The Torpedo and calf acetylcholine receptors and hybrids composed of subunits from the two species have been produced in Xenopus oocytes by the use of the cloned complementary DNAs. Single-channel current measurements indicate that these receptors form channels of similar conductance but with different gating ...

The nicotine receptor for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is an allosteric protein composed of four different subunits assembled in a transmembrane pentamer ? 2? ? ? . The protein carries two acetylcholine sites at the level of the ? subunits and contains the ion channel. The complete ...

All four subunits of the acetylcholine receptor in membrane vesicles isolated from Torpedo californica have been labeled with (/sup 3/H)cholesteryl diazoacetate. As this probe incorporates into lipid bilayers analogously to cholesterol, this result indicates that acetylcholine receptor ...

A family of genes coding for proteins homologous to the ? subunit of the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor has been identified in the rat genome. These genes are transcribed in the central and peripheral nervous systems in areas known to contain functional nicotinic receptors. In this paper, we demonstrate ...

Acetylcholine receptor phosphorylation has been compared in sealed and lysed right-side-out membrane vesicles prepared from Torpedo californica electric organ. Phosphorylation was increased 5- to 12-fold in hypotonically lysed vesicles as compared with untreated vesicles. Control experiments confirm that this enhancement is a result of increased ...

A 42-kDa glycoprotein isolated from chicken brain, referred to as acetylcholine receptor-inducing activity (ARIA), that stimulates the rate of incorporation of acetylcholine receptors into the surface of chicken myotubes may play a role in the nerve-induced accumulation of receptors at ...

During the past year, we made rapid progress on molecular studies of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of both the muscle and neuronal types. Human muscle type nicotinic receptors composed of alpha, beta gamma and delta subunits were shown to be produced ...

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels, which are involved in a wide range of neuronal functions. During the past decade, a large number of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits have been cloned and showed a discreet yet overlapping distribution pattern. ...

The exposure of the four subunits of the acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica on both the extracellular and cytoplasmic faces of the postsynaptic membranes of the electroplaque cells has been investigated. Sealed membrane vesicles containing no protein components other than the receptor were isolated and ...

The a1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the inner ear: transcriptional regulation of the inner ear effer- ent system. In this study, we identify two novel nAChR subunits in the inner ear: a1 promoter of CHRNA1. Thus, Chrna1 could be the first transcriptional tar- get of ATOH1 in the inner ear. Co

... principal piece of human and mouse sperm [49]. Physostigmine, an AChE inhibitor (and thus an indirect agonist ... ...

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of skeletal muscle is composed of five subunits that are assembled in a stepwise manner. Quality control mechanisms ensure that only fully assembled receptors reach the cell surface. Here, we show that Rer1, a putative Golgi-ER retrieval receptor, is ...

... based on the line formula derived from a standard curve for each target subunit. The standard curve was generated as described previously (Yamane et al., ... ...

We have investigated the functional properties of four rat neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor types expressed in Xenopus oocytes after injection of pairwise combinations of mRNA encoding alpha 2 or alpha 3 receptor subunits with mRNA encoding beta 2 or beta 4 receptor ...

The major brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is assembled from two subunits termed ? 4 and n? 1. When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, these subunits reconstitute a functional acetylcholine receptor that is inhibited by progesterone levels similar to those found in serum. ...

The acetylcholine receptor from the electric ray Torpedo californica is composed of five subunits; two are identical and the other three are structurally related to them. Microsequence analysis of the four polypeptides demonstrates amino acid homology among the subunits. Further sequence analysis of both ...

... Title : Turnover of Acetylcholine Receptors: Mechanisms of Regulation. ... Acetylcholine receptors, RA5 Neuromuscular junctions, Motor nerves. ...

The structure of the open-channel form of the acetylcholine receptor has been determined from electron images of Torpedo ray postsynaptic membranes activated by brief (<5ms) mixing with droplets containing acetylcholine. Comparison with the closed-channel form shows that acetylcholine initiates small rotations ...

Yeast cells were transformed with a plasmid containing complementary DNA encoding the ? subunit of the Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor. These cells synthesized a protein that had the expected molecular weight, antigenic specificity, and ligand-binding properties of the ? subunit. The ...

