Sample records for air-sea carbon dioxide

  1. Carbon Dioxide Detection and Indoor Air Quality Control.

    PubMed

    Bonino, Steve

    2016-04-01

    When building ventilation is reduced, energy is saved because it is not necessary to heat or cool as much outside air. Reduced ventilation can result in higher levels of carbon dioxide, which may cause building occupants to experience symptoms. Heating or cooling for ventilation air can be enhanced by a DCV system, which can save energy while providing a comfortable environment. Carbon dioxide concentrations within a building are often used to indicate whether adequate fresh air is being supplied to the building. These DCV systems use carbon dioxide sensors in each space or in the return air and adjust the ventilation based on carbon dioxide concentration; the higher the concentration, the more people occupy the space relative to the ventilation rate. With a carbon dioxide sensor DCV system, the fresh air ventilation rate varies based on the number ofpeople in the space, saving energy while maintaining a safe and comfortable environment.

  2. Carbon speciation at the air-sea interface during rain

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    McGillis, Wade; Hsueh, Diana; Takeshita, Yui; Donham, Emily; Markowitz, Michele; Turk, Daniela; Martz, Todd; Price, Nicole; Langdon, Chris; Najjar, Raymond; Herrmann, Maria; Sutton, Adrienne; Loose, Brice; Paine, Julia; Zappa, Christopher

    2015-04-01

    This investigation demonstrates the surface ocean dilution during rain events on the ocean and quantifies the lowering of surface pCO2 affecting the air-sea exchange of carbon dioxide. Surface salinity was measured during rain events in Puerto Rico, the Florida Keys, East Coast USA, Panama, and the Palmyra Atoll. End-member analysis is used to determine the subsequent surface ocean carbonate speciation. Surface ocean carbonate chemistry was measured during rain events to verify any approximations made. The physical processes during rain (cold, fresh water intrusion and buoyancy, surface waves and shear, microscale mixing) are described. The role of rain on surface mixing, biogeochemistry, and air-sea gas exchange will be discussed.

  3. Difficult colonoscopy: air, carbon dioxide, or water insufflation?

    PubMed

    Chaubal, Alisha; Pandey, Vikas; Patel, Ruchir; Poddar, Prateik; Phadke, Aniruddha; Ingle, Meghraj; Sawant, Prabha

    2018-04-01

    This study aimed to compare tolerance to air, carbon dioxide, or water insufflation in patients with anticipated difficult colonoscopy (young, thin, obese individuals, and patients with prior abdominal surgery or irradiation). Patients with body mass index (BMI) less than 18 kg/m 2 or more than 30 kg/m 2 , or who had undergone previous abdominal or pelvic surgeries were randomized to air, carbon dioxide, or water insufflation during colonoscopy. The primary endpoint was cecal intubation with mild pain (less than 5 on visual analogue scale [VAS]), without use of sedation. The primary end point was achieved in 32.7%, 43.8%, and 84.9% of cases with air, carbon dioxide and water insufflation ( P <0.001). The mean pain scores were 5.17, 4.72, and 3.93 on the VAS for air, carbon dioxide, and water insufflation ( P <0.001). The cecal intubation rate or procedure time did not differ significantly between the 3 groups. Water insufflation was superior to air or carbon dioxide for pain tolerance. This was seen in the subgroups with BMI <18 kg/m 2 and the post-surgical group, but not in the group with BMI >30 kg/m 2 .

  4. Difficult colonoscopy: air, carbon dioxide, or water insufflation?

    PubMed Central

    Pandey, Vikas; Patel, Ruchir; Poddar, Prateik; Phadke, Aniruddha; Ingle, Meghraj; Sawant, Prabha

    2018-01-01

    Background/Aims This study aimed to compare tolerance to air, carbon dioxide, or water insufflation in patients with anticipated difficult colonoscopy (young, thin, obese individuals, and patients with prior abdominal surgery or irradiation). Methods Patients with body mass index (BMI) less than 18 kg/m2 or more than 30 kg/m2, or who had undergone previous abdominal or pelvic surgeries were randomized to air, carbon dioxide, or water insufflation during colonoscopy. The primary endpoint was cecal intubation with mild pain (less than 5 on visual analogue scale [VAS]), without use of sedation. Results The primary end point was achieved in 32.7%, 43.8%, and 84.9% of cases with air, carbon dioxide and water insufflation (P<0.001). The mean pain scores were 5.17, 4.72, and 3.93 on the VAS for air, carbon dioxide, and water insufflation (P<0.001). The cecal intubation rate or procedure time did not differ significantly between the 3 groups. Conclusions Water insufflation was superior to air or carbon dioxide for pain tolerance. This was seen in the subgroups with BMI <18 kg/m2 and the post-surgical group, but not in the group with BMI >30 kg/m2. PMID:29743844

  5. Carbon Dioxide Variability in the Gulf of Trieste (GOT) in the Northern Adriatic Sea

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Turk, D.; McGillis, W. R.; Malacic, V.; Degrandpre, M.

    2008-12-01

    Coastal marine regions such as the Gulf of Trieste GOT in the Northern Adriatic Sea serve as the link between carbon cycling on land and the ocean interior and potentially contribute large uncertainties in the estimate of anthropogenic CO2 uptake. This system may be either a sink or a source for atmospheric CO2. Understanding the sources and sinks as a result of biological and physical controls for air-sea carbon dioxide fluxes in coastal waters may substantially alter the current view of the global carbon budget for unique terrestrial and ocean regions such as the GOT. GOT is a semi-enclosed Mediterranean basin situated in the northern part of Adriatic Sea. It is one of the most productive regions in the Mediterranean and is affected by extreme fresh river input, phytoplankton blooms, and large changes of air-sea exchange during Bora high wind events. The unique combination of these environmental processes and relatively small size of the area makes the region an excellent study site for investigations of air-sea interaction, and changes in biology and carbon chemistry. However, there is a dearth of current data or information from the region. Here we present the first measurements of air and water CO2 flux in the GOT. The aqueous CO2 was measured at the Coastal Oceanographic buoy Piran, Slovenia using the SAMI CO2 sensor during spring and late summer and fall 2007. CO2 measurements were combined with hydrological and biological observations to evaluate the processes that control carbon cycling in the region.

  6. Changes in ocean circulation and carbon storage are decoupled from air-sea CO2 fluxes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Marinov, I.; Gnanadesikan, A.

    2011-02-01

    The spatial distribution of the air-sea flux of carbon dioxide is a poor indicator of the underlying ocean circulation and of ocean carbon storage. The weak dependence on circulation arises because mixing-driven changes in solubility-driven and biologically-driven air-sea fluxes largely cancel out. This cancellation occurs because mixing driven increases in the poleward residual mean circulation result in more transport of both remineralized nutrients and heat from low to high latitudes. By contrast, increasing vertical mixing decreases the storage associated with both the biological and solubility pumps, as it decreases remineralized carbon storage in the deep ocean and warms the ocean as a whole.

  7. Changes in ocean circulation and carbon storage are decoupled from air-sea CO2 fluxes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Marinov, I.; Gnanadesikan, A.

    2010-11-01

    The spatial distribution of the air-sea flux of carbon dioxide is a poor indicator of the underlying ocean circulation and of ocean carbon storage. The weak dependence on circulation arises because mixing-driven changes in solubility-driven and biologically-driven air-sea fluxes largely cancel out. This cancellation occurs because mixing driven increases in the poleward residual mean circulation results in more transport of both remineralized nutrients and heat from low to high latitudes. By contrast, increasing vertical mixing decreases the storage associated with both the biological and solubility pumps, as it decreases remineralized carbon storage in the deep ocean and warms the ocean as a whole.

  8. Somewhere beyond the sea? The oceanic - carbon dioxide - reactions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Meisinger, Philipp; Wittlich, Christian

    2014-05-01

    In correlation to climate change and CO2 emission different campaigns highlight the importance of forests and trees to regulate the concentration of carbon dioxide in the earths' atmosphere. Seeing millions of square miles of rainforest cut down every day, this is truly a valid point. Nevertheless, we often tend to forget what scientists like Spokes try to raise awareness for: The oceans - and foremost deep sea sections - resemble the second biggest deposit of carbon dioxide. Here carbon is mainly found in form of carbonate and hydrogen carbonate. The carbonates are needed by corals and other sea organisms to maintain their skeletal structure and thereby to remain vital. To raise awareness for the protection of this fragile ecosystem in schools is part of our approach. Awareness is achieved best through understanding. Therefore, our approach is a hands-on activity that aims at showing students how the carbon dioxide absorption changes in relation to the water temperature - in times of global warming a truly sensitive topic. The students use standard syringes filled with water (25 ml) at different temperatures (i.e. 10°C, 20°C, 40°C). Through a connector students inject carbon dioxide (25ml) into the different samples. After a fixed period of time, students can read of the remaining amount of carbon dioxide in relation to the given water temperature. Just as with every scientific project, students need to closely monitor their experiments and alter their setups (e.g. water temperature or acidity) according to their initial planning. A digital template (Excel-based) supports the analysis of students' experiments. Overview: What: hands-on, minds -on activity using standard syringes to exemplify carbon dioxide absorption in relation to the water temperature (Le Chatelier's principle) For whom: adjustable from German form 11-13 (age: 16-19 years) Time: depending on the prior knowledge 45-60 min. Sources (extract): Spokes, L.: Wie Ozeane CO2 aufnehmen. Environmental

  9. Carbon Dioxide Insufflation Increases Colonoscopic Adenoma Detection Rate Compared With Air Insufflation.

    PubMed

    Mills, Christopher D; McCamley, Chere; Swan, Michael P

    2018-03-07

    To determine the effect of carbon dioxide insufflation on the most important outcome measure of colonoscopic quality: adenoma detection rate (ADR). Bowel cancer is the second most common cause of cancer deaths in males and females in Australia. Carbon dioxide has in recent times become the insufflation methodology of choice for screening colonoscopy for bowel cancer, as this has been shown to have significant advantages when compared with traditional air insufflation. Endoscopies performed over a period of 9 months immediately before and after the implementation of carbon dioxide insufflation at endoscopy centers were eligible for inclusion. The difference in ADR between the carbon dioxide and air insufflation methods was statistically significant, with an increased ADR in the carbon dioxide group. The superiority of carbon dioxide insufflation was sustained with a logistic regression model, which showed ADR was significantly impacted by insufflation method. Carbon dioxide insufflation is known to reduce abdominal pain, postprocedural duration of abdominal pain, abdominal distension, and analgesic requirements. This study represents for the first time the beneficial effect of carbon dioxide insufflation upon the key quality colonoscopy indicator of ADR.

  10. Carbon Dioxide Removal from Air using Seafloor Peridotite

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kelemen, P. B.; Brandt, A. R.; Benson, S. M.

    2016-12-01

    We describe a method for Carbon Dioxide Removal from Air (CDR) using CO2 uptake via mineral carbonation, about half the cost of that proposed by Kelemen & Matter [1,2]. Reaction of CO2-bearing fluids and gases with peridotite rapidly forms inert, non-toxic carbonate minerals. In proposed methods for combined capture and storage of ambient CO2 via reaction of seawater or ground water with peridotite [1-5], return of depleted water to the surface draws down CO2 from air. Because they use available chemical and thermal energy that drive spontaneous natural reactions, they may be the least expensive methods for capture of CO2 from air. We focus on subsurface CO2 uptake during flow of surface water through fractured peridotite. Previously [1-3], we envisioned a design similar to enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), involving two large diameter boreholes, subject to the challenges of achieving rapid, efficient return flow that limit the success of EGS. Recent discussions yielded a less expensive, more robust design: A single well produces ambient, CO2-depleted pore water from seafloor peridotite. Such water has low carbon and high pH [6,7,8]. Where such waters are delivered to the surface, observations reveal rapid CO2 uptake from air [1,3,8-10]. Delivery to the sea surface would also reduce local acidification. Thermal buoyancy and pumps powered by wave and tidal energy would bring warm formation water from wells to the surface through conduits surrounded by colder seawater. Recharge would be via flow in natural or enhanced fracture networks in unconfined submarine aquifers. This method could be tested and scaled-up in coastal, sub-seafloor peridotite with onshore drilling off Oman, New Caledonia and Papua New Guinea, Spain, Morocco, USA, etc. It is possible to achieve much larger scale. Giant volumes of peridotite are exposed on the seafloor along slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges [3]. Robotic drills could install wells that deliver CO2-depleted water through fabric tubes

  11. Carbon dioxide dangers demonstration model

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Venezky, Dina; Wessells, Stephen

    2010-01-01

    Carbon dioxide is a dangerous volcanic gas. When carbon dioxide seeps from the ground, it normally mixes with the air and dissipates rapidly. However, because carbon dioxide gas is heavier than air, it can collect in snowbanks, depressions, and poorly ventilated enclosures posing a potential danger to people and other living things. In this experiment we show how carbon dioxide gas displaces oxygen as it collects in low-lying areas. When carbon dioxide, created by mixing vinegar and baking soda, is added to a bowl with candles of different heights, the flames are extinguished as if by magic.

  12. Ground air: A first approximation of the Earth's second largest reservoir of carbon dioxide gas.

    PubMed

    Baldini, James U L; Bertram, Rachel A; Ridley, Harriet E

    2018-03-01

    It is becoming increasingly clear that a substantial reservoir of carbon exists in the unsaturated zone of aquifers, though the total size of this reservoir on a global scale remains unquantified. Here we provide the first broad estimate of the amount of carbon dioxide gas found in this terrestrial reservoir. We calculate that between 2 and 53 PgC exists as gaseous CO 2 in aquifers worldwide, generated by the slow microbial oxidation of organic particles transported into aquifers by percolating groundwater. Importantly, this carbon reservoir is in the form of CO 2 gas, and is therefore transferable to the Earth's atmosphere without any phase change. On a coarse scale, water table depths are partially controlled by local sea level; sea level lowering therefore allows slow carbon sequestration into the reservoir and sea level increases force rapid CO 2 outgassing from this reservoir. High-resolution cave air pCO 2 data demonstrate that sea level variability does affect CO 2 outgassing rates from the unsaturated zone, and that the CO 2 outgassing due to sea level rise currently occurs on daily (tidal) timescales. We suggest that global mean water table depth must modulate the global unsaturated zone volume and the size of this carbon reservoir, potentially affecting atmospheric CO 2 on geological timescales. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  13. Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Infused Compressed Air Foam for Depopulation of Caged Laying Hens

    PubMed Central

    Gurung, Shailesh; White, Dima; Archer, Gregory; Styles, Darrel; Zhao, Dan; Farnell, Yuhua; Byrd, James; Farnell, Morgan

    2018-01-01

    Simple Summary Compressed air, detergent, and water make up compressed air foam. Our laboratory has previously reported that compressed air foam may be an effective method for mass depopulation of caged layer hens. Gases, such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen, have also been used for poultry euthanasia and depopulation. The objective of this study was to produce compressed air foam infused with carbon dioxide or nitrogen to compare its efficacy against foam with air and gas inhalation methods (carbon dioxide or nitrogen) for depopulation of caged laying hens. The study showed that a carbon dioxide-air mixture or 100% nitrogen can replace air to make compressed air foam. However, the foam with carbon dioxide had poor foam quality compared to the foam with air or nitrogen. The physiological stress response of hens subjected to foam treatments with and without gas infusion did not differ significantly. Hens exposed to foam with nitrogen died earlier as compared to methods such as foam with air and carbon dioxide. The authors conclude that infusion of nitrogen into compressed air foam results in better foam quality and shortened time to death as compared to the addition of carbon dioxide. Abstract Depopulation of infected poultry flocks is a key strategy to control and contain reportable diseases. Water-based foam, carbon dioxide inhalation, and ventilation shutdown are depopulation methods available to the poultry industry. Unfortunately, these methods have limited usage in caged layer hen operations. Personnel safety and welfare of birds are equally important factors to consider during emergency depopulation procedures. We have previously reported that compressed air foam (CAF) is an alternative method for depopulation of caged layer hens. We hypothesized that infusion of gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2), into the CAF would reduce physiological stress and shorten time to cessation of movement. The study had six treatments, namely a negative control

  14. Indoor Air Quality in Schools (IAQ): The Importance of Monitoring Carbon Dioxide Levels.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sundersingh, David; Bearg, David W.

    This article highlights indoor air quality and exposure to pollutants at school. Typical air pollutants within schools include environmental tobacco smoke, formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, allergens, pathogens, radon, pesticides, lead, and dust. Inadequate ventilation, inefficient…

  15. Public Perceptions of How Long Air Pollution and Carbon Dioxide Remain in the Atmosphere.

    PubMed

    Dryden, Rachel; Morgan, M Granger; Bostrom, Ann; Bruine de Bruin, Wändi

    2018-03-01

    The atmospheric residence time of carbon dioxide is hundreds of years, many orders of magnitude longer than that of common air pollution, which is typically hours to a few days. However, randomly selected respondents in a mail survey in Allegheny County, PA (N = 119) and in a national survey conducted with MTurk (N = 1,013) judged the two to be identical (in decades), considerably overestimating the residence time of air pollution and drastically underestimating that of carbon dioxide. Moreover, while many respondents believed that action is needed today to avoid climate change (regardless of cause), roughly a quarter held the view that if climate change is real and serious, we will be able to stop it in the future when it happens, just as we did with common air pollution. In addition to assessing respondents' understanding of how long carbon dioxide and common air pollution stay in the atmosphere, we also explored the extent to which people correctly identified causes of climate change and how their beliefs affect support for action. With climate change at the forefront of politics and mainstream media, informing discussions of policy is increasingly important. Confusion about the causes and consequences of climate change, and especially about carbon dioxide's long atmospheric residence time, could have profound implications for sustained support of policies to achieve reductions in carbon dioxide emissions and other greenhouse gases. © 2017 Society for Risk Analysis.

  16. Ocean Fertilization for Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide from the Atmosphere

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Boyd, Philip W.

    The ocean is a major sink for both preindustrial and anthropogenic carbon dioxide. Both physically and biogeochemically driven pumps, termed the solubility and biological pump, respectively Fig.5.1) are responsible for the majority of carbon sequestration in the ocean's interior [1]. The solubility pump relies on ocean circulation - specifically the impact of cooling of the upper ocean at high latitudes both enhances the solubility of carbon dioxide and the density of the waters which sink to great depth (the so-called deepwater formation) and thereby sequester carbon in the form of dissolved inorganic carbon (Fig.5.1). The biological pump is driven by the availability of preformed plant macronutrients such as nitrate or phosphate which are taken up by phytoplankton during photosynthetic carbon fixation. A small but significant proportion of this fixed carbon sinks into the ocean's interior in the form of settling particles, and in order to maintain equilibrium carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is transferred across the air-sea interface into the ocean (the so-called carbon drawdown) thereby decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (Fig.5.1).Fig.5.1

  17. β-Sitosterol: Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction from Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) Seeds

    PubMed Central

    Sajfrtová, Marie; Ličková, Ivana; Wimmerová, Martina; Sovová, Helena; Wimmer, Zdeněk

    2010-01-01

    Supercritical fluid extraction represents an efficient and environmentally friendly technique for isolation of phytosterols from different plant sources. Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seeds were extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide at pressures ranging from 15–60 MPa and temperatures of 40–80 °C. Oil and β-sitosterol yields were measured in the extraction course and compared with Soxhlet extraction with hexane. The average yield of β-sitosterol was 0.31 mg/g of seeds. The maximum concentration of β-sitosterol in the extract, 0.5% w/w, was achieved at 15 MPa, 40 °C, and a carbon dioxide consumption of 50 g/g of seeds. The extraction rate was maximal at 60 MPa and 40 °C. Both β-sitosterol yield and its concentration in the extract obtained with hexane were lower than with carbon dioxide. PMID:20480045

  18. β-Sitosterol: supercritical carbon dioxide extraction from sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seeds.

    PubMed

    Sajfrtová, Marie; Licková, Ivana; Wimmerová, Martina; Sovová, Helena; Wimmer, Zdenek

    2010-04-22

    Supercritical fluid extraction represents an efficient and environmentally friendly technique for isolation of phytosterols from different plant sources. Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seeds were extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide at pressures ranging from 15-60 MPa and temperatures of 40-80 degrees C. Oil and β-sitosterol yields were measured in the extraction course and compared with Soxhlet extraction with hexane. The average yield of β-sitosterol was 0.31 mg/g of seeds. The maximum concentration of β-sitosterol in the extract, 0.5% w/w, was achieved at 15 MPa, 40 degrees C, and a carbon dioxide consumption of 50 g/g of seeds. The extraction rate was maximal at 60 MPa and 40 degrees C. Both β-sitosterol yield and its concentration in the extract obtained with hexane were lower than with carbon dioxide.

  19. Carbonate chemistry dynamics and biological processes along a river-sea gradient (Gulf of Trieste, northern Adriatic Sea)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ingrosso, Gianmarco; Giani, Michele; Cibic, Tamara; Karuza, Ana; Kralj, Martina; Del Negro, Paola

    2016-03-01

    In this paper we investigated, for two years and with a bi-monthly frequency, how physical, chemical, and biological processes affect the marine carbonate system in a coastal area characterized by high alkalinity riverine discharge (Gulf of Trieste, northern Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean Sea). By combining synoptic measurements of the carbonate system with in situ determinations of the primary production (14C incorporation technique) and secondary prokaryotic carbon production (3H-leucine incorporation) along a river-sea gradient, we showed that the conservative mixing between river endmember and off-shore waters was the main driver of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) distribution and seasonal variation. However, during spring and summer seasons also the influence of biological uptake and release of DIC was significant. In the surface water of June 2012, the spreading and persistence of nutrient-rich freshwater stimulated the primary production (3.21 μg C L- 1 h- 1) and net biological DIC decrease (- 100 μmol kg- 1), reducing the dissolved CO2 concentration and increasing the pHT. Below the pycnocline of August 2012, instead, an elevated bacterial carbon production rate (0.92 μg C L- 1 h- 1) was related with net DIC increase (92 μmol kg- 1), low dissolved oxygen concentration, and strong pHT reduction, suggesting the predominance of bacterial heterotrophic respiration over primary production. The flux of carbon dioxide estimated at the air-sea interface exerted a low influence on the seasonal variation of the carbonate system. A complex temporal and spatial dynamic of the air-sea CO2 exchange was also detected, due to the combined effects of seawater temperature, river discharge, and water circulation. On annual scale the system was a sink of atmospheric CO2. However, in summer and during elevated riverine discharges, the area close to the river's mouth acted as a source of carbon dioxide. Also the wind speed was crucial in controlling the air-sea CO2

  20. Development of carbon dioxide laser doppler instrumentation detection of clear air turbulence

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Sonnenschein, C.; Jelalian, A.; Keene, W.

    1970-01-01

    The analytical, experimental, and developmental aspects of an airborne, pulsed, carbon dioxide laser-optical radar system are described. The laser detects clear air turbulence and performs Doppler measurements of this air-motion phenomenon. Conclusions and recommendations arising from the development of the laser system are presented.

  1. The Biological Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vent as a Model to Study Carbon Dioxide Capturing Enzymes

    PubMed Central

    Minic, Zoran; Thongbam, Premila D.

    2011-01-01

    Deep sea hydrothermal vents are located along the mid-ocean ridge system, near volcanically active areas, where tectonic plates are moving away from each other. Sea water penetrates the fissures of the volcanic bed and is heated by magma. This heated sea water rises to the surface dissolving large amounts of minerals which provide a source of energy and nutrients to chemoautotrophic organisms. Although this environment is characterized by extreme conditions (high temperature, high pressure, chemical toxicity, acidic pH and absence of photosynthesis) a diversity of microorganisms and many animal species are specially adapted to this hostile environment. These organisms have developed a very efficient metabolism for the assimilation of inorganic CO2 from the external environment. In order to develop technology for the capture of carbon dioxide to reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, enzymes involved in CO2 fixation and assimilation might be very useful. This review describes some current research concerning CO2 fixation and assimilation in the deep sea environment and possible biotechnological application of enzymes for carbon dioxide capture. PMID:21673885

  2. The biological deep sea hydrothermal vent as a model to study carbon dioxide capturing enzymes.

    PubMed

    Minic, Zoran; Thongbam, Premila D

    2011-01-01

    Deep sea hydrothermal vents are located along the mid-ocean ridge system, near volcanically active areas, where tectonic plates are moving away from each other. Sea water penetrates the fissures of the volcanic bed and is heated by magma. This heated sea water rises to the surface dissolving large amounts of minerals which provide a source of energy and nutrients to chemoautotrophic organisms. Although this environment is characterized by extreme conditions (high temperature, high pressure, chemical toxicity, acidic pH and absence of photosynthesis) a diversity of microorganisms and many animal species are specially adapted to this hostile environment. These organisms have developed a very efficient metabolism for the assimilation of inorganic CO₂ from the external environment. In order to develop technology for the capture of carbon dioxide to reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, enzymes involved in CO₂ fixation and assimilation might be very useful. This review describes some current research concerning CO₂ fixation and assimilation in the deep sea environment and possible biotechnological application of enzymes for carbon dioxide capture.

  3. Carbon Dioxide in the Gulf of Trieste

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Turk, D.; Malacic, V.; Degrandpre, M. D.; McGillis, W. R.

    2009-04-01

    Coastal marine regions such as the Gulf of Trieste (GOT) in the Northern Adriatic Sea serve as the link between carbon cycling on land and the ocean interior and potentially contribute large uncertainties in the estimate of anthropogenic CO2 uptake. This system may be either a sink or a source for atmospheric CO2. Understanding the sources and sinks as a result of biological and physical controls for air-sea carbon dioxide fluxes in coastal waters may substantially alter the current view of the global carbon budget for unique terrestrial and ocean regions such as the GOT. GOT is a semi-enclosed Mediterranean basin situated in the northern part of Adriatic Sea. It is one of the most productive regions in the Mediterranean and is affected by extreme fresh river input, phytoplankton blooms, and large changes of air-sea exchange during Bora high wind events. The unique combination of these environmental processes and relatively small size of the area makes the region an excellent study site for investigations of air-sea interaction, and changes in biology and carbon chemistry. Here we investigate biological (phytoplankton blooms) and physical (freshwater input and winds) controls on the temporal variability of pCO2 in the GOT. The aqueous CO2 was measured at the Coastal Oceanographic buoy VIDA, Slovenia using the SAMI CO2 sensor. Our results indicate that: 1) The GOT was a sink for atmospheric CO2 in late spring of 2007; 2) Aqueous pCO2 was influenced by fresh water input from rivers entering the GOT and biological production associated with high nutrient input; 3) Surface water pCO2 showed a strong correlation with SST when river plumes where not present at the buoy location, and reasonable correlation with SSS during the presence of the plume.

  4. Carbon Dioxide Capture by Deep Eutectic Solvent Impregnated Sea Mango Activated Carbon

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zulkurnai, N. Z.; Ali, U. F. Md.; Ibrahim, N.; Manan, N. S. Abdul

    2018-03-01

    The increment amount of the CO2 emission by years has become a major concern worldwide due to the global warming issue. However, the influence modification of activated carbon (AC) has given a huge revolution in CO2 adsorption capture compare to the unmodified AC. In the present study, the Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) modified surface AC was used for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) capture in the fixed-bed column. The AC underwent pre-carbonization and carbonization processes at 519.8 °C, respectively, with flowing of CO2 gas and then followed by impregnation with 53.75% phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at 1:2 precursor-to-activant ratios. The prepared AC known as sea mango activated carbon (SMAC) was impregnated with DES at 1:2 solid-to-liquid ratio. The DES is composing of choline chloride and urea with ratio 1:2 choline chloride to urea. The optimum adsorption capacity of SMAC was 33.46 mgco2/gsol and 39.40 mgco2/gsol for DES modified AC (DESAC).

  5. Response of sugarcane to carbon dioxide enrichment and elevated air temperature

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Four sugarcane cultivars (CP 72-2086, CP 73-1547, CP 88-1508, and CP 80-1827) were grown in elongated temperature-gradient greenhouses (TGG) at ambient or elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) of 360 or 720 µmol CO2 mol-1 air (ppm, mole fraction basis), respectively. Elevated CO2 was maintained by injection...

  6. Carbon Dioxide Transfer Through Sea Ice: Modelling Flux in Brine Channels

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Edwards, L.; Mitchelson-Jacob, G.; Hardman-Mountford, N.

    2010-12-01

    For many years sea ice was thought to act as a barrier to the flux of CO2 between the ocean and atmosphere. However, laboratory-based and in-situ observations suggest that while sea ice may in some circumstances reduce or prevent transfer (e.g. in regions of thick, superimposed multi-year ice), it may also be highly permeable (e.g. thin, first year ice) with some studies observing significant fluxes of CO2. Sea ice covered regions have been observed to act both as a sink and a source of atmospheric CO2 with the permeability of sea ice and direction of flux related to sea ice temperature and the presence of brine channels in the ice, as well as seasonal processes such as whether the ice is freezing or thawing. Brine channels concentrate dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) as well as salinity and as these dense waters descend through both the sea ice and the surface ocean waters, they create a sink for CO2. Calcium carbonate (ikaite) precipitation in the sea ice is thought to enhance this process. Micro-organisms present within the sea ice will also contribute to the CO2 flux dynamics. Recent evidence of decreasing sea ice extent and the associated change from a multi-year ice to first-year ice dominated system suggest the potential for increased CO2 flux through regions of thinner, more porous sea ice. A full understanding of the processes and feedbacks controlling the flux in these regions is needed to determine their possible contribution to global CO2 levels in a future warming climate scenario. Despite the significance of these regions, the air-sea CO2 flux in sea ice covered regions is not currently included in global climate models. Incorporating this carbon flux system into Earth System models requires the development of a well-parameterised sea ice-air flux model. In our work we use the Los Alamos sea ice model, CICE, with a modification to incorporate the movement of CO2 through brine channels including the addition of DIC processes and ice algae production to

  7. 40 CFR 86.316-79 - Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide analyzer specifications.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND... Test Procedures § 86.316-79 Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide analyzer specifications. (a) Carbon...

  8. Optimal Estimation Retrieval of Mid-Tropospheric Carbon Dioxide and Methane Using the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) Radiances.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Imbiriba, B.

    2017-12-01

    Carbon dioxide and methane are the most important anthropogenic greenhouse contributions to climate change. Space-based remote sensing measurements of carbon dioxide and methane would help to understand the generation, absorption and transport mechanisms and characterization of such gases. Space-based hyperspectral thermal infrared remote sensing measurements using NASA's Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument can provide 14 years of observations of radiances at the top of the atmosphere.Here we present a Optimal Estimation based retrieval system for surface temperature, water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and other trace gases, based on selected AIRS channels that allow for CO2 sensitivity down to the lower part of the middle troposphere. We use the SARTA fast forward model developed at University of Maryland Baltimore County, and use the ERA product for prior state atmospheric profiles.We retrieve CO2 and CH4 column concentrations across 14 years of AIRS measurements, for clear only field-of-views, using the AIRS L1B Calibration Subset. We then compare these to the standard AIRS L2 CO2 retrievals, as well TES, and OCO2 data, and the GlobalView/CarbonTracker CO2/CH4 model data from NOAA. We evaluate the hemispheric seasonal cycles, growth rates, and possible interhemispheric transport. We also evaluate the use of atmospheric nitrous oxide concentration to correct for the errors in the temperature profile.

  9. Modeling Caspian Sea water level oscillations under different scenarios of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.

    PubMed

    Roshan, Gholamreza; Moghbel, Masumeh; Grab, Stefan

    2012-12-12

    The rapid rise of Caspian Sea water level (about 2.25 meters since 1978) has caused much concern to all five surrounding countries, primarily because flooding has destroyed or damaged buildings and other engineering structures, roads, beaches and farm lands in the coastal zone. Given that climate, and more specifically climate change, is a primary factor influencing oscillations in Caspian Sea water levels, the effect of different climate change scenarios on future Caspian Sea levels was simulated. Variations in environmental parameters such as temperature, precipitation, evaporation, atmospheric carbon dioxide and water level oscillations of the Caspian sea and surrounding regions, are considered for both past (1951-2006) and future (2025-2100) time frames. The output of the UKHADGEM general circulation model and five alternative scenarios including A1CAI, BIASF, BIMES WRE450 and WRE750 were extracted using the MAGICC SCENGEN Model software (version 5.3). The results suggest that the mean temperature of the Caspian Sea region (Bandar-E-Anzali monitoring site) has increased by ca. 0.17°C per decade under the impacts of atmospheric carbon dioxide changes (r=0.21). The Caspian Sea water level has increased by ca. +36cm per decade (r=0.82) between the years 1951-2006. Mean results from all modeled scenarios indicate that the temperature will increase by ca. 3.64°C and precipitation will decrease by ca. 10% (182 mm) over the Caspian Sea, whilst in the Volga river basin, temperatures are projected to increase by ca. 4.78°C and precipitation increase by ca. 12% (58 mm) by the year 2100. Finally, statistical modeling of the Caspian Sea water levels project future water level increases of between 86 cm and 163 cm by the years 2075 and 2100, respectively.

  10. Modeling Caspian Sea water level oscillations under different scenarios of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations

    PubMed Central

    2012-01-01

    The rapid rise of Caspian Sea water level (about 2.25 meters since 1978) has caused much concern to all five surrounding countries, primarily because flooding has destroyed or damaged buildings and other engineering structures, roads, beaches and farm lands in the coastal zone. Given that climate, and more specifically climate change, is a primary factor influencing oscillations in Caspian Sea water levels, the effect of different climate change scenarios on future Caspian Sea levels was simulated. Variations in environmental parameters such as temperature, precipitation, evaporation, atmospheric carbon dioxide and water level oscillations of the Caspian sea and surrounding regions, are considered for both past (1951-2006) and future (2025-2100) time frames. The output of the UKHADGEM general circulation model and five alternative scenarios including A1CAI, BIASF, BIMES WRE450 and WRE750 were extracted using the MAGICC SCENGEN Model software (version 5.3). The results suggest that the mean temperature of the Caspian Sea region (Bandar-E-Anzali monitoring site) has increased by ca. 0.17°C per decade under the impacts of atmospheric carbon dioxide changes (r=0.21). The Caspian Sea water level has increased by ca. +36cm per decade (r=0.82) between the years 1951-2006. Mean results from all modeled scenarios indicate that the temperature will increase by ca. 3.64°C and precipitation will decrease by ca. 10% (182 mm) over the Caspian Sea, whilst in the Volga river basin, temperatures are projected to increase by ca. 4.78°C and precipitation increase by ca. 12% (58 mm) by the year 2100. Finally, statistical modeling of the Caspian Sea water levels project future water level increases of between 86 cm and 163 cm by the years 2075 and 2100, respectively. PMID:23369617

  11. 40 CFR 91.320 - Carbon dioxide analyzer calibration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... monthly thereafter, or within one month prior to the certification test, calibrate the NDIR carbon dioxide... the analyzer to optimize performance. (2) Zero the carbon dioxide analyzer with either purified synthetic air or zero-grade nitrogen. (3) Calibrate on each normally used operating range with carbon...

  12. Influences of Air, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon Dioxide Nanobubbles on Seed Germination and Plant Growth.

    PubMed

    Ahmed, Ahmed Khaled Abdella; Shi, Xiaonan; Hua, Likun; Manzueta, Leidy; Qing, Weihua; Marhaba, Taha; Zhang, Wen

    2018-05-23

    Nanobubbles (NBs) hold promise in green and sustainable engineering applications in diverse fields (e.g., water/wastewater treatment, food processing, medical applications, and agriculture). This study investigated the effects of four types of NBs on seed germination and plant growth. Air, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide NBs were generated and dispersed in tap water. Different plants, including lettuce, carrot, fava bean, and tomato, were used in germination and growth tests. The seeds in water-containing NBs exhibited 6-25% higher germination rates. Especially, nitrogen NBs exhibited considerable effects in the seed germination, whereas air and carbon dioxide NBs did not significantly promote germination. The growth of stem length and diameter, leave number, and leave width were promoted by NBs (except air). Furthermore, the promotion effect was primarily ascribed to the generation of exogenous reactive oxygen species by NBs and higher efficiency of nutrient fixation or utilization.

  13. Advances in quantifying air-sea gas exchange and environmental forcing.

    PubMed

    Wanninkhof, Rik; Asher, William E; Ho, David T; Sweeney, Colm; McGillis, Wade R

    2009-01-01

    The past decade has seen a substantial amount of research on air-sea gas exchange and its environmental controls. These studies have significantly advanced the understanding of processes that control gas transfer, led to higher quality field measurements, and improved estimates of the flux of climate-relevant gases between the ocean and atmosphere. This review discusses the fundamental principles of air-sea gas transfer and recent developments in gas transfer theory, parameterizations, and measurement techniques in the context of the exchange of carbon dioxide. However, much of this discussion is applicable to any sparingly soluble, non-reactive gas. We show how the use of global variables of environmental forcing that have recently become available and gas exchange relationships that incorporate the main forcing factors will lead to improved estimates of global and regional air-sea gas fluxes based on better fundamental physical, chemical, and biological foundations.

  14. Air Embolism During TEVAR: Carbon Dioxide Flushing Decreases the Amount of Gas Released from Thoracic Stent-Grafts During Deployment.

    PubMed

    Rohlffs, Fiona; Tsilimparis, Nikolaos; Saleptsis, Vasilis; Diener, Holger; Debus, E Sebastian; Kölbel, Tilo

    2017-02-01

    To investigate the amount of gas released from Zenith thoracic stent-grafts using standard saline flushing vs the carbon dioxide flushing technique. In an experimental bench setting, 20 thoracic stent-grafts were separated into 2 groups of 10 endografts. One group of grafts was flushed with 60 mL saline and the other group was flushed with carbon dioxide for 5 minutes followed by 60 mL saline. All grafts were deployed into a water-filled container with a curved plastic pipe; the deployment was recorded and released gas was measured using a calibrated setup. Gas was released from all grafts in both study groups during endograft deployment. The average amount of released gas per graft was significantly lower in the study group with carbon dioxide flushing (0.79 vs 0.51 mL, p=0.005). Thoracic endografts release significant amounts of air during deployment if flushed according to the instructions for use. Application of carbon dioxide for the flushing of thoracic stent-grafts prior to standard saline flush significantly reduces the amount of gas released during deployment. The additional use of carbon dioxide should be considered as a standard flush technique for aortic stent-grafts, especially in those implanted in proximal aortic segments, to reduce the risk of air embolism and stroke.

  15. Spatio-temporal visualization of air-sea CO2 flux and carbon budget using volume rendering

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Du, Zhenhong; Fang, Lei; Bai, Yan; Zhang, Feng; Liu, Renyi

    2015-04-01

    This paper presents a novel visualization method to show the spatio-temporal dynamics of carbon sinks and sources, and carbon fluxes in the ocean carbon cycle. The air-sea carbon budget and its process of accumulation are demonstrated in the spatial dimension, while the distribution pattern and variation of CO2 flux are expressed by color changes. In this way, we unite spatial and temporal characteristics of satellite data through visualization. A GPU-based direct volume rendering technique using half-angle slicing is adopted to dynamically visualize the released or absorbed CO2 gas with shadow effects. A data model is designed to generate four-dimensional (4D) data from satellite-derived air-sea CO2 flux products, and an out-of-core scheduling strategy is also proposed for on-the-fly rendering of time series of satellite data. The presented 4D visualization method is implemented on graphics cards with vertex, geometry and fragment shaders. It provides a visually realistic simulation and user interaction for real-time rendering. This approach has been integrated into the Information System of Ocean Satellite Monitoring for Air-sea CO2 Flux (IssCO2) for the research and assessment of air-sea CO2 flux in the China Seas.

  16. Integrated Testing of a Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly and a Temperature-Swing Adsorption Compressor for Closed-Loop Air Revitalization

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Knox, J. C.; Mulloth, Lila; Frederick, Kenneth; Affleck, Dave

    2003-01-01

    Accumulation and subsequent compression of carbon dioxide that is removed from space cabin are two important processes involved in a closed-loop air revitalization scheme of the International Space Station (ISS). The carbon dioxide removal assembly (CDRA) of ISS currently operates in an open loop mode without a compressor. This paper describes the integrated test results of a flight-like CDRA and a temperature-swing adsorption compressor (TSAC) for carbon dioxide removal and compression. The paper provides details of the TSAC operation at various CO2 loadings and corresponding performance of CDRA.

  17. 40 CFR 86.1524 - Carbon dioxide analyzer calibration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Carbon dioxide analyzer calibration. 86.1524 Section 86.1524 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR... Test Procedures § 86.1524 Carbon dioxide analyzer calibration. (a) The calibration requirements for the...

  18. 40 CFR 86.1524 - Carbon dioxide analyzer calibration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Carbon dioxide analyzer calibration. 86.1524 Section 86.1524 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR... Procedures § 86.1524 Carbon dioxide analyzer calibration. (a) The calibration requirements for the dilute...

  19. Carbon dioxide field flooding: a retrospective study.

    PubMed

    Frados, A

    2001-05-01

    The carbon dioxide surgical field flooding technique has long been tried with varying degrees of success. A recent revival of the technique that began over 40 years ago in cardiac surgery, has brought promise as well as improved results attributable to improved technology. Studies at JFK Medical Center have been very successful using the carbon dioxide surgical field-flooding technique. Establishing new guidelines will assist other institutions in attempting this "old" technique with renewed success. Modern, more efficient equipment make use of carbon dioxide to displace intracardiac gases a safe procedure. The carbon dioxide field-flooding technique is safer, easier, and more efficacious than traditional de-airing techniques. This study shows that a long-standing procedure is valuable by observing the results, and, retrospectively evaluating stroke rates among cardiac valve cases at the hospital.

  20. Diffuse volcanic emissions of carbon dioxide from Vulcano Island, Italy.

    PubMed

    Baubron, J C; Allard, P; Toutain, J P

    1990-03-01

    RECENT investigations on Mount Etna (Sicily)(1-3) have revealed that volcanoes may release abundant carbon dioxide not only from their active craters, but also from their flanks, as diffuse soil emanations. Here we present analyses of soil gases and air in water wells on Vulcano Island which provide further evidence of such lateral degassing. Nearly pure carbon dioxide, enriched in helium and radon, escapes from the slopes of the Fossa active cone, adding a total output of 30 tonnes per day to the fumarolic crater discharge ( 180 tonnes CO(2) per day). This emanation has similar He/CO(2) and (13)C/(12)C ratios to those of the crater fumaroles (300%ndash;500 degrees C) and therefore a similar volcanic origin. Gases rich in carbon dioxide also escape at sea level along the isthmus between the Fossa and Vulcanello volcanic cones, but their depletion in both He and (13)C suggests a distinct source. Diffuse volcanic gas emanations, once their genetic link with central fumarole degassing has been demonstrated, can be used for continuous volcano monitoring, at safe distances from active craters. Such monitoring has been initiated at Vulcano, where soil and well emanations of nearly pure CO(2) themselves represent a threat to the local population.

  1. Dry Air Cooler Modeling for Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle Analysis

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Moisseytsev, A.; Sienicki, J. J.; Lv, Q.

