... were to Compton scatter in the primary detector and be captured in the shield, the coincidence of the two events would cause the event in the HPGe ...

... as threshold setting, dead time, nonlinearities ... calibration technique using reference standards. ... accuracy primary standard and extending through ...

The reconstruction of extensive air showers (arrival direction, core position and energy estimation) by the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory is discussed together with the corresponding accuracy. We determine the angular reconstruction accuracy as a function of the station multiplicity by using two different approaches. ...

The Auger Surface Detector consists of a large array of water Cherenkov detector tanks each with a volume of 12,000 l, for the detection of high energy cosmic rays. The accuracy in the measurement of the integrated signal amplitude of the detector unit has been studied using experimental air shower data. It can be ...

Translated from Prib. Tekh. Eksp.; 16: No. 3, 47-49(1973). A method is proposed for the simultaneous study of the energy and angular distributions of charged particles which develop in the substance of a detector. Thin plates that record the energy of only those reaction products whose emission direction lies in the detector plane are used as ...

Recent developments associated with room temperature semiconductor detectors and inorganic scintillators suggest that these detectors may be viable alternatives for the primary detector in a Compton suppression spectrometer (CSS). The room temperature operation of these detectors allows removal ...

Recent developments associated with room temperature semiconductor detectors and inorganic scintillators suggest that these detectors may be viable alternatives for the primary detector in a Compton Suppression Spectrometer (CSS). The room temperature operation of these detectors allows ...

Recent developments associated with room temperature semiconductor detectors and inorganic scintillators suggest that these detectors may be viable alternatives for the primary detector in a Compton Suppression Spectrometer (CSS). The room temperature operation of these detectors allows removal ...

At the National Ignition Facility (NIF), 192 laser beams will compress a target containing a mixture of deuterium and tritium that will release fusion neutrons, photons, and other radiation. Diagnostics are being designed to measure this emitted radiation to infer crucial parameters of an ignition shot. Chemical vapor deposited (CVD) diamond is one of the ignition diagnostics that will be used as ...

At the National Ignition Facility (NIF), 192 laser beams will compress a target containing a mixture of deuterium and tritium (DT) that will release fusion neutrons, photons, and other radiation. Diagnostics are being designed to measure this emitted radiation to infer crucial parameters of an ignition shot. Chemical Vapor Deposited (CVD) diamond is one of the ignition diagnostics that will be ...

We have characterized an independent primary standard method to calibrate detection efficiency of photon-counting detectors based on two-photon correlations. We have verified this method and its uncertainty by comparing it to a substitution method using a...

... AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE, SPECIFICATIONS, ACCURACY, REMOTE DETECTORS, GEOGRAPHIC AREAS, RECONNAISSANCE SATELLITES ...

... LOCATION), DISTRIBUTION, INTERACTIONS, LIGHT, ACCURACY, CRYSTALS ... AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT NUCLEAR PHYSICS & ...

... The five types of ratemeters chosen for project ... COUNTERS, CALIBRATION, SPECIFICATIONS, ERRORS, DETECTORS, DOSE RATE, GAMMA ...

A method for improving the accuracy of neutron detectors is disclosed wherein a predetermined threshold level, by analysis of a neutron and gamma relative distribution curve, is set and all amplitudes below this predetermined minimum are removed from a neutron detector total count.

The high resolution Fly's Eye (HiRes) detector in Dugway, Utah, is an air fluorescence detector designed for the measurement of the energy and arrival direction of cosmic ray particles with energy E>1018 eV. HiRes monitors the night sky for fluorescence light from air shower cascades induced by cosmic ray primaries. The light is ...

The first stage in the determination of a crystal structure is the measurement of the intensities of the Bragg reflexions. This book is concerned with counter-methods of measuring these intensities. The use of counter methods has spread rapidly in recent years with the development of quantum detectors and of automatically controlled diffractometers. The authors of this book ...

... Compton scattered photons from the primary detector and incorporating coincident interactions in the two detectors that sum to the full energy event ...

The angular accuracy of a search radar depends on the extraction technique. For the case of a binary moving window extractor, the accuracy is evaluated in different operational conditions including target scintillation. A beam-splitting technique that was devised to improve the accuracy is also evaluated and compared with the binary ...

Passive, solid-state detectors still dominate the field of neutron personal dosimetry, mainly thanks to their low cost, high reliability and elevated throughput. However, the recent appearance in the market of several electronic personal dosemeters for neutrons presents a challenge to the exclusive use of passive systems for primary or official dosimetry. ...

Technical details and methods used in constructing the CDF silicon vertex detector are presented. This description includes a discussion of the foam-carbon fiber composite structure used to silicon microstrip detectors and the procedure for achievement of 5 {mu}m detector alignment. The construction of the beryllium barrel structure, ...

Technical details and methods used in constructing the CDF silicon vertex detector are presented. This description includes a discussion of the foam-carbon fiber composite structure used in silicon microstrip detectors and the procedure for achievement of 5 micron detector alignment. The construction of the beryllium barrel structure, ...

With the commercialisation of superconducting particles and radiation detectors set to occur in the very near future, nuclear analytical instrumentation is taking a big step forward. These new detectors have a high degree of accuracy, stability and speed and are suitable for high-density multiplex integration in nuclear research ...

The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory is performing the calibration of the AXAF High Resolution Mirror Assembly (HRMA) at the Marshall Space Flight Center. In order to determine the absolute incoming photon flux at the calibration facility a high purity germanium (HPGe) detector and an identical spare detector have been chosen as flux monitor of the ...

... The spindle detector exhibited a 90% detection accuracy when used to separate sleep stages 2,3, or 4 and stages 0, 1, or REM. ...

... Polyakov, M. Ware, and AL Migdall, �High-accuracy calibration of photon-counting detectors�, in Advanced Photon Counting Techniques, W. ...

... Development of an Optical Feedback Based High Accuracy Beam Transmissometer. ... The reference detector current was 0.1 microamps at an ...

