... Title : Activation, Inactivation, and Desensitization of Acetylcholine Receptor Channel Complex Detected by Binding of Perhydrohistrionicotoxin. ...

We investigated the role of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter in the mechanism of non-quantal (non-vesicular) secretion of neurotransmitter in the neuromuscular synapse of the rat diaphragm muscle. Non-quantal secretion was estimated electrophysiologically by the amplitude of end-plate hyperpolarization after inhibition of cholinesterase and ...

... INTERACTIONS, TRANSPORT PROPERTIES, LIGANDS, MUSCLES, CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS, FROGS, ACETYLCHOLINE, NERVE ...

... and high density of cholinergic interneurons (easily detectable ... with alleviating the GABAergic perturbations of ... the broader field of epilepsy research ...

In the heart, acetylcholine (ACh) slows pacemaker activity, depresses contractility and slows conduction in the atrioventricular node. Beside these cardiovascular effects, ACh has also been associated with an anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathway. There is no evidence for ACh synthesis and excretion in other cell types than neuronal cells in the heart. Therefore, this ...

A specific antibody to acetylcholine was raised and used as a marker for cholinergic neurons in the rat central nervous system. The acetylcholine conjugate was obtained by a two-step immunogen synthesis procedure. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to test the specificity and affinity of the antibody in vitro; the results indicated high ...

Acetylcholine is transported along insect chemoreceptor axons at a rate of 12 to 13 centimeters per day after peripheral uptake of choline. Colchicine, vinblastine sulfate, and cytochalasin B all block transport, but transport continues in axons separated surgically from the cell body. These data from an insect are ...

The effects of intraventricular injection of acetylcholine at doses of 50 mug were studied in male rats. Under ether anesthesia, acetylcholine did not modify plasma prolactin and LH levels. Contrarily, in rats anesthetized with pentobarbital, acetylcholine at the same doses induced significant decreases of prolactin from 10 to 60 min ...

The level of binding of a labeled acetylcholine muscarinic antagonist (quinuclidinyl benzilate) to different cerebral membranes has been measured. Of the regions examined, circadian rhythmicity of binding could only be detected significantly in the hippocampus and the hypothalamus and not in the cerebral cortex, striatum, or cerebellum.

A liquid chromatography-electrochemistry (LC-EC) method is described for the determination of basal acetylcholine (ACh) in microdialysate from the striatum of freely moving rats. This method is based on the separation of ACh and choline (Ch) by microbore ...

Whole-body X irradiation (0.155 and 0.310 C/kg) was shown to modify the biphase effect of acetylcholine and GABA on antigradient K+ uptake by rat brain sections. Radiation made the effects of neuromediators on active K+ transport be differently directed: acetylcholine enhanced the inhibitory effect of radiation and GABA restored the ...

A specific sensitisation of blood T lymphocytes against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor has been demonstrated in myasthenic patients. After thymectomy the T lymphocytes response was quickly decreased and in most patients it reached normal values. The T response remained at low or normal levels for at least two years. In patients who had undergone thymectomy three or more ...

Acetylcholine (ACh) is a chemical transmitter serving to propagate an electrical perturbation across the synaptic junctions of animals. ACh and AChE have previously been demonstrated to occur in plants. In this work, we detected AChE at the interface between stele and cortex of the mesocotyl of Zea mays by measuring hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine and by ...

Previous studies have indicated that neuro-endocrine cells store monoamines and acetylcholine (ACh) in different secretory vesicles, suggesting that the transport proteins responsible for packaging these neurotransmitters sort to distinct vesicular compartments. Molecular cloning has recently demonstrated that the vesicular ...

A sensitive and selective method for the simultaneous determination of acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch) is reported. ACh and Ch were separated on a reversed-phase column, passed through an immobilized enzymes (acetylcholine esterase and choline oxidase) column, and converted to hydrogen peroxide. The generated hydrogen peroxide was ...

