Proton radiotherapy centers that currently use passively scattered proton beams do field specific calibrations for a non-negligible fraction of treatment fields, which is time and resource consuming. Our improved understanding of the passive scattering mode of the IBA universal nozzle, especially of the current modulation function, allowed us to re-commission our treatment control system for ...

The optimization of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for charged particle beams is a necessary prerequisite to evaluate the clinical potential of this treatment modality in comparison to IMRT with high energy photons. A theoretical study for IMRT with charged particle beams delivered by rotation therapy is presented. First, the inverse problem for two-dimensional rotation therapy with ...

At the Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center (HIBMC) we have developed a new design method for the bar ridge filter used in proton therapy, taking into consideration the scattering and nuclear interaction effects within the filter itself, which are introduced in the design. In our beam delivery system, the bar ridge filter is employed as the range modulator. It is combined with the ...

Monte Carlo dosimetry calculations are essential methods in radiation therapy. To take full advantage of this tool, the beam delivery system has to be simulated in detail and the initial beam parameters have to be known accurately. The modeling of the beam delivery system itself opens various areas where Monte Carlo calculations prove ...

The treatment of uveal melanoma with proton radiotherapy has provided excellent clinical outcomes. However, contemporary treatment planning systems use simplistic dose algorithms that limit the accuracy of relative dose distributions. Further, absolute predictions of absorbed dose per monitor unit are not yet available in these systems. The purpose of this study was to determine if Monte Carlo ...

Nowadays, Monte Carlo models of proton therapy treatment heads are being used to improve beam delivery systems and to calculate the radiation field for patient dose calculations. The achievable accuracy of the model depends on the exact knowledge of the treatment head geometry and time structure, the material characteristics, and the underlying physics. This work aimed at ...

Nowadays, Monte Carlo models of proton therapy treatment heads are being used to improve beam delivery systems and to calculate the radiation field for patient dose calculations. The achievable accuracy of the model depends on the exact knowledge of the treatment head geometry and time structure, the material characteristics, and the underlying physics. This work aimed at ...

In passively scattered proton radiotherapy, a clinically useful treatment beam is produced by spreading a small proton 'pencil beam' extracted from the accelerator to create both a uniform dose profile laterally and a uniform spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) in depth. Lateral spreading and range modulation of the beam are accomplished using specially designed ...

An accurate, simple and time-saving sector integration method for calculating the proton output (dose/monitor unit, MU) is presented based on the following treatment field parameters: aperture shape, aperture size, measuring position, beam range and beam modulation. The model is validated with dose/MU values for 431 fields previously measured at our center. The measurements ...

A multi-layer ionization chamber (MLIC) which consists of a stack of parallel plate-type ionization chambers in which the parallel configuration is in the depth direction was developed at the National Institute of Radiological Science (NIRS) and has been used as a field dosimeter for MU calibration since 2002. Although the MLIC can measure depth dose distributions at one time, a correction is ...

Abstract Purpose: Stopping-power data enter at a number of different places in particle therapy and their uncertainties have a direct impact on the accuracy of the therapy, e.g., in treatment planning. Furthermore, for clinical quality assurance, the particle beam stopping-power ratios (STPR) have to be known accurately for dosimetry. Methods: An open-source computer library ...

A variable energy proton accelerator was commissioned at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory for use in cancer treatment at the Loma Linda University Medical Center. The advantages of precise dose localization by proton therapy, while sparing nearby healthy tissue, are well documented (R. R. Wilson, Radiology {bold 47}, 487 (1946); M. Wagner, Med. Phys. {bold 9}, 749 (1982); M. Goitein and F. ...

Purpose: To investigate the effect of monitor unit (MU) constraints on the dose distribution created by intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) treatment planning using single-field optimization (SFO).Methods: Ninety-four energies between 72.5 and 221.8 MeV are available for scanning beam IMPT delivery at our institution. The minimum and maximum MUs for delivering each ...

We study a locally nonconservative self-organized branching process (SOBP) in an open system of excitable agents exhibiting spontaneous excitation and deexcitation. The SOBP achieves criticality even in the absence of energy conservation as the population relaxes to a stable state with no overexcited agent. Criticality is widely thought to happen only in a ...

