UV sensitive resist SU-8. Many papers have been written on the Fresnel diffraction theory of exposure, some key ...

This paper presents a LiGA (German acronym for LIthografie, Galvanoformung, Abformung) based micro biopsy actuator for the capsular endoscope. The proposed fabricated actuator aims to extract sample tissues inside small gastric intestines, that cannot be reached by conventional biopsy. The actuator size is 10 mm in diameter and 1.8 mm in length. The mechanism is of a ...

A technique using diffusion bonding (or solid-state welding) has been used to achieve batch fabrication of two- level nickel LIGA structures. Interlayer alignment accuracy of less than 1 micron is achieved using press-fit gauge pins. A mini-scale torsion ...

How to fabricate high aspect ratio microstructures with high precision has become a very concerned issue. In this paper, the pattern transfer accuracy of proximity lithography is investigated and the related distortion compensation method is presented. According to partial coherent light theory, the propagation of partial coherent light, which is from an ...

A technique using diffusion bonding (or solid-state welding) has been used to achieve batch fabrication of two- level nickel LIGA structures. Interlayer alignment accuracy of less than 1 micron is achieved using press-fit gauge pins. A mini-scale torsion tester was built to measure the diffusion bond strength of LIGA formed specimens ...

BackgroundAlthough sources of positional error in geographic locations (e.g. geocoding error) used for describing and modeling spatial patterns are widely acknowledged, research on how such error impacts the statistical results has been limited. In this paper we explore techniques for quantifying the perturbability of spatial weights to different specifications of positional error.ResultsWe find ...

Micromaterial's parameters, such as stiffness constants, critical values and fatigue limits are determined with mechanical tests on microfabricated samples. Single crystal silicon, nickel or nickel-iron alloys are investigated using newly developed testing devices. In the microsample tensile test, force and elongations are measured independently with high accuracy. 10-5 N is ...

Microcomponents are increasingly applied in industrial products, e.g. smallest gears, springs or the watch industry. Apart from their small dimensions, such components are characterized by a high contour accuracy. Industry requires the tolerances to be in the �m range. Measurement of lateral dimensions in the mm range with submicrometer accuracy and ...

... Title : Theories and Forecasting in ... FORECASTING, *INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, METHODOLOGY, THEORY, ACCURACY ...

Total X-ray power measurements using aluminum block calorimetry and other techniques were made at LIGA X-ray scanner synchrotron beamlines located at both the Advanced Light Source (ALS) and the Advanced Photon Source (APS). This block calorimetry work was initially performed on the LIGA beamline 3.3.1 of the ALS to provide experimental checks of ...

... ON THE ACCURACY OF FLECHETTES BY DYNAMIC WIND TUNNEL TESTS, BY THEORY AND ANALYSIS, AND BY ACTUAL FIRINGS ...

... Accession Number : AD0423692. Title : THE ACCURACY OF LINEAR PISTON THEORY WHEN APPLIED TO CYLINDRICAL SHELLS,. ...

... Page 2. INVESTIGATION OF THE ACCURACY OF LINEAR PISTON THEORY ... 1- Piston theory was introduced into aeroelasticity in the linear- ...

The present invention is directed to the use of vitreous carbon as a substrate material for providing masks for X-ray lithography. The new substrate also enables a small thickness of the mask absorber used to pattern the resist, and this enables improved mask accuracy. An alternative embodiment comprised the use of vitreous carbon as a LIGA substrate ...

Two theories of simple spherical liquids are reviewed. These are perturbation theory and the Percus-Yevick (PY) theory. When used properly these theories are of comparable accuracy and are very satisfactory theories of liquids. Progress in the determinati...

A linear array of nine quadrupoles was fabricated using the LIGA process. Pole heights ranging from

... accuracy of the Zeeman laser gyro (ZLAG) theory was tested ... earthbound experiments to test general and special relativity theories were designed ...

... In this paper, a critical comparison is made ... to assess the accuracy of linear theory as compared with the more exact theories which are ...

The LIGA (a German acronym for lithography, electroplating and molding) process using highly parallel x-rays permits the production of a microstructure with still unique characteristics: high aspect ratio, high accuracy, high perpendicularity and lower roughness of the side wall. From a marketing point of view, this qualitative description might suffice to ...

This report summarizes a three year effort to develop an automated microassembly workcell for the assembly of LIGA (Lithography Galvonoforming Abforming) parts. Over the last several years, Sandia has developed processes for producing surface machined silicon and LIGA parts for use in weapons surety devices. Some of these parts have outside dimensions as ...

... WEAPON SYSTEMS, *CONTROL THEORY, *GUNFIRE, SYMPOSIA, MOTION, STABILIZATION SYSTEMS, GUN MUZZLES, GUNS, ACCURACY ...

... international politics, and other areas researched by Joint ... Title : Theory of the Photofield Emission from ... can be interpreted with qualitative accuracy. ...

... Title : Monte Carlo Approximations in Bayesian Decision Theory. ... Two accuracy measures of the Monte Carlo approximations are proposed. ...

LIGA fabricated materials and components exhibit several processing issues affecting their metallurgical and mechanical properties, potentially limiting their usefulness for MEMS applications. For example, LIGA processing by metal electrodeposition is very sensitive to deposition conditions which causes significant processing lot variations of mechanical ...

