Insecticide-impregnated bednets are now widely accepted as an important tool in reducing malaria-related deaths in children in Africa. Defining the circumstances in which net treatment programmes are likely to be effective is essential to a rational development of this control strategy. In The Gambia a National Impregnated Bednet Programme was introduced ...

BackgroundCost-sharing schemes incorporating modest targeted subsidies have promoted insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) for malaria prevention in the Kilombero Valley, southern Tanzania, since 1996. Here we evaluate resulting changes in bednet coverage and malaria transmission.MethodsBednets were sold through local agents at fixed prices representing a 34% ...

In large experimental trials throughout Africa, insecticide-treated bednets and curtains have reduced child mortality in malaria-endemic communities by 15%-30%. While few questions remain about the efficacy of this intervention, operational issues around how to implement and sustain insecticide-treated materials (ITM) projects need attention. We revisited the site of a ...

Within the context of WHO/CDS/RBM/2000, a survey was conducted in 2001 by the National Malaria Control Program of Benin. Following a well-thought-out choice, the survey took place simultaneously in health areas corresponding to epidemiological regions. Morbidity due to malaria is very high among children under five years admitted in external clinic (44.3% of cases) and (46.5%) ...

The increasing incidence of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in Syria, coupled with the inefficacy of residual insecticide spraying to control the disease, have led to the further evaluation of the preventive efficacy of insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) through large-scale field studies. Two trials were performed in the historical ACL-endemic areas of the Aleppo ...

Background and objectivesInsecticide-treated materials (ITMs) are effective in substantially reducing the burden of malaria and other vector-borne diseases; but how can high coverage rates of ITMs be achieved and maintained? In south Mexico and on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of Colombia 14 community-based cooperatives offering three different kinds of ...

BackgroundHigh levels of insecticide treated bednet (ITN) use reduce malaria burden in countries with intense transmission such as Malawi. Since 2007 Malawi has implemented free health facility-based ITN distribution for pregnant women and children <5 years old (under-5s). We evaluated the progress of this targeted approach toward ...

BackgroundThere is increasing interest in underlying socio-cultural, economic, environmental and health-system influences on the persistence of malaria. Vietnam is a Mekong regional 'success story' after dramatic declines in malaria incidence following introduction of a national control program providing free bed-nets, diagnosis and treatment. Malaria has largely retreated to ...

Based on literature and personal experiences, vector-borne diseases and conflicts are reviewed. Simple rapid diagnostic tests for three important parasitoses are available. Resort is often made to case definitions and to presumptive treatment. Resistance is an emerging problem. Vaccines are still not available for most diseases. Promising preventive methods, including long-lasting impregnated ...

IntroductionImplementing Intermittent Preventive Treatment for malaria in Pregnancy (IPTp) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) through antenatal care (ANC) clinics is recommended for malaria endemic countries. Vast biomedical literature on malaria prevention focuses more on the epidemiological and cost-effectiveness analyses of the randomised controlled trials carried out in selected geographical ...

BackgroundThe World Health Organization recommends insecticidal bednets and intermittent preventive treatment to reduce malaria in pregnancy. Longitudinal data of malaria prevalence and pregnancy outcomes are valuable in gauging the impact of these antimalarial interventions.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe recruited 8,131 women delivering in a single Malawian hospital over 9 ...

BackgroundMalaria control in remote, forested areas of the Mekong region relies on personal protection from mosquito bites. Uptake of these methods may be limited by knowledge of the link between mosquitoes and malaria as well as social and economic aspects. Understanding barriers to uptake will inform malaria control programmes on targets for improvement of delivery.MethodsA total 748 key ...

BackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis relies on mass drug administration (MDA) of two drugs annually for 4 to 6 years. The goal is to reduce the reservoir of microfilariae in the blood to a level insufficient to maintain transmission by the mosquito vector. In 2008, the international medical aid organization M�decins Sans Fronti�res ...

Earlier studies in The Gambia suggested that the use of impregnated bednets might prove to be a useful malaria control strategy. Based on the results of these studies, in 1992 the Government of The Gambia was encouraged to initiate a National Impregnated Bednet Programme (NIBP) as part of the National Malaria Control Programme Strategy. This paper ...

The existence of pockets of under-vaccinated persons has allowed outbreaks of disease in countries that have achieved high levels of vaccination coverage. A field-based methodology�GAPS (Geographic Assessment of Planning and Services)�was developed to predict, in advance of an immunization campaign, the sites of which are most likely to have a pocket ...

Insecticide-treated bednets and curtains (ITBC) have proven in recent large-scale trials to have a high efficacy in reducing morbidity and mortality from malaria in African children. However, it is unlikely that the efficacy measured in trials can be entirely sustained under programme conditions. This has important implications for the cost-effectiveness ...