The GA-binding protein (GABP) transcription factor has been shown in vitro to regulate the expression of the neuromuscular proteins utrophin, acetylcholine esterase, and acetylcholine receptor subunits ? and ? through the N-box promoter motif (5?-CCGGAA-3?), but its in vivo function remains unknown. A single point ...

Because of the complex nature of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, it has not been possible to develop a reliable model of the cholinergic binding site. For example, the receptor has a molecular weight over 250,000 daltrons, five homologous subunits, ...

By using /sup 32/P-labeling methods and performing immunoprecipitations with specific antibodies, the authors have found that three subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and phosphorylated in mouse skeletal muscle cells. In nonstimulated cells, the molar ratios of phosphate estimated in ..cap alpha.., ..beta.., and delta ...

The acetylcholine receptor from denervated rat skeletal muscle was purified by affinity chromatography and, after reduction, was treated with the affinity alkylating agent 4-(N-maleimido)benzyltri[3H]methylammonium iodide. The receptor specifically incorporated approximately I mol of alkylating agent per mol of 125I-labeled ? ...

and dendrites. Fo� rster resonance energy trans- fer (FRET) reveals efficient, specific assembly of 3 and 6 into nicotinic receptor pentamers of various subunit compositions. Using FRET, we demonstrate directly that only such as nicotine. Furthermore, this report is the first to directly measure nAChR subunit stoichiometry using FRET

Black lipid membranes were formed with oxidized cholesterol in the presence of either the acetylcholine receptor, purified from the electric organ of the electric ray Torpedo californica or its tryptic digest. In both cases, conductance of cations increased and was dependent on the concentration of the receptor protein. Conductance of ...

Fast excitatory synaptic transmission in sympathetic ganglia is mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Although it is known that the nAChR alpha7-subunit occurs in sympathetic ganglia, the expression of the recently cloned subunit alpha10 (Elgoyhen et al., 2001; Lustig et al., 2001; Sgard et al., ...

Acetylcholine receptor enriched membranes from Torpedo ocellata, Torpedo marmorata and Torpedo californica were studied using [3H] azido-phencyclidine (AZ-PCP). [3H]-PCP binding to receptors from all three species revealed marked similarities. Photoaffinity labeling by [3H]-AZ-PCP resulted in the tagging of mainly alpha, beta and delta ...

... Title : Primary Structure of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor. ... One of the neurotransmitters used in the mammalian brain is acetylcholine. ...

Biophysical and Ion Channel Functional Characterization of the Torpedo californica Nicotinic Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2008 Abstract The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) of Torpedo-008-9107-7 #12;2002). nAChRs from Torpedo electric rays are five-subunit integral membrane protein complexes

Ascorbic acid is the major factor in brain extract responsible for increasing the average acetylcholine receptor (AChR) site density on the cloned muscle cell line L5. In the present study, we show that this effect of ascorbic acid requires mRNA synthesis...

Signals are transmitted between cells in the brain using neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter receptors. Poisons that interfere with this process stop normal brain function and often kill nerve cells. One of the neurotransmitters used in the mammalian brain is acetylcholine. We discovered that there is a large number of different nicotinic ...

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are the binding sites for nicotinoid drugs, such as nicotine and epibatidine, and are the molecular targets of the selectively insecticidal neonicotinoids. In this study we report the full length cDNA cloning of the three Ctenocephalides (C.) felis (cat flea) nAChR ? subunits Cf?1, Cf?2, and ...

... Accession Number : ADD754483. Title : ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR CHANNEL IMAGED IN THE OPEN STATE. Descriptive ...

... Title : ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR BINDING CHARACTERISTICS OF SNAKE AND CONE SNAIL VENOM POSTSYNAPTIC NEUROTOXINS ...

A discrepancy of about 20% exists between the molecular weight of the alpha subunit of Torpedo californica electroplax acetylcholine receptor as determined by gel electrophoresis of the mature protein (Mr 40,000 +/- 2000) and by nucleotide sequence analysis of cDNA (Mr approximately equal to 50,000). We demonstrate by amino acid ...

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)1 are pentamers composed of ? and ? subunits. Different molecular compositions of these subunits constitute various receptor subtypes that are implicated in the pathophysiology and/ or treatment of several disease states, but are difficult to ...