    Modeling for commercially available and cost effective dry air coolers such as those manufactured by Harsco Industries has been implemented in the Argonne National Laboratory Plant Dynamics Code for system level dynamic analysis of supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO 2) Brayton cycles. The modeling can now be utilized to optimize and simulate sCO 2 Brayton cycles with dry air cooling whereby heat is rejected directly to the atmospheric heat sink without the need for cooling towers that require makeup water for evaporative losses. It has sometimes been stated that a benefit of the sCO 2 Brayton cycle is that it enablesmore » dry air cooling implying that the Rankine steam cycle does not. A preliminary and simple examination of a Rankine superheated steam cycle and an air-cooled condenser indicates that dry air cooling can be utilized with both cycles provided that the cycle conditions are selected appropriately« less

  2. 40 CFR 86.224-94 - Carbon dioxide analyzer calibration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Carbon dioxide analyzer calibration. 86.224-94 Section 86.224-94 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR... New Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicles; Cold Temperature Test Procedures § 86.224-94 Carbon dioxide...

  3. NASA launches carbon dioxide research satellite

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wendel, JoAnna

    2014-07-01

    Last week NASA launched a new satellite to study atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Once in orbit, the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite, launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, will take more than 100,000 individual measurements of atmospheric CO2 per day.

  4. Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions.

    PubMed

    Solomon, Susan; Plattner, Gian-Kasper; Knutti, Reto; Friedlingstein, Pierre

    2009-02-10

    The severity of damaging human-induced climate change depends not only on the magnitude of the change but also on the potential for irreversibility. This paper shows that the climate change that takes place due to increases in carbon dioxide concentration is largely irreversible for 1,000 years after emissions stop. Following cessation of emissions, removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide decreases radiative forcing, but is largely compensated by slower loss of heat to the ocean, so that atmospheric temperatures do not drop significantly for at least 1,000 years. Among illustrative irreversible impacts that should be expected if atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations increase from current levels near 385 parts per million by volume (ppmv) to a peak of 450-600 ppmv over the coming century are irreversible dry-season rainfall reductions in several regions comparable to those of the "dust bowl" era and inexorable sea level rise. Thermal expansion of the warming ocean provides a conservative lower limit to irreversible global average sea level rise of at least 0.4-1.0 m if 21st century CO(2) concentrations exceed 600 ppmv and 0.6-1.9 m for peak CO(2) concentrations exceeding approximately 1,000 ppmv. Additional contributions from glaciers and ice sheet contributions to future sea level rise are uncertain but may equal or exceed several meters over the next millennium or longer.

  5. Use of the electrosurgical unit in a carbon dioxide atmosphere.

    PubMed

    Culp, William C; Kimbrough, Bradly A; Luna, Sarah; Maguddayao, Aris J; Eidson, Jack L; Paolino, David V

    2016-01-01

    The electrosurgical unit (ESU) utilizes an electrical discharge to cut and coagulate tissue and is often held above the surgical site, causing a spark to form. The voltage at which the spark is created, termed the breakdown voltage, is governed by the surrounding gaseous environment. Surgeons are now utilizing the ESU laparoscopically with carbon dioxide insufflation, potentially altering ESU operating characteristics. This study examines the clinical implications of altering gas composition by measuring the spark gap distance as a marker of breakdown voltage and use of the ESU on a biologic model, both in room air and carbon dioxide. Paschen's Law predicted a 35% decrease in gap distance in carbon dioxide, while testing revealed an average drop of 37-47% as compared to air. However, surgical model testing revealed no perceivable clinical difference. Electrosurgery can be performed in carbon dioxide environments, although surgeons should be aware of potentially altered ESU performance.

  6. Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions

    PubMed Central

    Solomon, Susan; Plattner, Gian-Kasper; Knutti, Reto; Friedlingstein, Pierre

    2009-01-01

    The severity of damaging human-induced climate change depends not only on the magnitude of the change but also on the potential for irreversibility. This paper shows that the climate change that takes place due to increases in carbon dioxide concentration is largely irreversible for 1,000 years after emissions stop. Following cessation of emissions, removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide decreases radiative forcing, but is largely compensated by slower loss of heat to the ocean, so that atmospheric temperatures do not drop significantly for at least 1,000 years. Among illustrative irreversible impacts that should be expected if atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations increase from current levels near 385 parts per million by volume (ppmv) to a peak of 450–600 ppmv over the coming century are irreversible dry-season rainfall reductions in several regions comparable to those of the “dust bowl” era and inexorable sea level rise. Thermal expansion of the warming ocean provides a conservative lower limit to irreversible global average sea level rise of at least 0.4–1.0 m if 21st century CO2 concentrations exceed 600 ppmv and 0.6–1.9 m for peak CO2 concentrations exceeding ≈1,000 ppmv. Additional contributions from glaciers and ice sheet contributions to future sea level rise are uncertain but may equal or exceed several meters over the next millennium or longer. PMID:19179281

  7. Design and Development of an air-cooled Temperature-Swing Adsorption Compressor for Carbon Dioxide

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mulloth, Lila M.

    2003-01-01

    The air revitalization system of the International Space Station (ISS) operates in an open loop mode and relies on the resupply of oxygen and other consumables from earth for the life support of astronauts. A compressor is required for delivering the carbon dioxide from a removal assembly to a reduction unit to recover oxygen and thereby closing the air-loop. We have a developed a temperature-swing adsorption compressor (TSAC) for performing these tasks that is energy efficient, quiet, and has no wearing parts. This paper discusses the design features of a TSAC hardware that uses air as the cooling medium and has Space Station application.

  8. Carbon dioxide in Arctic and subarctic regions

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Gosink, T. A.; Kelley, J. J.

    1981-03-01

    A three year research project was presented that would define the role of the Arctic ocean, sea ice, tundra, taiga, high latitude ponds and lakes and polar anthropogenic activity on the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere. Due to the large physical and geographical differences between the two polar regions, a comparison of CO/sub 2/ source and sink strengths of the two areas was proposed. Research opportunities during the first year, particularly those aboard the Swedish icebreaker, YMER, provided additional confirmatory data about the natural source and sink strengths for carbon dioxide in the Arctic regions. As a result, themore » hypothesis that these natural sources and sinks are strong enough to significantly affect global atmospheric carbon dioxide levels is considerably strengthened. Based on the available data we calculate that the whole Arctic region is a net annual sink for about 1.1 x 10/sup 15/ g of CO/sub 2/, or the equivalent of about 5% of the annual anthropogenic input into the atmosphere. For the second year of this research effort, research on the seasonal sources and sinks of CO/sub 2/ in the Arctic will be continued. Particular attention will be paid to the seasonal sea ice zones during the freeze and thaw periods, and the tundra-taiga regions, also during the freeze and thaw periods.« less

  9. Development and Testing of a Temperature-swing Adsorption Compressor for Carbon Dioxide in Closed-loop Air Revitalization Systems

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mulloth, Lila M.; Rosen, Micha; Affleck, David; LeVan, M. Douglas; Wang, Yuan

    2005-01-01

    The air revitalization system of the International Space Station (ISS) operates in an open loop mode and relies on the resupply of oxygen and other consumables from earth for the life support of astronauts. A compressor is required for delivering the carbon dioxide from a removal assembly to a reduction unit to recover oxygen and thereby dosing the air-loop. We have developed a temperature-swing adsorption compressor (TSAC) that is energy efficient, quiet, and has no rapidly moving parts for performing these tasks. The TSAC is a solid-state compressor that has the capability to remove CO2 from a low- pressure source, and subsequently store, compress, and deliver at a higher pressure as required by a processor. The TSAC is an ideal interface device for CO2 removal and reduction units in the air revitalization loop of a spacecraft for oxygen recovery. This paper discusses the design and testing of a TSAC for carbon dioxide that has application in the ISS and future spacecraft for closing the air revitalization loop.

  10. Ballistic Range Measurements of Stagnation-Point Heat Transfer in Air and in Carbon Dioxide at Velocities up to 18,000 Feet Per Second

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Yee, Layton; Bailey, Harry E.; Woodward, Henry T.

    1961-01-01

    A new technique for measuring heat-transfer rates on free-flight models in a ballistic range is described in this report. The accuracy of the heat-transfer rates measured in this way is shown to be comparable with the accuracy obtained in shock-tube measurements. The specific results of the present experiments consist of measurements of the stagnation-point heat-transfer rates experienced by a spherical-nosed model during flight through air and through carbon dioxide at velocities up to 18,000 feet per second. For flight through air these measured heat-transfer rates agree well with both the theoretically predicted rates and the rates measured in shock tubes. the heat-transfer rates agree well with the rates measured in a shock tube. Two methods of estimating the stagnation-point heat-transfer rates in carbon dioxide are compared with the experimental measurements. At each velocity the measured stagnation-point heat-transfer rate in carbon dioxide is about the same as the measured heat-transfer rate in air.

  11. Tethered catalysts for the hydration of carbon dioxide

    DOEpatents

    Valdez, Carlos A; Satcher, Jr., Joe H; Aines, Roger D; Wong, Sergio E; Baker, Sarah E; Lightstone, Felice C; Stolaroff, Joshuah K

    2014-11-04

    A system is provided that substantially increases the efficiency of CO.sub.2 capture and removal by positioning a catalyst within an optimal distance from the air-liquid interface. The catalyst is positioned within the layer determined to be the highest concentration of carbon dioxide. A hydrophobic tether is attached to the catalyst and the hydrophobic tether modulates the position of the catalyst within the liquid layer containing the highest concentration of carbon dioxide.

  12. Carbon dioxide conversion over carbon-based nanocatalysts.

    PubMed

    Khavarian, Mehrnoush; Chai, Siang-Piao; Mohamed, Abdul Rahman

    2013-07-01

    The utilization of carbon dioxide for the production of valuable chemicals via catalysts is one of the efficient ways to mitigate the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It is known that the carbon dioxide conversion and product yields are still low even if the reaction is operated at high pressure and temperature. The carbon dioxide utilization and conversion provides many challenges in exploring new concepts and opportunities for development of unique catalysts for the purpose of activating the carbon dioxide molecules. In this paper, the role of carbon-based nanocatalysts in the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide and direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol are reviewed. The current catalytic results obtained with different carbon-based nanocatalysts systems are presented and how these materials contribute to the carbon dioxide conversion is explained. In addition, different strategies and preparation methods of nanometallic catalysts on various carbon supports are described to optimize the dispersion of metal nanoparticles and catalytic activity.

  13. The Sulu Sea as Carbon Dioxide Sink

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ferrera, C. M.; Jacinto, G. S.; Chen, C. T. A.

    2016-12-01

    The Sulu Sea, one of the marginal seas in the West Pacific and the largest internal sea in the Philippines, is characterized by its unique deep water ventilation pattern and high sediment organic carbon and CaCO3 content. Studies on the dissolved CO2 system in the Sulu Sea have remarkably shown that anthropogenic CO2 has already penetrated to the bottom of this 5km-deep basin, albeit limited to a dataset from a single station in December 1996. To further understand the role of this tropical marginal sea as CO2 sink and to assess its behavior as a CO2 sink during the 11-year period, water samples for dissolved CO2 parameters from two deep stations of high productivity and low productivity were collected in December 2007/January 2008 and were compared with the 1996 data. Results suggest that the surface waters in the low productivity region might have been acidifying at a rate of -0.0012 pH unit yr-1. Atmospheric CO2 increased at +1.9 ppmv yr-1 and seawater fCO2 at +3.30 μatm yr-1. Through deep water ventilation, anthropogenic CO2 has penetrated the water column thereby making the deeper waters a sink of anthropogenic CO2. But then the presence and dissolution of CaCO3 deposits at the sea floor and along the Sulu Sea slopes as a result of the reaction with this anthropogenic CO2 probably neutralizes the acidification at depths as shown by the increase in total alkalinity (+0.57 μmol kg-1 yr-1), and facilitates further uptake of CO2 from the atmosphere. Therefore, productivity at Sulu Sea surface waters results to sequestration of CO2 from the atmosphere to the sediment sink through organic carbon and CaCO3 deposits. While high temperature and low productivity surface waters make the Sulu Sea a source of CO2 to the atmosphere, ventilation patterns make the deep waters of the Sulu Sea an efficient sink for anthropogenic CO2. Given the larger area occupied by the CO2 sink deep waters compared to the CO2 source surface waters including an upwelling area, the Sulu Sea

  14. Carbon dioxide sensor

    DOEpatents

    Dutta, Prabir K [Worthington, OH; Lee, Inhee [Columbus, OH; Akbar, Sheikh A [Hilliard, OH

    2011-11-15

    The present invention generally relates to carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) sensors. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) sensor that incorporates lithium phosphate (Li.sub.3PO.sub.4) as an electrolyte and sensing electrode comprising a combination of lithium carbonate (Li.sub.2CO.sub.3) and barium carbonate (BaCO.sub.3). In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) sensor has a reduced sensitivity to humidity due to a sensing electrode with a layered structure of lithium carbonate and barium carbonate. In still another embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of producing carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) sensors having lithium phosphate (Li.sub.3PO.sub.4) as an electrolyte and sensing electrode comprising a combination of lithium carbonate (Li.sub.2CO.sub.3) and barium carbonate (BaCO.sub.3).

  15. 40 CFR 86.524-78 - Carbon dioxide analyzer calibration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... operation. Adjust the analyzer to optimize performance. (2) Zero the carbon dioxide analyzer with either zero grade air or zero grade nitrogen. (3) Calibrate on each normally used operating range with carbon...

  16. 40 CFR 86.524-78 - Carbon dioxide analyzer calibration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... operation. Adjust the analyzer to optimize performance. (2) Zero the carbon dioxide analyzer with either zero grade air or zero grade nitrogen. (3) Calibrate on each normally used operating range with carbon...

  17. 40 CFR 86.524-78 - Carbon dioxide analyzer calibration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... operation. Adjust the analyzer to optimize performance. (2) Zero the carbon dioxide analyzer with either zero grade air or zero grade nitrogen. (3) Calibrate on each normally used operating range with carbon...

  18. Carbon dioxide-soluble polymers and swellable polymers for carbon dioxide applications

    DOEpatents

    DeSimone, Joseph M.; Birnbaum, Eva; Carbonell, Ruben G.; Crette, Stephanie; McClain, James B.; McCleskey, T. Mark; Powell, Kimberly R.; Romack, Timothy J.; Tumas, William

    2004-06-08

    A method for carrying out a catalysis reaction in carbon dioxide comprising contacting a fluid mixture with a catalyst bound to a polymer, the fluid mixture comprising at least one reactant and carbon dioxide, wherein the reactant interacts with the catalyst to form a reaction product. A composition of matter comprises carbon dioxide and a polymer and a reactant present in the carbon dioxide. The polymer has bound thereto a catalyst at a plurality of chains along the length of the polymer, and wherein the reactant interacts with the catalyst to form a reaction product.

  19. A ballistic investigation of the aerodynamic characteristics of a blunt vehicle at hypersonic speeds in carbon dioxide and air

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Packard, James D.; Griffith, Wayland C.; Yates, Leslie A.; Strawa, Anthony W.

    1992-01-01

    Missions to Mars require the successful development of aerobraking technology, and therefore a blunt cone representative of aerobrake shapes is investigated. Ballistic tests of the Pioneer Venus configuration are conducted in carbon dioxide and air at Mach numbers from 7 to 20 and Reynolds numbers from 0.1 x 10 exp 5 to 4 x 10 exp 6. Experimental results show that for defined conditions aerodynamic research can be conducted in air rather than carbon dioxide, providing savings in time and money. In addition, the results offer a prediction of flight aerodynamics during entry into the Martian atmosphere. Also discussed is a comparison of results from two data-reduction techniques showing that a five-degree-of-freedom routine employing weighted least-squares with differential corrections analyzes ballistic data more accurately.

  20. Ocean Surface Carbon Dioxide Fugacity Observed from Space

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Liu, W. Timothy; Xie, Xiaosu

    2014-01-01

    We have developed and validated a statistical model to estimate the fugacity (or partial pressure) of carbon dioxide (CO2) at sea surface (pCO2sea) from space-based observations of sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll, and salinity. More than a quarter million in situ measurements coincident with satellite data were compiled to train and validate the model. We have produced and made accessible 9 years (2002-2010) of the pCO2sea at 0.5 degree resolutions daily over the global ocean. The results help to identify uncertainties in current JPL Carbon Monitoring System (CMS) model-based and bottom-up estimates over the ocean. The utility of the data to reveal multi-year and regional variability of the fugacity in relation to prevalent oceanic parameters is demonstrated.

  1. Geologic map showing springs rich in carbon dioxide or or chloride in California

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Barnes, Ivan; Irwin, William P.; Gibson, H.A.

    1975-01-01

    Carbon dioxide- and chloride-rich springs occur in all geologic provinces in California, but are most abundant in the Coast Ranges and the Great Valley. The carbon-dioxide-rich springs issue mainly from Franciscan terrane; they also are rich in boron and are of the metamorphic type (White, 1957). Based on isotopic data, either the carbon dioxide or the water, or both, may be of metamorphic origin. Because of high magnesium values, the water of many of the carbon-dioxide-rich springs is thought to have passed through serpentinite. The chloride-rich waters are most common in rocks of the Great Valley sequence. Nearly all are more dilute than present-day sea water. The similarity in isotopic compositions of the metamorphic carbon-dioxide-rich water and the chloride-rich water may indicate a similar extent of water-rock interaction.

  2. Inhibition of Frying Oil Oxidation by Carbon Dioxide Blanketing.

    PubMed

    Totani, Nagao; Inoue, Ryota; Yawata, Miho

    2016-06-01

    The oxidation of oil starts, in general, from the penetration of atmospheric oxygen into oil. Inhibition of the vigorous oxidation of oil at deep-frying temperature under carbon dioxide flow, by disrupting the contact between oil and air, was first demonstrated using oil in a round bottom flask. Next, the minimum carbon dioxide flow rate necessary to blanket 4 L of frying oil in an electric fryer (surface area 690 cm(2)) installed with nonwoven fabric cover, was found to be 40 L/h. Then deep-frying of potato was done accordingly; immediately after deep-frying, an aluminum cover was placed on top of the nonwoven fabric cover to prevent the loss of carbon dioxide and the carbon dioxide flow was shut off. In conclusion, the oxidation of oil both at deep-frying temperature and during standing was remarkably inhibited by carbon dioxide blanketing at a practical flow rate and volume. Under the deep-frying conditions employed in this study, the increase in polar compound content was reduced to half of that of the control.

  3. Self-Cleaning Boudouard Reactor for Full Oxygen Recovery from Carbon Dioxide

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Coutts, Janelle; Hintze, Paul E.; Muscatello, Anthony C.; Gibson, Tracy L.; Captain, James G.; Lunn, Griffin M.; Devor, Robert W.; Bauer, Brint; Parks, Steve

    2016-01-01

    Oxygen recovery from respiratory carbon dioxide is an important aspect of human spaceflight. Methods exist to sequester the carbon dioxide, but production of oxygen needs further development. The current International Space Station Carbon Dioxide Reduction System (CRS) uses the Sabatier reaction to produce water (and ultimately breathing air). Oxygen recovery is limited to 50 because half of the hydrogen used in the Sabatier reactor is lost as methane, which is vented overboard. The Bosch reaction, which converts carbon dioxide to oxygen and solid carbon is capable of recovering all the oxygen from carbon dioxide, and is the only real alternative to the Sabatier reaction. However, the last reaction in the cycle, the Boudouard reaction, produces solid carbon and the resulting carbon buildup will eventually foul the nickel or iron catalyst, reducing reactor life and increasing consumables. To minimize this fouling and increase efficiency, a number of self-cleaning catalyst designs have been created. This paper will describe recent results evaluating one of the designs.

  4. Self-Cleaning Boudouard Reactor for Full Oxygen Recovery from Carbon Dioxide

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hintze, Paul E.; Muscatello, Anthony C.; Meier, Anne J.; Gibson, Tracy L.; Captain, James G.; Lunn, Griffin M.; Devor, Robert W.

    2016-01-01

    Oxygen recovery from respiratory carbon dioxide is an important aspect of human spaceflight. Methods exist to sequester the carbon dioxide, but production of oxygen needs further development. The current International Space Station Carbon Dioxide Reduction System (CRS) uses the Sabatier reaction to produce water (and ultimately breathing air). Oxygen recovery is limited to 50% because half of the hydrogen used in the Sabatier reactor is lost as methane, which is vented overboard. The Bosch reaction, which converts carbon dioxide to oxygen and solid carbon is capable of recovering all the oxygen from carbon dioxide, and is the only real alternative to the Sabatier reaction. However, the last reaction in the cycle, the Boudouard reaction, produces solid carbon and the resulting carbon buildup will eventually foul the nickel or iron catalyst, reducing reactor life and increasing consumables. To minimize this fouling and increase efficiency, a number of self-cleaning catalyst designs have been created. This paper will describe recent results evaluating one of the designs.

  5. Self-Cleaning Boudouard Reactor for Full Oxygen Recovery from Carbon Dioxide

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hintze, Paul E.; Muscatello, Anthony C.; Gibson, Tracy L.; Captain, James G.; Lunn, Griffin M.; Devor, Robert W.; Bauer, Brint; Parks, Steve

    2016-01-01

    Oxygen recovery from respiratory carbon dioxide is an important aspect of human spaceflight. Methods exist to sequester the carbon dioxide, but production of oxygen needs further development. The current International Space Station Carbon Dioxide Reduction System (CRS) uses the Sabatier reaction to produce water (and ultimately breathing air). Oxygen recovery is limited to 50% because half of the hydrogen used in the Sabatier reactor is lost as methane which is vented overboard. The Bosch reaction, which converts carbon dioxide to oxygen and solid carbon, is capable of recovering all the oxygen from carbon dioxide, and it is a promising alternative to the Sabatier reaction. However, the last reaction in the cycle, the Boudouard reaction, produces solid carbon, and the resulting carbon buildup eventually fouls the catalyst, reducing reactor life and increasing consumables. To minimize this fouling and increase efficiency, a number of self-cleaning catalyst designs have been created. This paper will describe recent results evaluating one of the designs.

  6. Spume Drops: Their Potential Role in Air-Sea Gas Exchange

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Monahan, Edward C.; Staniec, Allison; Vlahos, Penny

