A methodology for analysis and synthesis of lowpass sigma-delta (SD) converters is presented in this paper. This method permits the synthesis of SD modulators employing continuous-time filters from discrete-time topologies. The analysis method is based on the discretization of continuous-time model and using a discrete simulator which is more efficient than an analog ...

A methodology for analysis and synthesis of lowpass sigma-delta (SD) converters is presented in this paper. This method permits to synthesize SD modulators employing continuous-time filters from discrete-time topologies. The analysis method is based on the discretization of continuous-time model and using a discrete simulator which is more efficient than an analog simulator. ...

Feed-forward gain compensation schemes can stabilize the loop gains of CMOS continuoustime \\Sigma\\Delta modulators without introducing extra feedback loop. This method accurately controls the gain of each integrator in the modulator to optimize the modulator's dynamic range. Without internal feedback for the integrators, these modulators can operate at ...

... Sigma delta ADCs uses pulse-density modulation to encode high resolution ... In the photonic sigma delta ADC design, the mode-locked ...

Filter Design. Design Parameters somewhat follow MATLAB 16-Bit (Sigma Delta) ADC ... Voltage of User input determined using three points, user input, ...

A 1-V third order one-bit continuous-time (CT) EA modulator is presented. Designed in the SMIC mixed-signal 0.13-?m CMOS process, the modulator utilizes active RC integrators to implement the loop filter. An efficient circuit design methodology for the CT ?? modulator is proposed and verified. Low power dissipation is achieved through the use of two-stage class A/AB ...

A single-loop fourth-order sigma-delta (? ?) interface circuit for a closed-loop micromachined accelerometer is presented. Two additional electronic integrators are cascaded with the micromachined sensing element to form a fourth-order loop filter. The three main noise sources affecting the overall system resolution of a ? ? accelerometer, mechanical noise, electronic noise ...

;t = max k2i (TF i;k ) #12; Given term t, server s i and its own local document collection, stf i;t , which normalized term frequency for term t at server s i is: stf i;t = X dock 2s i tf k;t : Furthermore, stf i;t is obtained from DF i;t documents (DF i;t ? 0 if stf i;t ? 0) at server s i . Since tf k;t is between 0

... The ring resonator functions as an accumulator in the ... RESONATORS, CIRCUITS, DATA RATE, ACCUMULATORS, MODULATION, AMPLITUDE ...

... Accession Number : ADD019255. Title : Distributed Quantization Noise Transmission Zeros in Cascaded Sigma-Delta Modulators. ...

... Title : Design and Experimental Evaluation of an Electro-Optical, Sigma-Delta Modulator for Wideband Digital Antennas. ...

Although sigma-delta modulation is widely used for analog-to-digital (A/D) converters, sigma-delta concepts are only for 1D signals. Signal processing in the digital domain is extremely useful for 2D signals such as used in image processing, medical imaging, ultrasound imaging, and so on. The intricate task that provides true 2D ...

A general method to design continuous-time Sigma-- Delta (\\Sigma\\Delta) modulators with delayed return-to-zero (RZ) feedback pulse is presented. This method can be applied to design modulators with any arbitrary delay and pulse width. It is shown that the keypoint to avoid the degrading effects of clock jitters, is to generate a low ...

... Page 3. USE OF ALLPASS NETWORKS TO TUNE THE CENTER FREQUENCY OF SIGMA DELTA ... tuning the center frequency of a sigma-delta ...

... �x in the approximate nearest neighbor problem ... large, a stable near-isometric embedding ... RG Baraniuk, �Sigma delta quantization for compressive ...

Sep 1, 2009 ... The concept of using an FPGA based ADC stemmed from: ... The filter design for the FPGA was done entirely in MATLAB; Design followed ...

Conference on Photochemistry, Paper RU, Clearwater Beach, FL, .... Air Polution Control Association, and Sigma Delta Epsilon. ...

... For this preliminary version, three arrays, specifying the amplitude spectral functions on the sigma delta A, and delta E channels are the inputs to ...

... The circuit was designed and simulated using model parameters corresponding to the Vitesse 1.2 micron GaAs MESFET technology. ...

... resolution of recent sigma-delta analogue-to- digital converters (ADCs) has made possible the direct acquisition of a wide range of biomedical data. ...

This paper presents a new coded excitation scheme that efficiently synthesizes codes for arbitrary waveforms using a bipolar square wave pulser. In a coded excitation system, pulse compression is performed to restore the axial resolution. In order to maintain low range sidelobes, the system needs to transmit signals that have smooth spectra. However, such a transmitter requires the generation of ...

A digital feedback control circuit is disclosed for use in an accelerometer (e.g. a microelectromechanical accelerometer). The digital feedback control circuit, which periodically re-centers a proof mass in response to a sensed acceleration, is based on a sigma-delta (.SIGMA..DELTA.) configuration that includes a notch filter (e.g. a digital switched-capacitor filter) for ...