The alpha-7 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (?7nAChR) is expressed in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a brain region where these receptors are implicated in cognitive function and in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Activation of this receptor is dependent on release of acetylcholine (ACh) from axon terminals that contain the vesicular ...

Using neuroblastoma cells in tissue culture, the transport and metabolism of the acetylcholine (ACh) precursor, choline was examined. Acetylcholinesterase was inhibited so that any ACh formed would not be hydrolyzed enzymatically. Although the transport c...

A novel method for highly sensitive detection of acetylcholine in royal jelly was proposed by using CE coupled with electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL). Acetylcholine, which could not react with Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) to strengthen its ECL signals, decomposed into trimethylamine and strengthened the ECL signals sharply ...

Gradients of acetylcholine can stimulate growth cone turning when applied to neurons grown in culture and it has been suggested that acetylcholine could act as a guidance cue. However, the role acetylcholine plays in directing axon migrations in vivo is not clear. Here, we show that acetylcholine positively ...

Publishing Ltd Deficits in acetylcholine homeostasis, receptors and behaviors in choline transporter neurons elaborate a hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) sensitive choline transporter (CHT) that mediates pre- synaptic, high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) in support of acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and release. Homozy

A number of presynaptic cholinergic parameters (high affinity (/sup 3/H)choline uptake, (/sup 3/H)acetylcholine synthesis, (/sup 3/H)acetylcholine release, and autoinhibition of (/sup 3/H)acetylcholine release mediated by muscarinic autoreceptors) were comparatively analyzed in rat brain cortex synaptosomes during postnatal ...

A radioiodinated ligand that binds to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors was shown to distribute in the brain by a receptor-mediated process. With single-photon-emission imaging techniques, radioactivity was detected in the cerebrum but not in the cerebellum, whereas with a flow-limited radiotracer, radioactivity was detected in ...

The influence of one week treatment with the choline-containing phospholipids cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) and choline alphoscerate (L-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine) at choline-equivalent doses (CDP-choline: 325 mg/kg/day; choline alphoscerate: 150 mg/kg/day) on vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), on choline ...

Contents: Possible transport of specific antigens across the hematoencephalic and hemato-ophthalmic barriers in plague intoxication; Involvement of acetylcholine in the mechanism of impairment of axoplasm transport in thick medullated nerve fibers in expe...

After having reconstituted in artificial membranes the calcium-dependent acetylcholine release step, and shown that essential properties of the mechanism were preserved, we purified from Torpedo electric organ nerve terminals a protein, the mediatophore, able to release acetylcholine upon calcium action. A plasmid encoding for Torpedo mediatophore was ...

The proposed program will demonstrate the ability of a detector based on measuring the conductance of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) ion channels to detect and quantify anatoxin-a contamination in drinking water systems.� The nAChR is extremely sensitive to the p...

... cardioregulatory nerves from the central nervous system. Gamma aminobutyric acid and acetylcholine produced no detect-able changes in ... Mainly on the basis of pharmacological experiments, gamma-aminobut...

Length tension diagrams and diagrams of isometrically developed active tension were set up for normal and aganglionic cardia-circular muscles. The effects of acetylcholin, adrenergic stimulating and inhibiting drugs were examined. The physiological parameters in healthy cardia and the cardia muscle system in achalasia did not vary significantly from one another. The ...

The influence of chemical modification on the parameters of the binding of cholinergic ligands by the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of squid optical ganglia was investigated. The presence of two subpopulations of recognition sites, differing in the composition of the groups contained in them, was detected. It was established with high probability that ...

Dopamine (DA) neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is critically involved in normal as well as maladaptive motivated behaviors including drug addiction. Whether the striatal neuromodulator nitric oxide (NO) influences DA release in NAc is unknown. We investigated whether exogenous NO modulates DA transmission in NAc core and how this interaction varies depending on the frequency of ...