The angular and energy resolutions of the TANGO Array were obtained using extensive Monte Carlo simulations performed with a double purpose: (1) to determine the appropriate parameters for the array fitting to the desired range of sensitivity (the knee energy region), and (2) to construct a reliable shower database required for reference in the analysis of experimental data. The AIRES code, with ...

Both beam hardening and the detection of scattered radiation cause nonlinearity errors in x-ray computed tomography (CT), leading to artifacts and CT number inaccuracies. Dual-energy measurements can be used to correct beam hardening effects to a high degree of accuracy. However, in the imaging of thick body sections the transmitted intensity of the ...

We derive an expression for the accuracy with which sources can be localized using a network of gravitational wave detectors. The result is obtained via triangulation, using timing accuracies at each detector and is applicable to a network with any number of detectors. We use this result to ...

Super Kamiokande houses the world's largest Cherenkov detector and whose primary goal is to detect and study neutrino interactions. My purpose in the project was to write a program to enhance the accuracy the ring counting. Currently, ring counting is the largest single source of systematic uncertainty in the single ring event rate, ...

We have compared the lateral analytical structure functions coming from cascade theory to the numerical distributions generated by EAS Monte Carlo simulations and to the empirical functions used in Giant Air Showers experiments. Analysis of published data contained in the catalogues of Volcano Ranch and Yakutsk, and the most energetic event of AGASA is presented. We discuss effects of axis ...

The neutron standards program at NBS is discussed with emphasis on Van de Graaff contributions to the overall program. In particular, the characteristics of an associated particle apparatus, which serves as a primary standard for flux normalization at the three percent accuracy level are presented. The ...

The intensity of the high-energy heavy ion beam, extracted from the heavy ion synchrotron (SIS) at the GSI, Darmstadt, is determined with three types of detectors: scintillator counters, ionisation chambers (ICs), and secondary electron monitors (SEMs). The accuracy of the ICs, compared to a general formula, is about 25{percent}; for the SEMs it is within ...

An ionization-calorimeter and hodoscope for the investigation of the anisotropy of cosmic-ray muons is described. The aperture of the setup makes it possible to search for the local anisotropy of primary charged particles with energies exceeding 10 to the 11th eV in the deflection band from -30 to +50 deg. The hodoscope makes it possible to study the time-correlated arrival of ...

A gamma-ray spectrometer based on a germanium detector has been used to obtain elemental concentration logs in three zones of the German Continental Deep Drilling Project pilot hole, with a primary goal of obtaining logs of elements that could not be obtained by commercial logging measurements. Delayed activation measurements provided elemental logs of Na, ...

Cosmic rays are hampered by the Moon and a deficit in its direction is expected (the so-called Moon shadow). The Moon shadow is an important tool to determine the performance of an air shower array. Indeed, the westward displacement of the shadow center, due to the bending effect of the geomagnetic field on the propagation of cosmic rays, allows the setting of the absolute rigidity scale of the ...

A bolometer detector system was developed for the high accuracy infrared spectrophotometer at the National Institute of Standards and Technology to provide maximum sensitivity, spatial uniformity, and linearity of response covering the entire infrared spe...

This thesis deals with detector systems which are suited for the determination of the integral intensity of nuclear radiation. The accuracy and the time resolution represent thereby the main aspects. By means of the physical foundations the dependence on ...

This paper describes the design of an optimized combined neutron and gamma detector installed around a measurement well protruding from the floor of a glove box. The objective of this design was to achieve an overall accuracy for the plutonium element con...

A taxi speed and distance measuring device was evaluated for accurracy. The device used a modified skid detector assembly as a sensor. The skid detector assembly was mechanically coupled to the aircraft wheel and thus sensed wheel rotation. Accuracy measu...

An analytical method is described to determine the effects of position resolution and multiple scattering in discrete or continuous materials on the accuracy of the track reconstruction in detectors using an inhomogeneous magnetic field. (ERA citation 08:...

Neutron imaging is currently being developed as a primary diagnostic for inertial fusion studies at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). It is an attractive diagnostic for measuring asymmetries in the burn region and will be able to operate at neutron fluences found during ignition scale implosions. The most straightforward technique for imaging of the spatial distribution of ...

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) successfully completed its first inertial confinement fusion (ICF) campaign in 2009. A neutron time-of-flight (nTOF) system was part of the nuclear diagnostics used in this campaign. The nTOF technique has been used for decades on ICF facilities to infer the ion temperature of hot deuterium (D2) and deuterium-tritium (DT) plasmas based on the temporal Doppler ...

In the field of super-heavy elements, the direct measurements of atomic number Z and mass number A of produced nucleus is the most challenging tasks. One of the way to identify Z and A is to measure the energy loss per unit length dE/dx, and to measure total energy by stopping incident nucleus in a detector, respectively. A is derived from the combination of total energy and ...

There are three primary goals for the Neutron Activation system for ITER: maintain a robust relative measure of fusion power with stability and high dynamic range (7 orders of magnitude); allow an absolute calibration of fusion power (energy); and provide a flexible and reliable system for materials testing. The nature of the activation technique is such that stability and ...

... These changes imply accuracy errors in ... does not change from one scanline ... CLOUDS, MEASUREMENT, TEMPERATURE, GLOBAL, DETECTORS ...

... The technique is particularly useful in systems where the detector acceptance angle limits the beam geometry to relatively collimated beams. ...

... and reference detector. The potting of the integrated device posed some difficult ... potting compound were the main problem. ...

... each pair feeding a respective phase detector whose output is amplified, diode-rectified and limited. To increase the accuracy of this device, an ...

CVD diamond detector signals from Deuterium-Tritium implosions have been simulated in order to study the feasibility of measuring areal density using the ratio of downscattered to primary neutrons during the ignition campaign at the NIF. Simulated neutron spectra for three ''typical'' DT implosions were weighted with the ...