, the solid line is the equivalent ramp, and the dashed line is the predictor. The optimal filtering algorithmOn Incremental Sigma-Delta Modulation with Optimal Filtering Sam Kavusi, Student Member, IEEE, and to determine the mean square error (MSE) and maximum error for the optimal and conventional linear filters

and bar- rage noise jamming) [11]. This motivates the search for a hybrid approach that combines1 HYBRID D3 SIGMA-DELTA STAP ALGORITHM IN NON- HOMOGENEOUS CLUTTER Eunjung Yang*, Raviraj Adve-Delta STAP, Two-stage hybrid algorithm, non-homogeneous clutter environment Abstract The need to deal

Electro-optical sigma-delta analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) use a pulsed laser to oversample an input signal at two Mach-Zehnder interferometer modulators. A fiber lattice accumulator is embedded within a feedback loop around a single-bit quantizer to...

... The cells are approximated as a rectangular shape with the length ... computations. For convenience, all complex butterflies, ...

The most common method for field measurement of building component thermal resistance is the ''averaging'' method, R = sigma delta / sigma q, defined as the ratio of the average temperature over some suitable period of time to the average heat transfer ov...

M) conversion based on ovcrsarnplcd sigma-delta (Z-A) modulation was sclcctcd since it has been proven to bc well sui~ed for ...

A new breed of baryonium which is produced due to the coupling between various Banti B channels and reveals some specific decay properties is considered. The system Nanti N-Yanti Y (Y= sigma , delta ) is treated as a physical example and it is shown that ...

This thesis is primarily concerned with designing accumulators for inclusion in an optical sigma-delta modulator. Fiber lattice structures with optical amplifiers are used to perform the accumulation. Two fiber lattice structures are designed, modeled, tu...

The aim of this research project was to alleviate the tone problem in sigma delta modulators by exploiting chaos and unstable limit cycles. This was achieved by designing encoders with open loop poles outside the unit circle. A side effect of this approac...

With this paper, we release accurate photometric redshifts for 1692 counterparts to Chandra sources in the central square degree of the COSMOS field. The availability of a large training set of spectroscopic redshifts that extends to faint magnitudes enabled photometric redshifts comparable to the highest quality results presently available for normal galaxies. We demonstrate ...

This patent describes a superconducting sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter for converting an analog input signal to a digital output signal. It comprises a superconducting inductor to which the analog input signal is applied to produce an inductor current; a Josephson junction connected in series with the superconducting inductor and through which the inductor current ...

Sigma Delta Digital to analog converters (DACs) convert a binary number into a voltage directly proportional to the value of the binary number. A variety of applications use DACs including waveform generators and programmable voltage sources. This paper describes a Delta-Sigma DAC implemented in a FPGA. The only external circuitry required is a low pass ...

This paper presents a system architecture for sensor signal digitization utilizing a band-pass sigma-delta modulator (BP ??M). The first version of the proposed system architecture was implemented in 5V 0.7�m CMOS technology. The proposed system architecture is useful for our capacitive pressure sensor measurement. The paper describes the possibilities of using the proposed ...

This paper introduces a mixed continuous-time/discrete-time, single-loop, fourth-order, 4-bit audio-band sigma delta ADC that combines the benefits of continuous-time and discrete-time circuits, while mitigating the challenges associated with continuous-time design. Measurement results show that the peak SNR of this ADC reaches 100 dB and the total power ...

A digital controller for high frequency Switching Power Supply based on Sigma Delta modulation is proposed in this work. A technique to restrict average switching frequency in a suitable range is used. The complete system has been modelled and simulated at system level using the SystemC-WMS environment. A high precision controller has been designed with ...

that enables normal digital stimulus to achieve high quality Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) measurement into a digital bit- stream with a length of 216 . The amplitude of the dual-tone stimulus is set to half1 A New Sigma-Delta Modulator Architecture for Testing Using Digital Stimulus Chee-Kian Ong

The computational efficiency of the One Bit Spectral Correlation Algorithm (OBSCA) is compared to other cyclic spectrum analysis algorithms. A transmission bandwidth advantage is discussed. A parallel computational structure which implements the OBSCA is ...

... Accession Number : ADP010838. Title : A Real-Time SAR Processor using One-Bit Raw Signal Coding for SRTM. Corporate ...

... The analysis of delta modulation techniques includes one-bit and two-bit systems with both linear and exponential integration. ...

Manual state scoring of physiological recordings in sleep studies is time-consuming, resulting in a data backlog, research delays and increased personnel costs. We developed MATLAB-based software to automate scoring of sleep/waking states in rats, potentially extendable to other animals, from a variety of recording systems. The software contains two programs, Sleep Scorer and Auto-Scorer, for ...

Several universal buffer solutions, variably composed of 3 to 5 mM potassium acetate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, ethylenediammonium dichloride, and Borax, were examined as a convenient and reliable method for calibrating a glass electrode to read true hydrogen ion concentration. From the results of 19 titrations, 25/sup 0/C, pH 2 to 12, I, 0.05 to 0.20 M (KCl), pH meter (adjusted with NBS ...

This paper presents an advanced 640 x 480 (VGA) IRFPA based on uncooled microbolometers with a pixel-pitch of 25?m developed by Fraunhofer-IMS. The IRFPA is designed for thermal imaging applications in the LWIR (8 .. 14?m) range with a full-frame frequency of 30 Hz and a high sensitivity with NETD < 100 mK @ f/1. A novel readout architecture which utilizes massively parallel on-chip ...