In particle therapy, knowledge of the stopping-power ratio (STPR) of the ion beam for water and air is necessary for accurate ionization chamber dosimetry. Earlier work has investigated the STPR for pristine carbon ion beams, but here we expand the calculations to a range of ions (1 ? z ? 18) as well as spread-out Bragg peaks (SOBPs) and provide a ...

In particle therapy, knowledge of the stopping-power ratio (STPR) of the ion beam for water and air is necessary for accurate ionization chamber dosimetry. Earlier work has investigated the STPR for pristine carbon ion beams, but here we expand the calculations to a range of ions (1 <= z <= 18) as well as spread-out Bragg peaks (SOBPs) and provide a ...

The model of Bortfeld and Schlegel (1996 Phys. Med. Biol. 41 1331�9) for determining the weights of proton beams required to create a spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) gives a significantly tilted SOBP. However, by arbitrarily varying its parameter p, which relates the range of protons to their energy, we have been able to create satisfactory ...

Abstract Background. In radiation therapy, the principal dosimetric quantity of interest is the absorbed dose to water. Therefore, a dose conversion to dose to water is required for dose deposited by ion beams in other media. This is in particular necessary for dose measurements in plastic phantoms for increased positioning accuracy, graphite calorimetry being developed as a primary standard for ...

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Purpose: To measure the neutron dose equivalent per therapeutic proton dose (H/D) in a passive scattering proton therapy system and study its dependence on the proton energy, aperture-to-isocenter distance, spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) width, and field size. Methods and Materials: We performed four experiments of varying proton energies, aperture-to-isocenter distances, ...

, a fairly accurate approximate expression for the cdf of the delivery delay is also derived and validated expression as well as a fairly accurate approximation are derived for the achieved delivery ratio. In Section of the original cdf. Based on the above observations, an approximate expression for the cdf of the ...

The model of Bortfeld and Schlegel (1996 Phys. Med. Biol. 41 1331-9) for determining the weights of proton beams required to create a spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) gives a significantly tilted SOBP. However, by arbitrarily varying its parameter p, which relates the range of protons to their energy, we have been able to create satisfactory ...

Uniform delivery of dry material for stable concentrations of aerosols in inhalation exposure chambers is essential in inhalation experiments. The paper characterizes an AccuRate dry material feeder with modifications, for different helix sizes, actuation...

Uniform delivery of dry material for stable concentrations of aerosols in inhalation exposure chambers is essential in inhalation experiments. his paper characterizes an AccuRate dry material feeder with modifications, for different helix sizes, actuation rates, nozzle types and ...

The Joint Precision Airdrop System has revolutionized military airdrop capability, allowing accurate delivery of equipment and supplies to smaller drop zones, from higher altitudes than was previously possible. This capability depends on accurate wind dat...

a more accurate and inexpensive alternative to current disposable pumps on the market while allowing the delivery of medicines such as insulin very slowly over ...

the need for new generators and transmission lines. We evaluate potential wind power plant locations and power delivery profiles that are critical to accurately assessing The...

2 types of Global Analysis. Cycle Analysis. " For Accurate Global Analysis. " Dealing with Late Delivery Data. Early Analysis. " For Weather Forecast ...

delivery profiles that are critical to accurate assessment of potential transmission line upgrades or expansions. In addition, the reliability characteristics (e.g., capacity...

... has been paid fro thib £und, none for herbicide damage. 3. _mOATI(JI ... would permit accurate delivery of herbicides by aerial vehicles, ...

... to infer other basic geotechnical properties. ... While a site survey provides an accurate ... Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL ...

PURPOSE: Treatment planning in proton therapy uses a generic value for the relative biological efficiency (RBE) of 1.1 throughout the spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) generated. In this article, we report on the variation of the RBE with depth in the SOBP of the 76- and 201-MeV proton beams used for treatment at the Institut Curie Proton Therapy Center in ...