Precision near infrared (NIR) measurements are essential for the next generation of ground and space based instruments. The SuperNova Acceleration Probe (SNAP) will measure thousands of type Ia supernovae upto a redshift of 1.7. The highest redshift supernovae provide the most leverage for determining cosmological parameters, in particular the dark energy equation of state and its possible time ...

In Biostack III B, flown in the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, AgCl detectors were used to study ionizing effects of HZE particles on spores of Bacillus subtilis or eggs of Artemia salina. The tracks of these particles inside the detectors are used to extrapolate the path of the particle near the biological objects which are fixed at the ...

... The primary facet of the framework is the ... ELECTRONICS), POWER LEVELS, TEMPERATURE, RECOVERY, DETECTORS, PREDICTIONS ...

We describe a tracking detector designed as an assembly of multidrift tube modules; because of its fast time-resolution and good position accuracy, coupled with high reliability, the device seems suitable for operation as vertex detector at a collider, an...

A study was conducted to evaluate the precision and accuracy of Track-Etch (R) passive radon detectors manufactured by the Terradex Corporation. Four configurations of these detectors were exposed to known radon concentrations in the Eastern Environmental...

The performance of the ALEPH detector at the LEP e+e- collider is reviewed. The accuracy of the tracking detectors to measure the impact parameter and momentum of charged tracks is specified. Calorimeters are used to measure photons and neutral hadrons, and the accuracy obtained in energy and angle is given. An ...

A new method is described to calibrate tristimulus colorimeters for high accuracy color measurements. Instead of traditional lamp standards, modern, high accuracy detector standards are suggested for calibration. After high accuracy absolute spectral resp...

To measure temperatures with a greater degree of accuracy than is possible with thermocouples, RTDs (Resistive Temperature Detectors) are typically used. Calibration standards use specialized high precision RTD probes with accuracies approaching 0.001 F. ...

The time expansion chamber (TEC), a new type of drift chamber, allows the measurement of microscopic details of ionization. The mean drift time interval from subsequent sngle ionization clusters of a relativistic particle in the TEC can be made large enough compared to the width of a anode signal to allow the recording of the clusters separately. Since single primary electrons ...

Science (CMS) Primary Contact: Randy Winans Research Disciplines: Chemistry, Materials Science Detectors (DET) Primary Contact: Chris Jacobsen Imaging (IMG) Primary Contact:...

We present two LLNL research projects in the topical areas of location and detection. The first project assesses epicenter accuracy using a multiple-event location algorithm, and the second project employs waveform subspace Correlation to detect and identify events at Fennoscandian mines. Accurately located seismic events are the bases of location calibration. A ...

Despite a number of noteworthy achievements in other fields, superheated droplet detectors (SDDs) and bubble chambers (BCs) have not been used for nuclear nonproliferation and arms control. This report examines these two radiation-detection technologies in detail and answers the question of how they can be or should be ''adapted'' for use in ...

The apparatus and method provide techniques through which both alpha and beta emission determinations can be made simultaneously using a simple detector structure. The technique uses a beta detector covered in an electrically conducting material, the electrically conducting material discharging ions generated by alpha emissions, and as a consequence ...

Over the last 3 years we investigated theoretical aspects of Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) in order to clarify some of the outstanding questions on space charge effects, high efficiency of small gap RPCs, charge spectra, signal shape and time resolution. In a series of reports we analyzed RPC performance including all detector aspects covering primary ...

Gravitational-wave signals from inspirals of binary compact objects (black holes and neutron stars) are primary targets of the ongoing searches by ground-based gravitational-wave (GW) interferometers (LIGO, Virgo and GEO-600). We present parameter estimation results from our Markov-chain Monte Carlo code SPINspiral on signals from binaries with precessing spins. Two data sets ...

The primary mirror of future Extremely Large Telescopes will be composed of hundreds of individual segments. Misalignments in piston and tip-tilt of such segments must be reduced to a small fraction of the observing wavelength in order not to affect the image quality of these telescopes. In the framework of the Active Phasing Experiment carried out at ESO, new phasing ...

Spectrally invariant detectors are commonly used to interpolate or extrapolate the responsivity of InGaAs detectors in the infrared from absolute calibrations at a few wavelengths. The random noise in such detectors limits the accuracy that can be achieved in a narrowband, double-monochromator setup. We propose the ...

The TES detectors are fabricated from normal metal/superconductor bilayers ... The primary market for TES microcalorimeters, especially for close-packed ...

...Smoke detectors and alarm devices must be installed in accordance with standards and criteria acceptable to the Commissioner for the protection of occupants in any dwelling or facility bedroom or other primary sleeping...

Pulses applied to primary coil, induced in secondary coils measured to determine whether metal present within range of detector head. Detector designed for ...

We studied the angular resolution of the Pierre Auger Detector using data collected from January 2004 to May 2005. The detector consists of two independent components, the fluorescence detector and the surface detector. Hybrid events, observed simultaneously by both components, have smaller reconstruction ...

An outline is given of the design and operation of high accuracy position-sensitive x-ray detectors suitable for experiments using synchrotron radiation. They are based on the gas proportional detector, with position readout using a delay line; a detailed examination is made of factors which limit spatial resolution. Individual wire ...

This paper presents a set of formulae for estimating the beam position projected on a quadrant detector (QD). Our new formulae are designed through a systematic procedure to improve the measurement accuracy of the QD. It can be applied to different beam profiles. It is shown in simulations that our new formulae have achieved a much better measurement ...

The Monte Carlo method enables detailed, explicit geometric, energy and angular representations, and hence is considered to be the most accurate method available for solving complex radiation transport problems. Because of its associated accuracy, the Monte Carlo method is widely used in the petroleum exploration industry to design, benchmark, and simulate nuclear well-logging ...

The Monte Carlo method enables detailed, explicit geometric, energy and angular representations, and hence is considered to be the most accurate method available for solving complex radiation transport problems. Because of its associated accuracy, the Monte Carlo method is widely used in the petroleum exploration industry to design, benchmark, and simulate nuclear well-logging ...