This paper proposes an optimization algorithm to reduce the distortion produced in the loop-filter of Continuous-Time Sigma-Delta Modulators. The aim of the algorithm is to find the loop-filter implementation that minimizes distortion at the output of the modulator, by modifying the output swing of every integrator. The algorithm is implemented in Matlab as an evolutive ...

Luminosities within central diameters of about 5 kpc (defined as the nuclear magnitudes) are given for the 10 brightest galaxies in each of nine rich clusters. Corrections required to use these magnitudes as relative distance indicators are discussed. The resulting Hubble diagram shows no evidence for significant non-Hubble velocities for 1000 km s$sup -1$

This paper introduces a new method for SC sigma-delta modulator modeling. It studies the integrator's different equivalent circuits in the integrating and sampling phases. This model uses the OP-AMP input pair's tail current (I0) and overdrive voltage (von) as variables. The modulator's static and dynamic errors are analyzed. A group of optimized I0 and von for maximum SNR and ...

A novel application and generalization of sigma--delta (61) modulation has emerged in three-phase power-electronic converters. A conventional modulator with scalar signals and binary quantizer is generalized to a modulator with vector signals and a hexagonal quantizer. Indeed, power-electronic switching states may be thought of as determining the quantizer outputs. The output spectrum is a ...

The effect of boron on the strength of B2-structured FeAl is considered as a function of composition, grain size and temperature. Boron does not affect the concentrations of antisite atoms or vacancies present, with the former increasing and the latter decreasing with increasing deviation from the stoichiometric composition. When vacancies are absent, the strength increase per at. % B per unit ...

In this paper, the design procedure for a thirdorder continuous-time \\Sigma\\Delta modulator with RZ feedback is described. The circuit is realized using continuous-time current-mode integrators and DACs with switched-current sources. A design method to find the minimum biasing current required to achieve the desired dynamic range is presented. With a sampling frequency of ...

We prove a no-triplets theorem for spin 1 particles, which implies a strengthened form of the no-cloning theorem.

ate) solvent mixture. The cells were tested in galvanostatic discharges at room temperature and 40 �C at cur- ... one-bit binary numbers. The design of ...

ate) solvent mixture. The cells were tested in galvanostatic discharges at room temperature and 40 ?C at cur- ... one-bit binary numbers. The design of ...

The microelectronic industry developed a number of techniques ... The first CGH were produced using one bit computer plotters. The results of such a plotter ...

IBM floating point numbers are represented by one bit for the sign (S), 7 bits for the exponent, and 24 bits for the fraction. The exponent is to the base ...

... for Iris GL in which the cost for a swap was just one bit. ... detail mesh to a low-detail mesh by storing these parent-child relationships (representing ...

... The analysis and computer sim ulation included one-bit and two-bit systems with linear integration, double linear integra tion with prediction, and ...

... 2 Basic Detection of Hidden Bits . . . . . ... DCT SS embedding of M = 1, 024 bits (one bit per 8 � 8 block) with L = 63 (embedding over ...

... For example, a simple one-bit error in an address word, if not corrected, could result in the use of the output from a pitch-axis gyro, in a digital flight ...

)(--!) = (I +G(--!)\\Delta(--!)) \\Gamma1 G(--!); k\\Delta(--!)k ! r(--!): Starting with the work of Nyquist \\Sigma(\\Delta) of the form x(t + 1) or x(t) = A(\\Delta)x(t) +B(\\Delta)u(t) (1) y(t) = C (\\Delta)x(t) (2) where \\Delta is a matrix of parameter perturbations, D is a specified perturbation class and \\Delta 2 D

This thesis describes part of the results of the research carried out over five and a half years at the Digital VLSI Group of the IC Design Sector of Philips Research Laboratories, Eindhoven, the Netherlands, as a part of its regular research program. It ...

In this work, an approach for the simulation of the effect of noise sources in the performance of continuous-time {delta}{sigma} modulators is presented. Electrical noise including thermal noise, 1/f noise and clock jitter are included in a simulation program and their impact on the system performance is analyzed.

Design of Electronic Control Circuit of Piezo-Electric Resonators for Modulator Loop in AMS Bi design methodologies of continuous-time sigma-delta modulators use piezo-electric res- onators as loop filters. Compared with classical resonators (Gm-c, Gm-LC and etc), piezo-electric resonators have

Course Milk Pasteurization and Process Control School Gamma Sigma Delta Banquet Dairy Plant Water with the Wisconsin Association of Milk and Food Sanitarians University of Wisconsin Extension Department Reality CALS Honorary Recognition Banquet Stray Voltage Courses Meat Processing Courses Government Affairs

The high resolution of recent sigma-delta analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) has made possible the direct acquisition of a wide range of biomedical data. Such ADCs allows creating universal systems for medical research and for clinical practice. The perf...

Recently, information technology and microelectronics have enabled implanting miniature and highly intelligent devices within the brain for in-vitro diagnostic and therapeutic functions. Power and physical size constraints of these devices necessitate novel signal processing methods. In this paper we investigate an effective data acquisition and reconstruction method for brain implants based on ...

