We use a thermodynamic equilibrium model to calculate vapor pressure and vapor composition of high temperature lavas. We consider vaporization of erupted lavas without any fractional vaporization as well as continuous fractional vaporization.

A novel two-wavelength mid-infrared laser-absorption diagnostic has been developed for simultaneous measurements of vapor-phase fuel mole fraction and liquid fuel film thickness. The diagnostic was demonstrated for time-resolved measurements of n-dodecane liquid films in the absence and presence of n-decane vapor at 25�C and 1 atm. ...

A novel two-wavelength mid-infrared laser-absorption diagnostic has been developed for simultaneous measurements of vapor-phase fuel mole fraction and liquid fuel film thickness. The diagnostic was demonstrated for time-resolved measurements of n-dodecane liquid films in the absence and presence of n-decane vapor at 25�C and 1 atm. ...

vapor pressure determination, unwarranted within the limits of error. ... in HF after each vapor pressure determination. Those used in the fractionation ...

... pressure is small compared to atmospheric pressure) the ... NBS Handbook of Mathematical Functions. ... to the mole fraction vapor concentration by ...

vapor pressure, the quantity of the available lubricant, the temperature and the ... of the mass fractions of the additives in the oil and their vapor pressures as a ...

Infrared (IR) absorbance measurements, through a gas flow cell, are made with the closed-loop circulation of vapor-air mixtures that are generated by temperature equilibrated aqueous solutions. Accurate vapor pressures of organic solutes are established with the equilibrated aqueous solutions. The water solvent effectively depresses ...

Water vapor plays a fundamental role in weather and climate. It is the most important greenhouse gas and the most variable in space and time. The DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program is devoting a large fraction of its resources for the accurate characterization of the column abundance and the distribution of water ...

Recent test results indicated drawbacks associated with the simple exponential attenuation method (SEAM) as currently applied to neutron radiography measurements to determine vapor fractions in a hydrogenous two-phase flow in a metallic conduit. The scattering component of the neutron beam intensity exiting the flow system is not adequately accounted for ...

Deviations from the random distribution of hydrogen isotopes among isotopic species of liquid and vapor water (the rule of the geometric mean) were critically assessed theoretically and experimentally from the triple to critical point of water. A third-order polynomial equation of the classical near-critical expansion was used to accurately describe the ...

A visual study of water subcooled flow boiling was conducted to clarify the mechanism of triggering the net vapor generation (NVG). The test section was a transparent sapphire grass tube of 20 mm in inside diameter; a high-speed camera was used to capture the behavior of vapor bubbles. In the present experiments, the vapor void ...

In quenching by submerging the workpiece is cooled due to vaporization, convective flow and interaction of both mechanisms. The dynamics of these phenomena is very complex and the corresponding heat fluxes are strongly dependent on local flow variables such as velocity of fluid and vapor fraction. This local dependence may produce very ...

... more accurate than that of "NBS", particularly, ... the increase in mercury vapor pressure. ... Potential and Cathode Structure in Potassium Vapor, ...

The physical rationale of the concept of saturation vapor pressure is briefly discussed. Several procedures for the computation of saturation vapor pressure and its derivatives with respect to temperature are examined and evaluated with reference to accur...

Development of a vapor generator for consistently producing accurate amounts of vapor from low vapor pressure explosive materials is a pressing need within the explosives detection community. Of particular importance for reproducibility and widespread acc...

EXPERIMENTAL VAPOR FRACTIONATION OF SILICATES. Lwis S. Walter. Planetology Branch. Laboratory for Theoretical Studies. Goddar? Space Flight Center ...

In the case of a hypothetical failure of a residual heat removal (RHR) systems under mid-loop operation, vapor generated in a reactor core forms two-phase flow in a stagnant liquid and rises the water level in the core. The vapor flows into a steam generator through a hot leg, and condenses in the steam generator. Since the flow rate of ...

In a vapor-cooled nuclear reactor in which the vapor is superheated and a fraction of the superheated vapor is fed to a vaporizer situated outside the reactor and forming the vapor coolant, the vapor before entering the reactor passes a preheater ...

Realistic simulations of fluid flow in geologic systems have severely been hampered by the lack of a consistent formulation for fluid properties for binary salt water fluids over the temperature pressure composition ranges encountered in the Earth�s crust. As the first of two companion studies, a set of correlations describing the phase stability relations in the system H2O NaCl is developed. ...

A process is described which includes coking a mixture of hydrocarbon oil and solid pyro-bituminous material in a coking zone and fractionating the resultant vapors to form a relatively heavy fraction and a lighter fraction. The lighter fraction is then cracked in an independent cracking zone, ...

Polymer precursor materials are vaporized without polymerization or are removed from a raw naphtha fraction by passing the raw naphtha to a vaporization zone and vaporizing the naphtha in the presence of a wash oil while stripping with hot hydrogen to prevent polymer deposits in the equipment. 2 figs.