The program was designed to accomplish five primary objectives: (1) Identify domestic manufacturers of residential smoke detectors, and tabulate the types; (2) estimate the current (1976) level of detector sales in the conterminous United States, as well ...

A method to improve the efficiency of photon collection in thin planar HPGe detectors was investigated. The method involved implementing a second HPGe detector to collect Compton scattered photons from the primary detector and incorporating coincident int...

The advantages of a swept-potential electrochemical detector are demonstrated by application to the high-performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) of nitrophenols. The primary advantage of the detector is that an additional dimension of information is ...

The advantages of a swept-potential electrochemical detector are demonstrated by application to the high-performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) of nitrophenols. The primary advantage of the detector is that an additional dimension of information is obtained which can be use...

The emphasis of the DOE-funded detector project at the University of Michigan has been on the improvement of the performance of room-temperature gamma ray spectrometers. We have concentrated on the material known as CZT, a blend of cadmium and zinc tellurides, as the material of primary interest.

The primary objective of this report was to examine how smoke detectors are performing when an unwanted fire occurs in residential properties under actual or noncontrolled conditions. Another objective of the study was to collect data on smoke detectors t...

The contribution of scattering effects to the X-ray fluorescence intensity was studied for pure element samples, BaB binary samples and fused disk samples by theoretic calculation and experiment. Three scattering effects were considered in the present study, i. e. coherent scattering effect, incoherent scattering effect, and primary fluorescence that was scattered into the ...

A commonly used routine in seismic signal processing is deconvolution, which comprises two operations: reflectivity detection and magnitude estimation. Existing statistical detectors are computationally expensive. In the paper, a Hopfield neural network is constructed to perform the reflectivity detection operation. The basic idea is to represent the reflectivity detection ...

The possibilities of improving sensitivity, precision, and accuracy of neutron activation analysis are surveyed. The necessary technology, such as well-type Ge(Li) detectors and low energy photon detectors, is available but leads to a cost increase. The u...

The use of a position sensitive detector (PSD) for structural studies on amorphous and liquid systems appears to be a very efficient method because it provides one with the good accuracy on the whole range of momentum transfer which is necessary to obtain...

A hodoscopic calorimeter (total-absorption detector) is described, which makes it possible to measure simultaneously the energy and coordinates of hadrons in the GeV range with an accuracy of up to 1 cm. The calorimeter is a sandwich-type detector in whic...

A model is developed for the responsivity of HgCdTe detectors employed in the GOES Sounder and Imager instruments. Response non-linearity is related to the calibrated radiometric accuracy of the instruments. The model, in the form of a computer code, coul...

The problem of assaying radioactivity in the sea has been under study with a view to designing an optimum detector for gamma radiation spectra, with suitable statistical accuracy. The responses of a series of crystal detector spheres of radii from 0.1 cm ...

The conceptual design, sensor characteristics, sensor performance and accuracy, and spacecraft and orbital requirements for a spinning wide-field-of-view earth energy budget detector were investigated. The scientific requirements for measurement of the ea...

A charged particle detector system under development at BNL for use at the Multiparticle Spectrometer (MPS) and eventually at ISABELLE is described. The object is to take full advantage of the position accuracy, resolving time and instantaneous rate capab...

A solid-state amplifier for the bridge circuit of an atomic absorption mercury detector is presented and described. Operational advantages over previously used circuitry include improved time and temperature stability, increased measurement accuracy, and ...

The GA technologies liquid radiation monitor (GALRM) is a digital microprocessor-based unit used to provide continuous off-line monitoring of liquid process streams. It is typical of current-technology digital radiation monitoring systems and has been installed at many new nuclear power stations. It has also been backfitted in several older plants. Like any radiation monitor, the ...

We propose the operation of floating Extensive Air Shower (EAS) detector stations in coincidence with the KM3NeT Mediterranean deep-sea neutrino telescope to determine the absolute position and orientation of the underwater detector and to investigate possible systematic angular errors. We evaluate the accuracy of the proposed ...

The conceptual design of the vertex detector for the Lepton/Photon Collaboration at RHIC is described, including simulations of its expected performance. The design consists of two concentric layers of single-sided Si strips. The expected performance as a multiplicity detector and in measuring the pseudo-rapidity {eta} distribution is discussed as well as ...

The conceptual design of the vertex detector for the Lepton/Photon Collaboration at RHIC is described, including simulations of its expected performance. The design consists of two concentric layers of single-sided Si strips. The expected performance as a multiplicity detector and in measuring the pseudo-rapidity {eta} distribution is discussed as well as ...

Surface-barrier detectors can reduce the complexity and increase the accuracy of low-level measurements used in geologic age determination. These detectors have the advantage over conventional detectors of better resolution (0.5% compared with 3%) and a smaller background level for alpha counting (0.008 ...

The CMS collaboration has developed a fast Monte Carlo simulation of the CMS detector with event production rates 100-1000 times faster than the GEANT4-based simulation, with comparable accuracy. This paper discusses the simulation of particle propagation in the CMS detector and of the response of the different parts of the ...

Recent progress in the development and use of ''black'' and ''grey'' detectors is reviewed. Such detectors are widely used for counting neutrons in (p,n) and (..cap alpha..,n) experiments and in neutron cross section measurements. Accuracy of each ...

The Surface Accuracy Measurement Sensor (SAMS) is a telescope with a focal plane photo electric detector that senses the lateral position of light source targets in its field of view. After extensive laboratory testing the engineering breadboard sensor sy...

A quantitative estimating the effect of the inertness of the intermediate integrating link between the detector and discriminator on the accuracy of the time mark is made. Given are the charts showing dependence of the accuracy of the time mark on tau sub...

... has been concerned with observations on ultra-heavy primary particles, using very large area detectors exposed by means of high altitude balloons ...

An evaluation of incandescent lamps as photometric reference devices in the .... The primary cause of intensity degradation from incandescent lamps is the ...