The standard Gibbs free energies of formation from the elements (..delta..G/sup 0//sub f/) of about twenty silicate minerals at 298.15/sup 0/K were estimated with the aid of an equation of the form ..sigma delta..G/sup 0//sub f,1/ = a e/sup bx/ + c. The ..delta..G/sup 0//sub f/ of the mineral of interest can be approximated by the limit of extrapolation of ...

Photonic sigma-delta modulators can directly digitize wideband signals with high resolution directly atthe antenna. In our first-order, single-bit architecture, the antenna signal is applied to a pair of Mach-Zehnder interferometers and oversampled using a CALMAR 10 GS/s mode-locked laser (MLL) with a pulse width of 10 ps. The measurements of the MLL pulse-to-pulse sample time ...

Additional results confirm that during most of the consolidation of polycrystalline salt in brine, the previously proposed rate expression applies. The final consolidation, however, proceeds at a lower rate than predicted. The presence of clay hastens the consolidation process but does not greatly affect the previously observed relationship between permeability and void fraction. Studies of the ...

A high-performance cascaded sigma-delta modulator is presented. It has a new three-stage fourth-order topology and provides functionally a maximum signal to quantization noise ratio of 16 bits and 16.5-bit dynamic range with an oversampling ratio of only 32. This modulator is implemented with fully differential switch-capacitor circuits and is manufactured in a 2-[mu]m BiCMOS ...

Accurate modeling of gravitational wave emission by extreme-mass ratio inspirals is essential for their detection by the LISA mission. A leading perturbative approach involves the calculation of the self-force acting upon the smaller orbital body. In this work, we present the first application of the Poisson-Wiseman-Anderson method of 'matched expansions' to ...

We are developing an array of new autonomous hydrophones, benefiting from a long-lasting collaboration with the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (NOAA and Oregon state University). The hydrophones are deployed on a mooring line anchored to the seafloor by an expendable anchor weight. The length of the line is adjusted so that the sensor (and buoy) lies in the middle of the SOFAR channel at ...

A new architecture of second-order continuous-time switched-current modulator is presented. A Reference Current Generator is used in the second stage to solve the scaling problem. A novel current switch is designed to minimize the clock feedthrough problem and increase the operating speed. With a 50 MHz sampling rate, it has achieved 50 dB dynamic range (8-bit) at 1 MHz. This modulator has been ...

Sigma-delta analog-to-digital converters are gaining in popularity in recent times because of their ability to trade-off resolutions in the time and voltage domains. In particular, continuous-time modulators are finding more acceptance at higher bandwidths due to the additional advantages they provide, such as better power efficiency and inherent anti-aliasing filtering, ...

The assumption of upright posture by patients with liver cirrhosis leads to striking activation of adrenergic and renin-angiotensin systems. The tilting-induced modifications in renal function of eight healthy controls and 14 untreated patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites were related to plasma concentrations of noradrenaline, renin activity and aldosterone. All patients had preserved renal ...

Bandpass sigma-delta modulators combine oversampling and noise shaping to get very high resolution in a limited bandwidth. They are widely used in applications that require narrowband high-resolution conversion at high frequencies. In recent years interests have been seen in wireless system and software radio using sigma-delta modulators to digitize ...

this path is taken, an extremely flexible system for synthesizing sound ...... this effect is logical, or where this effect is desired by the customer. ...... including letter and word pauses would for example occupy 32 one bit ...

... specimen machine with that fault will be different, in at least one bit, from the ... that D4LASA.R ha~s a iokha"algorithm Which would pro~baby assign a ...

The periodic dependence of the output of an electro-optic intensity modulator on applied voltage can be utilized to perform A/D conversion. The feasibility of the concept has been demonstrated by such a modulator in a threshold circuit to simulate one bit...

A design for the monobit receiver application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) will be described. The monobit receiver is a wide band (1 GHz) digital receiver designed for electronic warfare applications. The receiver can process two simultaneous signal...

... the design and realisation of the X-band radar, also in ... height in order to deliver high resolution, high accuracy topographic maps all over the world. ...

A new approach to the analysis of satellite imagery is presented. The central part of this approach is an algorithm which compresses information stored in the ordinary six or eight bits per picture element into only one bit. The quality of this compressio...

To provide more information mobility, many wireless communication systems such as WCDMA and EDGE in phone systems, bluetooth and WIMAX in communication networks have been recently developed. Recent efforts have been made to build the allin- one next generation device which integrates a large number of wireless services into a single receiving path in order to raise the competitiveness of the ...

The conventional circuit model of a bit-stream adder based on sigma delta (??) modulation is improved with pipeline technology to make it work correctly at high frequencies. The integrated circuit (IC) of the bit-stream adder is designed with the source coupled logic structure and designed at the transistor level to increase the operating frequency. The IC ...

A fourth-order switched-capacitor bandpass ?? modulator is presented for digital intermediate-frequency (IF) receivers. The circuit operates at a sampling frequency of 100 MHz. The transfer function of the resonator considering nonidealities of the operational amplifier is proposed so as to optimize the performance of resonators. The modulator is implemented in a 0.13-?m standard CMOS process. The ...