The RBE of the 85 MeV proton beam produced at the cyclotron of Louvain-la-Neuve using {sup 60}Co {gamma} rays as the reference radiation was determined for survival of Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro and for intestinal crypt regeneration in mice in vivo. Cell survival curves determined at different depths yielded, for a surviving fraction (SF) of 0.01, RBE values of 1.11 {+-} 0.05 at the ...

We experimentally evaluated the proton beam dose reproducibility, sensitivity, angular dependence and depth-dose relationships for a new Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) detector. The detector was fabricated with a thinner oxide layer and was operated at high-bias voltages. In order to accurately measure dose distributions, we developed a practical ...

Proton beam radiotherapy is an effective and non-invasive treatment for uveal melanoma. Recent research efforts have focused on improving the dosimetric accuracy of treatment planning and overcoming the present limitation of relative analytical dose calculations. Monte Carlo algorithms have been shown to accurately predict dose per monitor unit (D/MU) values, but this has yet ...

Abstract Background. The on-going development of both intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), including the more recent intensity-modulated arc therapy, as well as particle beam therapy, has created a clear need for accurate verification of dose distributions in three dimensions (3D). Presage� is a new 3D dosimetry material that exhibits a radiochromic response when exposed ...

In proton therapy, patient quality assurance (QA) requires measuring the beam range, spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP), and output factor. If these values can be predicted by using sampling measurements or previous QA data to find the correlation between beam setup parameters and measured data, efforts expended on patient QA can be reduced. Using sampling data, we predicted the ...

Electrical-Thermal Co-analysis for Power Delivery Networks in 3D System Integration Jianyong Xie1 analysis, temperature-dependent electrical resistivity of conductors is taken into account. For thermal to obtain accurate PDN characteristics, accurate electrical-thermal co-analysis method is strongly required

Small mammals, namely mice and rats, play an important role in biomedical research. Imaging, in conjunction with accurate therapeutic agent delivery, has tremendous value in small animal research since it enables serial, non-destructive testing of animals and facilitates the study of biomarkers of disease progression. The small size of organs in mice lends ...

This is the second report on the development of a machine concept for the continuous movement and accurately metered delivery of particulate solids (e.g., coal), wet or dry, into environments of ambient or differential fluid or mechanical pressure. It includes the first disclosure of continuous, direct delivery of US power plant coal ...

This is the second report on the development of a machine concept for the continuous movement and accurately metered delivery of particulate solids (e.g., coal), wet or dry, into environments of ambient or differential fluid or mechanical pressure. It includes the first disclosure of continuous, direct delivery of US power plant coal ...

The present invention is a delivery system for safety injecting solid waste particles, including mixed wastes, into a molten salt bath for destruction by the process of molten salt oxidation. The delivery system includes a feeder system and an injector that allow the solid waste stream to be accurately metered, evenly dispersed in the ...

This study's objectives were to examine how accurately families can describe the extent of their insurance benefits, to look at the reasons for variation in such knowledge, and to attempt to measure consumer sophistication about the health delivery system...

Proton beam therapy can kill tumor cells while saving normal cells because of its specific energy delivery properties and so is used to various tumor patients. However, the effect of proton beam on angiogenesis in the development of blood vessels has not been determined. Here we used the zebrafish model to determine in vivo whether proton beam inhibits angiogenesis. Flk-1-GFP ...

We recently started orthogonal two-port carbon ion therapy for choroidal melanoma with the intent to reduce the incidence of radiation complications that occur with mono-port therapy. Treatment planning techniques involving therapeutic beam characteristics are described here. The vertical (140 MeV/u) and horizontal (170 MeV/u) carbon ion beams from the synchrotron at the NIRS were shaped, using ...

A range modulator wheel (RMW) is an essential component in passively scattered proton therapy. We have observed that a proton beam spot may shine on multiple steps of the RMW. Proton dose calculation algorithms normally do not consider the partial shining effect, and thus overestimate the dose at the proximal shoulder of spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) compared with the ...

A range modulator wheel (RMW) is an essential component in passively scattered proton therapy. We have observed that a proton beam spot may shine on multiple steps of the RMW. Proton dose calculation algorithms normally do not consider the partial shining effect, and thus overestimate the dose at the proximal shoulder of spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) compared with the ...