A test technique has been devised which is suitable for the testing of the bond strength of batch diffusion bonded LIGA or DXRL defined structures. The method uses a torsion tester constructed with the aid of LIGA fabrication and distributed torsion speci...

In the past, the capillaries of fiber-spinneret were made by drilling or by micro electro-discharge-machining. In this study a new process for manufacturing a spinneret die was developed. LIGA process provides the new method of capillary manufacturing. The diameter of the capillaries is 200 micrometers . and L/D ratio is 3. The stability during fiber spinning can be improved ...

In recent years a number of micro machining processes have been developed suitable for the realization of industrial process applications, whereby the LIGA technique is considered to be one of the most promising and flexible technologies for the large scale fabrication of three- dimensional microstructure products. LIGA is based on the combination of deep ...

Meso-scale manufacturing processes are bridging the gap between silicon-based MEMS processes and conventional miniature machining. These processes can fabricate two and three-dimensional parts having micron size features in traditional materials such as stainless steels, rare earth magnets, ceramics, and glass. Meso-scale processes that are currently available include, focused ion beam sputtering, ...

Millimeter-wave rf cavities for use in linear accelerators, free-electron lasers, and mm-wave undulatory are under development at Argonne National Laboratory. Typical cavity dimensions are in the 1000 mm range, and the overall length of the accelerator structure, which consists of 30-100 cavities, is about 50-100 mm. An accuracy of 0.2% in the cavity dimensions is necessary in ...

Deep X-ray lithography on PMMA resist is used in the LIGA process. The resist is exposed to synchrotron X-rays through a patterned mask and then is developed in a liquid developer to make high aspect ratio microstructures. The limitations in dimensional accuracies of the LIGA generated microstructure originate from many sources, ...

... Accession Number : ADA533174. Title : UV-LIGA Microfabrication of 220 GHz Sheet Beam Amplifier Gratings with SU-8 Photoresists. ...

Jan 22, 2011 ... Title: A LIGA Fabricated Quadrupole Array for Mass Spectroscopy. Authors: Jackson, Keith Wiberg, Dean V. Issue Date: 20-Jun-1997 ...

Jan 22, 2011 ... dc.title, A LIGA Fabricated Quadrupole Array for Mass Spectroscopy, en_US. Appears in Collections: JPL TRS 1992+ ...

Jan 22, 2011 ... Title: A LIGA Fabricated Quadrupole Array for Mass Spectroscopy. Authors: Jackson, K. Wiberg, D. V.. Hecht, M. H.. Orient, O. J. ...

... on the dot product of nearest neighbors. A variety of examples illustrate the theory. Descriptors : *EIGENVECTORS, ALGORITHMS, ACCURACY ...

... THEORY, AUGMENTATION, ACCURACY, HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING ... AND LABOR RELATIONS ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. ...

... Descriptors : *FINITE DIFFERENCE THEORY, *THERMAL DIFFUSION, *THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, *PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ...

... ACCURACY, BENDING, CYLINDRICAL BODIES, CONFIGURATIONS, LINEARITY, SHEAR STRESSES, MIXING, VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES. ...

This report discusses the theory of tank gun accuracy and the Tank Accuracy Model (TAM) software for generating accuracy data. It is designed for those who produce and use such data for current weapon systems as well as for those who wish to analyze futur...

Deep X-ray lithography on PMMA resist is used in the LIGA process. The resist is exposed to synchrotron X-rays through a patterned mask and then is developed in a liquid developer to make high aspect ratio microstructures. This work addresses the thermal analysis and temperature rise of the mask-resist assembly during exposure at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) synchrotron. ...

This paper presents a new technique to investigate deep microfeatures, and an alternative process to produce micro components. Micro-EDM and focused ion beam micromachining were combined to directly fabricate the mold features. The first process was to remove the bulk material while the later was to produce intricate details and improve the surface integrity. To investigate the effects of ion beam ...

This paper reports on the design and fabrication of a new milliscale magnetic actuator that is ideally suited for LIGA processing. LIGA processing permits the fabrication of millisized machine elements that cannot be fabricated by conventional miniature machining techniques because of their small feature sizes. The Milliengine is a magnetically driven ...

Methods of probability theory are applied to determine parameters for describing the accuracy of a model, given a data base of measurements with which the predictions of the model are compared. From such comparisons it is customary to determine the mean a...

accuracy -- 0.2 in the tests of GR [l, 2, 31. Spacecraft and planetary radar observations reached an accuracy of. -- 0.15 [4]. The astrometric observations ...

In this paper, a prototype robotic workcell for the parallel assembly of LIGA components is described. A Cartesian robot is used to press 386 and 485 micron diameter pins into a LIGA substrate and then place a 3-inch diameter wafer with LIGA gears onto the pins. Upward and downward looking microscopes are used to locate holes in the ...

Theory and operational aspects of the ELKORR program developed at DFVLR for orbit determination are described. Required orbit determination accuracies are specified for orbital maneuvers and tracking accuracies. The theory covers the weighted least square...

speeds. A steady mean flow solution is first obtained by an Euler method. The classical piston theory loads and flutter predictions are compared with those obtained by the classical piston theory superior accuracy and much wider validity range compared with the classical piston theory, with the cost

in scientific theories should be interpreted realistically or in some less committal manner. This dispute and accuracy of the hard parts of our theories is not a cumulative approach to truth. (126) #12;Giere. Scientific theories, a literally true story of what the world is like; and acceptance of a scientific ...