The authors present preliminary measurements of the average B hadron lifetime using a sample of 50,000 Z{sup 0} events collected by SLD at the SLC in 1993. Their first technique uses the impact parameter of tracks in jets opposite tagged b jets. They obtain {tau}{sub B}({delta}) = 1.617 {+-} 0.048 {+-} 0.086 ps, and {tau}{sub B}({Sigma}{delta}) = 1.627 {+-} 0.054 {+-} 0.132 ps ...

The Rochester Imaging Detector Laboratory, University of Rochester, Infotonics Technology Center, and Jet Process Corporation developed a hybrid silicon detector with an on-chip sigma-delta (??) ADC. This paper describes the process and reports the results of developing a fabrication process to robustly produce high-quality bump bonds to hybridize a back-illuminated detector ...

Some research efforts to improve the efficiency and noise performance of buck DC�DC converters are explored. A carefully designed power MOSFET driver, including a dead time controller, discontinuous current mode (DCM) controller and gate width controller, is proposed to improve efficiency. Instead of PWM modulation, sigma-delta modulation is introduced into the feedback loop ...

This paper provides a mixed continuous-time/discrete-time, single-loop, 4th-order, 4-bit audio-band sigma delta ADC with capacitor digital self-calibration for RC spread compensation. This ADC combines the benefits of CT and DT circuits, and the self-calibration control circuits compensate for the variation of the RC product in the continuous-time ...

The spectrum of parallel processor designs can be divided into three sections according to the number and complexity of the processors. At one end there are simple, bit-serial processors. Any one of thee processors is of little value, but when it is coupled with many others, the aggregate computing power can be large. This approach to parallel processing can be likened to a colony of termites ...

The device performs a function for image processing, where W; are fixed weights for any specific application. It uses a PROM and accumulator algorithm, in which the memory stores the values. In 2(M) words, with addresses formed from one bit of each data word in a given bit position. In operation the most significant bit of each data word is used first to ...

We consider probabilistic theories in which the most elementary system, a two-dimensional system, contains one bit of information. The bit is assumed to be contained in any complete set of mutually complementary measurements. The requirement of invariance of the information under a continuous change of the set of mutually complementary measurements ...

A new technique for image compression called Block Truncation Coding (BTC) is presented and compared with transform and other techniques. The BTC algorithm uses a two-level (one-bit) nonparametric quantizer that adapts to local properties of the image. The quantizer that shows great promise is one which preserves the local sample moments. This quantizer produces good quality ...

We present an asymptotic bipartite entanglement-distillation protocol that outperforms all existing asymptotic schemes. This protocol is based on the breeding protocol with the incorporation of two-way classical communication. Like breeding, the protocol starts with an infinite number of copies of a Bell-diagonal mixed state. Breeding can be carried out as successive stages of partial information ...

We present an asymptotic bipartite entanglement-distillation protocol that outperforms all existing asymptotic schemes. This protocol is based on the breeding protocol with the incorporation of two-way classical communication. Like breeding, the protocol starts with an infinite number of copies of a Bell-diagonal mixed state. Breeding can be carried out as successive stages of partial information ...

Designing a digital IR focal plane array (IRFPA) requires fulfilling very stringent requirements in terms of power consumption, silicon area and speed. Among the various ADC architectures like successive approximation, ramp or over-sampled converters, the best choice strongly depends on the application. We believe that sigma-delta converters, in spite of their quite high power consumption, are a ...

Dr Switzer received D.V.M, from Texas A and M, in 1948, M.S. and a Ph.D, from Iowa State University in 1951 and 1954 and the Dr.h.c. from the University of Vienna, in 1979. He was Professor of Iowa State University, Veterinary Medical Research Inst, during 1961-74. He later became the Associate Dean for Research, ISU College of Veterinary Medicine, 1974-90. In 1990 he became Distinguished ...

We have measured the bottom hadron lifetime from b{bar b} events produced at the Z{sup 0} resonance. Using the precision vertex detectors of the Mark II detector at the Stanford Linear Collider, we developed an impact parameter tag to identify bottom hadrons. The vertex tracking system resolved impact parameters to 30 {mu}m for high momentum tracks, and 70 {mu}m for tracks with a momentum of 1 ...

We have measured the bottom hadron lifetime from b{bar b} events produced at the Z{sup 0} resonance. Using the precision vertex detectors of the Mark II detector at the Stanford Linear Collider, we developed an impact parameter tag to identify bottom hadrons. The vertex tracking system resolved impact parameters to 30 {mu}m for high momentum tracks, and 70 {mu}m for tracks with a momentum of 1 ...

This paper presents the improvements of an advanced digital VGA-IRFPA developed by Fraunhofer-IMS. The uncooled IRFPA is designed for thermal imaging applications in the LWIR (8 .. 14 ?m) range with a full-frame frequency of 30 Hz and a high sensitivity with NETD < 100 mK @ f/1. The microbolometer with a pixel-pitch of 25 ?m consists of amorphous silicon as the sensing layer. The structure of ...