JPL Superconducting Materials and Devices Group's primary focus is on cryogenic millimeter & submillimeter detectors for spectroscopy, imaging, ...

... detectors designed to be worn on a belt�as the primary equipment to detect nuclear material. ... weapons- usable nuclear material. ...

Oct 23, 2008 ... A technician guides SOFIA's primary mirror assembly into the ... for developing and testing instrumentation and detector technology. ...

Apr 24, 2008 ... SOFIA's primary mirror assembly is cradled on its dolly as ... for developing and testing instrumentation and detector technology. ...

Apr 24, 2008 ... Technicians with ropes carefully guide the primary mirror assembly ... for developing and testing instrumentation and detector technology. ...

Primary design considerations for the Cloud Physics Lidar included: ... These detectors have approximately 3% quantum efficiency and low thermal noise. ...

... speckle techniques thus permit resolution at spatial ... The speckle interferometry system incorporates an ... array as the primary imaging detector and a ...

DEP detector of electric field - measurements of two components of DC electric field. Accuracy of E measurements is ~ 0.5 mV/m. ...

Reassessment of sun photometer data generally gives no indication of detector sensitivity changes but attention should be given to turbidity variations and sufficient airmass range. (Author)

... DOSIMETERS, ACCURACY, NUCLEAR EXPLOSION ... GAMMA RAYS, NEUTRON DETECTORS ... RATE, IONIZATION CHAMBERS, DOSIMETRY. ...

... overall accuracy, a chemiluminescent detector can easily measure low ppm nitrogen levels in model mixutres and shale-derived jet fuel distillates. ...

... To receive the transmitted mask image a detector ... to design an optical helmet tracker. ... history of mechanical, optical, acoustic, and electromagnetic ...

A technique is described which utilizes the electrons stripped off fast neutral atoms and negative ions to monitor beam profiles with sub-micron position accuracy and with 1500 GHz bandwidth.

... detection efficiency of photon-counting detectors based ... the correlated photon method yet ... DETECTION, *CORRELATION, *PHOTONS, *QUANTUM ...

... Descriptors : *Patents, *Speed regulators, *Optical detectors, *Electric motors, Control systems, Shafts(Machine elements), Angular motion, Error ...

... scans of the signal from any NDT instrument with a real-time output, including ultrasonic, eddy-current and mechanical impedance flaw detectors. ...

ally large for a CCD detector, it is quite small as compared with a conventional photographic eld. The near-term goal is to achieve per-night accuracy of ...

The method of wavelength determination is described. An analysis of the sources of errors and a discussion of the attainable accuracy is also given. (auth)

We present an updated all-particle energy spectrum of primary cosmic rays in a wide range from 10{sup 14} to 10{sup 17} eV using 5.5 x 10{sup 7} events collected from 2000 November through 2004 October by the Tibet-III air-shower array located 4300 m above sea level (an atmospheric depth of 606 g cm{sup -2}). The size spectrum exhibits a sharp knee at a corresponding ...

Electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs) can be used to measure a two-dimensional (2D) dose distribution behind a patient, thus allowing dosimetric treatment verification. For this purpose we experimentally assessed the accuracy of a 2D portal dose prediction model based on pencil beam scatter kernels. A straightforward derivation of these pencil beam scatter kernels for ...

Recently, the authors proposed an analytical scheme to estimate the first order x-ray scatter by approximating the Klein-Nishina formula so that the first order scatter fluence is expressed as a function of the primary photon fluence on the detector. In this work, the authors apply the scheme to experimentally obtained 6 MV cone beam CT projections in ...

Photon counting detectors have to work at high count rates at synchrotron radiation sources. It is well known that at high count rates, counts may be lost because the time difference between the arrival of two X-rays in the detector can be too small to resolve each count. This is conventionally modelled in the paralyzable deadtime model. In a previous ...

The Fermilab D0 detector is currently being upgraded to exploit the physics potential to be presented by the Main Injector and the Tevatron Collider during Run II in the Fall of 2000. One of the essential elements of this upgrade is the upgrade of the Muon detector system. The Muon detector system consists of the Central Muon ...

This patent describes an incinerator apparatus. It comprises: a primary incinerator chamber; a secondary incinerator chamber coupled to the primary incinerator chamber by a passageway; a primary air input into the incinerator chamber; a secondary air input into the secondary incinerator chamber; a plurality of flame ...

Sensor Model : Manufacturer : Serial Number : Data Sampling Interval : Accuracy ... 200030, China Primary Contact Contact Name : Li Yan Telephone (primary) ...

A position measuring detector was fabricated for the Heavy Ion Beam Probe. The 11 cm by 50 cm detector was a combination of 15 detector wires in one direction and 63 copper bars - .635 cm by 10 cm to measure along an orthogonal axis by means of a current divider circuit. High transmission tungsten meshes provide entrance windows and ...

ACORDE, the ALICE COsmic Ray DEtector is one of the ALICE detectors, presently under construction. It consists of an array of plastic scintillator counters placed on the three upper faces of the ALICE magnet. This array will act as Level 0 cosmic ray trigger and, together with other ALICE sub-detectors, will provide precise information ...

... commercial cesium standards, the first realization of new generation of primary cesium standards, based on optical molasses, reaching accuracies ...

... accuracy. In this case the effect of the sec- ondary scattering is so snail that the primary scattering is quite predominant. ...

... in rigidization techniques make the use these inflatable structures feasible for ... primary design requirement is dimensional accuracy of the structure. ...

diagnostic accuracy study of aldosterone to active renin ratio in screening for primary aldosteronism

The Grande array as main part of the KASCADE-Grande experiment consists of 37x10 sqm scintillation detectors spread over an area of 700x700 sqm. Grande enables triggers and reconstruction of primary cosmic rays in the energy range of ~30 PeV to 1 EeV. This contribution discusses the reconstruction of the shower size spectrum, i.e. the total number of ...