The engineer will be looking for violations of the assumptions made in ...... Balakrishnan , A. V .: Communication Theory. McGraw-Hill Book Co. , c .1968, ...

Jul 5, 2005 ... While quantum theory, the theory of the infinitesimally small, was being tested with accuracy never attained before, he refused to accept that it ...

... ENGINEERING), DYNAMICS, THEORY, ACCURACY, THESES, ENGINEERING, CYLINDRICAL BODIES, PRECISION, GEOMETRY, METROLOGY ...

... Fourier Analysis to Machine Learning Theory and Practice. ... ALGORITHMS, DISTRIBUTION, ACCURACY, EFFICIENCY, THESES, COEFFICIENTS ...

... the coefficients of the asymptotic expansion, depend also upon the ... tude, so that the differential equations and the boundary conditions ...

... confi- dence intervals. Furthermore, these procedures also improve the asymptotic order of confidence interval accuracy. . ...

... Descriptors : *CLOUDS, TEST AND EVALUATION, SIZES(DIMENSIONS), COMPARISON, THEORY, ACCURACY, FABRICATION, FOG, DROPS ...

The final choice of which theory to use in any given case must be governed by the accuracy desired and the computing time available. The ...

... operational warfare, joint planning, national and ... and explain the LTSA behavior. ... ANTENNAS, PARAMETERS, THEORY, ACCURACY, VARIABLES ...

... Descriptors : *MIRRORS, *POWER SPECTRA, *SURFACE FINISHING, ACCURACY, DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY, ERRORS, GRINDING ...

... Descriptors : , (*INFORMATION THEORY, MEASUREMENT), ANALOG SYSTEMS, DIGITAL SYSTEMS, ACCURACY, COSTS, RESPONSE, TIME ...

... These waves are not explained by ray theory. ... material by means of laser generated ultrasound is a ... a high accuracy in the velocity measurement. ...

... FOREWORD This Technical Documentary Report was prepared under Definitive ... first-order theory, be a periodic function of time. On the ...

... is presented. This method is valid for subcritical flow within the accuracy of the linearized small disturbance theory. The ...

... CONTROL, STATIONS, ANGLES, METHODOLOGY, POSITION(LOCATION), COMPUTATIONS, COMPARISON, THEORY, ACCURACY, THESES ...

A table top servohydraulic load frame equipped with a laser displacement measurement system was constructed for the mechanical characterization of LIGA fabricated electroforms. A drop in tensile specimen geometry which includes a pattern to identify gauge...

The history of the LIGA process, used for fabricating dimensional precise structures for microsystem applications, is briefly reviewed, as are the basic elements of the technology. The principal focus however, is on the unique aspects of the electrochemis...

A system to fabricate precise, high aspect ratio polymeric molds by photolithograpic processe is described. The molds for producing micro-scale parts from engineering materials by the LIGA process. The invention is a developer system for developing a PMMA...

Gas electron multipliers (GEMS) have been made by a deep X-ray lithography technique (LIGA process) using synchrotron radiation on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and by UV processes using a UV etchable glass. Gain, stability and rate capability for these d...

The LIGA spring is a recently designed part for defense program applications. The Sandia California LIGA team has produced an initial group build of these nickel alloy parts. These are distinctive in having a macroscopic lateral size of about 1 cm, while requiring microscopic dimensional precision on the order of a few micrometers. ...

... and the mandible. It consists of the mandibular condyle, articular disc, temporal fossa, muscles and liga- mants. One of ...

In this paper, a prototype robotic workcell for the parallel assembly of LIGA components is described. A Cartesian robot is used to press 386 and 485 micron diameter pins into a LIGA substrate and then place a 3-inch diameter wafer with LIGA gears onto the pins. Upward and downward looking microscopes are used to locate holes in the ...

This paper describes ongoing testing of two microgrippers for assembly of LIGA (Lithographie Galvanoformung Abformung) parts. The goal is to place 100 micron outside diameter (OD) LIGA gears with a 50 micron inner diameter hole onto pins ranging from 35 to 49 microns. The first micro gripper is a vacuum gripper made of a 100 micron OD stainless steel tube. ...

This paper is an overview of the LIGA technique, an increasingly accepted approach for fabricating metal, ceramic or plastic microdevices. The LIGA technique was invented in Germany in the early 1980s and the acronym derives from the words LIthographie, Galvanoformung, Abformung meaning Lithography, Electroplating, and Molding in English. The paper is ...

The high-molecular-weight leptospiral immunoglobulin-like repeat (Lig) proteins are expressed only by virulent low-passage forms of pathogenic Leptospira species. We examined the effects of growth phase and environmental signals on the expression, surface exposure, and extracellular release of LigA and LigB. LigA was lost from stationary-phase cells, while ...

The high-molecular-weight leptospiral immunoglobulin-like repeat (Lig) proteins are expressed only by virulent low-passage forms of pathogenic Leptospira species. We examined the effects of growth phase and environmental signals on the expression, surface exposure, and extracellular release of LigA and LigB. LigA was lost from stationary-phase cells, while ...