Polymer precursor materials are vaporized without polymerization or are removed from a raw naphtha fraction by passing the raw naphtha to a vaporization zone (24) and vaporizing the naphtha in the presence of a wash oil while stripping with hot hydrogen to prevent polymer deposits in the equipment.

The purpose of this calculation is to determine the molar fraction of oxalic acid in the vapor phase. This calculation will be used to assist the materials compatibility assessment for equipment that will be exposed to the oxalic acid vapor.

A novel three-wavelength mid-infrared laser-based absorption/extinction diagnostic has been developed for simultaneous measurement of temperature and vapor-phase mole fraction in an evaporating hydrocarbon fuel aerosol (vapor and liquid droplets). The measurement technique was demonstrated for an n-decane aerosol with D 50�3 ? m in ...

The golden dream of any modeling enterprise is to predict the properties of the studied system in a new and often ``hostile'' environment. The basis of this kind of work is the careful, accurate assessment of the system properties in normal conditions. What ``normal conditions'' means for plutonium is an interesting question itself. This work is dedicated to modeling only a ...

The need for sensitivities in particular applications is becoming increasingly important in problems such as optimal design or control. In this study, the authors use ADIFOR to generate derivative code for TACO2D, a finite element heat transfer code. The study of TACO2D indicates that ADIFOR-generated derivatives yield accurate derivatives at a fraction of ...

The calculations of gas solubilities in supercritical solvents require equations of state remaining accurate in the critical range, which are difficult to obtain with classical models. In this work, the Helmholtz energy of a mixture is considered as the sum of the Helmholtz energies of pure components taken at a constant packing fraction and of a residual ...

Superpulsed carbon dioxide lasers emit a controlled train of short duration, high-power pulses which minimize the protein coagulation effects of the laser. Very high irradiances can be used with superb control of vaporization without significant peripheral heating. In incisional work, superpulsing permits the surgeon to advance the hand piece as slowly and as ...

Two-phase vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) isochores for binary mixtures are defined as the thermodynamic paths along which the overall density and composition are fixed. Data along such isochores are generated from a modified Leung-Griffiths model fit to experimental data for the binary system nitrogen-methane. The behavior of the liquid volume fraction ...

Full utilization of multispectral data acquired by whiskbroom and pushbroom imagers requires that the individual channels be registered accurately. Poor registration introduces errors which can be significant, especially in high contrast areas such as boundaries between regions. We simulate the acquisition of multispectral imagery in order to estimate the errors that are ...

This translation was apparently of the record of a discussion between representatives of I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G. and Ruhroel GmbH about the relative merits of their particular vapor-phase processes. The I.G. used a three-step process of prehydrogenation, splitting, and dehydrogenation at 300 atm or less pressure, whereas Ruhroel used a one-step aromatization process at 700 ...

This report documents the results of Task 1, the purpose of which is to review and evaluate existing correlations for the estimation of pseudocomponent parameters from measurable properties (normal boiling point and specific gravity) of coal liquid fractions. The data used were for actual coal liquid fractions from the liquefaction Technology Data Base ...

Four investigations into the climate of the South Pole are presented. The general subjects of polar cloud cover, the surface energy balance in a stable boundary layer, subsurface energy transfer in snow, and modification of water stable isotopes in snow after deposition are investigated based on the historical data set from the South Pole. Clouds over the South Pole. A new, ...

In a process for converting a hydrocarbon oil into substantial yields of relatively high antiknock gasoline, the oil is submitted to a primary fractionation step in which a substantial portion of the oil is vaporized. A relatively heavy unvaporized fraction of the oil is separated and subjected to non-catalytic cracking in a heating ...

Simulation experiments have been initiated to verify that neutron radiography methods can accurately measure void fractions under various operating conditions in a steam-water flow channel. Recent neutron radiography experiments measured void fractions in an air-water channel at atmospheric pressure and room temperature conditions. ...

ing fractional distillation, sublimation, or extraction of individual vapor- mobilized elements. Whereas, [7] suggested that these processes may occur in ...

... Starting with a given mass fraction of metal vapor, condensation takes place both by nucleation of new particles and growth of all the particles in the ...

expect sortie segregation and fractional distillation as the Si is melted and vaporized. This behavior would manifest itself in vapor pressure curves that ...

The method presented allows real fuel behavior to be described with simple explicit equations. Instantaneous values of the properties of both phases of a vaporizing fuel can be computed.

The Earth's land surfaces, life, oceans, and atmosphere endlessly recycle the planet's water. Liquid water on the surface is transformed into water vapor by ...

the two vapor pressures is the thermodynamic activity. For accurate measurements to be obtained, a number of critical issues must be addressed. ...

... vapors and gases using chromatographic techniques and permits ... sample of the test gas mixture is ... through the sensing chamber of the detector. ...

The method is based upon molecular line parameters and makes use of a far wing scaling approximation

... HOT GASES, ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY, LAMINAR FLOW, HEIGHT, VAPORIZATION, PHOTOMETRY, ATOMIZATION, ALKALINE EARTH ...