Physiological and histochemical evidence indicates that cholinergic nerves may participate in mediating penile erection. Acetylcholine synthesis and release was studied in isolated human corporal tissue. Human corpus cavernosum incubated with ({sup 3}H)choline accumulated ({sup 3}H)choline and synthesized ({sup 3}H)acethylcholine in an concentration-dependent manner. ({sup ...

: acetylcholine; choline acetyltransferase; immunohistochemistry; basal forebrain; primate Central cholinergic; Barefoot et al., 2000). Cholinergic neurons synthesize the neurotransmit- ter acetylcholine (ACh) from levels of CHT and VAChT in conjunction with decreased ChAT in Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Ruberg et al

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that has a major role in the function of the insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cell. Parasympathetic innervation of the endocrine pancreas, the islets of Langerhans, has been shown to provide cholinergic input to the beta cell in several species, but the role of autonomic innervation in human beta cell function is at present unclear. Here we ...

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) Target Category: Receptor binding Method of detection: PET Source in the central nervous system, where their activation by acetylcholine and nicotine always causes a rapid's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. nAChRs also play a significant role in nicotine

Optical absorption and Raman spectra of the sulfonated copper phthalocyanine (CuTsPc) layer were exploited for detection of cadmium (Cd) contaminants in water. Acetylcholine esterase was immobilized by freely suspending them in calcium alginate microbeads and this gel was then spincoated on the drop cast sulfonated copper phthalocyanine film on a glass ...

Patients with guttate psoriasis have been reported to respond to anticholinergic treatment. We wanted to know how the cholinergic system could be involved in this process. Mast cells are characteristic components of the inflammatory infiltrate of guttate psoriasis. We therefore studied the cholinergic system in both epidermis and mast cells of 10 patients with guttate psoriasis in involved and ...

Acetylcholine is an important excitatory neurotransmitter, which plays a crucial role in synaptic transmission. The level of acetylcholine is decreased in the early stages of Alzheimer disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disease. Therefore, measurement of acetylcholine in the brain may help the clinical diagnosis of AD. ...

A solid phase assay for ligands of curarimimetic toxin binding sites was developed. Its principle is the autoradiographic detection of the displacement of 125 I-alphabungarotoxin from Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor. To permit analysis of large...

Controlling stimulus access to sensory organs allows animals to optimize sensory reception and prevent damage. The vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects pheromones and other semiochemicals to regulate innate social and sexual behaviors. This semiochemical detection generally requires the VNO to draw in chemical fluids, such as bodily secretions, which are ...

Irreversible anticholinesterase compounds have potential serious deleterious health effects when employed as chemical warfare agents. Intoxication with these agents causes an accumulation of acetylcholine at nerve muscle and nerve gland junctions. Because tracheal submucosal glands have rich cholinergic innervation, we hypothesized that exposure to anticholinesterase agents, ...

1. Local endplate depolarization induced by anticholinesterase application to mouse nerve-diaphragm preparations was taken as a measure of non-quantal release of acetylcholine. 2. Non-quantal acetylcholine release occurred within 20-60 s after anticholinesterase application, either spontaneously or evoked by nerve stimulation. Non-quantal release declined ...

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of skeletal muscle is composed of five subunits that are assembled in a stepwise manner. Quality control mechanisms ensure that only fully assembled receptors reach the cell surface. Here, we show that Rer1, a putative Golgi-ER retrieval receptor, is involved in the biogenesis of acetylcholine receptors. Rer1 is ...

Life is completely dependent on a support of energy which is generated by the direct absorption of light or by the reduction of oxygen. Metabolized food yields ac(et)yl groups which are utilized in the reduction of oxygen with the assistance of many other compounds. Acetylcholine appears to be an important substance for the transportation of acetyl groups. ...

Sensitive analytical methods are needed for the separation and quantification of neurotransmitters obtained in microdialysate studies. This unit describes methods that permit quantification of nanomolar concentrations of monoamines and their metabolites (high-pressure liquid chromatography electrochemical detection), acetylcholine (HPLC-coupled to an ...