In vivo PET range verification relies on the comparison of measured and simulated activity distributions. The accuracy of the simulated distribution depends on the accuracy of the Monte Carlo code, which is in turn dependent on the accuracy of the available cross-section data for ?(+) isotope production. We have explored different cross-section data available in the literature for the main ...

In vivo PET range verification relies on the comparison of measured and simulated activity distributions. The accuracy of the simulated distribution depends on the accuracy of the Monte Carlo code, which is in turn dependent on the accuracy of the available cross-section data for ?+ isotope production. We have explored different cross-section data available in the literature for the main reaction ...

Californium-252 is used in a variety of industrial applications to deliver neutron dose. The design of the delivery system, i.e., the system that places the {sup 252}Cf source next to the item being exposed, is a crucial part of a successful irradiator system. This paper reviews different types of delivery systems and discusses the benefits and limitations ...

air � suitable for wide range of breathing rates � relatively quick procedure � short duration breathing. Utilise the benefits of steady state probe topography to generate temporal and spatial) � controlled delivery of odours � accurate timing of `stimulus' � differences between air & odour stimuli

The paper discloses a current status of the development and evaluation of an autonomous payload tracking capability for determining time, state and attitude information (TSPI) for all types of airdrop loads. This automated capability of accurately acquiri...

The overall objective of this program was to improve the U.S. Air Force's weapon delivery and navigation capability through a more accurate and reliable determination of vehicle velocity especially designed for optimal integration into an aircraft referen...

This report describes three BAYONET vehicles which were successfully tested to demonstrate an aerodynamic delivery technique for accurately delivering earth penetrating weapons to a target. The test data and results are presented.

Lung deposition of aerosol is measured by a variety of methods. Total lung deposition can be measured by monitoring inhaled and exhaled aerosols in situ by laser photometry or by collecting the aerosols on filters. The measurements can be performed accurately for stable monod...

The CREAMS (Chemicals, Runoff and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems) model was evaluated for predicting runoff and sediment delivery from central Illinois fields without calibration. CREAMS was found to be fairly accurate in predicting annual r...

Healthcare managers often encounter the need for accurate and reliable forecasts. Decisions about staffing, purchasing, and healthcare delivery depend on the ability to analyze data and predict future observations. Qualitative methods can help with strate...

The Bendix Gyrocompass Navigation System (GNS) is a low cost, moderately accurate land navigator intended for use in combat and service vehicles not requiring the accuracy of a weapon delivery system. A GNS was field evaluated. The course traversed includ...

DCs, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and psoriasis. #12;Finally, calcium influx, one of the important cellular syndrome [71,72], polymyositis [73,74], and psoriasis [75,76], where the causative mechanisms might involve

In radiation therapy of cancer, more accurate delivery techniques spur the need for improved patient imaging during treatment. To this purpose, the megavoltage radiation protocol that is used for treatment is also used for imaging.

The Coast Guard, as part of their sea rescue mission, are frequently required to aid distressed boats by dropping from an airplane a package containing emergency pumping equipment. Due to the precision required, plus the usual situation of unsettled weath...

The Coast Guard, as a part of their sea rescue mission, are frequently required to aid distressed boats by dropping from an airplane a package containing emergency pumping equipment. The boats usually are unable to maneuver, making it necessary to accompl...

...port of entry and can continue on to the destination identified on the permit only by a bonded carrier (commercial express delivery). (c) If you fail to present a copy of the permit and an invoice or packing list accurately indicating...

...and reduce medical errors. (iii) Customer service. The entity provides timely and accurate delivery of services and pharmacy and beneficiary support services. (iv) Benefit administration and claims adjudication. The entity provides...

...DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OIL PRIORITY SUPPLY OF CRUDE OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS TO THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE UNDER THE DEFENSE PRODUCTION...or directive accurate and complete records of crude oil and petroleum product deliveries made in accordance with such order or...

Intellectual disability (ID) affects 1%-3% of the general population. We recently reported on a family with autosomal-recessive mental retardation with anterior maxillary protrusion and strabismus (MRAMS) syndrome. One of the reported patients with ID did not have dysmorphic features but did have temporal lobe epilepsy and psychosis. We report on the identification of a truncating mutation in the ...