A practical one-dimensional model is developed for chemical vapor infiltration in cylindrical fiber bundles. Modeling assumptions are supported by new experimental data which support neglect of reactant influx through the bundle ends. The model assumes deposition rates are proportional to accessible solid surface area and reactant concentration. The evolution of the accessible ...

Tektites are strongly depleted in the light isotopes of Zn. These isotopic fractionations may reflect the loss of Zn by vaporization during the heating of the tektites.

The mole fractions of AgBr and Ag3Br3 in the saturated vapor at 840 K have been evaluated from the vapor mass spectrum, by comparison with the corresponding spectrum of AgCl vapor, where the monomer/trimer ratio is known accurately from vapor molecular weight measurements. ...

A method for determining the uptake of inhaled vapors in rats is described. The method uses gas chromatographic data to enable calculations of vapor concentration differences upstream and downstream from a rat exposed to the vapor by the nose-only route. Respiratory data are recorded simultaneously. The data can be used to determine ...

The ability to prepare accurate calibrated vapor samples is of profound importance in the use and development of analytical instruments for gas phase environmental monitoring. A variety of methods have been developed for the generation of calibrated vapor...

New and very accurate measurements of the vapor pressure and two PVT isotherms of isobutane below critical are presented. The vapor pressure data have been correlated to within parts per 10,000 using a scaled vapor pressure equation. The Beattie data in t...

The work covered in this report is part of a continuing effort to determine accurate absorption coefficients for water vapor. Four partial pressures of water vapor are each combined with background pressures of one-third, two-thirds, and one atmosphere of...

Saturated liquid and vapor densities from the triple point to the critical points for fluorine are reported. These data were derived from experimental PVT isochores and an accurate vapor pressure equation. The critical point parameters were estimated by f...

Laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS) has been used by the Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation (AVLIS) program for over 10 years to monitor the co-vaporization of uranium and iron in its separators. During that time, LAS has proven to be an accurate and r...

An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the liquid-vapor phase equilibria of the neon-normal hydrogen system. The experiment was run using a thermally insulated system of the vapor recirculation type, with facilities for accurately contro...

Infrared (IR) absorbance measurements, through a gas flow cell, are made with the closed-loop circulation of vapor-air mixtures that are generated by temperature equilibrated aqueous solutions. Accurate vapor pressures of organic solutes are established w...

A process is described for the separation of a mixture comprising one volatile component A and one component of heavier volatility C and a component B having a volatility intermediate that of A and C wherein the mixture is introduced to a multi-column distillation system (MCDS) incorporating a side column (SC), the improvement for obtaining enhanced recovery of component B comprising the steps: ...

The method of simultaneously fractioning vapors and generating power consists in expanding a plurality of mixed vapors of different condensing points in successive stages to thereby produce mechanical work at these successive stages and separately collecting condensed fractions from the respective stages.

An equilibrium isotope effect has been studied as a continous function of the potential field acting on the atom undergoing isotopic exchange. This has been accomplished through a study of the liquid vapor isotope fractionation factors for both exp 36 Ar/...

A process of producing a series of fractional condensates from a petroleum oil is described which comprises passing the petroleum oil to be distilled into the first of a series of distilling zones of increasing temperature and the unvaporized oil from each zone into the next succeeding zone of the series to produce a vapor fraction in ...

... relative amounts of vaporization (fractional distillation) of individual ... The curve for JP-5 iuel No ... The curves were therefore extrapolated to zero ullage ...

... RETENTION(GENERAL), MEMBRANES, VAPOR PRESSURE, ALCOHOLS, MOLECULAR SIEVES, FORMULATIONS(CHEMISTRY ...

A significant fraction of the observed decline in the total abundance of ozone at ... Measurements of isotopic composition of water vapor will (as the ...

Measuring local concentrations of water vapor at mole fractions near nanomole-per-mole levels is important in many industrial applications, especially the fabrication of semiconductors. Sensitive methods and instruments for measuring water vapor include a...

Soil fumigants are a special group of pesticides that possess relatively high vapor pressure. Thus a large fraction is in the vapor phase after application in the substrate soil environment. Because of the high vapor pressure, they are also volatile organic compounds with strong potential for air p...

This patent describes an apparatus for separating a mixture of hydrocarbons into discrete products. It comprises: a fractionating column; means for providing heat to the fractionating column; means for feeding a stream of the mixture of hydrocarbons to the fractionating column whereby the stream is fractionated ...

Gasoline and a heavier fraction from selective vaporization of crude or residual petroleum stocks are separately supplied to a riser reactor of the fcc type. The crude or resid is contacted at low cracking severity with hot inert solids in a riser. The vaporized product is fractionated to provide a gasoline ...

Chilled mirror hygrometers (CMH) are widely used to measure water vapor in the troposphere and lower stratosphere from balloon-borne sondes. Systematic discrepancies among in situ water vapor instruments have been observed at low water vapor mixing ratios (< 5 ppm) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS). ...

In a process for delayed coking of heavy petroleum residue feedstock within a coker heater, a coke drum and a fractionator, wherein the feedstock and recycle material are heated in the heater and then passed to the coke drum to produce coke and overhead vapors, wherein the vapors are fed into a bottom primary section of the ...

