... The effect of subacute administration of Phy and trained exercise on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholin- esterase (AChE) activities ...

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and survival of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive neurons were measured in low-density cultures of embryonic (Day 14-15) rat septum exposed to various sequences of nerve growth factor (NGF) exposure and deprivation for up to 7 weeks in vitro. Most septal cultures grown 4-5 weeks with no ...

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the enzyme responsible for the formation of ACh from choline and acetyl-coenzyme A, is a marker of cholinergic function and is significantly depressed in the brains of Alzheimer patients. It has been shown that omental tissue contains several neuroactive substances and causes revascularization when placed upon the brain of ...

An ethanolic extract of Allium tuberosum Rottl. demonstrated potent choline acetytrasferase (ChAT) activating activity (45%) among 30 screened Korean edible plants. The ChAT activator of A. tuberoum Rottl. was purified and identified as ferulic acid [4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid] via ...

Previous studies have shown a lack of association between cortical choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and severity of memory impairment following excitotoxic lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM). It recently has been proposed that the differential effects of NBM injections of various excitotoxins on amygdaloid ...

... biosynthesis were identified immunocytochemically by mapping the distribution of the ACh biosynthetic enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT ...

We studied the effects of insulin, nerve growth factor (NGF), and tetrodotoxin (TTX) on cellular metabolism and the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in neuron-rich cultures prepared from embryonic day 15 rat striatum. Insulin (5 micrograms/ml) increased glucose utilization, protein ...

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) catalyzes the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from choline and acetyl-CoA, and its presence is a defining feature of cholinergic neurons. We report the structure of human ChAT to a resolution of 2.2 {angstrom} along with structures for binary complexes of ChAT with ...

Male Sprague-Dawley rats maintained under controlled environmental conditions were used. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were determined in the hypothalamus, pons, medulla oblongata, thalamus, midbrain, cerebral cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus of control rats and rats treated with ethanol ...

The present study assesses the effect of unilateral lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) and of treatment with L-alpha-glyceryl phosphorylcholine (GFC, choline alfoscerate) on the acetylcholine-synthesizing (choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)), and acetylcholine-degradating (acetylcholinesterase (AChE)) enzymes in the rat fronto-parietal ...

We have identified a zebrafish mutant line, bajan, in which compromised motility and fatigue result from a point mutation in the gene coding choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the enzyme responsible for acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis. Although the mutation predicts loss of ChAT function, bajan inexplicably retains low levels of ...

The ability of nerve growth factor (NGF) to ameliorate developmental cholinotoxicity of inorganic lead (Pb) for the septal neurons was investigated by making intracerebroventricular injections of single doses of 30 microg 2.5S NGF into maternally lead-exposed suckling rats on postnatal days P2, P4, P11, or P18. Administration of NGF on P4 or later induced septal choline ...

Muscarinic and nicotinic receptor site binding and the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the forebrain and brainstem of Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) and salt-resistant (DR) rats was investigated. The DS line had a greater density of muscarinic sites in the cortex, hypothalamus, and medulla. ...

RNA interference (RNAi) is a potent mechanism for local silencing of gene expression and can be used to study loss-of-function phenotypes in mammalian cells. We used RNAi to knockdown specifically the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the enzyme of acetylcholine biosynthesis, both in cultured cells and in the adult brain. We first identified ...

Green-leaf volatiles are commonly emitted from mechanically and herbivore-damaged plants. Derived from the lipoxygenase pathway, these compounds may serve as attractants to predators and parasitoids of herbivores, prevent the spread of bacteria and fungi, and induce several important plant defense pathways. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the major volatile released upon mechanical wounding of the leaves ...

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, which is characterized by loss of memory and cognitive function. In AD patients, dysfunction of the cholinergic system is the main cause of cognitive disorders, and decreased activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), an enzyme responsible for acetylcholine (ACh) ...

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT; EC 2.3.1.6) catalyzes synthesis of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA (AcCoA) and choline in cholinergic neurons. Mutations in CHAT cause potentially lethal congenital myasthenic syndromes associated with episodic apnea (ChAT-CMS). Here, we analyze the functional consequences of 12 missense and one nonsense ...