Continuous-time filters are critical components in the implementation of large bandwidth, high frequency, and high resolution continuous-time (CT) sigma-delta (??) analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The loop filter defines the noise-transfer function (NTF) and hence the quantization noise-shaping behavior of the ?? modulator, and becomes the most critical performance ...

In the isometrically contracting rat trabecular muscle strip preparation, contracture tension was induced either by 10 min of hypoxia (low contracture tension) or by 30 min of joint oxygen and glucose withdrawal (severe contracture tension) at optimum length. Using stepwise 0.1 mm releases, length-tension relationships were recorded under control and contracture conditions in both types of ...

The wireless communication technology and market have been growing rapidly since a decade ago. The high demand market is a driving need for higher integration in the wireless transceivers. The trend is to achieve low-cost, small form factor and low power consumption. With the ever-reducing feature size, it is becoming feasible to integrate the RF front-end together with the baseband in the ...

A low-voltage operational capability near 1V along with low noise and distortion characteristics have been realized in a passive sigma-delta modulator. To achieve low-voltage operation, the dc voltage in signal paths in the switched-capacitor-filter section was set to be 0.2V so that sufficient gate-to-source voltages were obtained for metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) switches ...

This thesis presents the design of a 20 MHz bandwidth 3rd-order continuous-time low-pass sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter with low-noise and low-power consumption using TSMC 0.18 ?m CMOS technology. The bandwidth of the system is selected to be able to accommodate WiMAX and other wireless network standards. A 3rd-order filter with feed-forward architecture is selected ...

processing a stream one bit at a time" #12;18 4. Motivation for Article Organisation Structure of an article conscious of it; "Most of us learn how to write technical articles by osmosis ... we unconsciously pick up to formalise what seems natural after practice... Materials to use ... I used Zobel's book [2] and his website

programmable array logic chip. Tom and Jerry physically are toy cars with three one-bit infrared proximity by a string, a radio controlled toy blue car on a blue floor, a pink plastic flamingo, a grey notebook would expire. The power source could be small solar cells used to recharge batteries for higher current

A compression system for high resolution meteorological images is described which is based on the adaptive and hybrid DELTA/DPCM codification technique. The system uses the delta mode (one bit for each pixel) to code the regions of smooth changes, which p...

Analytical formulas are derived to approximate the probability density functions of 'zero' and 'one' bits in a linear communication channel with a binary format of optical signal phase modulation. Direct numerical simulation of the propagation of optical pulses in a communication line with optical phase conjugation is performed. The results of the ...

BOA, please consult refs. [19, 18]. The deterministic hill climber (DHC) is incorporated into hBOA to improve its performance. DHC takes a candidate solution represented by an n�bit binary string on input. Then, it performs one�bit changes on the solution that lead to the maximum improvement of solution quality. DHC

What classical resources are required to simulate quantum correlations? For the simplest and most important case of local projective measurements on an entangled Bell pair state, we show that exact simulation is possible using local hidden variables augmented by just one bit of classical communication. Certain quantum teleportation experiments, which ...

an `impressionistic account' of our subjects' feelings about their relationship and about their intimate object. We.edu ABSTRACT In this paper, we present a study of `minimal intimate objects': low bandwidth devices for communicating intimacy for couples in long-distance relationships. We describe a user study of a software

. In this system, each daughter board sends only one bit per round and the bit pulses from different boards can as designatednearest LSm -= (3) to describe the impact of designated channel loss, in which, Snearest is the crosstalk. Distributed multiplexers will generate electrical pulses and then apply them to optoelectronic transmitters

the digital port and the servo motor was a PSoC 29466 micro-controller. One bit from the XBC was connected are to devise their own motor control systems. Con- cluding each laboratory with a mini-competition (e.g., mov a custom arm, hav- ing an off-the-shelf arm was important. The XBC microcontroller with integrated camera

We analyze a quantum network, constructed with ballistic electron waveguides, which can add one-bit binary numbers. We consider two different adder networks, one constructed with Hadamard gates and the other constructed with {radical}(NOT) gates. Reflection of electron probability at the gates causes a loss in fidelity of the overall calculation. A fidelity requirement for the ...

A scheme of multiparty quantum secret sharing of classical messages (QSSCM) is proposed based on single photons and local unitary operations. In this scheme, eavesdropping checks are performed only twice, and one photon can generate one bit of classical secret message except those chosen for eavesdropping check; in addition, only the sender and one of the ...

Sequentially-adaptive tree encoding procedures are considered for efficient source coding in unknown or time varying situations. Adaptation is performed after a short delay associated with the tree search, and allows convergence to efficient codes for a variety of search complexities, source models, and distortion criteria. Experimental results are presented for a Gauss-Markov source and for ...

A hybrid smoothing algorithm is described that smooths first in time and then in frequency. The time-frequency smoothing algorithm is designed to compute estimates of the cyclic (cross) spectrum along lines of constant cycle frequency. A variation on the algorithm, one that incorporates the One Bit Spectral Correlation Algorithm (OBSCA), is also described. ...

Sigma-Delta modulation techniques provide a range of opportunities in a signal processing system for both increasing performance and data path optimization along the silicon area axis in the design space. One of the most challenging tasks in Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) design is to adapt the circuitry to ever new CMOS process technology. For digital circuits the number ...