This paper presents a LiGA (a German acronym for lithographie, galvanoformung, abformung) process based microactuator to be used for microbiopsy in capsular endoscopes. This microactuator is designed to be integrated into a capsular endoscope and to extract tissue samples inside the small gastrointestine which a conventional endoscope cannot reach. The proposed microactuator ...

After a critical overview on the traditional way of expressing the accuracy of experiments testing the postulates of the special theory of relativity, the four-parameter test theory is briefly introduced. The existing experiments are then classified and t...

Band theory equations that have the accuracy of first-principles calculations and the speed of simple tight-binding model calculations are derived. Some recent results in the theory of alloys are presented.

is the view that we should take seriously the whole content of empirically successful scientific theories, and that scientific progress consists in increasing the scope and accuracy of these theories. A series of devastating of science. On the history side, it is arguable that a majority of empirically successful scientific ...

Mayer perturbation theory is designed to provide computable convergent expansions which permit calculation of Greens functions in Euclidean Quantum Field Theory to arbitrary accuracy, including 'nonperturbative' contributions from large field fluctuations...

A one-parameter family of variationally consistent shear-deformation beam-bending theories is presented and adequately extended to two-dimensional displacement and stress fields, approximating plane elasticity solutions with a relative error proportional to the thickness cubed. Relationships are established between accuracy, shear factors, and admissible ...

Will be medical specialties like sciences in the future? Yes, progressively they will. Accuracy in clinical specialties will be dissimilar in the future because formal-logic mathematics, quantum physics advances and relativity theory utilities. Evidence based medicine is now helping to clinical specialties on scientific accuracy by the ...

This paper discusses several criteria over which theories should be evaluated. After defining the term �theory, � and identifying the purpose of theory, I argue that any given theory should be comparatively evaluated against a rival theory that purports to explain the same phenomenon along ...

The temperature-dependent Hall coefficient and Hall mobility above 90 K ofLiGa are presented for the Li-deficient phase. These results indicate that theholes are the majority carriers in LiGa and their mobility is dominated by thelattice-phonon scattering. The difference in the hole mobility between LiGa andLiAl suggests that the band overlap of the hole ...

The comparison of Nickel electrodeposition in LIGA process with traditional electroplating by electrochemical methods was reported. The mass transport limitation during microelectroforming in LIGA was studied by linear potential sweep technique, the limiting current is easier to reach for plating into LIGA molds. The A.C. impedance ...

A clone expressing a novel immunoreactive leptospiral immunoglobulin-like protein A of 130 kDa (LigA) from Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona type kennewicki was isolated by screening a genomic DNA library with serum from a mare that had recently aborted due to leptospiral infection. LigA is encoded by an open reading frame of 3,675 bp, and the deduced ...

LIGA is a micromachining technology that uses high energy x-rays from a synchrotron to create patterns with small lateral dimensions in a deep, non-conducting polymeric resist. Typical dimensions for LIGA parts are microns to tens of microns in lateral size, and hundreds of microns to millimeters in depth. Once the resist is patterned, metal is ...

Apparatus was constructed and experiments conducted to confirm the effect of corner-cube rotation on the accuracy of linear measurement with an interferometer. Theory was verified within the accuracy of the experiment. These results will serve as guidelin...

... 1994. Theory and methods of accuracy assessment using fuzzy sets. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 60:2181�188. ... the verbal scale presented in Table 3. Overall fuzzy accuracy is the total...

Most tests of cognitively oriented theories of health behav-ior are based on correlational data. Unfortunately, such tests are often biased, overestimating the accuracy of the theories they seek to evaluate. These biases are especially strong when studies examine health behaviors that need to be performed repeatedly, such as medication ...

A new chemically-oriented mathematical model for the development step of the LIGA process is presented. The key assumption is that the developer can react with the polymeric resist material in order to increase the solubility of the latter, thereby partially overcoming the need to reduce the polymer size. The ease with which this reaction takes place is assumed to be ...

The original derivation of the basic theory governing the aerodynamics of both hovercraft and modern floatation ovens, requires the validity of some extremely crude assumptions. However, the basic theory is surprisingly accurate. It is shown that this accuracy occurs because the final expression of the basic theory ...

A perturbation strategy is proposed which allows liquid perturbation methodology to be applied to extremely low temperature situations for which the available liquid integral equation theory and traditional thermodynamic perturbation theory fail. The possibility of avoiding the low temperature problem of the thermodynamic perturbation ...

Frame-of-reference (FOR) rater training is one technique used to impart a theory of work performance to raters. In this study, the authors explored how raters' implicit performance theories may differ from a normative performance theory taught during training. The authors examined how raters' level and type of idiosyncrasy predicts ...

The theory of the stereographic projection is reviewed and some applications in meteor astronomy are discussed briefly. It is shown that the grid lines for a hemispherical projection may be plotted with an accuracy sufficient for most purposes by drawing ...

Nov 6, 2007... examine the first stars and galaxies that were created after the big bang. ... confirming the Big Bang theory to extraordinary accuracy. ...

Nov 6, 2007... examine the first stars and galaxies that were created after the big bang. ... confirming the Big Bang theory to extraordinary accuracy. ...

... Furthermore, the accuracy of the power-series method (Sec.5) is dependent on the ratio of airplane size to turbulence scale. 2.2 Near the Ground ...