The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect and mechanism of Coeloglossum viride var. bracteatum extract (CE) on scopolamine-induced learning and memory deficits. Learning and memory deficits of mice were evaluated by step-down passive avoidance test. Long-term potentiation of rats was detected in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus. Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline ...

Microdialysis perfusion of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) in rat lumbar spinal cord produces severe motoneuron damage and consequently hindlimb paralysis. Here we studied the time course of the AMPA-induced neurodegenerative changes and motor alterations, and the protective effect of leupeptin, an inhibitor of calpain, a Ca(2+)-activated ...

III cells have been found to be inconsistently ChAT-IR (weak-to-strong im- munoreactivity). Therefore neurotransmitters in the adult vertebrate retina. In this study, cells that coexpress choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) to adulthood by using a double-labeling immunofluorescence technique. ChAT immunoreactivity was observed at S15

Previous studies revealed that leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and retinoic acid (RA) induce a noradrenergic to cholinergic switch in cultured sympathetic neurons of superior cervical ganglia (SCG) by up-regulating the coordinate expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter. Here, we examined the effect of ...

Pharmacological studies of narcoleptic canines indicate that exaggerated pontine cholinergic transmission promotes cataplexy. Since disruption of orexin (hypocretin) signaling is a primary defect in narcolepsy with cataplexy, we investigated whether markers of cholinergic synaptic transmission might be altered in mice constitutively lacking orexin receptors (double receptor knockout; DKO). We ...

2005 ABSTRACT: Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) are involved in acetyl time profiles. AChE transport is constitutive while that of ChAT occurs in a brief pulse during third but not with each other. Altogether, these suggest that kinesin-2 independently transports AChE and ChAT within

Neonatal exposure to the toxic chemical polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) induces hypothyroidism and retarded growth. Neonatal rats made hypothyroid by chemical or surgical means experience retarded growth and subnormal activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) This study compared thyroid-, growth-, and neurochemically-related ...

This study provides the first immunohistochemical evidence visualizing cholinergic octopus neurons containing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the synthetic enzyme of acetylcholine. Because the antiserum applied here was raised against a recombinant protein encoded by exons 7 and 8 of the rat gene for ChAT, and initially used for ...

Progesterone (PROG) shows neuroprotective effects in nervous system diseases. The Wobbler mouse, a model of motoneuron degeneration, suffers a mutation of the Vsp154 gene on chromosome 11 leading to motoneuron vacuolation and astrocytosis of the spinal cord. Previous work has demonstrated beneficial effects of PROG in the Wobbler mouse. As an extension of this work, we now studied steroid effects ...

Because of controversy about the role of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR) ) in the cholinergic basal forebrain (CBF), we investigated this region in p75(NTR) third exon knockout mice that were congenic with 129/Sv controls. They express a shortened intracellular form of p75(NTR) , permitting detection of p75(NTR) -expressing cells. We performed separate counts of choline ...

In the heart, acetylcholine (ACh) slows pacemaker activity, depresses contractility and slows conduction in the atrioventricular node. Beside these cardiovascular effects, ACh has also been associated with an anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathway. There is no evidence for ACh synthesis and excretion in other cell types than neuronal cells in the heart. Therefore, this ...

We investigated the effect of Z-ligustilide (LIG) on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in ICR mice. LIG (2.5-40mg/kg) or tacrine (10mg/kg) was orally administrated for 26days. Behavior was examined in the Morris water maze and Y-maze after scopolamine administration (2mg/kg, i.p.). The central acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase ...

Hippocampal pathology was shown to be extensive in multiple sclerosis (MS) and is associated with memory impairment. In this post-mortem study, we investigated hippocampal tissue from MS and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and compared these to non-neurological controls. By means of biochemical assessment, (immuno)histochemistry and western blot analyses, we detected substantial alterations in ...

Visual deprivation alters retinal-ganglion-cell response properties through changes in spontaneous wave-like activity (Sernagor and Grzywacz [1996] Curr Biol 6:1503-1508). This activity depends on cholinergic synaptic transmission in the turtle retina (ibid; Sernagor and Mehta [ 2001] J Anat 199:375-383). We studied the expression of choline ...

