... The achievement of this reduction in external fuel reqmrements ... demand and brilliant distribution of energy to the forward operating bases. ...

The FERC study concludes that U.S. peak demand can be reduced by as much as 188 GW -- roughly 20 percent -- under the most aggressive scenario. More moderate -- and realistic -- scenarios produce smaller but still significant reductions in peak demand. The FERC report is quick to point out that these are estimates of the potential, not ...

Electric power demand reduction by commercial and industrial customers will benefit these customers, the national energy conservation goals, and the electric utilities that must supply the power demand. Ideal-rate control, predictive control, and instantaneous-rate control methods used by the customer are discussed. The use of ...

... Title : Parts on Demand: Evaluation of Approaches to Achieve Flexible Manufacturing Systems for Navy Partson Demand. Volume 1. ...

... Title : Parts on Demand: Evaluation of Approaches to Achieve Flexible Manufacturing Systems for Navy Parts on Demand. Volume 2. Appendices. ...

Lighting systems are the second major contributor to the peak power demand and energy consumption in buildings after A/C systems. They account for nearly 20% of the peak power demand and 15% of the annual energy consumption. Thus energy efficient lighting systems and their smart operation can be very effective in reducing the national peak power and energy ...

Pollution is a direct reflection of the behavioral patterns of the consuming public. In order to achieve long lasting positive reductions of pollutants, basic attitudinal changes must be effected toward what goods and services are demanded, in what quanti...

This Departmental Energy Management Program (DEMP) funded Model Program Study developed out of a potential DOE-ID Performance Based Incentive for the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), lasting from October 2001 through May 2002, which stressed reductions in electrical usage. An analysis of demand usage obtained from monthly ...

All US electric utilities are required to report to the Energy Information Administration (EIA) data on their demand-side management (DSM) programs. These data provide a comprehensive view of utility DSM-program costs and effects (energy savings and load reductions) for 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1992 as well as projections for 1993 and 1997. For 1992, US ...

Standard Water Demands Reduced Water Demands Demand Reduction ... Average Domestic Water Demand for Determining Required Emergency Storage ...

Concern over the global energy system, whether driven by climate change, national security, or fears of shortage, is being discussed widely and in every arena but with a bias toward energy supply options. While demand reduction is often mentioned in passing, it is rarely a priority for implementation, whether through policy or through the search for ...

This article discusses the link between water conservation, reclamation, reuse and energy use as related to the goal of achieving the net zero carbon emission footprint in future sustainable cities. It defines sustainable ecocities and outlines quantitatively steps towards the reduction of energy use due to water and used water flows, management and limits ...

This paper describes strategies that can be used in commercial buildings to temporarily reduce electric load in response to electric grid emergencies in which supplies are limited or in response to high prices that would be incurred if these strategies were not employed. The demand response strategies discussed herein are based on the results of three years of automated ...

The cost of electricity when air conditioning is a prominent demand load for the utility is rapidly increasing. This increased cost has attracted building owners and engineers to demand reduction strategies. Engine chillers and thermal storage are demand reduction products for commercial ...

Demand response has been recognized as an essential element of the smart grid. Frequency response, regulation and contingency reserve functions performed traditionally by generation resources are now starting to involve demand side resources. Additional benefits from demand response include peak reduction and load ...

A novel fibrous catalyst was used to destroy the pollutants in Kodak Non-Silver-Bearing (NSB) photographic processing effluents with high chemical oxygen demand (COD) value. The oxidation activity of the catalyst was evaluated in terms of COD reduction of the effluent. The effects of concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and effluent, amount of catalyst, ...

Spectrally selective glazings can substantially reduce energy consumption and peak demand in residences by significantly reducing solar gains with minimal loss of illumination and view. In cooling-dominated climates, solar gains contribute 24--31% to electricity consumption and 40--43% to peak demand in homes with single pane clear glazing - standard ...

Grande Rapids is a medium-size city in northern Minnesota, served by its own municipal utility. The rate structure of its wholesale energy supplier causes wholesale demand charges to be quite high and energy charges to be quite low. A load-management feasibility study showed that major reductions in demand charges could be ...

... Using microeconomic analysis, several alternative policies to reduce excess NTS demand are discussed in this thesis. ...