A mixture fraction formulation to perform direct numerical simulations of a disperse and dilute two-phase system consisting of water liquid and vapor in air in local thermodynamic equilibrium using a two-fluid model is derived and discussed. The goal is to understand the assumptions intrinsic to this simplified but commonly employed approach for the study ...

A method is presented to treat electrons within the many-body quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) approach �on-the-fly� throughout a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Our approach leverages the large (10 100) ratio of the QMC electron to MD ion motion to couple the stochastic, imaginary-time electronic and real-time ionic trajectories. This continuous evolution of the QMC electrons results in highly ...

A pressure control system has been implemented on an experiment designed to detect the presence of fractional charges in bulk matter. The experiment utilizes a liquid-droplet generation technique requiring high-stability gas-pressure delivery to ensure accurate data collection. The pressure control system consists of a pressurized mercury reservoir ...

We investigate the room-temperature quantum-confined Stark effect in Ge/SiGe multiple quantum wells (MQWs) grown by low-energy plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The active region is embedded in a p-i-n diode, and absorption spectra at different reverse bias voltages are obtained from optical transmission, photocurrent, and differential transmission measurements. The ...

We examine the role of conductive and convective heat transfer in the vaporization of liquid as it slowly invades a superheated permeable rock. For very slow migration, virtually all of the liquid vaporizes. As the liquid supply rate increases beyond the rate of heat transfer by thermal conduction, a decreasing fraction of the ...

A process is described for producing organic liquid product from solid organic waste. The process comprises pyrolyzing the solid organic waste to produce pyrolysis vapors and solid pyrolysis residue. The solid residue is separated from the pyrolysis vapors leaving entrained particulate matter in the vapor. At least a portion of the ...

A process of converting hydrocarbons includes the steps of commingling a body of hydrocarbon with a moving body of gravel, subjecting the material at atmospheric pressure to heat, independently removing the lightest fractions from the retort, and successively removing the heavier fractions from the body of the mixture undergoing distillation at successive ...

A steady water loop with well controlled flow and thermodynamic conditions was designed, built, and made operational for the measurement of net vapor generation rates under nonequilibrium conditions. The test section consists of a converging-diverging nozzle with 49 pressure taps and two observation windows at the exit. Pressure distributions, photographic observations, ...

A steady water loop with well controlled flow and thermodynamic conditions was designed, built, and made operational for the measurement of net vapor generation rates under nonequilibrium conditions. The test section consists of a converging-diverging nozzle with 49 pressure taps and two observation windows at the exit. Pressure distributions, photographic observations, ...

Detection and measurement of atmospheric water vapor in the deep jovian atmosphere using microwave radiometry has been discussed extensively by Janssen et al. (Janssen, M.A., Hofstadter, M.D., Gulkis, S., Ingersoll, A.P., Allison, M., Bolton, S.J., Levin, S.M., Kamp, L.W. [2005]. Icarus 173 (2), 447-453.) and de Pater et al. (de Pater, I., Deboer, D., Marley, M., Freedman, R., ...

A process is provided for the simultaneous and separate alkylation of an isoparaffin such as isobutane with different olefins, e.g., propylenes and butylenes in different zones with an HF acid catalyst comprising separating the hydrocarbon phase from each of the alkylation effluents, subjecting each hydrocarbon phase to separate HF stripping, fractionating the liquid phases ...

An improved method is described of simultaneously removing high-boiling materials and a volatile dissolved substance, such as oxygen, from a hydrocarbon stream as is performed in feed preparation columns. About 25 to 75 percent of the feed stream is vaporized in a flash zone, and the vapor stream from the flash zone is combined with the overhead ...

It is shown that gauge invariance arguments imply the possibility of fractional quantized Hall effect; the Hall conductance is accurately quantized to a rational value. The ground state of a system showing the fractional quantized Hall effect must be dege...

An electrical conductivity probe was developed which provides a means of accurately measuring local void fractions in two-phase flow. The proposed theory which relates the probe current to the local void fraction is verified experimentally by an independe...

A computer program entitled ''WELLFLOW'' is presented for calculating wellhead flow and fluid conditions for a self-flowing geothermal well of constant diameter. The calculational model was developed by Elliott and has been modified to incorporate a more accurate analytical procedure for calculating brine thermophysical properties. An ...

An accurate equation of state is presented for the thermodynamic properties of mixtures of H2O and D2O in the critical region. The equation incorporates a crossover from fluctuation-induced singular behavior near the locus of vapor-liquid critical points to regular behavior outside the critical region. It is a generalization of a crossover ...

The overall objective of this project is to develop a better thermodynamic model for predicting properties of high-boiling coal derived liquids, especially the phase equilibria of different fractions at elevated temperatures and pressures. The development of such a model requires data on vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE), enthalpy, and heat capacity which ...

By using emission spectroscopy method and absorption at 1392nm, partial water pressure at the exit of a square pipe-array jet-type singlet oxygen generator (SPJSOG) for chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL) was measured. The water vapor fraction was calculated from the partial water pressure in the diagnostic cell when we assumed the water ...