Intellectual disability (ID) affects 1%�3% of the general population. We recently reported on a family with autosomal-recessive mental retardation with anterior maxillary protrusion and strabismus (MRAMS) syndrome. One of the reported patients with ID did not have dysmorphic features but did have temporal lobe epilepsy and psychosis. We report on the identification of a truncating mutation in ...

AIM: To assess the effects of H₂-receptor blocking pharmacon, protease inhibitor, and gastro kinetic agents on the human Sphincter of Oddi (SO) motility by choledochoscope manometry.METHODS: One hundred and seventy-five patients with T tube installed after cholecystectomy and choledochotomy were assessed by choledochoscope manometry. They were randomly assigned into groups ...

Ridge filters have been used to form spread-out Bragg peaks (SOBPs) for proton therapy. Their design is based on a pristine Bragg curve, which is dependent on the incident beam energy, to keep the sharp distal falloff. A proton synchrotron can supply a beam at any energy required for therapy. Thus, a large number of ridge filters are required in principle to obtain optimized ...

A commercial dual photon energy, computer-controlled linear accelerator has a complex collimation and beam delivery system. For accurate dose delivery, six separate motorized elements must be properly positioned for a given beam selection. Experimentally instituted misalignments of the primary electron scattering foils, the primary ...

The United States Department of Agriculture¿s high-speed wind tunnel facility in College Station, Texas, USA was used to determine droplet size distributions generated by dispersant delivery nozzles at wind speeds comparable to those used in aerial dispersant application. A laser particle size anal...

for accurate perception of postural sway [6], being sufficient to allow a stable upright stance in the absence Control Kernel and Command Delivery). After dividing the torque output into equal portions for each leg voltages up to 10 Volts to pass through (DSCA, Dataforth, USA). B. PD Control Kernel and Command Delivery

This paper is the second published report on the continuing successful elaboration and embodiment of an entirely new patented machine concept for the continuous movement and accurately delivery of all sorts of particulate solids, wet or dry, into environments of ambient or differential fluid or mechanical pressure. It includes the first disclosure of the ...

This paper is the second published report on the continuing successful elaboration and embodiment of an entirely new patented machine concept for the continuous movement and accurately delivery of all sorts of particulate solids, wet or dry, into environments of ambient or differential fluid or mechanical pressure. It includes the first disclosure of the ...

Californium-252 is used in a variety of industrial applications to deliver neutron dose. The design of the delivery system, i.e., the system that places the {sup 252}Cf source next to the item being exposed, is a crucial part of a successful irradiator system. This paper reviews different types of delivery systems and discusses the benefits and limitations ...

Capillary flowmeters have been used for a number of years now to meter gases into flow systems. This report describes a flowmeter/controller that is accurate to 1% and delivers a constant flow independent of delivery pressure between 0-0.10 MPa (0-15 psia...

Proton treatments with spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) fields often use a rotating modulation wheel of varying thickness to modulate the pristine Bragg peak in depth and intensity. The technique of modulating also the beam current independently over the wheel rotation provides an additional control over the intensities of the pulled-back Bragg peaks. As a result, a single wheel ...

Supine office blood pressures (SOBP) and 24-hour automated ambulatory blood pressure monitorings (AABPM) showed blood pressure reductions from a stable baseline to active treatment with 120-, 240-, and 480-mg doses of a new verapamil QD capsule (solid-spheroidal-oral once-daily drug-absorption system: (SODAS) in patients with mild-to-moderately severe (diastolic blood ...

To estimate the physical dose at the center of spread-out Bragg peaks (SOBP) for various conditions of the irradiation system, a semiempirical approach was applied. The dose at the center of the SOBP depends on the field size because of large-angle scattering particles in the water phantom. For a small field of 5x5 cm{sup 2}, the dose was reduced to 99.2%, ...