A new series of compounds containing the quinuclidine moiety has been synthesized and tested as inhibitors of brain choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) or as inhibitors of high affinity choline uptake (HAChU). The tertiary quinuclidine was incorporated because of the potency it confers on anticholinergic compounds and antimuscarinic drugs, such as ...

To investigate acetylcholine's (ACh's) role in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular regulation, neuroanatomic substrates were first defined using immunocytochemical mapping from choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the ACh-synthesizing enzyme. ChAT-immunoreact...

Aim:? To investigate the effects of American ginseng on neurocognitive function and glucose regulation in senescence-accelerated mice. Methods:? Male senescence-resistant inbred strains (SAMR1) and senescence-prone inbred strains (SAMP10) mice were divided into five groups and fed either a control diet or an American ginseng-supplemented diet (1% or 2% g/g) from 6?weeks to 10?months of age. ...

Our recent studies have shown that curcumin protects arsenic induced neurotoxicity by modulating oxidative stress, neurotransmitter levels and dopaminergic system in rats. As chronic exposure to arsenic has been associated with cognitive deficits in humans, the present study has been carried out to implore the neuroprotective potential of curcumin in arsenic induced cholinergic dysfunctions in ...

Diffuse transmission is an important non-synaptic communication mode in the cerebral neocortex, in which neurotransmitters released from en passant varicosities interact with surrounding cells. In a previous study we have shown that the cholinergic axonal segments which were in the microproximity with dopaminergic fibers possessed a greater density of en passant varicosities compared to more ...

Progressive and long-term sex hormone imbalance in the FSH-R haploinsufficient menopausal mouse leads to degenerative changes in the CNS associated with increased anxiety. The brain region most affected by aging in these mice is the hippocampus. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) enzymatic activity and synapsin immunoreactivity are ...

The trisomy 16 (Ts16) mouse, which shares genetic and phenotypic homologies with Down syndrome, exhibits impaired development of the basal forebrain cholinergic system. Basal forebrains obtained from Ts16 and euploid littermate fetuses at 15 days of gestation were dissociated and cultured in completely defined medium, with cholinergic neurons identified by choline ...

Sep 28, 2000 ... Additional Internet activities also are slated for the rest of World ... For more information about the Internet webcasts and chats slated ...

Ten substituted 2-benzylidene-3-quinuclidinones were synthesized and evaluated for their relative potency as in vitro inhibitors of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis was followed radiometrically by the incorporation of labeled acetate originating from {sup 14}C-acetyl-CoA. Woolf-Augustinsson-Hofstee data analysis was used to ...

This study examined the temporal expression of calcitonin gene- related peptide (CGRP), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR) in hypoglossal motoneurons during postnatal development and after hypoglossal n...

The central nervous cholinergic system of the zebrafish (Danio rerio), a model animal for neurogenetics, is documented here using immunohistochemical methods for visualizing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the acetylcholine synthesizing enzyme. Neuronal cell bodies containing ChAT are present in the telencephalon (lateral nucleus of ...

A toxicity test for organophosphates (OP) and carbamates (C) was improved with the adult ragworm Nereis diversicolor. Animals were maintained in U-shaped glass tubes of 4-mm inner diameter fixed vertically on a plastic plate and placed in glass aquaria. Each tank was covered with glass in order to reduce evaporation and heat dissipation. Temperature varied between 15 and 16 degrees C and salinity ...

Smoking among teenagers is increasing and the initiation of tobacco use during adolescence is associated with subsequently higher cigarette consumption and lower rates of quitting. Few animal studies have addressed whether adolescent nicotine exposure exerts unique or lasting effects on brain structure or function. Initial investigations with a rat model of adolescent nicotine exposure have ...

BackgroundThe basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons play an important role in cortical activation and arousal and are active in association with cortical activation of waking and inactive in association with cortical slow wave activity of sleep. In view of findings that GABA_A receptors ...

Because inflammation during pregnancy can lead to neurodevelopmental anomalies, we investigated the role of inflamed microglia on cholinergic precursors in the rat embryonic basal forebrain cultured on embryonic day 15. Conditioned medium (CM) taken from microglia stimulated variously (microglial CM; MCM) increased activity of choline acetyltransferase ...