The design of high-performance natural-circulation boiling systems requires that the behavior of these systems under transient conditions be characterized. To do this the time and space dependent continuity, energy, and momentum equations for a natural circulation system were written and the resulting set of equations solved simultaneously utilizing an analog computer. A set of ...

A method is presented to treat electrons within the many-body quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) approach ``on-the-fly'' throughout a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Our approach leverages the large (10--100) ratio of QMC electron to MD ion motion to couple the stochastic, imaginary-time electronic and real-time ionic trajectories. This continuous evolution of the QMC electrons results in highly ...

The grazing incidence X-ray reflectivity (GIXR) technique and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were exploited to obtain an accurate evaluation of the surfaces and interfaces for metalorganic chemical vapor deposition grown AlxGa1-xN/GaN superlattice structures. The X-ray diffraction results have been combined with reflectivity data to evaluate the layer ...

Chemical and instrumental tests for driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) measure the concentration of ethanol in the breath (BrAC), while state DUI laws are described in terms of blood alcohol concentration (BAC). Consequently, accurate and fair conversion from BrAC to BAC is crucial to the judicial process. Theoretical treatment of the water-air-ethanol equilibrium ...

An activated slit-type tantalum foil cathode was developed by Stanford Research Institute as a field ionization source for mass spectroscopy; this technique, coupled with computer control of the magnetic scan and of the temperature programmer for sample vaporization, prevents fragmentation of the ions produced, thus giving very accurate molecular weight ...

An alternative method that uses a simple apparatus to measure vapor pressure versus temperature in a closed system, in which the total pressure is the vapor pressure of the liquid sample, is described. The use of this apparatus gives students a more direct picture of vapor pressure than the isoteniscope method and results have ...

Emphasis on the environmental control of toxic materials has created a need for accurate vapor pressure and vapor species data covering smelter feeds, flue dusts, and associated products. The investigation of the vapor transport of Sb2S3 was undertaken as...

A process for refining hydrocarbon distillate comprises fractionating the distillate into a fraction of substantially gasoline boiling range, collecting a portion of the gasoline as reflux condensate, treating the condensate with an acidic refining agent and returning it as reflux to the fractionator. The other portion of the ...

Successful design of refineries and chemical plants requires accurate calculation of vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE). With advances in computing power these calculations are increasingly being done by the equation of state (EOS) method. However, the interac...

The vapor pressure of water at its triple point was measured with greatly increased accuracy. The triple point was realized with newly designed equipment that enhanced the stability of the pressure and permitted any air released from solution to be remove...

Prediction of the interaction between expanded vaporized debris and target materials for applications such as meteorite impact on space vehicles, ballistic penetration of armors, debris shield design, etc. demands an accurate treatment of the melting and ...

Measurements have been made on four lines in the vibration-rotation and ten lines in the pure rotation region of the water vapor spectrum to determine the individual line intensities and half-widths. The major effort of the experimental procedure has been...

An experimental apparatus capable of making accurate high temperature, high pressure vapor-liquid equilibria measurements was designed, constructed, and evaluated. The basic system is a flow equilibrium flash vaporization apparatus similar to those used f...

Mathematical models of water vapor pressure, gas absorption coefficient and oxygen solubility have been accurately developed with the aid of a digital computer. The dissolved oxygen (DO) model satisfactorily gives the saturation concentration of oxygen in...

Vapor explosions sometimes occur when molten metal falls in a volatile cool liquid. This phenomenon is complex and difficult to observe accurately because of the rapid and violent motions. Its importance is derived from an assumed sequence in nuclear reac...

A procedure for computing saturation vapor by means of a polynomial approximation is presented and evaluated against other methods currently in use. The polynomial procedure is demonstrated to be highly accurate and more economic of computational time requirements than other procedures.

This paper provides a unified viewpoint for the analysis of thermal nonequilibrium in liquid-vapor flows of concern to energy conversion systems analysis. The viewpoint expressed is one relating the phase change processes which occur to the relaxation of a nonequilibrium set up due to a forcing function, the phase change occurring due to the resulting potential. It is shown as ...

Vaporization of a liquid from a heated surface to a saturated non-reactive stream is considered. The surface temperature is sufficiently below the boiling point so that the vaporization rate is controlled by gas phase transport processes rather than heat transfer. For low free stream temperature, the vapor diffusing from the surface is ...

Improvements are reported in alkylation effluent flash vaporization systems used in processes of alkylating isoparaffinic hydrocarbons with olefinic hydrocarbons in the presence of acid catalyst and an excess of isoparaffinic hydrocarbons. Improvements are also suggested in heat sources used in such alkylation effluent flash vaporization systems, ...

In the case of a postulated loss of coolant accident (LOCA) in a nuclear reactor, an accurate prediction of clad temperature is needed to determine the safety margins. The large break LOCA analyses can be divided in to three time periods. These periods are blowdown, refill and reflood. During the blowdown and reflood phases of the LOCA, when the local void ...