The most common method for field measurement of building component thermal resistance is the ''averaging'' method, R = ..sigma delta../..sigma..q, defined as the ratio of the average temperature over some suitable period of time to the average heat transfer over the same time period. While simple to use, it does have ...

This paper describes the design and development of a fluxgate suitable for full earth's field ground measurements and to be used for the ground-based segment of the THEMIS project.. The operation of the electronics is based on a 2nd order sigma-delta technique that yields a 24 bit/axis vector value with 4ppm measurement resolution at 2Hz without the use of analog to digital ...

Animal and in vitro experiments suggest that opiates exert their actions by interaction with possibly five different subtypes of opiate receptors, identified as mu, kappa, sigma, delta, and epsilon. As yet there is no conclusive evidence for their existence in man. Our experiments on morphine and the enkephalin analog DAMME have suggested at least two ...

Mode I crack propagation in fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is simulated by a fracture mechanics approach. A superposition method is applied to calculate the crack tip stress intensity factor. The model relies on the fracture toughness of hardened cement paste (K{sub IC}) and the crack bridging law, so-called stress-crack width ({sigma}-{delta}) relationship of the material, ...

Daily temperature variation in the electronic box of the surface detector in the Pierre Auger Observatory may reach more than 40�C, which causes a significant variation of the pedestal of FADC traces. Pedestal variation, more than 5 ADC- counts in full temperature range, could significantly affect the trigger conditions especially for the Time-over-Threshold Trigger working at very low ...

A sigma�delta (??) DAC with channel filtering for multi-standard wireless transmitters used in the software-defined-radio (SDR) system is presented. The conversion frequency, transfer function of the digital filter and the ?? modulator, word-length of the IDAC and cut-off frequency of the analog reconstruction filter can be digitally programmed to satisfy specifications of WCDMA, TD-SCDMA and ...

This paper presents a novel optical leaky integrator for an all-optical A/D converter based-on sigma-delta modulation. The device consists of two main components: a fiber ring resonator (FRR) and a wavelength converter. The FRR comprises a SOA and an optical filter that defines the resonance wavelength ?2. The modulated input signal, at wavelength ?1, changes the gain of the ...

The author calculates energy-dependent nucleon-nucleon elastic cross sections and electron-positron pair production differential cross sections for the processes pp {yields} pp, np {yields} np, and pp {yields} ppe{sup +}e{sup {minus}}, np {yields} npe{sup +}e{sup {minus}} at laboratory kinetic energies in the 1-5 GeV range. These calculations will be based on a one-boson-exchange ({pi}, {rho}, ...

A new design approach for thin-film codirectional quadrature couplers and their applications is described. An in-depth analysis and semi-empirical design curves are presented for these couplers. Forward-wave coupling is achieved by making use of the difference between even- and odd-mode phase velocities. Modified nonuniform codirectional couplers with a dummy channel for continuously decreasing or ...

The J-based fracture testing technique is newly extended to experimentally determine the tension-softening ([sigma]-[delta]) relations in ceramic-matrix composites. The J-based technique originally proposed for concrete has been well established for quasi-brittle materials where the fracture process is primarily dominated by the formation of a fracture process zone and the ...

A study attempted to measure the extent to which journalists feel free to express their opinions, the extent to which they perceive their views on issues represent a minority position in the community, and the degree to which memberships in organizations outside the newsroom affect their attitudes or actions. Subjects, 326 respondents from a random sample of 875 members of the Society of ...

This paper reports on technology development at the sensor and circuit levels for wireless transmission of fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) in neurochemical detection. Heavily conductive, boron-doped diamond is selectively deposited onto the polished tip of a tungsten microelectrode to fabricate versatile, implantable, micro-needle microprobes capable of neurochemical sensing in the brain. In ...

This work presents an oversampled high-order single-loop single-bit sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter followed by a multi-stage decimation filter. Design details and measurement results for the whole chip are presented for a TSMC 0.18 ?m CMOS implementation to achieve virtually ideal 16-b performance over a baseband of 640 kHz. The modulator in this work is a fully ...

We consider optimal power allocation for wireless video sensors (WVSs), including the image sensor subsystem in the system analysis. By assigning a power-rate-distortion (P-R-D) characteristic for the image sensor, we build a comprehensive P-R-D optimization framework for WVSs. For a WVS node operating under a power budget, we propose power allocation among the image sensor, compression, and ...

There is a lack of independent data regarding the accuracy of isoflurane vaporisers in current clinical use. We studied the accuracy of 10 isoflurane vaporisers (six Penlon Sigma Delta, four Datex-Ohmeda Isotec 5) taken from our operating theatres and anaesthetic rooms. Isoflurane output was measured at a range of fresh gas flow rates using both 100% ...

An on-chip CMOS preamplifier for direct signal readout from an electret capacitor microphone has been designed with high immunity to common-mode and supply noise. The Gm-Opamp-RC based high impedance preamplifier helps to remove all disadvantages of the conventional JFET based amplifier and can drive a following switched-capacitor sigma-delta modulator in order to realize a ...