The principle of pre-cooling and demand limiting is to pre-cool buildings at night or in the morning during off-peak hours, storing cooling in the building thermal mass and thereby reducing cooling loads and reducing or shedding related electrical demand during the peak periods. Cost savings are achieved by reducing on-peak energy and ...

In this report, we study the potential for competitive forces to enhance the efficiency of integrated resource planning and produce consumer cost reductions. We examine the efficiency gains from competition in the private power market, and ask whether similar forces can be successful on the demand-side of the market. The goal of this analysis is to ...

The radiation dose to the bladder wall following the administration of radionuclides to patients can be reduced by a factor between 25 percent and 75 percent when the effective half-life for the radioactivity entering the urine is two hours or less. A significant but smaller reduction in dose to the gonads may also be achieved in situations where the major ...

with passenger demand of at least 600 seats per day are considered Minimum Aircraft Capacity: Only routes where). The reduction in greenhouse gas emissions per passenger kilometer achieved by LASR aircraft is approximately 5 the average aircraft size is at least 100 seats are con- sidered. The LASR approach is two�fold: first

Energy-saving insulation glazing and individual panes by ''k'' value reduction, with high-reflection coatings in the long-wave IR region and high light transmission. The application of an ITO coating with nearly the properties demanded has been achieved i...

Wastewater treatment is an energy intensive process which, together with water treatment, comprises about three percent of U.S. annual energy use. Yet, since wastewater treatment facilities are often peripheral to major electricity-using industries, they are frequently an overlooked area for automated demand response opportunities. Demand response is a set ...

... Title : LEO on the Cheap. Methods for Achieving Drastic Reductions in Space Launch Costs. Descriptive Note : Research rept.,. ...

There is little doubt that one of the major issues facing the nuclear industry today is the reduction of occupational radiation exposure. Increasingly, regulatory and advisory bodies are demanding that utilities take an aggressive approach in the development and implementation of exposure reduction programs. At the Connecticut Yankee ...

This report lays out the strategy envisioned by the stakeholders in the U.S. Virgin Islands, U.S. Department of Energy, and U.S. Department of Interior to achieve the ambitious goal of achieving a 60% reduction in business-as-usual fossil fuel demand by 2025 (60x25) within the electricity sector. This work and ...

The resources for electrical energy are depleting and hence the gap between the supply and the demand is continuously increasing. Under such circumstances, the option left is optimal utilization of available energy resources. The main objective of this chapter is to discuss about the Peak load management and overcome the problems associated with it in processing industries ...

The effect of mild NaOH treatments on sugarcane cellulosic wastes (bagasse, pith, and straw) to increase their biological degradability has been studied. At a level of 8% NaOH (on a dry matter basis) 60% digestibility measured by the in vitro technique was achieved for all materials tested. Indirect methods to predict the digestibility of treated materials such as the ...

Demand for water for environmental uses, such as to provide critical habitat for endangered species, has increased competition for agricultural water supplies. In the western United States, a significant portion of these water demands is to increase in-stream flows. Given that Endangered Species Act (ESA) requirements supersede prior appropriation rights, ...

This paper presents the achievements of implementing smart operations strategies for air-conditioning (A/C) and lighting systems in Justice Palace Complex (JPC), Kuwait during the summer 2007. The peak load of this building was 3700 kW. The achievements are summarized as direct savings between 13:00 and 22:00 h by closing supply and return air fans of 52 ...

... This demand may not be lessened by force reductions ... This research was undertaken in response to a ... and described and it leaves an "audit trail" by ...

... provides a quantitative foundation to the ... Descriptors : *FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, *REDUCTION, *INVENTORY, SIMULATION, COMPUTATIONS ...

The objective of this paper is to conduct an integrated analysis of the energy, greenhouse gas, and air quality impacts of a new type of boiler briquette coal (BB-coal) in contrast to those of the raw coal from which the BB-coal was formulated (R-coal). The analysis is based on the source emissions data and other relevant data collected in the present study and employs approaches including the ...

In hot summers, the demand for electrical power is dominated by the requirements of the air-conditioning and lighting systems. Such systems account for more than 80% of the peak electrical demand in Kuwait. A study was conducted to explore the potential for managing the peak electrical demand through improved operation strategies for ...