    2017-12-01

    After summarizing the time scales defining the change of the physical properties of spume and other droplets cast up from the sea surface, the time scales governing drop-atmosphere gas exchange are compared. Following a broad review of the spume drop production functions described in the literature, a subset of these functions is selected via objective criteria, to represent typical, upper bound, and lower bound production functions. Three complementary mechanisms driving spume-atmosphere gas exchange are described, and one is then used to estimate the relative importance, over a broad range of wind speeds, of this spume drop mechanism compared to the conventional, diffusional, sea surface mechanism in air-sea gas exchange. While remaining uncertainties in the wind dependence of the spume drop production flux, and in the immediate sea surface gas flux, preclude a definitive conclusion, the findings of this study strongly suggest that, at high wind speeds (>20 m s-1 for dimethyl sulfide and >30 m s-1 for gases such a carbon dioxide), spume drops do make a significant contribution to air-sea gas exchange.Plain Language SummaryThis paper evaluates the existing spume drop generation functions available to date and selects a reasonable upper, lower and mid range function that are reasonable for use in <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> exchange models. Based on these the contribution of spume drops to overall <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> gas exchange at different wind speeds is then evaluated to determine the % contribution of spume. Generally below 20ms-1 spume drops contribute <1% of gas exchange but may account for a significant amount of gas exchange at higher wind speeds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AMT....11.1833K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AMT....11.1833K"><span>COCAP: a <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyser for small unmanned aircraft systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kunz, Martin; Lavric, Jost V.; Gerbig, Christoph; Tans, Pieter; Neff, Don; Hummelgård, Christine; Martin, Hans; Rödjegård, Henrik; Wrenger, Burkhard; Heimann, Martin</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) could provide a cost-effective way to close gaps in the observation of the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycle, provided that small yet accurate analysers are available. We have developed a COmpact <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyser for Airborne Platforms (COCAP). The accuracy of COCAP's <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) measurements is ensured by calibration in an environmental chamber, regular calibration in the field and by chemical drying of sampled <span class="hlt">air</span>. In addition, the package contains a lightweight thermal stabilisation system that reduces the influence of ambient temperature changes on the CO2 sensor by 2 orders of magnitude. During validation of COCAP's CO2 measurements in simulated and real flights we found a measurement error of 1.2 µmol mol-1 or better with no indication of bias. COCAP is a self-contained package that has proven well suited for the operation on board small UASs. Besides <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> dry <span class="hlt">air</span> mole fraction it also measures <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature, humidity and pressure. We describe the measurement system and our calibration strategy in detail to support others in tapping the potential of UASs for atmospheric trace gas measurements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=carbon+AND+dioxide&pg=7&id=EJ343014','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=carbon+AND+dioxide&pg=7&id=EJ343014"><span>Screen for <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Foster, John; And Others</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>Presents a set of laboratory experiments that can assist students in the detection of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. Offers a variation of the supported drop method of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> detection that provides readily visible positive results. Includes background information on <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. (ML)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PalOc..25.3201J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PalOc..25.3201J"><span>Response of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">carbon</span> fluxes and climate to orbital forcing changes in the Community Climate System Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jochum, M.; Peacock, S.; Moore, K.; Lindsay, K.</p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>A global general circulation model coupled to an ocean ecosystem model is used to quantify the response of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> fluxes and climate to changes in orbital forcing. Compared to the present-day simulation, the simulation with the Earth's orbital parameters from 115,000 years ago features significantly cooler northern high latitudes but only moderately cooler southern high latitudes. This asymmetry is explained by a 30% reduction of the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation that is caused by an increased Arctic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice export and a resulting freshening of the North Atlantic. The strong northern high-latitude cooling and the direct insolation induced tropical warming lead to global shifts in precipitation and winds to the order of 10%-20%. These climate shifts lead to regional differences in <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">carbon</span> fluxes of the same order. However, the differences in global net <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">carbon</span> fluxes are small, which is due to several effects, two of which stand out: first, colder <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature leads to a more effective solubility pump but also to increased <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice concentration which blocks <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> exchange, and second, the weakening of Southern Ocean winds that is predicted by some idealized studies occurs only in part of the basin, and is compensated by stronger winds in other parts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89381','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89381"><span>Effect of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> on Testing of Susceptibilities of Respiratory Tract Pathogens to Macrolide and Azalide Antimicrobial Agents</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Johnson, M. M.; Hill, S. L.; Piddock, Laura J. V.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>The in vitro activities of erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin against 178 clinical isolates from the lower respiratory tract of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were determined by an agar dilution method. The plates were incubated in <span class="hlt">air</span> alone or in 5% <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. The MICs measured in <span class="hlt">air</span> alone were lower for most isolates than those measured in 5% <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, illustrating the “pH effect” of incubation in <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. Testing of isolates in 5% <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> on pH-adjusted medium (pH 8.4) resulted in MICs of one or two doubling dilutions lower than those obtained on agar with a neutral pH. A bioassay of the three agents incubated in <span class="hlt">air</span> and in 5% <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> resulted in a significant loss of activity of all three agents in the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>-enriched atmosphere. However, this loss-of-activity effect was significantly reduced when the bioassay medium was adjusted to pH 8.4 prior to incubation in 5% <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. PMID:10428903</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Pollution+AND+Soil&pg=5&id=EJ471552','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Pollution+AND+Soil&pg=5&id=EJ471552"><span>Plants Can't Do without <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Hershey, David R.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Describes an experiment to induce <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> deficiency to demonstrate its effects on plant growth. Suggests further studies to examine respiration by soil microbes and the effects of relative humidity, other gases, and <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution on plant growth. (MDH)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H53G1548B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H53G1548B"><span>Coupled oxygen-<span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> modelling to partition potential external contribution to stream <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentrations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Butman, D. E.; Holtgrieve, G. W.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Recent modelling studies in large catchments have estimated that in excess of 74% of the dissolved <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> found in first and second order streams originate from allochthonous sources. Stable isotopes of <span class="hlt">carbon</span>-13 in <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> have been used to identify ground water seeps in stream systems, where decreases in δ13CO2 occur along gaining stream reaches, suggesting that <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in ground water is more depleted than what is found in surface water due to fractionation of CO2 during emissions across the <span class="hlt">air</span> water interface. Although isotopes represent a chemical tracer in stream systems for potential groundwater contribution, the temporal resolution of discrete samples make partitioning allochthonous versus autochthonous sources of CO2 difficult on hydrologically relevant time scales. Here we show results of field deployments of high frequent dissolved CO2, O2, PAR, Temperature and pH from the Thornton Creek Watershed, the largest urban watershed in Seattle, WA. We present an exploration into using high resolution time series of dissolved oxygen and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in a dual gas approach to separate the contribution of in stream respiration from external sources. We extend upon previous efforts to model stream metabolism across diel cycles by incorporating simultaneous direct measurements of dissolved oxygen, PCO2, and pH within an inverse modeling framework and Bayesian parameter estimation. With an initial assumption of a stoichiometric ratio of 1:1 for O2 and CO2 for autochthonous driven metabolism, we investigate positive or negative departures from this ratio as an indicator of external CO2 to the stream (terrestrial or atmospheric) and factors contributing to this flux.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050157092&hterms=adsorption&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dadsorption','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050157092&hterms=adsorption&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dadsorption"><span>Long-Duration Testing of a Temperature-Swing Adsorption Compressor for <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> for Closed-Loop <span class="hlt">Air</span> Revitalization Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Rosen, Micha; Mulloth, Lila; Varghese, Mini</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>This paper describes the results of long-duration testing of a temperature-swing adsorption compressor that has application in the International Space Station (ISS) and future spacecraft for closing the <span class="hlt">air</span> revitalization loop. The <span class="hlt">air</span> revitalization system of the ISS operates in an open loop mode and relies on the resupply of oxygen and other consumables from Earth for the life support of astronauts. A compressor is required for delivering the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from a removal assembly to a reduction unit to recover oxygen and thereby closing the <span class="hlt">air</span>-loop. The TSAC is a solid-state compressor that has the capability to remove CO2 from a low-pressure source, and subsequently store, compress, and deliver at a higher pressure as required by a processor. The TSAC is an ideal interface device for CO2 removal and reduction units in the <span class="hlt">air</span> revitalization loop of a spacecraft for oxygen recovery. The TSAC was developed and its operation was successfully verified in integration tests with the flight-like <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Removal Assembly (CDRA) at Marshall Space Flight Center prior to the long-duration tests. Long-duration tests reveal the impacts of repeated thermal cycling on the compressor components and the adsorbent material.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA12339.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA12339.html"><span>Global <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Transport from <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> Data, July 2009</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2009-11-09</p> <p>Created with data acquired by JPL Atmospheric Infrared Sounder instrument during July 2009 this image shows large-scale patterns of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentrations that are transported around Earth by the general circulation of the atmosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA11194.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA11194.html"><span>Global <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Transport from <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> Data, July 2008</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2008-09-24</p> <p>This image was created with data acquired by JPLa Atmospheric Infrared Sounder during July 2008. The image shows large scale patterns of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentrations that are transported around the Earth by the general circulation of the atmosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27959474','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27959474"><span>Cyanuric Acid-Based Organocatalyst for Utilization of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> at Atmospheric Pressure.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yu, Bing; Kim, Daeun; Kim, Seoksun; Hong, Soon Hyeok</p> <p>2017-03-22</p> <p>A organocatalytic system based on economical and readily available cyanuric acid has been developed for the synthesis of 2-oxazolidinones and quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones from propargylamines and 2-aminobenzonitriles under atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. Notably, a low concentration of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in <span class="hlt">air</span> was directly converted into 2-oxazolidinone in excellent yields without an external base. Through mechanistic investigation by in situ FTIR spectroscopy, cyanuric acid was demonstrated to be an efficient catalyst for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> fixation. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5038955','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5038955"><span>A Sensitivity Analysis of the Impact of Rain on Regional and Global <span class="hlt">Sea-Air</span> Fluxes of CO2</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Shutler, J. D.; Land, P. E.; Woolf, D. K.; Quartly, G. D.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The global oceans are considered a major sink of atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2). Rain is known to alter the physical and chemical conditions at the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface, and thus influence the transfer of CO2 between the ocean and atmosphere. It can influence gas exchange through enhanced gas transfer velocity, the direct export of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> from the atmosphere to the ocean, by altering the <span class="hlt">sea</span> skin temperature, and through surface layer dilution. However, to date, very few studies quantifying these effects on global net <span class="hlt">sea-air</span> fluxes exist. Here, we include terms for the enhanced gas transfer velocity and the direct export of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> in calculations of the global net <span class="hlt">sea-air</span> fluxes, using a 7-year time series of monthly global climate quality satellite remote sensing observations, model and in-situ data. The use of a non-linear relationship between the effects of rain and wind significantly reduces the estimated impact of rain-induced surface turbulence on the rate of <span class="hlt">sea-air</span> gas transfer, when compared to a linear relationship. Nevertheless, globally, the rain enhanced gas transfer and rain induced direct export increase the estimated annual oceanic integrated net sink of CO2 by up to 6%. Regionally, the variations can be larger, with rain increasing the estimated annual net sink in the Pacific Ocean by up to 15% and altering monthly net flux by > ± 50%. Based on these analyses, the impacts of rain should be included in the uncertainty analysis of studies that estimate net <span class="hlt">sea-air</span> fluxes of CO2 as the rain can have a considerable impact, dependent upon the region and timescale. PMID:27673683</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.5429M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.5429M"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> budgets in cave <span class="hlt">air</span> and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> in speleothems; insights from a shallow cave in Ireland</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McDermott, Frank; Phillips, Dominika</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p> higher CO2values (1-1.2%), similar to those measured previously in the overlying soil. Overall, the data confirm an important role for soil and/or ground <span class="hlt">air</span> sources at this cave and indicate that the episodic CO2 inputs are not controlled by drip-water inputs,. Some recent studies have additionally argued that advected 'ground-<span class="hlt">air</span>' is not only an important constituent of cave <span class="hlt">air</span>, but also an important source of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> in speleothems. This claim is critically evaluated here using 14C activity measurements from actively growing zero-age soda-straw stalactites from the small inner chamber of the cave where the CO2 monitoring was carried out. Surprisingly, soda-straws collected from within a few metres of each other in this inner chamber exhibit quite different 14C activities (93-101 pMC), and are not identical as might be expected if complete <span class="hlt">carbon</span> isotope exchange had occurred between the dissolved inorganic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> and the cave atmosphere. The reasons for this will be discussed, drawing on the results of published kinetic models for degassing and isotope exchange. Overall, it is concluded that while the CO2 budget of the <span class="hlt">air</span> in Ballynamintra cave is dominated by directly advected soil <span class="hlt">air</span>, water transported dissolved inorganic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> (DIC) likely remains an important <span class="hlt">carbon</span> source for its speleothems. Baldini, J.U.L., Baldini, L.M., McDermott, F. and Clipson, N. (2006) <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> sources, sinks, and spatial variability in shallow temperate zone caves: evidence from Ballynamintra Cave, Ireland. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 68, 4-11.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3343430','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3343430"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Embolism during Laparoscopic Surgery</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Park, Eun Young; Kwon, Ja-Young</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Clinically significant <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> embolism is a rare but potentially fatal complication of anesthesia administered during laparoscopic surgery. Its most common cause is inadvertent injection of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> into a large vein, artery or solid organ. This error usually occurs during or shortly after insufflation of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> into the body cavity, but may result from direct intravascular insufflation of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> during surgery. Clinical presentation of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> embolism ranges from asymptomatic to neurologic injury, cardiovascular collapse or even death, which is dependent on the rate and volume of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> entrapment and the patient's condition. We reviewed extensive literature regarding <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> embolism in detail and set out to describe the complication from background to treatment. We hope that the present work will improve our understanding of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> embolism during laparoscopic surgery. PMID:22476987</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70029631','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70029631"><span>The <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> cycle</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>James, P.B.; Hansen, G.B.; Titus, T.N.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>The seasonal CO2 cycle on Mars refers to the exchange of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> between dry ice in the seasonal polar caps and gaseous <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in the atmosphere. This review focuses on breakthroughs in understanding the process involving seasonal <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> phase changes that have occurred as a result of observations by Mars Global Surveyor. ?? 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_4 --> <div id="page_5" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="81"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeCoA.184...88M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeCoA.184...88M"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, ground <span class="hlt">air</span> and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycling in Gibraltar karst</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mattey, D. P.; Atkinson, T. C.; Barker, J. A.; Fisher, R.; Latin, J.-P.; Durrell, R.; Ainsworth, M.</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>We put forward a general conceptual model of CO2 behaviour in the vadose zone of karst aquifers, based on physical principles of <span class="hlt">air</span> flow through porous media and caves, combined with a geochemical interpretation of cave monitoring data. This 'Gibraltar model' links fluxes of water, <span class="hlt">air</span> and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> through the soil with the porosity of the vadose zone, the circulation of ground <span class="hlt">air</span> and the ventilation of caves. Gibraltar hosts many natural caves whose locations span the full length and vertical range of the Rock. We report results of an 8-year monitoring study of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> in soil organic matter and bedrock <span class="hlt">carbonate</span>, dissolved inorganic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> in vadose waters, and gaseous CO2 in soil, cave and ground <span class="hlt">air</span>. Results show that the regime of cave <span class="hlt">air</span> CO2 results from the interaction of cave ventilation with a reservoir of CO2-enriched ground <span class="hlt">air</span> held within the smaller voids of the bedrock. The pCO2 of ground <span class="hlt">air</span>, and of vadose waters that have been in close contact with it, are determined by multiple factors that include recharge patterns, vegetation productivity and root respiration, and conversion of organic matter to CO2 within the soil, the epikarst and the whole vadose zone. Mathematical modelling and field observations show that ground <span class="hlt">air</span> is subject to a density-driven circulation that reverses seasonally, as the difference between surface and underground temperatures reverses in sign. The Gibraltar model suggests that cave <span class="hlt">air</span> pCO2 is not directly related to CO2 generated in the soil or the epikarstic zone, as is often assumed. Ground <span class="hlt">air</span> CO2 formed by the decay of organic matter (OM) washed down into the deeper unsaturated zone is an important additional source of pCO2. In Gibraltar the addition of OM-derived CO2 is the dominant control on the pCO2 of ground <span class="hlt">air</span> and the Ca-hardness of waters within the deep vadose zone. The seasonal regime of CO2 in cave <span class="hlt">air</span> depends on the position of a cave in relation to the density-driven ground <span class="hlt">air</span> circulation pattern which</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhDT.......206K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhDT.......206K"><span>Utilizing Diffusion Theory to predict <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentration in an indoor environment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kramer, Andrew R.</p> <p></p> <p>This research details a new method of relating sources of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentration in a room operating in a reduced ventilation mode by utilizing Diffusion Theory. The theoretical basis of this research involved solving Fick's Second Law of Diffusion in spherical coordinates for a source of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> flowing at a constant rate and located in the center of an impermeable spherical boundary. The solution was developed using a Laplace Transformation. A spherical diffusion test chamber was constructed and used to validate and benchmark the developed theory. The method was benchmarked by using Dispersion Coefficients for large <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> flow rates due to diffusion induced convection. The theoretical model was adapted to model a room operating with restricted ventilation in the presence of a known, constant source of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. The room was modeled as a sphere of volume equal to the room and utilized a Dispersion Coefficient that is consistent with published values. The developed Diffusion Model successfully predicted the spatial concentration of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in a room operating in a reduced ventilation mode in the presence of a source of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. The flow rates of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> that were used in the room are comparable to the average flow rate of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from a person during quiet breathing, also known as the Tidal Breathing. This indicates the Diffusion Model developed from this research has the potential to correlate <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentration with static occupancy levels which can lead to energy savings through a reduction in <span class="hlt">air</span> exchange rates when low occupancy is detected.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70033169','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70033169"><span>Modeling <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, pH, and un-ionized ammonia relationships in serial reuse systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Colt, J.; Watten, B.; Rust, M.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>In serial reuse systems, excretion of metabolic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> has a significant impact on ambient pH, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, and un-ionized ammonia concentrations. This impact depends strongly on alkalinity, water flow rate, feeding rate, and loss of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to the atmosphere. A reduction in pH from metabolic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> can significantly reduce the un-ionized ammonia concentration and increase the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentrations compared to those parameters computed from influent pH. The ability to accurately predict pH in serial reuse systems is critical to their design and effective operation. A trial and error solution to the alkalinity-pH system was used to estimate important water quality parameters in serial reuse systems. Transfer of oxygen and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> across the <span class="hlt">air</span>-water interface, at overflow weirs, and impacts of substrate-attached algae and suspended bacteria were modeled. Gas transfer at the weirs was much greater than transfer across the <span class="hlt">air</span>-water boundary. This simulation model can rapidly estimate influent and effluent concentrations of dissolved oxygen, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, and un-ionized ammonia as a function of water temperature, elevation, water flow, and weir type. The accuracy of the estimates strongly depends on assumed pollutional loading rates and gas transfer at the weirs. The current simulation model is based on mean daily loading rates; the impacts of daily variation loading rates are discussed. Copies of the source code and executable program are available free of charge.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014OcScD..11.1895G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014OcScD..11.1895G"><span>Deriving a <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface climatology of CO2 fugacity in support of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas flux studies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Goddijn-Murphy, L. M.; Woolf, D. K.; Land, P. E.; Shutler, J. D.; Donlon, C.</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>Climatologies, or long-term averages, of essential climate variables are useful for evaluating models and providing a baseline for studying anomalies. The Surface Ocean <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> (CO2) Atlas (SOCAT) has made millions of global underway <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface measurements of CO2 publicly available, all in a uniform format and presented as fugacity, fCO2. fCO2 is highly sensitive to temperature and the measurements are only valid for the instantaneous <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) that is measured concurrent with the in-water CO2 measurement. To create a climatology of fCO2 data suitable for calculating <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 fluxes it is therefore desirable to calculate fCO2 valid for climate quality SST. This paper presents a method for creating such a climatology. We recomputed SOCAT's fCO2 values for their respective measurement month and year using climate quality SST data from satellite Earth observation and then extrapolated the resulting fCO2 values to reference year 2010. The data were then spatially interpolated onto a 1° × 1° grid of the global oceans to produce 12 monthly fCO2 distributions for 2010. The partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) is also provided for those who prefer to use pCO2. The CO2 concentration difference between ocean and atmosphere is the thermodynamic driving force of the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 flux, and hence the presented fCO2 distributions can be used in <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas flux calculations together with climatologies of other climate variables.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29301340','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29301340"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> and Nitrogen Infused Compressed <span class="hlt">Air</span> Foam for Depopulation of Caged Laying Hens.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gurung, Shailesh; White, Dima; Archer, Gregory; Styles, Darrel; Zhao, Dan; Farnell, Yuhua; Byrd, James; Farnell, Morgan</p> <p>2018-01-03</p> <p>Depopulation of infected poultry flocks is a key strategy to control and contain reportable diseases. Water-based foam, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> inhalation, and ventilation shutdown are depopulation methods available to the poultry industry. Unfortunately, these methods have limited usage in caged layer hen operations. Personnel safety and welfare of birds are equally important factors to consider during emergency depopulation procedures. We have previously reported that compressed <span class="hlt">air</span> foam (CAF) is an alternative method for depopulation of caged layer hens. We hypothesized that infusion of gases, such as <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO₂) and nitrogen (N₂), into the CAF would reduce physiological stress and shorten time to cessation of movement. The study had six treatments, namely a negative control, CO₂ inhalation, N₂ inhalation, CAF with <span class="hlt">air</span> (CAF <span class="hlt">Air</span>), CAF with 50% CO₂ (CAF CO₂), and CAF with 100% N₂ (CAF N₂). Four spent hens were randomly assigned to one of these treatments on each of the eight replication days. A total of 192 spent hens were used in this study. Serum corticosterone and serotonin levels were measured and compared between treatments. Time to cessation of movement of spent hens was determined using accelerometers. The addition of CO₂ in CAF significantly reduced the foam quality while the addition of N₂ did not. The corticosterone and serotonin levels of spent hens subjected to foam (CAF, CAF CO₂, CAF N₂) and gas inhalation (CO₂, N₂) treatments did not differ significantly. The time to cessation of movement of spent hens in the CAF N₂ treatment was significantly shorter than CAF and CAF CO₂ treatments but longer than the gas inhalation treatments. These data suggest that the addition of N₂ is advantageous in terms of shortening time to death and improved foam quality as compared to the CAF CO₂ treatment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1159834','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1159834"><span>Regenerable immobilized aminosilane sorbents for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> capture applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Gay, McMahan; Choi, Sunho; Jones, Christopher W</p> <p>2014-09-16</p> <p>A method for the separation of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> and flue gases is provided wherein a phase separating moiety with a second moiety are simultaneously coupled and bonded onto an inert substrate to create a mixture which is subsequently contacted with flue gases or ambient <span class="hlt">air</span>. The phase-separating moiety is an amine whereas the second moiety is an aminosilane, or a Group 4 propoxide such as titanium (IV) propoxide (tetrapropyl orthotitanate, C.sub.12H.sub.28O.sub.4Ti). The second moiety makes the phase-separating moiety insoluble in the pores of the inert substrate. The new sorbents have a high <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> loading capacity and considerable stability over hundreds of cycles. The synthesis method is readily scalable for commercial and industrial production.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRC..120..471M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRC..120..471M"><span>Drivers of inorganic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> dynamics in first-year <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice: A model study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Moreau, Sébastien; Vancoppenolle, Martin; Delille, Bruno; Tison, Jean-Louis; Zhou, Jiayun; Kotovitch, Marie; Thomas, David N.; Geilfus, Nicolas-Xavier; Goosse, Hugues</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Sea</span> ice is an active source or a sink for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2), although to what extent is not clear. Here, we analyze CO2 dynamics within <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice using a one-dimensional halothermodynamic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice model including gas physics and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> biogeochemistry. The ice-ocean fluxes, and vertical transport, of total dissolved inorganic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) are represented using fluid transport equations. <span class="hlt">Carbonate</span> chemistry, the consumption, and release of CO2 by primary production and respiration, the precipitation and dissolution of ikaite (CaCO3·6H2O) and ice-<span class="hlt">air</span> CO2 fluxes, are also included. The model is evaluated using observations from a 6 month field study at Point Barrow, Alaska, and an ice-tank experiment. At Barrow, results show that the DIC budget is mainly driven by physical processes, wheras brine-<span class="hlt">air</span> CO2 fluxes, ikaite formation, and net primary production, are secondary factors. In terms of ice-atmosphere CO2 exchanges, <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice is a net CO2 source and sink in winter and summer, respectively. The formulation of the ice-atmosphere CO2 flux impacts the simulated near-surface CO2 partial pressure (pCO2), but not the DIC budget. Because the simulated ice-atmosphere CO2 fluxes are limited by DIC stocks, and therefore <2 mmol m-2 d-1, we argue that the observed much larger CO2 fluxes from eddy covariance retrievals cannot be explained by a <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice direct source and must involve other processes or other sources of CO2. Finally, the simulations suggest that near-surface TA/DIC ratios of ˜2, sometimes used as an indicator of calcification, would rather suggest outgassing.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1711342M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1711342M"><span>Drivers of inorganic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> dynamics in first-year <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice: A model study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Moreau, Sébastien; Vancoppenolle, Martin; Delille, Bruno; Tison, Jean-Louis; Zhou, Jiayun; Kotovich, Marie; Thomas, David; Geilfus, Nicolas-Xavier; Goosse, Hugues</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Sea</span> ice is an active source or a sink for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2), although to what extent is not clear. Here, we analyze CO2 dynamics within <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice using a one-dimensional halo-thermodynamic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice model including gas physics and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> biogeochemistry. The ice-ocean fluxes, and vertical transport, of total dissolved inorganic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) are represented using fluid transport equations. <span class="hlt">Carbonate</span> chemistry, the consumption and release of CO2 by primary production and respiration, the precipitation and dissolution of ikaite (CaCO3•6H2O) and ice-<span class="hlt">air</span> CO2 fluxes, are also included. The model is evaluated using observations from a 6-month field study at Point Barrow, Alaska and an ice-tank experiment. At Barrow, results show that the DIC budget is mainly driven by physical processes, wheras brine-<span class="hlt">air</span> CO2 fluxes, ikaite formation, and net primary production, are secondary factors. In terms of ice-atmosphere CO2 exchanges, <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice is a net CO2 source and sink in winter and summer, respectively. The formulation of the ice-atmosphere CO2 flux impacts the simulated near-surface CO2 partial pressure (pCO2), but not the DIC budget. Because the simulated ice-atmosphere CO2 fluxes are limited by DIC stocks, and therefore < 2 mmol m-2 day-1, we argue that the observed much larger CO2 fluxes from eddy covariance retrievals cannot be explained by a <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice direct source and must involve other processes or other sources of CO2. Finally, the simulations suggest that near surface TA/DIC ratios of ~2, sometimes used as an indicator of calcification, would rather suggest outgassing.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=sensors+AND+pressure&id=EJ820846','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=sensors+AND+pressure&id=EJ820846"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Fountain</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Kang, Seong-Joo; Ryu, Eun-Hee</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>This article presents the development of a <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> fountain. The advantages of the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> fountain are that it is odorless and uses consumer chemicals. This experiment also is a nice visual experiment that allows students to see evidence of a gaseous reagent being consumed when a pressure sensor is available. (Contains 3 figures.)…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JPS...196.4347S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JPS...196.4347S"><span>A comparison between molten <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> fuel cells based hybrid systems using <span class="hlt">air</span> and supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> Brayton cycles with state of the art technology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sánchez, D.; Muñoz de Escalona, J. M.; Chacartegui, R.; Muñoz, A.; Sánchez, T.</p> <p></p> <p>A proposal for high efficiency hybrid systems based on molten <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> fuel cells is presented in this paper. This proposal is based on adopting a closed cycle bottoming gas turbine using supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> as working fluid as opposed to open cycle hot <span class="hlt">air</span> turbines typically used in this type of power generators. First, both bottoming cycles are compared for the same operating conditions, showing that their performances do not differ as much as initially expected, even if the initial objective of reducing compression work is accomplished satisfactorily. In view of these results, a profound review of research and industrial literature is carried out in order to determine realistic specifications for the principal components of the bottoming systems. From this analysis, it is concluded that an appropriate set of specifications must be developed for each bottoming cycle as the performances of compressor, turbine and recuperator differ significantly from one working fluid to another. Thus, when the operating conditions are updated, the performances of the resulting systems show a remarkable advantage of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> based systems over conventional <span class="hlt">air</span> units. Actually, the proposed hybrid system shows its capability to achieve 60% net efficiency, what represents a 10% increase with respect to the reference system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25603778','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25603778"><span>Iron-catalyzed hydrogenation of bicarbonates and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to formates.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhu, Fengxiang; Zhu-Ge, Ling; Yang, Guangfu; Zhou, Shaolin</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>The catalytic hydrogenation of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and bicarbonate to formate has been explored extensively. The vast majority of the known active catalyst systems are based on precious metals. Herein, we describe an effective, phosphine-free, <span class="hlt">air</span>- and moisture-tolerant catalyst system based on Knölker's iron complex for the hydrogenation of bicarbonate and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to formate. The catalyst system can hydrogenate bicarbonate at remarkably low hydrogen pressures (1-5 bar). © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21-vol3/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol3-sec184-1240.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21-vol3/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol3-sec184-1240.pdf"><span>21 CFR 184.1240 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. 184.1240 Section 184.1240 Food and....1240 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. (a) <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (empirical formula CO2, CAS Reg. No. 124-38-9) occurs as a..., sublimes under atmospheric pressure at a temperature of −78.5 °C. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is prepared as a byproduct...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/989012','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/989012"><span>Process for sequestering <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and sulfur <span class="hlt">dioxide</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Maroto-Valer, M Mercedes [State College, PA; Zhang, Yinzhi [State College, PA; Kuchta, Matthew E [State College, PA; Andresen, John M [State College, PA; Fauth, Dan J [Pittsburgh, PA</p> <p>2009-10-20</p> <p>A process for sequestering <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, which includes reacting a silicate based material with an acid to form a suspension, and combining the suspension with <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to create active <span class="hlt">carbonation</span> of the silicate-based material, and thereafter producing a metal salt, silica and regenerating the acid in the liquid phase of the suspension.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol20/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol20-sec90-320.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol20/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol20-sec90-320.pdf"><span>40 CFR 90.320 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>... use and monthly thereafter, or within one month prior to the certification test, calibrate the NDIR... operation. Adjust the analyzer to optimize performance. (2) Zero the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer with either purified synthetic <span class="hlt">air</span> or zero-grade nitrogen. (3) Calibrate on each normally used operating range with...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050210002','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050210002"><span>International Space Station <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Removal Assembly (ISS CDRA) Concepts and Advancements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>ElSherif, Dina; Knox, James C.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>An important aspect of <span class="hlt">air</span> revitalization for life support in spacecraft is the removal of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from cabin <span class="hlt">air</span>. Several types of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> removal systems are in use in spacecraft life support. These systems rely on various removal techniques that employ different architectures and media for scrubbing CO2, such as permeable membranes, liquid amine, adsorbents, and absorbents. Sorbent systems have been used since the first manned missions. The current state of key technology is the existing International Space Station (ISS) <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Removal Assembly (CDRA), a system that selectively removes <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from the cabin atmosphere. The CDRA system was launched aboard UF-2 in February 2001 and resides in the U.S. Destiny Laboratory module. During the past four years, the CDRA system has operated with varying degrees of success. There have been several approaches to troubleshooting the CDRA system aimed at developing work-around solutions that would minimize the impact on astronaut time required to implement interim solutions. The paper discusses some of the short-term fixes applied to promote hardware life and restore functionality, as well as long-term plans and solutions for improving operability and reliability. The CDRA is a critical piece of life support equipment in the <span class="hlt">air</span> revitalization system of the ISS, and is demonstrated technology that may ultimately prove well-suited for use in lunar or Mars base, and Mars transit life support applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70026259','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70026259"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> transport over complex terrain</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Sun, Jielun; Burns, Sean P.; Delany, A.C.; Oncley, S.P.; Turnipseed, A.; Stephens, B.; Guenther, A.; Anderson, D.E.; Monson, R.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>The nocturnal transport of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> over complex terrain was investigated. The high <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> under very stable conditions flows to local low-ground. The regional drainage flow dominates the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> transport at the 6 m above the ground and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> was transported to the regional low ground. The results show that the local drainage flow was sensitive to turbulent mixing associated with local wind shear.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040089460&hterms=global+carbon+dioxide+levels&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dglobal%2Bcarbon%2Bdioxide%2Blevels','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040089460&hterms=global+carbon+dioxide+levels&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dglobal%2Bcarbon%2Bdioxide%2Blevels"><span>Influence of variable rates of neritic <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> deposition on atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and pelagic sediments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Walker, J. C.; Opdyke, B. C.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>Short-term imbalances in the global cycle of shallow water calcium <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> deposition and dissolution may be responsible for much of the observed Pleistocene change in atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> content. However, any proposed changes in the alkalinity balance of the ocean must be reconciled with the sedimentary record of deep-<span class="hlt">sea</span> <span class="hlt">carbonates</span>. The possible magnitude of the effect of shallow water <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> deposition on the dissolution of pelagic <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> can be tested using numerical simulations of the global <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycle. Boundary conditions can be defined by using extant shallow water <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> accumulation data and pelagic <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> deposition/dissolution data. On timescales of thousands of years <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> deposition versus dissolution is rarely out of equilibrium by more than 1.5 x 10(13) mole yr-1. Results indicate that the <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> chemistry of the ocean is rarely at equilibrium on timescales less than 10 ka. This disequilibrium is probably due to <span class="hlt">sea</span> level-induced changes in shallow water calcium <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> deposition/dissolution, an interpretation that does not conflict with pelagic sedimentary data from the central Pacific.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017OcSci..13..997P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017OcSci..13..997P"><span>The spatial and interannual dynamics of the surface water <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> system and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 fluxes in the outer shelf and slope of the Eurasian Arctic Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pipko, Irina I.; Pugach, Svetlana P.; Semiletov, Igor P.; Anderson, Leif G.; Shakhova, Natalia E.; Gustafsson, Örjan; Repina, Irina A.; Spivak, Eduard A.; Charkin, Alexander N.; Salyuk, Anatoly N.; Shcherbakova, Kseniia P.; Panova, Elena V.; Dudarev, Oleg V.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The Arctic is undergoing dramatic changes which cover the entire range of natural processes, from extreme increases in the temperatures of <span class="hlt">air</span>, soil, and water, to changes in the cryosphere, the biodiversity of Arctic waters, and land vegetation. Small changes in the largest marine <span class="hlt">carbon</span> pool, the dissolved inorganic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> pool, can have a profound impact on the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) flux between the ocean and the atmosphere, and the feedback of this flux to climate. Knowledge of relevant processes in the Arctic <span class="hlt">seas</span> improves the evaluation and projection of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycle dynamics under current conditions of rapid climate change. Investigation of the CO2 system in the outer shelf and continental slope waters of the Eurasian Arctic <span class="hlt">seas</span> (the Barents, Kara, Laptev, and East Siberian <span class="hlt">seas</span>) during 2006, 2007, and 2009 revealed a general trend in the surface water partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) distribution, which manifested as an increase in pCO2 values eastward. The existence of this trend was defined by different oceanographic and biogeochemical regimes in the western and eastern parts of the study area; the trend is likely increasing due to a combination of factors determined by contemporary change in the Arctic climate, each change in turn evoking a series of synergistic effects. A high-resolution in situ investigation of the <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> system parameters of the four Arctic <span class="hlt">seas</span> was carried out in the warm season of 2007; this year was characterized by the next-to-lowest historic <span class="hlt">sea</span>-ice extent in the Arctic Ocean, on satellite record, to that date. The study showed the different responses of the seawater <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> system to the environment changes in the western vs. the eastern Eurasian Arctic <span class="hlt">seas</span>. The large, open, highly productive water area in the northern Barents <span class="hlt">Sea</span> enhances atmospheric CO2 uptake. In contrast, the uptake of CO2 was strongly weakened in the outer shelf and slope waters of the East Siberian Arctic <span class="hlt">seas</span> under the 2007 environmental conditions</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BGeo...10.2699S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BGeo...10.2699S"><span>Coccolithophore surface distributions in the North Atlantic and their modulation of the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> flux of CO2 from 10 years of satellite Earth observation data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shutler, J. D.; Land, P. E.; Brown, C. W.; Findlay, H. S.; Donlon, C. J.; Medland, M.; Snooke, R.; Blackford, J. C.</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>Coccolithophores are the primary oceanic phytoplankton responsible for the production of calcium <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> (CaCO3). These climatically important plankton play a key role in the oceanic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycle as a major contributor of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> to the open ocean <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> pump (~50%) and their calcification can affect the atmosphere-to-ocean (<span class="hlt">air-sea</span>) uptake of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) through increasing the seawater partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2). Here we document variations in the areal extent of surface blooms of the globally important coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi, in the North Atlantic over a 10-year period (1998-2007), using Earth observation data from the <span class="hlt">Sea</span>-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (<span class="hlt">Sea</span>WiFS). We calculate the annual mean <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface areal coverage of E. huxleyi in the North Atlantic to be 474 000 ± 104 000 km2, which results in a net CaCO3 <span class="hlt">carbon</span> (CaCO3-C) production of 0.14-1.71 Tg CaCO3-C per year. However, this surface coverage (and, thus, net production) can fluctuate inter-annually by -54/+8% about the mean value and is strongly correlated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate oscillation index (r=0.75, p<0.02). Our analysis evaluates the spatial extent over which the E. huxleyi blooms in the North Atlantic can increase the pCO2 and, thus, decrease the localised <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> flux of atmospheric CO2. In regions where the blooms are prevalent, the average reduction in the monthly <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 flux can reach 55%. The maximum reduction of the monthly <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 flux in the time series is 155%. This work suggests that the high variability, frequency and distribution of these calcifying plankton and their impact on pCO2 should be considered if we are to fully understand the variability of the North Atlantic <span class="hlt">air-to-sea</span> flux of CO2. We estimate that these blooms can reduce the annual N. Atlantic net sink atmospheric CO2 by between 3-28%.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1284669','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1284669"><span>Avoidance of 20% <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>-enriched <span class="hlt">air</span> with humans.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lejuez, C W; O'Donnell, J; Wirth, O; Zvolensky, M J; Eifert, G H</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>Four college students were exposed to a Sidman avoidance procedure to determine if an avoidance contingency involving 20% <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>-enriched <span class="hlt">air</span> (CO2) would produce and maintain responding. In Phase 1, two conditions (contingent and noncontingent) were conducted each day. These conditions were distinguished by the presence or absence of a blue or green box on a computer screen. In the contingent condition, CO2 presentation were delivered every 3 s unless a subject pulled a plunger. Each plunger pull postponed CO2 presentations for 10 s. In the noncontingent condition, CO2 presentations occurred on the average of every 5 min independent of responding. Following stable responding in Phase 1, condition-correlated stimuli were reversed. In both conditions, plunger response rate was high during the contingent condition and low or zero during the noncontingent condition. Furthermore, subjects avoided most CO2 presentations. However, CO2 presentations did not increase verbal reports of fear. Overall, the results from the present study suggest that CO2 can be used effectively in basic studies of aversive control and in laboratory analogues of response patterns commonly referred to as anxiety. PMID:9684345</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_5 --> <div id="page_6" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="101"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.B13B1199Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.B13B1199Z"><span>Grasland Stable Isotope Flux Measurements: Three Isotopomers of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Measured by QCL Spectroscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zeeman, M. J.; Tuzson, B.; Eugster, W.; Werner, R. A.; Buchmann, N.; Emmenegger, L.</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>To improve our understanding of greenhouse gas dynamics of managed ecosystems such as grasslands, we not only need to investigate the effects of management (e.g., grass cuts) and weather events (e.g., rainy days) on <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> fluxes, but also need to increase the time resolution of our measurements. Thus, for the first time, we assessed respiration and assimilation fluxes with high time resolution (5Hz) stable isotope measurements at an intensively managed farmland in Switzerland (Chamau, 400m ASL). Two different methods were used to quantify fluxes of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and associated fluxes of stable <span class="hlt">carbon</span> isotopes: (1) the flux gradient method, and (2) the eddy covariance method. During a week long intensive measurement campaign, we (1) measured mixing ratios of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> isotopomers (12C16O2, 12C16O18O, 13C16O2) with a Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL, Aerodyne Inc.) spectroscope and (2) collected <span class="hlt">air</span> samples for isotope analyses (13C/12C) and (18O/16O) of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS, Finnigan) every two hours, concurrently along a height profile (z = 0.05; 0.10; 0.31; 2.15m). In the following week, the QCL setup was used for closed-path eddy covariance flux measurement of the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> isotopomers, with the <span class="hlt">air</span> inlet located next to an open-path Infra Red Gas Analyzers (IRGA, LiCor 7500) used simultaneously for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> measurements. During this second week, an area of grass inside the footprint was cut and harvested after several days. The first results of in-field continuous QCL measurements of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> mixing ratios and their stable isotopic ratios show good agreement with IRGA measurements and isotope analysis of flask samples by IRMS. Thus, QCL spectroscopy is a very promising tool for stable isotope flux investigations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=STS050-20-012&hterms=wire+harness&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dwire%2Bharness','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=STS050-20-012&hterms=wire+harness&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dwire%2Bharness"><span>Crewmember repairing the Regenerative <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Removal System wiring.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Mission Pilot Ken Bowersox, busy at work on the wiring harness for the Regenerative <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Removal System located under the mid deck floor. Photo shows Bowersox splicing wires together to 'fool' a faulty sensor that caused the '<span class="hlt">air</span> conditioner' to shut down.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol20/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol20-sec86-1524.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol20/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol20-sec86-1524.pdf"><span>40 CFR 86.1524 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration. 86.1524 Section 86.1524 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) <span class="hlt">AIR</span> PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES (CONTINUED) Emission Regulations for Otto-Cycle Heavy-Duty...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol19/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol19-sec86-1524.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol19/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol19-sec86-1524.pdf"><span>40 CFR 86.1524 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration. 86.1524 Section 86.1524 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) <span class="hlt">AIR</span> PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES (CONTINUED) Emission Regulations for Otto-Cycle Heavy-Duty...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title21-vol3/pdf/CFR-2013-title21-vol3-sec184-1240.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title21-vol3/pdf/CFR-2013-title21-vol3-sec184-1240.pdf"><span>21 CFR 184.1240 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. 184.1240 Section 184.1240 Food and... Substances Affirmed as GRAS § 184.1240 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. (a) <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (empirical formula CO2, CAS Reg. No.... The solid form, dry ice, sublimes under atmospheric pressure at a temperature of −78.5 °C. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title21-vol3/pdf/CFR-2012-title21-vol3-sec184-1240.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title21-vol3/pdf/CFR-2012-title21-vol3-sec184-1240.pdf"><span>21 CFR 184.1240 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. 184.1240 Section 184.1240 Food and... Substances Affirmed as GRAS § 184.1240 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. (a) <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (empirical formula CO2, CAS Reg. No.... The solid form, dry ice, sublimes under atmospheric pressure at a temperature of −78.5 °C. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title21-vol3/pdf/CFR-2011-title21-vol3-sec184-1240.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title21-vol3/pdf/CFR-2011-title21-vol3-sec184-1240.pdf"><span>21 CFR 184.1240 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. 184.1240 Section 184.1240 Food and... Substances Affirmed as GRAS § 184.1240 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. (a) <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (empirical formula CO2, CAS Reg. No.... The solid form, dry ice, sublimes under atmospheric pressure at a temperature of −78.5 °C. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol7-sec169-732.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol7-sec169-732.pdf"><span>46 CFR 169.732 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm. 169.732 Section 169.732 Shipping... Control, Miscellaneous Systems, and Equipment Markings § 169.732 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm. Each <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm must be conspicuously identified: “WHEN ALARM SOUNDS—VACATE AT ONCE. <span class="hlt">CARBON</span> <span class="hlt">DIOXIDE</span> BEING RELEASED.” ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol7-sec169-732.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol7-sec169-732.pdf"><span>46 CFR 169.732 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm. 169.732 Section 169.732 Shipping... Control, Miscellaneous Systems, and Equipment Markings § 169.732 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm. Each <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm must be conspicuously identified: “WHEN ALARM SOUNDS—VACATE AT ONCE. <span class="hlt">CARBON</span> <span class="hlt">DIOXIDE</span> BEING RELEASED.” ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol4-sec108-627.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol4-sec108-627.pdf"><span>46 CFR 108.627 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm. 108.627 Section 108.627 Shipping... EQUIPMENT Equipment Markings and Instructions § 108.627 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm. Each <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm must be identified by marking: “WHEN ALARM SOUNDS VACATE AT ONCE. <span class="hlt">CARBON</span> <span class="hlt">DIOXIDE</span> BEING RELEASED” next to...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA020472','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA020472"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Effects under Conditions of Raised Environmental Pressure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1974-12-26</p> <p>mechanics of respiration and in particular, the behavior of the respiratory gases. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> plays a major role in the physiology of the...of respiratory limitations and associated COg retention when divers are performing heavy, exhaustive work. In shallow habitat <span class="hlt">air</span> diving using...combinations of <span class="hlt">air</span> and normoxic nitrogen-oxygen breathing mixtures, evidence for the development of slight respiratory acidosis and CO2 retention has</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title21-vol6/pdf/CFR-2010-title21-vol6-sec582-1240.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title21-vol6/pdf/CFR-2010-title21-vol6-sec582-1240.pdf"><span>21 CFR 582.1240 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. 582.1240 Section 582.1240 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) ANIMAL DRUGS....1240 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. (a) Product. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. (b) Conditions of use. This substance is generally...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title21-vol6/pdf/CFR-2012-title21-vol6-sec582-1240.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title21-vol6/pdf/CFR-2012-title21-vol6-sec582-1240.pdf"><span>21 CFR 582.1240 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. 582.1240 Section 582.1240 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) ANIMAL DRUGS....1240 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. (a) Product. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. (b) Conditions of use. This substance is generally...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title21-vol6/pdf/CFR-2013-title21-vol6-sec582-1240.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title21-vol6/pdf/CFR-2013-title21-vol6-sec582-1240.pdf"><span>21 CFR 582.1240 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. 582.1240 Section 582.1240 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) ANIMAL DRUGS....1240 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. (a) Product. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. (b) Conditions of use. This substance is generally...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21-vol6/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol6-sec582-1240.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21-vol6/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol6-sec582-1240.pdf"><span>21 CFR 582.1240 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. 582.1240 Section 582.1240 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) ANIMAL DRUGS....1240 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. (a) Product. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. (b) Conditions of use. This substance is generally...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title21-vol6/pdf/CFR-2011-title21-vol6-sec582-1240.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title21-vol6/pdf/CFR-2011-title21-vol6-sec582-1240.pdf"><span>21 CFR 582.1240 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>....1240 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. (a) Product. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. (b) Conditions of use. This substance is generally... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. 582.1240 Section 582.1240 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) ANIMAL DRUGS...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120000823','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120000823"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Removal via Passive Thermal Approaches</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lawson, Michael; Hanford, Anthony; Conger, Bruce; Anderson, Molly</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>A paper describes a regenerable approach to separate <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from other cabin gases by means of cooling until the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> forms <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> ice on the walls of the physical device. Currently, NASA space vehicles remove <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> by reaction with lithium hydroxide (LiOH) or by adsorption to an amine, a zeolite, or other sorbent. Use of lithium hydroxide, though reliable and well-understood, requires significant mass for all but the shortest missions in the form of lithium hydroxide pellets, because the reaction of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> with lithium hydroxide is essentially irreversible. This approach is regenerable, uses less power than other historical approaches, and it is almost entirely passive, so it is more economical to operate and potentially maintenance- free for long-duration missions. In <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> removal mode, this approach passes a bone-dry stream of crew cabin atmospheric gas through a metal channel in thermal contact with a radiator. The radiator is pointed to reject thermal loads only to space. Within the channel, the working stream is cooled to the sublimation temperature of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> at the prevailing cabin pressure, leading to formation of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> ice on the channel walls. After a prescribed time or accumulation of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> ice, for regeneration of the device, the channel is closed off from the crew cabin and the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> ice is sublimed and either vented to the environment or accumulated for recovery of oxygen in a fully regenerative life support system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150017438','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150017438"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Collection and Purification System for Mars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Clark, D. Larry; Trevathan, Joseph R.