The basal forebrain (BF) plays an important role in modulating cortical activity and influencing attention, learning and memory. These activities are fulfilled importantly yet not entirely by cholinergic neurons. Noncholinergic neurons also contribute and are comprised by GABAergic neurons and other possibly glutamatergic neurons. The aim of the present ...

Up to 22% of pregnant women smoke, which constitutes a major health concern. Nicotine, a cholinergic agonist, causes deleterious effects on brain development. However, most studies investigate its effects during rodents' gestation, which corresponds, in terms of neural development, to the first two trimesters of human gestation. Here, we focused on effects of nicotine on the brain cholinergic ...

Neurotransmitter specification has been shown to depend on genetic programs and electrical activity, however target-dependent regulation also plays important roles in neuronal development. We have investigated the impact of muscle targets on transmitter specification in Xenopus spinal neurons using a neuron-muscle co-culture system. We find that neuron-muscle contact reduces ...

' evaluations of the cartoons. Strangers chatted about the cartoon ratings about twice as much as friends (30 the activity of chatting while watching video online. We examine how groups of friends and strangers interact the viewing experience. Author Keywords Video, interactive television, social TV, chat, ...

1. The ability of axons in the superficial fibular nerve to synthesize and release acetylcholine (ACh) has been studied before and after the formation of ectopic neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) with denervated soleus muscles of adult rats. 2. The central end of the severed fibular nerve was transplanted to the surface of the soleus muscle. After 3.5-5 weeks the soleus muscle was denervated in one ...

The rostral ventro-medial medullary reticular formation is a complex structure that is involved with a variety of motor functions. It contains glycinergic neurons that are activated during active (rapid eye movement (REM)) sleep (AS); these neurons appear to be responsible for the postsynaptic inhibition of motoneurons that occurs during this state. We ...

Many researchers have reported that the magnitude of decrease in cortical choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) following excitotoxic lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nbm) is unrelated to the degree of cognitive impairment. Recently, an explanation has been offered for this lack of correlation: different excitotoxins, when injected into the nbm, ...

Lewy bodies (LBs), the pathological hallmark of Lewy body disease (LBD), contain ?-synuclein, as well as other proteins. In this study, we examined the relationship of ?-synuclein to two rate-limiting enzymes in neurotransmitter synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Double-labeling immunohistochemistry for ?-synuclein ...

Acute neurotoxic effects of sarin (O:-isopropylmethylphosphonoflouridate) in male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. The animals were treated with intramuscular (im) injections of either 1 x LD(50) (100 microg/kg), and sacrificed at 0. 5, 1, 3, 6, 15, or 20 h after treatment, or with im injections of either 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, or 1 x LD(50) and sacrificed 15 h after treatment. Plasma ...

Increasing evidence indicates that statins, specific inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-coenzyme A (CoA) reductase, exerts neuroprotective actions rather than simply lowering cholesterol. However, the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated clearly. Here, the effect of lovastatin on the neurological outcomes of nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM)-lesioned rats and the ...

The first purpose of this study was to determine the effect of advanced age (31 months) on the number of motoneurons in the lumbar enlargement of the rat and to determine if motoneurons die via apoptosis with age. The second purpose was to determine if caloric restriction (CR) would attenuate any observed age-related changes in motoneuron numbers or markers of apoptosis and ROS damage. Using ...

The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence and distribution of cholinergic molecules in Balanus amphitrite cyprids and their possible involvement in settlement and adhesion. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, the lythic enzyme of acetylcholine) activity was detected, for the first time, by biochemical and histoenzymological methods, in the thoracic muscles, gut wall ...

The medial septum-diagonal band complex (MSDB) contains cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons known to play key roles in learning and memory processing, and in the generation of hippocampal theta rhythm. Electrophysiologically, several classes of neurons have been described in the MSDB, but their chemical identity remains to be fully established. By combining electrophysiology with single-cell ...

Teacher's activity booklets and posters. "Educator training ... "Informal Education. NASA Quest Space Scientists Online Web Chats ...

An isolated thoracic spinal cord of the neonatal rat in vitro spontaneously generates sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) at ~25�C, but it fails in SND genesis at ? 10�C. Basal levels of the c-Fos expression in the spinal cords incubated at ? 10�C and ~25�C were compared to determine the anatomical substrates that might participate in SND genesis. Cells that exhibited c-Fos immunoreactivity ...

