extensively investigated. In this study, we analyzed the effects of inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase (AChE of acetylcholine (ACh) release in the leech ganglion that is powerfully counteracted by endogenous AChE activity cholinergic signals on the Retzius neurons by inhibiting the ...

In the present experiments the release and synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) were measured in rat diaphragms incubated in the absence or presence of AH5183, a compound known to block the uptake of ACh by cholinergic synaptic vesicles. The testing release w...

Previous studies suggest that m2 muscarinic receptors serve as presynaptic autoreceptors. Blocking these receptors by selective antagonist may, therefore, lead to increased acetylcholine (ACh) release. This study assessed changes in extracellular ACh leve...

Activity of synaptically released acetylcholine (Ach) is terminated by the degradative enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), or true cholinesterase. There is a second class of cholinesterase found in living systems, pseudocholinesterase (butyrylcholinestera...

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphorus insecticide that elicits toxicity through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Young animals are markedly more sensitive than adults to the acute toxicity of CPF. We evaluated acetylcholine (ACh) release and its muscarinic recept...

The putative intracellular calcium (Ca) antagonist TMB-8 was shown to reduce postjunctional sensitivity and quantal acetylcholine (ACh) release at low micromolar concentrations. At 10-fold higher concentrations, TMB-8 also blocked caffeine-induced Ca release (as monitored electrophysiologically by changes in ...

1. Acetylcholine (ACh) evoked secretion by the calcium ionophore, ionomycin, was studied at frog motor nerve endings. 2. Bath application of ionomycin stimulated an irreversible increase in the rate of spontaneous, quantal ACh release in the presence of extracellular Ca2+. In contrast, local application of ...

1. Acetylcholine (ACh) evoked secretion by the calcium ionophore, ionomycin, was studied at frog motor nerve endings. 2. Bath application of ionomycin stimulated an irreversible increase in the rate of spontaneous, quantal ACh release in the presence of extracellular Ca2+. In contrast, local application of ...

, and it generates specific predictions concerning cortical acetylcholine (ACh) release in attention task rights reserved. Theme: Neural basis of behavior Topic: Cognition Keywords: Cortex; Acetylcholine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 4.1. ...

Neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles, where they have been assumed to be in free solution. Here we report that in Torpedo synaptic vesicles, only 5% of the total acetylcholine (ACh) or ATP content is free, and that the rest is adsorbed to an intravesicular proteoglycan matrix. This matrix, which controls ACh and ATP ...

... Abbreviations: Ach, acetylcholine; AChE, acetylcholinesterase; AChEI, acetylcholin- esterase inhibitor; ATR, atropine sulfate; AUC, area under curve ...

Both acetylcholine (ACh) and theta oscillations are important for learning and memory, but the dynamic interaction between these two processes remains unclear. Recent advances in amperometry techniques have revealed phasic ACh releases in vivo. However, it is unknown whether phasic ACh ...

Acetylcholine (ACh) release is thought to be linked to choline (Ch) uptake and vesicular packaging in peripheral mammalian systems. Several compounds, having various inhibitory effects on isolated cholinergic systems, were tested for their ability to modulate the release of Ch and ACh from rat ...

Acetylcholine (ACh) is one of an array of neurotransmitters used by invertebrates and, analogous to vertebrate nervous systems, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) regulates synaptic levels of this transmitter. Similar to other invertebrates, nematodes possess several AChE genes. This is in contrast to vertebrates, which ...

We identified a novel class of direct ion-channel blockers of ligand-gated ion channels called the gold nanoparticle�choline complex. Negatively charged gold nanoparticles (1.4 nm) block ion pores by binding to the sulfur group of the cysteine loop of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), and currents evoked by acetylcholine ...

We have investigated the role of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in an early step of postsynaptic assembly at the neuromuscular synapse, the clustering of postsynaptic proteins induced by nerve-released agrin. To achieve this, we used two variants of C2 myotubes virtually lacking AChRs and C2 cells in which surface ...

MUCH more is known about the molecular constitution of the storage mechanism for catecholamines than about how acetylcholine (ACh) is stored, although morphine and related drugs are known to inhibit its release. Because adenosine triphosphate (ATP) seems to be involved in the storage of catecholamines in the chromaffin granules of the ...

The animation depicts a speculative model of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) gating at the frog neuromuscular junction. Following a nerve impulse, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is released from synaptic vesicles docked at the active zone of the presynaptic nerve terminal. ...

The release of newly synthesized acethylcholine (ACh) by rat brain cortex slices was studied by incubating the slices for 5 min in a high potassium medium containing C-14 pyruvate in order to label the acetyl moiety and tritiated or deuterated choline to ...

The objective of this project has been to investigate three prejunctional mechanisms that may modulate acetylcholine (ACh) release at the motor nerve terminal of skeletal muscle: 1) prejunctional nicotinic cholinoceptor regulation of release, 2) modulatio...

1. High frequency preganglionic nerve stimulation increases the acetylcholine (ACh) stores of the cat superior cervical ganglion. The increase reaches a maximum 20 min following 60 min conditioning stimulation at 20/s. The effect of this conditioning on ACh release in ganglia perfused with plasma and test ...

The total ACh content and AChE activity were determined 1 hr after the i.p. injection of different doses of thiopental sodium (5, 10 and 20 mg/ml/100 g body wt) and barbitone sodium (20, 40 and 80 mg/ml/100 g body wt). The effect of different time intervals (1 min, 10 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 2.5 hr, 5 hr, 8 hr, 12 hr, 24 hr and 48 hr) on the total ...

1--Electrical stimulation of nerves in the forepaw of anaesthetized rats caused an increase in the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the cerebral cortex in vivo. Actions of naloxone (Nal) enantiomers and naltrexone (Ntx) were tested on this release in normal animals and those lacking pituitary gland for 3 weeks. ...

Acetylcholine release stimulated by nicotinic agonists was measured as radioactivity released from perfused synaptosomes prepared from mouse interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) that had been loaded with [ 3 H]choline. Agonist-stimulated release was dependent upon external calcium and over 90% of ...

1. The ability of axons in the superficial fibular nerve to synthesize and release acetylcholine (ACh) has been studied before and after the formation of ectopic neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) with denervated soleus muscles of adult rats. 2. The central end of the severed fibular nerve was transplanted to the surface of the soleus ...