The formation of drops having radii that are smaller than the radii of the nozzle from which they are ejected is an active area of research in drop-on-demand (DOD) ink jet printing. In the last decade, Chen and Basaran (Phys Fluids, 2002; US patent, 2003) showed experimentally and computationally that several fold reduction in drop radius R (an order of ...

The potential for the use of load management in the nonmanufacturing component of the C and I (commercial and industrial) class of TVA electric consumers is assessed. Included in this assessment are (1) an examination of commercially available load management technologies and those with potential for future use, (2) the identification of currently viable load management techniques and those in ...

The SPHERE project is a ESO second generation instrument which aims to detect giant extra-solar planets in the vicinity of bright stars and to characterise the objects found through spectroscopic and polarimetric observations.Technical tolerances are the tightest ever for an instrument installed at the VLT, and SPHERE demands a rather unique DRH software package to accompany ...

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model that integrates physical and biological processes for anaerobic lagoons is presented. In the model development, turbulence is represented using a transition k-? model, heat conduction and solar radiation are included in the thermal model, biological oxygen demand (BOD) reduction is characterized by first-order ...

Integrated envelope and lighting systems achieve significant energy, peak demand, and cost savings over typical component-by-component design practice by leveraging the interactive energy balance between electric lighting energy use and cooling due to lighting and solar radiation. We discuss how these savings can be achieved using ...

The use of daylighting to supplant electric light in office buildings offers substantial energy savings and peak electrical demand reductions. The benefits from electric lighting reductions can, however, be easily offset by increased cooling loads if solar gains are not controlled. The use of advanced glazing materials having optical ...

Carbon emissions from industry are dominated by production of goods in steel, cement plastic, paper, and aluminum. Demand for these materials is anticipated to double at least by 2050, by which time global carbon emissions must be reduced by at least 50%. To evaluate the challenge of meeting this target the global flows of these materials and their associated emissions are ...

This series of reports provides metropolitan planning organizations with analytical tools that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of alternative transportation policies in achieving reductions in overall fuel consumption. To ensure a high measure of accuracy, the analysis goes beyond the first order effects, i.e., the shift from single occupant ...

The results are presented of an analysis of the impact of stringent energy conserving building standards on electric utility service areas and their customers. The reference standard generated for this analysis deals essentially with improvements in insulation, reduction of infiltration losses and control of solar heat gain. The demands on the seven ...

By the year 2010, imported sources of petroleum are projected to account for 52% of domestic consumption and, at 9.16 million barrels per day (MMBD), represent the largest demand for imports since the 1977 high of 8.81 million barrels per day. Today, most of the United States imports of crude and petroleum products originate from non-OPEC countries, particularly Canada and ...

This paper examines the use of demand management projects in medium and long term plans for the supply of water in an urban environment. Some of the issues involved include, among others, the benefits and costs of water conservation, the water savings achieved with different demand management projects, the risks associated with the use ...

The author has identified several pyrometallurgical processes for the conceptual ATW waste treatment cycle. These processes include reductive extraction, electrowinning and electrorefining, which constitute some versatile treatment cycles for liquid-metal based and molten-salt based waste forms when they are properly integrated. This paper examines the implementation of these ...

Objective is development of ultra-high efficient, environmentally superior, and cost-competitive gas turbine systems. Operating profiles of these industrial gas turbines are long, less cyclic, with fewer transients than in aircraft gas turbine engines. Durability and performance demands of ATS can be achieved reduction of metal ...

This EDUCAUSE constituent group discusses the opportunities to reduce green house gas emissions through our IT infrastructure. The IT infrastructure includes data centers and server rooms, networks and switches, as well as desktop computers and office equipment. Additionally, we will look at green house gas reduction opportunities that IT can enable and promote—such ...

The Tritium Research Laboratory (TRL), a facility for performing experiments using gram amounts of tritium, became operational on October 1, 1977. As secondary containment, the TRL employs sealed glove boxes connected on demand to two central decontamination systems, the Gas Purification System and the Vacuum Effluent Recovery System. Performance tests on these systems show ...