These Pages might not display properly since your browser does not support JavaScript! Your browser does not support JavaScript! ...

... Apcrecently carried out detailed compitter simulations ' that show thn't the mean number of clsters is given lo high accuracy by several of ouy ap- ...

waves coiild provide qllantitative tests of general relativity, ... estimation and theory t,esting, as well as the angillar resolution and distance accuracy ...

... assumptions are made in the tolerance theory. ... trajectory due to sUch factors as tolerances and wind ... interval 8t the momentum flowing across FG is ...

To test the accuracy of the Gordon-Kim theory of intermolecular forces, predicted and experimental values are compared for Ar-HCl. The method appears to ...

Both models achieved nearly the same accuracy, suggesting that canopy spectral invariant theory can explain the observed correlation. ...

Jan 9, 2006 ... 1803: Modern atomic theory is put forward by John Dalton. 1804: Biot The French Academy of Sciences, questioning the accuracy of previous ...

... CONTROL THEORY, RANGE(EXTREMES), LOOPS, AUTOMATIC, OPEN LOOP SYSTEMS, ACCURACY, VENTILATION, SIMULATION, CONTROL ...

... These inverse filters are then incorporated in H2 and H(infinity) theory to provide robust control algorithms capable of providing high accuracy ...

Experiments in laser cooling and atomic physics will provide unprecedented accuracy, setting new world standards for use in testing physical theories and in ...

Contents: Effects of the initial degree of turbulence on the hydrodynamic coefficients of the blade systems of axial hydraulic turbines; Accuracy of determining the flow around straight blade cascades; Application of Stanitz and Prian's approximate theory...

... as destructive as high- order detonations, they can ... e Combustion, ignition and detonation I. theories and ... accuracy of treating heat-transfer into the ...

Use Thomson scattering theory and Van de Hulst-Minnaert coefficients. Scattered brightness per electron at any point in solar atmosphere ...

Fourier transforms are efficient and convenient for analyzing local gravity data, but the accuracy of Fourier methods is restricted by the flat-earth approximation. In this paper, the theory of matched asymptotic (inner and outer) expansions is used to de...

A closed form analytic theory for the structure of the hard dumbell fluid is introduced and evaluated. It is found to be comparable in accuracy to the reference interaction site approximation (RISA) of Chandler and Andersen.

Table of contents: Some instrumental errors of gyroscopes, On the theory of the compensating gyroazimuth, Dynamic balancing of rotors, Error influence of a real accelerometer on the measuring accuracy of angular velocity, Calculation of the aerodynamic dr...

Recently, quantitative models based on signal detection theory have been successfully applied to the

Mar 1, 2011 ... Both models achieved nearly the same accuracy, suggesting that canopy spectral invariant theory can explain the observed correlation. ...

Jul 5, 2007... two dimensional wind tunnels with better realism and accuracy than is achieved with methods based on classical wall interference theory. ...

The spin virial theorem is derived in the time-dependent density-functional theory. It establishes a relationship between the differences of kinetic and potential energies and the currents. It provides a way of checking accuracy of approximations.

Lithium was chosen as the simplest known metal for the first application of quantum Monte Carlo methods in order to evaluate the accuracy of conventional one-electron band theories. Lithium has been extensively studied using such techniques. Band theory c...

This thesis is concerned with the linear theory of elastic shells, principally from the viewpoint of finite element analysis. Main topics considered here are the derivation of reduced shell equations and their accuracy as well as finite element locking ph...

The equations of multiple-scattering theory (MST) are solved for the case of a lattice of square-well potentials in the shape of squares that fill the plane. We find that multiple-scattering theory is exact within reasonably achievable numerical accuracy. There {ital is} a problem with the convergence of MST in its traditional ...

The LIGA process has the ability to fabricate very precise, high aspect ratio mesoscale structures with microscale features [l]. The process consists of multiple steps before a final part is produced. Materials native to the LIGA process include metals and photoresists. These structures are routinely measured for quality control and process improvement. ...

Systematic properties of the AGaH4 alkali gallium hydrides ( A=Li , Na, K, Rb, and Cs) are investigated within density functional theory. Seven ground-state crystal structures are identified, with two energetically indistinguishable structures found for both LiGaH4 , whose structure is as yet undetermined experimentally, and CsGaH4 . Born effective charge tensors, static ...

The accuracy of thematic map products is not spatially homogenous, but instead variable across most landscapes. Properly analyzing and representing the spatial distribution (pattern) of thematic map accuracy would provide valuable user information for assessing appropriate applic...

This paper presents a fuzzy set-based method of mapping spatial accuracy of thematic map and computing several ecological indicators while taking into account spatial variation of accuracy associated with different land cover types and other factors (e.g., slope, soil type, etc.)...

A test technique has been devised which is suitable for the testing of the bond strength of batch diffusion bonded LIGA or DXRL defined structures. The method uses a torsion tester constructed with the aid of LIGA fabrication and distributed torsion specimens which also make use of the high aspect ratio nature of DXRL based processing. Measurements reveal ...

A mesoscale low-loss LIGA-micromachined conductor-backed coplanar waveguide is presented. The 517 {micro}m lines are the tallest uniplanar LIGA-fabricated microwave transmission lines to date, as well as the first to be constructed of copper rather than nickel. The conductor-backed micromachined CPW on quartz achieves a measured attenuation of 0.064 dB/cm ...