1. The sensitivity of the subsynaptic membrane of twitch muscles of the frog and snake to iontophoretically applied acetylcholine (ACh) was determined. Optimal placement of ACh micropipettes on to the postsynaptic membrane resulted in potentials that were similar, though not identical, to the miniature excitatory post-synaptic ...

... erythrocyte dimer acetylcholinesterase (AChE; acetylcholine acetyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7), but bound to other mammalian AChEs, including the ...

Presynaptically-acting neurotoxins (PSNTXs) from snake venom irreversibly stimulate acetylcholine (ACh) release from and inhibit choline uptake into synaptosomes, with rat synaptosomes affected by more toxins than those from mice. The inclusion of BSA in ...

A number of potent presynaptically-acting neurotoxins (PSNTXs) from snake venom were examined as regards the role of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity in altering acetylcholine (ACh) release and choline (Ch) uptake. Also, the effects of PSNTXs and snake ve...

Medical Center, Nashville TN 37232 Presynaptic choline uptake is vital to sustained neuronal acetylcholine (ACh) release; however, only with the recent cloning of choline transporters (CHTs) (i.e., SLC5A7), has-containing, synaptic vesicles.The intersection of mechanisms supporting vesicular ACh ...

The release of newly synthesized acetylcholine (ACh) by cortical slices from rat brain in the presence of 25 mM KCl was studied. The slices were incubated for 5 min in a medium containing both 2-(C-14)-pyruvate and choline labelled with 3 deuterium atoms ...

1. The calcium chelators bis-(aminophenoxy)ethane-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) or dimethyl-BAPTA (DMBAPTA) were introduced into the cytoplasm of frog motor nerve endings by use of the AM loading technique. The effects of intracellular Ca2+ chelation was studied on quantal acetylcholine (ACh) release and on the action of adenosine. 2. ...

1. The calcium chelators bis-(aminophenoxy)ethane-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) or dimethyl-BAPTA (DMBAPTA) were introduced into the cytoplasm of frog motor nerve endings by use of the AM loading technique. The effects of intracellular Ca2+ chelation was studied on quantal acetylcholine (ACh) release and on the action of adenosine. 2. ...

1. 3H-Noradrenaline (NA) and 14C-acetylcholine (ACh) released by electrical field stimulation were measured simultaneously in strips from the body of rat urinary bladder. 2. omega-Conotoxin GVIA (omega-CgTX; 20-100 nM) suppressed the non-facilitated transmitter release evoked by intermittent stimulation (IS), ...

The question of which cells (distant or local) contain acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity in the hippocampal cortex, and which interneuronal contacts function with the participation of AChE is explored. Results of histochemical identification of AChE ...

We investigated acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity, acetylcholine and muscarinic M1, M3 receptors kinetics in the cerebral cortex of young and old streptozotocin induced and insulin treated diabetic rats. The role of muscarinic receptors in intracellular calcium release from pancreatic islets was studied in ...

Examination of the binding characteristics of acetylcholine receptor (AchR) and either tritium labeled acetylcholine ((3H)-Ach) or calcium 45 (45Ca) via a modified Hill plot revealed a decrease in synergistic binding for both acetylcholine (Ach) and calci...

Acetylcholine (ACh) relaxes large, isolated arteries by releasing an endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). The authors decided to determine if ACh releases EDRF in rabbit lungs (RL) perfused in situ and if chemical injury with tetradecanoyl phorbol myristate acetate (TPA) could modify ...

The human placenta contains both acetylcholine (ACh) and choline acetyltransferase, and in vitro bilaterally perfused placental lobules release ACh. The function of this placental cholinergic system has not yet been clearly defined, although changes occur in it during parturition and it may be linked to placental ...

.3 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)..........................................................................13 1.3.1 Role acetylcholine AChE acetylcholinesterase AChR acetylcholine receptor ADP,ATP adenosine diphosphate extracytoplasmicions,respectively #12;vii EeAChE ...

The aim was to study the mechanism of the previously established decrease in acetylcholine (ACh) concentration in the rat hippocampus under cold stress. Male rats were exposed for 14 days to cold (5/degree/C) or kept (controls) at room temperature (24/degree/C). Acetylcholine content, release and muscarinic ...

1 The effect of morphine, methionine-enkephalin (Met-enkephalin) and D-Ala2-D-Leu5-enkephalin (DADLE) were tested on the spontaneous and electrically-evoked release of acetylcholine (ACh) from superfused slices of guinea-pig thalamus, caudate nucleus and cerebral cortex. 2 At no concentration did morphine, Met-enkephalin or DADLE ...

The mammalian olfactory epithelium is made up of ciliated olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), supporting cells, basal cells and microvillous cells. Previously, we reported that a population of non-neuronal microvillous cells expresses transient receptor potential channel M5 (TRPM5). Using transgenic mice and immunocytochemical labeling, we identify that these cells are cholinergic, expressing the ...

... The effect of subacute administration of Phy and trained exercise on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholin- esterase (AChE) activities ...

... Alzheimer's disease are due to a deficit in acetylcholine-mediated functions has led to interest in AChE inhibitors in therapy ...

Apr 21, 2011 ... Acetylcholine (ACh) degrading enzyme, inner ear, Quail embryo ... Acetylcholine (ACh) synthesizing enzyme, brainstem, Quail embryo ...

Acetylcholine (ACh) is the major neurotransmitter released from vestibular efferent terminals onto hair cells and afferents. Previous studies indicate that the two classes of acetylcholine receptors, nicotinic (nAChRs) and muscarinic receptors (mAChRs), are expressed by ...

Both neurotrophic factors and activity regulate synaptogenesis. At neuromuscular synapses, the neural factor agrin released from motor neuron terminals stimulates postsynaptic specialization by way of the muscle specific kinase MuSK. In addition, activity through acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) has been implicated in the stabilization ...

The low mammalian toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides has been shown to be attributable, at least in part, to their selective actions on insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). There are multiple nAChRs in insects and a wealth of neonicotinoid chemicals. Studies to date have discribed a wide range of effects on ...

Although the role of corticopetal acetylcholine (ACh) in higher cognitive functions is increasingly recognized, the questions as (1) how ACh works in attention(s), memory dynamics and cortical state transitions, and also (2) why and how loss of ACh is involved in dysfunctions such as visual hallucinations in ...

