... PB in drinking water was terminated and switched to ... In our previous use of this model, with ... and release: the influence of energy metabolisim and ...

Research has shown that choline is important for the synthesis of phospholipids in cell membranes, methyl metabolism, acetylcholine synthesis, and cholinergic neurotransmission in humans. Betaine, a choline derivative, is also important because of its role in the donation of methyl groups to homocy...

:ffects of electrical stimulation and choline availability on the release" and contents of acetylcholine and choline of choline altered choline acetyltransferase activity. These results show that ACb rclease is dependent on thc availability of extracellular choline. .... . 2� Thc rate of choline efflux was 7 times higher

... Accession Number : ADP008893. Title : Protein Phosphorylation and Inhibition of Acetylcholine Release by Botulinum Neurotoxin A. ...

... Title : THE EFFECTS OF P-2-AM ON THE RELEASE OF ACETYLCHOLINE FROM THE ISOLATED DIAPHRAGM OF THE RAT,. ...

Neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles, where they have been assumed to be in free solution. Here we report that in Torpedo synaptic vesicles, only 5% of the total acetylcholine (ACh) or ATP content is free, and that the rest is adsorbed to an intravesicular proteoglycan matrix. This matrix, which controls ACh and ATP ...

1. The output of acetylcholine from the plexus of the guinea-pig ileum longitudinal strip has been used to study the mechanism of acetylcholine release. From the effects of hexamethonium and tetrodotoxin, it was inferred that 60% of the normal resting output is due to propagated activity in the plexus, and 40% to spontaneous ...

The aim was to study the mechanism of the previously established decrease in acetylcholine (ACh) concentration in the rat hippocampus under cold stress. Male rats were exposed for 14 days to cold (5/degree/C) or kept (controls) at room temperature (24/degree/C). Acetylcholine content, release and muscarinic ...

... Descriptors : *ACETYLCHOLINE, *NEUROMUSCULAR TRANSMISSION, RATS, CANADA, CHICKENS, ETHANOLS, CURARE ALKALOIDS ...

Ecstasy is a dangerous drug that causes the release of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine. These molecules are neurotransmitters.

... Title : Cerebral Acetylcholine and Choline Contents and Turnover Following Low ... for three weeks with regular drinking water plus subcutaneous (sc ...

Cannabinoids and vanilloids are two distinct groups of substances that share some pharmacological targets. Here we report that two cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) agonists, WIN 55212-2 (WIN) and arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide (ACEA) have opposing effects on evoked quantal acetylcholine release - WIN decreased quantal content while ...

In the present experiments the release and synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) were measured in rat diaphragms incubated in the absence or presence of AH5183, a compound known to block the uptake of ACh by cholinergic synaptic vesicles. The testing release w...

SYSTEMIC AND INTRA-ACCUMBENS ADMINISTRATION OF AMPHETAMINE DIFFERENTIALLY AFFECTS CORTICAL experiments tested the hypothesis that the amphetamine-induced increase in dopamine release in the nucleus amphetamine to stimulate cortical acetylcholine release. The effects of systemic or intra

The release of acetylcholine from rat and guinea-pig isolated diaphragm preparations stimulated through the phrenic nerve was optimal at 37� in Krebs solution with 5�10^-6 neostigmine methylsulphate. The amount of acetylcholine released by a 20 min. tetanus was reduced by cooling. At ...

Oxotremorine (0�125 mg/kg) produces a significant increase in total acetylcholine content in whole pigeon brain. The contribution of different regions to this increase varies. The largest increase occurs in the nucleus basalis (paleostriatum augmentatum), a region which is highly involved in motor control. The mechanism by which oxotremorine increases ...

Mammalian motor nerve terminals contain hundreds of thousands of synaptic vesicles, but only a fraction of these vesicles is immediately available for release, the remainder forming a reserve pool. The supply of vesicles is replenished through endocytosis, and newly formed vesicles are refilled with acetylcholine through a process that depends on the ...