Detailed and consistent crystal field analysis of the LiGa5O8:Cr3+ absorption spectrum is performed in the present paper by using the exchange charge model of crystal field. We calculate the crystal field parameters from the crystal structure date and diagonalize the crystal field Hamiltonian to obtain the energy level structure of Cr3+ ions in LiGa5O8. ...

... sheet beam amplifier gratings with SU-8 ... The design of this traveling-wave amplifier centers on a simple grating over which a sheet electron beam ...

and locally. Three species, Actinonaias liga- mentina (Lamarck 1819), Amblema plicata (Say 1817), and Quadrula

... effort resulted in a five-fold reduction in maintenance ... machining of silicon dioxide. ... LIGA being a polymer injection molding process (or an ...

X-Ray Lithography I LiGA: We will focus on Synchrotron X-ray source . . ': Electrons moving at relativistic speeds when subjected to magnetic ...

A 3X3 array of hyperboloid quadrupole mass filters with a 3 mm pole length was fabricated using the LIGA (LIthographic Galvanoformung and Abformung) process. Electrical connectivity and spatial orientation are established by bonding the pole array to a low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) substrate. A miniature scroll pump for vacuum pumping with a scroll height of 3 mm was ...

The report presented below is to appear in ''Electrochemistry at the Nanoscale'', Patrik Schmuki, Ed. Springer-Verlag, (ca. 2005). The history of the LIGA process, used for fabricating dimensional precise structures for microsystem applications, is briefly reviewed, as are the basic elements of the technology. The principal focus however, is ...

... Pagination or Media Count : 35. ... The tunable IR filter is a mechanically deformable structure consisting of an array of parallel metal plates joined by ...

... principles that make micro heat exchangers effective also apply to regenerators and mass transfer-limited reaction devices such as catalytic converters. ...

... 11. TITLE (Include Security Classification) Electron Density Modulation of Catalytic Metal Centers by Substituted Aryl-Isocyanide Liga Is 12. ...

Mass spectroscopy continues to be a standard method for the identification and ... To meet this requirement in the area of mass spectroscopy, a project was ...

In the paper, a new technique to quantify the accuracy of models for weather prediction in forecasting tracks of tropical cyclones using the available best track database is presented. Also a new approach to quantify and improve the accuracy of tropical cyclone track forecasts where no best track positions are available is suggested. Both techniques rely ...

To assess the accuracy of simplified methods for the treatment of ion dynamics in Stark-broadening theory, we have compared two such methods, the relaxation theory and model microfield method, against benchmark calculations for the CVI H{sub {alpha}} line. It is shown that both methods show poor agreement at low densities. thinsp ...

The theory of variances of equilibrium reconstruction is presented. It complements existing practices with information regarding what kind of plasma profiles can be reconstructed, how accurately, and what remains beyond the abilities of diagnostic systems. The �-curves, introduced by the present theory, give a quantitative assessment of quality of ...

The theory of variances of equilibrium reconstruction is presented. It complements existing practices with information regarding what kind of plasma profiles can be reconstructed, how accurately, and what remains beyond the abilities of diagnostic systems. The ?-curves, introduced by the present theory, give a quantitative assessment of quality of ...

We present in this article a brief summary of the status and the history of development of the theory of Rayleigh scattering-the elastic scattering of X- and ?-rays from bound electrons of an atom. The usefulness and the limitations of the commonly used theories are discussed. We compare recent experiments and simpler theories with the ...

The half-cycle crack growth theory was incorporated into the Ko closed-form aging theory to improve accuracy in the predictions of operational flight life of failure-critical aerostructural components. A new crack growth computer program was written for r...

A bimetric theory of gravitation is proposed, satisfying the covariance and equivalence principles. It is based on a simple form of Lagrangian and has a simpler mathematical structure than that of the general theory of relativity. The theory agrees with general relativity up to the accuracy of the ...

Accurate atomic lifetime data are useful for terrestrial and astrophysical plasma diagnostics. At accuracies higher than those required for these applications, lifetime measurements test atomic structure theory in ways complementary to spectroscopic energy determinations. At the highest level of accuracy, the question arises whether ...

Accurate atomic lifetime data are useful for terrestrial and astrophysical plasma diagnostics. At accuracies higher than those required for these applications, lifetime measurements test atomic structure theory in ways complementary to spectroscopic energy determinations. At the highest level of accuracy, the question arises whether ...

This article investigates how measurement models and statistical procedures can be applied to estimate the accuracy of proficiency classification in language testing. The paper starts with a concise introduction of four measurement models: the classical test theory (CTT) model, the dichotomous item response theory (IRT) model, the ...

Perturbation theory expressions for the static reactivity derived from the flux, collision density, birth-rate density, and fission-neutron density formulations of integral transport theory, and from the integro-differential formulation, are intercompared. The physical meaning and relation of the adjoint functions corresponding to each of the five ...

Calculations of the energy loss rates from the unified theory are compared with those of other theories (e.g., binary collision theory and the wave theory) to study the accuracy and validity of each theory under various plasma regimes. The unified ...

The effect of a narrow-band isotropic stochastic gravitational wave background on pulsar timing and astrometric measurements is studied. Such a background appears in some theories of gravity. We show that the existing millisecond pulsar timing accuracy (approximately 0.2 micros) strongly constrains possible observational consequences of ...