</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>One of the most abundant resources available on Mars is the atmosphere. The primary constituent, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, can be used to produce a wide variety of consumables including propellants and breathing <span class="hlt">air</span>. The residual gases can be used for additional pressurization tasks including supplementing the oxygen partial pressure in human habitats. A system is presented that supplies pure, high-pressure <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and a separate stream of residual gases ready for further processing. This power-efficient method freezes the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> directly from the atmosphere using a pulse-tube cryocooler. The resulting CO2 mass is later thawed in a closed pressure vessel, resulting in a compact source of liquefied gas at the vapor pressure of the bulk fluid. Results from a demonstration system are presented along with analysis and system scaling factors for implementation at larger scales. Trace gases in the Martian atmosphere challenge the system designer for all <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> acquisitions concepts. The approximately five percent of other gases build up as local concentrations of CO2 are removed, resulting in diminished performance of the collection process. The presented system takes advantage of this fact and draws the concentrated residual gases away as a useful byproduct. The presented system represents an excelient volume and mass solution for collecting and compressing this valuable Martian resource. Recent advances in pulse-tube cryocooler technology have enabled this concept to be realized in a reliable, low power implementation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15143279','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15143279"><span>Enhanced open ocean storage of CO2 from shelf <span class="hlt">sea</span> pumping.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Thomas, Helmuth; Bozec, Yann; Elkalay, Khalid; de Baar, Hein J W</p> <p>2004-05-14</p> <p>Seasonal field observations show that the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, a Northern European shelf <span class="hlt">sea</span>, is highly efficient in pumping <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from the atmosphere to the North Atlantic Ocean. The bottom topography-controlled stratification separates production and respiration processes in the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, causing a <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> increase in the subsurface layer that is ultimately exported to the North Atlantic Ocean. Globally extrapolated, the net uptake of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> by coastal and marginal <span class="hlt">seas</span> is about 20% of the world ocean's uptake of anthropogenic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, thus enhancing substantially the open ocean <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA254538','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA254538"><span>Transition Organometallic Heterobimettalic Microns-<span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> and Microns-Format Complexes in Homogeneous <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Fixation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1992-08-12</p> <p>AD-A254 538 OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH FINAL REPORT FCR Contract N00014-87-K-0465 R&T Code 413j006 "Transition Organometallic Heterobimetallic ix...ransition Organometallic Heterobimetallic P-<span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> and p-FormateComplexes in Homogeneous <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Fixation 12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) Alan R...J. L. Shibley, and A. R. Cutler, J. Organomet. Chem. 1989,378, 421.* "Characterization of the Heterobimetallic ±(r011-C: T12 -O,O’) <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span></p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_6 --> <div id="page_7" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="121"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/36429','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/36429"><span>Effects of long-term (10 years) exposure to elevated CO2 and O3 on trembling Aspen <span class="hlt">carbon</span> and nitrogen metabolism at the aspen FACE (Free-<span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Enrichment) study site [Abstract</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>R. Minocha; S. Long; S. Minocha; P Marquardt; M. Kubiske</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The objective of the present study was to evaluate the long-term (10 years) effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> and nitrogen metabolism of aspen trees. The study was conducted at the Aspen Free-<span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Enrichment (FACE) experimental site, Rhinelander, WI, (USA).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?direntryid=335949','PESTICIDES'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?direntryid=335949"><span>Fixation of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> into dimethyl <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> over ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/search.htm">EPA Pesticide Factsheets</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>A titanium-based zeolitic thiophene-benzimidazolate framework has been designed for the direct synthesis of dimethyl <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> (DMC) from methanol and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. The developed catalyst activates <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and delivers over 16% yield of DMC without the use of any dehydrating agent or requirement for azeotropic distillation. Prepared for submission to Nature Scientific reports.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA04130&hterms=alien&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dalien','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA04130&hterms=alien&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dalien"><span>Frozen <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p><p/> 1 August 2005 This Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) image shows a south polar residual cap landscape, formed in frozen <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. There is no place on Earth that one can go to visit a landscape covering thousands of square kilometers with frozen <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, so mesas, pits, and other landforms of the martian south polar region are as alien as they are beautiful. The scarps of the south polar region are known from thousands of other MGS MOC images to retreat at a rate of about 3 meters (3 yards) per martian year, indiating that slowly, over the course of the MGS mission, the amount of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in the martian atmosphere has probably been increasing. <p/> <i>Location near</i>: 86.9oS, 25.5oW <i>Image width</i>: width: 3 km (1.9 mi) <i>Illumination from</i>: upper left <i>Season</i>: Southern Spring</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA05694&hterms=alien&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dalien','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA05694&hterms=alien&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dalien"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Landforms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>19 March 2004 The martian south polar residual ice cap is mostly made of frozen <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. There is no place on Earth that a person can go to see the landforms that would be produced by erosion and sublimation of hundreds or thousands of cubic kilometers of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. Thus, the south polar cap of Mars is as alien as alien can get. This image, acquired in February 2004 by the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC), shows how the cap appears in summer as <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is subliming away, creating a wild pattern of pits, mesas, and buttes. Darker surfaces may be areas where the ice contains impurities, such as dust, or where the surface has been roughened by the removal of ice. This image is located near 86.3oS, 0.8oW. This picture covers an area about 3 km (1.9 mi) across. Sunlight illuminates the scene from the top/upper left.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930019785','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930019785"><span>Alkali metal <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> electrochemical system for energy storage and/or conversion of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to oxygen</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hagedorn, Norman H. (Inventor)</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>An alkali metal, such as lithium, is the anodic reactant; <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> or a mixture of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide is the cathodic reactant; and <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> of the alkali metal is the electrolyte in an electrochemical cell for the storage and delivery of electrical energy. Additionally, alkali metal-<span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> battery systems include a plurality of such electrochemical cells. Gold is a preferred catalyst for reducing the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> at the cathode. The fuel cell of the invention produces electrochemical energy through the use of an anodic reactant which is extremely energetic and light, and a cathodic reactant which can be extracted from its environment and therefore exacts no transportation penalty. The invention is, therefore, especially useful in extraterrestrial environments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11537854','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11537854"><span>Effects of fuel and forest conservation on future levels of atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Walker, J C; Kasting, J F</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p> formulation of the rock cycle and to the dissolution of deep <span class="hlt">sea</span> <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> sediments. Atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> continues to increase as long fossil fuel is burned at a significant rate, because the rate of fossil fuel production of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> far exceeds the rates at which geochemical processes can remove <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from the atmosphere. The maximum concentration of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> achieved in the atmosphere depends on the total amount of fossil fuel burned, but only weakly on the rate of burning. The future course of atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is, however, very sensitive to the fate of the forests in this simulation because of the important role assigned to <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> fertilization of plant growth rate. Forest clearance drives up atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> not only by converting biomass into atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> but more importantly by reducing the capacity of the biota to sequester fossil fuel <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. In this simulation, atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> levels could be sustained indefinitely below 500 parts per million (ppm) if fossil fuel combustion rates were immediately cut from their present value of 5 x 10(14) m/y to 0.2 x 10(14) m/y (a factor of 25 reduction) and if further forest clearance were halted. If neither of these conditions is met and if we consume most of the world's fossil fuel reserves, peak <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentrations of 1000-2000 ppm are probable within the next few centuries.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3038919','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3038919"><span>Out of thin <span class="hlt">air</span>: Sensory detection of oxygen and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Scott, Kristin</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Oxygen and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> levels vary in different environments and locally fluctuate during respiration and photosynthesis. Recent studies in diverse animals have identified sensory neurons that detect these external variations and direct a variety of behaviors. Detection allows animals to stay within a preferred environment as well as identify potential food or dangers. The complexity of sensation is reflected in the fact that neurons compartmentalize detection into increases, decreases, short-range and long-range cues. Animals also adjust their responses to these prevalent signals in context of other cues, allowing for flexible behaviors. In general, the molecular mechanisms for detection suggest that sensory neurons adopted ancient strategies for cellular detection and coupled them to brain activity and behavior. This review highlights the multiple strategies that animals use to extract information about their environment from variations in oxygen and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. PMID:21262460</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=273608','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=273608"><span>The role of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in ammonia emission from manure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Ammonia emission from manure is a significant loss of fixed N from agricultural systems, and contributes to <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution and ecosystem degradation. Despite the development of numerous mathematical models for predicting ammonia emission, the interactions between <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> emission, manure pH, a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1174583','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1174583"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> removal process</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Baker, Richard W.; Da Costa, Andre R.; Lokhandwala, Kaaeid A.</p> <p>2003-11-18</p> <p>A process and apparatus for separating <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from gas, especially natural gas, that also contains C.sub.3+ hydrocarbons. The invention uses two or three membrane separation steps, optionally in conjunction with cooling/condensation under pressure, to yield a lighter, sweeter product natural gas stream, and/or a <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> stream of reinjection quality and/or a natural gas liquids (NGL) stream.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5814831','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5814831"><span>Capacitance‐Assisted Sustainable Electrochemical <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Mineralisation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lamb, Katie J.; Dowsett, Mark R.; Chatzipanagis, Konstantinos; Scullion, Zhan Wei; Kröger, Roland; Lee, James D.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Abstract An electrochemical cell comprising a novel dual‐component graphite and Earth‐crust abundant metal anode, a hydrogen producing cathode and an aqueous sodium chloride electrolyte was constructed and used for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> mineralisation. Under an atmosphere of 5 % <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in nitrogen, the cell exhibited both capacitive and oxidative electrochemistry at the anode. The graphite acted as a supercapacitive reagent concentrator, pumping <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> into aqueous solution as hydrogen <span class="hlt">carbonate</span>. Simultaneous oxidation of the anodic metal generated cations, which reacted with the hydrogen <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> to give mineralised <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. Whilst conventional electrochemical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reduction requires hydrogen, this cell generates hydrogen at the cathode. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> capture can be achieved in a highly sustainable manner using scrap metal within the anode, seawater as the electrolyte, an industrially relevant gas stream and a solar panel as an effective zero‐<span class="hlt">carbon</span> energy source. PMID:29171724</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/carbon/','EIAPUBS'); return false;" href="https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/carbon/"><span>U.S. Energy-Related <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Emissions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/reports/">EIA Publications</a></p> <p></p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>U.S. Energy Information Administration releases its online analysis of 2016 energy-related <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> emissions today. It indicates U.S. <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> emissions from the consumption of fossil fuels were 5,170 million metric tons <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in 2016, a decrease of 1.7 percent from the 2015 level. Energy-related <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> emissions have declined in six of the last ten years. This analysis is based on data contained in the August 2017 Monthly Energy Review.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010TellB..62..621J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010TellB..62..621J"><span>Rapid changes in surface water <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> chemistry during Antarctic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice melt</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jones, Elizabeth M.; Bakker, Dorothee C. E.; Venables, Hugh J.; Whitehouse, Michael J.; Korb, Rebecca E.; Watson, Andrew J.</p> <p>2010-11-01</p> <p>ABSTRACT The effect of <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice melt on the <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> chemistry of surface waters in the Weddell-Scotia Confluence, Southern Ocean, was investigated during January 2008. Contrasting concentrations of dissolved inorganic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> (DIC), total alkalinity (TA) and the fugacity of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (fCO2) were observed in and around the receding <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice edge. The precipitation of <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> minerals such as ikaite (CaCO3.6H2O) in <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice brine has the net effect of decreasing DIC and TA and increasing the fCO2 in the brine. Deficits in DIC up to 12 +/- 3 μmol kg-1 in the marginal ice zone (MIZ) were consistent with the release of DIC-poor brines to surface waters during <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice melt. Biological utilization of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> was the dominant processes and accounted for 41 +/- 1 μmol kg-1 of the summer DIC deficit. The data suggest that the combined effects of biological <span class="hlt">carbon</span> uptake and the precipitation of <span class="hlt">carbonates</span> created substantial undersaturation in fCO2 of 95 μatm in the MIZ during summer <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice melt. Further work is required to improve the understanding of ikaite chemistry in Antarctic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice and its importance for the <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice <span class="hlt">carbon</span> pump.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2011-title21-vol8-sec868-1400.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2011-title21-vol8-sec868-1400.pdf"><span>21 CFR 868.1400 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas analyzer.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas analyzer. 868.1400 Section 868...) MEDICAL DEVICES ANESTHESIOLOGY DEVICES Diagnostic Devices § 868.1400 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas analyzer. (a) Identification. A <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas analyzer is a device intended to measure the concentration of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2010-title21-vol8-sec868-1400.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2010-title21-vol8-sec868-1400.pdf"><span>21 CFR 868.1400 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas analyzer.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas analyzer. 868.1400 Section 868...) MEDICAL DEVICES ANESTHESIOLOGY DEVICES Diagnostic Devices § 868.1400 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas analyzer. (a) Identification. A <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas analyzer is a device intended to measure the concentration of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2013-title21-vol8-sec868-1400.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2013-title21-vol8-sec868-1400.pdf"><span>21 CFR 868.1400 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas analyzer.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas analyzer. 868.1400 Section 868...) MEDICAL DEVICES ANESTHESIOLOGY DEVICES Diagnostic Devices § 868.1400 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas analyzer. (a) Identification. A <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas analyzer is a device intended to measure the concentration of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol8-sec868-1400.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol8-sec868-1400.pdf"><span>21 CFR 868.1400 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas analyzer.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas analyzer. 868.1400 Section 868...) MEDICAL DEVICES ANESTHESIOLOGY DEVICES Diagnostic Devices § 868.1400 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas analyzer. (a) Identification. A <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas analyzer is a device intended to measure the concentration of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1159937','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1159937"><span>Reducing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to products</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Cole, Emily Barton; Sivasankar, Narayanappa; Parajuli, Rishi; Keets, Kate A</p> <p>2014-09-30</p> <p>A method reducing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to one or more products may include steps (A) to (C). Step (A) may bubble said <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> into a solution of an electrolyte and a catalyst in a divided electrochemical cell. The divided electrochemical cell may include an anode in a first cell compartment and a cathode in a second cell compartment. The cathode may reduce said <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> into said products. Step (B) may adjust one or more of (a) a cathode material, (b) a surface morphology of said cathode, (c) said electrolyte, (d) a manner in which said <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is bubbled, (e), a pH level of said solution, and (f) an electrical potential of said divided electrochemical cell, to vary at least one of (i) which of said products is produced and (ii) a faradaic yield of said products. Step (C) may separate said products from said solution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29171724','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29171724"><span>Capacitance-Assisted Sustainable Electrochemical <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Mineralisation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lamb, Katie J; Dowsett, Mark R; Chatzipanagis, Konstantinos; Scullion, Zhan Wei; Kröger, Roland; Lee, James D; Aguiar, Pedro M; North, Michael; Parkin, Alison</p> <p>2018-01-10</p> <p>An electrochemical cell comprising a novel dual-component graphite and Earth-crust abundant metal anode, a hydrogen producing cathode and an aqueous sodium chloride electrolyte was constructed and used for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> mineralisation. Under an atmosphere of 5 % <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in nitrogen, the cell exhibited both capacitive and oxidative electrochemistry at the anode. The graphite acted as a supercapacitive reagent concentrator, pumping <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> into aqueous solution as hydrogen <span class="hlt">carbonate</span>. Simultaneous oxidation of the anodic metal generated cations, which reacted with the hydrogen <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> to give mineralised <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. Whilst conventional electrochemical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reduction requires hydrogen, this cell generates hydrogen at the cathode. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> capture can be achieved in a highly sustainable manner using scrap metal within the anode, seawater as the electrolyte, an industrially relevant gas stream and a solar panel as an effective zero-<span class="hlt">carbon</span> energy source. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol3-sec76-15-20.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol3-sec76-15-20.pdf"><span>46 CFR 76.15-20 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. 76.15-20 Section 76.15-20... EQUIPMENT <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Extinguishing Systems, Details § 76.15-20 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. (a) Except as... than 300 pounds of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, may have the cylinders located within the space protected. If the...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1333824','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1333824"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> separation using adsorption with steam regeneration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Elliott, Jeannine Elizabeth; Copeland, Robert James; Leta, Daniel P.; McCall, Patrick P.; Bai, Chuansheng; DeRites, Bruce A.</p> <p>2016-11-29</p> <p>A process for separating a <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from a gas stream is disclosed. The process can include passing the gas stream over a sorbent that adsorbs the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> by concentration swing adsorption and adsorptive displacement. The sorbent can be regenerated and the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> recaptured by desorbing the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from the sorbent using concentration swing adsorption and desorptive displacement. A <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> separation system is also disclosed. Neither the system nor the process rely on temperature swing or pressure swing adsorption.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_7 --> <div id="page_8" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="141"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=ammonia&pg=5&id=EJ467730','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=ammonia&pg=5&id=EJ467730"><span>Solubility of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> in Water.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Bush, Pat; And Others</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Describes an activity measuring the amount of dissolved <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in <span class="hlt">carbonated</span> water at different temperatures. The amount of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is measured by the amount of dilute ammonia solution needed to produce a pH indicator color change. (PR)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol19/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol19-sec86-224-94.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol19/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol19-sec86-224-94.pdf"><span>40 CFR 86.224-94 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration. 86.224-94 Section 86.224-94 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) <span class="hlt">AIR</span> PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES Emission Regulations for 1994 and Later Model Year...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol3-sec78-47-9.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol3-sec78-47-9.pdf"><span>46 CFR 78.47-9 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm. 78.47-9 Section 78.47-9 Shipping... and Emergency Equipment, Etc. § 78.47-9 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm. (a) All <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarms shall be conspicuously identified: “WHEN ALARM SOUNDS—VACATE AT ONCE. <span class="hlt">CARBON</span> <span class="hlt">DIOXIDE</span> BEING RELEASED.” (b) [Reserved] ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol7-sec196-37-9.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol7-sec196-37-9.pdf"><span>46 CFR 196.37-9 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm. 196.37-9 Section 196.37-9 Shipping... Markings for Fire and Emergency Equipment, etc. § 196.37-9 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm. (a) All <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarms shall be conspicuously identified: “WHEN ALARM SOUNDS—VACATE AT ONCE. <span class="hlt">CARBON</span> <span class="hlt">DIOXIDE</span> BEING...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol4-sec97-37-9.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol4-sec97-37-9.pdf"><span>46 CFR 97.37-9 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm. 97.37-9 Section 97.37-9 Shipping... Markings for Fire and Emergency Equipment, Etc. § 97.37-9 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm. (a) All <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarms shall be conspicuously identified: “WHEN ALARM SOUNDS—VACATE AT ONCE. <span class="hlt">CARBON</span> <span class="hlt">DIOXIDE</span> BEING...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol7-sec196-37-9.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol7-sec196-37-9.pdf"><span>46 CFR 196.37-9 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm. 196.37-9 Section 196.37-9 Shipping... Markings for Fire and Emergency Equipment, etc. § 196.37-9 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm. (a) All <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarms shall be conspicuously identified: “WHEN ALARM SOUNDS—VACATE AT ONCE. <span class="hlt">CARBON</span> <span class="hlt">DIOXIDE</span> BEING...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2010-title21-vol8-sec868-5300.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2010-title21-vol8-sec868-5300.pdf"><span>21 CFR 868.5300 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorbent.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorbent. 868.5300 Section 868...) MEDICAL DEVICES ANESTHESIOLOGY DEVICES Therapeutic Devices § 868.5300 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorbent. (a) Identification. A <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorbent is a device intended for medical purposes that consists of an...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol8-sec868-5300.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol8-sec868-5300.pdf"><span>21 CFR 868.5300 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorbent.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorbent. 868.5300 Section 868...) MEDICAL DEVICES ANESTHESIOLOGY DEVICES Therapeutic Devices § 868.5300 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorbent. (a) Identification. A <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorbent is a device intended for medical purposes that consists of an...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2013-title21-vol8-sec868-5300.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2013-title21-vol8-sec868-5300.pdf"><span>21 CFR 868.5300 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorbent.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorbent. 868.5300 Section 868...) MEDICAL DEVICES ANESTHESIOLOGY DEVICES Therapeutic Devices § 868.5300 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorbent. (a) Identification. A <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorbent is a device intended for medical purposes that consists of an...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1713324C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1713324C"><span>Spatial sensitivity of inorganic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> to model setup: North <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and Baltic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> with ECOSMO</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Castano Primo, Rocio; Schrum, Corinna; Daewel, Ute</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>In ocean biogeochemical models it is critical to capture the key processes adequately so they do not only reproduce the observations but that those processes are reproduced correctly. One key issue is the choice of parameters, which in most cases are estimates with large uncertainties. This can be the product of actual lack of detailed knowledge of the process, or the manner the processes are implemented, more or less complex. In addition, the model sensitivity is not necessarily homogenous across the spatial domain modelled, which adds another layer of complexity to biogeochemical modelling. In the particular case of the inorganic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycle, there are several sets of <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> constants that can be chosen. The calculated <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 flux is largely dependent on the parametrization chosen. In addition, the different parametrizations all the underlying processes that in some way impact the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycle beyond the <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> dissociation and fluxes give results that can be significantly different. Examples of these processes are phytoplankton growth rates or remineralization rates. Despite their geographical proximity, the North and Baltic <span class="hlt">Seas</span> exhibit very different dynamics. The North <span class="hlt">Sea</span> receives important inflows of Atlantic waters, while the Baltic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> is an almost enclosed system, with very little exchange from the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. Wind, tides, and freshwater supply act very differently, but dominantly structure the ecosystem dynamics on spatial and temporal scales. The biological community is also different. Cyanobacteria, which are important due to their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, and they are only present in the Baltic <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. These differentiating features have a strong impact in the biogeochemical cycles and ultimately shape the variations in the <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> chemistry. Here the ECOSMO model was employed on the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and Baltic <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. The model is set so both are modelled at the same time, instead of having them run separately. ECOSMO is a 3-D coupled</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863394','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863394"><span>Method of immobilizing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from gas streams</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Holladay, David W.; Haag, Gary L.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>This invention is a method for rapidly and continuously immobilizing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> contained in various industrial off-gas streams, the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> being immobilized as dry, stable, and substantially water-insoluble particulates. Briefly, the method comprises passing the gas stream through a fixed or fluidized bed of hydrated barium hydroxide to remove and immobilize the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> by converting the bed to barium <span class="hlt">carbonate</span>. The method has several important advantages: it can be conducted effectively at ambient temperature; it provides a very rapid reaction rate over a wide range of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentrations; it provides high decontamination factors; and it has a high capacity for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. The invention is especially well suited for the removal of radioactive <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from off-gases generated by nuclear-fuel reprocessing facilities and nuclear power plants.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol19/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol19-sec86-124-78.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol19/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol19-sec86-124-78.pdf"><span>40 CFR 86.124-78 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration. 86.124-78 Section 86.124-78 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) <span class="hlt">AIR</span> PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES Emission Regulations for 1977 and Later Model Year New...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70026318','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70026318"><span>Modification of pure oxygen absorption equipment for concurrent stripping of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Watten, B.J.; Sibrell, P.L.; Montgomery, G.A.; Tsukuda, S.M.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>The high solubility of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> precludes significant desorption within commercial oxygen absorption equipment. This operating characteristic of the equipment limits its application in recirculating water culture systems despite its ability to significantly increase allowable fish loading rates (kg/(L min)). <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (DC) is typically removed by <span class="hlt">air</span> stripping. This process requires a significant energy input for forced <span class="hlt">air</span> movement, <span class="hlt">air</span> heating in cold climates and water pumping. We developed a modification for a spray tower that provides for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> desorption as well as oxygen absorption. Elimination of the <span class="hlt">air</span>-stripping step reduces pumping costs while allowing dissolved nitrogen to drop below saturation concentrations. This latter response provides for an improvement in oxygen absorption efficiency within the spray tower. DC desorption is achieved by directing head-space gases from the spray tower (O2, N2, CO2) through a sealed packed tower scrubber receiving a 2 N NaOH solution. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is selectively removed from the gas stream, by chemical reaction, forming the product Na 2CO3. Scrubber off-gas, lean with regard to <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> but still rich with oxygen, is redirected through the spray tower for further stripping of DC and absorption of oxygen. Make-up NaOH is metered into the scrubbing solution sump on an as needed basis as directed by a feedback control loop programmed to maintain a scrubbing solution pH of 11.4-11.8. The spent NaOH solution is collected, then regenerated for reuse, in a batch process that requires relatively inexpensive hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2). A by-product of the regeneration step is an alkaline filter cake, which may have use in bio-solids stabilization. Given the enhanced gas transfer rates possible with chemical reaction, the required NaOH solution flow rate through the scrubber represents a fraction of the spray tower water flow rate. Further, isolation of the water being treated from the atmosphere (1</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title27-vol1-sec24-319.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title27-vol1-sec24-319.pdf"><span>27 CFR 24.319 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> record.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> record. 24..., DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY LIQUORS WINE Records and Reports § 24.319 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> record. A proprietor who uses <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in still wine shall maintain a record of the laboratory tests conducted to...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2010-title21-vol8-sec868-5310.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2010-title21-vol8-sec868-5310.pdf"><span>21 CFR 868.5310 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorber.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorber. 868.5310 Section 868.5310...) MEDICAL DEVICES ANESTHESIOLOGY DEVICES Therapeutic Devices § 868.5310 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorber. (a) Identification. A <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorber is a device that is intended for medical purposes and that is used in a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title27-vol1-sec24-319.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title27-vol1-sec24-319.pdf"><span>27 CFR 24.319 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> record.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> record. 24..., DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY ALCOHOL WINE Records and Reports § 24.319 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> record. A proprietor who uses <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in still wine shall maintain a record of the laboratory tests conducted to...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title27-vol1-sec24-319.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title27-vol1-sec24-319.pdf"><span>27 CFR 24.319 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> record.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> record. 24..., DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY ALCOHOL WINE Records and Reports § 24.319 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> record. A proprietor who uses <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in still wine shall maintain a record of the laboratory tests conducted to...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2013-title21-vol8-sec868-5310.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2013-title21-vol8-sec868-5310.pdf"><span>21 CFR 868.5310 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorber.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorber. 868.5310 Section 868.5310...) MEDICAL DEVICES ANESTHESIOLOGY DEVICES Therapeutic Devices § 868.5310 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorber. (a) Identification. A <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorber is a device that is intended for medical purposes and that is used in a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title27-vol1-sec24-319.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title27-vol1-sec24-319.pdf"><span>27 CFR 24.319 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> record.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> record. 24..., DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY LIQUORS WINE Records and Reports § 24.319 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> record. A proprietor who uses <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in still wine shall maintain a record of the laboratory tests conducted to...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol8-sec868-5310.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol8-sec868-5310.pdf"><span>21 CFR 868.5310 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorber.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorber. 868.5310 Section 868.5310...) MEDICAL DEVICES ANESTHESIOLOGY DEVICES Therapeutic Devices § 868.5310 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorber. (a) Identification. A <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorber is a device that is intended for medical purposes and that is used in a...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_8 --> <div id="page_9" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="161"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title27-vol1-sec24-319.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title27-vol1-sec24-319.pdf"><span>27 CFR 24.319 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> record.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>..., DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY LIQUORS WINE Records and Reports § 24.319 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> record. A proprietor who uses <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in still wine shall maintain a record of the laboratory tests conducted to... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> record. 24...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol4-sec108-431.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol4-sec108-431.pdf"><span>46 CFR 108.431 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> systems: General.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> systems: General. (a) Sections 108.431 through 108.457 apply to high pressure <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> fire extinguishing systems. (b) Low pressure systems, that is, those in which the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6354H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6354H"><span>Sustaining nutrient supply and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> export in a seasonally-stratifying shelf <span class="hlt">sea</span> through inconsistent production and remineralisation stoichiometry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Humphreys, Matthew; Moore, Mark; Achterberg, Eric; Chowdhury, Mohammed; Griffiths, Alex; Hartman, Susan; Hopkins, Joanne; Hull, Tom; Kivimäe, Caroline; Sivyer, Dave; Smilenova, Angelina; Wihsgott, Juliane; Woodward, Malcolm</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Continental shelf <span class="hlt">seas</span> support 15-20% of global primary productivity despite covering only about 5% of the Earth's ocean surface area. As a result, they may have a significant role in oceanic uptake and storage of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) from the atmosphere, through the 'continental shelf pump' mechanism. The northwest European continental shelf, in particular the Celtic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (50°N 8°W), was the target of extensive biogeochemical sampling from March 2014 to September 2015, as part of the UK Shelf <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Biogeochemistry research programme (UK-SSB). Here, we use the UK-SSB <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> chemistry and macronutrient measurements to investigate the biogeochemical seasonality in the temperate, seasonally-stratifying Celtic <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. During the spring-summer, near-surface biological activity removed dissolved inorganic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> and nutrients, some of which were then exported into the deeper layer. We calculated vertical inventories of these variables throughout 1.5 seasonal cycles and attempted to correct these for <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 exchange, advection and denitrification, thus isolating the combined effect of net community production and remineralisation on the inorganic macronutrient inventories, and revealing fluctuating deviations from Redfield stoichiometry. Here, we discuss the capacity of these stoichiometric inconsistencies to sustain the Celtic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> nutrient supply, and thus examine whether an effective continental shelf pump for CO2 could operate in this region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2012-title21-vol8-sec868-5310.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2012-title21-vol8-sec868-5310.pdf"><span>21 CFR 868.5310 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorber.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorber. 868.5310 Section 868.5310 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES ANESTHESIOLOGY DEVICES Therapeutic Devices § 868.5310 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorber. (a) Identification. A <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorber is a devic...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2011-title21-vol8-sec868-5300.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2011-title21-vol8-sec868-5300.pdf"><span>21 CFR 868.5300 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorbent.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorbent. 868.5300 Section 868.5300 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES ANESTHESIOLOGY DEVICES Therapeutic Devices § 868.5300 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorbent. (a) Identification. A <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorbent is a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2012-title21-vol8-sec868-5300.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2012-title21-vol8-sec868-5300.pdf"><span>21 CFR 868.5300 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorbent.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorbent. 868.5300 Section 868.5300 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES ANESTHESIOLOGY DEVICES Therapeutic Devices § 868.5300 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorbent. (a) Identification. A <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorbent is a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2011-title21-vol8-sec868-5310.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2011-title21-vol8-sec868-5310.pdf"><span>21 CFR 868.5310 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorber.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorber. 868.5310 Section 868.5310 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES ANESTHESIOLOGY DEVICES Therapeutic Devices § 868.5310 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorber. (a) Identification. A <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorber is a devic...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6176904','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6176904"><span>Master index for the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> research state-of-the-art report series</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Farrell, M P</p> <p>1987-03-01</p> <p>Four State of the Art (SOA) reports, ''Atmospheric <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> and the Global <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> Cycle,'' ''Direct Effects of Increasing <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> on Vegetation,'' ''Detecting the Climatic Effects of Increasing <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span>,'' and ''Projecting the Climatic Effects of Increasing <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span>,'' and two companion reports, ''Characterization of Information Requirements for Studies of CO/sub 2/ Effects: Water Resources, Agriculture, Fisheries, Forests and Human Health'' and ''Glaciers, Ice Sheets, and <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Level: Effect of a CO/sub 2/-Induced Climatic Change,'' were published by the US Department of Energy's <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Research Division. Considerable information on atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and its possible effects on worldmore » climate is summarized in these six volumes. Each volume has its own index, but to make the information that is distributed throughout the six volumes more accessible and usable, comprehensive citation and subject indexes have been compiled. The subject indexes of the individual volumes have been edited to provide a uniformity from volume to volume and also to draw distinctions not needed in the separate volumes' indexes. Also, the comprehensive subject index has been formatted in a matrix arrangement to graphically show the distribution of subject treatment from volume to volume. Other aids include cross references between the scientific and common names of the animals and plants referred to, a glossary of special terms used, tables of data and conversion factors related to the data, and explanations of the acronyms and initialisms used in the texts of the six volumes. The executive summaries of the six volumes are collected and reproduced to allow the readers interested in the contents of one volume to rapidly gain information on the contents of the other volumes.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol4-sec108-627.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol4-sec108-627.pdf"><span>46 CFR 108.627 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm. 108.627 Section 108.627 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT Equipment Markings and Instructions § 108.627 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm. Each <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm must be identified by marking: “WHEN ALARM...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4451532','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4451532"><span>Tuning Organic <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Absorbents for <span class="hlt">Carbonation</span> and Decarbonation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Rajamanickam, Ramachandran; Kim, Hyungsoo; Park, Ji-Woong</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The reaction of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> with a mixture of a superbase and alcohol affords a superbase alkylcarbonate salt via a process that can be reversed at elevated temperatures. To utilize the unique chemistry of superbases for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> capture technology, it is essential to facilitate <span class="hlt">carbonation</span> and decarbonation at desired temperatures in an easily controllable manner. Here, we demonstrate that the thermal stabilities of the alkylcarbonate salts of superbases in organic solutions can be tuned by adjusting the compositions of hydroxylic solvent and polar aprotic solvent mixtures, thereby enabling the best possible performances to be obtained from the various <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> capture agents based on these materials. The findings provides valuable insights into the design and optimization of organic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorbents. PMID:26033537</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70017173','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70017173"><span>Revised budget for the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Sarmiento, J.L.; Sundquist, E.T.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>TRACER-CALIBRATED models of the total uptake of anthropogenic CO2 by the world's oceans give estimates of about 2 gigatonnes <span class="hlt">carbon</span> per year1, significantly larger than a recent estimate2 of 0.3-0.8 Gt C yr-1 for the synoptic <span class="hlt">air-to-sea</span> CO2 influx. Although both estimates require that the global CO2 budget must be balanced by a large unknown terrestrial sink, the latter estimate implies a much larger terrestrial sink, and challenges the ocean model calculations on which previous CO2 budgets were based. The discrepancy is due in part to the net flux of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> to the ocean by rivers and rain, which must be added to the synoptic <span class="hlt">air-to-sea</span> CO2 flux to obtain the total oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2. Here we estimate the magnitude of this correction and of several other recently proposed adjustments to the synoptic <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 exchange. These combined adjustments minimize the apparent inconsistency, and restore estimates of the terrestrial sink to values implied by the modelled oceanic uptake.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.V23A4779S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.V23A4779S"><span>Mechanism Study of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Capture from Ambient <span class="hlt">Air</span> by Hydration Energy Variation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shi, X.; Lackner, K. S.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Hydration of neutral and ionic species on solid interfaces plays an important role in a wide range of natural and engineered processes within energy systems as well as biological and environmental systems. Various chemical reactions are significantly enhanced, both in the rate and the extent of the reaction, because of water molecules present or absent at the interface. A novel technology for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> capture, driven by the free energy difference between more or less hydrated states of an anionic exchange resin is studied for a new approach to absorb CO2 from ambient <span class="hlt">air</span>. For these materials the affinity to CO2 is dramatically lowered as the availability of water is increased. This makes it possible to absorb CO2 from <span class="hlt">air</span> in a dry environment and release it at two orders of magnitude larger partial pressures in a wet environment. While the absorption process and the thermodynamic properties of <span class="hlt">air</span> capture via ion exchange resins have been demonstrated, the underlying physical mechanisms remain to be understood. In order to rationally design better sorbent materials, the present work elucidates through molecular dynamics and quantum mechanical modeling the energy changes in the <span class="hlt">carbonate</span>, bicarbonate and hydroxide ions that are induced by hydration, and how these changes affect sorbent properties. A methodology is developed to determine the free energy change during <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> ion hydrolysis changes with different numbers of water molecules present. This makes it possible to calculate the equilibrium in the reaction CO3--•nH2O ↔ HCO3- • m1H2O + OH- • m2H2O + (n - 1 - m1 - m2)H2O Molecular dynamics models are used to calculate free energies of hydration for the CO32- ion, the HCO3- ion, and the OH- ion as function of the amount of water that is present. A quantum mechanical model is employed to study the equilibrium of the reaction Na2CO3 + H2O ↔ NaHCO3 + NaOHin a vacuum and at room temperature. The computational analysis of the free energy of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA14435.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA14435.html"><span>Concentration of Atmospheric <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> from Earth Mid-Troposphere, 2002 to 2013</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-05-22</p> <p>This graph made with data from the <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> instrument on NASA Aqua satellite shows the concentration of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in Earth mid-troposphere, located roughly between 3 to 6 miles 5 to 9 kilometers in altitude.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1193401','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1193401"><span>Titanium <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, single-walled <span class="hlt">carbon</span> nanotube composites</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Yao, Yuan; Li, Gonghu; Gray, Kimberly; Lueptow, Richard M.</p> <p>2015-07-14</p> <p>The present invention provides titanium <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>/single-walled <span class="hlt">carbon</span> nanotube composites (TiO.sub.2/SWCNTs), articles of manufacture, and methods of making and using such composites. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides membrane filters and ceramic articles that are coated with TiO.sub.2/SWCNT composite material. In other embodiments, the present invention provides methods of using TiO.sub.2/SWCNT composite material to purify a sample, such as a water or <span class="hlt">air</span> sample.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810030001&hterms=palestine&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dpalestine','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810030001&hterms=palestine&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dpalestine"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> measurements in the stratosphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mauersberger, K.; Finstad, R.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>A mass spectrometer experiment for the analysis of minor constituents in the stratosphere has been flown successfully four times from Palestine, Texas on board a balloon gondola. The <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> mixing ratio, which shows unexpectedly large variations in the stratosphere, reached 400 ppm in one particular night flight. This is about 20% higher than the ground value. Evidence is presented that the experiment performed well during each of the balloon flights. The isotopic ratio C-12/C-13 was measured and found in good agreement with previous <span class="hlt">air</span> analyses showing a depletion of C-13.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=212855&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=geothermal&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=212855&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=geothermal&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> recycling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The recycling of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to methanol and dimethyl ether is seen to offer a substantial route to renewable and environmentally <span class="hlt">carbon</span> neutral fuels. One of the authors has championed the “Methanol Economy" in articles and a book. By recycling ambient CO2, the authors argue ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22356551-carbonic-acid-reserve-carbon-dioxide-icy-moons-formation-carbon-dioxide-co-sub-polar-environment','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22356551-carbonic-acid-reserve-carbon-dioxide-icy-moons-formation-carbon-dioxide-co-sub-polar-environment"><span><span class="hlt">Carbonic</span> acid as a reserve of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> on icy moons: The formation of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO{sub 2}) in a polar environment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Jones, Brant M.; Kaiser, Ralf I.; Strazzulla, Giovanni, E-mail: brantmj@hawaii.edu</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO{sub 2}) has been detected on the surface of several icy moons of Jupiter and Saturn via observation of the ν{sub 3} band with the Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer on board the Galileo spacecraft and the Visible-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer on board the Cassini spacecraft. Interestingly, the CO{sub 2} band for several of these moons exhibits a blueshift along with a broader profile than that seen in laboratory studies and other astrophysical environments. As such, numerous attempts have been made in order to clarify this abnormal behavior; however, it currently lacks an acceptable physical or chemical explanation. We present amore » rather surprising result pertaining to the synthesis of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in a polar environment. Here, <span class="hlt">carbonic</span> acid was synthesized in a water (H{sub 2}O)-<span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO{sub 2}) (1:5) ice mixture exposed to ionizing radiation in the form of 5 keV electrons. The irradiated ice mixture was then annealed, producing pure <span class="hlt">carbonic</span> acid which was then subsequently irradiated, recycling water and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. However, the observed <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> ν{sub 3} band matches almost exactly with that observed on Callisto; subsequent temperature program desorption studies reveal that <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> synthesized under these conditions remains in solid form until 160 K, i.e., the sublimation temperature of water. Consequently, our results suggest that <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> on Callisto as well as other icy moons is indeed complexed with water rationalizing the shift in peak frequency, broad profile, and the solid state existence on these relatively warm moons.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1035688-impact-intentionally-injected-carbon-dioxide-hydrate-deep-sea-benthic-foraminiferal-survival','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1035688-impact-intentionally-injected-carbon-dioxide-hydrate-deep-sea-benthic-foraminiferal-survival"><span>Impact of intentionally injected <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> hydrate on deep-<span class="hlt">sea</span> benthic foraminiferal survival.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Bernhard, Joan M; Barry, James P; Buck, Kurt R</p> <p>2009-08-01</p> <p>Abstract Sequestration of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) in the ocean is being considered as a feasible mechanism to mitigate the alarming rate in its atmospheric rise. Little is known, however, about how the resulting hypercapnia and ocean acidification may affect marine fauna. In an effort to understand better the protistan reaction to such an environmental perturbation, the survivorship of benthic foraminifera, which is a prevalent group of protists, was studied in response to deep-<span class="hlt">sea</span> CO2 release. The survival response of calcareous, agglutinated, and thecate foraminifera was determined in two experiments at ~3.1 and 3.3 km water depth in Monterey Bay (California,more » USA). Approximately five weeks after initial seafloor CO2 release, in situ incubations of the live-dead indicator CellTracker Green were executed within seafloor-emplaced pushcores. Experimental treatments included direct exposure to CO2 hydrate, two levels of lesser exposure adjacent to CO2 hydrate, and controls, which were far removed from the CO2 hydrate release. Results indicate that survivorship rates of agglutinated and thecate foraminifera were not significantly impacted by direct exposure but the survivorship of calcareous foraminifera was significantly lower in direct exposure treatments compared to controls. Observations suggest that, if large scale CO2 sequestration is enacted on the deep-<span class="hlt">sea</span> floor, survival of two major groups of this prevalent protistan taxon will likely not be severely impacted, while calcareous foraminifera will face considerable challenges to maintain their benthic populations in areas directly exposed to CO2 hydrate.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/263045-coral-reefs-carbon-dioxide','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/263045-coral-reefs-carbon-dioxide"><span>Coral reefs and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Buddemeier, R.W.</p> <p>1996-03-01</p> <p>This commentary argues the conclusion from a previous article, which investigates diurnal changes in <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> partial pressure and community metabolism on coral reefs, that coral `reefs might serve as a sink, not a source, for atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.` Commentaries from two groups are given along with the response by the original authors, Kayanne et al. 27 refs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol8-sec862-1160.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol8-sec862-1160.pdf"><span>21 CFR 862.1160 - Bicarbonate/<span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> test system.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Bicarbonate/<span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> test system. 862.1160... Systems § 862.1160 Bicarbonate/<span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> test system. (a) Identification. A bicarbonate/<span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> test system is a device intended to measure bicarbonate/<span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in plasma, serum, and whole...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/874425','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/874425"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> capture process with regenerable sorbents</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Pennline, Henry W.; Hoffman, James S.</p> <p>2002-05-14</p> <p>A process to remove <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from a gas stream using a cross-flow, or a moving-bed reactor. In the reactor the gas contacts an active material that is an alkali-metal compound, such as an alkali-metal <span class="hlt">carbonate</span>, alkali-metal oxide, or alkali-metal hydroxide; or in the alternative, an alkaline-earth metal compound, such as an alkaline-earth metal <span class="hlt">carbonate</span>, alkaline-earth metal oxide, or alkaline-earth metal hydroxide. The active material can be used by itself or supported on a substrate of <span class="hlt">carbon</span>, alumina, silica, titania or aluminosilicate. When the active material is an alkali-metal compound, the <span class="hlt">carbon-dioxide</span> reacts with the metal compound to generate bicarbonate. When the active material is an alkaline-earth metal, the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reacts with the metal compound to generate <span class="hlt">carbonate</span>. Spent sorbent containing the bicarbonate or <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> is moved to a second reactor where it is heated or treated with a reducing agent such as, natural gas, methane, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide hydrogen, or a synthesis gas comprising of a combination of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide and hydrogen. The heat or reducing agent releases <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas and regenerates the active material for use as the sorbent material in the first reactor. New sorbent may be added to the regenerated sorbent prior to subsequent passes in the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> removal reactor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1889b0023T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1889b0023T"><span>An adsorption of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> on activated <span class="hlt">carbon</span> controlled by temperature swing adsorption</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tomas, Korinek; Karel, Frana</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>This work deals with a method of capturing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) in indoor <span class="hlt">air</span>. Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA) on solid adsorbent was chosen for CO2 capture. Commercial activated <span class="hlt">carbon</span> (AC) in form of extruded pellets was used as a solid adsorbent. There was constructed a simple device to testing effectiveness of CO2 capture in a fixed bed with AC. The TSA cycle was also simulated using the open-source software OpenFOAM. There was a good agreement between results obtained from numerical simulations and experimental data for adsorption process.