Insecticide-treated bednets and curtains (ITBC) have proven in recent large-scale trials to have a high efficacy in reducing morbidity and mortality from malaria in African children. However, it is unlikely that the efficacy measured in trials can be entirely sustained under programme conditions. This has important implications for the cost-effectiveness ...

Impregnated bednets can be considered a major tool for reducing Anopheles bites, malaria morbidity and overall mortality. The resistance of Anopheles gambiae to pyrethroids used to impregnate bednets and curtains has already been noted in the urban area of Cotonou in Benin (18, 21). In this study, we wished to find out if the resistance observed in Cotonou ...

In the context of a large project for the socio-economic improvement of the Imbo area, measures were taken for the integration at all levels of malaria control: health centres for improvement of curative care; hygiene and sanitation centres, communes and agricultural projects for vector control; craftsmen, cooperatives and social centres for the manufacture and selling of impregnated ...

Following an outbreak of more than 200 cases of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) during 2004 and 2005 among International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) troops stationed in the Mazar-e Sharif (MeS) airport area, epidemiological investigations indicated the presence of a local high-density ZCL focus. Based on ZCL's specific transmission modes, density and seasonality, ...

The Roll Back Malaria (RBM) partnership has established goals for protecting vulnerable populations with locally appropriate vector control. In many places, these goals will be achieved by the mass distribution of insecticide treated bednets (ITNs). Mathematical models can forecast an ITN-driven realignment of malaria endemicity, defined by the Plasmodium ...

In general, the most effective means of malaria vector control is the killing of adult mosquitoes with a residual insecticide applied to bednets or sprayed on house walls and ceilings. Major reductions in all-cause child mortality have been achieved in Africa by these means. In some circumstances, personal protection and larval control may also make a ...

A nationwide survey was carried out to investigate the use of bednets in rural areas of the Gambia, particularly among children under 5 years old and among pregnant women. A stratified multistage design was used; 360 compounds in 60 villages were visited. Overall, 58% of beds had a net, with very little difference between villages with primary health care (PHC) facilities and ...

Bednets During an Integrated Nationwide Immunization Campaign --- Togo, West Africa, December 2004 During December 13--19, 2004, Togo, a West African nation with a...

curve MMWR spacer spacer spacer Distribution of Insecticide-Treated Bednets During a Polio Immunization Campaign --- Niger, 2005 The West African country of Niger (2005...

The feasibility of using impregnated bednets in a malaria control strategy has been evaluated in a rural area of Cameroon. The benefit is well perceived by the population in terms of protection against nuisance but not in terms of prevention of the disease. The correct use of bednets is, however, unsatisfactory. The material should be adapted to the ...

BackgroundIntegrated disease prevention in low resource settings can increase coverage, equity and efficiency in controlling high burden infectious diseases. A public-private partnership with the Ministry of Health, CDC, Vestergaard Frandsen and CHF International implemented a one-week integrated multi-disease prevention campaign.MethodResidents of Lurambi, Western Kenya were ...

Indoor residual spray (IRS) of insecticides and insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) are the two most important malaria vector control tools in the tropical world. Application of both tools in the same locations is being implemented for malaria control in endemic and epidemic Africa. The two tools are assumed to have synergistic benefits in reducing malaria transmission because ...

Indoor residual spray (IRS) of insecticides and insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) are the two most important malaria vector control tools in the tropical world. Application of both tools in the same locations is being implemented for malaria control in endemic and epidemic Africa. The two tools are assumed to have synergistic benefits in reducing malaria transmission because ...

The purpose of this study was to assess malaria transmission in an area of high coverage with long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) in central C�te d'Ivoire. Two four-day larva collections were carried out in April and July 2008. Adult mosquito samples were collected by conducting human bait catches during a total of 80 man-nights. Vector infection rates were determined ...

Between 1992 and 1995 a series of studies was undertaken to assess the long-term suitability of pyrethroid-impregnated bednets (PIBs) for malaria control in Afghan refugee communities in two villages in North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. During 1992, 86% of bednet owners volunteered to have their bednets re-impregnated, and a ...

Objectives. To assess long-lasting insecticide - treated bednet (LLITN) ownership, retention and usage one year after their distribution in Loreto, Peru. Materials and methods. From July to September 2007, 26,185 LLITNs Olyset Net � were delivered in 194 targeted communities in the Peruvian Amazon region, covering 45,331 people. Two cross-sectional community-based surveys in ...

Malaria remains a major health problem in Africa. One preventative strategy currently advocated is the use of bednets, preferably treated with insecticide. Many approaches to bednet delivery have been adopted in Kenya, including an employer-based malaria control strategy (EBMC). The cost and sustainability of this approach have not previously been ...