The amount of neurotransmitter released from a presynaptic terminal is the product of the quantal content (number of vesicles) and the presynaptic quantal size (QSpre, amount of transmitter per vesicle). QSpre varies with synaptic use, but its regulation is poorly understood. The motor nerve terminals at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) contain TGF-? ...

Crude synaptosomal preparations of rat brain were separated by concomitant flotation and sedimentation in a sucrose gradient into fractions containing myelin, nerve endings, and mitochondria, respectively. Two myelin-free nerve ending fractions were obtained which differ in the serotonin content and the activities of the enzymes 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, monoamine ...

... function and control. We have found a marked lateralization of acetylcholine release during unihemispheric sleep. We find ...

In the buccal ganglion of Aplysia the overloading of the cholinergic presynaptic neuron by exogenous acetylcholine (AcCho) led to an enhancement of the postsynaptic response. The deprivation of choline in the presynaptic neuron by extra- and/or intracellularly applied choline oxidase to prevent AcCho synthesis resulted in a decrease of the postsynaptic response. In both cases, ...

1. The release of acetylcholine by parasympathetic ganglion stimulants from the nerve terminals of the guinea-pig longitudinal muscle strip was studied. The acetylcholine released was collected in the presence of physostigmine sulphate. 2. Nicotine and 1,1-dimethyl-4?-phenylpiperazinium iodide (DMPP) ...

1. Acetylcholine (ACh) released from mouse diaphragm was gel filtrated and estimated by bio-assay and compared with electrophysiologically measured quantal release, expressed either as frequency of miniature end-plate potentials or quantum content of end-plate potentials. 2. Activation of Na+-K+-dependent membrane ...

Abstract: The number of quantal doses of acetylcholine released by a nerve to activate a muscle can be estimated by recording repeated responses (end plate ...

... claims refer. The statement is "Choline functions as a precursor for acetylcholine, phospholipids and the methyl donor betaine. The ...

by the American College of Cardiology The parasympathetic nervous system acts through the vagus nerve to regulate stimulation leads to a release of acetylcholine from the vagus nerve. Acetylcholine binds muscarinic receptors). DISCUSSION Acetylcholine is released from the vagus nerve of the ...

The role of presynaptic muscarinic receptors in modulating neuromuscular transmission was studied in the isolated sartorius muscle of the frog using electrophysiological techniques. In low calcium solutions muscarine reduced mEPP frequency and the quantal of EPPs. In solutions containing the normal calcium concentration the effect of muscarine on quantal content, but not the ...

Acetylcholine release stimulated by nicotinic agonists was measured as radioactivity released from perfused synaptosomes prepared from mouse interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) that had been loaded with [ 3 H]choline. Agonist-stimulated release was dependent upon external calcium and over 90% of ...

A number of presynaptic cholinergic parameters (high affinity (/sup 3/H)choline uptake, (/sup 3/H)acetylcholine synthesis, (/sup 3/H)acetylcholine release, and autoinhibition of (/sup 3/H)acetylcholine release mediated by muscarinic autoreceptors) were comparatively analyzed in rat brain cortex ...

... spinal cord. They release two chemicals, acetylcholine and adrenaline. Acetylcholine causes the muscle layer of the digestive ... stomach and pancreas to produce more digestive juice. Adrenaline has the opposite effect. It relaxes the muscle ...

, and it generates specific predictions concerning cortical acetylcholine (ACh) release in attention task rights reserved. Theme: Neural basis of behavior Topic: Cognition Keywords: Cortex; Acetylcholine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 4.1. Alzheimer's disease

Previous studies suggest that m2 muscarinic receptors serve as presynaptic autoreceptors. Blocking these receptors by selective antagonist may, therefore, lead to increased acetylcholine (ACh) release. This study assessed changes in extracellular ACh leve...