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359469','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359469"><span>Red light and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> differentially affect growth, lipid production, and quality in the microalga, Ettlia oleoabundans.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yang, Ying; Weathers, Pamela</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Ettlia oleoabundans, a freshwater unicellular green microalga, was grown under different light qualities ± <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>-enriched <span class="hlt">air</span> to determine the combined effects on growth and lipid production of this oleaginous species. Keeping total light intensity constant, when a portion of the cool white was replaced by red, volumetric lipid yield increased 2.8-fold mainly due to the greater yield of oleic acid, a desirable biodiesel precursor. Only 30 min of red light treatment was sufficient to increase lipid yield and quality to the same level as cultures provided red light for >14 days, indicating the potential role of red light in stimulating lipid production of this species. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> enrichment via <span class="hlt">air</span> sparging enhanced exponential growth, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> conversion efficiency, and nutrient consumption. Together, these results showed that light quality plays an important role in microalgal lipid production. Adjustment in light quality and gas delivery efficiency with <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> enrichment improved lipid yield and quality in this and possibly other oleaginous algal species.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AtmEn..43.2084H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AtmEn..43.2084H"><span>A new look at atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hofmann, David J.; Butler, James H.; Tans, Pieter P.</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is increasing in the atmosphere and is of considerable concern in global climate change because of its greenhouse gas warming potential. The rate of increase has accelerated since measurements began at Mauna Loa Observatory in 1958 where <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> increased from less than 1 part per million per year (ppm yr -1) prior to 1970 to more than 2 ppm yr -1 in recent years. Here we show that the anthropogenic component (atmospheric value reduced by the pre-industrial value of 280 ppm) of atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> has been increasing exponentially with a doubling time of about 30 years since the beginning of the industrial revolution (˜1800). Even during the 1970s, when fossil fuel emissions dropped sharply in response to the "oil crisis" of 1973, the anthropogenic atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> level continued increasing exponentially at Mauna Loa Observatory. Since the growth rate (time derivative) of an exponential has the same characteristic lifetime as the function itself, the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> growth rate is also doubling at the same rate. This explains the observation that the linear growth rate of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> has more than doubled in the past 40 years. The accelerating growth rate is simply the outcome of exponential growth in <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> with a nearly constant doubling time of about 30 years (about 2%/yr) and appears to have tracked human population since the pre-industrial era.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27879582','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27879582"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span>-Based versus Saline Tissue Expansion for Breast Reconstruction: Results of the XPAND Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ascherman, Jeffrey A; Zeidler, Kamakshi; Morrison, Kerry A; Appel, James Z; Berkowitz, R L; Castle, John; Colwell, Amy; Chun, Yoon; Johnson, Debra; Mohebali, Khashayar</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>AeroForm is a new type of remote-controlled, needle-free, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>-based expander involving a potentially faster method of tissue expansion. Results are presented here from the <span class="hlt">Air</span>Xpanders Patient Activated Controlled Tissue Expander pivotal trial comparing AeroForm to saline tissue expanders. Women undergoing two-stage breast reconstruction were randomized at 17 U.S. sites in this U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved investigational device exemption trial. Expansion in the investigational arm was performed by the patient in 10-cc increments up to 30 cc/day of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and in the control arm by the physician with periodic bolus injections of saline. Safety endpoints, expansion and reconstruction times, pain, and satisfaction were assessed. One hundred fifty women were treated: 98 with <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> expanders (n = 168) and 52 with saline expanders (n = 88). The treatment success rate (all breasts exchanged successfully excluding non-device-related failures) was 96.1 percent for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and 98.8 percent for saline. Median time to full expansion and completion of the second-stage operation was 21.0 and 108.5 days (<span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>) versus 46.0 and 136.5 days (saline), respectively, with a similar rate of overall complications. Ease of use for the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> expander was rated high by patients (98 percent) and physicians (90 percent). The <span class="hlt">Air</span>Xpanders Patient Activated Controlled Tissue Expander trial results demonstrate that a <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>-based expander is an effective method of tissue expansion with a similar overall adverse event rate compared to saline expanders, and provides a more convenient and expedient expansion. Therapeutic, I.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=climatic+AND+changes&pg=2&id=EJ210089','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=climatic+AND+changes&pg=2&id=EJ210089"><span>The Impact of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> on Climate.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>MacDonald, Gordon J.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>Examines the relationship between climatic change and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from the historical perspective; details the contributions of <span class="hlt">carbon</span>-based fuels to increasing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentrations; and using global circulation models, discusses the future impact of the heavy reliance of our society on <span class="hlt">carbon</span>-based fuels on climatic change. (BT)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol7-sec193-15-20.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol7-sec193-15-20.pdf"><span>46 CFR 193.15-20 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. 193.15-20 Section 193.15-20 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Extinguishing Systems, Details § 193.15-20 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. (a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol7-sec193-15-20.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol7-sec193-15-20.pdf"><span>46 CFR 193.15-20 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. 193.15-20 Section 193.15-20 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Extinguishing Systems, Details § 193.15-20 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. (a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title49-vol2/pdf/CFR-2011-title49-vol2-sec173-217.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title49-vol2/pdf/CFR-2011-title49-vol2-sec173-217.pdf"><span>49 CFR 173.217 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, solid (dry ice).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 49 Transportation 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, solid (dry ice). 173.217 Section... Class 7 § 173.217 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, solid (dry ice). (a) <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, solid (dry ice), when offered for... marked on two sides “WARNING CO2 SOLID (DRY ICE).” (2) Other packagings containing solid <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title49-vol2/pdf/CFR-2012-title49-vol2-sec173-217.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title49-vol2/pdf/CFR-2012-title49-vol2-sec173-217.pdf"><span>49 CFR 173.217 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, solid (dry ice).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 49 Transportation 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, solid (dry ice). 173.217 Section... Class 7 § 173.217 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, solid (dry ice). (a) <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, solid (dry ice), when offered for... marked on two sides “WARNING CO2 SOLID (DRY ICE).” (2) Other packagings containing solid <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title49-vol2/pdf/CFR-2010-title49-vol2-sec173-217.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title49-vol2/pdf/CFR-2010-title49-vol2-sec173-217.pdf"><span>49 CFR 173.217 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, solid (dry ice).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, solid (dry ice). 173.217 Section... Class 7 § 173.217 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, solid (dry ice). (a) <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, solid (dry ice), when offered for... marked on two sides “WARNING CO2 SOLID (DRY ICE).” (2) Other packagings containing solid <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title49-vol2/pdf/CFR-2014-title49-vol2-sec173-217.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title49-vol2/pdf/CFR-2014-title49-vol2-sec173-217.pdf"><span>49 CFR 173.217 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, solid (dry ice).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 49 Transportation 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, solid (dry ice). 173.217 Section... Class 7 § 173.217 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, solid (dry ice). (a) <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, solid (dry ice), when offered for... marked on two sides “WARNING CO2 SOLID (DRY ICE).” (2) Other packagings containing solid <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title49-vol2/pdf/CFR-2013-title49-vol2-sec173-217.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title49-vol2/pdf/CFR-2013-title49-vol2-sec173-217.pdf"><span>49 CFR 173.217 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, solid (dry ice).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 49 Transportation 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, solid (dry ice). 173.217 Section... Class 7 § 173.217 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, solid (dry ice). (a) <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, solid (dry ice), when offered for... marked on two sides “WARNING CO2 SOLID (DRY ICE).” (2) Other packagings containing solid <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..113a2054W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..113a2054W"><span>Research Progress in <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Storage and Enhanced Oil Recovery</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Keliang; Wang, Gang; Lu, Chunjing</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>With the rapid development of global economy, human beings have become highly dependent upon fossil fuel such as coal and petroleum. Much fossil fuel is consumed in industrial production and human life. As a result, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> emissions have been increasing, and the greenhouse effects thereby generated are posing serious threats to environment of the earth. These years, increasing average global temperature, frequent extreme weather events and climatic changes cause material disasters to the world. After scientists’ long-term research, ample evidences have proven that emissions of greenhouse gas like <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> have brought about tremendous changes to global climate. To really reduce <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> emissions, governments of different countries and international organizations have invested much money and human resources in performing research related to <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> emissions. Manual underground <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>-enhanced oil recovery are schemes with great potential and prospect for reducing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> emissions. Compared with other schemes for reducing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> emissions, aforementioned two schemes exhibit high storage capacity and yield considerable economic benefits, so they have become research focuses for reducing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> emissions. This paper introduces the research progress in underground <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage and enhanced oil recovery, pointing out the significance and necessity of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>-driven enhanced oil recovery.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=315314','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=315314"><span>Response of sugarcane to <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> enrichment and elevated temperature</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Four sugarcane cultivars (CP72-2086, CP73-1547, CP88-1508, and CP80-1827) were grown in elongated temperature-gradient greenhouses (TGG) at ambient or elevated <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) of 360 or 720 µmol CO2 mol-1 <span class="hlt">air</span>, respectively. Each TGG maintained temperatures in four zones at Base temperature wit...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS42A..08S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS42A..08S"><span>Southern Ocean <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> and Oxygen Fluxes Detected by SOCCOM Biogeochemical Profiling Floats</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sarmiento, J. L.; Bushinksy, S.; Gray, A. R.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The Southern Ocean is known to play an important role in the global <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycle, yet historically our measurements of this remote region have been sparse and heavily biased towards summer. Here we present new estimates of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and oxygen calculated with measurements from autonomous biogeochemical profiling floats. At high latitudes in and southward of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, we find a significant flux of CO2 from the ocean to the atmosphere during 2014-2016, which is particularly enhanced during winter months. These results suggest that previous estimates may be biased towards stronger Southern Ocean CO2 uptake due to undersampling in winter. We examine various implications of having a source of CO2 that is higher than previous estimates. We also find that CO2:O2 flux ratios north of the Subtropical Front are positive, consistent with the fluxes being driven by changes in solubility, while south of the Polar Front biological processes and upwelling of deep water combine to produce a negative CO2:O2 flux ratio.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol3-sec76-15-20.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol3-sec76-15-20.pdf"><span>46 CFR 76.15-20 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. 76.15-20 Section 76.15-20 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PASSENGER VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Extinguishing Systems, Details § 76.15-20 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. (a) Except as...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol4-sec95-15-20.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol4-sec95-15-20.pdf"><span>46 CFR 95.15-20 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. 95.15-20 Section 95.15-20 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CARGO AND MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Extinguishing Systems, Details § 95.15-20 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. (a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol3-sec76-15-20.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol3-sec76-15-20.pdf"><span>46 CFR 76.15-20 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. 76.15-20 Section 76.15-20 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PASSENGER VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Extinguishing Systems, Details § 76.15-20 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. (a) Except as...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol4-sec95-15-20.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol4-sec95-15-20.pdf"><span>46 CFR 95.15-20 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. 95.15-20 Section 95.15-20 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CARGO AND MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Extinguishing Systems, Details § 95.15-20 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. (a...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol3-sec76-15-20.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol3-sec76-15-20.pdf"><span>46 CFR 76.15-20 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. 76.15-20 Section 76.15-20 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PASSENGER VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Extinguishing Systems, Details § 76.15-20 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. (a) Except as...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol4-sec95-15-20.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol4-sec95-15-20.pdf"><span>46 CFR 95.15-20 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. 95.15-20 Section 95.15-20 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CARGO AND MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Extinguishing Systems, Details § 95.15-20 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. (a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol3-sec76-15-20.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol3-sec76-15-20.pdf"><span>46 CFR 76.15-20 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. 76.15-20 Section 76.15-20 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PASSENGER VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Extinguishing Systems, Details § 76.15-20 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. (a) Except as...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCo...6E6124V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCo...6E6124V"><span>Encapsulated liquid sorbents for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> capture</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vericella, John J.; Baker, Sarah E.; Stolaroff, Joshuah K.; Duoss, Eric B.; Hardin, James O.; Lewicki, James; Glogowski, Elizabeth; Floyd, William C.; Valdez, Carlos A.; Smith, William L.; Satcher, Joe H.; Bourcier, William L.; Spadaccini, Christopher M.; Lewis, Jennifer A.; Aines, Roger D.</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>Drawbacks of current <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> capture methods include corrosivity, evaporative losses and fouling. Separating the capture solvent from infrastructure and effluent gases via microencapsulation provides possible solutions to these issues. Here we report <span class="hlt">carbon</span> capture materials that may enable low-cost and energy-efficient capture of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from flue gas. Polymer microcapsules composed of liquid <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> cores and highly permeable silicone shells are produced by microfluidic assembly. This motif couples the capacity and selectivity of liquid sorbents with high surface area to facilitate rapid and controlled <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> uptake and release over repeated cycles. While mass transport across the capsule shell is slightly lower relative to neat liquid sorbents, the surface area enhancement gained via encapsulation provides an order-of-magnitude increase in <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorption rates for a given sorbent mass. The microcapsules are stable under typical industrial operating conditions and may be used in supported packing and fluidized beds for large-scale <span class="hlt">carbon</span> capture.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1423462','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1423462"><span>Energy efficient solvent regeneration process for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> capture</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Zhou, Shaojun; Meyer, Howard S.; Li, Shiguang</p> <p></p> <p>A process for removing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from a <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>-loaded solvent uses two stages of flash apparatus. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is flashed from the solvent at a higher temperature and pressure in the first stage, and a lower temperature and pressure in the second stage, and is fed to a multi-stage compression train for high pressure liquefaction. Because some of the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> fed to the compression train is already under pressure, less energy is required to further compress the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to a liquid state, compared to conventional processes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010121534&hterms=water+purification&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dwater%2Bpurification','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010121534&hterms=water+purification&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dwater%2Bpurification"><span>Adsorption and Desorption of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> and Water Mixtures on Synthetic Hydrophobic Carbonaceous Adsorbents</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Finn, John E.; Harper, Lynn D. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Several synthetic carbonaceous adsorbents produced through pyrolysis of polymeric materials are available commercially. Some appear to have advantages over activated <span class="hlt">carbon</span> for certain adsorption applications. In particular, they can have tailored hydrophobicities that are significantly greater than that of activated <span class="hlt">carbon</span>, while moderately high surfaces areas are retained. These sorbents are being investigated for possible use in removing trace contaminants and excess <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from <span class="hlt">air</span> in closed habitats, plant growth chambers, and other applications involving purification of humid gas streams. We have analyzed the characteristics of a few of these adsorbents through adsorption and desorption experiments and standard characterization techniques. This paper presents pure and multicomponent adsorption data collected for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and water on two synthetic carbonaceous adsorbents having different hydrophobicities and capillary condensation characteristics. The observations are interpreted through consideration of the pore structure and surface chemistry of the solids and interactions between adsorbed <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, water, and the solvent gas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BGeo...15.1011M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BGeo...15.1011M"><span>Inorganic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> fluxes on the Mackenzie Shelf of the Beaufort <span class="hlt">Sea</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mol, Jacoba; Thomas, Helmuth; Myers, Paul G.; Hu, Xianmin; Mucci, Alfonso</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>The Mackenzie Shelf in the southeastern Beaufort <span class="hlt">Sea</span> is a region that has experienced large changes in the past several decades as warming, <span class="hlt">sea</span>-ice loss, and increased river discharge have altered <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycling. Upwelling and downwelling events are common on the shelf, caused by strong, fluctuating along-shore winds, resulting in cross-shelf Ekman transport, and an alternating estuarine and anti-estuarine circulation. Downwelling carries dissolved inorganic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> (DIC) and other remineralization products off the shelf and into the deep basin for possible long-term storage in the world's oceans. Upwelling carries DIC and nutrient-rich waters from the Pacific-origin upper halocline layer (UHL) onto the shelf. Profiles of DIC and total alkalinity (TA) taken in August and September of 2014 are used to investigate the cycling of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> on the Mackenzie Shelf. The along-shore transport of water and the cross-shelf transport of DIC are quantified using velocity field output from a simulation of the Arctic and Northern Hemisphere Atlantic (ANHA4) configuration of the Nucleus of European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) framework. A strong upwelling event prior to sampling on the Mackenzie Shelf took place, bringing CO2-rich (elevated pCO2) water from the UHL onto the shelf bottom. The maximum on-shelf DIC flux was estimated at 16.9×103 mol C d-1 m-2 during the event. The maximum on-shelf transport of DIC through the upwelling event was found to be 65±15×10-3 Tg C d-1. TA and the oxygen isotope ratio of water (δ18O-H2O) are used to examine water-mass distributions in the study area and to investigate the influence of Pacific Water, Mackenzie River freshwater, and <span class="hlt">sea</span>-ice melt on <span class="hlt">carbon</span> dynamics and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) in the surface mixed layer. Understanding <span class="hlt">carbon</span> transfer in this seasonally dynamic environment is key to quantify the importance of Arctic shelf regions to the global <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycle and provide a basis for understanding how it will</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090029352','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090029352"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> - Our Common "Enemy"</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>James, John T.; Macatangay, Ariel</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Health effects of brief and prolonged exposure to <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> continue to be a concern for those of us who manage this pollutant in closed volumes, such as in spacecraft and submarines. In both examples, considerable resources are required to scrub the atmosphere to levels that are considered totally safe for maintenance of crew health and performance. Defining safe levels is not a simple task because of many confounding factors, including: lack of a robust database on human exposures, suspected significant variations in individual susceptibility, variations in the endpoints used to assess potentially adverse effects, the added effects of stress, and the fluid shifts associated with micro-gravity (astronauts only). In 2007 the National Research Council proposed revised Continuous Exposure Guidelines (CEGLs) and Emergency Exposure Guidelines (EEGLs) to the U.S. Navy. Similarly, in 2008 the NASA Toxicology Group, in cooperation with another subcommittee of the National Research Council, revised Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations (SMACs). In addition, a 1000-day exposure limit was set for long-duration spaceflights to celestial bodies. Herein we examine the rationale for the levels proposed to the U.S. Navy and compare this rationale with the one used by NASA to set its limits. We include a critical review of previous studies on the effects of exposure to <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and attempt to dissect out the challenges associated with setting fully-defensible limits. We also describe recent experiences with management of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> aboard the International Space Station with 13 persons aboard. This includes the tandem operations of the Russian Vozduk and the U.S. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Removal System. A third removal system is present while the station is docked to the Shuttle spacecraft, so our experience includes the lithium hydroxide system aboard Shuttle for the removal of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. We discuss strategies for highly-efficient, regenerable removal of <span class="hlt">carbon</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol7-sec169-565.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol7-sec169-565.pdf"><span>46 CFR 169.565 - Fixed <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> system.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Fixed <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> system. 169.565 Section 169.565 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) NAUTICAL SCHOOLS SAILING SCHOOL VESSELS Lifesaving and Firefighting Equipment Firefighting Equipment § 169.565 Fixed <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> system. (a) The number of pounds of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol4-sec108-431.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol4-sec108-431.pdf"><span>46 CFR 108.431 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> systems: General.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> systems: General. 108.431 Section 108.431 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT Fire Extinguishing Systems Fixed <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Fire Extinguishing Systems § 108.431 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> systems: General. (a)...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol7-sec169-565.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol7-sec169-565.pdf"><span>46 CFR 169.565 - Fixed <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> system.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Fixed <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> system. 169.565 Section 169.565 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) NAUTICAL SCHOOLS SAILING SCHOOL VESSELS Lifesaving and Firefighting Equipment Firefighting Equipment § 169.565 Fixed <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> system. (a) The number of pounds of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol4-sec108-431.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol4-sec108-431.pdf"><span>46 CFR 108.431 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> systems: General.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> systems: General. 108.431 Section 108.431 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT Fire Extinguishing Systems Fixed <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Fire Extinguishing Systems § 108.431 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> systems: General. (a)...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol4-sec108-431.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol4-sec108-431.pdf"><span>46 CFR 108.431 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> systems: General.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> systems: General. 108.431 Section 108.431 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT Fire Extinguishing Systems Fixed <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Fire Extinguishing Systems § 108.431 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> systems: General. (a)...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol4-sec108-431.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol4-sec108-431.pdf"><span>46 CFR 108.431 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> systems: General.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> systems: General. 108.431 Section 108.431 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT Fire Extinguishing Systems Fixed <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Fire Extinguishing Systems § 108.431 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> systems: General. (a)...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol7-sec169-565.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol7-sec169-565.pdf"><span>46 CFR 169.565 - Fixed <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> system.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Fixed <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> system. 169.565 Section 169.565 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) NAUTICAL SCHOOLS SAILING SCHOOL VESSELS Lifesaving and Firefighting Equipment Firefighting Equipment § 169.565 Fixed <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> system. (a) The number of pounds of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170007396','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170007396"><span>Preparation of the NASA <span class="hlt">Air</span> Quality Monitor for a U.S. Navy Submarine <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Trial</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Limero, Thomas; Wallace, William T.; Manney, Joshua A.; Smith, Matthew J.; O'Connor, Sara Jane; Mudgett, Paul D.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>For the past 4 years, the <span class="hlt">Air</span> Quality Monitor (AQM) has been the operational instrument for measuring trace volatile organic compounds on the International Space Station (ISS). The key components of the AQM are the inlet preconcentrator, the gas chromatograph (GC), and the differential mobility spectrometer. Onboard the ISS are two AQMs with different GC columns that detect and quantify 22 compounds. The AQM data contributes valuable information to the assessment of <span class="hlt">air</span> quality aboard ISS for each crew increment. The US Navy is looking to update its submarine <span class="hlt">air</span> monitoring suite of instruments and the success of the AQM on ISS has led to a jointly planned submarine <span class="hlt">sea</span> trial of a NASA AQM. In addition to the AQM, the Navy is also interested in the Multi-Gas Monitor (MGM), which measures major constituent gases (oxygen, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, water vapor, and ammonia). A separate paper will present the MGM <span class="hlt">sea</span> trial preparation and the analysis of most recent ISS data. A prototype AQM, which is virtually identical to the operational AQM, has been readied for the <span class="hlt">sea</span> trial. Only one AQM will be deployed during the <span class="hlt">sea</span> trial, but this is sufficient for NASA purposes and to detect the compounds of interest to the US Navy for this trial. The data from the <span class="hlt">sea</span> trial will be compared to data from archival samples collected before, during, and after the trial period. This paper will start with a brief history of past collaborations between NASA and the U.S. and U.K. navies for trials of <span class="hlt">air</span> monitoring equipment. An overview of the AQM technology and protocols for the submarine trial will be presented. The majority of the presentation will focus on the AQM preparation and a summary of available data from the trial.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..4412324M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..4412324M"><span>Enrichment of Extracellular <span class="hlt">Carbonic</span> Anhydrase in the <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Surface Microlayer and Its Effect on <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> CO2 Exchange</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mustaffa, N. I. H.; Striebel, M.; Wurl, O.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>This paper describes the quantification of extracellular <span class="hlt">carbonic</span> anhydrase (eCA) concentrations in the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface microlayer (SML), the boundary layer between the ocean and the atmosphere of the Indo-West Pacific. We demonstrated that the SML is enriched with eCA by 1.5 ± 0.7 compared to the mixed underlying water. Enrichment remains up to a wind speed of 7 m s-1 (i.e., under typical oceanic conditions). As eCA catalyzes the interconversion of HCO3- and CO2, it has been hypothesized that its enrichment in the SML enhances the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 exchange. We detected concentrations in the range of 0.12 to 0.76 n<fi>M</fi>, which can enhance the exchange by up to 15% based on the model approach described in the literature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1356297','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1356297"><span>High performance hydrophobic solvent, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> capture</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Nulwala, Hunaid; Luebke, David</p> <p>2017-05-09</p> <p>Methods and compositions useful, for example, for physical solvent <span class="hlt">carbon</span> capture. A method comprising: contacting at least one first composition comprising <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> with at least one second composition to at least partially dissolve the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> of the first composition in the second composition, wherein the second composition comprises at least one siloxane compound which is covalently modified with at least one non-siloxane group comprising at least one heteroatom. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) materials and ethylene-glycol based materials have high <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> solubility but suffer from various problems. PDMS is hydrophobic but suffers from low selectivity. Ethylene-glycol based systems have good solubility and selectivity, but suffer from high affinity to water. Solvents were developed which keep the desired combinations of properties, and result in a simplified, overall process for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> removal from a mixed gas stream.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2012-title21-vol8-sec868-1400.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2012-title21-vol8-sec868-1400.pdf"><span>21 CFR 868.1400 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas analyzer.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas analyzer. 868.1400 Section 868.1400 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES ANESTHESIOLOGY DEVICES Diagnostic Devices § 868.1400 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas analyzer. (a) Identification. A <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas analyzer...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol7-sec193-15-20.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol7-sec193-15-20.pdf"><span>46 CFR 193.15-20 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. 193.15-20 Section 193.15-20 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> and Clean Agent Extinguishing Systems, Details § 193.15-20 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. (a) Except as provided in...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1164041','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1164041"><span>Recuperative supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> cycle</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Sonwane, Chandrashekhar; Sprouse, Kenneth M; Subbaraman, Ganesan; O'Connor, George M; Johnson, Gregory A</p> <p>2014-11-18</p> <p>A power plant includes a closed loop, supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> system (CLS-CO.sub.2 system). The CLS-CO.sub.2 system includes a turbine-generator and a high temperature recuperator (HTR) that is arranged to receive expanded <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from the turbine-generator. The HTR includes a plurality of heat exchangers that define respective heat exchange areas. At least two of the heat exchangers have different heat exchange areas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/36428','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/36428"><span>Effects of long-term (10 years) exposure to elevated CO2 and O3 on trembling Aspen <span class="hlt">carbon</span> and nitrogen metabolism at the aspen FACE (Free-<span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Enrichment) study site</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Rakesh Minocha; Stephanie Long; Subhash Minocha; Paula Marquardt; Neil Nelson; Mark. Kubiske</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This study was conducted at the Aspen Free-<span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Enrichment (FACE) experimental site, Rhinelander, WI, (USA). Since 1998, 12 experimental rings planted in 1997 underwent four different treatments: control; elevated CO2 (560 ppm); elevated O3 (1.5X ambient) and elevated CO2 (560 ppm) + O...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19620001326','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19620001326"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Reduction Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Burghardt, Stanley I.; Chandler, Horace W.; Taylor, T. I.; Walden, George</p> <p>1961-01-01</p> <p>The Methoxy system for regenerating oxygen from <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> was studied. Experiments indicate that the reaction between <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and hydrogen can be carried out with ease in an efficient manner and with excellent heat conservation. A small reactor capable of handling the C02 expired by three men has been built and operated. The decomposition of methane by therma1,arc and catalytic processes was studied. Both the arc and catalytic processes gave encouraging results with over 90 percent of the methane being decomposed to <span class="hlt">carbon</span> and hydrogen in some of the catalytic processes. Control of the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> deposition in both the catalytic and arc processes is of great importance to prevent catalyst deactivation and short circuiting of electrical equipment. Sensitive analytical techniques have been developed for all of the components present in the reactor effluent streams.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011arec.conf..103J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011arec.conf..103J"><span>Discussion of Refrigeration Cycle Using <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> as Refrigerant</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ji, Amin; Sun, Miming; Li, Jie; Yin, Gang; Cheng, Keyong; Zhen, Bing; Sun, Ying</p> <p></p> <p>Nowadays, the problem of the environment goes worse, it urges people to research and study new energy-saving and environment-friendly refrigerants, such as <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, at present, people do research on <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> at home and abroad. This paper introduces the property of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> as a refrigerant, sums up and analyses <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> refrigeration cycles, and points out the development and research direction in the future.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160013232','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160013232"><span>US Navy Submarine <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Trial of the NASA <span class="hlt">Air</span> Quality Monitor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Limero, Thomas; Wallace, William T.; Manney, Joshua A.; Mudgett, Paul D.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>For the past four years, the <span class="hlt">Air</span> Quality Monitor (AQM) has been the operational instrument for measuring trace volatile organic compounds on the International Space Station (ISS). The key components of the AQM are the inlet preconcentrator, the gas chromatograph (GC), and the differential mobility spectrometer. Most importantly, the AQM operates at atmospheric pressure and uses <span class="hlt">air</span> as the GC carrier gas, which translates into a small reliable instrument. Onboard ISS there are two AQMs, with different GC columns that detect and quantify 22 compounds. The AQM data contributes valuable information to the assessment of <span class="hlt">air</span> quality aboard ISS for each crew increment. The U.S. Navy is looking to update its submarine <span class="hlt">air</span> monitoring suite of instruments, and the success of the AQM on ISS has led to a jointly planned submarine <span class="hlt">sea</span> trial of a NASA AQM. In addition to the AQM, the Navy is also interested in the Multi-Gas Monitor (MGM), which was successfully flown on ISS as a technology demonstration to measure major constituent gases (oxygen, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, water vapor, and ammonia). A separate paper will present the MGM <span class="hlt">sea</span> trial results. A prototype AQM, which is virtually identical to the operational AQM, has been readied for the <span class="hlt">sea</span> trial. Only one AQM will be deployed during the <span class="hlt">sea</span> trial, but it is sufficient to detect the compounds of interest to the Navy for the purposes of this trial. A significant benefit of the AQM is that runs can be scripted for pre-determined intervals and no crew intervention is required. The data from the <span class="hlt">sea</span> trial will be compared to archival samples collected prior to and during the trial period. This paper will give a brief overview of the AQM technology and protocols for the submarine trial. After a quick review of the AQM preparation, the main focus of the paper will be on the results of the submarine trial. Of particular interest will be the comparison of the contaminants found in the ISS and submarine atmospheres, as both represent</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol4-sec97-37-9.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol4-sec97-37-9.pdf"><span>46 CFR 97.37-9 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm. 97.37-9 Section 97.37-9 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CARGO AND MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire and Emergency Equipment, Etc. § 97.37-9 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm. (a) All <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarms shall be conspicuously identified: “WHEN...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol4-sec95-15-20.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol4-sec95-15-20.pdf"><span>46 CFR 95.15-20 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. 95.15-20 Section 95.15-20 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CARGO AND MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Extinguishing Systems, Details § 95.15-20 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol3-sec78-47-9.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol3-sec78-47-9.pdf"><span>46 CFR 78.47-9 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm. 78.47-9 Section 78.47-9 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PASSENGER VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire and Emergency Equipment, Etc. § 78.47-9 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm. (a) All <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarms shall be conspicuously identified: “WHEN ALARM...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol4-sec95-15-20.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol4-sec95-15-20.pdf"><span>46 CFR 95.15-20 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. 95.15-20 Section 95.15-20 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CARGO AND MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Extinguishing Systems, Details § 95.15-20 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5385287','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5385287"><span>The effect of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> on the twinkling artifact in ultrasound imaging of kidney stones: A pilot study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Simon, Julianna C.; Wang, Yak-Nam; Cunitz, Bryan W.; Thiel, Jeffrey; Starr, Frank; Liu, Ziyue; Bailey, Michael R.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Bone demineralization, dehydration, and stasis put astronauts at an increased risk of forming kidney stones in space. The color-Doppler ultrasound “twinkling artifact”, which highlights kidney stones with color, can make stones readily detectable with ultrasound; however our previous results suggest twinkling is caused by microbubbles on the stone surface which could be affected by the elevated levels of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> found on space vehicles. Four pigs were implanted with kidney stones and imaged with ultrasound while the anesthetic carrier gas oscillated between oxygen and <span class="hlt">air</span> containing 0.8% <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. Upon exposing pigs to 0.8% <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, twinkling was significantly reduced after 9–25 minutes and recovered when the carrier gas returned to oxygen. These trends repeated when pigs were again exposed to 0.8% <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> followed by oxygen. The reduction of twinkling from exposure to elevated <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> may make kidney stone detection with twinkling difficult in current space vehicles. PMID:28190622</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUSMGC31A..09Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUSMGC31A..09Y"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Separation Using Thermally Optimized Membranes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Young, J. S.; Jorgensen, B. S.; Espinoza, B. F.; Weimer, M. W.; Jarvinen, G. D.; Greenberg, A.; Khare, V.; Orme, C. J.; Wertsching, A. K.; Peterson, E. S.; Hopkins, S. D.; Acquaviva, J.</p> <p>2002-05-01</p> <p>The purpose of this project is to develop polymeric-metallic membranes for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> separations that operate under a broad range of industrially relevant conditions not accessible with present membrane units. The last decade has witnessed a dramatic increase in the use of polymer membranes as an effective, economic and flexible tool for many commercial gas separations including <span class="hlt">air</span> separation, the recovery of hydrogen from nitrogen, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide, and methane mixtures, and the removal of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from natural gas. In each of these applications, high fluxes and excellent selectivities have relied on glassy polymer membranes which separate gases based on both size and solubility differences. To date, however, this technology has focused on optimizing materials for near ambient conditions. The development of polymeric materials that achieve the important combination of high selectivity, high permeability, and mechanical stability at temperatures significantly above 25oC and pressures above 10 bar, respectively, has been largely ignored. Consequently, there is a compelling rationale for the exploration of a new realm of polymer membrane separations. Indeed, the development of high temperature polymeric-metallic composite membranes for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> separation at temperatures of 100-450 oC and pressures of 10-150 bar would provide a pivotal contribution with both economic and environmental benefits. Progress to date includes the first ever fabrication of a polymeric-metallic membrane that is selective from room temperature to 370oC. This achievement represents the highest demonstrated operating temperature at which a polymeric based membrane has successfully functioned. Additionally, we have generated the first polybenzamidizole silicate molecular composites. Finally, we have developed a technique that has enabled the first-ever simultaneous measurements of gas permeation and membrane compaction at elevated temperatures. This technique provides a unique</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15165578','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15165578"><span>Oxygen and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> sensitivity of ventilation in amphibious crabs, Cardisoma guanhumi, breathing <span class="hlt">air</span> and water.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gannon, Andrew T; Henry, Raymond P</p> <p>2004-05-01</p> <p>Amphibious crabs, Cardisoma guanhumi, were acclimated to breathing either <span class="hlt">air</span> or water and exposed to altered levels of oxygen and/or <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in the medium. Hypercapnia (22, 36 and 73 torr CO(2)) stimulated a significant hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR) in both groups of crabs, with a much greater effect on scaphognathite frequency (Deltaf(SC)=+700%) in <span class="hlt">air</span>-breathing crabs than water-breathing crabs (Deltaf(SC)=+100%). In contrast, hyperoxia induced significant hypoventilation in both sets of crabs. However, simultaneous hyperoxia and hypercapnia triggered a greater than 10-fold increase in f(SC) in <span class="hlt">air</span>-breathing crabs but no change in water-breathing crabs. For water-breathing crabs hypoxia simultaneous with hypercapnia triggered the same response as hypoxia alone-bradycardia (-50%), and a significant increase in f(SC) at moderate exposures but not at the more extreme levels. The response of <span class="hlt">air</span>-breathing crabs to hypoxia concurrent with hypercapnia was proportionally closer to the response to hypercapnia alone than to hypoxia. Thus, C. guanhumi were more sensitive to ambient CO(2) than O(2) when breathing <span class="hlt">air</span>, characteristic of fully terrestrial species, and more sensitive to ambient O(2) when breathing water, characteristic of fully aquatic species. C. guanhumi possesses both an O(2)- and a CO(2)-based ventilatory drive whether breathing <span class="hlt">air</span> or water, but the relative importance switches when the respiratory medium is altered.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.B51K..06L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.B51K..06L"><span>Hydrodynamic Controls on <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Efflux from Inland Waters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Long, H. E.; Waldron, S.; Hoey, T.; Newton, J.; Quemin, S.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Intensive research has been undertaken on <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> efflux from lakes, estuaries and oceans, but much less attention has been given to rivers and streams, especially lower order streams. River systems are often over-saturated with <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and so tend to act as sources of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to the atmosphere. It has been thought that rivers act as pipes carrying this terrestrial <span class="hlt">carbon</span> to the oceans. However, recent studies have shown that a significant amount of the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> is reprocessed within the system in a series of transformations and losses. Fluvial evasion of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is now recognised to be a significant component of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycles, however the factors controlling <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> efflux and its magnitude remain poorly understood and quantified. This research aims to quantify, and better understand the controls on, freshwater <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> evasion. Data are presented here from field measurements that commenced in Sept 2013 in two contrasting Scottish rivers: the River Kelvin which has a large (335 km.sq) part-urban catchment with predominantly non-peat soils and Drumtee Water, a small (9.6 km.sq) rural catchment of peat soils and agricultural land. Using a floating chamber with the headspace connected to an infrared gas analyser to measure changes in <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentration, efflux rates from 0.22 - 47.4 μmol CO2/m.sq/sec were measured, these close to the middle of the range of previously reported values. At one site on the River Kelvin in May 2013 an influx of -0.61 - -3.53 μmol CO2/m.sq/sec was recorded. Whereas previous research finds <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> efflux to increase with decreasing river size and a more organic-rich soil catchment, here the controls on <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> evasion are similar across the contrasting catchments. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> evasion shows seasonality, with maximum fluxes in the summer months being up to twice as high as the winter maxima. Linear regression demonstrates that evasion increases with increased flow velocity</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol1-sec35-40-7.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol1-sec35-40-7.pdf"><span>46 CFR 35.40-7 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm-T/ALL.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm-T/ALL. 35.40-7 Section 35.40-7... Requirements-TB/ALL. § 35.40-7 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm—T/ALL. Adjacent to all <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> fire extinguishing... AT ONCE. <span class="hlt">CARBON</span> <span class="hlt">DIOXIDE</span> BEING RELEASED.” ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1411526','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1411526"><span>Method for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> sequestration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wang, Yifeng; Bryan, Charles R.; Dewers, Thomas</p> <p></p> <p>A method for geo-sequestration of a <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> includes selection of a target water-laden geological formation with low-permeability interbeds, providing an injection well into the formation and injecting supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (SC-CO.sub.2) and water or bine into the injection well under conditions of temperature, pressure and density selected to cause the fluid to enter the formation and splinter and/or form immobilized ganglia within the formation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3890842','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3890842"><span>Designed amyloid fibers as materials for selective <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> capture</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Li, Dan; Furukawa, Hiroyasu; Deng, Hexiang; Liu, Cong; Yaghi, Omar M.; Eisenberg, David S.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>New materials capable of binding <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> are essential for addressing climate change. Here, we demonstrate that amyloids, self-assembling protein fibers, are effective for selective <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> capture. Solid-state NMR proves that amyloid fibers containing alkylamine groups reversibly bind <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> via carbamate formation. Thermodynamic and kinetic capture-and-release tests show the carbamate formation rate is fast enough to capture <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> by dynamic separation, undiminished by the presence of water, in both a natural amyloid and designed amyloids having increased <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> capacity. Heating to 100 °C regenerates the material. These results demonstrate the potential of amyloid fibers for environmental <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> capture. PMID:24367077</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28190622','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28190622"><span>Effect of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> on the Twinkling Artifact in Ultrasound Imaging of Kidney Stones: A Pilot Study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Simon, Julianna C; Wang, Yak-Nam; Cunitz, Bryan W; Thiel, Jeffrey; Starr, Frank; Liu, Ziyue; Bailey, Michael R</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Bone demineralization, dehydration and stasis put astronauts at increased risk of forming kidney stones in space. The color-Doppler ultrasound "twinkling artifact," which highlights kidney stones with color, can make stones readily detectable with ultrasound; however, our previous results suggest twinkling is caused by microbubbles on the stone surface which could be affected by the elevated levels of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> found on space vehicles. Four pigs were implanted with kidney stones and imaged with ultrasound while the anesthetic carrier gas oscillated between oxygen and <span class="hlt">air</span> containing 0.8% <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. On exposure of the pigs to 0.8% <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, twinkling was significantly reduced after 9-25 min and recovered when the carrier gas returned to oxygen. These trends repeated when pigs were again exposed to 0.8% <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> followed by oxygen. The reduction of twinkling caused by exposure to elevated <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> may make kidney stone detection with twinkling difficult in current space vehicles. Copyright © 2016 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BGeo...10.5793S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BGeo...10.5793S"><span>Biology and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas exchange controls on the distribution of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> isotope ratios (δ13C) in the ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schmittner, A.; Gruber, N.; Mix, A. C.; Key, R. M.; Tagliabue, A.; Westberry, T. K.</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>Analysis of observations and sensitivity experiments with a new three-dimensional global model of stable <span class="hlt">carbon</span> isotope cycling elucidate processes that control the distribution of δ13C of dissolved inorganic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> (DIC) in the contemporary and preindustrial ocean. Biological fractionation and the sinking of isotopically light δ13C organic matter from the surface into the interior ocean leads to low δ13CDIC values at depths and in high latitude surface waters and high values in the upper ocean at low latitudes with maxima in the subtropics. <span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> gas exchange has two effects. First, it acts to reduce the spatial gradients created by biology. Second, the associated temperature-dependent fractionation tends to increase (decrease) δ13CDIC values of colder (warmer) water, which generates gradients that oppose those arising from biology. Our model results suggest that both effects are similarly important in influencing surface and interior δ13CDIC distributions. However, since <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas exchange is slow in the modern ocean, the biological effect dominates spatial δ13CDIC gradients both in the interior and at the surface, in contrast to conclusions from some previous studies. Calcium <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> cycling, pH dependency of fractionation during <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas exchange, and kinetic fractionation have minor effects on δ13CDIC. Accumulation of isotopically light <span class="hlt">carbon</span> from anthropogenic fossil fuel burning has decreased the spatial variability of surface and deep δ13CDIC since the industrial revolution in our model simulations. Analysis of a new synthesis of δ13CDIC measurements from years 1990 to 2005 is used to quantify preformed and remineralized contributions as well as the effects of biology and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas exchange. The model reproduces major features of the observed large-scale distribution of δ13CDIC as well as the individual contributions and effects. Residual misfits are documented and analyzed. Simulated surface and subsurface δ13CDIC are influenced by</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24476090','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24476090"><span>Selective free radical reactions using supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cormier, Philip J; Clarke, Ryan M; McFadden, Ryan M L; Ghandi, Khashayar</p> <p>2014-02-12</p> <p>We report herein a means to modify the reactivity of alkenes, and particularly to modify their selectivity toward reactions with nonpolar reactants (e.g., nonpolar free radicals) in supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> near the critical point. Rate constants for free radical addition of the light hydrogen isotope muonium to ethylene, vinylidene fluoride, and vinylidene chloride in supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> are compared over a range of pressures and temperatures. Near <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>'s critical point, the addition to ethylene exhibits critical speeding up, while the halogenated analogues display critical slowing. This suggests that supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> as a solvent may be used to tune alkene chemistry in near-critical conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5037446-electrochemical-reduction-carbon-dioxide-final-report','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5037446-electrochemical-reduction-carbon-dioxide-final-report"><span>Electrochemical reduction of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. Final report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>LaConti, A.B.; Molter, T.M.; Zagaja, J.A.</p> <p>1986-05-01</p> <p>Many researchers have studied the electrochemical reduction of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and related organic species to form concentrated liquid/gaseous products in laboratory-scale hardware. Hamilton Standard has developed a high pressure SPE electrolysis cell capable of reducing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> streams to form pure, concentrated alcohols, carboxylic acids, and other hydrocarbons. The process is unique in that the byproducts of reaction include oxygen and, under some test conditions water. In addition, a relatively simple test system was designed and constructed permitting both batch and semibatch type electrochemical reduction studies. In this study, cathode materials were developed which 1) had a characteristic high hydrogenmore » overvoltage, and 2) possessed the intrinsic affinity for electrochemical reduction of the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> species. In addition, suitable anode electrocatalyst materials were identified. Studies involving the electrochemical reduction of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> required the ability to identify and quantify reaction products obtained during cell evaluation. Gas chromatographic techniques were developed along with the establishment of ion chromatographic methods permitting the analysis of organic reaction products. Hamilton Standard has evaluated electrochemical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reduction cells under a variety of test conditions.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20352922','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20352922"><span>[Simplified identification and filter device of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mei, Xue-qin; Zhang, Yi-ping</p> <p>2009-11-01</p> <p>This paper presents the design and implementation ways of a simplified device to identify and filter <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. The gas went through the test interface which had wet litmus paper before entering the abdominal cavity. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> dissolving in water turned acidic, making litmus paper change color to identify <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, in order to avoid malpractice by connecting the wrong gas when making Endoscopic surgery.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870009155','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870009155"><span>System study of the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> observational platform system (CO-OPS): Project overview</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Stephens, J. Briscoe; Thompson, Wilbur E.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>The resulting options from a system study for a near-space, geo-stationary, observational monitoring platform system for use in the Department of Energy's (DOE) National <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Observational Platform System (CO-OPS) on the greenhouse effect are discussed. CO-OPS is being designed to operate continuously for periods of up to 3 months in quasi-fixed position over most global regional targets of interest and could make horizon observations over a land-<span class="hlt">sea</span> area of circular diameter up to about 600 to 800 statute miles. This affords the scientific and engineering community a low-cost means of operating their payloads for monitoring the regional parameters they deem relevant to their investigations of the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> greenhouse effect at one-tenth the cost of most currently utilized comparable remote sensing techniques.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24518431','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24518431"><span>Ruthenium-catalysed alkoxycarbonylation of alkenes with <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wu, Lipeng; Liu, Qiang; Fleischer, Ivana; Jackstell, Ralf; Beller, Matthias</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Alkene carbonylations represent a major technology for the production of value-added bulk and fine chemicals. Nowadays, all industrial carbonylation processes make use of highly toxic and flammable <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide. Here we show the application of abundantly available <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> as C1 building block for the alkoxycarbonylations of industrially important olefins in the presence of a convenient and inexpensive ruthenium catalyst system. In our system, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> works much better than the traditional combination of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide and alcohols. The unprecedented in situ formation of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide from <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and alcohols permits an efficient synthesis of carboxylic acid esters, which can be used as detergents and polymer-building blocks. Notably, this transformation allows the catalytic formation of C-C bonds with <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> as C1 source and avoids the use of sensitive and/or expensive reducing agents (for example, Grignard reagents, diethylzinc or triethylaluminum).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9778824','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9778824"><span>Improving indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> quality through the use of continual multipoint monitoring of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and dew point.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bearg, D W</p> <p>1998-09-01</p> <p>This article summarizes an approach for improving the indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> quality (IAQ) in a building by providing feedback on the performance of the ventilation system. The delivery of adequate quantities of ventilation to all building occupants is necessary for the achievement of good IAQ. Feedback on the performance includes information on the adequacy of ventilation provided, the effectiveness of the distribution of this <span class="hlt">air</span>, the adequacy of the duration of operation of the ventilation system, and the identification of leakage into the return plenum, either of outdoor or supply <span class="hlt">air</span>. Keeping track of ventilation system performance is important not only in terms of maintaining good IAQ, but also making sure that this system continues to perform as intended after changes in building use. Information on the performance of the ventilation system is achieved by means of an automated sampling system that draws <span class="hlt">air</span> from multiple locations and delivers it to both a <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> monitor and dew point sensor. The use of single shared sensors facilitates calibration checks as well as helps to guarantee data integrity. This approach to monitoring a building's ventilation system offers the possibility of achieving sustainable performance of this important aspect of good IAQ.