The national strategy against pandemic influenza essentially consists of 3 prongs: (i) effective surveillance, (ii) mitigation of the pandemic's impact, and (iii) render the population immune through vaccination. When the pandemic hits Singapore, the response plan aims to achieve the following 3 outcomes: (i) maintenance of essential services to limit social and economic ...

A factor of two reduction in total shipping distance and cost is possible on a national scale if regional disposal sites are employed. Likewise, population risks and the demand for transportation services and equipment would be proportionally reduced because of shorter shipment distances and trip durations. The fate of regionalization of low level waste ...

High-performance computing facilities in the United States consume an enormous amount of electricity, cutting into research budgets and challenging public- and private-sector efforts to reduce energy consumption and meet environmental goals. However, these facilities can greatly reduce their energy demand through energy-efficient design of the facility itself. Using a case ...

A model-based predictive control (MPC) is designed for optimal thermal energy storage in building cooling systems. We focus on buildings equipped with a water tank used for actively storing cold water produced by a series of chillers. Typically the chillers are operated at night to recharge the storage tank in order to meet the building demands on the following day. In this ...

Researchers in both the US and the USSR expect further reduction in their economy's energy use per output. An important factor underlying this trend is the shift in the structure of economic production away from energy-intensive sectors. This paper focuses on studies conducted in both countries to measure the relative importance of shifts within the economy on energy ...

The introduction of {sup 14}C Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) in the field of biomedical research requires the availability of instrumentation that is small, easy to operate and that is capable of handling CO{sub 2} samples. Reduction in size can be achieved at the expense of precision and background which are substantially less ...

Fundamentally, advanced process control enables accelerated design-rule reduction, but simple microeconomic models that directly link the effects of advanced process control to profitability are rare or non-existent. In this work, we derive these links using a simplified model for the rate of profit generated by the semiconductor manufacturing process. We use it to explain why ...

Huge differences are emerging in U.S. and European demand for chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) alternatives. European refrigeration system makers have made virtually no progress in replacing ozone-depleting CFCs with alternatives, according to ICI Klea (Runcorn, U.K.) - the newly named CFC-alternatives business of ICI (London). Meanwhile, U.S. tax incentives are spurring ...

The core problem with the US health care system is -- it already costs to much and the rate of its cost growth is cause for further alarm. To deal with these, regulators must introduce incentives for health care providers to reduce costs and introduce incentives that make consumers of health care services concerned about the costs of the services they demand. ...

... reduction can be readily illustrated by comparing the water demands and resources in individual river basins, as can ... such cases, there is a critical relationship between water demand and the available...

The opportunities for demand reduction and cost savings with building demand responsive controls vary tremendously with building type and location. This assessment tool will predict the energy and demand savings, the economic savings, and the thermal comfort impact for various demand responsive ...

This brochure, part of the SEP Stellar Projects series, covers a federal load reduction test in California in May 2001. The purpose of the test was to quantify the amount of short-term reduction in power requirements could be achieved in the event of an emergency. With California electricity providers stretched to their limits last ...

By definition, effective and efficient competitive markets need a supply side and a demand side. One criticism of electric restructuring efforts in many states is that most of the attention has been focused on the supply side, in a market focused on the short term. In general, the demand side of the market has been under-addressed. The objective of the New ...

During the summer 2007 smart operation strategies for air-conditioning (A/C) and lighting systems were developed and tested in a number of governmental buildings in Kuwait as one of the solutions to reduce the national peak demand for electrical power that commonly occur around 15:00 h. The working hours for these building are generally between 07:00 and 14:00 h and their peak ...

The technical feasibility and cost effectiveness of using advanced compressor control techniques to provide improved energy and use efficiencies and peak demand reductions in large commercial and industrial compressor systems were investigated. The control techniques addressed included the timely modulation of compressor suction, interstage and discharge ...

This guidebook was developed to assist Air Force base civil-engineering staffs in evaluating alternative methods for reducing electric-utility costs at the base. The guidebook uses a series of worksheets that are designed to evaluate the electricity-consumption patterns at the base, determine the potential cost savings due to peak shaving, and evaluate alternative methods for ...

An 0.8 percent fuel savings was achieved by a reduction in engine bleed air through the use of cabin

... discomfort or to achieve a breast size in proportion with your body. Breast reduction surgery may also help improve your ...