The Pierre Auger Observatory Fluorescence Detector (FD) performs a calorimetric measurement of the primary energy of cosmic ray showers. The level of accuracy of this technique is determined by the uncertainty in several parameters, among them the fraction of shower light (both from fluorescence and Cherenkov light) that reaches the ...

The Large Area Air Shower (LAAS) group has been performing a network observation of extensive air showers (EAS) since 1996 in Japan. Ten compact EAS arrays are operating simultaneously at distant stations (up to ?1000 km) and detecting EAS with mean energy of ?1015 eV. Each station has 4--12 scintillation counters and a Global Positioning System (GPS), which provides time stamps of EAS triggers ...

A cooled-CCD camera based on a low-noise scientific grade device is described in this paper used for recording images in a 120kV electron microscope. The primary use of the camera is for recording electron diffraction patterns from two-dimensionally ordered arrays of proteins at liquid-nitrogen temperatures leading to structure determination at atomic or near-atomic ...

One of the highest priority recommended missions in the NRC Earth Science Decadal Survey is the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) mission that has separate agency components for implementation by NASA and NOAA. The NOAA portion of CLARREO includes the continuation of solar irradiance measurements (both total and spectral) by the Total Solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS) ...

Scanning slot x-ray imaging systems are currently under investigation for digital mammography. Two main technical problems associated with a scanning slot mammography system are the choice of the slot detector width which affects the presence of scattered radiation and x-ray tube heating that may be associated with a particular detector design, and the ...

The detector being designed by the Solenoidal Detector Collaboration (SDC) is an eight with 8.5 million sensor elements. The positions of these elements must be known to less than one millimeter accuracy to meet the physics requirements. However, this 75-million pound experimental device could settle up to 20 millimeters and the entire ...

A high performance pulse energy detector is developed based on photoacoustic effect. Different from the detectors reported before which also utilized photoacoustic effect, our detector can measure the energy of each pulse output from a Q-switched laser and monitor the pulse energy fluctuation in real time owing to the signal processing ...

A high performance pulse energy detector is developed based on photoacoustic effect. Different from the detectors reported before which also utilized photoacoustic effect, our detector can measure the energy of each pulse output from a Q-switched laser and monitor the pulse energy fluctuation in real time owing to the signal processing ...

X-ray scatter poses a significant limitation to image quality in cone-beam CT (CBCT), resulting in contrast reduction, image artifacts, and lack of CT number accuracy. We report the performance of a simple scatter correction method in which scatter fluence is estimated directly in each projection from pixel values near the edge of the detector behind the ...

The CCPR Pilot Comparison on spectral responsivity in the 10 nm to 20 nm spectral range was carried out within the framework of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement by three laboratories: PTB (Germany), NIST (USA), and NMIJ/AIST (Japan) with PTB acting as the central and reporting laboratory. All participating laboratories used monochromatized synchrotron radiation. PTB and NIST used a ...

The Bristol Heavy Primary Cosmic Ray Detector on the Ariel VI satellite is made up of a thin spherical shell of doped acrylic Cerenkov detector held concentrically within an aluminium sphere containing a gas scintillation mixture. The detector design is such that nuclei of a given charge but having the full range ...

The Pierre Auger Observatory is a hybrid detector system for the detection of very high energy cosmic rays. A most difficult and important problem in these studies is the determination of the primary cosmic ray composition for which muon content in air showers appears to be one of the best parameters to discriminate between different composition ...

There are more than 38 million residential carbon monoxide detectors installed in the United States. We tested 30 detectors in use and found that more than half failed to function properly, alarming too early or too late. Forty percent of detectors failed to alarm in hazardous concentrations, despite outward indications that they were ...

A portable, relatively inexpensive laser-beam profiler and detector-surface scanner has been developed to map the intensity profile of laser beams and the cross-sectional response of optical detectors within a wavelength range of 633 nm to 10.6 ..mu..m. Equipment diagrams, circuit schematics, and examples of detector-response maps and ...

A new standard detector for high-accuracy measurements of F2 laser radiation at 157 nm is presented. This gold-coated copper cone detector permits the measurement of average powers up to 2 W with an uncertainty of {approx}1%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first highly accurate standard detector for F2 ...

The transport equation that describes the thermal neutron population in and around a neutron detector was converted to an iterative integral equation. This irtegral equation was then solved for a wide range of specific cases using a digital computer. Using this method of calculation, the effects upon neutron density of nonisotropic scatter in the surrounding medium, ...

The Fermilab D0 detector was used for the discovery of the top quark during Run I in 1996. It is currently being upgraded to exploit the physics potential to be presented by the Main Injector and the Tevatron Collider during Run II in the Fall of 2000. Some of the essential elements of this upgrade is the upgrade of the Solenoid Magnet, the Central Fiber Tracker, the Preshower ...

The quality control of x-ray tubes for medical radiodiagnostic services is very important for such devices. Therefore, the development of new procedures to characterize the x-ray primary beam is highly interesting in order to obtain an accurate assessment of the actual photon spectrum. The Compton scattering technique is very useful to determine x-ray spectra (in the 10-150 ...

The thermal-neutron-capture ?-ray spectra following the reactions Ag107(n, ?)Ag108 and Ag109(n, ?)Ag110 were studied with the aid of a Ge(Li) detector operated in the singles and pair-spectrometer modes. The use of isotopically enriched targets led to unambiguous assignments of 33 primary transitions in Ag108 and 46 transitions issuing from the capture ...

The simulator described in this paper models the behaviour of the Maryland University Training Reactor (MUTR). The reactor is a 250 kW, TRIGA reactor. The computer model is based on a system of five primary equations and eight auxiliary equations. The primary equations consist of the prompt jump approximation, a heat balance equation for the fuel and the ...

It is the primary object of the present invention to provide a lighter, more compact neutron detector of high sensitivity. It is a concomitant object of the present invention to disclose a thin lithium-6 based neutron detector which contains a large amount of useful lithium-6 within a relatively small detector ...