Purpose: To compare the biological effectiveness of 290 MeV/amu carbon-ion beams in Chiba, Japan and in Darmstadt, Germany, given that different methods for beam delivery are used for each. Methods and Materials: Murine small intestine and human salivary gland tumor (HSG) cells exponentially growing in vitro were irradiated with 6-cm width of spread-out Bragg peaks ...

For military applications, the availability of safe, disposable, and robust infusion pumps for intravenous fluid and drug delivery would provide a significant improvement in combat healthcare. To meet these needs, we have developed a miniature infusion prototype pump for safe and accurate fluid and drug delivery that is programmable, ...

Purpose To determine the relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) of the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) scanning proton beam in reference conditions and to evaluate the influence of intestine motion on the proton dose homogeneity. Methods and Materials: First, RBE was determined for crypt regeneration in mice after irradiation in a single fraction. Irradiation was performed at the middle of a 7-cm ...

A spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) is used in proton beam therapy to create a longitudinal conformality of the required dose to the target. In order to create this effect in a passive beam scattering system, a variety of components must operate in conjunction to produce the desired beam parameters. We will describe how the SOBP is generated and will explore ...

A ridge carbon beam filter for Spreading Out the Bragg Peak (SOBP) up to 20 mm in the targeted area has been designed and experimentally tested. The instrument was constructed of Plexiglas with a density of 1.165 g/cm3 and has a �teeth� structure with a period of 2.5 mm. The design is based on a simple analytical model and detailed GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulations. In-beam ...

A simple analytical model is found that predicts the exact proton spectrum needed to obtain a spread-out-Bragg peak (SOBP) distribution for laser-accelerated proton beams. The theory is based on the solution to the Boltzmann kinetic equation for the proton distribution function. The resulting analytical expression allows one to calculate the SOBP proton ...

The survival of jejunal crypt cells was measured following irradiation in 1, 2, 5, or 10 fractions in beams of accelerated helium, carbon, neon, or argon ions. The beams were modulated to spread the Bragg peak in order to approximate the geometry anticipated in clinical applications. There was less recovery in cells irradiated in the peak regions than in the plateau regions for all the beams. For ...

In radiotherapy with carbon ions, biological effects of treatments have to be predicted. For this purpose, one of the most used models is the local effect model (LEM) developed at the Gesellschaft f�r Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Germany. At the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy, the reliability of the last published version of LEM (LEM III) in reproducing radiobiological data has been ...

The collection of accurate and complete coded data is critical to healthcare delivery, research, public reporting, reimbursement, and policy-making. The integrity of coded data and the ability to turn it into functional information requires all users to consistently apply the same official coding rules, conventions, guidelines, and definitions (the basis ...

New and emerging drug delivery systems for traditional drugs and the products of biotechnology are discussed, and the role of the pharmacist in ensuring the appropriate use of these systems is outlined. Advantages of advanced drug delivery systems over traditional systems are the ability to deliver a drug more selectively to a specific site; easier, more ...

The responses of mouse intestine were examined after irradiation with accelerated carbon ions with a spread-out Bragg peak. The carbon-ion beam (135 MeV/nucleon), accelerated by the RIKEN ring cyclotron facility, was modulated to have a spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) 3 cm wide. In the SOBP the biological dose (relative physical dose x RBE) was designed in ...

A therapy-dedicated cyclotron was installed in the National Cancer Center Hospital East (NCCHE) at Kashiwa in 1997. Prior to the start of clinical use, we investigated the biological effectiveness of therapeutic proton beams for cell lethality. The proton beams accelerated up to 235 MeV were horizontally extracted from the cyclotron, and scattered by a bar-ridge filter to produce a ...

Assessment of relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of the proton medical beam at Moscow synchrotron. The study was performed at Moscow proton medical facility (Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics). Relative biological effectiveness of the synchrotron proton beam was assessed at the entry of the unmodulated 179 MeV beam and in the center of spread out Bragg peak ...

This study describes measurements on secondary particles produced by a 290 MeV/n Spread Out Bragg Peak (SOBP) carbon beam. Microdosimetric distributions of secondary fragments from the SOBP carbon beam have been measured by using a new tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) system at the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba of the National ...