1. Histamine secretion from rat mast cells occurs in the presence of nanomolar concentrations of acetylcholine. 2. Intact glycolytic and oxidative metabolism is required for the acetylcholine-induced histamine secretion. Removal of extracellular glucose, hypoxia, cyanide and monoiodoacetate almost completely inhibit the secretion. 3. The secretion of ...

Two kinetic models are introduced which predict amplitudes and time-courses of endplate currents and miniature endplate currents at neuromuscular junctions, at both normal and acetylcholinesterase-inhibited endplates. Appropriate differential rate equations reflecting interactions of acetylcholine with acetylcholine receptor and with esterase, diffusion of ...

These experiments examined the release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus and striatum when rats were trained, within single sessions, on place or response versions of food-rewarded mazes. Microdialysis samples of extra-cellular fluid were collected from the hippocampus and striatum at 5-min increments before, during, and after training. These samples ...

Delayed gastric emptying and autonomic neuropathy have been documented in patients with diabetes mellitus. Some medications used to treat delayed gastric emptying enhance release of acetylcholine from autonomic neurons to strengthen gastric contractions. Autonomic coordination among gastric regions may be altered in diabetes resulting in poor outcomes in ...

The real-time electrochemical detection of catecholamine secretion from murine adrenal slices using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) and amperometry at carbon fiber microelectrodes is described. Bright-field and immunofluorescent microscopy supported that chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla are organized into clusters and positively stain for tyrosine hydroxylase confirming that they are ...

The real-time electrochemical detection of catecholamine secretion from murine adrenal slices using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) and amperometry at carbon fiber microelectrodes is described. Bright-field and immunofluorescent microscopy supported that chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla are organized into clusters and positively stain for tyrosine hydroxylase confirming that they are ...

1. Intraluminal pressure was recorded from the isolated guinea-pig and mouse stomach with the vagus and sympathetic nerves attached. 2. The response to vagal stimulation, which consists of an excitatory and an inhibitory component, resembled the response to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), which has no direct action on the muscle but acts on intrinsic excitatory and inhibitory ganglia. 3. In the ...

Regulation of glutamate release is an important underlying mechanism in mediating excitotoxic events such as damage to dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) neurons observed after exposure to methamphetamine (Meth). One way to regulate glutamate release may be through the modulation of ?7 nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptors. Meth ...

A study has been made of the effects of changing [Ca]O and [Mg]O on the binomial statistic parameters p and n which control the average quantal content (m) of the synaptic potential due to acetylcholine release. 2. When [Ca]O was varied in the range 0-1 to 1-0 mM, p increased as the first power of [Ca]O whereas n increased as the third ...

The authors have studied the synthesis and release of acetylcholine (ACh) in human neuroblastoma cells, LA-N-2. In cells cultured for 4 days in nutrient medium containing 7-700 ..mu..M choline, the cell content as well as the amounts of ACh spontaneously released into the medium increased with increasing substrate ...

1. Local endplate depolarization induced by anticholinesterase application to mouse nerve-diaphragm preparations was taken as a measure of non-quantal release of acetylcholine. 2. Non-quantal acetylcholine release occurred within 20-60 s after anticholinesterase application, either spontaneously or evoked by nerve ...

Mouse islets were used to test the hypothesis that the B cell membrane must be depolarized for acetylcholine to increase insulin release. The resting membrane potential of B cells (at 3 mM glucose) was slightly decreased (5 mV) by acetylcholine, but no electrical activity appeared. This depolarization was accompanied by a ...

After having reconstituted in artificial membranes the calcium-dependent acetylcholine release step, and shown that essential properties of the mechanism were preserved, we purified from Torpedo electric organ nerve terminals a protein, the mediatophore, able to release acetylcholine upon calcium action. A plasmid ...

Isolated precontracted arteries of various vascular beds relax in response to acetylcholine only if the endothelium is present. One explanation for this is that this drug stimulates the endothelial cells to release a vasodilator substance that in turn relaxes the underlying smooth muscle. To determine whether this mechanism is concerned also in the ...