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) successfully completed its first inertial confinement fusion (ICF) campaign in 2009. A neutron time-of-flight (nTOF) system was part of the nuclear diagnostics used in this campaign. The nTOF technique has been used for decades on ICF facilities to infer the ion temperature of hot deuterium (D(2)) and deuterium-tritium (DT) plasmas based on the temporal Doppler ...

The EEE (/Extreme Energy Event/) Project is an experiment for the study of very high-energy extensive air showers, actually starting in Italy. It is based on the detection of the shower muon component by means of a network of tracking detectors, installed in Italian High Schools. The Project, supported by the Ministero dell�Universit� e della Ricerca (MIUR), Istituto ...

The RBRC Workshop on Physics of Polarimetry at RHIC was held from Aug 4 to 7, 1998 at BNL. The primary motive of the workshop is (1) to discuss the RHIC polarimeter using the elastic proton-carbon scattering at Coulomb-nuclear interference region (p-C CNI polarimeter) in detail and write a proposal for the test experiment a t the AGS, (2) to discuss the related physics, (3) ...

The Low Background Infrared (LBIR) facility at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has performed ten radiance temperature calibrations of low-background blackbodies since 2001, when both the calibration facility and method of calibrating blackbodies were significantly improved. Data from nine of these blackbody calibrations are presented, showing a surprisingly large spread ...

Fast and accurate modeling of cone-beam CT (CBCT) x-ray projection data can improve CBCT image quality either by linearizing projection data for each patient prior to image reconstruction (thereby mitigating detector blur/lag, spectral hardening, and scatter artifacts) or indirectly by supporting rigorous comparative simulation studies of competing image reconstruction and ...

The Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment's goal is to measure the end point shape of the tritium beta decay spectrum and attain a mass sensitivity of 200 meV. KATRIN is located at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in Karlsruhe, Germany. There are three main sections: a tritium source, spectrometers, and a detector section. The detector ...

BackgroundAdnexal cancers are in fifth place among the tumors with the highest mortality in the female population. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of Multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) on a 64-multislice CT scanner in the detection and differentiation of adnexal masses stages.MethodsDuring the present prospective study, 95 ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Adnexal cancers are in fifth place among the tumors with the highest mortality in the female population. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of Multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) on a 64-multislice CT scanner in the detection and differentiation of adnexal masses stages. METHODS: During the present ...

Detection of molecular ions in mass spectrometry is typically accomplished by an ion colliding with a surface and then amplifying the emitted secondary electrons. It is well established that the secondary electron yield decreases as the mass of the primary ion increases [1-3], thus limiting the detection efficiency of large molecular ions. One way around this limitation is to ...

We present the use of a low background counting facility, equipped with a p-type 80% relative efficiency HPGe detector, protected by active and passive shielding, and large enough to count a 10 in photo-multiplier tube (PMT). A GEANT4 Monte-Carlo of this detector was developed and tuned to 3% accuracy. We report the U, Th, and K ...

An application of optical pumping, in conjunction with a number of design improvements, may permit the development of a cesium primary standard with an accuracy an order of magnitude better than that of our present primary frequency standards, NBS-4 and N...

A Silicon Strip Vertex Detector (SSVD) consisting of 36 independent silicon detector modules has been built for use in the Mark II detector at the SLAC Linear Collider (SLC). We discuss the performance of the individual modules and the stability and accuracy of their placement in the mechanical support. To gain ...

Coincident observations with gravitational wave (GW) detectors and other astronomical instruments are among the main objectives of the experiments with the network of LIGO, Virgo, and GEO detectors. They will become a necessary part of the future GW astronomy as the next generation of advanced detectors comes online. The success of ...

We have developed a two-LED wobbler system to generate the spatial displacement of total light intensity on a detector surface, facilitating the acquisition of frequency responses up to 600 kHz with high accuracy. We have used this setup to characterize the low-pass filtering behavior of silicon-based position detectors for wavelengths ...

The LHCb Silicon Tracker is a silicon micro-strip detector with a sensitive area of 12 m2 and a total of 272k readout channels. The Silicon Tracker consists of two parts that use different detector modules. The detector installation was completed by early summer 2008 and the commissioning without beam has reached its final stage, ...

A switching device is designed for detecting sheath fractures in heterogeneous reactors. In this device, the cooling ducts of the reactor are connected in sets and the sets in groups, with a primary detector for each group. Each set has a sampling circuit common to all the ducts of that set, and the sampling circuits in each group are arranged to ...

The next generation, multi-detector active and passive computed tomography (A&PCT) scanner will be optimized for speed and accuracy. At the Lawrence Livermore National Lab (LLNL) we have demonstrated the trade-offs between different A&PCT design parameters that affect the speed and quality of the assay results. These fundamental parameters govern ...

Carlo simulations of the measure- ment using the proposed Castor detector. The statistical accuracy the Castor detector Recently, Castor, a new detector in the forward region has been pro- posed for studies in fast simulations of the forward pair measurement: the Castor (geometrical) angular accep- tance

The NA62 experiment at CERN aims to measure the ultra-rare decay K+??+??� with a 10% accuracy; the main background, K+??+?, is suppressed using kinematical cuts and exploiting the different stopping power of ?+ and ?+. A further 0.5% suppression will be provided by a RICH detector, in a momentum range between 15 and 35 GeV/c. In this paper the design ...

surfaces or fractional volumes of space. The current TOSCA version can accomodate up to 50000 model nodes, both detector configurations, being so similar, could be accomodated in the same global model accomodated in a detector spanning 10 m. 6.2 The Forces Given the per�cent�level accuracy of the field

The ARGO-YBJ experiment is mainly devoted to search for astronomical gamma sources. The arrival direction of air showers is reconstructed thanks to the times measured by the pixels of the detector. Therefore, the timing calibration of the detector pixels is crucial in order to get the best angular resolution and pointing accuracy. ...