Of all Papua New Guinea provinces, Enga has the largest proportion of people living at altitudes that preclude malaria transmission. However, the first systematic surveys in 1979 showed that malaria was endemic in lower-lying valleys to the north and east of the province. A series of new surveys conducted in both wet and dry seasons showed that these areas remain the main malaria focus in Enga. ...

BackgroundInsecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are an integral component of malaria control programmes in Africa. How much pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors will impact on the efficacy of ITNs is controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate knockdown and killing effects of ITNs on a metabolic-based resistant or tolerant malaria vector strain.MethodsBio-efficacy of 500 ...

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... cheap and safe for humans. Trape's team set out to assess the impact of ... malaria in Africa and is recommended by World Health Organization. In ...

rooms or using bednets Primaquine is a good option for an antimalarial drug (only after G6PD testing) in Paraguay. Atovaquone-proguanil, chloroquine, doxycycline, or mefloquine can...

rooms or using bednets Primaquine is a good option for an antimalarial drug (only after G6PD testing) in North Korea. Atovaquone-proguanil, chloroquine, doxycycline, or mefloquine...

rooms or using bednets Primaquine is a good option for an antimalarial drug (only after G6PD testing) in Nicaragua. Atovaquone-proguanil, chloroquine, doxycycline, or mefloquine...

... VKPR: homozygous Kdr), deltamethrin was combined with the neonicotinoid insecticide dinotefuran and piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Bednets impregnated with ... ...

... times) and physical barriers (i.e., use of protective clothing, appropriate screening of housing, and bed-nets) (Freedman ... ...

... Accession Number : AD0717819. Title : The Possibility of Achieving High Strength with Whiskers,. Corporate Author : FOREIGN ...

Achieving High Reliability and. Survivability for Greenhouse Gases ... Organization. GOSAT is the joint project of JAXA, MOE (Ministry of the ...

Four recently completed large-scale randomized controlled trials have assessed the impact of insecticide-treated bednets and curtains on overall child mortality in Africa. These results have sparked numerous discussions among implementing agency representatives and researchers about the public health significance of the results. For the interpretation of impact, most of the ...

The impact of permethrin-treated bednets on the feeding and house entering/exiting behavior of malaria vectors was assessed in two studies in western Kenya. In one study, matched pairs of houses were allocated randomly to receive bednets or no bednets. Exiting mosquitoes were collected in Colombian curtains hung around half of each ...

Reported are the results of a study of the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) about kala-azar of the inhabitants of two villages (Titaria and Haraincha) situated in terai (plain) areas of Nepal. The villagers had poor knowledge about the transmission of kala-azar, with most villagers perceiving that mosquitos, instead of sandflies, were responsible for transmission of the infection. Most ...

To investigate the impact of urban agriculture on malaria transmission risk in urban Accra larval and adult stage mosquito surveys, were performed. Local transmission was implicated as Anopheles spp. were found breeding and infected Anopheles mosquitoes were found resting in houses in the study sites. The predominant Anopheles species was Anopheles gambiae s.s.. The relative proportion of ...

... Title : THE EFFECT OF HIGH SCHOOL PHYSICS AND COLLEGE LABORATORY INSTRUCTION ON ACHIEVEMENT IN COLLEGE PHYSICS. ...

... Accession Number : ADD102768. Title : HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRON METALLOGRAPHY--ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROSPECTS,. ...

... Title : AN EVALUATION OF VARIOUS MEASURES OF HIGH SCHOOL PERFORMANCE IN PREDICTING COLLEGE ACHIEVEMENT FOR ...

... to significantly improve the throughput achieved in the search for bent ... a high throughput (one function per clock) approach to searching for bent ...

... Title : Participation and Achievement in the USAFI (United States Armed Forces Institute) High School GED (General Educational Development ...

... for Research Development Test and ... RESOLUTION RADAR ACHIEVEMENTS DURING ... DETECTION, FLIGHT TESTING, INSTRUMENTATION ...

... the achievement of large numbers of students by offering ... between classroom conditions and student achievement in a high-poverty district in ...

The Achieving Competence in Computing, Engineering and Space Science project, or ACCESS, provides summer internships to highly qualified students with ...

This study examines the effects of job scope and need for achievement on managerial commitment and performance. It was hypothesized that high scope jobs would be associated with increased organizational commitment irrespective of (need for achievement). M...

Pyrethroid-impregnated bednets and curtains are widely employed to reduce the risk of malaria transmission, but pyrethroid-resistance is becoming more prevalent among malaria vector Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). As an alternative treatment for curtains, we assessed carbosulfan (a carbamate insecticide) in comparison with permethrin as the standard pyrethroid, ...