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4773493','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4773493"><span>Global pulses of organic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> burial in deep-<span class="hlt">sea</span> sediments during glacial maxima</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cartapanis, Olivier; Bianchi, Daniele; Jaccard, Samuel L.; Galbraith, Eric D.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The burial of organic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> in marine sediments removes <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from the ocean–atmosphere pool, provides energy to the deep biosphere, and on geological timescales drives the oxygenation of the atmosphere. Here we quantify natural variations in the burial of organic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> in deep-<span class="hlt">sea</span> sediments over the last glacial cycle. Using a new data compilation of hundreds of sediment cores, we show that the accumulation rate of organic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> in the deep <span class="hlt">sea</span> was consistently higher (50%) during glacial maxima than during interglacials. The spatial pattern and temporal progression of the changes suggest that enhanced nutrient supply to parts of the surface ocean contributed to the glacial burial pulses, with likely additional contributions from more efficient transfer of organic matter to the deep <span class="hlt">sea</span> and better preservation of organic matter due to reduced oxygen exposure. These results demonstrate a pronounced climate sensitivity for this global <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycle sink. PMID:26923945</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol18/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol18-sec86-524-78.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol18/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol18-sec86-524-78.pdf"><span>40 CFR 86.524-78 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration... Regulations for 1978 and Later New Motorcycles; Test Procedures § 86.524-78 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration. (a) Prior to its introduction into service and monthly thereafter the NDIR <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA13986.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA13986.html"><span>Thickness Map of Buried <span class="hlt">Carbon-Dioxide</span> Deposit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-04-21</p> <p>NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter color-codes thickness estimates in a newly found, buried deposit of frozen <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, dry ice, near the south pole of Mars contains ~30 times more <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> than previously estimated to be frozen near the pole.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol18/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol18-sec86-124-78.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol18/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol18-sec86-124-78.pdf"><span>40 CFR 86.124-78 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration... Complete Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.124-78 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration. Prior to its introduction into service and monthly thereafter the NDIR <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer shall be calibrated: (a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol19/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol19-sec86-124-78.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol19/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol19-sec86-124-78.pdf"><span>40 CFR 86.124-78 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration... Complete Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.124-78 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration. Prior to its introduction into service and monthly thereafter the NDIR <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer shall be calibrated: (a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol19/pdf/CFR-2012-title40-vol19-sec86-124-78.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol19/pdf/CFR-2012-title40-vol19-sec86-124-78.pdf"><span>40 CFR 86.124-78 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration... Complete Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.124-78 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration. Prior to its introduction into service and monthly thereafter the NDIR <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer shall be calibrated: (a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770004734','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770004734"><span>Development of a prototype regenerable <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorber</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Onischak, M.</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>Design information was obtained for a new, regenerable <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> control system for extravehicular activity life support systems. Solid potassium <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> was supported in a thin porous sheet form and fabricated into <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorber units. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and water in the life support system atmosphere react with the potassium <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> and form potassium bicarbonate. The bicarbonate easily reverts to the <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> by heating to 150 deg C. The methods of effectively packing the sorbent material into EVA-sized units and the effects of inlet concentrations, flowrate, and temperature upon performance were investigated. The cycle life of the sorbent upon the repeated thermal regenerations was demonstrated through 90 cycles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1029277','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1029277"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorbent and method of using the same</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Perry, Robert James [Niskayuna, NY; Lewis, Larry Neil [Scotia, NY; O'Brien, Michael Joseph [Clifton Park, NY; Soloveichik, Grigorii Lev [Latham, NY; Kniajanski, Sergei [Clifton Park, NY; Lam, Tunchiao Hubert [Clifton Park, NY; Lee, Julia Lam [Niskayuna, NY; Rubinsztajn, Malgorzata Iwona [Ballston Spa, NY</p> <p>2011-10-04</p> <p>In accordance with one aspect, the present invention provides an amino-siloxane composition comprising at least one of structures I, II, III, IV or V said compositions being useful for the capture of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from gas streams such as power plant flue gases. In addition, the present invention provides methods of preparing the amino-siloxane compositions are provided. Also provided are methods for reducing the amount of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in a process stream employing the amino-siloxane compositions of the invention as species which react with <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to form an adduct with <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. The reaction of the amino-siloxane compositions provided by the present invention with <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is reversible and thus, the method provides for multicycle use of said compositions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27435871','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27435871"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> production during cardiopulmonary bypass: pathophysiology, measure and clinical relevance.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ranucci, Marco; Carboni, Giovanni; Cotza, Mauro; de Somer, Filip</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> production during cardiopulmonary bypass derives from both the aerobic metabolism and the buffering of lactic acid produced by tissues under anaerobic conditions. Therefore, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> removal monitoring is an important measure of the adequacy of perfusion and oxygen delivery. However, routine monitoring of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> removal is not widely applied. The present article reviews the main physiological and pathophysiological sources of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, the available techniques to assess <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> production and removal and the clinically relevant applications of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>-related variables as markers of the adequacy of perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850017731&hterms=climate+exchange&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dclimate%2Bexchange','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850017731&hterms=climate+exchange&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dclimate%2Bexchange"><span><span class="hlt">Sea</span> Ice, Climate and Fram Strait</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hunkins, K.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>When <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice is formed the albedo of the ocean surface increases from its open water value of about 0.1 to a value as high as 0.8. This albedo change effects the radiation balance and thus has the potential to alter climate. <span class="hlt">Sea</span> ice also partially seals off the ocean from the atmosphere, reducing the exchange of gases such as <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. This is another possible mechanism by which climate might be affected. The Marginal Ice Zone Experiment (MIZEX 83 to 84) is an international, multidisciplinary study of processes controlling the edge of the ice pack in that area including the interactions between <span class="hlt">sea</span>, <span class="hlt">air</span> and ice.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26184249','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26184249"><span>Indoor <span class="hlt">Air</span> Quality in Urban and Rural Preschools in Upper Silesia, Poland: Particulate Matter and <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mainka, Anna; Zajusz-Zubek, Elwira</p> <p>2015-07-08</p> <p>Indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> quality (IAQ) in preschools is an important public health challenge. Particular attention should be paid to younger children, because they are more vulnerable to <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution than higher grade children and because they spend more time indoors. Among <span class="hlt">air</span> pollutants, particulate matter (PM) is of the greatest interest mainly due to its acute and chronic effects on children's health. In addition, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) levels indicate ventilation conditions. In this paper, we present the concentrations of PM (PM1, PM2.5, PM10 and total-TSP) and CO2 monitored in four naturally ventilated nursery schools located in the area of Gliwice, Poland. The nursery schools were selected to characterize areas with different degrees of urbanization and traffic densities during the winter season. The results indicate the problem of elevated concentrations of PM inside the examined classrooms, as well as that of high levels of CO2 exceeding 1000 ppm in relation to outdoor <span class="hlt">air</span>. The characteristics of IAQ were significantly different, both in terms of classroom occupation (younger or older children) and of localization (urban or rural). To evaluate the children's exposure to poor IAQ, indicators based on <span class="hlt">air</span> quality guidelines were proposed to rank classrooms according to their hazard on the health of children.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4515685','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4515685"><span>Indoor <span class="hlt">Air</span> Quality in Urban and Rural Preschools in Upper Silesia, Poland: Particulate Matter and <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Mainka, Anna; Zajusz-Zubek, Elwira</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> quality (IAQ) in preschools is an important public health challenge. Particular attention should be paid to younger children, because they are more vulnerable to <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution than higher grade children and because they spend more time indoors. Among <span class="hlt">air</span> pollutants, particulate matter (PM) is of the greatest interest mainly due to its acute and chronic effects on children’s health. In addition, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) levels indicate ventilation conditions. In this paper, we present the concentrations of PM (PM1, PM2.5, PM10 and total—TSP) and CO2 monitored in four naturally ventilated nursery schools located in the area of Gliwice, Poland. The nursery schools were selected to characterize areas with different degrees of urbanization and traffic densities during the winter season. The results indicate the problem of elevated concentrations of PM inside the examined classrooms, as well as that of high levels of CO2 exceeding 1000 ppm in relation to outdoor <span class="hlt">air</span>. The characteristics of IAQ were significantly different, both in terms of classroom occupation (younger or older children) and of localization (urban or rural). To evaluate the children’s exposure to poor IAQ, indicators based on <span class="hlt">air</span> quality guidelines were proposed to rank classrooms according to their hazard on the health of children. PMID:26184249</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5159826','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5159826"><span>A metal-free electrocatalyst for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reduction to multi-<span class="hlt">carbon</span> hydrocarbons and oxygenates</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wu, Jingjie; Ma, Sichao; Sun, Jing; Gold, Jake I.; Tiwary, ChandraSekhar; Kim, Byoungsu; Zhu, Lingyang; Chopra, Nitin; Odeh, Ihab N.; Vajtai, Robert; Yu, Aaron Z.; Luo, Raymond; Lou, Jun; Ding, Guqiao; Kenis, Paul J. A.; Ajayan, Pulickel M.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Electroreduction of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> into higher-energy liquid fuels and chemicals is a promising but challenging renewable energy conversion technology. Among the electrocatalysts screened so far for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reduction, which includes metals, alloys, organometallics, layered materials and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> nanostructures, only copper exhibits selectivity towards formation of hydrocarbons and multi-<span class="hlt">carbon</span> oxygenates at fairly high efficiencies, whereas most others favour production of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide or formate. Here we report that nanometre-size N-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) catalyse the electrochemical reduction of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> into multi-<span class="hlt">carbon</span> hydrocarbons and oxygenates at high Faradaic efficiencies, high current densities and low overpotentials. The NGQDs show a high total Faradaic efficiency of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reduction of up to 90%, with selectivity for ethylene and ethanol conversions reaching 45%. The C2 and C3 product distribution and production rate for NGQD-catalysed <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reduction is comparable to those obtained with copper nanoparticle-based electrocatalysts. PMID:27958290</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...713869W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...713869W"><span>A metal-free electrocatalyst for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reduction to multi-<span class="hlt">carbon</span> hydrocarbons and oxygenates</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wu, Jingjie; Ma, Sichao; Sun, Jing; Gold, Jake I.; Tiwary, Chandrasekhar; Kim, Byoungsu; Zhu, Lingyang; Chopra, Nitin; Odeh, Ihab N.; Vajtai, Robert; Yu, Aaron Z.; Luo, Raymond; Lou, Jun; Ding, Guqiao; Kenis, Paul J. A.; Ajayan, Pulickel M.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Electroreduction of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> into higher-energy liquid fuels and chemicals is a promising but challenging renewable energy conversion technology. Among the electrocatalysts screened so far for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reduction, which includes metals, alloys, organometallics, layered materials and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> nanostructures, only copper exhibits selectivity towards formation of hydrocarbons and multi-<span class="hlt">carbon</span> oxygenates at fairly high efficiencies, whereas most others favour production of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide or formate. Here we report that nanometre-size N-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) catalyse the electrochemical reduction of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> into multi-<span class="hlt">carbon</span> hydrocarbons and oxygenates at high Faradaic efficiencies, high current densities and low overpotentials. The NGQDs show a high total Faradaic efficiency of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reduction of up to 90%, with selectivity for ethylene and ethanol conversions reaching 45%. The C2 and C3 product distribution and production rate for NGQD-catalysed <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reduction is comparable to those obtained with copper nanoparticle-based electrocatalysts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26674957','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26674957"><span>Disintegration of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Molecules in a Microwave Plasma Torch.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kwak, Hyoung S; Uhm, Han S; Hong, Yong C; Choi, Eun H</p> <p>2015-12-17</p> <p>A pure <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> torch is generated by making use of 2.45 GHz microwave. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas becomes the working gas and produces a stable <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> torch. The torch volume is almost linearly proportional to the microwave power. Temperature of the torch flame is measured by making use of optical spectroscopy and thermocouple. Two distinctive regions are exhibited, a bright, whitish region of high-temperature zone and a bluish, dimmer region of relatively low-temperature zone. Study of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> disintegration and gas temperature effects on the molecular fraction characteristics in the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> plasma of a microwave plasma torch under atmospheric pressure is carried out. An analytical investigation of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> disintegration indicates that substantial fraction of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> molecules disintegrate and form other compounds in the torch. For example, the normalized particle densities at center of plasma are given by nCO2/nN = 6.12 × 10(-3), nCO/nN = 0.13, nC/nN = 0.24, nO/nN = 0.61, nC2/nN = 8.32 × 10(-7), nO2/nN = 5.39 × 10(-5), where nCO2, nCO, nC, nO, nC2, and nO2 are <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> and oxygen atom, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> and oxygen molecule densities, respectively. nN is the neutral particle density. Emission profiles of the oxygen and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> atom radicals and the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide molecules confirm the theoretical predictions of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> disintegration in the torch.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4682071','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4682071"><span>Disintegration of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Molecules in a Microwave Plasma Torch</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kwak, Hyoung S.; Uhm, Han S.; Hong, Yong C.; Choi, Eun H.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>A pure <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> torch is generated by making use of 2.45 GHz microwave. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas becomes the working gas and produces a stable <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> torch. The torch volume is almost linearly proportional to the microwave power. Temperature of the torch flame is measured by making use of optical spectroscopy and thermocouple. Two distinctive regions are exhibited, a bright, whitish region of high-temperature zone and a bluish, dimmer region of relatively low-temperature zone. Study of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> disintegration and gas temperature effects on the molecular fraction characteristics in the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> plasma of a microwave plasma torch under atmospheric pressure is carried out. An analytical investigation of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> disintegration indicates that substantial fraction of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> molecules disintegrate and form other compounds in the torch. For example, the normalized particle densities at center of plasma are given by nCO2/nN = 6.12 × 10−3, nCO/nN = 0.13, nC/nN = 0.24, nO/nN = 0.61, nC2/nN = 8.32 × 10−7, nO2/nN = 5.39 × 10−5, where nCO2, nCO, nC, nO, nC2, and nO2 are <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> and oxygen atom, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> and oxygen molecule densities, respectively. nN is the neutral particle density. Emission profiles of the oxygen and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> atom radicals and the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide molecules confirm the theoretical predictions of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> disintegration in the torch. PMID:26674957</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20120015250&hterms=global+carbon+dioxide+levels&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dglobal%2Bcarbon%2Bdioxide%2Blevels','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20120015250&hterms=global+carbon+dioxide+levels&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dglobal%2Bcarbon%2Bdioxide%2Blevels"><span>Monthly Representations of Mid-Tropospheric <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pagano, Thomas S.; Olsen, Edward T.; Chahine, Moustafa T.; Ruzmaikin, Alexander; Nguyen, Hai; Jiang, Xun</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (<span class="hlt">AIRS</span>) on NASA's Earth Observing System Aqua spacecraft was launched in May of 2002 and acquires hyperspectral infrared spectra used to generate a wide range of atmospheric products including temperature, water vapor, and trace gas species including <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. Here we present monthly representations of global concentrations of mid-tropospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> produced from 8 years of data obtained by <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> between the years of 2003 and 2010. We define them as "representations" rather than "climatologies" to reflect that the files are produced over a relatively short time period and represent summaries of the Level 3 data. Finally, they have not yet been independently validated. The representations have a horizontal resolution of 2.0 deg x 2.5 deg (Latitude x Longitude) and faithfully reproduce the original 8 years of monthly L3 CO2 concentrations with a standard deviation of 1.48 ppm and less than 2% outliers. The representations are intended for use in studies of the global general circulation of CO2 and identification of anomalies in CO2 typically associated with atmospheric transport. The seasonal variability and trend found in the <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> CO2 data are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1234242','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1234242"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorbent and method of using the same</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Perry, Robert James; O'Brien, Michael Joseph</p> <p>2015-12-29</p> <p>In accordance with one aspect, the present invention provides a composition which contains the amino-siloxane structures I, or III, as described herein. The composition is useful for the capture of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from process streams. In addition, the present invention provides methods of preparing the amino-siloxane composition. Another aspect of the present invention provides methods for reducing the amount of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in a process stream employing the amino-siloxane compositions of the invention, as species which react with <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to form an adduct with <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1133953','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1133953"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorbent and method of using the same</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Perry, Robert James; O'Brien, Michael Joseph</p> <p>2014-06-10</p> <p>In accordance with one aspect, the present invention provides a composition which contains the amino-siloxane structures I, or III, as described herein. The composition is useful for the capture of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from process streams. In addition, the present invention provides methods of preparing the amino-siloxane composition. Another aspect of the present invention provides methods for reducing the amount of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in a process stream employing the amino-siloxane compositions of the invention, as species which react with <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to form an adduct with <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA04114&hterms=landscape&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dlandscape','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA04114&hterms=landscape&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dlandscape"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Landscape</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p><p/> 23 July 2005 This Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) image shows a view of some of the widely-varied terrain of the martian south polar residual cap. The landforms here are composed mainly of frozen <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. Each year since MGS arrived in 1997, the scarps that bound each butte and mesa, or line the edges of each pit, in the south polar region, have changed a little bit as <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is sublimed away. The scarps retreat at a rate of about 3 meters (3 yards) per martian year. Most of the change occurs during each southern summer. <p/> <i>Location near</i>: 86.7oS, 9.8oW <i>Image width</i>: width: 3 km (1.9 mi) <i>Illumination from</i>: upper left <i>Season</i>: Southern Spring</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title27-vol1-sec26-222.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title27-vol1-sec26-222.pdf"><span>27 CFR 26.222 - Still wines containing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. 26.222 Section 26.222 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND... ISLANDS Formulas for Products From the Virgin Islands § 26.222 Still wines containing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. (a) General. Still wines may contain not more than 0.392 gram of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> per 100 milliliters of wine...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title27-vol1-sec26-222.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title27-vol1-sec26-222.pdf"><span>27 CFR 26.222 - Still wines containing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. 26.222 Section 26.222 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND... ISLANDS Formulas for Products From the Virgin Islands § 26.222 Still wines containing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. (a) General. Still wines may contain not more than 0.392 gram of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> per 100 milliliters of wine...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title27-vol1-sec26-222.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title27-vol1-sec26-222.pdf"><span>27 CFR 26.222 - Still wines containing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. 26.222 Section 26.222 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND... ISLANDS Formulas for Products From the Virgin Islands § 26.222 Still wines containing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. (a) General. Still wines may contain not more than 0.392 gram of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> per 100 milliliters of wine...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title27-vol1-sec26-222.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title27-vol1-sec26-222.pdf"><span>27 CFR 26.222 - Still wines containing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. 26.222 Section 26.222 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND... ISLANDS Formulas for Products From the Virgin Islands § 26.222 Still wines containing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. (a) General. Still wines may contain not more than 0.392 gram of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> per 100 milliliters of wine...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/19390','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/19390"><span>Soil respiration in northern forests exposed to elevated atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and ozone</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Kurt Pregitzer; Wendy Loya; Mark Kubiske; Donald Zak</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>The aspen free-<span class="hlt">air</span> CO2 and O3 enrichment (FACTS II-FACE) study in Rhinelander, Wisconsin, USA, is designed to understand the mechanisms by which young northern deciduous forest ecosystems respond to elevated atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) and elevated tropospheric ozone (O3)...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhD...51u4004S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhD...51u4004S"><span>Collision and radiative processes in emission of atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Smirnov, B. M.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The peculiarities of the spectroscopic properties of CO2 molecules in <span class="hlt">air</span> due to vibration-rotation radiative transitions are analyzed. The absorption coefficient due to atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and other atmospheric components is constructed within the framework of the standard atmosphere model, on the basis of classical molecular spectroscopy and the regular model for the spectroscopy absorption band. The radiative flux from the atmosphere toward the Earth is represented as that of a blackbody, and the radiative temperature for emission at a given frequency is determined with accounting for the local thermodynamic equilibrium, a small gradient of the tropospheric temperature and a high optical thickness of the troposphere for infrared radiation. The absorption band model with an absorption coefficient averaged over the frequency and line-by-line model are used for evaluating the radiative flux from the atmosphere to the Earth which values are nearby for these models and are equal W m‑2 for the contemporary concentration of atmospheric CO2 molecules and W m‑2 at its doubled value. The absorption band model is not suitable to calculate the radiative flux change at doubling of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentration because averaging over oscillations decreases the range where the atmospheric optical thickness is of the order of one, and just this range determines this change. The line-by-line method gives the change of the global temperature K as a result of doubling the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentration. The contribution to the global temperature change due to anthropogenic injection of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in the atmosphere, i.e. resulted from combustion of fossil fuels, is approximately 0.02 K now.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26213485','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26213485"><span>Selective Formation of Trimethylene <span class="hlt">Carbonate</span> (TMC): Atmospheric Pressure <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Utilization.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Buckley, Benjamin R; Patel, Anish P; Wijayantha, K G Upul</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> utilisation (CDU) is currently gaining increased interest due to the abundance of CO 2 and its possible application as a C 1 building block. We herein report the first example of atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> incorporation into oxetane to selectively form trimethylene <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> (TMC), which is a significant challenge as TMC is thermodynamically less favoured than its corresponding co-polymer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.B54B0405R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.B54B0405R"><span>Assessing the Internal Consistency of the Marine <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> System at High Latitudes: The Labrador <span class="hlt">Sea</span> AR7W Line Study Case</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Raimondi, L.; Azetsu-Scott, K.; Wallace, D.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>This work assesses the internal consistency of ocean <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> through the comparison of discrete measurements and calculated values of four analytical parameters of the inorganic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> system: Total Alkalinity (TA), Dissolved Inorganic <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> (DIC), pH and Partial Pressure of CO2 (pCO2). The study is based on 486 seawater samples analyzed for TA, DIC and pH and 86 samples for pCO2 collected during the 2014 Cruise along the AR7W line in Labrador <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. The internal consistency has been assessed using all combinations of input parameters and eight sets of thermodynamic constants (K1, K2) in calculating each parameter through the CO2SYS software. Residuals of each parameter have been calculated as the differences between measured and calculated values (reported as ΔTA, ΔDIC, ΔpH and ΔpCO2). Although differences between the selected sets of constants were observed, the largest were obtained using different pairs of input parameters. As expected the couple pH-pCO2 produced to poorest results, suggesting that measurements of either TA or DIC are needed to define the <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> system accurately and precisely. To identify signature of organic alkalinity we isolated the residuals in the bloom area. Therefore only ΔTA from surface waters (0-30 m) along the Greenland side of the basin were selected. The residuals showed that no measured value was higher than calculations and therefore we could not observe presence of organic bases in the shallower water column. The internal consistency in characteristic water masses of Labrador <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (Denmark Strait Overflow Water, North East Atlantic Deep Water, Newly-ventilated Labrador <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Water, Greenland and Labrador Shelf waters) will also be discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol1-sec35-40-8.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol1-sec35-40-8.pdf"><span>46 CFR 35.40-8 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs-T/ALL.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs-T/ALL. 35.40-8 Section 35... Marking Requirements-TB/ALL § 35.40-8 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs—T/ALL. Each entrance to a space storing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> cylinders, a space protected by <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> systems, or any space into which <span class="hlt">carbon</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol1-sec35-40-8.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol1-sec35-40-8.pdf"><span>46 CFR 35.40-8 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs-T/ALL.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs-T/ALL. 35.40-8 Section 35... Marking Requirements-TB/ALL § 35.40-8 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs—T/ALL. Each entrance to a space storing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> cylinders, a space protected by <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> systems, or any space into which <span class="hlt">carbon</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740024437','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740024437"><span>Six-man, self-contained <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentrator system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Powell, J. D.; Schubert, F. H.; Marshall, R. D.; Shumar, J. W.</p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>A six man, self contained electrochemical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentrating subsystem was successfully designed and fabricated. It was a preprototype engineering model designed to nominally remove 6.0 kg (13.2 lb) CO2/day with an inlet <span class="hlt">air</span> CO2 partial pressure of 400 N/sq m (3 mm Hg) and an overcapacity removal capability of 12.0 kg (26.4 lb) CO2/day. The design specifications were later expanded to allow operation at space station prototype CO2 collection subsystem operating conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatGe...6..191A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatGe...6..191A"><span>Predator-induced reduction of freshwater <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> emissions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Atwood, Trisha B.; Hammill, Edd; Greig, Hamish S.; Kratina, Pavel; Shurin, Jonathan B.; Srivastava, Diane S.; Richardson, John S.</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>Predators can influence the exchange of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> between ecosystems and the atmosphere by altering ecosystem processes such as decomposition and primary production, according to food web theory. Empirical knowledge of such an effect in freshwater systems is limited, but it has been suggested that predators in odd-numbered food chains suppress freshwater <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> emissions, and predators in even-numbered food chains enhance emissions. Here, we report experiments in three-tier food chains in experimental ponds, streams and bromeliads in Canada and Costa Rica in the presence or absence of fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and invertebrate (Hesperoperla pacifica and Mecistogaster modesta) predators. We monitored <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> fluxes along with prey and primary producer biomass. We found substantially reduced <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> emissions in the presence of predators in all systems, despite differences in predator type, hydrology, climatic region, ecological zone and level of in situ primary production. We also observed lower amounts of prey biomass and higher amounts of algal and detrital biomass in the presence of predators. We conclude that predators have the potential to markedly influence <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> dynamics in freshwater systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title9-vol2/pdf/CFR-2014-title9-vol2-sec313-5.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title9-vol2/pdf/CFR-2014-title9-vol2-sec313-5.pdf"><span>9 CFR 313.5 - Chemical; <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Chemical; <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. 313.5 Section 313.5 Animals and Animal Products FOOD SAFETY AND INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE... INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION HUMANE SLAUGHTER OF LIVESTOCK § 313.5 Chemical; <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. The slaughtering...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title9-vol2/pdf/CFR-2013-title9-vol2-sec313-5.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title9-vol2/pdf/CFR-2013-title9-vol2-sec313-5.pdf"><span>9 CFR 313.5 - Chemical; <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Chemical; <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. 313.5 Section 313.5 Animals and Animal Products FOOD SAFETY AND INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE... INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION HUMANE SLAUGHTER OF LIVESTOCK § 313.5 Chemical; <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. The slaughtering...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title9-vol2/pdf/CFR-2012-title9-vol2-sec313-5.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title9-vol2/pdf/CFR-2012-title9-vol2-sec313-5.pdf"><span>9 CFR 313.5 - Chemical; <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Chemical; <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. 313.5 Section 313.5 Animals and Animal Products FOOD SAFETY AND INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE... INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION HUMANE SLAUGHTER OF LIVESTOCK § 313.5 Chemical; <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. The slaughtering...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860018341&hterms=kubo&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dkubo','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860018341&hterms=kubo&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dkubo"><span>Measurements of concentrations of chlorofluoromethanes (CFMs) <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> isotope ratio in stratospheric and tropospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> by grab-sampling systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Itoh, T.; Kubo, H.; Honda, H.; Tominaga, T.; Makide, Y.; Yakohata, A.; Sakai, H.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>Measurements of concentrations of chlorofluoromethanes (CFMs), <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> isotope ratio in stratospheric and tropospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> by grab-sampling systems are reported. The balloon-borne grab-sampling system has been launched from Sanriku Balloon Center three times since 1981. It consists of: (1) six sampling cylinders, (2) eight motor driven values, (3) control and monitor circuits, and (4) pressurized housing. Particular consideration is paid to the problem of contamination. Strict requirements are placed on the choice of materials and components, construction methods, cleaning techniques, vacuum integrity, and sampling procedures. An aluminum pressurized housing and a 4-m long inlet line are employed to prevent the sampling <span class="hlt">air</span> from contamination by outgassing of sampling and control devices. The sampling is performed during the descent of the system. Vertical profiles of mixing ratios of CF2Cl2, CFCl3 and CH4 are given. Mixing ratios of CF2Cl2 and CFCl3 in the stratosphere do not show the discernible effect of the increase of those in the ground level background, and decrease with altitude. Decreasing rate of CFCl3 is larger than that of CF2Cl2. CH4 mixing ratio, on the other hand, shows diffusive equilibrium, as the photodissociation cross section of CH4 is small and concentrations of OH radical and 0(sup I D) are low.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020060117','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020060117"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Absorption Heat Pump</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Jones, Jack A. (Inventor)</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorption heat pump cycle is disclosed using a high pressure stage and a super-critical cooling stage to provide a non-toxic system. Using <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas as the working fluid in the system, the present invention desorbs the CO2 from an absorbent and cools the gas in the super-critical state to deliver heat thereby. The cooled CO2 gas is then expanded thereby providing cooling and is returned to an absorber for further cycling. Strategic use of heat exchangers can increase the efficiency and performance of the system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4502766','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4502766"><span>Selective Formation of Trimethylene <span class="hlt">Carbonate</span> (TMC): Atmospheric Pressure <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Utilization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Buckley, Benjamin R; Patel, Anish P; Wijayantha, K G Upul</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> utilisation (CDU) is currently gaining increased interest due to the abundance of CO2 and its possible application as a C1 building block. We herein report the first example of atmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> incorporation into oxetane to selectively form trimethylene <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> (TMC), which is a significant challenge as TMC is thermodynamically less favoured than its corresponding co-polymer. PMID:26213485</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4168859','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4168859"><span>Supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>: a solvent like no other</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Peach, Jocelyn</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Summary Supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (scCO2) could be one aspect of a significant and necessary movement towards green chemistry, being a potential replacement for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Unfortunately, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> has a notoriously poor solubilising power and is famously difficult to handle. This review examines attempts and breakthroughs in enhancing the physicochemical properties of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, focusing primarily on factors that impact solubility of polar and ionic species and attempts to enhance scCO2 viscosity. PMID:25246947</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BGD....1015641F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BGD....1015641F"><span>Synoptic evaluation of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycling in Beaufort <span class="hlt">Sea</span> during summer: contrasting river inputs, ecosystem metabolism and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 fluxes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Forest, A.; Coupel, P.; Else, B.; Nahavandian, S.; Lansard, B.; Raimbault, P.; Papakyriakou, T.; Gratton, Y.; Fortier, L.; Tremblay, J.-É.; Babin, M.</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>The accelerated decline in Arctic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice combined with an ongoing trend toward a more dynamic atmosphere is modifying <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycling in the Arctic Ocean. A critical issue is to understand how net community production (NCP; the balance between gross primary production and community respiration) responds to changes and modulates <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 fluxes. Using data collected as part of the ArcticNet-Malina 2009 expedition in southeastern Beaufort <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (Arctic Ocean), we synthesize information on <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice, wind, river, water column properties, metabolism of the planktonic food web, organic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> fluxes and pools, as well as <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 exchange, with the aim of identifying indices of ecosystem response to environmental changes. Data were analyzed to develop a non-steady-state <span class="hlt">carbon</span> budget and an assessment of NCP against <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 fluxes. The mean atmospheric forcing was a mild upwelling-favorable wind (~5 km h-1) blowing from the N-E and a decaying ice cover (<80% concentration) was observed beyond the shelf, the latter being fully exposed to the atmosphere. We detected some areas where the surface mixed layer was net autotrophic owing to high rates of primary production (PP), but the ecosystem was overall net heterotrophic. The region acted nonetheless as a sink for atmospheric CO2 with a mean uptake rate of -2.0 ± 3.3 mmol C m-2d-1. We attribute this discrepancy to: (1) elevated PP rates (>600 mg C m-2d-1) over the shelf prior to our survey, (2) freshwater dilution by river runoff and ice melt, and (3) the presence of cold surface waters offshore. Only the Mackenzie River delta and localized shelf areas directly affected by upwelling were identified as substantial sources of CO2 to the atmosphere (>10mmol C m-2d-1). Although generally <100 mg C m-2d-1, daily PP rates cumulated to a total PP of ~437.6 × 103 t C, which was roughly twice higher than the organic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> delivery by river inputs (~241.2 × 103 t C). Subsurface PP represented 37.4% of total PP for the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title27-vol1-sec24-245.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title27-vol1-sec24-245.pdf"><span>27 CFR 24.245 - Use of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in still wine.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Use of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in... Use of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in still wine. The addition of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to (and retention in) still wine... of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> per 100 milliliters of wine or where the variation results from the use of methods...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6922279-effects-carbon-dioxide-penicillium-chrysogenum-autoradiographic-study','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6922279-effects-carbon-dioxide-penicillium-chrysogenum-autoradiographic-study"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> on Penicillium chrysogenum: an autoradiographic study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Edwards, A.G.; Ho, C.S.</p> <p></p> <p>Previous research has shown that dissolved <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> causes significant changes in submerged penicillin fermentations, such as stunted, swollen hyphae, increased branching, lower growth rates, and lower penicillin productivity. Influent <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> levels of 5 and 10% were shown through the use of autoradiography to cause an increase in chitin synthesis in submerged cultures of Penicillium chrysogenum. At an influent 5% <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> level, chitin synthesis is ca. 100% greater in the subapical region of P. chrysogenum hyphae than that of the control, in which there was no influent <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. Influent <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> of 10% caused an increase ofmore » 200% in chitin synthesis. It is believed that the cell wall must be plasticized before branching can occur and that high amounts of dissolved <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> cause the cell to lose control of the plasticizing effect, thus the severe morphological changes occur.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70043564','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70043564"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> stripping in aquaculture. part 1: terminology and reporting</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Colt, John; Watten, Barnaby; Pfeiffer, Tim</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The removal of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas in aquacultural systems is much more complex than for oxygen or nitrogen gas because of liquid reactions of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and their kinetics. Almost all published <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> removal information for aquaculture is based on the apparent removal value after the CO2(aq) + HOH ⇔ H2CO3 reaction has reached equilibrium. The true <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> removal is larger than the apparent value, especially for high alkalinities and seawater. For low alkalinity freshwaters (<2000 μeq/kg), the difference between the true and apparent removal is small and can be ignored for many applications. Analytical and reporting standards are recommended to improve our understanding of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> removal.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title27-vol1-sec24-245.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title27-vol1-sec24-245.pdf"><span>27 CFR 24.245 - Use of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in still wine.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Use of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in... Use of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in still wine. The addition of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to (and retention in) still wine... than 0.392 grams of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> per 100 milliliters of wine. However, a tolerance of not more than 0...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24928153','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24928153"><span>Modeling forest ecosystem responses to elevated <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and ozone using artificial neural networks.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Larsen, Peter E; Cseke, Leland J; Miller, R Michael; Collart, Frank R</p> <p>2014-10-21</p> <p>Rising atmospheric levels of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and ozone will impact productivity and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> sequestration in forest ecosystems. The scale of this process and the potential economic consequences provide an incentive for the development of models to predict the types and rates of ecosystem responses and feedbacks that result from and influence of climate change. In this paper, we use phenotypic and molecular data derived from the Aspen Free <span class="hlt">Air</span> CO2 Enrichment site (Aspen-FACE) to evaluate modeling approaches for ecosystem responses to changing conditions. At FACE, it was observed that different aspen clones exhibit clone-specific responses to elevated atmospheric levels of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and ozone. To identify the molecular basis for these observations, we used artificial neural networks (ANN) to examine above and below-ground community phenotype responses to elevated <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, elevated ozone and gene expression profiles. The aspen community models generated using this approach identified specific genes and subnetworks of genes associated with variable sensitivities for aspen clones. The ANN model also predicts specific co-regulated gene clusters associated with differential sensitivity to elevated <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and ozone in aspen species. The results suggest ANN is an effective approach to predict relevant gene expression changes resulting from environmental perturbation and provides useful information for the rational design of future biological experiments. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.9798G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.9798G"><span>Mechanistic modelling of Middle Eocene atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> using fossil plant material</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grein, Michaela; Roth-Nebelsick, Anita; Wilde, Volker; Konrad, Wilfried; Utescher, Torsten</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>Various proxies (such as pedogenic <span class="hlt">carbonates</span>, boron isotopes or phytoplankton) and geochemical models were applied in order to reconstruct palaeoatmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, partially providing conflicting results. Another promising proxy is the frequency of stomata (pores on the leaf surface used for gaseous exchange). In this project, fossil plant material from the Messel Pit (Hesse, Germany) is used to reconstruct atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentration in the Middle Eocene by analyzing stomatal density. We applied the novel mechanistic-theoretical approach of Konrad et al. (2008) which provides a quantitative derivation of the stomatal density response (number of stomata per leaf area) to varying atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentration. The model couples 1) C3-photosynthesis, 2) the process of diffusion and 3) an optimisation principle providing maximum photosynthesis (via <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> uptake) and minimum water loss (via stomatal transpiration). These three sub-models also include data of the palaeoenvironment (temperature, water availability, wind velocity, atmospheric humidity, precipitation) and anatomy of leaf and stoma (depth, length and width of stomatal porus, thickness of assimilation tissue, leaf length). In order to calculate curves of stomatal density as a function of atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentration, various biochemical parameters have to be borrowed from extant representatives. The necessary palaeoclimate data are reconstructed from the whole Messel flora using Leaf Margin Analysis (LMA) and the Coexistence Approach (CA). In order to obtain a significant result, we selected three species from which a large number of well-preserved leaves is available (at least 20 leaves per species). Palaeoclimate calculations for the Middle Eocene Messel Pit indicate a warm and humid climate with mean annual temperature of approximately 22°C, up to 2540 mm mean annual precipitation and the absence of extended periods of drought. Mean relative <span class="hlt">air</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PlST....3..737Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PlST....3..737Z"><span>The Formation of Ethane from <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> under Cold Plasma</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Xiu-ling; Zhang, Lin; Dai, Bin; Gong, Wei-min; Liu, Chang-hou</p> <p>2001-04-01</p> <p>Pulsed-corona plasma has been used as a new method for ethane dehydrogenation at low temperature and normal pressure using <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> as an oxidant in this paper. The effect of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> content in the feed, power input, and flow rate of the reactants on the ethane dehydrogenation has been investigated. The experimental results show that the conversion of ethane increases with the increase in the amount of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in the feed. The yield of ethylene and acetylene decreases with the increase in the yield of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide, indicating that the increased <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> leads to the part of ethylene and acetylene being oxidized to <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide. Power input is primarily an electrical parameter in pulsed-corona plasma, which plays an important role in reactant conversion and product formation. When the power input reaches 16 W, ethane conversion is 41.0% and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> conversion is 26.3%. The total yield of ethylene and acetylene is 15.6%. The reduced flow rate of feed improves the conversion of ethane, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and the yield of acetylene, and induces <span class="hlt">carbon</span> deposit as well.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A44C..08M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A44C..08M"><span>The Role of <span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> Coupling in the Response of Climate Extremes to Aerosols</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mahajan, S.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> interactions dominate the climate of surrounding regions and thus also modulate the climate response to local and remote aerosol forcings. To clearly isolate the role of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> coupling in the climate response to aerosols, we conduct experiments with a full complexity atmosphere model that is coupled to a series of ocean models progressively increasing in complexity. The ocean models range from a data ocean model with prescribed SSTs, to a slab ocean model that only allows thermodynamic interactions, to a full dynamic ocean model. In a preliminary study, we have conducted single forcing experiments with black <span class="hlt">carbon</span> aerosols in an atmosphere GCM coupled to a data ocean model and a slab ocean model. We find that while black <span class="hlt">carbon</span> aerosols can intensify mean and extreme summer monsoonal precipitation over the Indian sub-continent, <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> coupling can dramatically modulate this response. Black <span class="hlt">carbon</span> aerosols in the vicinity of the Arabian <span class="hlt">Sea</span> result in an increase of <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures there in the slab ocean model, which intensify the low-level Somali Jet. The associated increase in moisture transport into Western India enhances the mean as well as extreme precipitation. In prescribed SST experiments, where SSTs are not allowed to respond BC aerosols, the response is muted. We will present results from a hierarchy of GCM simulations that investigate the role of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> coupling in the climate response to aerosols in more detail.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2010-title21-vol8-sec884-1300.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2010-title21-vol8-sec884-1300.pdf"><span>21 CFR 884.1300 - Uterotubal <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> insufflator and accessories.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Uterotubal <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> insufflator and... Gynecological Diagnostic Devices § 884.1300 Uterotubal <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> insufflator and accessories. (a) Identification. A uterotubal <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> insufflator and accessories is a device used to test the patency...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2013-title21-vol8-sec884-1300.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2013-title21-vol8-sec884-1300.pdf"><span>21 CFR 884.1300 - Uterotubal <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> insufflator and accessories.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Uterotubal <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> insufflator and... Gynecological Diagnostic Devices § 884.1300 Uterotubal <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> insufflator and accessories. (a) Identification. A uterotubal <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> insufflator and accessories is a device used to test the patency...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol8-sec884-1300.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol8-sec884-1300.pdf"><span>21 CFR 884.1300 - Uterotubal <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> insufflator and accessories.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Uterotubal <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> insufflator and... Gynecological Diagnostic Devices § 884.1300 Uterotubal <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> insufflator and accessories. (a) Identification. A uterotubal <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> insufflator and accessories is a device used to test the patency...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AIPC.1214..100P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AIPC.1214..100P"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Line Shapes for Atmospheric Remote Sensing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Predoi-Cross, Adriana; Ibrahim, Amr; Wismath, Alice; Teillet, Philippe M.; Devi, V. Malathy; Benner, D. Chris; Billinghurst, Brant</p> <p>2010-02-01</p> <p>We present a detailed spectroscopic study of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in support of atmospheric remote sensing. We have studied two weak absorption bands near the strong ν2 band that is used to derive atmospheric temperature profiles. We have analyzed our laboratory spectra recorded with the synchrotron and globar sources with spectral line profiles that reproduce the absorption features with high accuracy. The Q-branch transitions exhibited asymmetric line shape due to weak line-mixing. For these weak transitions, we have retrieved accurate experimental line strengths, self- and <span class="hlt">air</span>-broadening, self- and <span class="hlt">air</span>-induced shift coefficients and weak line mixing parameters. The experimental precision is sufficient to reveal inherent variations of the width and shift coefficients according to transition quantum numbers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/48432','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/48432"><span>Pressure pumping of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from soil</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>E. S. Takle; J. R. Brandle; R. A. Schmidt; R. Garcia; I. V. Litvina; G. Doyle; X. Zhou; Q. Hou; C. W. Rice; W. J. Massman</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>Recent interest in atmospheric increases in <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> have heightened the need for improved accuracy in measurements of fluxes of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from soils. Diffusional movement has long been considered the dominant process by which trace gases move from the subsurface source to the surface, although there has been some indication that atmospheric pressure...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000072884','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000072884"><span>International Space Station <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Removal Assembly Testing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Knox, James C.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>Performance testing of the International Space Station <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Removal Assembly flight hardware in the United States Laboratory during 1999 is described. The CDRA exceeded <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> performance specifications and operated flawlessly. Data from this test is presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..206a2001Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..206a2001Z"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> (CO2) Adsorption by Activated <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> Functionalized with Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zulkurnai, N. Z.; Ali, U. F. Md.; Ibrahim, N.; Manan, N. S. Abdul</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>In recent years, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) emission has become a major concern as the amount of the emitted gas significantly increases annually. Consequently, this phenomenon contributes to global warming. Several CO2 capture methods, including chemical adsorption by activated <span class="hlt">carbon</span>, have been proposed. In this study, activated <span class="hlt">carbon</span> was prepared from <span class="hlt">sea</span> mango (Cerbera odollam), which was functionalized with deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of choline chloride and glycerol to increase the efficiency of CO2 capture. The samples underwent pre-<span class="hlt">carbonization</span> and <span class="hlt">carbonization</span> processes at 200 °C and 500 °C, respectively, with nitrogen gas and flowing several gases, namely, CO2 and steam, and then followed by impregnation with 50 phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at 1:2 precursor-to-activant ratio. The prepared activated <span class="hlt">carbon</span> was impregnated with DES at 1:2 precursor-to-activant ratio. The optimum CO2 adsorption capacity of the activated <span class="hlt">carbon</span> was obtained by using CO2 gas treatment method (9.851 mgCO2/gsol), followed by the absence of gases (9.685 mgCO2/gsol), steam (9.636 mgCO2/gsol), and N2 (9.536 mgCO2/gsol).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21370476-porosity-control-nanoporous-carbide-derived-carbon-oxidation-air-carbon-dioxide','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21370476-porosity-control-nanoporous-carbide-derived-carbon-oxidation-air-carbon-dioxide"><span>Porosity control in nanoporous carbide-derived <span class="hlt">carbon</span> by oxidation in <span class="hlt">air</span> and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Osswald, S.; Portet, C.; Gogotsi, Y., E-mail: gogotsi@drexel.ed</p> <p>2009-07-15</p> <p>Carbide-derived <span class="hlt">carbons</span> (CDC) allow a precise control over the pore size through the selection of the carbide precursor and varying of the synthesis conditions. However, their pore volume is limited by the carbide stoichiometry. While activation of <span class="hlt">carbons</span> derived from various organic precursors has been widely studied, this process may similarly be able to increase the pore volume and specific surface area of CDC. Oxidation of carbide-derived <span class="hlt">carbon</span> in <span class="hlt">air</span> and CO{sub 2} at different temperatures and times allows for significant increase in pore volume and specific surface area as well as control over average pore size with subnanometer accuracy.more » The effect of activation and associated changes in the pore volume and surface area on the hydrogen uptake are also discussed. - Graphical abstract: Carbide-derived <span class="hlt">carbons</span> (CDC) provide great potential for sorption of toxicants and gas storage applications. Activation of CDC in <span class="hlt">air</span> and CO{sub 2} at different temperatures and times is applied in order to maximize pore volume and specific surface area, and control the average pore size with subnanometer accuracy.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9637E..2OS','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9637E..2OS"><span>Investigation variation of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> based on GOSAT data in peninsular Malaysia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sim, C. K.; Lim, H. S.; MatJafri, M. Z.</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) is an inodorous and transparent gas, and naturally originates in our atmosphere. Due to its optical characteristics, CO2 is the most important greenhouse gas and play a key role in climate change due to an effective thermal infrared (IR) radiation absorber. Satellite observations of atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) can significantly improve our knowledge about the sources and sinks of CO2. The remote sensing satellite, namely Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) was employed to investigate the spatial and variations of CO2 column-averaged dry airmole fractions, denoted XCO2 over Peninsular Malaysia from January 2013 to December 2013. The analysis of CO2 in the study area shows the significant differences between northeast monsoon (NEM) and the southwest monsoon (SWM). During NEM season, cold <span class="hlt">air</span> outbreaks from Siberia spreads to equatorial region in the form of north-easterly cold surge winds and associated with a low-level anticyclone over Southeast Asia. Inversely, <span class="hlt">air</span> masses from the southwest contribute to long-range <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution due to transportation of atmospheric CO2 by wind is associated with biomass burning in Sumatra, Indonesia. The GOSAT data and the Satellite measurements are able to measure the increase of the atmosphere CO2 values over different regions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol4-sec201-161.