To achieve a sizable and self-sustaining market for grid-connected, customer-sited photovoltaic (PV) systems, solar will likely need to be competitive with retail electricity rates. In this report, we examine the impact of retail rate design on the economic value of commercial PV systems in California. Using 15-minute interval building load and PV production data from 24 ...

Farrowing survival is usually analysed as a trait of the sow, but this precludes estimation of any direct genetic effects associated with individual piglets. In order to estimate these effects, which are particularly important for sire lines, it is necessary to fit an animal model. However this can be computationally very demanding. We show how direct and maternal genetic ...

Individual fracture patterns demand specific and adequate fixation. Locked volar plating has become popular in the operative fixation of distal radius fractures. However, in cases in which there is a radial styloid fragment or in cases of severe comminution, the amount of fixation from volar plating alone can be inadequate and may lead to loss of ...

This paper reports that a pilot-scale continuous-flow no-mix reactor of 25 L capacity was designed to act as a liquid-solid separator in order to maximize the generation and retention of biomass. The system was used to study the effects of operating temperature, solid content, and hydraulic retention time on the biogas yield and pollution potential reduction of dairy manure. ...

Technological and design changes to automobiles are assessed for their contribution to reduce (future) fossil fuel demands within the OECD area. Factors considered include, weight reduction, body shell design, new materials, modifications to the Otto cycle engine, other engine types, improved power train systems and drag reductions. No ...

The paper reviews the state of solar technology and evaluates the prospects for early application and impact of solar industrial process heat. The distribution of the industrial process heat (IPH) demand by market required temperatures, and operating temperature ranges of solar collectors, including heliostat-power tower, point focus, and flat plate, are discussed. The twenty ...

The overall project objective is the development and validation of an innovative combustion system, based on a novel coal preheating concept prior to combustion, that can reduce NO{sub x} emissions to 0.15 lb/million Btu or less on utility pulverized coal (PC) boilers. This NO{sub x} reduction should be achieved without loss of boiler efficiency or ...

The overall project objective is the development and validation of an innovative combustion system, based on a novel coal preheating concept prior to combustion, that can reduce NOx emissions to 0.15 lb/million Btu or less on utility pulverized coal (PC) boilers. This NOx reduction should be achieved without loss of boiler efficiency or operating ...

The effects of thermostat setback on energy consumption by residential heat pumps were studied using a computer simulation based on laboratory and field data. A fixed reduction in room thermostat setpoints was shown to be a very effective and essentially foolproof means for reducing energy consumption with a residential heat pump system. For the severe northern climate ...

It is pointed out that energy use in buildings is a major part of the total energy demand budget. Furthermore, buildings are a long term capital investment, much longer than the period for which energy supplies are assured at the low prices of today. Details regarding the energy dissipation in buildings operations at the present time are considered, taking into account the ...

Current irrigation practices in the Region are oriented toward maximizing crop yield, often resulting in wasted water and energy. Conservation of both water and energy can be achieved by scheduling the times and quantities of water applications to meet actual crop demands. Additional energy savings can be derived by scheduling irrigation based on optimum ...

With the ubiquity of the internet and advances in technology, especially digital consumer electronics, demand for online multimedia services is ever increasing. While it's possible to achieve a great reduction in bandwidth utilization of multimedia data such as image and video through compression, security still remains a great ...

... Accession Number : ADA315368. Title : NASA Personnel: Challenges to Achieving Workforce Reductions. Corporate Author ...

Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) conducted this study for the Office of Advanced Utility Concepts of the US Department of Energy (DOE). The objective of this study was to develop a series of graphs that depict the long-term benefits of continuing DOE`s thermal energy storage (TES) research program in four sectors: building heating, building cooling, utility power production, and transportation. ...

Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) conducted this study for the Office of Advanced Utility Concepts of the US Department of Energy (DOE). The objective of this study was to develop a series of graphs that depict the long-term benefits of continuing DOE's thermal energy storage (TES) research program in four sectors: building heating, building cooling, utility power production, and transportation. ...