This book presents information on the following topics; cholinergic pathways - anatomy of the central nervous system; aging, DSAT and other clinical conditions; cholinergic pre- and post-synaptic receptors; acetylcholine release; cholinesterases, anticholinesterases and reactivators; acetylcholine synthesis, metabolism and precursors; ...

Curarized and non-curarized rat hemidiaphragm muscles were indirectly stimulated in vitro. 2. The fluid bathing the active curarized muscles was eluted through a dextran gel (Sephadex G-10), effecting a complete separation of ACh from curare. The acetylcholine fraction was then assayed on an isometric leech muscle preparation. 3. Prostaglandin (PGE1) in a concentration fifteen ...

1. The ability of axons in the superficial fibular nerve to synthesize and release acetylcholine (ACh) has been studied before and after the formation of ectopic neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) with denervated soleus muscles of adult rats. 2. The central end of the severed fibular nerve was transplanted to the surface of the soleus muscle. After 3.5-5 weeks ...

1. beta-Bungarotoxin and crotoxin are phospholipose A2 neurotoxins, which block irreversibly the evoked release of acetylcholine from motor nerve terminals of mouse triangularis sterni preparations. 2. Extracellular recording of nerve terminal action potentials reveal that inhibition of transmitter release is not associated with ...

Acetylcholine release links the activity of presynaptic neurons with their postsynaptic targets and thus represents the intercellular correlate of cholinergic neurotransmission. Here, we review the regulation and functional significance of acetylcholine release in the mammalian cerebral cortex, with a particular ...

... produced by agents that release acetylcholine from the ... Drug or placebo tablets ... during a 1-minute sustained isometric contraction, beginning at 80 ...

... Previously we reported that in nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated PC12 cells, arachidonic acid (AA) release is associated with acetylcholine ...

... butyric acid, glycine, norepinephrine and acetylcholine ... the effects of ... Osborne, RH and Bradford, HF: Tetanus toxin inhibits amino acid release from ...

Authentic foods affect brain serotonin synthesis by modifying brain tryptophan levels, carbohydrates

We investigated the effect of peripherally administered caffeine (50 mg/kg), choline (30, 60, or 120

... Title : Botulinum Toxin Type A Targets RhoB to Inhibit Lysophosphatidic Acid-Stimulated Actin Reorganization and Acetylcholine Release in NGF ...

Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to active cutaneous vasodilation during a heat stress in humans. Given

Hyperalgesia and Antagonize Morphine Hypoalgesia. (Abstract). ...... Synthesis and. Release of Acetylcholine. In: Alzheimer's. Disease: A Report ...

An investigation was made of the effects of the snake venom neurotoxin, notexin, on acetylcholine turnover in rat brain P2 fractions using a gas chromatographic mass spectrometric assay for acetylcholine and choline. In contrast to earlier reports, we found a stimulation of the uptake and acetylation of labeled choline by toxin-treated P2 fractions. More ...

The effect of selective histamine H3-receptor agonists and antagonists on the acetylcholine release from peripheral nerves was evaluated in the guinea pig longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparations, preloaded with ({sup 3}H)choline. In the presence of H1 and H2 blockade, histamine and (R)-{alpha}-methylhistamine inhibited the electrically-evoked ...

Neurotransmission at chemical synapses of the brain involves alpha-neurexins, neuron-specific cell-surface molecules that are encoded by three genes in mammals. Deletion of alpha-neurexins in mice previously demonstrated an essential function, leading to early postnatal death of many double-knockout mice and all triple mutants. Neurotransmitter release at central synapses of ...

1. Cerebral-cortex synaptosomes were shown to synthesize (14C)acetylcholine after incubation with (14C)choline, and 25mM-KCl released (14C)acetylcholine (but not (14C)choline) into the medium by a Ca2+-dependent and Mg2+-sensitive process. 2. The K+-stimulated release of (14C)acetylcholine was ...