Publishing Ltd Deficits in acetylcholine homeostasis, receptors and behaviors in choline transporter neurons elaborate a hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) sensitive choline transporter (CHT) that mediates pre- synaptic, high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) in support of acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and release. Homozy

Second-by-second measurement of acetylcholine release in prefrontal cortex John P. Bruno,1 Clelland of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA Keywords: acetylcholine, prefrontal cortex, nicotine in prefrontal cortex (PFC) of anaesthetized rats. Pressure ejections of ACh (10 mm; 40 nL) through an adjoining

of basal ACh with concentric dialysis probes. No dialysates were collected for the first 3 h following cortical dialysates were collected. Immedi- ately following the second of these postdrug collections, some placement. Quantitation of acetylcholine Dialysates were stored at 80�C until analysis by high

Striatal dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh) regulate motivated behaviors and striatal plasticity. Interactions between these neurotransmitters may be important, through synchronous changes in parent neuron activities and reciprocal presynaptic regulation of release. How DA signalling is regulated by striatal muscarinic receptors ...

Striatal dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh) regulate motivated behaviors and striatal plasticity. Interactions between these neurotransmitters may be important, through synchronous changes in parent neuron activities and reciprocal presynaptic regulation of release. How DA signaling is regulated by striatal muscarinic receptors ...

Interference with cholinergic functions in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex impairs learning and memory for social transmission of food preference, suggesting that acetylcholine (ACh) release in the two brain regions may be important for acquiring the food preference. This experiment examined release of ...

Study Objectives:Benzodiazepine (BDZ) and non-benzodiazepine (NBDZ) hypnotics enhance GABAergic transmission and are widely used for the treatment of insomnia. In the pontine reticular formation (PRF), GABA inhibits rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and acetylcholine (ACh) release. No previous studies have characterized the effects of BDZ ...

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is suited to determine low concentrations (10(-8) M) of slowly interacting molecules with different translational diffusion coefficients on the level of single molecule counting. This new technique was applied to characterize the interaction dynamics of tetramethylrhodamin labelled alpha-bungarotoxin (B( *)) with the detergent solubilized nicotinic ...

This preclinical study investigated the ability of memantine (MEM) to stimulate brain acetylcholine (ACh) release, potentially acting synergistically with donepezil (DON, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor). Acute systemic administration of either MEM or DON to anesthetized rats caused dose-dependent increases of ...

Acetylcholine (ACh) is an important mediator of dopamine (DA) release and the behavioral reinforcing characteristics of drugs of abuse in the mesocorticolimbic pathway. Within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the interaction of DA with ACh appears to be integral in mediating motivated behaviors. However, the ...

The alpha-7 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (?7nAChR) is expressed in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a brain region where these receptors are implicated in cognitive function and in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Activation of this receptor is dependent on release of acetylcholine ...

In this study, the mechanism of nicotine-induced hippocampal acetylcholine (ACh) release in awake, freely moving rats was examined using in vivo microdialysis.Systemic administration of nicotine (0.4?mg?kg^?1, s.c.) increased the levels of ACh in hippocampal dialysates.The nicotine-induced ...

This study is directed toward the cellular localization of acetylcholine (ACh) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the cat retina, elucidation of the synaptic relationships and biochemical interactions of the neurons containing these substances, and the ef...

Abnormal mesolimbic control of cortical cholinergic activity has been hypothesized to contribute to the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Stimulation of NMDA receptors in nucleus accumbens (NAC) increases acetylcholine (ACh) release in prefrontal cortex (PFC), an activation thought to contribute to attentional processing. Thus, the ...

We recently identified LY2033298 as a novel allosteric potentiator of acetylcholine (ACh) at the M₄ muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR). This study characterized the molecular mode of action of this modulator in both recombinant and native systems. Radioligand-binding studies revealed ...

The purpose of this study was to develop a protocol for the purification of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, acetylcholine acetylhydrolase, E.C.3.1.1.7) enzyme and to extend a purification method for further enzyme characterization. A further aim was to study whether the edrophonium's pharmacologic action is due primarily to the inhibition or inactivation of ...

Huntington's disease (HD) is a genetic neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by the progressive onset of cognitive, psychiatric, and motor symptoms. In parallel, the neuropathology of HD is characterized by progressive loss of projection neurons in cortex and striatum; striatal cholinergic interneurons are relatively spared. Nonetheless, there is evidence that striatal ...

Acetylcholine release in sensory neocortex contributes to higher-order sensory function, in part by activating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Molecular studies have revealed a bewildering array of nAChR subtypes and cellular actions; however, there is some consensus emerging about ...

Acetylcholine release in sensory neocortex contributes to higher-order sensory function, in part by activating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Molecular studies have revealed a bewildering array of nAChR subtypes and cellular actions; however, there is some consensus emerging about ...

Effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from longitudinal muscle strips with myenteric plexus (LM) preparations were examined in the guinea pig small intestine. VIP (10 to 10 W M) induced a concentration-dependent contraction of LM preparation. The VIP-induced contractions seem to be ...

In this report we provide evidence that neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are present on hippocampal astrocytes and their activation produces rapid currents and calcium transients. Our data indicate that these responses obtained from astrocytes are primarily mediated by an AChR subtype that is functionally blocked ...

1. The effect of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) administration upon acetylcholine (ACh) release in freely moving rats was investigated by means of transversal microdialysis coupled to h.p.l.c. TRH administered either s.c. or via local perfusion increased the ACh ...

The cholinergic system is crucial for cognitive processes and the deficient acetylcholine (ACh) function has been implicated in Alzheimer�s disease (AD). Inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which act to enhance cholinergic function by prolonging the action of endogenously released ACh, ...

1. The importance of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and its protein kinase (protein kinase A, PKA) in promoting acetylcholine (ACh) release was studied at frog motor nerve endings. The effects of cyclic AMP-dependent protein phosphorylation on the action of adenosine receptor agonists were also investigated. 2. ...

Diverse nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes containing different subunit combinations can be placed on nerve terminals or soma/dendrites in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). nAChR ?6 subunit message is abundant in the VTA, but ?6*-nAChR cellular localization, function, pharmacology, and roles in ...

Diverse nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes containing different subunit combinations can be placed on nerve terminals or soma/dendrites in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). nAChR ?6 subunit message is abundant in the VTA, but ?6*-nAChR cellular localization, function, pharmacology, and roles in ...

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are homo- or heteropentameric ligand-gated ion channels mediating excitatory neurotransmission and muscle activation. Regulation of nAChR subunit assembly and transfer of correctly assembled pentamers to the cell surface is only partially understood. Here, we characterize an ER transmembrane ...