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol4-sec201-161.pdf"><span>21 CFR 201.161 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and certain other gases.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 4 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and certain other gases. 201.161... (CONTINUED) DRUGS: GENERAL LABELING Other Exemptions § 201.161 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and certain other gases. (a) <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, cyclopropane, ethylene, helium, and nitrous oxide gases intended for drug use are...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title21-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title21-vol4-sec201-161.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title21-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title21-vol4-sec201-161.pdf"><span>21 CFR 201.161 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and certain other gases.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 4 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and certain other gases. 201.161... (CONTINUED) DRUGS: GENERAL LABELING Other Exemptions § 201.161 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and certain other gases. (a) <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, cyclopropane, ethylene, helium, and nitrous oxide gases intended for drug use are...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1024098-numerically-simulating-carbonate-mineralization-basalt-injection-carbon-dioxide-deep-saline-formations','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1024098-numerically-simulating-carbonate-mineralization-basalt-injection-carbon-dioxide-deep-saline-formations"><span>Numerically Simulating <span class="hlt">Carbonate</span> Mineralization of Basalt with Injection of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> into Deep Saline Formations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>White, Mark D.; McGrail, B. Peter; Schaef, Herbert T.</p> <p>2006-07-08</p> <p>The principal mechanisms for the geologic sequestration of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in deep saline formations include geological structural trapping, hydrological entrapment of nonwetting fluids, aqueous phase dissolution and ionization, and geochemical sorption and mineralization. In sedimentary saline formations the dominant mechanisms are structural and dissolution trapping, with moderate to weak contributions from hydrological and geochemical trapping; where, hydrological trapping occurs during the imbibition of aqueous solution into pore spaces occupied by gaseous <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, and geochemical trapping is controlled by generally slow reaction kinetics. In addition to being globally abundant and vast, deep basaltic lava formations offer mineralization kinetics that makemore » geochemical trapping a dominate mechanism for trapping <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in these formations. For several decades the United States Department of Energy has been investigating Columbia River basalt in the Pacific Northwest as part of its environmental programs and options for natural gas storage. Recently this nonpotable and extensively characterized basalt formation is being reconsidered as a potential reservoir for geologic sequestration of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. The reservoir has an estimated storage capacity of 100 giga tonnes of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and comprises layered basalt flows with sublayering that generally alternates between low permeability massive and high permeability breccia. Chemical analysis of the formation shows 10 wt% Fe, primarily in the +2 valence. The mineralization reaction that makes basalt formations attractive for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> sequestration is that of calcium, magnesium, and iron silicates reacting with dissolved <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, producing <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> minerals and amorphous quartz. Preliminary estimates of the kinetics of the silicate-to-<span class="hlt">carbonate</span> reactions have been determined experimentally and this research is continuing to determine effects of temperature, pressure, rock</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol5/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol5-sec147-65.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol5/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol5-sec147-65.pdf"><span>46 CFR 147.65 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and halon fire extinguishing systems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and halon fire extinguishing systems. 147... <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and halon fire extinguishing systems. (a) <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> or halon cylinders forming part of a...) <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> or halon cylinders must be rejected for further service when they— (1) Leak; (2) Are...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol5/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol5-sec147-65.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol5/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol5-sec147-65.pdf"><span>46 CFR 147.65 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and halon fire extinguishing systems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and halon fire extinguishing systems. 147... <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and halon fire extinguishing systems. (a) <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> or halon cylinders forming part of a...) <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> or halon cylinders must be rejected for further service when they— (1) Leak; (2) Are...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..254h2011E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..254h2011E"><span>Supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> for textile applications and recent developments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Eren, H. A.; Avinc, O.; Eren, S.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>In textile industry, supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (scCO2), possessing liquid-like densities, mostly find an application on textile dyeing processes such as providing hydrophobic dyes an advantage on dissolving. Their gas-like low viscosities and diffusion properties can result in shorter dyeing periods in comparison with the conventional water dyeing process. Supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> dyeing is an anhydrous dyeing and this process comprises the usage of less energy and chemicals when compared to conventional water dyeing processes leading to a potential of up to 50% lower operation costs. The advantages of supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> dyeing method especially on synthetic fiber fabrics hearten leading textile companies to alter their dyeing method to this privileged waterless dyeing technology. Supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (scCO2) waterless dyeing is widely known and applied green method for sustainable and eco-friendly textile industry. However, not only the dyeing but also scouring, desizing and different finishing applications take the advantage of supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (scCO2). In this review, not only the principle, advantages and disadvantages of dyeing in supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> but also recent developments of scCO2 usage in different textile processing steps such as scouring, desizing and finishing are explained and commercial developments are stated and summed up.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2013-title21-vol8-sec868-2480.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2013-title21-vol8-sec868-2480.pdf"><span>21 CFR 868.2480 - Cutaneous <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (PcCO 2) monitor.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Cutaneous <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (PcCO 2) monitor. 868... <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (PcCO 2) monitor. (a) Identification. A cutaneous <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (PcCO2) monitor is a noninvasive... relative changes in a hemodynamically stable patient's cutaneous <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> tension as an adjunct to...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol8-sec868-2480.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol8-sec868-2480.pdf"><span>21 CFR 868.2480 - Cutaneous <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (PcCO 2) monitor.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Cutaneous <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (PcCO 2) monitor. 868... <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (PcCO 2) monitor. (a) Identification. A cutaneous <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (PcCO2) monitor is a noninvasive... relative changes in a hemodynamically stable patient's cutaneous <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> tension as an adjunct to...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatCC...4.1011B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatCC...4.1011B"><span>Detection and impacts of leakage from sub-seafloor deep geological <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Blackford, Jerry; Stahl, Henrik; Bull, Jonathan M.; Bergès, Benoît J. P.; Cevatoglu, Melis; Lichtschlag, Anna; Connelly, Douglas; James, Rachael H.; Kita, Jun; Long, Dave; Naylor, Mark; Shitashima, Kiminori; Smith, Dave; Taylor, Peter; Wright, Ian; Akhurst, Maxine; Chen, Baixin; Gernon, Tom M.; Hauton, Chris; Hayashi, Masatoshi; Kaieda, Hideshi; Leighton, Timothy G.; Sato, Toru; Sayer, Martin D. J.; Suzumura, Masahiro; Tait, Karen; Vardy, Mark E.; White, Paul R.; Widdicombe, Steve</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>Fossil fuel power generation and other industrial emissions of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> are a threat to global climate, yet many economies will remain reliant on these technologies for several decades. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> capture and storage (CCS) in deep geological formations provides an effective option to remove these emissions from the climate system. In many regions storage reservoirs are located offshore, over a kilometre or more below societally important shelf <span class="hlt">seas</span>. Therefore, concerns about the possibility of leakage and potential environmental impacts, along with economics, have contributed to delaying development of operational CCS. Here we investigate the detectability and environmental impact of leakage from a controlled sub-seabed release of CO2. We show that the biological impact and footprint of this small leak analogue (<1 tonne CO2 d-1) is confined to a few tens of metres. Migration of CO2 through the shallow seabed is influenced by near-surface sediment structure, and by dissolution and re-precipitation of calcium <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> naturally present in sediments. Results reported here advance the understanding of environmental sensitivity to leakage and identify appropriate monitoring strategies for full-scale <span class="hlt">carbon</span> storage operations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014BGeo...11.2827F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014BGeo...11.2827F"><span>Synoptic evaluation of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycling in the Beaufort <span class="hlt">Sea</span> during summer: contrasting river inputs, ecosystem metabolism and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 fluxes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Forest, A.; Coupel, P.; Else, B.; Nahavandian, S.; Lansard, B.; Raimbault, P.; Papakyriakou, T.; Gratton, Y.; Fortier, L.; Tremblay, J.-É.; Babin, M.</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>The accelerated decline in Arctic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice and an ongoing trend toward more energetic atmospheric and oceanic forcings are modifying <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycling in the Arctic Ocean. A critical issue is to understand how net community production (NCP; the balance between gross primary production and community respiration) responds to changes and modulates <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 fluxes. Using data collected as part of the ArcticNet-Malina 2009 expedition in the southeastern Beaufort <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (Arctic Ocean), we synthesize information on <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice, wind, river, water column properties, metabolism of the planktonic food web, organic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> fluxes and pools, as well as <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 exchange, with the aim of documenting the ecosystem response to environmental changes. Data were analyzed to develop a non-steady-state <span class="hlt">carbon</span> budget and an assessment of NCP against <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 fluxes. During the field campaign, the mean wind field was a mild upwelling-favorable wind (~ 5 km h-1) from the NE. A decaying ice cover (< 80% concentration) was observed beyond the shelf, the latter being fully exposed to the atmosphere. We detected some areas where the surface mixed layer was net autotrophic owing to high rates of primary production (PP), but the ecosystem was overall net heterotrophic. The region acted nonetheless as a sink for atmospheric CO2, with an uptake rate of -2.0 ± 3.3 mmol C m-2 d-1 (mean ± standard deviation associated with spatial variability). We attribute this discrepancy to (1) elevated PP rates (> 600 mg C m-2 d-1) over the shelf prior to our survey, (2) freshwater dilution by river runoff and ice melt, and (3) the presence of cold surface waters offshore. Only the Mackenzie River delta and localized shelf areas directly affected by upwelling were identified as substantial sources of CO2 to the atmosphere (> 10 mmol C m-2 d-1). Daily PP rates were generally < 100 mg C m-2 d-1 and cumulated to a total PP of ~ 437.6 × 103 t C for the region over a 35-day period. This amount was about twice the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.5566F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.5566F"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">sea</span>-ice and biogeochemical processes and storms on under-ice water fCO2 during the winter-spring transition in the high Arctic Ocean: Implications for <span class="hlt">sea-air</span> CO2 fluxes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fransson, Agneta; Chierici, Melissa; Skjelvan, Ingunn; Olsen, Are; Assmy, Philipp; Peterson, Algot K.; Spreen, Gunnar; Ward, Brian</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>We performed measurements of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> fugacity (fCO2) in the surface water under Arctic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice from January to June 2015 during the Norwegian young <span class="hlt">sea</span> ICE (N-ICE2015) expedition. Over this period, the ship drifted with four different ice floes and covered the deep Nansen Basin, the slopes north of Svalbard, and the Yermak Plateau. This unique winter-to-spring data set includes the first winter-time under-ice water fCO2 observations in this region. The observed under-ice fCO2 ranged between 315 µatm in winter and 153 µatm in spring, hence was undersaturated relative to the atmospheric fCO2. Although the <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice partly prevented direct CO2 exchange between ocean and atmosphere, frequently occurring leads and breakup of the ice sheet promoted <span class="hlt">sea-air</span> CO2 fluxes. The CO2 sink varied between 0.3 and 86 mmol C m-2 d-1, depending strongly on the open-water fractions (OW) and storm events. The maximum <span class="hlt">sea-air</span> CO2 fluxes occurred during storm events in February and June. In winter, the main drivers of the change in under-ice water fCO2 were dissolution of CaCO3 (ikaite) and vertical mixing. In June, in addition to these processes, primary production and <span class="hlt">sea-air</span> CO2 fluxes were important. The cumulative loss due to CaCO3 dissolution of 0.7 mol C m-2 in the upper 10 m played a major role in sustaining the undersaturation of fCO2 during the entire study. The relative effects of the total fCO2 change due to CaCO3 dissolution was 38%, primary production 26%, vertical mixing 16%, <span class="hlt">sea-air</span> CO2 fluxes 16%, and temperature and salinity insignificant.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol1-sec34-15-20.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol1-sec34-15-20.pdf"><span>46 CFR 34.15-20 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage-T/ALL.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage-T/ALL. 34.15-20 Section 34.15-20 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Extinguishing Systems, Details § 34.15-20 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage—T/ALL. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol1-sec35-40-7.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol1-sec35-40-7.pdf"><span>46 CFR 35.40-7 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm-T/ALL.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm-T/ALL. 35.40-7 Section 35.40-7 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS OPERATIONS Posting and Marking Requirements-TB/ALL. § 35.40-7 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm—T/ALL. Adjacent to all <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> fire extinguishing...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol1-sec34-15-20.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol1-sec34-15-20.pdf"><span>46 CFR 34.15-20 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage-T/ALL.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage-T/ALL. 34.15-20 Section 34.15-20 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Extinguishing Systems, Details § 34.15-20 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage—T/ALL. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol1-sec34-15-20.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol1-sec34-15-20.pdf"><span>46 CFR 34.15-20 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage-T/ALL.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage-T/ALL. 34.15-20 Section 34.15-20 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Extinguishing Systems, Details § 34.15-20 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage—T/ALL. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol1-sec34-15-20.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol1-sec34-15-20.pdf"><span>46 CFR 34.15-20 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage-T/ALL.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage-T/ALL. 34.15-20 Section 34.15-20 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Extinguishing Systems, Details § 34.15-20 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage—T/ALL. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol7-sec169-732.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol7-sec169-732.pdf"><span>46 CFR 169.732 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. 169.732 Section 169.732 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) NAUTICAL SCHOOLS SAILING SCHOOL VESSELS Vessel Control, Miscellaneous Systems, and Equipment Markings § 169.732 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. (a) Each <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> o...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol7-sec169-732.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol7-sec169-732.pdf"><span>46 CFR 169.732 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. 169.732 Section 169.732 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) NAUTICAL SCHOOLS SAILING SCHOOL VESSELS Vessel Control, Miscellaneous Systems, and Equipment Markings § 169.732 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. (a) Each <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> o...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol7-sec169-732.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol7-sec169-732.pdf"><span>46 CFR 169.732 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. 169.732 Section 169.732 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) NAUTICAL SCHOOLS SAILING SCHOOL VESSELS Vessel Control, Miscellaneous Systems, and Equipment Markings § 169.732 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. (a) Each <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> o...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1150714','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1150714"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> ion pump for removal of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from combustion gas and other gas mixtures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Aines, Roger D.; Bourcier, William L.</p> <p>2014-08-19</p> <p>A novel method and system of separating <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from flue gas is introduced. Instead of relying on large temperature or pressure changes to remove <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from a solvent used to absorb it from flue gas, the ion pump method, as disclosed herein, dramatically increases the concentration of dissolved <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> ion in solution. This increases the overlying vapor pressure of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas, permitting <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to be removed from the downstream side of the ion pump as a pure gas. The ion pumping may be obtained from reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, thermal desalination methods, or an ion pump system having an oscillating flow in synchronization with an induced electric field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1014942','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1014942"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> ion pump for removal of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from combustion gas and other gas mixtures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Aines, Roger D.; Bourcier, William L.</p> <p>2010-11-09</p> <p>A novel method and system of separating <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from flue gas is introduced. Instead of relying on large temperature or pressure changes to remove <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from a solvent used to absorb it from flue gas, the ion pump method, as disclosed herein, dramatically increases the concentration of dissolved <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> ion in solution. This increases the overlying vapor pressure of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas, permitting <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to be removed from the downstream side of the ion pump as a pure gas. The ion pumping may be obtained from reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, thermal desalination methods, or an ion pump system having an oscillating flow in synchronization with an induced electric field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFMOS21A1161B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFMOS21A1161B"><span>Alteration of Oceanic Nitrification Under Elevated <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Concentrations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Beman, J.; Chow, C. E.; Popp, B. N.; Fuhrman, J. A.; Feng, Y.; Hutchins, D. A.</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>Atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) concentrations are increasing exponentially and expected to double by the year 2100. Dissolution of excess CO2 in the upper ocean reduces pH, alters <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> chemistry, and also represents a potential resource for autotrophic organisms that convert inorganic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> into biomass--including a broad spectrum of marine microbes. These bacteria and archaea drive global biogeochemical cycles of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> and nitrogen and constitute the vast majority of biomass in the <span class="hlt">sea</span>, yet their responses to reduced pH and increased pCO2 remain largely undocumented. Here we show that elevated pCO2 may sharply reduce nitrification rates and populations of nitrifying microorganisms in the ocean. Multiple experiments were performed in the Sargasso <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and the Southern California Bight under glacial maximum (193 ppm), present day (390 ppm), and projected (750 ppm) pCO2 concentrations, over time scales from hours to multiple days, and at depths of 45 m to 240 m. Measurement of nitrification rates using isotopically-labeled nitrogen showed 2-5 fold reduction under elevated pCO2--as well as an increase under glacial maximum pCO2. Marine Crenarchaeota are likely involved in nitrification as ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and are among the most abundant microbial groups in the ocean, yet this group decreased by 40-80% under increased pCO2, based on quantification of both 16S rRNA and ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) gene copies. Crenarchaeota also steadily declined over the course of multiple days under elevated pCO2, whereas ammonia-oxidizing (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) were more variable in their responses or were not detected. These findings suggest that projected increases in pCO2 and subsequent decreases in pH may strongly influence marine biogeochemistry and microbial community structure in the <span class="hlt">sea</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130000838','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130000838"><span>Overview of International Space Station <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Removal Assembly On-Orbit Operations and Performance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Matty, Christopher M.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Controlling <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> (CO2) partial pressure in the habitable vehicle environment is a critical part of operations on the International Space Station (ISS). On the United States segment of ISS, CO2 levels are primarily controlled by the <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Removal Assembly (CDRA). There are two CDRAs on ISS; one in the United States Laboratory module, and one in the Node3 module. CDRA has been through several significant operational issues, performance issues and subsequent re-design of various components, primarily involving the Desiccant Adsorbent Bed (DAB) assembly and <span class="hlt">Air</span> Selector Valves (ASV). This paper will focus on significant operational and performance issues experienced by the CDRA team from 2008-2012.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29193762','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29193762"><span>Semiconductor-Based Photoelectrochemical Conversion of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span>: Stepping Towards Artificial Photosynthesis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pang, Hong; Masuda, Takuya; Ye, Jinhua</p> <p>2018-01-18</p> <p>The photoelectrochemical (PEC) <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reduction process stands out as a promising avenue for the conversion of solar energy into chemical feedstocks, among various methods available for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> mitigation. Semiconductors derived from cheap and abundant elements are interesting candidates for catalysis. Whether employed as intrinsic semiconductors or hybridized with metallic cocatalysts, biocatalysts, and metal molecular complexes, semiconductor photocathodes exhibit good performance and low overpotential during <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reduction. Apart from focusing on <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reduction materials and chemistry, PEC cells towards standalone devices that use photohybrid electrodes or solar cells have also been a hot topic in recent research. An overview of the state-of-the-art progress in PEC <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reduction is presented and a deep understanding of the catalysts of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reduction is also given. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title27-vol1-sec27-42a.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title27-vol1-sec27-42a.pdf"><span>27 CFR 27.42a - Still wines containing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>.... Still wines may contain not more than 0.392 gram of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> per 100 milliliters of wine; except that a tolerance to this maximum limitation, not to exceed 0.009 gram of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> per 100 milliliters of wine, will be allowed where the amount of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in excess of 0.392 gram per 100...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title27-vol1-sec27-42a.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title27-vol1-sec27-42a.pdf"><span>27 CFR 27.42a - Still wines containing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>.... Still wines may contain not more than 0.392 gram of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> per 100 milliliters of wine; except that a tolerance to this maximum limitation, not to exceed 0.009 gram of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> per 100 milliliters of wine, will be allowed where the amount of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in excess of 0.392 gram per 100...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title27-vol1-sec27-42a.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title27-vol1-sec27-42a.pdf"><span>27 CFR 27.42a - Still wines containing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>.... Still wines may contain not more than 0.392 gram of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> per 100 milliliters of wine; except that a tolerance to this maximum limitation, not to exceed 0.009 gram of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> per 100 milliliters of wine, will be allowed where the amount of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in excess of 0.392 gram per 100...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title27-vol1-sec27-42a.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title27-vol1-sec27-42a.pdf"><span>27 CFR 27.42a - Still wines containing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>.... Still wines may contain not more than 0.392 gram of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> per 100 milliliters of wine; except that a tolerance to this maximum limitation, not to exceed 0.009 gram of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> per 100 milliliters of wine, will be allowed where the amount of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in excess of 0.392 gram per 100...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title27-vol1-sec27-42a.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title27-vol1-sec27-42a.pdf"><span>27 CFR 27.42a - Still wines containing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>.... Still wines may contain not more than 0.392 gram of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> per 100 milliliters of wine; except that a tolerance to this maximum limitation, not to exceed 0.009 gram of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> per 100 milliliters of wine, will be allowed where the amount of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in excess of 0.392 gram per 100...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title21-vol4/pdf/CFR-2011-title21-vol4-sec201-161.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title21-vol4/pdf/CFR-2011-title21-vol4-sec201-161.pdf"><span>21 CFR 201.161 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and certain other gases.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 4 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and certain other gases. 201.161 Section 201.161 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) DRUGS: GENERAL LABELING Other Exemptions § 201.161 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and certain other gases. (a) <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, cyclopropane, ethylene,...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol4-sec108-627.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol4-sec108-627.pdf"><span>46 CFR 108.627 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. 108.627 Section 108.627 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT Equipment Markings and Instructions § 108.627 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. Each <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm must be...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol4-sec108-627.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol4-sec108-627.pdf"><span>46 CFR 108.627 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. 108.627 Section 108.627 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT Equipment Markings and Instructions § 108.627 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. Each <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm must be...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol1-sec34-15-20.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol1-sec34-15-20.pdf"><span>46 CFR 34.15-20 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage-T/ALL.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage-T/ALL. 34.15-20 Section 34.15-20 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Extinguishing Systems, Details § 34.15-20 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> storage—T/ALL. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, the cylinders...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title21-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title21-vol4-sec201-161.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title21-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title21-vol4-sec201-161.pdf"><span>21 CFR 201.161 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and certain other gases.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 4 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and certain other gases. 201.161 Section 201.161 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) DRUGS: GENERAL LABELING Other Exemptions § 201.161 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and certain other gases. (a) <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, cyclopropane, ethylene,...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol4-sec131-815.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol4-sec131-815.pdf"><span>46 CFR 131.815 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. 131.815 Section 131.815 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OFFSHORE SUPPLY VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire Equipment and Emergency Equipment § 131.815 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. Each <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> or clean agent fire...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol4-sec131-815.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol4-sec131-815.pdf"><span>46 CFR 131.815 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. 131.815 Section 131.815 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OFFSHORE SUPPLY VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire Equipment and Emergency Equipment § 131.815 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. Each <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> or clean agent fire...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol4-sec131-815.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol4-sec131-815.pdf"><span>46 CFR 131.815 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. 131.815 Section 131.815 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OFFSHORE SUPPLY VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire Equipment and Emergency Equipment § 131.815 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. Each <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> or clean agent fire...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol4-sec108-627.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol4-sec108-627.pdf"><span>46 CFR 108.627 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. 108.627 Section 108.627 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT Equipment Markings and Instructions § 108.627 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. Each <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> alarm must be...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840009787','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840009787"><span>Advanced <span class="hlt">air</span> revitalization system testing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Heppner, D. B.; Hallick, T. M.; Schubert, F. H.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>A previously developed experimental <span class="hlt">air</span> revitalization system was tested cyclically and parametrically. One-button startup without manual interventions; extension by 1350 hours of tests with the system; capability for varying process <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> partial pressure and humidity and coolant source for simulation of realistic space vehicle interfaces; dynamic system performance response on the interaction of the electrochemical depolarized <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentrator, the Sabatier <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reduction subsystem, and the static feed water electrolysis oxygen generation subsystem, the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentrator module with unitized core technology for the liquid cooled cell; and a preliminary design for a regenerative <span class="hlt">air</span> revitalization system for the space station are discussed.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120012432','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120012432"><span>Oxygen and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> sensing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ren, Fan (Inventor); Pearton, Stephen John (Inventor)</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>A high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) capable of performing as a CO.sub.2 or O.sub.2 sensor is disclosed, hi one implementation, a polymer solar cell can be connected to the HEMT for use in an infrared detection system. In a second implementation, a selective recognition layer can be provided on a gate region of the HEMT. For <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> sensing, the selective recognition layer can be, in one example, PEI/starch. For oxygen sensing, the selective recognition layer can be, in one example, indium zinc oxide (IZO). In one application, the HEMTs can be used for the detection of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and oxygen in exhaled breath or blood.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1409024','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1409024"><span>Electrocatalytic process for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> conversion</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Masel, Richard I.; Salehi-Khojin, Amin; Kutz, Robert</p> <p></p> <p>An electrocatalytic process for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> conversion includes combining a Catalytically Active Element and a Helper Polymer in the presence of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, allowing a reaction to proceed to produce a reaction product, and applying electrical energy to said reaction to achieve electrochemical conversion of said <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reactant to said reaction product. The Catalytically Active Element can be a metal in the form of supported or unsupported particles or flakes with an average size between 0.6 nm and 100 nm. The reaction products comprise at least one of CO, HCO.sup.-, H.sub.2CO, (HCO.sub.2).sup.-, H.sub.2CO.sub.2, CH.sub.3OH, CH.sub.4, C.sub.2H.sub.4, CH.sub.3CH.sub.2OH, CH.sub.3COO.sup.-, CH.sub.3COOH,more » C.sub.2H.sub.6, (COOH).sub.2, (COO.sup.-).sub.2, and CF.sub.3COOH.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1213459','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1213459"><span>High capacity <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> sorbent</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Dietz, Steven Dean; Alptekin, Gokhan; Jayaraman, Ambalavanan</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>The present invention provides a sorbent for the removal of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from gas streams, comprising: a CO.sub.2 capacity of at least 9 weight percent when measured at 22.degree. C. and 1 atmosphere; an H.sub.2O capacity of at most 15 weight percent when measured at 25.degree. C. and 1 atmosphere; and an isosteric heat of adsorption of from 5 to 8.5 kilocalories per mole of CO.sub.2. The invention also provides a <span class="hlt">carbon</span> sorbent in a powder, a granular or a pellet form for the removal of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from gas streams, comprising: a <span class="hlt">carbon</span> content of at least 90 weight percent; a nitrogen content of at least 1 weight percent; an oxygen content of at most 3 weight percent; a BET surface area from 50 to 2600 m.sup.2/g; and a DFT micropore volume from 0.04 to 0.8 cc/g.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol4-sec108-626.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol4-sec108-626.pdf"><span>46 CFR 108.626 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. 108.626 Section 108.626 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT Equipment Markings and Instructions § 108.626 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. Each...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol4-sec131-817.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol4-sec131-817.pdf"><span>46 CFR 131.817 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. 131.817 Section 131.817 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OFFSHORE SUPPLY VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire Equipment and Emergency Equipment § 131.817 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. Each entrance...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol4-sec131-817.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol4-sec131-817.pdf"><span>46 CFR 131.817 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. 131.817 Section 131.817 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OFFSHORE SUPPLY VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire Equipment and Emergency Equipment § 131.817 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. Each entrance...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol4-sec131-817.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol4-sec131-817.pdf"><span>46 CFR 131.817 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. 131.817 Section 131.817 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OFFSHORE SUPPLY VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire Equipment and Emergency Equipment § 131.817 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. Each entrance...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol4-sec108-626.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol4-sec108-626.pdf"><span>46 CFR 108.626 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. 108.626 Section 108.626 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT Equipment Markings and Instructions § 108.626 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. Each...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol4-sec108-626.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol4-sec108-626.pdf"><span>46 CFR 108.626 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. 108.626 Section 108.626 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT Equipment Markings and Instructions § 108.626 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. Each...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol7-sec169-565.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol7-sec169-565.pdf"><span>46 CFR 169.565 - Fixed <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> system.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Fixed <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> system. 169.565 Section 169.565 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) NAUTICAL SCHOOLS SAILING SCHOOL VESSELS Lifesaving and Firefighting Equipment Firefighting Equipment § 169.565 Fixed <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> system. (a) The...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740000053','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740000053"><span>Silver oxide sorbent for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Colombo, G. V.</p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>Material can be regenerated at least 20 times by heating at 250 C. Sorbent is compatible with environment of high humidity; up to 20% by weight of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> can be absorbed. Material is prepared from silver <span class="hlt">carbonate</span>, potassium hydroxide or <span class="hlt">carbonate</span>, and sodium silicate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.7106E..04C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.7106E..04C"><span>The Orbiting <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> Observatory: NASA's first dedicated <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> mission</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Crisp, D.</p> <p>2008-10-01</p> <p>The Orbiting <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> Observatory is scheduled for launch from Vandenberg <span class="hlt">Air</span> Force Base in California in January 2009. This Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) mission carries and points a single instrument that incorporates 3 high-resolution grating spectrometers designed to measure the absorption of reflected sunlight by near-infrared <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) and molecular oxygen bands. These spectra will be analyzed to retrieve estimates of the column-averaged CO2 dry <span class="hlt">air</span> mole fraction, XCO2. Pre-flight qualification and calibration tests completed in early 2008 indicate that the instrument will provide high quality XCO2 data. The instrument was integrated into the spacecraft, and the completed Observatory was qualified and tested during the spring and summer of 2008, in preparation for delivery to the launch site in the fall of this year. The Observatory will initially be launched into a 635 km altitude, near-polar orbit. The on-board propulsion system will then raise the orbit to 705 km and insert OCO into the Earth Observing System Afternoon Constellation (A-Train). The first routine science observations are expected about 45 days after launch. Calibrated spectral radiances will be archived starting about 6 months later. An exploratory XCO2 product will be validated and then archived starting about 3 months after that.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=335949&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=organic+AND+chemistry&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=335949&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=organic+AND+chemistry&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>Fixation of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> into dimethyl <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> over titanium-based zeolitic thiophene-benzimidazolate framework</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>A titanium-based zeolitic thiophene-benzimidazolate framework has been designed for the direct synthesis of dimethyl <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> (DMC) from methanol and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. The developed catalyst activates <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and delivers over 16% yield of DMC without the use of any dehydra...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18222261','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18222261"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> field flooding reduces neurologic impairment after open heart surgery.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Martens, Sven; Neumann, Katrin; Sodemann, Christian; Deschka, Heinz; Wimmer-Greinecker, Gerhard; Moritz, Anton</p> <p>2008-02-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Air</span> emboli released from incompletely deaired cardiac chambers may cause neurocognitive decline after open heart surgery. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) field flooding is reported to reduce residual intracavital <span class="hlt">air</span> during cardiac surgery. A protective effect of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> insufflation on postoperative brain function remains unproven in clinical trials. Eighty patients undergoing heart valve operations by median sternotomy were randomly assigned to either CO2 insufflation (group I, n = 39) or unprotected controls (group II, n = 41). Preoperative evaluation included neurocognitive test batteries consisting of six different tests, and objective measurements of brain function by means of P300 wave auditory-evoked potentials (peak latencies, ms). Neurocognitive testing and P300 measurements were repeated on postoperative day 5. Neurocognitive deficit (ND) was defined as a 20% decrement in two or more tests. Preoperatively, P300 peak latencies did not differ between groups (374 +/- 75 vs 366 +/- 72 ms, not significant [n.s.]). Five days after surgery, P300 peak latencies were significantly shorter with CO2 protection as compared with the unprotected control group (group I: 390 +/- 68 ms, group II: 429 +/- 75 ms, p = 0.02). Clinical outcome was comparable as for mortality (group I: 1 patient; group II: 2 patients) and cerebrovascular events or confusional syndromes (group I: 5 patients; group II: 4 patients) or other clinical variables as intubation time or hospital stay. Neurocognitive test batteries did not reveal differences between groups. Shorter P300 peak latencies after surgery indicate less brain damage in patients who underwent heart valve operations with CO2 flooding of the thoracic cavity. Even if these findings were not supported by clinical results or neurocognitive test batteries in our cohort, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> field flooding has proven efficiency and should be advocated for all patients undergoing open heart surgery.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=252361','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=252361"><span>Promising flame retardant textile in supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Since <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is non-toxic, non-flammable and cost-effective, supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (scCO2) is widely used in textile dyeing applications. Due to its environmentally benign character, scCO2 is considered in green chemistry as a substitute for organic solvents in chemical reactions. O...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26774765','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26774765"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> elimination and regeneration of resources in a microwave plasma torch.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Uhm, Han S; Kwak, Hyoung S; Hong, Yong C</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas as a working gas produces a stable plasma-torch by making use of 2.45 GHz microwaves. The temperature of the torch flame is measured by making use of optical spectroscopy and a thermocouple device. Two distinctive regions are exhibited, a bright, whitish region of a high-temperature zone and a bluish, dimmer region of a relatively low-temperature zone. The bright, whitish region is a typical torch based on plasma species where an analytical investigation indicates dissociation of a substantial fraction of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> molecules, forming <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxides and oxygen atoms. The emission profiles of the oxygen atoms and the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide molecules confirm the theoretical predictions of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> disintegration in the torch. Various hydrocarbon materials may be introduced into the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> torch, regenerating new resources and reducing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentration in the torch. As an example, coal powders in the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> torch are converted into <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide according to the reaction of CO2 + C → 2CO, reducing a substantial amount of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentration in the torch. In this regards, the microwave plasma torch may be one of the best ways of converting the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxides</span> into useful new materials. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5358672','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5358672"><span>Supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>-based sterilization of decellularized heart valves</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hennessy, Ryan S.; Jana, Soumen; Tefft, Brandon J.; Helder, Meghana R.; Young, Melissa D.; Hennessy, Rebecca R.; Stoyles, Nicholas J.; Lerman, Amir</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Objective The goal of this research project encompasses finding the most efficient and effective method of decellularized tissue sterilization. Background Aortic tissue grafts have been utilized to repair damaged or diseased valves. Although, the tissues for grafting are collected aseptically, it does not eradicate the risk of contamination nor disease transfer. Thus, sterilization of grafts is mandatory. Several techniques have been applied to sterilize grafts; however, each technique shows drawbacks. In this study, we compared several sterilization techniques: supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, electrolyzed water, gamma radiation, ethanol-peracetic acid, and hydrogen peroxide for impact on the sterility and mechanical integrity of porcine decellularized aortic valves. Methods Valve sterility was characterized by histology, microbe culture, and electron microscopy. Uniaxial tensile testing was conducted on the valve cusps along their circumferential orientation to study these sterilization techniques on their integrity. Results Ethanol-peracetic acid and supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> treated valves were found to be sterile. The tensile strength of supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> treated valves (4.28 ± 0.22 MPa) was higher to those valves treated with electrolyzed water, gamma radiation, ethanol-peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide (1.02 ± 0.15, 1.25 ± 0.25, 3.53 ± 0.41 and 0.37 ± 0.04 MPa, respectively). Conclusions Superior sterility and integrity were found in the decellularized porcine aortic valves with supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> sterilization. This sterilization technique may hold promise for other decellularized soft tissues. Summary Sterilization of grafts is essential. Supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, electrolyzed water, gamma radiation, ethanol-peracetic acid, and hydrogen peroxide techniques were compared for impact on sterility and mechanical integrity of porcine decellularized aortic valves. Ethanol-peracetic acid and supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> treated</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28337488','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28337488"><span>Supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>-based sterilization of decellularized heart valves.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hennessy, Ryan S; Jana, Soumen; Tefft, Brandon J; Helder, Meghana R; Young, Melissa D; Hennessy, Rebecca R; Stoyles, Nicholas J; Lerman, Amir</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>The goal of this research project encompasses finding the most efficient and effective method of decellularized tissue sterilization. Aortic tissue grafts have been utilized to repair damaged or diseased valves. Although, the tissues for grafting are collected aseptically, it does not eradicate the risk of contamination nor disease transfer. Thus, sterilization of grafts is mandatory. Several techniques have been applied to sterilize grafts; however, each technique shows drawbacks. In this study, we compared several sterilization techniques: supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, electrolyzed water, gamma radiation, ethanol-peracetic acid, and hydrogen peroxide for impact on the sterility and mechanical integrity of porcine decellularized aortic valves. Valve sterility was characterized by histology, microbe culture, and electron microscopy. Uniaxial tensile testing was conducted on the valve cusps along their circumferential orientation to study these sterilization techniques on their integrity. Ethanol-peracetic acid and supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> treated valves were found to be sterile. The tensile strength of supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> treated valves (4.28 ± 0.22 MPa) was higher to those valves treated with electrolyzed water, gamma radiation, ethanol-peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide (1.02 ± 0.15, 1.25 ± 0.25, 3.53 ± 0.41 and 0.37 ± 0.04 MPa, respectively). Superior sterility and integrity were found in the decellularized porcine aortic valves with supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> sterilization. This sterilization technique may hold promise for other decellularized soft tissues. Sterilization of grafts is essential. Supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, electrolyzed water, gamma radiation, ethanol-peracetic acid, and hydrogen peroxide techniques were compared for impact on sterility and mechanical integrity of porcine decellularized aortic valves. Ethanol-peracetic acid and supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> treated valves were found to be sterile using histology, microbe</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhDT........40J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhDT........40J"><span>Reaction mechanisms for enhancing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> mineral sequestration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jarvis, Karalee Ann</p> <p></p> <p>Increasing global temperature resulting from the increased release of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> into the atmosphere is one of the greatest problems facing society. Nevertheless, coal plants remain the largest source of electrical energy and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas. For this reason, researchers are searching for methods to reduce <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> emissions into the atmosphere from the combustion of coal. Mineral sequestration of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reacted in electrolyte solutions at 185°C and 2200 psi with olivine (magnesium silicate) has been shown to produce environmentally benign <span class="hlt">carbonates</span>. However, to make this method feasible for industrial applications, the reaction rate needs to be increased. Two methods were employed to increase the rate of mineral sequestration: reactant composition and concentration were altered independently in various runs. The products were analyzed with complete combustion for total <span class="hlt">carbon</span> content. Crystalline phases in the product were analyzed with Debye-Scherrer X-ray powder diffraction. To understand the reaction mechanism, single crystals of San Carlos Olivine were reacted in two solutions: (0.64 M NaHCO3/1 M NaCl) and (5.5 M KHCO3) and analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and fluctuation electron microscopy (FEM) to study the surface morphology, atomic crystalline structure, composition and amorphous structure. From solution chemistry studies, it was found that increasing the activity of the bicarbonate ion increased the conversion rate of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to magnesite. The fastest conversion, 60% conversion in one hour, occurred in a solution of 5.5 M KHCO3. The reaction product particles, magnesium <span class="hlt">carbonate</span>, significantly increased in both number density and size on the coupon when the bicarbonate ion activity was increased. During some experiments reaction vessel corrosion also altered the mineral sequestration mechanism. Nickel ions from vessel</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPSC...11..228C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPSC...11..228C"><span>Penetration of Solar Radiation into Solid <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chinnery, H. E.; Hagermann, A.; Kaufmann, E.; Lewis, S. R.; Grady, M. M.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> ice exists naturally on the surface of Mars. This is a unique environment, with no Earth analogues, and so determining the properties of such a surface is important to further our understanding of the Martian environment. Laboratory experiments have determined the e-folding scale, or absorption scale length, for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> slab ice, granular ice and snow. This is a universal measure of how transparent a material is to visible light, and so has implications for the radiative budget of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> ice covered surfaces, as well as physical processes, such as the so-called spider formations in the cryptic region near the Martian south pole.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1082695','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1082695"><span>Slurried solid media for simultaneous water purification and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> removal from gas mixtures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Aines, Roger D.; Bourcier, William L.; Viani, Brian</p> <p>2013-01-29</p> <p>A slurried solid media for simultaneous water purification and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> removal from gas mixtures includes the steps of dissolving the gas mixture and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in water providing a gas, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, water mixture; adding a porous solid media to the gas, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, water mixture forming a slurry of gas, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, water, and porous solid media; heating the slurry of gas, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, water, and porous solid media producing steam; and cooling the steam to produce purified water and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150005740&hterms=carbon+footprint&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dcarbon%2Bfootprint','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150005740&hterms=carbon+footprint&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dcarbon%2Bfootprint"><span>Large Scale Variability of Mid-Tropospheric <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> as Observed by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (<span class="hlt">AIRS</span>) on the NASA EOS Aqua Platform</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pagano, Thomas S.; Olsen, Edward T.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (<span class="hlt">AIRS</span>) is a hyperspectral infrared instrument on the EOS Aqua Spacecraft, launched on May 4, 2002. <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> has 2378 infrared channels ranging from 3.7 microns to 15.4 microns and a 13.5 km footprint. <span class="hlt">AIRS</span>, in conjunction with the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU), produces temperature profiles with 1K/km accuracy, water vapor profiles (20%/2km), infrared cloud height and fraction, and trace gas amounts for CO2, CO, SO2, O3 and CH4 in the mid to upper troposphere. <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> wide swath(cedilla) +/-49.5 deg , enables daily global daily coverage for over 95% of the Earth's surface. <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> data are used for weather forecasting, validating climate model distribution and processes, and observing long-range transport of greenhouse gases. In this study, we examine the large scale and regional horizontal variability in the <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> Mid-tropospheric <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> product as a function of season and associate the observed variability with known atmospheric transport processes, and sources and sinks of CO2.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1692169','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1692169"><span>Do fossil plants signal palaeoatmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentration in the geological past?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>McElwain, J. C.</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>Fossil, subfossil, and herbarium leaves have been shown to provide a morphological signal of the atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> environment in which they developed by means of their stomatal density and index. An inverse relationship between stomatal density/index and atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentration has been documented for all the studies to date concerning fossil and subfossil material. Furthermore, this relationship has been demonstrated experimentally by growing plants under elevated and reducedcarbon <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentrations. To date, the mechanism that controls the stomatal density response to atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentration remains unknown. However, stomatal parameters of fossil plants have been successfully used as a proxy indicator of palaeo-<span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> levels. This paper presents new estimates of palaeo-atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentrations for the Middle Eocene (Lutetian), based on the stomatal ratios of fossil Lauraceae species from Bournemouth in England. Estimates of atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentrations derived from stomatal data from plants of the Early Devonian, Late Carboniferous, Early Permian and Middle Jurassic ages are reviewed in the light of new data. Semi-quantitative palaeo-<span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> estimates based on the stomatal ratio (a ratio of the stomatal index of a fossil plant to that of a selected nearest living equivalent) have in the past relied on the use of a Carboniferous standard. The application of a new standard based on the present-day <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> level is reported here for comparison. The resultant ranges of palaeo-<span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> estimates made from standardized fossil stomatal ratio data are in good agreement with both <span class="hlt">carbon</span> isotopic data from terrestrial and marine sources and long-term <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycle modelling estimates for all the time periods studied. These data indicate elevated atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentrations during the Early Devonian, Middle Jurassic and Middle Eocene, and reduced</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1029263','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1029263"><span>Combustion systems and power plants incorporating parallel <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> capture and sweep-based membrane separation units to remove <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from combustion gases</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Wijmans, Johannes G [Menlo Park, CA; Merkel, Timothy C [Menlo Park, CA; Baker, Richard W [Palo Alto, CA</p> <p>2011-10-11</p> <p>Disclosed herein are combustion systems and power plants that incorporate sweep-based membrane separation units to remove <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from combustion gases. In its most basic embodiment, the invention is a combustion system that includes three discrete units: a combustion unit, a <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> capture unit, and a sweep-based membrane separation unit. In a preferred embodiment, the invention is a power plant including a combustion unit, a power generation system, a <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> capture unit, and a sweep-based membrane separation unit. In both of these embodiments, the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> capture unit and the sweep-based membrane separation unit are configured to be operated in parallel, by which we mean that each unit is adapted to receive exhaust gases from the combustion unit without such gases first passing through the other unit.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1823b0022M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1823b0022M"><span>Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) as green solvents for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> capture</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mulia, Kamarza; Putri, Sylvania; Krisanti, Elsa; Nasruddin</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES), consisting of choline chloride and a hydrogen bonding donor (HBD) compound, in terms of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorption. Solubility of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in NADES was found to be influenced HBD compound used and choline chloride to HBD ratio, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> pressure, and contact time. HBD and choline/HBD ratios used were 1,2-propanediol (1:2), glycerol (1:2), and malic acid (1:1). The <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> absorption measurement was conducted using an apparatus that utilizes the volumetric method. Absorption curves were obtained up to pressures of 30 bar, showing a linear relationship between the amount absorbed and the final pressure of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. The choline and 1,2-propanediol eutectic mixture absorbs the highest amount of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, approaching 0.1 mole-fraction at 3.0 MPa and 50°C. We found that NADES ability to absorb <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> correlates with its polarity as tested using Nile Red as a solvatochromic probe.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=global+AND+warming&id=EJ1047091','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=global+AND+warming&id=EJ1047091"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> and Global Warming: A Failed Experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Ribeiro, Carla</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Global warming is a current environmental issue that has been linked to an increase in anthropogenic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in the atmosphere. To raise awareness of the problem, various simple experiments have been proposed to demonstrate the effect of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> on the planet's temperature. This article describes a similar experiment, which…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22497454','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22497454"><span>Enzyme microheterogeneous hydration and stabilization in supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Silveira, Rodrigo L; Martínez, Julian; Skaf, Munir S; Martínez, Leandro</p> <p>2012-05-17</p> <p>Supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is a promising green-chemistry solvent for many enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions, yet the striking stability of some enzymes in such unconventional environments is not well understood. Here, we investigate the stabilization of the Candida antarctica Lipase B (CALB) in supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>-water biphasic systems using molecular dynamics simulations. The preservation of the enzyme structure and optimal activity depend on the presence of small amounts of water in the supercritical dispersing medium. When the protein is at least partially hydrated, water molecules bind to specific sites on the enzyme surface and prevent <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from penetrating its catalytic core. Strikingly, water and supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> cover the protein surface quite heterogeneously. In the first solvation layer, the hydrophilic residues at the surface of the protein are able to pin down patches of water, whereas <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> solvates preferentially hydrophobic surface residues. In the outer solvation shells, water molecules tend to cluster predominantly on top of the larger water patches of the first solvation layer instead of spreading evenly around the remainder of the protein surface. For CALB, this exposes the substrate-binding region of the enzyme to <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, possibly facilitating diffusion of nonpolar substrates into the catalytic funnel. Therefore, by means of microheterogeneous solvation, enhanced accessibility of hydrophobic substrates to the active site can be achieved, while preserving the functional structure of the enzyme. Our results provide a molecular picture on the nature of the stability of proteins in nonaqueous media.