1. The effects of the nitric oxide (NO) donors, 3-morpholino-sydnonimine (SIN-1), S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) and sodium nitroprusside on basal and electrically evoked release of [3H]-acetylcholine were studied in myenteric plexus longitudinal muscle preparations of the guinea-pig small intestine preincubated with [3H]-choline. 2. The NO donors ...

The putative intracellular calcium (Ca) antagonist TMB-8 was shown to reduce postjunctional sensitivity and quantal acetylcholine (ACh) release at low micromolar concentrations. At 10-fold higher concentrations, TMB-8 also blocked caffeine-induced Ca release (as monitored electrophysiologically by changes in ACh ...

1 The effects of electrical stimulation, changes in external ion concentrations and various drugs on acetylcholine release from the myenteric plexus were measured by bioassay in the presence of physostigmine and by recording the responses of the longitudinal muscle. In preparations from the guinea-pig, the acetylcholine output per ...

We have examined the rate of degradation of the total acetylcholine receptor content of diaphragm muscles of young rats and have found that even in muscles from 1-day-old rats some receptors are metabolically more stable than adult extrajunctional receptors. Further experiments have shown that acetylcholine receptors at junctional ...

The total ACh content and AChE activity were determined 1 hr after the i.p. injection of different doses of thiopental sodium (5, 10 and 20 mg/ml/100 g body wt) and barbitone sodium (20, 40 and 80 mg/ml/100 g body wt). The effect of different time intervals (1 min, 10 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 2.5 hr, 5 hr, 8 hr, 12 hr, 24 hr and 48 hr) on the total ACh content ...

stimulation in the giant axon�Schwann cell preparation from the tropical squid Sepioteuthis sepioidea-INTESTINAL-PEPTIDE- LIKE PEPTIDE AND ACETYLCHOLINE IN THE GIANT AXON�SCHWANN CELL PREPARATION OF THE TROPICAL SQUID the properties of the release of the VIP-like peptide and of acetylcholine in the squid giant axon�Schwann cell

In the present experiments, the resting and stimulus evoked release of (H3) acetylcholine from the caudate nucleus, the cerebral cortex, and the cerebellar cortex into the perfusate of the push-pull cannula was studied in the unanesthetized, midpontine, p...

1. The effects of histamine and agents at histamine receptors on spontaneous and 100 mM K(+)-evoked release of acetylcholine, measured by microdialysis from the cortex of freely moving, rats, and on cognitive tests are described. 2. Local administration of histamine (0.1-100 microM) failed to affect spontaneous but inhibited 100 mM K(+)-stimulated ...

Effects of beta-bungarotoxin and Naja naja atra snake venom phospholipase A2 on acetylcholine release and choline uptake in synaptosomes. Beta-bungarotoxin is a potent presynaptically acting snake venom toxin that exhibits phospholipase A2 activity. We co...

Rabbit retinas were vitally stained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), a fluorescent compound that selectively accumulates within the cholinergic amacrine cells. The retinas were then incubated in vitro in the presence of radioactive gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and autoradiographed. The cells that accumulated DAPI were found to accumulate GABA, confirming immunohistochemical ...

It is generally accepted that Botulinum toxin cleaves the 25-kDa synaptosomal-associated protein to inhibit acetylcholine release (neuroexocytosis). Since several reports suggest another mechanism, we investigated possibility that inhibition of neuroexocy...

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphorus insecticide that elicits toxicity through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Young animals are markedly more sensitive than adults to the acute toxicity of CPF. We evaluated acetylcholine (ACh) release and its muscarinic recept...

Trans-2, 4-dimethoxystibene (S3) is a synthetic stilbenes. In the present study, S3 was investigated to assess its neuroprotective effect against the toxicity induced by Abeta(25-35) in hypercholesterolemic rats. Rats were fed with hypercholesterolemic chow for six weeks, and then received a single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of Abeta(25-35) and a treatment with S3 or estradiol ...