The aim of this investigation is the computation, by implementation of algorithms of a third-order perturbation theory developed in an earlier paper, of numerical results that represent quantitatively the distortion of the structure of a polytropic star, distortion owing to either uniform or differential rapid rotation. The results presented are systematically compared with ...

This paper assesses the accuracy of the ?SCF method for computing low-lying HOMO?LUMO transitions in organic dye molecules. For a test set of vertical excitation energies of 16 chromophores, surprisingly similar accuracy is observed for time-dependent density functional theory and for ?SCF density functional ...

This paper assesses the accuracy of the ?SCF method for computing low-lying HOMO-->LUMO transitions in organic dye molecules. For a test set of vertical excitation energies of 16 chromophores, surprisingly similar accuracy is observed for time-dependent density functional theory and for ?SCF density functional ...

The life cycle of the pathogen Leptospira interrogans involves stages outside and inside the host. Entry of L. interrogans from moist environments into the host is likely to be accompanied by the induction of genes encoding virulence determinants and the concomitant repression of genes encoding products required for survival outside of the host. The expression of the adhesin ...

to fabricate Nickel microheaters based on Excimer laser micromachining, and microheater testing results process, whick also included the localised photoresist removal by excimer laser and Cu selective etching and excimer laser system have been described in previous work (Jin, 2001a and Jin, 2001b). In this work, all

This report presents a transdermal drug delivery system based on LIGA fabricated microparts. It is a portable device combining a magnetically actuated micro gear pump with a microneedle array. The fluidic behaviour of the system is analyzed in order to predict its performance according to the dimension of the microparts and then compared to experimental data. The manufacturing ...

In the presence of numerous health behavior theories, it is difficult to determine which of the many theories is most precise in explaining health-related behavior. New models continue to be introduced to the field, despite already existing disparity, overlap, and lack of unification among health promotion theories. This paper will ...

In the presence of numerous health behavior theories, it is difficult to determine which of the many theories is most precise in explaining health-related behavior. New models continue to be introduced to the field, despite already existing disparity, overlap, and lack of unification among health promotion theories. This paper will ...

LIGA is an acronym for the German terms Lithographie, Galvanoformung, Abformung, which describe a microfabrication process for high aspect ratio, structural parts based on electrodeposition of a metal into a poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA) mold. LIGA produced parts have very high dimensional tolerances (on the order of a micron) and can vary in size from ...

Kogelnik's coupled-wave (CW) theory has been used for decades to predict the diffraction efficiency of volume diffraction gratings. Although this theory has been applied with success to volume diffraction gratings recorded under a great variety of experimental conditions, its predictions deviate from the actual behaviour whenever the hologram is thin or ...

Multigroup diffusion theory predicts too high a critical mass for small, highly enriched, critical assemblies. An attempt to improve the accuracy of diffusion theory predictions for fast reactors is described. Transport cross sections were adjusted on the basis of multigroup comparison of the Lady Godiva Reactor by diffusion ...

A generalized hydrodynamic theory of shock wave structures is presented for rigid diatomic gases. The theory yields shock solutions for all Mach numbers. The accuracy of the theory is examined for nitrogen gas as an example. Excellent agreement with experiment is obtained for the inverse shock widths for the entire ...

An alternative theory of solid mechanics, known as the peridynamic theory, formulates problems in terms of integral equations rather than partial differential equations. This theory assumes that particles in a continuum interact with each other across a finite distance, as in molecular dynamics. Damage is incorporated in the ...

Innovative reactor cores have usually complicated configurations to enhance the safety and economic features. Therefore the transport theory must be used for detailed design calculations. To estimate the uncertainty of the neutronic parameters it is required to calculate sensitivity coefficients to cross section change. The sensitivity coefficients are usually calculated based ...

The liquid-vapor phase diagram and surface tension for the Sutherland fluids with a variable range of interaction have been determined by canonical Monte Carlo simulations and compared with the augmented van der Waals analytic theory. The theory, based on a short-range Yukawa reference, performs well for medium-range models but its ...

In this paper, we examine the limits of accuracy of the single determinant approximations (Hartree-Fock, optimized effective potential, and density functional theory) to the exact energy eigenstates of many electron systems. We show that an approximate Slater determinant of S(z)=M gives maximum accuracy for states with S=M, provided ...

Eyewitness identification research has reliably shown that accurate identifications are faster than inaccurate identifications. Recently, D. Dunning and S. Perretta (2002) claimed that an identification latency of 10-12 s not only best discriminates between accurate and inaccurate identifications but also produces extremely high accuracy rates, approaching 90%. Consistent with ...

The Schr�dinger equation for the ground state of a hydrogen atom confined at the centre of an impenetrable cavity is treated using variational perturbation theory. Energies calculated from variational perturbation theory are comparable in accuracy to the results from a direct numerical solution. The goal of this exercise is to ...

We present results showing an improvement of the accuracy of perturbation theory as applied to cosmological structure formation for a useful range of quasi-linear scales. The Lagrangian theory of gravitational instability of an Einstein-de Sitter dust cos...