The acetylcholine (ACh) content and the relative levels of choline-acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were measured in the stomach and intestinal musculature and in the heart muscles of frogs (Rana esculenta L.) during hibernation (January-stage 1), low activity (April-stage 2) and high ...

The origin of the cholinergic innervation to the amygdaloid complex was investigated with the use of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) assay of microdissected nuclei. Visualization of AChE-positive neurones in the ventral forebrain was facilitated by pretreatment of rats with 1.5 mg/kg di-isopropyl ...

Huntington's disease (HD) is characterized by the atrophy of the striatum due to losses of projection neurons, while interneurons are relatively spared. However, little is known about the fate of the large interneurons that express calretinin (Cr) in HD. We addressed this issue by applying a double immunofluorescent labeling technique to postmortem striatum from HD patients and controls. We ...

Glyceryl triacetate (GTA), a compound effective at increasing circulating and tissue levels of acetate was used to treat rats subjected to a continual 28 day intra-ventricular infusion of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This model produces a neuroinflammatory injury characterized by global neuroglial activation and a decrease in choline ...

Amyloid imaging has identified cognitively normal older people with plaques as a group possibly at increased risk for developing Alzheimer's disease-related dementia. It is important to begin to thoroughly characterize this group so that preventative therapies might be tested. Existing cholinotropic agents are a logical choice for preventative therapy as experimental evidence suggests that they ...

The effects of aging on levels of neurotransmitters were determined in two regions of the cerebral cortex in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity as well as somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, and substance P immunoreactivities were analyzed in the right caudal cingulate gyrus and in the left and right ...

acetylcholinesterase (AChE) transgenic and knock- out mice, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) heterozygote mice (AChE). The choline is recycled at the presynaptic terminal via a distinct, carrier- mediated esterase (AChE). Choline is then transported into the presynaptic terminal by the hemicholinium-3 (HC-3

be addressed. Abbreviations: ACh, acetylcholine; AChE, acetylcholinesterase; ChAT, choline acetyltransferase showinghighconcentrationsofacetylcholinesterase (AChE)reactionproductatmotoneuronalC-terminal subsurface cistern complexes,10,34 a high degree of co-localization was found between immuno- fluorescencelabellingforsubsurfacecisternsand AChE.24

: acetylcholine; choline acetyltransferase; immunohistochemistry; basal forebrain; primate Central cholinergic; Barefoot et al., 2000). Cholinergic neurons synthesize the neurotransmit- ter acetylcholine (ACh) from levels of CHT and VAChT in conjunction with decreased ChAT in Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Ruberg et al

Developmental expression of the high affinity choline transporter in cholinergic sympathetic October 2005; accepted 11 October 2005 Abstract Choline uptake by the high affinity choline transporter on the neuropeptide VIP and the proteins choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the vesicular ACh transporter (VACh

for staining for acetylcho- linesterase (AChE) histochemistry, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) im- munohistochemistry, and parvalbumin immunohistochemistry. AChE histochemistry was performed according to the method the background. AChE densitometry. To quantify the reduction of cortical cholinergic input induced by our NBM

1-Alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase plays an important regulatory role in the biosynthesis of platelet activating factor, a potent bioactive mediator. The authors tested the hypothesis that the activity of acetyltransferase may be modulated by enzymatic phosphorylation and ...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) literature indicates that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) may prevent proteoglycan-induced amyloid-beta (Abeta) aggregation, decrease Abeta-induced tau-2 immunoreactivity, and increase the axonal growth and arborization of hippocampal neurons. However, there is no information about the impact of GAGs on cholinergic lesions. Here, AF64A was administered stereotaxically into the ...

Rat and mouse models are widely used for studies in cognition and pathophysiology, among others. Here, we sought to determine to what extent these two model species differ for cholinergic and cholinoceptive features. For this purpose, we focused on cholinergic innervation patterns based on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunostaining, and the expression ...

Immunohistochemical techniques were used to study the distribution of cholinergic neurons containing choline acetyltransferase of the common type (cChAT), the synthetic enzyme of acetylcholine, in the central nervous system of the slug Limax maximus and Limax valentianus. Because the antiserum applied here was raised against a recombinant protein encoded by exons 7 and 8 of ...