Two schemes for quantum secure conditional direct communication are proposed, where a set of EPR pairs of maximally entangled particles in Bell states, initially made by the supervisor Charlie, but shared by the sender Alice and the receiver Bob, functions as quantum information channels for faithful transmission. After insuring the security of the quantum channel and obtaining the permission of ...

Fingerprinting is a technique in communication complexity in which two parties (Alice and Bob) with large data sets send short messages to a third party (a referee), who attempts to compute some function of the larger data sets. For the equality function, the referee attempts to determine whether Alice's data and Bob's data are the same. In this paper, we consider the extreme ...

The Metropolis�Hastings (MH) algorithm is the prototype for a class of Markov chain Monte Carlo methods that propose transitions between states and then accept or reject the proposal. These methods generate a correlated sequence of random samples that convey information about the desired probability distribution. Deciding how this information gets recorded is an important step in the practical ...

Quantum, in contrast to classical, information theory, allows for different incompatible types (or species) of information which cannot be combined with each other. Distinguishing these incompatible types is useful in understanding the role of the two classical bits in teleportation (or one bit in one-bit teleportation), for discussing decoherence in ...

Quantum teleportation uses prior entanglement and forward classical communication to transmit one instance of an unknown quantum state. Remote state preparation (RSP) has the same goal, but the sender knows classically what state is to be transmitted. We show that the asymptotic classical communication cost of RSP is one bit per qubit--half that of ...

Quantum teleportation uses prior entanglement and forward classical communication to transmit one instance of an unknown quantum state. Remote state preparation (RSP) has the same goal, but the sender knows classically what state is to be transmitted. We show that the asymptotic classical communication cost of RSP is one bit per qubit -- half that of ...

A new theoretical scheme for quantum secure direct communication is proposed, where four-qubit symmetric W state functions as quantum channel. It is shown that two legitimate users can directly transmit the secret messages by using Bell-basis measurements and classical communication. The scheme is completely secure if the quantum channel is perfect. Even if the quantum channel is unsecured, it is ...

Suppose Alice and Bob share a maximally entangled state of any finite dimension and each perform two-outcome measurements on the respective part of the state. It is known, due to the recent result of Regev and Toner, that if a classical model is augmented with two bits of communication, then all the quantum correlations arising from these measurements can be reproduced. Here, we show that two bits ...

If nonlocality is to be inferred from a violation of Bell�s inequality, an important assumption is that the measurement settings are freely chosen by the observers, or alternatively, that they are random and uncorrelated with the hypothetical local variables. We demonstrate a connection between models that weaken this assumption, allowing partial correlation, and (i) models that allow classical ...

Generation and prediction of time series are analyzed for the case of a bit generator: a perceptron where in each time step the input units are shifted one bit to the right with the state of the leftmost input unit set equal to the output unit in the previous time step. The long-time dynamical behavior of the bit generator consists of cycles whose typical ...

Generation and prediction of time series are analyzed for the case of a bit generator: a perceptron where in each time step the input units are shifted one bit to the right with the state of the leftmost input unit set equal to the output unit in the previous time step. The long-time dynamical behavior of the bit generator consists of cycles whose typical ...

Communication satellite systems are featuring increased use of channel coding methods for error correction. This paper describes a procedure which uses only one bit redundancy. Decoding this code is extremely simple and permits a significant reduction in requisite transmission capacity. The code is particularly useful where high transmission speeds are ...

We show that the inherent entanglement of the ground state of strongly correlated systems can be exploited for both classical and quantum communications. Our strategy is based on a single-qubit rotation that encodes information in the entangled nature of the ground state. In classical communication, our mechanism conveys more than one bit of information in ...

In this paper, we present a study of �minimal intimate objects�: low bandwidth devices for communicating intimacy for couples in long-distance relationships. We describe a user study of a software intimate object built to communicate a single bit at a time. The results from both log data and journal entries suggest that even a one-bit communication device is seen by users as a valuable and ...

. (A) Wild-type Col-2 seed, note cells are hexagonal shape with central raised columella. (B) mum4-1 seed lacking obvious columella. (C) Wild-type WS seed. (D) bxl1-1 seed. Scale bars represent 50 �m-E) Hybridization with LM6. (D) Faint staining close to seed at tops of columellae in WS (arrowhead), with one bit

The traditional cryptographic hash functions are sensitive to even one-bit difference of the input message. While multimedia data always undergo compression or other signal processing operations, which lead to the unsuitability of multimedia authentication using cryptographic hash. The image hashing has emerged recently which captures visual essentials for robust image ...

Changes in a cell's external or internal conditions are usually reflected in the concentrations of the relevant transcription factors. These proteins in turn modulate the expression levels of the genes under their control and sometimes need to perform nontrivial computations that integrate several inputs and affect multiple genes. At the same time, the activities of the regulated genes would ...

Changes in a cell�s external or internal conditions are usually reflected in the concentrations of the relevant transcription factors. These proteins in turn modulate the expression levels of the genes under their control and sometimes need to perform nontrivial computations that integrate several inputs and affect multiple genes. At the same time, the activities of the regulated genes would ...