Stimulation of the prefrontal cortex by acetylcholine is critical for attention; however, the cellular mechanisms underlying its influence on attention pathways within the brain are not well understood. Pyramidal neurons in layer VI of the prefrontal cortex are believed to play an important role in ...

We have previously demonstrated that the highly conserved R209, that flanks the M1 transmembrane segment of nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, is required for the transport of assembled homomeric neuronal ?7 nicotinic ACh receptors to the cell surface. In the present paper we show that basic residues at positions 208 and 210 are ...

The pentametric assembly of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor with two of the five subunit interfaces serving as a ligand binding sites offers an opportunity to distinguish features on the surfaces of the subunits, and their ligand specificity characteristics. The receptor from mammalian ...

Nicotine is the primary psychoactive component of tobacco. Its reinforcing and addictive properties depend on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) located within the mesolimbic axis originating in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The roles and oligomeric assembly of subunit ?4- and subunit ?6-containing ...

Levels of mRNA for acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subunits are relatively low in innervated skeletal muscles. Following denervation they rise rapidly, leading to increased AChR synthesis. The mechanism by which motor nerves normally regulate these mRNA levels is not yet known. In order to determine the possible role of synaptic ...

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors play important roles in numerous cognitive processes as well as in several debilitating central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In order to fully elucidate the diverse roles of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in CNS function and dysfunction, a detailed knowledge of their cellular ...

All four subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in membrane vesicles isolated from Torpedo californica have been labeled with the photoactivated hydrophobic probe, (/sup 3/H)adamantanediazirine, which selectively labels regions of integral membrane proteins in contact with the hydrocarbon core of the lipid bilayer. All four ...

Multiple pterygium syndromes (MPSs) comprise a group of multiple-congenital-anomaly disorders characterized by webbing (pterygia) of the neck, elbows, and/or knees and joint contractures (arthrogryposis). In addition, a variety of developmental defects (e.g., vertebral anomalies) may occur. MPSs are phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous but are traditionally divided into prenatally lethal ...

of the acetylcholine receptor (AChR-S) of Torpedo californica as a model system. As in the case of secretory proteins Synthesis of AChR-8 Subunit The preparation of Torpedo cal ifornica RNA, its translation in a micrococcal), translation of total Torpedo electroplax RNA in a cell-free wheat germ system followed by immunoprecipitation

The locations have been determined, with respect to the plasma membrane, of lysine {alpha}380 and lysine {gamma}486 in the {alpha} subunit and the {gamma} subunit, respectively, of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica. Immunoadsorbents were constructed that recognize the carboxy terminus of ...

A synthetic dodecapeptide corresponding to residues 185-196 of the Torpedo acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit, which contains the adjacent cysteine residues at positions 192 and 193, was recently shown by us to contain the essential elements for alpha-bungarotoxin binding. In the present study, we have used Sepharose-linked peptides ...

In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, cholinergic motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction as well as activate GABAergic motor neurons that inhibit contraction of the contralateral muscles. Here, we describe the composition of an ionotropic acetylcholine receptor that is required to maintain excitation of the cholinergic motor neurons. We identified a ...

This study examined the regulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase by G protein. Musucarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) kinase purified from swine brains was proved to be able to regulate phosphorylation of muscarinic receptors by G protein; i.e....

and Isacoff (1), for example, used this approach to determine that NMDA receptors containing NR1 and NR3B of engagement for NMDA receptor subunits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 105:14163� 14168. 3. Ji, W., P. Xu, ., L trafficking by using a-bungarotoxin-binding-site-tagged receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. ...

In vitro blocking the spontaneous activity of primary cultures of chicken embryo myotubes with tetrodotoxin increases approximately equal to 2-fold their content in surface acetylcholine receptor. To investigate this effect at the level of gene expression, chicken genomic DNA sequences coding for the acetylcholine ...

The authors isolated Drosophila melanogaster genomic sequences with nucleotide and amino acid sequence homology to subunits of vertebrate acetylcholine receptor by hybridization with a Torpedo acetylcholine receptor subunit cDNA probe. Five introns are present in the ...