A photon-counting system with a 512-channel parallel output digital image tube is presented. Electronics developed separately for each detector channel as well as data aquisition are optimized for low power consumption and high counting rates. This detector, characterized by wide dynamic range, very low noise and high photometric ...

Second-generation interferometric gravitational-wave detectors will be operating at the Standard Quantum Limit (SQL), a sensitivity limitation set by the trade off between measurement accuracy and quantum back action, which is governed by the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. We review several schemes that allows the quantum noise of interferometers to ...

A mosaic of high-purity Ge detectors, associated with a mask a few meters above the detector plane, are very promising for future high-energy resolution and source localization astrophysics experiments. This paper describes such a detector and gives its energy resolution vs FET temperature as well as measurements on its localization ...

Modern large-area precision tracking detectors require increasing accuracy of the geometrical alignment over large distances. A novel optical multi-point alignment system has been developed for the muon spectrometer of the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadr...

We have developed two nonconventional but complementary methods whereby the detector efficiency of a coaxial germanium detector can be determined within an accuracy of a few percent for the energy region from 0.05 to 4.0 MeV without using conventional rad...

Ultra-high energy resolution superconducting gamma-ray detectors can improve the accuracy of non-destructive analysis for unknown radioactive materials. These detectors offer an order of magnitude improvement in resolution over conventional high purity ge...

� extended shoulder due to twilight events (see text), C � the region where the detector is dead after firing, B � extended shoulder due to twilight events (see text), C � the region where the detector is dead of the APD's deadtime (or twilight counts) [16] in addition to the usual cause of an afterpulse due

The sensitivity of the accuracy of the forward space and adjoint space calculation of a detector response in a source driven system to the order of the angular quadrature used is investigated. It is found that for problems characterized by a localized source and extended detector distributions, the adjoint space calculation may require ...

. 1 Institute for Cosmic Ray Reserch,University of Tokyo,5-1-5 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba, 277 on detector response and its calibration. And the result of linearity check with LEDs also will be reported a result that relative time stamp between 2 detector have an accuracy of 20nsec. relative time difference

The purpose of this investigation is to study the feasibility of using an alternative method to commission stereotactic radiosurgery beams shaped by micro multi-leaf collimators by using Monte Carlo simulations to obtain beam characteristics of small photon beams, such as incident beam particle fluence and energy distributions, scatter ratios, depth-dose curves and dose profiles where measurements ...

The Inner Tracking System (ITS) of the ALICE experiment is made of position sensitive detectors which have to operate in a region where the track density may be as high as 50 tracks/cm{sup 2}. To handle such densities detectors with high precision and granularity are mandatory. The Silicon Pixel Detector (SPD), the innermost part of ...

Fluorescence detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory have been operating in a stable manner since January 2004. After a brief review of the physical characteristics of the detectors, the associated atmospheric monitoring, the calibration infrastructure and the detector aperture, we will describe the steps required for the ...

This progress report under DOE Grant DE-FG02-85ER3211 covers the period 15 December 1992 through 15 October 1993. The major accomplishments of this period are summarized below: The basic TEXT heavy ion beam probe including the primary beam line, the upper secondary beam line with the old 500 keV analyzer, and the lower secondary beam line with the new 2 MeV analyzer is ...

Leaks encountered in the steam generator caused by such things as stress cracks, chemical corrosion pits, or the movement of the sediment (sludge), make the actual leak a fluctuating value, affected by instantaneous conditions. Sampling via chemical methods using iodine or sodium detect the values at a particular sampling time and can represent extremes of the distribution of actual leakage ...

This study presents the characterization results of a newly developed dual detector in-line phase x-ray imaging prototype. Comparison of modulation transfer function (MTF), noise power spectrum (NPS) and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) for both detectors was conducted when they worked in the dual detection mode, in which two images are acquired ...

The aim of this study is to develop a model which computes exit dose values from transmission dose data obtained during patient treatment with an electronic portal imaging device (EPID). The proposed model convolves the primary dose distribution, derived from transmission dose distributions at large air gaps, with a scatter kernel to obtain the exit dose. The influence of ...

The US Department of Energy�s transuranic (TRU) waste inventory includes about 4,500 m3 of remote-handled TRU (RH-TRU) wastes composed of a variety of containerized waste forms having a contact surface dose rate that exceeds 2 mSv/hr (200 mrem/hr) containing waste materials with a total TRU concentration greater than 3700 Bq/g (100 nCi/g). As part of a research project to investigate the use of ...

This paper describes the Rubicontm actuator, discusses its test data and derives from the data the actuator's accuracy function based upon the observed accuracy of long and short stroke motion commands. The accuracy is described in terms of the rms positioning error (in nanometers) for moves of a given size, regardless of position in ...

Many radiation detectors are first developed for homeland security or industrial applications. Scientists, however, are continuously realizing new roles that these detectors can play in high-energy physics and astrophysics experiments. On Wednesday, December 3, join presenter Aleksey Bolotnikov, a physicist in the Nonproliferation and National Security ...

A miniature, nonevacuated, detector refrigerator assembly for use in infrared imaging systems is described. The assembly incorporates a miniature Joule-Thomson laminar refrigerator which serves as the substrate for the detector subassembly, electrical leads, as well as the primary structural element of the assembly. The ...

This is the final report on a Cooperative Research And Development Agreement project of Los Alamos National Laboratory and Crystallume, Inc. The primary objective of the work is to develop and commercialize a new class of diamond film radiation detectors. To meet this objective, the participants first optimized the growth process of the diamond films for ...

The primary goal of the Conference is to review the present status of the Semiconductor Detector apparatuses in the field of High Energy or Astroparticle Physics. In both cases the requests on the detector systems are very demanding: very large instrumented surface, radiation hardness and high reliability. During the conference a large ...

The Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) is the James Webb Space Telescope's primary near-infrared spectrograph. NASA is providing the NIRSpec detector subsystem, which consists of the focal plane array, focal plane electronics, cable harnesses, and softw...