This paper presents a form of the Frost-Kalkwarf-Thodos vapor pressure equation that is explicit in vapor pressure. The explicit approximation contained with the equation reproduces the original equation results accurately over its whole range of validity. The new form of the equation was constructed by direct substitution of an ...

In a process for the pyrolytic conversion and coking of finely divided solid bituminous material and hydrocarbon oil, the solid material is added to the oil, the mixture is subjected to conversion temperature under substantially non-coking conditions, and the heated products are introduced into a coking zone wherein the residue is coked in a relatively thin layer upon a highly heated surface. The ...

Accurate calibration of line-of-sight delay fluctuations in the Earth's atmosphere ... formance of the calibration system of water-vapor-induced path delay. ...

accurate measurements of aerosols, ozone, water vapor and other trace gases. The advanced SAGE. III instrument will also make measurements using ...

accurately determine the statistical effects of precipitable water vapor on the phase stability of transmitted signals for varying baselines. ...

... part of a long-term research objective of determining accurate experimental liquid-vapor phase equilibrium data on binary fluid mixtures in the ...

The data also indirectly contribute to accurate determination of water vapor and bounding chemical reaction rates. Airborne, high-frequency, in situ ...

at selected frequencies, accurate atmospheric temperature, water vapor, and cloud liquid distribution up to 10 km height can be obtained. The MADIS radiometer dataset consists...

The Critical Viscosity of Xenon (CVX) experiment will more accurately measure the viscosity of Xenon at temperatures very near its liquid-vapor critical point ...

processes are critical for accurate simulations ... Layer and dust transport: Comparisons between a model simulation and MODIS and AIRS retrievals, ...

... determined for accurate system energy balances. ... space provided vapor temperatures at six locations. ... personal computer for data storage and were ...

In order to develop accurate distributed hydrological models, spatially accurate meteorological forcing fields are required. In mountainous basins, elevation and topography strongly influence temperature, precipitation, vapor pressure, and wind. At the watershed scale, temperature, precipitation, ...

In Part 1, detailed measurements were made in a high pressure, adiabatic (boiled at the inlet) annular flow in a narrow, high aspect ratio duct using a gamma densitometer, hot-film anemometer and high-speed video photography. Measurements of void fraction, droplet frequency, velocity, drop size, and interfacial area concentration have been made to support the three field ...

A low-pressure microwave-induced helium plasma serves as an excitation source for metal chlorides, nitrates, and sulfates vaporized from a filament, resulting in fractional vaporization and differential sensitivities of detection of the elements depending on the vapor pressures of their salts. The shapes of the ...

Recent theoretical and experimental studies (e.g., [1-3]) have suggested that Si- and Fe-isotopic signatures can be used to characterize the compositions and conditions of segregation of metallic cores in planetary interiors. This study expands the theoretical framework to include carbon and hydrogen, which may also be alloying elements. Hydrogen (D/H) and carbon (13C/12C) ...

We measured the vapor-phase absorptivity coefficient of cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GF), a chemical warfare agent, in the mid-infrared (4000-550/cm) at a spectral resolution of 0.125/cm. The GF used in the feedstock was purified by fractional di...

Only a fraction of a volatile solute initially present in a droplet can escape prior to ultimate droplet solidification caused by radiative and vaporization cooling. If the droplet size does not appreciably change during the escape process, the authors sh...

Original design constraints of flash vaporization of the entire liquid fraction of a fermented mash met with many operational considerations which presented difficulty in obtaining the desired effect. In addition, theoretical parameters within the origina...

Local two-phase flow parameters were measured to investigate the internal flow structures of steam-water boiling flow in an inclined channel. The vapor phase local flow parameters, such as void fraction, bubble frequency, vapor velocity, interfacial area ...

Soil vapor extraction (SVE) has been shown to be effective at removing hydrocarbons from the unsaturated zone. However, at many spill sites significant fractions of the mass are at or below the water table, in which case SVE is far less effective. To impr...

In traditional pervaporation systems, the permeate vapor is completely condensed to obtain a liquid permeate stream. For example, in the recovery of ethanol from a 5-wt% aqueous stream (such as a biomass fermentation broth), the permeate from a silicone rubber pervaporation membr...

The use of a gas interferometer in determining the concentration of alcohol and ether vapors was described. Special emphasis was placed on proper prior calibration of the instrument with respect to the alcohol fraction; a calibration curve was obtained an...

Neutron radiography systems are being used for real-time visualization of the dynamic behavior as well as time-averaged measurements of spatial vapor fraction distributions for two phase fluids. The extraction of quantitative data on vapor-liquid flow fie...

The objective of the study is the development of sorbents where the sorption sites are highly accessible for the capture of mercury from aqueous and vapor streams. Only a small fraction of the equilibrium capacity is utilized for a sorbent in applications involving short residenc...

A process is disclosed for simultaneously, cryogenically separating natural gas liquids from a lean natural gas stream and a rich natural gas stream; including, compressing the lean gas feed, cooling the compressed lean gas feed, separating the cooled lean gas feed to form a vapor phase and a liquid phase, expanding the vapor phase lean gas feed, ...