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are homo- or heteropentameric ligand-gated ion channels mediating excitatory neurotransmission and muscle activation. Regulation of nAChR subunit assembly and transfer of correctly assembled pentamers to the cell surface is only partially understood. Here, we characterize an ER transmembrane ...

Mesostriatal dopaminergic neurons and striatal cholinergic interneurons participate in signaling the motivational significance of environmental stimuli and regulate striatal plasticity. Dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh) have potent interactions within the striatum at multiple levels that include presynaptic regulation of neurotransmitter ...

Mesostriatal dopaminergic neurons and striatal cholinergic interneurons participate in signaling the motivational significance of environmental stimuli and regulate striatal plasticity. Dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh) have potent interactions within the striatum at multiple levels that include presynaptic regulation of neurotransmitter ...

Galantamine, a drug used to treat Alzheimer's disease, inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and allosterically modulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) resulting in stimulation of catecholamine neurotransmission. In this study, we investigated whether galantamine exerts cognitive-improving effects through the allosteric ...

The authors have studied the synthesis and release of acetylcholine (ACh) in human neuroblastoma cells, LA-N-2. In cells cultured for 4 days in nutrient medium containing 7-700 ..mu..M choline, the cell content as well as the amounts of ACh spontaneously released into the medium increased with ...

1. ACh was measured in the effluent from the perfused lumbosacral cord of the cat with or without stimulation of the central ends of the cut left sciatic and femoral nerves after section of the left dorsal roots. 2. In about 30% of the preparations ACh was obtained in the samples collected at rest (average 3�3 ng/min); the amount of ...

In the striatum, dopamine and acetylcholine (ACh) modulate dopamine release by acting, respectively, on dopamine D(2) autoreceptors and nicotinic ACh (nACh) heteroreceptors localized on dopaminergic nerve terminals. The possibility that functional interactions exist between striatal D(2) ...

To establish the functional modification produced by phosphorylation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) single channel currents activated by acetylcholine (ACh) from purified Torpedo californica AChR reconstituted in lipid bilayers were record...

The lethal biochemical lesion of organophosphate (OP) poisoning in animals is the inactivation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme responsible for terminating the action of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh), on the acetylcholine receptor (AC...

Second-long increases in prefrontal cholinergic activity (�transients�) were previously demonstrated to be necessary for the incorporation of cues into ongoing cognitive processes ("cue detection"). Nicotine and, more robustly, selective agonists at ?4?2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), enhance cue detection and attentional performance by ...

These experiments examined the release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus and striatum when rats were trained, within single sessions, on place or response versions of food-rewarded mazes. Microdialysis samples of extra-cellular fluid were collected from the hippocampus and striatum at 5-min increments before, during, and after training. These samples ...

cholinesterases, acetylcholines- terase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) which both hydrolyze acetylcholine-termi- nal peptides. AChE subunits of type R (`readthrough') produce soluble monomers; they are expressed during development and induced by stress in the mouse brain. AChE subunits ...

In order to quantify the changes that occur in the cholinergic central nervous system with aging, we have compared acetylcholine (Ach) formation in brain cortex slice preparations from 2-year-old aged CBF-1 mouse brains and compared the findings with those in 2-4-month-old young adult mouse brain slices. Incorporation of exogenous radioactively labelled ...

ARIA (for acetylcholine receptor-inducing activity), a protein purified on the basis of its ability to stimulate acetylcholine receptor (AChR) synthesis in cultured myotubes, is a member of the neuregulin family and is present at motor endplates. This suggests an important role for neuregulins in mediating the nerve-dependent ...

1. The effects of the aminoglycoside antibiotics, streptomycin, neomycin and gentamicin were examined on perineural currents and evoked acetylcholine (ACh) release at frog motor nerve endings. 2. In the standard solutions used previously to measure Ca2+ currents, streptomycin reduced the peak amplitude of the Ca2+ component of the ...

e dello Sviluppo, Universita` `La Sapienza', Roma, Italy Abstract Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) exists; we also analyzed the effects of heat shock and AChE inhibition on neuroblastoma cells. Active AChE, the acetylcholine hydrolyzing enzyme, acetyl- cholinesterase (AChE) presents various ...

Nerve-evoked contractions were studied in vitro in phrenic nerve- hemidiaphragm preparations from strain 129X1 acetyloholinesterase knockout (AChE-/-) mice and their wild-type littermates (AChE+/+). The AChE-/- mice fail to express AChE but have normal le...

Supe�rieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) exists as AChEH and ACh the catalytic and tetramerization domains. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)1 is an essential component the neuro- transmitter, acetylcholine. In vertebrates, AChE is encoded by a ...

We examined the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from jejunal longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparations in noninfected control rats and in rats infected 6, 23, or 40 days previously with Trichinella spiralis. ACh release was assessed by preincubating the tissue with ({sup 3}H)choline and ...

Curarized and non-curarized rat hemidiaphragm muscles were indirectly stimulated in vitro. 2. The fluid bathing the active curarized muscles was eluted through a dextran gel (Sephadex G-10), effecting a complete separation of ACh from curare. The acetylcholine fraction was then assayed on an isometric leech muscle preparation. 3. Prostaglandin (PGE1) in a ...

1. Using the rat superior cervical ganglion in vitro, the relative efficacy of nicotinic synaptic transmission was estimated by recording the postganglionic compound action potential and the amount of endogenous acetylcholine (ACh) released. These two parameters were correlated in individual ganglia by sampling the bathing medium for ...

1. The effects of beta-bungarotoxin on acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis, tissue content and release have been studied in the rat diaphragm. A gas chromatographic mass spectrometric assay was used to measure ACh and choline. 2. Within 30 min, beta-bungarotoxin (0.14 or 1.4 micrograms/ml.) caused a significant increase ...

that neither basal release nor drug effects interact signi�cantly with the order of the dialysis sessions min prior to the insertion of the concentric dialysis probes (0.32 mm o.d., 2.0 mm exposed membrane of repeated dialysis sampling on stimulated ACh ef�ux, means, for maximal drug doses, from animals tested

/aspartatergic neurons projecting to the supraoptic nucleus area of the rat hypothalamus. Eur J Neurosci 16, within the MS�DBB region, many of the projecting cholinergic BF neurons give off axon collaterals established that the release of ACh from cholinergic projection neurons in the cortex is subject to very

We showed that the G-protein activator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) triggered actin reorganization followed by ACh release in nerve growth factor treated PC12 cells, and that BoNT/A blocked both events through degradation of RhoB by the proteasome. Overexp...