Mutagenesis in the TM3 Domain of the Torpedo californica Acetylcholine Receptor Beta Subunit Reveals this article #12;Tryptophan Scanning Mutagenesis in the TM3 Domain of the Torpedo californica Acetylcholine. These results were incorporated into a structural model for the spatial orientation of the TM3 of the ...

Signaling through nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptors underlies a diverse array of behaviors. In order for appropriate signaling to occur via nACh receptors, it is necessary for the genes encoding the receptor subunits to be expressed in a highly regulated temporal and spatial manner. Here ...

The alkylating agent (/sup 14/C)chloroacetylcholine perchlorate ((/sup 14/C) ClACh) was synthesized and used for affinity labelling of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo marmorata. Solubilized and affinity-purified receptor proteins were reduced and alkylated according to the bromoacetylcholine-method. Covalent binding ...

... Title : Activation, Inactivation, and Desensitization of Acetylcholine Receptor Channel Complex Detected by Binding of Perhydrohistrionicotoxin. ...

of the levamisole sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) were epitope-tagged at their extracellular C; Levamisole receptor; nAChR; ODR-2; -Bungarotoxin; Tandem affinity tag 1. Introduction A major component specific epitope-tags to the C-termini of levamisole receptor subunits, for ...

633 Hypersensitive knockin mouse strains identify receptors and pathways for nicotine action Henry nicotinic acetylcholine receptors containing 4 - or 7 -subunits. The full expression of the stronger alleles are viable, and display a range of hypersensitive responses to nicotine. To date, measurements have been ...

The defining feature of the ? subunits of the family of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is a vicinal disulfide between Cys-192 and Cys-193. Although this structure has played a pivotal role in a number of pioneering studies of nicotinic receptors, its functional role in native receptors ...

Quercetin mainly exists in the skin of colored fruits and vegetables as one of flavonoids. Recent studies show that quercetin, like other flavonoids, has diverse pharmacological actions. However, relatively little is known about quercetin effects in the regulations of ligand-gated ion channels. In the previous reports, we have shown that quercetin regulates subsets of homomeric ligand-gated ion ...

Quercetin mainly exists in the skin of colored fruits and vegetables as one of flavonoids. Recent studies show that quercetin, like other flavonoids, has diverse pharmacological actions. However, relatively little is known about quercetin effects in the regulations of ligand-gated ion channels. In the previous reports, we have shown that quercetin regulates subsets of homomeric ligand-gated ion ...

We studied the ability of four non-conjugated alpha7-subunit fragments of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor to induce an immune response and to protect memory in olfactory bulbectomized mice which demonstrate abnormalities similar to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Vaccination only with the alpha7-subunit fragment ...

We developed a novel radioactive short bifunctional photoprobe, which could be coupled through a cleavable bond to an engineered cysteinyl residue on an analogue of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-specific alpha-neurotoxin. This cysteine was put on the tip of loop II in place of Arg33, a major residue for the interaction with the ...

subunits of the `levamisole-sensitive' nAChR (L-AChR) is differentially affected in the absence of NRA-2 Biology Organization EMBO THE EMBO JOURNAL THE EMBO JOURNAL 2636 #12;The C. elegans `levamisole-sensitive' n screens based on levamisole- induced paralysis defined three essential subunits: UNC-38, UNC-63 (both a

We tested the response of CD4+ cells and/or total lymphocytes from the blood of 22 myasthenic patients and 10 healthy controls to overlapping synthetic peptides, 20 residues long, to screen the sequence of the gamma and delta subunits of human muscle acetylcholine receptor (AChR). The gamma subunit is part of the ...

Cigarette smoking is highly correlated with the onset of a variety of human cancers, and continued smoking is known to abrogate the beneficial effects of cancer therapy. While tobacco smoke contains hundreds of molecules that are known carcinogens, nicotine, the main addictive component of tobacco smoke, is not carcinogenic. At the same time, nicotine has been shown to promote cell proliferation, ...

Modulation of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) is thought to play an important role in both health and addiction. However, a clear understanding of how these receptors regulate in vivo firing activity has been elusive. In this issue of Neuron, Mameli-Engvall and colleagues report an ...