... Fonnum F, Guttormsen DM (1969): Changes in acetylcholin content of rat brain by toxic doses of di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate, Experentia 25 ...

Acetylcholinesterase (Acetylcholine acetylhydrolase E.C. 3.1.1.7.) released from a rat brain synaptosomal fraction was shown to rebind upon incubation in the presence of 3 mM acetylcholine. This action was shown to be reversible. Glutamate, aspartate and gamma-aminobutyrate antagonise this effect. Solubilization of both bulk protein ...

We investigated the interaction between ambient histamine and acetylcholine by studying ? oscillations in rat hippocampus, induced by bath application of acetylcholine (10 �M combined with 2 �M physostigmine). The power of ? was significantly increased by the H1 antagonist, fexofenadine, and H2 receptor agonist, dimaprit, and reduced by the H2 receptor ...

Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) is known as phospholipase C inhibitor and also as acetylcholine esterase inhibitor. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of PMSF on brain tissue arachidonic acid concentrations and extracellular glutamate levels in complete ischemia in rats. Complete cerebral ischemia was induced in rats by decapitation. Tissue concentrations ...

The release of newly synthesized acethylcholine (ACh) by rat brain cortex slices was studied by incubating the slices for 5 min in a high potassium medium containing C-14 pyruvate in order to label the acetyl moiety and tritiated or deuterated choline to ...

The objective of this project has been to investigate three prejunctional mechanisms that may modulate acetylcholine (ACh) release at the motor nerve terminal of skeletal muscle: 1) prejunctional nicotinic cholinoceptor regulation of release, 2) modulatio...

It has previously been reported that in the isolated cat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) labeled with tritiated norepinephrine (/sup 3/H-NE), the stimulation of the preganglionic trunk at 10 Hz as well as the exposure to 100 ..mu..M exogenous acetylcholine (ACh), produced a Ca/sup + +/-dependent release of /sup 3/H-NE. The present results show that a ...

It has previously been reported that in the isolated cat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) labeled with tritiated norepinephrine (/sup 3/H-NE), the stimulation of the preganglionic trunk at 10 Hz as well as the exposure to 100 ..mu..M exogenous acetylcholine (ACh), produced a Ca/sup + +/-dependent release of /sup 3/H-NE. The present results show that a ...

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is an area of the brain critical for higher cognitive processes and implicated in disorders of the CNS such as drug addiction, depression and schizophrenia. Glutamate and acetylcholine are neurotransmitters that are essential for cortical functioning, yet little is known about the dynamic function of these neurotransmitters in subregions of ...

Partial contents include: Light-activated channels in limulus ventral photoreceptors; Paramagnetic hydrophobic ions as probes for electrically active conformational transitions in Ion channels; Acetylcholine receptor. Dynamic properties; Acetylcholine-activated channel current-voltage relations in symmetrical Na(+) solutions; A ...

In superfusion bioassay systems of rabbit thoracic aorta and femoral artery ring segments as well as canine femoral artery and coronary ring segments the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) was stimulated by acetylcholine in donor segments with intact endothelium. The transition of EDRF through the vessel wall ("abluminal ...

1. Despite widespread use of the writhing response to phenylbenzoquinone or acetic acid injection in mice as a screen for analgesic activity, possible mediators of this response remain unidentified. 2. In the present experiments both in vivo and in vitro techniques have been used in an attempt to identify these mediators. 3. Acetic acid-induced writhing was unaffected by pretreatment with ...

The effects of the nitric oxide (NO) donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP) and the NO synthase inhibitor L-N^G-nitroarginine (L-NOARG) on the electrically evoked [³H]-acetylcholine release were studied in an epithelium-free preparation of guinea-pig trachea that had been preincubated with ...

The obese spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHROB) is a model of metabolic syndrome in which, to our knowledge, vascular function has never been studied. The actions of the insulin sensitizers, glitazones, on vascular function have not been analyzed either. Our purpose is to characterize micro- and macrovascular responses of SHROB and to study the effects of glitazones on these responses. Reactivity ...