The ?7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play an important role in cellular events such as neurotransmitter release, second messenger cascades, cell survival and apoptosis. In addition, they are a therapeutic target for the treatment of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, and drugs that ...

1. The exogenous nitric oxide (NO) donor, SIN-1, decreased the postsynaptic response evoked by a presynaptic spike at an identified cholinergic neuro-neuronal synapse in the buccal ganglion of Aplysia californica. 2. The statistical analysis of long duration postsynaptic responses evoked by square depolarizations of the voltage-clamped presynaptic neurone showed that the number of evoked ...

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) expressed by dopaminergic (DA) neurons have long been considered as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of several neuropsychiatric diseases, including nicotine and cocaine addiction or Parkinson�s disease. However, DA neurons express mRNAs coding for most, if not all, neuronal ...

Ghost membranes prepared from erythrocytes of Swiss albino mice were irradiated with gamma rays at a dose rate of 0.9 Gy/s. The fluidity of membrane decreased with radiation dose and in the presence of calmodulin antagonists (CA) like chlorpromazine (CPZ), promethazine (PMZ) and trimeprazine (TMZ) it increased. Radiation induced release of CA2+ from membranes. This ...

Noradrenaline (NE) and acetylcholine (ACh) released from the sympathetic and parasympathetic neurones in cerebral blood vessels were suggested initially to be the respective vasoconstricting and dilating transmitters. Both substances, however, are extremely weak post-synaptic transmitters. Compelling evidence indicates that nitric ...

SIB-1553A ((+/-)-4-[2-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl]thiophenol HCl) is a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) ligand which is active in rodent and primate models of cognition. In functional assays, SIB-1553A exhibits marked subtype selectivity for nAChRs as compared to nicotine. In addition SIB-1553A also exhibits ...

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS), a form of diencephalic amnesia caused by thiamine deficiency, results in severe anterograde memory loss. Pyrithiamine-induced thiamine deficiency (PTD), an animal model of WKS, produces cholinergic abnormalities including decreased functional hippocampal acetylcholine (ACh) release and poor spatial ...

Although activation of the ?7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (?7 nAChR) modulates the response to sepsis, the role of this pathway in the development of sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is not known. In this study, we addressed the contribution of ?7 nAChR in mediating endotoxin- and live Escherichia coli�induced ALI in mice. ...

, acetylcholine; AChBP, acetylcholine-binding pro- tein; CNS, central nervous system; ECD, extracellular domain, myasthenia gravis; MLA, methyllycaconi- tine; nAChR, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; nAChR- ECD (ECDs) of nAChRs (20�27), (b) the 4 A� ...

In the resting state, motor neurons continuously release ACh through quantal and non-quantal mechanisms, the latter through vesicular ACh transporter (VAChT) and choline transporter (ChT). Although in skeletal muscle these mechanisms have been extensively studied, the non-quantal release (NQR) from parasympathetic ...

1. In quiescent preparations of guinea-pig right atria the action of ACh applied in the superfusion medium or released from parasympathetic nerve fibres was investigated by membrane potential measurements. 2. ACh-containing solutions induced hyperpolarizations which did not show desensitization. 3. The relationship between ...

Fentanyl, a synthetic mu-opioid agonist, is one of the most popular opioids in clinical anesthesia. It is well-known that memory is affected by opioids and opioid antagonists in animals. Cholinergic neurones releasing acetylcholine (ACh) particularly in the hippocampus have been shown to be related to memory. This study, therefore, was ...

Immunological responses to protect against excessive inflammation can be regulated by the central nervous system through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway wherein acetylcholine released from vagus nerves can inhibit inflammatory cytokines. Although a role for the ?7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (?7 ...

), trans-[1S,3R]-1-amino- 1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid (ACPD), atropine, LY341495 (Tocris, Ballwin, MO by mAChRs, we applied 1 M atropine, an mAChR antagonist, in the presence of CCh (Fig. 1B,C). Atropine t test with control; p 0.1 after repeated measures ANOVA among control, CCh, and atropine groups

Nerve-released ACh is the main stimulus for contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle (UBSM). Here, the mechanisms by which ACh contracts UBSM are explored by determining Ca(2+) and electrical signals induced by nerve-released ACh. Photolysis of caged inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) ...

The principal role of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) is termination of impulse). In keeping with this requirement, AChE possesses a remarkably high speci�c activity, especially for a serine). The three-dimensional structure of AChE from Tor- pedo californica ...

1. In unanaesthetized monkeys acclimated to primate chairs, 101 isolated sites in the hypothalamus and mesencephalon were perfused at a rate of 30-50 mul./min by means of push-pull cannulae. The perfusate, which contained an anticholinesterase, was assayed for acetylcholine (ACh) activity on the guinea-pig ileum in the presence of neostigmine.2. The body ...

the Lymnaea stagnalis acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP) and the trans- membrane (TM) domain of the TorpedoAChRs during the gating process is currently unclear. Recently, the structure of nAChR from Torpedo marmorata-bound AChBP structure into the electron density of Torpedo ...

1. Desensitization of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors was studied at the frog neuromuscular junction under voltage clamp. 2. ACh was applied directly to junctional receptors by stimulating the motor nerve with trains of impulses. End-plate currents (e.p.c.s) were used to estimate the total number of channel openings by the junctional ...

Cholinergic neuromodulation of hippocampal circuitry promotes network oscillations and facilitates learning and memory through cellular actions on both excitatory and inhibitory circuits. Despite widespread recognition that neurochemical content discriminates between functionally distinct interneuron populations, there has been no systematic examination of whether neurochemically distinct ...

Cholinergic neuromodulation of hippocampal circuitry promotes network oscillations and facilitates learning and memory through cellular actions on both excitatory and inhibitory circuits. Despite widespread recognition that neurochemical content discriminates between functionally distinct interneuron populations, there has been no systematic examination of whether neurochemically distinct ...

These electrophysiological experiments, in slices and intact animals, study the effects of in vivo chronic exposure to nicotine on functional ?4?2* nAChRs in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) pathway. Recordings were made in wild-type and ?4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit knockout mice. Chronic nicotine enhanced ...