Responses of the malaria vector Anopheles albimanus to pyrethroid impregnated bednets made of cotton or nylon, compared with untreated nets, were investigated in houses occupied by two people inside and/or outside two bednets, in coastal Chiapas, M�xico. The pyrethroid used was lambdacyhalothrin 30 mg a.i./m2. Bioassay mortality rates of An.albimanus ...

BackgroundMany countries face severe scale-up barriers toward achievement of MDGs. We ascertained motivational and experiential dimensions of participation in a novel, rapid, �diagonal� Integrated Prevention Campaign (IPC) in rural Kenya that provided prevention goods and services to 47,000 people within one week, aimed at rapidly moving the region toward MDG ...

... Page 2. Invited Paper High Contrast SXGA Silicon Light Valves for High Definition Video ... As a result, high contrast can be achieved at low voltage. ...

... Accession Number : AD0870174. Title : Techniques for Achieving High Power Q-Switched Operation in YAG:Nd. Descriptive ...

... Reporting low doses of vaccine with adjuvant of oil/water emulsion achieved high immune ... oil/water emulsion achieved high immune ...

The report discusses the feasibility of achieving high strength in metals and nonmetallic materials by means of reinforcement with whiskers. Also discussed are some problems of the theory of strengthening of composite materials by means of discrete whiske...

... Accession Number : ADD404503. Title : High modulus composites versus beryllium for achieving stiffness in spacecraft structural applications. ...

... Accession Number : ADA309151. Title : Achieving High Performance in Parallel Applications via Kernel-Application Interaction. ...

In a sample of 466 Chinese high school students, we examined the relationships between Chinese high school students' stress in the school and their academic achievements. Regression mixture modelling identified two different classes of the effects of Chinese high school students' stress on their academic ...

Using an Opportunity to Learn (OTL) framework, this study examines the college preparatory experiences of Latina high and non-high achievers at an urban Latina/o majority high school. Findings indicate that students relied almost exclusively on school resources to navigate their college preparation process. ...

... TENT), and a modified Townes style Malaise trap (TSM). In the laboratory, 16 runs comparing MBITA, TSM, and TENT to the CDCBN were conducted for ... MBITA and there was no difference between the TSM and t...

... Among wild An. gambiae and An. funestus that enter huts in search of blood meals, mortalities of 25�75% have ... mosquitoes take a risk every time that they enter a house in search of a blood meal, which ...

... 2004). Study Design. Asembo participated in a community-randomized controlled trial of ITNs from January 1997 through March ... ...

rooms or using bednets Primaquine is a good option for an antimalarial drug (only after G6PD testing) in Tajikistan. Atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline, or mefloquine can also be...

... town, 84% had sufficient data to be included. Adobe walls, agricultural products, junk piles, lack of bednets, ... the intradomiciliary model were presence/absence of (1) adobe, (2) brick, or (3) �other� ...

... farauti following 10 min of exposure to bed net material untreated and treated ... of a commercial product does not constitute an endorsement of the product ... ...

... six pyrethroid insecticides are recommended for bed-net impregnation: α-cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, λ-cyhalothrin, permethrin, and ... implementation of this approach is the need for impregnat...

... 2006) EFFECTIVENESS OF MOSQUITO NETS TREATED WITH A TABLET FORMULATION OF DELTAMETHRIN FOR MALARIA CONTROL IN A HYPERENDEMIC ... scale evaluation of mosquito nets treated with a tablet formulation of delt...

Most malaria risk reduction strategies are firmly embedded in biomedical practices and public health perspectives. National and international programmes to 'control' malaria are particularly characterised by the promotion of public health interventions which converge on the disease vector, the malaria mosquito, notably through the use of indoor household spraying with insecticides, and the ...

BackgroundMalaria in pregnancy in India, as elsewhere, is responsible for maternal anemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes such as low birth weight and preterm birth.It is not known whether prevention and treatment strategies for malaria in pregnancy (case management, insecticide-treated bednets, intermittent preventive therapy) are widely utilized in India.MethodsThis ...

achievement of both high voltage and high power at much higher levels than previously obtained with any PT. Feasibility was demonstrated by a prototype ...

... It was found that the high degree of extensional deformation achieved in spinning and the ability to utilize the supercooling behavior of the TLCPs ...

... that meaningful super resolution is achievable with ... PROCESSING, *HIGH RESOLUTION, *INVERSE PROBLEMS, REPRINTS, FOURIER ...

... that meaningful superresolution is achievable with ... PROCESSING, *HIGH RESOLUTION, *INVERSE PROBLEMS, REPRINTS, FOURIER ...

Highly selective laser tuning achieved without thin plates of questionable optical quality. Improved

... fluorescent staining of microorganisms, with an especially high degree of differentiation achieved with Acridine Yellow and Acridine Orange. ...

... Effects of Solvent And Aldolization Temperature on Stereochemistry Achieving the Stereoselective Synthesis of Either Syn or Anti Aldols. ...