A free energy density functional theory (DFT) for nonuniform polymeric mixtures is proposed based on first order thermodynamic perturbation theory. The segment-density based free energy functional provides an accuracy comparable to the numerically intensive polymeric DFTs while preserving the computational simplicity of an atomic DFT. ...

Relativistic mean-field theory allowing for triaxial deformations is applied for a systematic study of fission barriers in the actinide region. Different pairing schemes are studied in detail and it is shown that covariant density functional theory is able to describe fission barriers on a level of accuracy comparable with ...

accurate analysis based on neutron transport theory. Most deterministic transport codes available today (S.e. accuracy and cost efficiency, of several broadly used transport theory codes. The transport theory methods methods. In addition, a brief outline of the multigroup VIM calculations is presented. The ...

This historical survey shows that Obukhov�s 1946 fundamental paper on a universal length scale for exchange processes in the surface layer was the basis for the derivation of the similarity theory by Monin and Obukhov in 1954. A brief overview of the experiments and findings used to formulate the universal functions in the presently used form is given. Finally, the current ...

We discuss two examples of duality. The first arises in the context of toroidal compactification of the discrete light cone quantization of M-theory. In the presence of nontrivial moduli coming from the M-theory three form, it has been conjectured that the system is described by supersymmetric Yang-Mills gauge theory on a ...

The goal of the DIRAC experiment is to measure the ?+?- atom lifetime of order 3 � 10-15 s with 10% precision. This measurement will provide in a model independent way the difference between the S-wave ?? scattering lengths for isospin 0 and 2, |a0 - a2|, with 5% accuracy. Low energy QCD -- chiral perturbation theory -- predicts nowadays scattering ...

Past research has shown that people are only slightly better than chance at distinguishing truths from lies. Higher accuracy rates, however, are possible when contextual knowledge is used to judge the veracity of situated message content. The utility of content in context was shown in a series of experiments with students (N = 26, 45, 51, 25, 127) and experts (N = 66). Across ...

Quantum and classical mechanics are two conceptually and mathematically different theories of physics, and yet they do use the same concept of classical mass that was originally introduced by Newton in his formulation of the laws of dynamics. In this paper, physical consequences of using the classical mass by both theories are explored, and a novel ...

Quantum and classical mechanics are two conceptually and mathematically different theories of physics, and yet they do use the same concept of classical mass that was originally introduced by Newton in his formulation of the laws of dynamics. In this paper, physical consequences of using the classical mass by both theories are explored, and a novel ...

Contents: Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Measurements; Method for Studying Membrane Transport; Photodynamic Theory; Instrumentation in Optical Tomography; Comparison of Localization Methods and Accuracies in Non-invasive Electro- and Magnetocardiography; Mol...

Contents: The Quantum Nature of Light: Using Highly Charged Uranium to Test Quantum Theory with Unprecedented Accuracy; Hot Hohlraums and Albert Einstein; Short-Pulse Laser Absorption and Solid-Target Heating at Relativistic Laser Intensities; Relativisti...

The concavity of the ground-state energy as a function of the coupling constant of the perturbation is shown using Ritz's variational principle. The derivation is simple and general, and the result is a useful tool for checking the accuracy of standard approximations such as perturbation theory and variational methods.

At millimeter waves quasi-optical systems are commonly designed based on the Gaussian beam and thin lens approximation. The accuracy of the Gaussian beam and thin lens approximation was studied in the case of a corrugated horn and lens combination at 87 G...

A summary of the methods used by KAPL personnel to measure the accuracy with which radiation protection instruments respond to radiation standards is presented. Calibration facilities and radiation standards are described and a discussion of instrument operation and theory is included. (J.R.D.)

Accuracy limitations to two way range rate Doppler tracking due to master (reference) oscillator frequency instabilities are discussed. Theory is developed to treat both the effects of random and nonrandom oscillator instabilities. The nonrandom instabili...

It is noted that the interaction of electron antineutrinos with neutrons, protons and electrons is known with a low accuracy and the theory of electroweak interactions in this area has no quantitative verification. It is proposed to create an intensive so...

In emission tomography, the spatial distribution of a radioactive tracer is estimated from a finite sample of externally-detected photons. We present an algorithm-independent theory of statistical accuracy attainable in emission tomography that makes mini...

The fact that experimental accuracy is finite makes the measurement of particle positions and velocities non-local and often non- commutative even in a scale invariant theory. Applied to electromagnetic and gravitational phenomena, we argue that this lead...

A directional antenna has been developed for the borehole radar constructed during phase 2 of the Stripa project. The new antenna can determine the azimuth of a strong reflector with an accuracy of about 3 degrees as confirmed during experiments in Stripa...

scale decreases the accuracy of the answer. Much research in the Qualitative Reasoning literature for these structures). 3 Possible applications of qualitative spatial reasoning Researchers in qualitative spatial Geography [30] which requires a theory of qualitative spatial reasoning. Although robotic navigation

Hydrodynamic models employed for computing flood discharges are based on the shallow water-wave theory that is described by the St. Venant (SV) equations. These models are derived from either the kinematic-wave (KW) approximation, the diffusion-wave (DW) ...

This simple result is due to the fact that, for 26k = K,, two nearby ...... Geoscience and Rcm. Sen., vol. 28, no. 1, 1990. [3] Rodriguez, E., Martin, J. M. , Theory and design of ... I'he radar parameters are given in the text. ...