The effects of several non-neuronal cell types on neurotransmitter synthesis in cultures of dissociated sympathetic neurons from the new-born rat were studied. Acetylcholine synthesis from radioactive choline was increased 100- to 1000-fold in the presence of non-neuronal cells from sympathetic ganglia. This increase was roughly dependent on the number of ganglionic ...

The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence and distribution of cholinergic molecules in Balanus amphitrite cyprids and their possible involvement in settlement and adhesion. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, the lythic enzyme of acetylcholine) activity was detected, for the first time, by biochemical and histoenzymological methods, in the ...

The specificity of acetylcholine uptake by synaptic vesicles isolated from the electric organ of Torpedo californica was studied. In the absence of cofactors, [3H]acetylcholine was taken up identically to[14C]choline in the same solution (passive uptake), and the equilibrium concentration achieved inside the vesicles was equal to the concentration outside. ...

The specificity of acetylcholine uptake by synaptic vesicles isolated from the electric organ of Torpedo californica was studied. In the absence of cofactors, [3H]acetylcholine was taken up identically to [14C]choline in the same solution (passive uptake), and the equilibrium concentration achieved inside the vesicles was equal to the concentration ...

Regulation of Choline Transporter Surface Expression and Phosphorylation by Protein Kinase C -dependent, hemicholinium-3-sensitive choline transporter (CHT) provides choline for acetylcholine biosynthe, tautomycin (PP1 inhibitor) and cyclo- sporin A (PP2B inhibitor) failed to alter CHT-mediated choline uptake

Effects of organophosphorous acetylcholinesterase inhibitor paraoxon were studied in the isolated atrial and ventricular myocardium preparations of a fish (cod), an amphibian (frog) and a mammal (rat) using the microelectrode technique. Incubation of isolated atrium with paraoxon (5�נ10(-6)-5�נ10(-5)�M) caused significant reduction of action potential duration and marked slowing of sinus ...

Acetylcholine release at motor neuron synapses has been long established; however, recent discoveries indicate that synaptic transmission by motor neurons is more complex than previously thought. Using whole-cell patch clamp, we show that spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents of rat motor neurons in primary ventral horn cultures are entirely glutamatergic, although the ...

The pancreatic secretagogue cholecystokinin (CCK) is widely thought to stimulate enzyme secretion by acinar cells indirectly via activation of the vagus nerve. We postulate an alternative pathway for CCK-induced pancreatic secretion. We hypothesize that neurally related pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs; located in close proximity to the basolateral aspect of acinar cells) play a regulatory role in ...

BackgroundOrganophosphates elicit developmental neurotoxicity through multiple mechanisms other than their shared property as cholinesterase inhibitors. Accordingly, these agents may differ in their effects on specific brain circuits.ObjectivesWe gave parathion to neonatal rats [postnatal days (PNDs) 1�4], at daily doses of 0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg, spanning the threshold for barely ...

We have studied the dynamic properties of acetylcholinesterase dimer from Torpedo californica liganded with tacrine (AChE-THA) in solution using molecular dynamics. The simulation reveals fluctuations in the width of the primary channel to the active site that are large enough to admit substrates. Alternative entries to the active site through the side walls of the gorge have been ...

We report on the cloning and molecular characterization of the rat carrier Slc10a4 and its cellular localization in the CNS by immunohistochemistry. Slc10a4 is the rat counterpart of the human orphan carrier SLC10A4, which was recently reported to be highly expressed in brain and placenta. Both carriers belong to the solute carrier family SLC10, formerly named the "sodium/bile acid cotransporter ...

The feasibility of a tape transport chemiluminescence system for bacterial monitoring of regenerated

... Title : Turnover of Acetylcholine Receptors: Mechanisms of Regulation. ... Acetylcholine receptors, RA5 Neuromuscular junctions, Motor nerves. ...

... Title : Primary Structure of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor. ... One of the neurotransmitters used in the mammalian brain is acetylcholine. ...