This work aimed at measuring cell-killing effectiveness of monoenergetic and Spread-Out Bragg Peak (SOBP) carbon-ion beams in normal and tumour cells with different radiation sensitivity. Clonogenic survival was assayed in normal and tumour human cell lines exhibiting different radiosensitivity to X- or gamma-rays following exposure to monoenergetic carbon-ion beams (incident ...

In this work we present a methodology and proof of concept to experimentally determine average linear energy transfer (LET) of therapeutic proton beams using the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of small Al(2)O(3):C detectors. Our methodology is based on the fact that the shape of the OSL decay curve of Al(2)O(3):C detectors depends on the LET of the radiation field. Thus, one can use the ...

In this work we present a methodology and proof of concept to experimentally determine average linear energy transfer (LET) of therapeutic proton beams using the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of small Al2O3:C detectors. Our methodology is based on the fact that the shape of the OSL decay curve of Al2O3:C detectors depends on the LET of the radiation field. Thus, one can use the shape of ...

In aquaculture, it is important to estimate in advance how much food cultured animals would take. The rate of food consumption by cultured animals to available food amount is defined as the food intake rate (FIR) in this paper. To some extents, FIR reflects the quality of food, the health of cultured animals and the delivery efficiency. In practice, it is difficult to estimate ...

Accurate measurement of the beam phase-space is essential for the next generation of electron accelerators. A scheme for beam optics optimization and beam matrix reconstruction algorithms for the diagnostics section of the beam delivery system of the International Linear Collider based on laser-wire beam profile monitors are discussed. Possible modes of ...

Large area, shallow fields are well suited to proton therapy. However, due to beam production limitations, such volumes typically require multiple matched fields. This is problematic due to the relatively narrow beam penumbra at shallow depths compared to electron and photon beams. Therefore, highly accurate dose planning and delivery is required. As the ...

OBJECTIVE: Oxygen therapy for infants and small children in developing countries is often not available. Entrainment devices may provide an accurate and precise concentration of oxygen when used at the flow rates appropriate for infants and small children. METHODS: A continuously adjustable entrainment device was tested to determine the concentrations and flows of oxygen ...

For the manufacture of large (2 mm or more in diameter) microshells suitable for NIF experiments, the concept of a `ballistic furnace` was suggested by scientists at LPI. The key unit of the `ballistic furnace` is the injection device that accurately propels the initial particles from below with a given speed and precisely controlled trajectory without any damage to the ...

The ability to accurately predict power delivery over the course of time is of vital importance to the growth of the photovoltaic (PV) industry. Two key cost drivers are the efficiency with which sunlight is converted to power and secondly how this relationship develops over time. The accurate knowledge of power decline over time, also ...

The TIGER (Terminal guided and Extended-Range) Program was initiated in 1972 to study improved delivery capabilities for stockpiled tactical nuclear bombs. The Southeast Asia conflict fostered the development of air-delivered standoff conventional weapons utilizing terminal guidance systems. SNL initiated the TIGER program to determine if current nuclear bombs could be ...

The use of intensity modulation with multiple static fields has been suggested by many authors as a way to achieve highly conformal fields in radiotherapy. However, quality assurance of linear accelerators is generally done only for beam segments of 100 MU or higher, and by measuring beam profiles once the beam has stabilized. We propose a set of measurements to check the stability of dose ...

Premature delivery is by definition, delivery that occurs some time before the end of pregnancy. It is important, particularly when considering prevention, to concentrate only on the criterion of duration of pregnancy and to measure this as accurately as possible with the different methods available. The other etiological ...

The desire to increase the precision in radiotherapy delivery has led to the development of advanced imaging systems such as amorphous silicon (a-Si)-based electronic portal imaging, and kV and MV cone beam CT. These are used prior to the delivery of radiation to visualise the organ to be treated and to ensure that the patient setup and treatment ...

The delivery of an hypoxic gas mixture to a patient during general anaesthesia is a rare event due to contemporary standards of monitoring, equipment design and alarm features. An incident is described where a split occurred in a rubber seal round the top of a flowmeter control tube. This resulted in a downstream oxygen leak and the delivery of an hypoxic ...