Acetylcholine (ACh) plays important roles for higher brain functions, including arousal, attention, and cognition. These effects are mediated largely by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). However, it remains inconclusive whether the mode of ACh-mAChR signaling is synaptic, so-called ...

Cultured smooth muscle cells from rabbit urinary bladder were loaded with fura-2. Changes in intracellular Ca concentration [Ca2+]i produced by acetylcholine (ACh) or adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were estimated by measuring the fluorescence ratio F340/F380. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical techniques showed that the cultured cells retained ...

... A solid phase radioassay was developed alpha-bungarotoxin in (BTX) to purified Torpedo AChR and membrane-bound AChR as a model. ...

... principal piece of human and mouse sperm [49]. Physostigmine, an AChE inhibitor (and thus an indirect agonist ... ...

A major hurdle in defining the molecular biology of nicotine addiction has been characterizing the different nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes in the brain and how nicotine alters their function. Mounting evidence suggests that the addictive effects of nicotine, like other drugs of abuse, occur through interactions with its receptors in the ...

Modulation of striatal dopamine (DA) neurotransmission plays a fundamental role in the reinforcing and ultimately addictive effects of nicotine. Nicotine, by desensitizing beta2 subunit-containing (beta2*) nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on striatal DA axons, significantly enhances how DA is released by reward-related burst ...

Brain dopaminergic systems are critical in motor control as evidenced by findings that their disruption results in movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) activation plays an important role in regulating striatal dopaminergic function. Rodent studies show that short-term nicotine exposure influences ...

Inhibition of acetylcholine (ACh) release by adenosine is an important mechanism by which the secretory apparatus is regulated at both mammalian (Ginsborg and Hirst, 1972; Hirsh et al., 2002; Silinsky, 2004) and amphibian (Silinsky, 1980; Silinsky and Solsona, 1992; Redman and Silinsky, 1993, 1994; Robitaille et al., 1999) ...

Extensive evidence supports the view that cholinergic mechanisms modulate learning and memory formation. This paper reviews evidence for cholinergic regulation of multiple memory systems, noting that manipulations of cholinergic functions in many neural systems can enhance or impair memory for tasks generally associated with those neural systems. While parallel memory systems can be identified by ...

The relative distribution of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors on the surface of the isolated ocular lens of the rabbit was determined from induced changes in translens short-circuit current (I(SC)) and the translenticular resistance (R(t)) at seven delineated, parallel zones from the anterior to the posterior pole. For this, one O-ring (from among several ...

Starburst amacrine cells (SACs) process complex visual signals in the retina using both acetylcholine (ACh) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), but the synaptic organization and function of ACh-GABA corelease remain unclear. Here, we show that SACs make cholinergic synapses onto On-Off direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs) from ...

ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh) is an important biological transmitter, and in the presence of cholinesterase (ChE) it undergoes hydrolysis. We have studied this hydrolysis using quantum chemical methods.

1. The desensitization induced by bath-applied carbachol or acetylcholine (ACh) and potentiated by proadifen (SKF 525A) was studied in the frog sartorius with intact synaptic acetylcholinesterase (AChE). 2. The reduction in the density and number of postsynaptic receptors produced by desensitization lowered the amplitude of the ...

Presynaptic action potential-independent transmitter release is a potential means of information transfer across synapses. We show that in the hippocampal mossy fiber boutons, activation of the ?7-subtype of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (?7-nAChRs) results in a large increase in the amplitude of spontaneous events, resulting from ...

Type III Neuregulin1 (Nrg1) isoforms are membrane-tethered proteins capable of participating in bidirectional juxtacrine signaling. Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which can modulate the release of a rich array of neurotransmitters, are differentially targeted to presynaptic sites. We demonstrate that Type III Nrg1 ...

Subtypes of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are constructed from numerous subunit combinations that compose channel-receptor complexes with varied functional and pharmacological characteristics. Structural and functional diversity and the broad presynaptic, postsynaptic, and nonsynaptic locations of nAChRs underlie ...

Measuring the changes in neurotransmitter extracellular levels in discrete brain areas is considered a tool for identifying the neuronal systems involved in specific behavioral responses or cognitive processes. Acetylcholine (ACh) is the first neurotransmitter whose diffusion from the central nervous system was investigated and whose extracellular levels ...

1. Single acetylcholine receptor (AChR) channel openings, detected by the whole-cell patch clamp technique, were used to monitor quantal and non-quantal ACh release at synapses in 1- and 2-day-old co-cultures of Xenopus embryonic motoneurons and muscle cells. motoneuron growth cones in ways that presumably reflect ...

Retrogradely perfused bovine adrenal glands were stimulated by acetylcholine (ACh) and 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenyl-piperazinium (DMPP), with or without: hexamethonium (C-6), atropine, imipramine, methacholine, pilocarpine, etorphine, or diprenorphine. Stimulation by either ACh DMPP resulted in an increased release of ...

The mechanism by which somatostatin acts to modulate cholinergic transmission is not clear. In this study the authors investigated the role of the adenosine 3{prime},5{prime}-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) system in mediating cholinergic transmission in the guinea pig myenteric plexus and examined the ability of somatostatin to alter acetylcholine (ACh) ...

Spatial working memory and the ability of a cholinesterase inhibitor to enhance memory were assessed at 4, 10, and 16 months of ages in control and Ts65Dn mice, a partial trisomy model of Down syndrome, with possibly significant relationships to Alzheimer�s Disease as well. In addition, ACh release during memory testing was measured in samples collected ...

Xenopus laevis oocytes were injected with poly(A)+ mRNAs extracted from the electric lobes of Torpedo marmorata. The electric lobes contain the perikarya of approximately 120,000 cholinergic neurons that innervate the electric organs and are homologous to motor neurons. The injected oocytes accumulated acetylcholine and were able to synthesize ...

Rab3A is a synaptic vesicle-associated GTP-binding protein thought to be involved in modulation of presynaptic transmitter release through regulation of vesicle trafficking and membrane fusion. Electrophysiological studies at central nervous system synapses of Rab3A null-mutant mice have indicated that nerve stimulation-evoked transmitter release and its ...

A bioelectronic hybrid system for the detection of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) catalytic activity was assembled by way of immobilizing the enzyme to the gate surface of an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET). Photometric methods used to characterize bonded enzyme and linker layers on silicon substrates confirm the existence of a stable ...