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG-repeat expansion in the huntingtin (IT15) gene. The striatum is one of the regions most affected by neurodegeneration, resulting in the loss of the medium-sized spiny neurons. Traditionally, the large cholinergic striatal interneurons are believed to be spared. Recent studies demonstrate that neuronal dysfunction without ...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the depositions of amyloid-? (A?) proteins, resulting in a reduction of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity of AD brain in the early stages of the disease. Several growth factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and glial ...

The ability to quit smoking is heritable, yet few genetic studies have investigated prospective smoking cessation. We conducted a systems-based genetic association analysis in a sample of 472 treatment-seeking smokers of European ancestry after 8 weeks of transdermal nicotine therapy for smoking cessation. The genotyping panel included 169 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 7 nicotinic ...

Autonomic regulation of the urogenital organs is impaired by injuries sustained during pelvic surgery or compression of lumbosacral spinal nerves (e.g., cauda equina syndrome). To understand the impact of injury on both sympathetic and parasympathetic components of this nerve supply, we performed an experimental surgical and immunohistochemical study on adult male rats, where the structure of this ...

Autonomic regulation of the urogenital organs is impaired by injuries sustained during pelvic surgery or compression of lumbosacral spinal nerves (e.g., cauda equina syndrome). To understand the impact of injury on both sympathetic and parasympathetic components of this nerve supply, we performed an experimental surgical and immunohistochemical study on adult male rats, where the structure of this ...

The effects of cadmium on the central nervous system are still relatively poorly understood and its role in neurodegenerative diseases has been debated. In our research, cultured explants from 25 human foetal spinal cords (10-11 weeks gestational age) were incubated with 10 and 100�?M cadmium chloride (CdCl(2)) for 24�h. After treatment, an immunohistochemical study [for Sglial fibrillary ...

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... Group chat-has been active in testing techniques will met on 7 August 19fil to discuss curirent and future activities in-high temperAture testing and ...

1. The binding of non-occluded choline acetyltransferase to synaptosome membranes is a reversible process that is primarily dependent on the pH and ionic strength of the suspending medium. 2. The distribution of soluble enzyme bound to synaptosome membranes was studied by density-gradient centrifuging. 3. Choline acetyltransferase shows enzyme ...

Acetyl-CoA:N-hydroxyarylamine O-acetyltransferase is an enzyme involved in the metabolic activation of N-hydroxyarylamines derived from mutagenic and carcinogenic aromatic amines and nitroarenes. The O-acetyltransferase gene of Salmonella typhimurium has been cloned, and new Ames tester substrains highly sensitive to mutagenic aromatic ...

The medial septum and diagonal band complex (MS/DB) is important for learning and memory and is known to contain cholinergic and GABAergic neurones. Glutamatergic neurones have also been recently described in this area but their function remains unknown. Here we show that local glutamatergic neurones can be activated using 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and the ...

... and data suggest that CtBP functions as a repressor in part by inactivating the histone acetyltransferase activity of the transcription co-activator, CBP ...

This study investigates whether combining chat discussion and construction of an argument diagram stimulates students to formulate new ideas in practising argumentation. In this study, 16 secondary school students discussed vivisection and gender equality in pairs using both free and structured chat tools. In structured chat, the ...

Motoneurones located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord conciliate cholinergic innervation of skeletal muscles. These neurones appear to be exceedingly affected in neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The dysfunction of motoneurones is typically accompanied by alterations of cholinergic metabolism and signalling, as demonstrated by a decrease in choline ...

A parasite-derived neurotrophic factor (PDNF) produced by the Chagas� disease parasite Trypanosoma cruzi binds nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor TrkA, increasing receptor autophosphorylation, activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/Erk) pathways, and transcription factor CREB. The end-result is enhanced ...

Please describe the most important learning that your students gained from the video .... of Programs and Activities Science Math Language Social Tech. ...

Host a science workshop for local teachers or gifted & talented students. Participate in a web chat...or start one of your own ...

... able to sponsor field trips, meetings, research symposia, Internet chats, and other activities of interest on their college campuses. If you would like to form a ... ...

Oct 26, 2010 ... Also used by Windows Active Directory-aware applications such as Exchange, SharePoint, and JPL Chat. More >> ...