We have introduced a novel, parallel design into a new clinical bymixer (patent pending), named for the bypass of a constant fraction of total flow through a mixing chamber. Over a wide range of tidal volumes (300-1200 mL), frequency (6-20 breaths/min), and PCO(2) (6-50 mm Hg), the bymixer provided accurate measurement of mixed expired gas ...

Water vapor (WV) is a primary natural greenhouse gas and provides a positive feedback to climate change driven by increasing CO2. Variation of upper tropospheric (UT) water vapor is especially important for the greenhouse effect of water vapor. For global and tropical means, the interannual variation of UT WV is found approximately ...

Vapor pressure and heat of vaporization measurements were performed on six distillate cuts at temperatures to 788/sup 0/K. The critical point was observed for three of the cuts. The data were in excellent agreement with the results of previous measurements. Surface tension measurements were performed on six distillate cuts, two heavy distillate samples, ...

The use of a freezer-sublimer system operating at low desublimation pressures to replace 10-in. nuclearly safe cold traps for low assay (<5% U-235) uranium hexafluoride (UF{sub 6}) would significantly simplify operations and is economically attractive provided the nuclear safety of the system can be assured. A major requirement of such assurance is the availability of conditions guaranteeing ...

A process is described for forming hydrocarbon products of motor fuel type in which an initial uncracked oil charging stock heated under superatmospheric pressure is subjected to substantial vaporization in a primary fractionating zone through the aid of highly heated vapors from a heating zone passed into contact therewith, separating ...

We experimentally determined the boron partitioning and boron isotope fractionation between coexisting liquid and vapor in the system H2O-NaCl-B2O3. Experiments were performed along the 400 and 450�C isotherms. Pressure conditions ranged from 23 to 28 MPa at 400�C and from 38 to 42 MPa at 450�C. Boron partitions preferentially into the liquid. Its ...

The fractional separation of trace metals on a cold tungsten probe from salt matrix vapor, which interferes with the spectral analysis, is studied. The spatial structure of the vapor flows of sodium chloride, potassium sulfate, and indium atoms is visualized at characteristic wavelengths as they interact with the probe. The ...

The oxygen isotope fractionation between the aluminosilicate framework of stilbite and water vapor (or bulk water) was studied between 125 and 300�C. The fractionation factor for exchange between the channel water of stilbite and water vapor was determined at room temperature. At this temperature, the channel ...

Higher boiling constituents are separated from a normally gaseous feed mixture, predominating in lower boiling constituents and containing significant amounts of such higher boiling constituents, such as natural gas by fractionally distilling a feed mixture having a temperature substantially below atmospheric temperature at a pressure substantially above atmospheric pressure ...

fractional distillation at dry-ice and liquid-nitrogen temperatures. The final purity of these vapors was checked by mass spectrometry which ...

The parameters appearing in each of the fractions are functions of the matrix elements of powers of the Liouville operator L between the starting vectors ...

This report includes revisions of: General Data; Characterization of Hydrocarbons; ASTM Distillation, True Boiling Point Distillation, and Equilibrium Flash Vaporization Relationships for Petroleum Fractions; Critical Properties.

... length 23 cm, near-atmospheric pressures, large water vapor mole fractions 10% , and moderate temper- atures 2000 K, absorption strengths were ...

... GC are used for sampling the vapor fraction of the oil. ... MANIFOLDS(ENGINES), FILTERS, FLAMES, RANGE(EXTREMES), OILS, MINERAL OILS ...

The proposed description of a continuous oil considers it as made up of a set of fractional continuous oils. The distribution functions of these fractional oils is appropriately based on the vapor pressure-boiling point-temperature dependence so that the ...

LA ICP-MS data for metal globules and a metal crystal in vesicles in melt breccia 76215 show that the globules (molten relicts of the impactor) fractionated as they crystallized, and the vapor in the vesicles was rich in Fe and volatile siderophiles.

In the present work the authors demonstrated that in the rat the R-33 benzene fraction of petroleum caused hypertrophy of liver and kidney, changes in total protein content in these organs and changes in the protein synthetizing system, both when it was applied intraperitoneally and in the form of chronic inhalation of vapors.

An analysis of the behavior of liquid volume and liquid mass fractions at coexistence for pure fluids is made. Scaled equations for the saturation liquid and vapor densities are analyzed and relationships between various exponents and among constant coeff...

Vaporization phenomena induced by hypervelocity impacts play an important role in the origin and evolution of Earth and other planets. There have been extensive research efforts made for understanding this process. However, the equation of state (EOS) and chemical reaction within high-pressure and high-temperature conditions of impact vapor are yet highly ...

The equilibrium total pressures after reaction between ethanol and formic acid were measured at 30, 40 and 50/sup 0/C, and the compositions of the vapor and liquid phases were determined gas chromatographically. Since the presence of the carboxylic acid in the mixture induces dimerization and trimerization of the acid in the vapor phase, the modified ...