Gas chromatographic determination of acetylcholine (Ach) requires prior volatilization which can be achieved by demethylation of the quaternary N-atom with sodium benzenethiolate or by pyrolysis of a halide salt of ACh. During pyrolysis the halogen atom c...

A liquid chromatography-electrochemistry (LC-EC) method is described for the determination of basal acetylcholine (ACh) in microdialysate from the striatum of freely moving rats. This method is based on the separation of ACh and choline (Ch) by microbore ...

Alpha-Bungarotoxin (alphaBT) is a snake toxin which in vertebrate systems binds with great specificity to acetylcholine (ACh) receptors. The authors have studied the effects of alpha BT on the electrophysiological response to ACh of identifiable cells in ...

Pavlovian trace conditioning critically depends on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus (HPC), whereas delay conditioning does not depend on these brain structures. Given that the cholinergic basal forebrain system modulates activity in both the mPFC and HPC, it was reasoned that the level of acetylcholine (ACh) release ...

Human keratinocytes synthesize and secrete non-neuronal acetylcholine, which acts as a local cell signaling molecule, regulating functions like proliferation, cell adhesion, motility, desmosomal cell contact, and glandular activity. The keratinocyte acetylcholine axis is composed of the enzymes mediating acetylcholine synthesis ...

This review summarizes studies that attempted to determine the subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) expressed in the dopaminergic nerve terminals in the mouse. A variety of experimental approaches has been necessary to reach current knowledge of these subtypes, including in situ hybridization, agonist and antagonist binding, function ...

Agrin and its receptor MuSK are required for the formation of the postsynaptic apparatus at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). In the current model the local deposition of agrin by the nerve and the resulting local activation of MuSK are responsible for creating and maintaining the postsynaptic apparatus including clusters of acetylcholine receptors ...

Airway submucosal gland cell (SMGC) secretions are under the control of various neurotransmitters and hormones. Interactions between different pathways, such as those mediated by cAMP and Ca(2+), in controlling mucus or electrolyte secretions are not well understood. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) or forskolin has been shown to enhance acetylcholine ...

The effects of the nitric oxide (NO) donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP) and the NO synthase inhibitor L-N^G-nitroarginine (L-NOARG) on the electrically evoked [³H]-acetylcholine release were studied in an epithelium-free preparation of guinea-pig trachea that had been preincubated with ...

The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) is a neurophysiological mechanism that regulates the immune system. The CAP inhibits inflammation by suppressing cytokine synthesis via release of acetylcholine in organs of the reticuloendothelial system, including the lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. ...

Ca2+ currents from the perineural region of motor nerve endings were measured together with evoked acetylcholine (ACh) release (i.e., end-plate potentials EPPs) in frog skeletal muscle in an attempt to define experimental conditions in which simultaneous measurements of both phenomena were feasible. In a solution containing low Ca2+ ...

The experimental question is whether hypothalamic opioids, known to stimulate consummatory behavior, control a link to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). It was hypothesized that opioids injected in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) alter the balance of dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh) in the NAc in a manner that fosters appetite for food or ...

... These agents are believed to produce their major effect by inhibiting (ie, blocking the action of) acetylcholin- esterase (ACHE), an enzyme needed ...

... that breaks down the cholinergic neurotransmitter (NT) acetylcholine (ACh ... salivation), convulsions and seizures, respiratory depression, coma, and ...

... Title : Meproadifen Enhances Activitation and Desensitization of the Acetylcholine Receptor-Ionic Channel Complex (AChR): Single Channel ...

... specific receptors for acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine, octopamine, phenylethanolamine, histamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), aspartic ...

Some central cholinergic effects have been reported in animals after acute exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field at low intensity. We studied acetylcholine (ACh) release in the brain of freely moving rats exposed for 1 h during the day to a 2.45 GHz continuous wave radiofrequency field (RF) (2 or 4 mW/cm(2)) or exposed for 1 ...

data are presented on the interaction with Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase (TcAChE acetylcholine (ACh). The enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) functions in cholinergic synapses for AD using AChE inhibitors as drugs (5-7). The inhibitors approved so far include synthetic ...

by acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) is essential for cholinergic neurotransmis- sion. This importance is underlined below to quantitatively demonstrate that, despite conformation gat- ing, AChE can bind acetylcholine with a rate constant as large as 109 M 1 s 1 . Analysis is specifically done on Torpedo californica ...

be addressed. Abbreviations: ACh, acetylcholine; AChE, acetylcholinesterase; ChAT, choline acetyltransferase showinghighconcentrationsofacetylcholinesterase (AChE)reactionproductatmotoneuronalC-terminal subsurface cistern complexes,10,34 a high degree of co-localization was found between immuno- ...

: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Target Category: Substrate for enzymatic hydrolysis Method of detection: PET Source), but not in vascular dementia. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the enzyme that terminates cholinergic actions through the rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline and acetate. AChE is localized on ...

and postsynaptic mem- branes until they are hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the biomolec- ular off-switch for synaptic transmission. AChE is present as clusters of three tetramers suspended by collagen stalks bound molecules per second per AChE active site in the case of hu- man enzyme. Therefore, it provides a very

Articles A Structure-Based Design Approach to the Development of Novel, Reversible AChE Inhibitors further. Introduction While the essential biological role of acetylcholin- esterase (AChE, and in the recovery of victims of nerve agent exposure.1-4 Agrochemically, AChE is the most widely exploited

+ entry Ca2+ ACh release Muscle contraction AChE Na+ ACh- esterase AChE breaks down ACh in the synaptic � Treatments One minute after AChE Inhib. Patient with MG #12;13 Lambert-Eaton Syndrome - also affects

Endocannabinoids (eCBs) modulate neurotransmission by inhibiting the release of a variety of neurotransmitters. The cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55.212-2 (WIN) can modulate organophosphorus (OP) anticholinesterase toxicity in rats, presumably by inhibiting acetylcholine (ACh) release. Some OP ...

1. The electrical and mechanical responses of the anterior byssal retractor muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus edulis to acetylcholine (ACh), high [K]O or the removal of external Ca were examined under a variety of conditions. 2. ACh (10(-6)--10(-3)M) produced contracture tensions larger than those produced by high [K]O (30-300 mM) for a given ...

1. Acetylcholine (ACh) released from mouse diaphragm was gel filtrated and estimated by bio-assay and compared with electrophysiologically measured quantal release, expressed either as frequency of miniature end-plate potentials or quantum content of end-plate potentials. 2. Activation of Na+-K+-dependent membrane ...