Physiological and histochemical evidence indicates that cholinergic nerves may participate in mediating penile erection. Acetylcholine synthesis and release was studied in isolated human corporal tissue. Human corpus cavernosum incubated with ({sup 3}H)choline accumulated ({sup 3}H)choline and synthesized ({sup 3}H)acethylcholine in an ...

1. Adrenal responses to intra-aortic infusions of acetylcholine (4.5 nmol min-1 kg-1 for 10 min) have been investigated in conscious, functionally hypophysectomized, 3- to 6-week-old calves, in the presence and absence of exogenous ACTH (2 ng min-1 kg-1, I.V.). 2. Acetylcholine produced a substantial fall in adrenal vascular resistance, which was ...

Mediatophore is a protein of approximately 200 kDa able to translocate acetylcholine in response to calcium. It was purified from the presynaptic plasma membranes of the electric organ nerve terminals. Mediatophore is a homooligomer of a 16-kDa subunit, homologous to the proteolipid of V-ATPase. Cells of the N18TG-2 neuronal line are not able to produce quantal ...

Available evidence supports the idea that muscle fibres provide retrograde signals that enable the expression of adult motoneuron electrical properties but the mechanisms remain unknown. We showed recently that when acetylcholine receptors are blocked at motor endplates, the electrical properties of rat motoneurons change in a way that resembles changes observed after axotomy. ...

Ghrelin is a powerful orexigenic peptide predominantly secreted by the stomach. Blood concentration of ghrelin increases before meals and fall postprandial. Its regulation appears to be influenced by the type of macronutrient ingested, the vagus nerve stimulation and by other post-meal stimulated hormonal factors. However, the direct role of nutrients (amino acids or lipids), neuronal (vagal ...

Xenopus laevis oocytes were injected with poly(A)+ mRNAs extracted from the electric lobes of Torpedo marmorata. The electric lobes contain the perikarya of approximately 120,000 cholinergic neurons that innervate the electric organs and are homologous to motor neurons. The injected oocytes accumulated acetylcholine and were able to synthesize ...

1. The sensitivity of the subsynaptic membrane of twitch muscles of the frog and snake to iontophoretically applied acetylcholine (ACh) was determined. Optimal placement of ACh micropipettes on to the postsynaptic membrane resulted in potentials that were similar, though not identical, to the miniature excitatory post-synaptic potentials (min e.p.s.p.s). A sensitive bio-assay ...

Recent research has demonstrated that a variety of sensory stimuli can increase acetylcholine release in the frontal cortex of rats. The aim of the present experiments was to investigate the pharmacological regulation of sensory stimulation-induced increases in the activity of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. To this end, the effects of agonists and ...

The effects of the synthetic pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate ((R,S)-alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl(R,S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3- methylbutyrate) on neurotransmitter release in rabbit brain slices were investigated. Fenvalerate evoked a calcium-dependent release of (/sup 3/H)dopamine and (/sup 3/H)acetylcholine from rabbit striatal slices ...

Calcium (Ca2+) influx through presynaptic calcium channels triggers transmitter release, and any alterations in the gating of these calcium channels results in changes in the magnitude of transmitter released. We used (R)-roscovitine, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that also appears to act directly on calcium channels, as a tool to modulate ...

1. In a cholinergic synaptic couple in the buccal ganglion of Aplysia california, where the synaptic areas are situated close to the somata (500 micron), we were able to control transmitter release by stimulating the cell body of the presynaptic neurone with long depolarizing pulses in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX). 2. Statistical analysis of noise occurring at the peak ...

Currently, most undergraduate textbooks that cover the autonomic nervous system retain the concept that autonomic nerves release either acetylcholine or norepinephrine. However, in recent years, a large volume of research has superseded this concept with one in which autonomic nerves normally release at least one cotransmitter along ...