This study evaluated pilot-scale photocatalysis and enhanced coagulation for their ability to remove or destroy disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors, trihalomethane (THM) formation potential (FP), and THMs in two Arizona surface waters. Limited photocatalysis (<5 kWh/m(3)) achieved reductions in most of the DBP precursor parameters (e.g., DOC, ...

In improving demand chain performance, is it better for parties in the chain to first focus on lead time reduction, or first focus on improved information flow? Whereas supply and demand chain management theory suggests that lead time reduction is a necessary antecedent to successful information flow improvement, ...

In many regions in the US, load management and peak demand issues are of greater importance to utility planners than are reductions in energy consumption. Proper daylight utilization in commercial buildings can substantially reduce peak demand and increas...

The objectives of the project are to research, identify, evaluate, and define energy saving projects that meet the Army's criteria and lead to energy savings at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Aberdeen campus, with respect to electrical demand reduction. De...

An analysis is presented of the impact on world oil prices of an exogenous reduction in demand of one million barrels per day (MMBD) which was completed at the request of the Office of Policy and Evaluation (P and E), Department of Energy. A series of thr...

The basin water resources management (BWRM) is a coordinated project focused on the relationship between water supply and demand, which involves a united regulation and coordinated management process to maximize the benefits of available water resources, to improve the relationship between humans and water, and to develop economic systems and ecosystems. However, a water ...

... Title : Taxes and Inflation. ... Accordingly, increases in taxes lead to reductions in aggregate demand and, hence, their impact tends to be deflationary. ...

... frequency of occurrence of earthquakes of different ... a structure subjected to earthquake ground motion ... a reduction in earth- quake demand occurs ...

... frequency of occurrence of earthquakes of different ... a structure subjected to earthquake ground motion ... a reduction in earth- quake demand occurs ...

... of Possible Supply Deficits; Evaluation of Demand and Loss Reduction Measures; Evaluation of Emergency Water Supplies; Determination of ...

Residential energy demand, energy conservation, and energy concepts are included . Photovoltaic arrays and REDOX (reduction oxidation) sizes are discussed. ...

The standard is that: Employees indicate that the organisation engages them frequently when undergoing The standard is that: Employees indicate that they are able to cope with the demands of their jobs; and systems: The organisation provides employees with adequate and achievable demands in relation to the agreed hours of work

A scheme is proposed for the coordination by prices of water supplies and demands in a region. The objective is to maximize the total regional net benefit from water use and it is achieved when the marginal benefit at each demand point is equal to the mar...

Improved electric power load management seeks to achieve a power demand pattern which will result in the most economic utilization of the generating and transmission facilities used in meeting that demand. As power demand for industrial processes and spac...

An engine fan noise reduction of 3 decibels was achieved with an innovative, low -noise stator design. This design has the potential to effectively eliminate ...

The process is for the reduction of titanium oxides to give a product low in oxygen and alloyed magnesium, suitable for use in an electrorefining process. This is achieved by reduction of titanium oxides with magnesium metal in the presence of a flux and ...

More than 2 billion people rely on solid fuels and traditional stoves or open fires for cooking, lighting, and/or heating. Exposure to emissions caused by burning these fuels is believed to be responsible for a significant share of the global burden of disease. To achieve widespread health improvements, interventions that reduce exposures to indoor air pollution will need to ...

Batch and continuous pilot-scale aerobic fermenters of 4.8 L operating volume were designed and constructed from plexiglass materials. The fermenters were used to study the kinetics of cheese whey fermentation using the yeast K. fragilis for pollution potential reduction and single cell protein production. Four retention times (6, 12, 18, and 24 h) were used in this study. The ...

The increasing complexity and density of avionics systems has placed special demands upon those responsible for achieving electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) within host weapon platforms. Achievement of EMC means that equipment, subsystems, and the comple...

Smart grid, a mechanism to provide bidirectional communication and control between electricity providers and consumers, is the subject of great public interest as a means to enable a more efficient and renewably powered electricity grid infrastructure. Considerable public and private investment in smart grid is driven, in part, by the belief that it will provide significant environmental benefits, ...

inventory control principles into the analysis to achieve superior inventory ... efficient algorithms, in particular in the context of marketing applications and ...

... and density of avionics systems has placed special demands upon those responsible for achieving electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) within host ...