A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of acetylcholine in rat brain dialysates. The separation of acetylcholine (ACh), choline (Ch), acetyl-?-methylcholine (IS) from endogenous compounds and Ringer's salts was achieved with cation exchange chromatography. ...

Muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) is critical for the synaptic clustering of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and plays multiple roles in the organization and maintenance of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). MuSK is activated by agrin, which is released from motoneurons, and induces AChR clustering at the ...

Several lines of evidence suggest that central cholinergic neurons play a key role in the perception and control of pain. We investigated the effects of analgesics on the increase in central cholinergic activity and writhing responses elicited by i.p. injection of acetic acid. ACh efflux from the rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus was measured in the absence of a ...

The role of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in regulating acetylcholine (ACh) lifetime was investigated by use of selective cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors. Addition of tetraisopropylpyrophosphoramide (iso-OMPA) led to a 98% ...

This article examines the role of innervation in regulating expression of acetylcholinesterase (AchE), butylcholinesterase (BuchE), and the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAchR) in avian heart. Two distinct approaches are taken. The first approach exa...

Poisoning via organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents occurs when the OP binds and inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) which transmits signals between nerves...

Chronic, low-level exposure to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor organophosphorus (OP) insecticides or chemical warfare agents produces abnormalities in the function of brain acetylcholine (ACh) neurons, and in humans they may be associated with impai...

Behavioral effects of organophosphates (OPs) typically decrease with repeated exposure, despite persistence of OP-induced inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and downregulation of muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors. o characterize this tolerance phenomenon, rats were ...

1. The hypothesis that ATP released by presynaptic stimulation is hydrolysed to adenosine and mediates prejunctional neuromuscular depression was tested at vertebrate neuromuscular junctions. Electrophysiological recordings of evoked acetylcholine (ACh) release and perineural ionic currents at motor nerve endings ...

The neuropeptide galanin is an inhibitory modulator of hippocampal acetylcholine (ACh) release and cognitive functions. Anatomical evidence demonstrated some differences between the dorsal and ventral hippocampi notably in the expression of galanin receptor subtypes, and the neuronal population on which galanin-like immunoreactivity is ...

1. The recapture and re-use of choline formed by the hydrolysis of released acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in the superior cervical ganglion of the cat using radioactive tracer techniques. The ganglion's ACh store was labelled by perfusion, during preganglionic nerve stimulation, with Krebs solution containing ...

Regulation of glutamate release is an important underlying mechanism in mediating excitotoxic events such as damage to dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) neurons observed after exposure to methamphetamine (Meth). One way to regulate glutamate release may be through the modulation of ?7 nicotinic acetylcholine ...

The regulation of acetylcholine (ACh) lifetime by acetylcholinesterase (AChE,EC3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE, EC 3.1.1.8) was evaluated in vitro incanine tracheal smooth muscle preparations. Selective inhibition of AChE by low concentrations o...

1. Acetylcholine (ACh) release from enzymatically exposed frog motor nerve terminals has been measured directly with closely apposed outside-out clamped patches of Xenopus myocyte membrane, rich in ACh receptor channels. When placed close to the synaptic surface of the terminal, such a membrane patch detects both ...

Drugs administered to patients undergoing anaesthesia may complicate the use of the neuromuscular blockers that are given to provide good surgical conditions. The various sites of interaction include actions on motor nerve conduction and spinal reflexes, acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis, mobilisation and release, sensitivity of the motor ...

1. Segments of mouse or rat pancreas were placed in a flow cell through which physiological salt solutions of varying composition were pumped at a constant rate. Intracellular recordings of membrane potential, resistance and electrical time constant were made from the acini using fine glass micro-electrodes. In some experiments two micro-electrodes were inserted into two acinar cells within the ...

Genetic defects in molecules expressed at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) cause congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMSs), which are characterized by muscle weakness, abnormal fatigability, amyotrophy, and minor facial anomalies. Muscle weakness mostly develops under 2 years but is also sometimes seen in adults. Mutations identified to date include (i) muscle nicotinic ...

- sterase (AChE, acetylcholine hydrolase, E.C. 3.1.1.7) is termination of impulse transmission)3 + AChE -- CH3CO-AChE + HOCHCH2N+(CH3)3 CH3COO- + H+ + AChE In keeping with this requirement, AChE has that line the gorge. ofAChE (4). They inhibit ...

The neurotoxicity of organophosphorus (OP) compounds Involves the Inhibition of acetylchollnesterase (AChE), causing accumulation of acetyicholine (ACh) at synapses. However, cholinergic crisis may not be the sole mechanism of OP toxicity. Adverse drug reactions caused by synergistic toxicity between drugs with distinct pharmacological mechanisms are a ...

An opioid antagonist injected in the nucleus accumbens of a morphine-dependent rat will lower extracellular dopamine and release acetylcholine (ACh), as also seen in opiate withdrawal. It was hypothesized that raising extracellular ACh experimentally would be aversive as reflected by the induction of a conditioned ...

1. Constitutive nitric oxide (NO) synthase has been demonstrated in human skin microvascular endothelial cells; however, the physiological significance of this finding is not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acetylcholine (ACh), which stimulates the release of NO from endothelial cells, on skin capillary ...

A promising drug target currently under investigation to improve cognitive deficits in neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders is the neuronal nicotinic alpha7 acetylcholine receptor (?7nAChR). Improving cognitive impairments in diseases such as Alzheimer's (AD) and schizophrenia remains a large unmet medical need, and the ?7nAChR ...

It is well known that acetylcholine (Ach)-induced vasodilation is mediated through the release of the endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), nitric oxide (NO.). It has been suggested that NO interacts with superoxide anion (O2-) to generate peroxynitrite which at physiological pH gives rise to peroxynitrous acid than rapidly ...

1. In chick embryo hearts, 3-day-old and not yet innervated, repetitive direct stimulation causes a transitory inhibition of the spontaneous rhythm. 2. The degree of post-stimulation inhibition depends on the frequency and duration of the artificial stimulation and on the concentration of K and Ca ions in the extracellular solution. 3. After treatment with atropine (10^-5 ...

Dopamine (DA) release in striatum is governed by firing rates of midbrain DA neurons, striatal cholinergic tone, and nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) on DA presynaptic terminals. DA neurons selectively express alpha6* nAChRs, which show high ACh and nicotine sensitivity. To help identify ...