We present a non-linear model to describe vapor generation in a hot, permeable rock through injection of water. We develop similarity solutions describing the steady injection of fluid from a line source. A systematic parameter study has shown that, with other parameters fixed, as (1) the reservoir pressure increases, the mass fraction ...

A process is described for separating the constituents of a gas stream comprising: (a) lowering the temperature of the gas stream; (b) supplying the lower temperature gas stream to a high pressure separator; (c) lowering the pressure of the predominantly vapor stream; (d) supplying the lower pressure vapor stream to an upper region of a demethanizer ...

. #12;Distillation: vapor and condensate Isotopic fractionation -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0, 2002 #12;Closer look at Rayleigh distillation R = R0 F-1 F is the "rainout" is the fractionation factor isotopic fractionation Expression of isotopic fractionation in nature ...

Fractional time derivative, an abstract mathematical operator of fractional calculus, is used to describe the real optical system of a V-type three-level atom embedded in a photonic crystal. A fractional kinetic equation governing the dynamics of the spontaneous emission from this optical system is obtained as a ...

A process for treating hydrocarbon streams consisting of methane, ethane, and higher boiling fractions comprises (1) separating the stream into vapor and liquid components; (2) separately cooling the vapor and liquid components; (3) adding to the vapor stream prior to the ultimate cooling stage a desiccant ...

Physico-chemical phenomena which occur at the surface of a cometary nucleus and which produce large quantities of oxygen and hydrogen are examined. The large gas productions are shown to eliminate desorption models of cometary nuclei and to support the vaporization of an icy conglomerate. The theory of vaporization equilibrium is outlined and is used to ...

We present an experimental study of resonance frequencies of a diphasic medium that consists of diethyl ether containing vapor bubbles. We show that the liquid-vapor transfers affect the sound velocity and attenuation so that the usual liquid-gas effective-medium theory is in error at low frequency. The measurements of resonance frequency and attenuation ...

In order to understand fuel vaporization and fuel-air mixing phenomena, methods for determining the concentration of fuel vapor and liquid are necessary. Previously, the vapor phase concentration was normally calculated from the absorption measurement. However, the absorption coefficient of vapor is a ...

Stable isotope fractionation during vaporization of trichloroethylene has been measured, with possible application as a technique to investigate subsurface behavior. The equilibrium value of {Delta}{sup 13}C{sub vapor-liquid} has been measured between 5 and 35 C, and {Delta}{sup 13}C{sub vapor-liquid}, {Delta}{sup ...

A process for converting hydrocarbon oils into relatively lower boiling hydrocarbon oil suitable for use as motor fuel comprises distilling petroleum oils including a virgin crude petroleum oil in a preliminary fractionating zone to produce a residual oil and a fractional condensate higher boiling than naphtha, separating some sludge from the residual oil, ...

Assumptions of theoretical laser-induced incandescence (LII) models along with possible effects of high-intensity laser light on soot aggregates and the constituent primary particles are discussed in relation to selection of excitation laser fluence. Ex situ visualization of laser-heated soot by use of transmission electron microscopy reveals significant morphological changes (graphitization) ...

A multi-faceted instrumentation approach is described which has played a significant role in obtaining fundamental data for two-phase flow model development. This experimental work supports the development of a three-dimensional, two-fluid, four field computational analysis capability. The goal of this development is to utilize mechanistic models and fundamental understanding rather than rely on ...

The fountain pressure of He 2 was measured and the results used to obtain the entropy from 1.5 K to near T lambda at vapor pressure and from 1.7 K to near T lambda at various pressures up to 29 bar. The data have a precision of + or - 0.1% and an overall accuracy of + or - 0.5%. The entropy values were fit to various empirical equations to facilitate their incorporation into ...

The method used is a modification of one suggested by H. A. Wilson. The ellipsoidal streak of luminous vapor from a salt bead held in the flame, was photographed; then the coefficient of diffusion K was obtained from the equation K?12rv(dxdr-1), where r is the radial distance from the bead to a point on the boundary of the streak, x is the vertical distance of the point above ...

Analytic calculations estimate the fraction of catalog collisions that are catastrophic by a modification of collision rates. Most catalog collisions are catastrophic. Impactors of 60 kg or larger participate in about half of the catastrophic collisions. Analytic estimates give accurate values for catastrophic collisions, which are complicated numerically.

Isotope dilution and extensive fractionation must be employed to accurately determine the trace quantities of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in complex organic mixtures. A PAH enriched fraction is prepared using florisil column chromatography fol...

The paper discusses a test method for measuring the fractional aerosol filtration efficiency of air cleaners. The method provides a reliable and accurate way to measure air cleaner fractional efficiencies over the particle diameter size range of 0.01 to 1...

reconstructions accurate up to a fraction of a millimeter. For example, the Digital Hammurabi project [KSD*04

... A Gauss continued fraction was used to reduce round off errors inherent in ... A code giving accurate stresses on the outside of the gun tube was ...

Day fractions were always supplied with at least four significant digits (five in some unusual cases). Note that, therefore, times are never more accurate ...