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA20758.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA20758.html"><span>Where on Mars Does <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Frost Form Often?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2016-07-08</p> <p>This map shows the frequency of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> frost's presence at sunrise on Mars, as a percentage of days year-round. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> ice more often covers the ground at night in some mid-latitude regions than in polar regions, where it is generally absent for much of summer and fall. Color coding is based on data from the Mars Climate Sounder instrument on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. A color-key bar below the map shows how colors correspond to frequencies. Yellow indicates high frequencies, identifying areas where <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> ice is present on the ground at night during most of the year. Blue identifies areas where it is rarely present; red is intermediate. Areas without color coding are regions where <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> frost is not detected at any time of year. The areas with highest frequency of overnight <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> frost correspond to regions with surfaces of loose dust, which do not retain heat well, compared to rockier areas. Those areas also have some of the highest mid-afternoon temperatures on the planet. The dust surface heats up and cools off rapidly. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA20758</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29386510','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29386510"><span>Continental shelves as a variable but increasing global sink for atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Laruelle, Goulven G; Cai, Wei-Jun; Hu, Xinping; Gruber, Nicolas; Mackenzie, Fred T; Regnier, Pierre</p> <p>2018-01-31</p> <p>It has been speculated that the partial pressure of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (pCO 2 ) in shelf waters may lag the rise in atmospheric CO 2 . Here, we show that this is the case across many shelf regions, implying a tendency for enhanced shelf uptake of atmospheric CO 2 . This result is based on analysis of long-term trends in the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> pCO 2 gradient (ΔpCO 2 ) using a global surface ocean pCO 2 database spanning a period of up to 35 years. Using wintertime data only, we find that ΔpCO 2 increased in 653 of the 825 0.5° cells for which a trend could be calculated, with 325 of these cells showing a significant increase in excess of +0.5 μatm yr -1 (p < 0.05). Although noisier, the deseasonalized annual data suggest similar results. If this were a global trend, it would support the idea that shelves might have switched from a source to a sink of CO 2 during the last century.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/873507','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/873507"><span>Polymers for metal extractions in <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>DeSimone, Joseph M.; Tumas, William; Powell, Kimberly R.; McCleskey, T. Mark; Romack, Timothy J.; McClain, James B.; Birnbaum, Eva R.</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>A composition useful for the extraction of metals and metalloids comprises (a) <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> fluid (preferably liquid or supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>); and (b) a polymer in the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, the polymer having bound thereto a ligand that binds the metal or metalloid; with the ligand bound to the polymer at a plurality of locations along the chain length thereof (i.e., a plurality of ligands are bound at a plurality of locations along the chain length of the polymer). The polymer is preferably a copolymer, and the polymer is preferably a fluoropolymer such as a fluoroacrylate polymer. The extraction method comprises the steps of contacting a first composition containing a metal or metalloid to be extracted with a second composition, the second composition being as described above; and then extracting the metal or metalloid from the first composition into the second composition.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1114889-water-carbon-dioxide-adsorption-olivine-surfaces','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1114889-water-carbon-dioxide-adsorption-olivine-surfaces"><span>Water and <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Adsorption at Olivine Surfaces</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kerisit, Sebastien N.; Bylaska, Eric J.; Felmy, Andrew R.</p> <p>2013-11-14</p> <p>Plane-wave density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to simulate water and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> adsorption at the (010) surface of five olivine minerals, namely, forsterite (Mg2SiO4), calcio-olivine (Ca2SiO4), tephroite (Mn2SiO4), fayalite (Fe2SiO4), and Co-olivine (Co2SiO4). Adsorption energies per water molecule obtained from energy minimizations varied from -78 kJ mol-1 for fayalite to -128 kJ mol-1 for calcio-olivine at sub-monolayer coverage and became less exothermic as coverage increased. In contrast, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> adsorption energies at sub-monolayer coverage ranged from -20 kJ mol-1 for fayalite to -59 kJ mol-1 for calcio-olivine. Therefore, the DFT calculations show a strong driving force for carbonmore » <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> displacement by water at the surface of all olivine minerals in a competitive adsorption scenario. Additionally, adsorption energies for both water and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> were found to be more exothermic for the alkaline-earth (AE) olivines than for the transition-metal (TM) olivines and to not correlate with the solvation enthalpies of the corresponding divalent cations. However, a correlation was obtained with the charge of the surface divalent cation indicating that the more ionic character of the AE cations in the olivine structure relative to the TM cations leads to greater interactions with adsorbed water and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> molecules at the surface and thus more exothermic adsorption energies for the AE olivines. For calcio-olivine, which exhibits the highest divalent cation charge of the five olivines, ab initio molecular dynamics simulations showed that this effect leads both water and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to react with the surface and form hydroxyl groups and a <span class="hlt">carbonate</span>-like species, respectively.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B24C..08M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B24C..08M"><span>Methane and <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Concentrations and Fluxes in Amazon Floodplains</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Melack, J. M.; MacIntyre, S.; Forsberg, B.; Barbosa, P.; Amaral, J. H.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Field studies on the central Amazon floodplain in representative aquatic habitats (open water, flooded forests, floating macrophytes) combine measurements of methane and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentrations and fluxes to the atmosphere over diel and seasonal times with deployment of meteorological sensors and high-resolution thermistors and dissolved oxygen sondes. A cavity ringdown spectrometer is used to determine gas concentrations, and floating chambers and bubble collectors are used to measure fluxes. To further understand fluxes, we measured turbulence as rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy based on microstructure profiling. These results allow calculations of vertical mixing within the water column and of <span class="hlt">air</span>-water exchanges using surface renewal models. Methane and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> fluxes varied as a function of season, habitat and water depth. High CO2 fluxes at high water are related to high pCO2; low pCO2 levels at low water result from increased phytoplankton uptake. CO2 fluxes are highest at turbulent open water sites, and pCO2 is highest in macrophyte beds. Fluxes and pCH4 are high in macrophyte beds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001asi..book.....C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001asi..book.....C"><span><span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Interaction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Csanady, G. T.</p> <p>2001-03-01</p> <p>In recent years <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction has emerged as a subject in its own right, encompassing small-scale and large-scale processes in both <span class="hlt">air</span> and <span class="hlt">sea</span>. <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Interaction: Laws and Mechanisms is a comprehensive account of how the atmosphere and the ocean interact to control the global climate, what physical laws govern this interaction, and its prominent mechanisms. The topics covered range from evaporation in the oceans, to hurricanes, and on to poleward heat transport by the oceans. By developing the subject from basic physical (thermodynamic) principles, the book is accessible to graduate students and research scientists in meteorology, oceanography, and environmental engineering. It will also be of interest to the broader physics community involved in the treatment of transfer laws, and thermodynamics of the atmosphere and ocean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2011-title21-vol8-sec868-2480.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2011-title21-vol8-sec868-2480.pdf"><span>21 CFR 868.2480 - Cutaneous <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (PcCO2) monitor.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Cutaneous <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (PcCO2) monitor. 868.2480... (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES ANESTHESIOLOGY DEVICES Monitoring Devices § 868.2480 Cutaneous <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (PcCO2) monitor. (a) Identification. A cutaneous <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (PcCO2) monitor is a noninvasive heated...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1611613P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1611613P"><span>Multiphase flow of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and brine in dual porosity <span class="hlt">carbonates</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pentland, Christopher; Oedai, Sjaam; Ott, Holger</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>The storage of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in subsurface formations presents a challenge in terms of multiphase flow characterisation. Project planning requires an understanding of multiphase flow characteristics such as the relationship between relative permeability and saturation. At present there are only a limited number of relative permeability relations for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>-brine fluid systems, most of which are measured on sandstone rocks. In this study coreflood experiments are performed to investigate the relative permeability of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and brine in two dual porosity <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> systems. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is injected into the brine saturated rocks in a primary drainage process. The rock fluid system is pre-equilibrated to avoid chemical reactions and physical mass transfer between phases. The pressure drop across the samples, the amount of brine displaced and the saturation distribution within the rocks are measured. The experiments are repeated on the same rocks for the decane-brine fluid system. The experimental data is interpreted by simulating the experiments with a continuum scale Darcy solver. Selected functional representations of relative permeability are investigated, the parameters of which are chosen such that a least squares objective function is minimised (i.e. the difference between experimental observations and simulated response). The match between simulation and measurement is dependent upon the form of the functional representations. The best agreement is achieved with the Corey [Brooks and Corey, 1964] or modified Corey [Masalmeh et al., 2007] functions which best represent the relative permeability of brine at low brine saturations. The relative permeability of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is shown to be lower than the relative permeability of decane over the saturation ranges investigated. The relative permeability of the brine phase is comparable for the two fluid systems. These observations are consistent with the rocks being water-wet. During the experiment</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010024956','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010024956"><span>Separation of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> Monoxide and <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> for Mars ISRU-Concepts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>LeVan, M. Douglas; Finn, John E.; Sridhar, K. R.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>Solid oxide electrolyzers, such as electrolysis cells utilizing yttria-stabilized zirconia, can produce oxygen from Mars atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and reject <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide and unreacted <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in a separate stream. The oxygen-production process has been shown to be far more efficient if the high-pressure, unreacted <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> can be separated and recycled back into the feed stream. Additionally, the mass of the adsorption compressor can be reduced. Also, the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide by-product is a valuable fuel for space exploration and habitation, with applications from fuel cells to production of hydrocarbons and plastics. In our research, we will design, construct, and test an innovative, robust, low mass, low power separation device that can recover <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide for Mars ISRU. Such fundamental process technology, involving gas-solid phase separation in a reduced gravitational environment, will help to enable Human Exploration and Development of Space. The separation device will be scaled to operate with a CO2 sorption compressor and a zirconia electrolysis device built at the NASA Ames Research Center and the University of Arizona, respectively. In our research, we will design, construct, and test an innovative, robust, low mass, low power separation device that can recover <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide for Mars ISRU, Such fundamental process technology, involving gas-solid phase separation in a reduced gravitational environment, will help to enable Human Exploration and Development of Space. The separation device will be scaled to operate with a CO2 sorption compressor and a zirconia electrolysis device built at the NASA Ames Research Center and the University of Arizona, The separation device will be scaled to operate with a CO2 sorption compressor and a zirconia electrolysis device built at the NASA Ames Research Center and the University of Arizona, Research needs for the design shown are as follows: (1) The best adsorbent</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012BGD.....910331C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012BGD.....910331C"><span>CO2 exchange in a temperate marginal <span class="hlt">sea</span> of the Mediterranean <span class="hlt">Sea</span>: processes and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> budget</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cossarini, G.; Querin, S.; Solidoro, C.</p> <p>2012-08-01</p> <p>Marginal <span class="hlt">seas</span> play a potentially important role in the global <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycle; however, due to differences in the scales of variability and dynamics, marginal <span class="hlt">seas</span> are seldom fully accounted for in global models or estimates. Specific high-resolution studies may elucidate the role of marginal <span class="hlt">seas</span> and assist in the compilation of a complete global budget. In this study, we investigated the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> exchange and the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycle dynamics in a marginal sub-basin of the Mediterranean <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (the Adriatic <span class="hlt">Sea</span>) by adopting a coupled transport-biogeochemical model of intermediate complexity including <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> dynamics. The Adriatic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> is a highly productive area owed to riverine fertilisation and is a site of intense dense water formation both on the northern continental shelf and in the southern sub-basin. Therefore, the study area may be an important site of CO2 sequestration in the Mediterranean <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. The results of the model simulation show that the Adriatic <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, as a whole, is a CO2 sink with a mean annual flux of 36 mg m-2 day-1. The northern part absorbs more <span class="hlt">carbon</span> (68 mg m-2 day-1) due to an efficient continental shelf pump process, whereas the southern part behaves similar to an open ocean. Nonetheless, the Southern Adriatic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> accumulates dense, southward-flowing, <span class="hlt">carbon</span>-rich water produced on the northern shelf. During a warm year and despite an increase in aquatic primary productivity, the sequestration of atmospheric CO2 is reduced by approximately 15% due to alterations of the solubility pump and reduced dense water formation. The seasonal cycle of temperature and biological productivity modulates the efficiency of the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> pump at the surface, whereas the intensity of winter cooling in the northern sub-basin leads to the export of C-rich dense water to the deep layer of the southern sub-basin and, subsequently, to the interior of the Mediterranean <span class="hlt">Sea</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4960516','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4960516"><span>Early atmospheric detection of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from <span class="hlt">carbon</span> capture and storage sites</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Pak, Nasrin Mostafavi; Rempillo, Ofelia; Norman, Ann-Lise; Layzell, David B.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>ABSTRACT The early atmospheric detection of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) leaks from <span class="hlt">carbon</span> capture and storage (CCS) sites is important both to inform remediation efforts and to build and maintain public support for CCS in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. A gas analysis system was developed to assess the origin of plumes of <span class="hlt">air</span> enriched in CO2, as to whether CO2 is from a CCS site or from the oxidation of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> compounds. The system measured CO2 and O2 concentrations for different plume samples relative to background <span class="hlt">air</span> and calculated the gas differential concentration ratio (GDCR = −ΔO2/ΔCO2). The experimental results were in good agreement with theoretical calculations that placed GDCR values for a CO2 leak at 0.21, compared with GDCR values of 1–1.8 for the combustion of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> compounds. Although some combustion plume samples deviated in GDCR from theoretical, the very low GDCR values associated with plumes from CO2 leaks provided confidence that this technology holds promise in providing a tool for the early detection of CO2 leaks from CCS sites.  Implications: This work contributes to the development of a cost-effective technology for the early detection of leaks from sites where CO2 has been injected into the subsurface to enhance oil recovery or to permanently store the gas as a strategy for mitigating climate change. Such technology will be important in building public confidence regarding the safety and security of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> capture and storage sites. PMID:27111469</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27111469','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27111469"><span>Early atmospheric detection of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from <span class="hlt">carbon</span> capture and storage sites.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pak, Nasrin Mostafavi; Rempillo, Ofelia; Norman, Ann-Lise; Layzell, David B</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>The early atmospheric detection of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) leaks from <span class="hlt">carbon</span> capture and storage (CCS) sites is important both to inform remediation efforts and to build and maintain public support for CCS in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. A gas analysis system was developed to assess the origin of plumes of <span class="hlt">air</span> enriched in CO2, as to whether CO2 is from a CCS site or from the oxidation of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> compounds. The system measured CO2 and O2 concentrations for different plume samples relative to background <span class="hlt">air</span> and calculated the gas differential concentration ratio (GDCR = -ΔO2/ΔCO2). The experimental results were in good agreement with theoretical calculations that placed GDCR values for a CO2 leak at 0.21, compared with GDCR values of 1-1.8 for the combustion of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> compounds. Although some combustion plume samples deviated in GDCR from theoretical, the very low GDCR values associated with plumes from CO2 leaks provided confidence that this technology holds promise in providing a tool for the early detection of CO2 leaks from CCS sites. This work contributes to the development of a cost-effective technology for the early detection of leaks from sites where CO2 has been injected into the subsurface to enhance oil recovery or to permanently store the gas as a strategy for mitigating climate change. Such technology will be important in building public confidence regarding the safety and security of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> capture and storage sites.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003CPL...375..344B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003CPL...375..344B"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> UV laser-induced fluorescence in high-pressure flames</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bessler, W. G.; Schulz, C.; Lee, T.; Jeffries, J. B.; Hanson, R. K.</p> <p>2003-07-01</p> <p>Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is investigated with excitation between 215 and 255 nm with spectrally resolved detection in 5-40 bar premixed CH 4/O 2/Ar and CH 4/<span class="hlt">air</span> flat-flames at fuel/<span class="hlt">air</span> ratios between 0.8 and 1.9. The LIF signal consists of a broad (200-450 nm) continuum with a faint superimposed structure, and this signal is absent in similar H 2/O 2/Ar flames. There is strong evidence this signal arises from CO 2, as the signal variations with excitation wavelength, equivalence ratio and flame temperature all correlate with CO 2 absorption cross-sections. The signal is linear with pressure and laser fluence within the investigated ranges.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6808774-herbivore-responses-plants-grown-enriched-carbon-dioxide-atmospheres','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6808774-herbivore-responses-plants-grown-enriched-carbon-dioxide-atmospheres"><span>Herbivore responses to plants grown in enriched <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> atmospheres</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Lincoln, D.E.</p> <p>1990-05-01</p> <p>Our initial study of sagebrush and grasshopper responses to elevated and historical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> atmospheres is complete and has been accepted for publication. The study on Biomass Allocation Patterns of Defoliated Sagebrush Grown Under Two Levels of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> has completed and the manuscript has been submitted for publication. We have completed the study of plant growth under two nutrient and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> regimes and grasshopper feeding responses. The study of a specialist feeding caterpillar, the cabbage butterfly, and a mustard hostplant has recently been completed. We were able to identify the principal allelochemicals of the mustard plants, butenyl andmore » pentenyl isothiocyanates, by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Measurement of these chemicals has been a critical component of this study since these compounds contain nitrogen and sulphur and act as a feeding stimulant to the caterpillar. This insect responds to elevated <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> by consuming more leaves and we can now say that this is not due to a change in the feeding stimulants. Reduced leaf protein content is a critical factor for even specialist feeding insect herbivores under elevated <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> conditions. The study on Grasshopper Population Responses to Enriched <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Concentration is currently in progress at the Duke University Phytotron. We have changed hostplant species in order to complement the investigations of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> effects on tallgrass prairie. Specifically, we are using big bluestem, Andropogon geradii, as the host plant to feed to the grasshoppers. This experiment will be completed in July 1990.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=acetone&pg=2&id=EJ355987','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=acetone&pg=2&id=EJ355987"><span>Bench Remarks: <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Bent, Henry A.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>Discusses the properties of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in its solid "dry ice" stage. Suggests several demonstrations and experiments that use dry ice to illustrate Avogadro's Law, Boyle's Law, Kinetic-Molecular Theory, and the effects of dry ice in basic solution, in limewater, and in acetone. (TW)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863798','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863798"><span>Terpolymerization of ethylene, sulfur <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Johnson, Richard; Steinberg, Meyer</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>This invention relates to a high molecular weight terpolymer of ethylene, sulfur <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide stable to 280.degree. C. and containing as little as 36 mol % ethylene and about 41-51 mol % sulfur <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>; and to the method of producing said terpolymer by irradiation of a liquid and gaseous mixture of ethylene, sulfur <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide by means of Co-60 gamma rays or an electron beam, at a temperature of about 10.degree.-50.degree. C., and at a pressure of about 140 to 680 atmospheres, to initiate polymerization.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1097095','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1097095"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span>-Water Emulsions for Enhanced Oil Recovery and Permanent Sequestration of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Ryan, David; Golomb, Dan; Shi, Guang</p> <p>2011-09-30</p> <p>This project involves the use of an innovative new invention Particle Stabilized Emulsions (PSEs) of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span>-in-Water and Water-in-<span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and Permanent Sequestration of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span>. The EOR emulsion would be injected into a semi-depleted oil reservoir such as Dover 33 in Otsego County, Michigan. It is expected that the emulsion would dislocate the stranded heavy crude oil from the rock granule surfaces, reduce its viscosity, and increase its mobility. The advancing emulsion front should provide viscosity control which drives the reduced-viscosity oil toward the production wells. The make-up of the emulsion would be subsequentlymore » changed so it interacts with the surrounding rock minerals in order to enhance mineralization, thereby providing permanent sequestration of the injected CO{sub 2}. In Phase 1 of the project, the following tasks were accomplished: 1. Perform laboratory scale (mL/min) refinements on existing procedures for producing liquid <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>-in-water (C/W) and water-in-liquid <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (W/C) emulsion stabilized by hydrophilic and hydrophobic fine particles, respectively, using a Kenics-type static mixer. 2. Design and cost evaluate scaled up (gal/min) C/W and W/C emulsification systems to be deployed in Phase 2 at the Otsego County semi-depleted oil field. 3. Design the modifications necessary to the present CO{sub 2} flooding system at Otsego County for emulsion injection. 4. Design monitoring and verification systems to be deployed in Phase 2 for measuring potential leakage of CO{sub 2} after emulsion injection. 5. Design production protocol to assess enhanced oil recovery with emulsion injection compared to present recovery with neat CO{sub 2} flooding. 6. Obtain Federal and State permits for emulsion injection. Initial research focused on creating particle stabilized emulsions with the smallest possible globule size so that the emulsion can penetrate even low-permeability crude</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1346064','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1346064"><span>Sequestration of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> with hydrogen to useful products</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Adams, Michael W. W.; Kelly, Robert M.; Hawkins, Aaron B.; Menon, Angeli Lal; Lipscomb, Gina Lynette Pries; Schut, Gerrit Jan</p> <p>2017-03-07</p> <p>Provided herein are genetically engineered microbes that include at least a portion of a <span class="hlt">carbon</span> fixation pathway, and in one embodiment, use molecular hydrogen to drive <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> fixation. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered microbe is modified to convert acetyl CoA, molecular hydrogen, and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to 3-hydroxypropionate, 4-hydroxybutyrate, acetyl CoA, or the combination thereof at levels greater than a control microbe. Other products may also be produced. Also provided herein are cell free compositions that convert acetyl CoA, molecular hydrogen, and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to 3-hydroxypropionate, 4-hydroxybutyrate, acetyl CoA, or the combination thereof. Also provided herein are methods of using the genetically engineered microbes and the cell free compositions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title27-vol1-sec24-245.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title27-vol1-sec24-245.pdf"><span>27 CFR 24.245 - Use of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in still wine.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>... than 0.392 grams of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> per 100 milliliters of wine. However, a tolerance of not more than 0.009 grams per 100 milliliters to the maximum limitation of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in still wine will be allowed where the amount of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in excess of 0.392 grams per 100 milliliters is due to...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title27-vol1-sec24-245.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title27-vol1-sec24-245.pdf"><span>27 CFR 24.245 - Use of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in still wine.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>... than 0.392 grams of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> per 100 milliliters of wine. However, a tolerance of not more than 0.009 grams per 100 milliliters to the maximum limitation of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in still wine will be allowed where the amount of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in excess of 0.392 grams per 100 milliliters is due to...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol4-sec97-37-9.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol4-sec97-37-9.pdf"><span>46 CFR 97.37-9 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. 97.37-9 Section 97.37-9 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CARGO AND MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire and Emergency Equipment, Etc. § 97.37-9 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. Each <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> or clean agent...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol3-sec78-47-9.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol3-sec78-47-9.pdf"><span>46 CFR 78.47-9 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. 78.47-9 Section 78.47-9 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PASSENGER VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire and Emergency Equipment, Etc. § 78.47-9 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. Each <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> or clean agent fire...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol3-sec78-47-9.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol3-sec78-47-9.pdf"><span>46 CFR 78.47-9 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. 78.47-9 Section 78.47-9 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PASSENGER VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire and Emergency Equipment, Etc. § 78.47-9 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. Each <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> or clean agent fire...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol4-sec97-37-9.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol4-sec97-37-9.pdf"><span>46 CFR 97.37-9 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. 97.37-9 Section 97.37-9 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CARGO AND MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire and Emergency Equipment, Etc. § 97.37-9 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. Each <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> or clean agent...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol4-sec97-37-9.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol4-sec97-37-9.pdf"><span>46 CFR 97.37-9 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. 97.37-9 Section 97.37-9 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CARGO AND MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire and Emergency Equipment, Etc. § 97.37-9 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. Each <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> or clean agent...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol3-sec78-47-9.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol3-sec78-47-9.pdf"><span>46 CFR 78.47-9 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. 78.47-9 Section 78.47-9 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PASSENGER VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire and Emergency Equipment, Etc. § 78.47-9 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms. Each <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> or clean agent fire...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.P51A2115G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.P51A2115G"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span>: The Other Planetary Fluid</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Glaser, S.; Gamez, D.; Shock, E.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Cometary and interstellar ices have <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to water mole ratios of up to 0.3. When melted, such high levels of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> cannot all be dissolved in the aqueous phase and instead partition into a CO2-rich (<span class="hlt">carbonic</span>) fluid. This implies that during the accretion and formation of planetary systems <span class="hlt">carbonic</span> fluids are not only possible, but common. In fact, they make up the atmosphere of Venus, are found bubbling out of Champagne Vent in the Pacific Ocean, and are documented by metamorphic fluid inclusions. Examination of phase diagrams reveals the conditions where <span class="hlt">carbonic</span> fluids will exist or predominate. <span class="hlt">Carbonic</span> fluids are predicted to exist in Earth's subduction zones and under the ice of small ocean worlds. CO2 had previously been shown to completely dissolve into NH­­3­-H­­2O oceans on small icy bodies by forming ammonium <span class="hlt">carbonate</span>, but the newer measurements of CO2­ abundances indicate that not all of the CO2 can partition into the aqueous fluid as ammonium <span class="hlt">carbonate</span>. The remaining CO2 would necessarily form a separate <span class="hlt">carbonic</span> fluid making it likely that liquid CO2 would be a major oceanic component on some small icy bodies. The enhanced solubility of nonpolar and slightly polar organic compounds in <span class="hlt">carbonic</span> fluids relative to aqueous fluids means that generation, transport, and deposition processes can be greatly enhanced in those cases where <span class="hlt">carbonic</span> fluids occur. As an example, the solubility of benzoic acid, a polar compound, is about an order of magnitude greater in <span class="hlt">carbonic</span> than in aqueous fluids, which is surprising given that water is a polar solvent and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is a nonpolar solvent. Anthracene, a nonpolar compound, has an even greater solubility difference between <span class="hlt">carbonic</span> and aqueous fluids at approximately four orders of magnitude. Highly polar compounds, including most of the building blocks of life, are more soluble in aqueous fluids than in <span class="hlt">carbonic</span> fluids. The solubility difference of organic molecules in <span class="hlt">carbonic</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title49-vol3/pdf/CFR-2011-title49-vol3-sec179-102-1.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title49-vol3/pdf/CFR-2011-title49-vol3-sec179-102-1.pdf"><span>49 CFR 179.102-1 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, refrigerated liquid.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) SPECIFICATIONS FOR TANK CARS Specifications for Pressure Tank Car Tanks (Classes DOT-105, 109, 112, 114 and 120) § 179.102-1 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, refrigerated liquid. (a) Tank cars used to transport <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, refrigerated liquid...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title49-vol3/pdf/CFR-2013-title49-vol3-sec179-102-1.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title49-vol3/pdf/CFR-2013-title49-vol3-sec179-102-1.pdf"><span>49 CFR 179.102-1 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, refrigerated liquid.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) SPECIFICATIONS FOR TANK CARS Specifications for Pressure Tank Car Tanks (Classes DOT-105, 109, 112, 114 and 120) § 179.102-1 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, refrigerated liquid. (a) Tank cars used to transport <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, refrigerated liquid...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title49-vol3/pdf/CFR-2014-title49-vol3-sec179-102-1.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title49-vol3/pdf/CFR-2014-title49-vol3-sec179-102-1.pdf"><span>49 CFR 179.102-1 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, refrigerated liquid.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) SPECIFICATIONS FOR TANK CARS Specifications for Pressure Tank Car Tanks (Classes DOT-105, 109, 112, 114 and 120) § 179.102-1 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, refrigerated liquid. (a) Tank cars used to transport <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, refrigerated liquid...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20222079','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20222079"><span>Green hydrophilic interaction chromatography using ethanol-water-<span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> mixtures.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pereira, Alberto dos Santos; Girón, Ana Jiménez; Admasu, Engdawork; Sandra, Pat</p> <p>2010-03-01</p> <p>In hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), best results are obtained with high concentrations of acetonitrile. In the framework of green chromatography, different concentrations of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> were added to the mobile phases acetonitrile-water and ethanol-water and the impact on retention and separation in HILIC using bare silica as stationary phase was explored. The features of HILIC using enhanced-fluidity mobile phases are illustrated with the analysis of the nucleobases and a mixture containing the nucleobases and cortisol, flurbiprofen, theophylline and caffeine. For both organic constituents, the elution window is widened in function of the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentration and selectivity changes. At high concentrations of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in ethanol, separations were similar to those obtained with acetonitrile without <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> addition.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150008640&hterms=carbon&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DTitle%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dcarbon','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150008640&hterms=carbon&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DTitle%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dcarbon"><span>The Orbiting <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> Observatory: NASA's First Dedicated <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Mission</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Crisp, D.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>The Orbiting <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> Observatory is scheduled for launch from Vandenberg <span class="hlt">Air</span> Force Base in California in January 2009. This Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) mission carries and points a single instrument that incorporates 3 high-resolution grating spectrometers designed to measure the absorption of reflected sunlight by near-infrared <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) and molecular oxygen bands. These spectra will be analyzed to retrieve estimates of the column-averaged CO2 dry <span class="hlt">air</span> mole fraction, X(sub CO2). Pre-flight qualification and calibration tests completed in early 2008 indicate that the instrument will provide high quality X(sub CO2) data. The instrument was integrated into the spacecraft, and the completed Observatory was qualified and tested during the spring and summer of 2008, in preparation for delivery to the launch site in the fall of this year. The Observatory will initially be launched into a 635 km altitude, near-polar orbit. The on-board propulsion system will then raise the orbit to 705 km and insert OCO into the Earth Observing System Afternoon Constellation (A-Train). The first routine science observations are expected about 45 days after launch. Calibrated spectral radiances will be archived starting about 6 months later. An exploratory X(sub CO2) product will be validated and then archived starting about 3 months after that.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050217427','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050217427"><span>Measurement of Trace Water Vapor in a <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Removal Assembly Product Stream</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wormhoudt, Joda; Shorter, Joanne H.; McManus, J. Barry; Nelson, David D.; Zahniser, Mark S.; Freedman, Andrew; Campbell, Melissa; Chang, Clarence T.; Smith, Frederick D.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>The International Space Station <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Removal Assembly (CDRA) uses regenerable adsorption technology to remove <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (COP) from cabin <span class="hlt">air</span>. Product water vapor measurements from a CDRA test bed at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center were made using a tunable infrared diode laser differential absorption spectrometer (TILDAS) provided by NASA Glenn Research Center. The TILDAS instrument exceeded all the test specifications, including sensitivity, dynamic range, time response, and unattended operation. During the COP desorption phase, water vapor concentrations as low as 5 ppmv were observed near the peak of CO2 evolution, rising to levels of approx. 40 ppmv at the end of a cycle. Periods of high water concentration (>100 ppmv) were detected and shown to be caused by an experimental artifact. Measured values of total water vapor evolved during a single desorption cycle were as low as 1 mg.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol1-sec35-40-7.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol1-sec35-40-7.pdf"><span>46 CFR 35.40-7 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms-T/ALL.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms-T/ALL. 35.40-7... Marking Requirements-TB/ALL § 35.40-7 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms—T/ALL. Each <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> or...: “WHEN ALARM SOUNDS VACATE AT ONCE. [<span class="hlt">CARBON</span> <span class="hlt">DIOXIDE</span>/CLEAN AGENT—as appropriate] BEING RELEASED.” [USCG...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol1-sec35-40-7.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol1-sec35-40-7.pdf"><span>46 CFR 35.40-7 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms-T/ALL.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms-T/ALL. 35.40-7... Marking Requirements-TB/ALL § 35.40-7 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and clean agent alarms—T/ALL. Each <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> or...: “WHEN ALARM SOUNDS VACATE AT ONCE. [<span class="hlt">CARBON</span> <span class="hlt">DIOXIDE</span>/CLEAN AGENT—as appropriate] BEING RELEASED.” [USCG...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-08-05/pdf/2013-18835.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-08-05/pdf/2013-18835.pdf"><span>78 FR 47191 - <span class="hlt">Air</span> Quality Designations for the 2010 Sulfur <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> (SO2) Primary National Ambient <span class="hlt">Air</span> Quality...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-08-05</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">Air</span> Quality Designations for the 2010 Sulfur <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> (SO[bdi2]) Primary National Ambient <span class="hlt">Air</span> Quality... <span class="hlt">air</span> quality designations for certain areas in the United States for the 2010 primary Sulfur <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span>... of this document? III. What is sulfur <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>? IV. What is the 2010 SO 2 NAAQS and what are the...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1840g0007P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1840g0007P"><span>Technical and economical evaluation of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> capture and conversion to methanol process</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Putra, Aditya Anugerah; Juwari, Handogo, Renanto</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Phenomenon of global warming, which is indicated by increasing of earth's surface temperature, is caused by high level of greenhouse gases level in the atmosphere. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, which increases year by year because of high demand of energy, gives the largest contribution in greenhouse gases. One of the most applied solution to mitigate <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> level is post-combustion <span class="hlt">carbon</span> capture technology. Although the technology can absorb up to 90% of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> produced, some worries occur that captured <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> that is stored underground will be released over time. Utilizing captured <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> could be a promising solution. Captured <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> can be converted into more valuable material, such as methanol. This research will evaluate the conversion process of captured <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to methanol, technically and economically. From the research, it is found that technically methanol can be made from captured <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. Product gives 25.6905 kg/s flow with 99.69% purity of methanol. Economical evaluation of the whole conversion process shows that the process is economically feasible. The capture and conversion process needs 176,101,157.69 per year for total annual cost and can be overcome by revenue gained from methanol product sales.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA082745','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA082745"><span>Gases in <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Ice 1975 - 1979.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1979-09-01</p> <p>surface Beaufort <span class="hlt">Sea</span> waters were generally 340- 350 ppm and higher (Kelley, 1968; Gosink and Kelley, 1978). 1 Coastal and near-coastal waters...339-341 ppm. Samples of the subnivean <span class="hlt">air</span> at ARLIS VII generally ran around 350 ppm. The range I was 337-374 ppm, with the samples taken over multi...101 2g CO2 over the winter. The tundra is known to outgas <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> during freezing and thaw at the rate of 500-90,000 1/hectare (Coyne and Kelley</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020045161&hterms=global+carbon+dioxide+levels&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dglobal%2Bcarbon%2Bdioxide%2Blevels','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020045161&hterms=global+carbon+dioxide+levels&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dglobal%2Bcarbon%2Bdioxide%2Blevels"><span>Measuring the Spectral Expression of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> in the Solar Reflected Spectrum with AVIRIS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Green, Robert O.</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is a low-concentration, but important, component of the Earth's atmosphere. This gas absorbs electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in several regions of the spectrum. Absorption of energy by <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> adds heat to the atmosphere. In the world today, the burning of fossil fuels and other anthropogenic processes adds <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to the atmosphere. Other natural processes in the Earth's system both add and remove <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. Overall, measurements of atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> at selected sites around the globe show an increased <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentration in the atmosphere. A figure shows the measured <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from Mauna Loa, Hawaii, from 1958 to 2000. Overall, the concentration has increased from 315 to 365 ppm at this site over this period. (There is also a yearly cycle to the concentration that is timed with and hypothesized to be related to the vegetation growing season in the Northern Hemisphere.) The overall expected effect of this increase of atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is trapping of heat in the atmosphere and global warming. While this overall relationship between <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and global warming seems straightforward, many of the specific details relating to regional and local sources and sinks and gradients of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> are not well understood. A remote sensing capability to measure <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> could provide important inputs for scientific research to better understand the distribution and change in atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> at detailed spatial and temporal levels. In pursuit of this remote sensing of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> objective, this paper analyzes the expression of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in the spectral range measured by the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imagery Spectrometer (AVIRIS). Based on these analyses, a spectral-fitting algorithm that uses AVIRIS measured spectra and MODTRAN radiative-transfer code modeled spectra to derive total column <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> abundance has been developed. This algorithm has been applied to an AVIRIS</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EaFut...6..565R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EaFut...6..565R"><span>Integrated Assessment of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Removal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rickels, W.; Reith, F.; Keller, D.; Oschlies, A.; Quaas, M. F.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>To maintain the chance of keeping the average global temperature increase below 2°C and to limit long-term climate change, removing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from the atmosphere (<span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> removal, CDR) is becoming increasingly necessary. We analyze optimal and cost-effective climate policies in the dynamic integrated assessment model (IAM) of climate and the economy (DICE2016R) and investigate (1) the utilization of (ocean) CDR under different climate objectives, (2) the sensitivity of policies with respect to <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycle feedbacks, and (3) how well <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycle feedbacks are captured in the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycle models used in state-of-the-art IAMs. Overall, the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycle model in DICE2016R shows clear improvements compared to its predecessor, DICE2013R, capturing much better long-term dynamics and also oceanic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> outgassing due to excess oceanic storage of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> from CDR. However, this comes at the cost of a (too) tight short-term remaining emission budget, limiting the model suitability to analyze low-emission scenarios accurately. With DICE2016R, the compliance with the 2°C goal is no longer feasible without negative emissions via CDR. Overall, the optimal amount of CDR has to take into account (1) the emission substitution effect and (2) compensation for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycle feedbacks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol18/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol18-sec86-224-94.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol18/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol18-sec86-224-94.pdf"><span>40 CFR 86.224-94 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES Emission... New Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicles; Cold Temperature Test Procedures § 86.224-94 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol18/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol18-sec86-524-78.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol18/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol18-sec86-524-78.pdf"><span>40 CFR 86.524-78 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES Emission Regulations for 1978 and Later New Motorcycles; Test Procedures § 86.524-78 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A51A2037B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A51A2037B"><span>Observational analysis of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes and <span class="hlt">sea</span> water temperature offshore South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bi, X.; Huang, J.; Gao, Z.; Liu, Y.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>This paper investigates the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes (momentum flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux) from eddy covariance method based on data collected at an offshore observation tower in the South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> from January 2009 to December 2016 and <span class="hlt">sea</span> water temperature (SWT) on six different levels based on data collected from November 2011 to June 2013. The depth of water at the tower over the <span class="hlt">sea</span> averages about 15 m. This study presents the in-situ measurements of continuous <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes and SWT at different depths. Seasonal and diurnal variations in <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes and SWT on different depths are examined. Results show that <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes and all SWT changed seasonally; <span class="hlt">sea</span>-land breeze circulation appears all the year round. Unlike winters where SWT on different depths are fairly consistent, the difference between <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) and <span class="hlt">sea</span> temperature at 10 m water depth fluctuates dramatically and the maximum value reaches 7 °C during summer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3102688','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3102688"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> inhalation treatments of neurotic anxiety. An overview.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wolpe, J</p> <p>1987-03-01</p> <p>A lucky chance more than 30 years ago revealed the remarkable efficacy of single inhalations of high concentrations of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in eliminating or markedly reducing free-floating anxiety. The reduction of anxiety lasts for days, weeks, or longer--well beyond the persistence of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in the body. The effects are explicable on the hypothesis that free-floating anxiety is anxiety conditioned to continuously present sources of stimulation, such as background noise or the awareness of space or time, and that the anxiety response habit is weakened when the anxiety is inhibited by the competition of responses that <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> induces. More recently, it has become apparent that inhalations of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, applied in a different manner, are effective in overcoming maladaptive anxiety responses to specific stimuli, e.g., social stimuli. The substance is also proving to be a valuable resource in the treatment of the common variety of panic attacks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19740037944&hterms=hydrate&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dhydrate','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19740037944&hterms=hydrate&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dhydrate"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> hydrate and floods on Mars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Milton, D. J.</p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>Ground ice on Mars probably consists largely of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> hydrate. This hydrate dissociates upon release of pressure at temperatures between 0 and 10 C. The heat capacity of the ground would be sufficient to produce up to 4% (by volume) of water at a rate equal to that at which it can be drained away. Catastrophic dissociation of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> hydrate during some past epoch when the near-surface temperature was in this range would have produced chaotic terrain and flood channels.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28738283','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28738283"><span>Visual and reversible <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> sensing enabled by doctor blade coated macroporous photonic crystals.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lin, Yi-Han; Suen, Shing-Yi; Yang, Hongta</p> <p>2017-11-15</p> <p>With significant impacts of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> on global climate change, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> sensing is of great importance. However, most of the existing sensing technologies are prone to interferences from <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide, or suffer from the use of sophisticated instruments. This research reports the development of reproducible <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> sensor using roll-to-roll compatible doctor blade coated three-dimensional macroporous photonic crystals. The pores are functionalized with amine groups to allow the reaction with <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in the presence of humidity. The adsorption of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> leads to red-shift and amplitude reduction of the optical stop bands, resulting in <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> detection with visible readout. The dependences of the diffraction wavelength on <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> partial pressure for various amine-functionalized photonic crystals and different humidities in the environment are systematically investigated. In addition, the reproducibility of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> sensing has also been demonstrated in this research. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1086595','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1086595"><span>Relative Permeabilities of Plastic Films to Water and <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Woolley, Joseph T.</p> <p>1967-01-01</p> <p>The permeabilities of several types of plastic films to water and to <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> were measured. No material was found to have a <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> permeability as great as its water permeability. PMID:16656548</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol18/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol18-sec86-124-78.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol18/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol18-sec86-124-78.pdf"><span>40 CFR 86.124-78 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES Emission... Complete Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.124-78 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer calibration. Prior to its...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5414366','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5414366"><span>Terpolymerization of ethylene, sulfur <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Johnson, R.; Steinberg, M.</p> <p></p> <p>This invention relates to high molecular weight terpolymer of ethylene, sulfur <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide stable to 280/sup 0/C and containing as little as 36 mo1% ethylene and about 41 to 51 mo1% sulfur <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, and to the method of producing said terpolymer by irradiation of a liquid and gaseous mixture of ethylene, sulfur <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide by means of Co-60 gamma rays or an electron beam, at a temperature of about 10 to 50/sup 0/C, and at a pressure of about 140 to 680 atmospheres, to initiate polymerization.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=atmosphere+AND+fossil+AND+fuels&id=EJ471529','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=atmosphere+AND+fossil+AND+fuels&id=EJ471529"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> and the Greenhouse Effect: A Problem Evaluation Activity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Brewer, Carol A.; Beiswenger, Jane M.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>Describes exercises to examine the global <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycle. Students are asked to predict consequences of increased <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> emissions into the atmosphere and to suggest ways to mitigate problems associated with these higher levels of atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. A comparison modeling exercise examines some of the variables related to the success…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740004700','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740004700"><span>Catalyst cartridge for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reduction unit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Holmes, R. F. (Inventor)</p> <p>1973-01-01</p> <p>A catalyst cartridge, for use in a <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reducing apparatus in a life support system for space vehicles, is described. The catalyst cartridge includes an inner perforated metal wall, an outer perforated wall space outwardly from the inner wall, a base plate closing one end of the cartridge, and a cover plate closing the other end of the cartridge. The cover plate has a central aperture through which a supply line with a heater feeds a gaseous reaction mixture comprising hydrogen and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> at a temperature from about 1000 to about 1400 F. The outer surfaces of the internal wall and the inner surfaces of the outer wall are lined with a ceramic fiber batting material of sufficient thickness to prevent <span class="hlt">carbon</span> formed in the reaction from passing through it. The portion of the surfaces of the base and cover plates defined within the inner and outer walls are also lined with ceramic batting. The heated reaction mixture passes outwardly through the inner perforated wall and ceramic batting and over the catalyst. The solid <span class="hlt">carbon</span> product formes is retained within the enclosure containing the catalyst. The solid <span class="hlt">carbon</span> product formed is retained within the enclosure containing the catalyst. The water vapor and unreacted <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and any intermediate products pass through the perforations of the outer wall.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title49-vol3/pdf/CFR-2010-title49-vol3-sec195-4.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title49-vol3/pdf/CFR-2010-title49-vol3-sec195-4.pdf"><span>49 CFR 195.4 - Compatibility necessary for transportation of hazardous liquids or <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... hazardous liquids or <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. 195.4 Section 195.4 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to... necessary for transportation of hazardous liquids or <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. No person may transport any hazardous liquid or <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> unless the hazardous liquid or <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is chemically compatible with both...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title49-vol3/pdf/CFR-2014-title49-vol3-sec195-4.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title49-vol3/pdf/CFR-2014-title49-vol3-sec195-4.pdf"><span>49 CFR 195.4 - Compatibility necessary for transportation of hazardous liquids or <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... hazardous liquids or <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. 195.4 Section 195.4 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to... necessary for transportation of hazardous liquids or <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. No person may transport any hazardous liquid or <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> unless the hazardous liquid or <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is chemically compatible with both...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27922179','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27922179"><span>A <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> stripping model for mammalian cell culture in manufacturing scale bioreactors.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xing, Zizhuo; Lewis, Amanda M; Borys, Michael C; Li, Zheng Jian</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>Control of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> within the optimum range is important in mammalian bioprocesses at the manufacturing scale in order to ensure robust cell growth, high protein yields, and consistent quality attributes. The majority of bioprocess development work is done in laboratory bioreactors, in which <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> levels are more easily controlled. Some challenges in <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> control can present themselves when cell culture processes are scaled up, because <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> accumulation is a common feature due to longer gas-residence time of mammalian cell culture in large scale bioreactors. A <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> stripping model can be used to better understand and optimize parameters that are critical to cell culture processes at the manufacturing scale. The prevailing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> stripping models in literature depend on mass transfer coefficients and were applicable to cell culture processes with low cell density or at stationary/cell death phase. However, it was reported that gas bubbles are saturated with <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> before leaving the culture, which makes <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> stripping no longer depend on a mass transfer coefficient in the new generation cell culture processes characterized by longer exponential growth phase, higher peak viable cell densities, and higher specific production rate. Here, we present a new <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> stripping model for manufacturing scale bioreactors, which is independent of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> mass transfer coefficient, but takes into account the gas-residence time and gas CO 2 saturation time. The model was verified by CHO cell culture processes with different peak viable cell densities (7 to 12 × 10 6  cells mL -1 ) for two products in 5,000-L and 25,000-L bioreactors. The model was also applied to a next generation cell culture process to optimize cell culture conditions and reduce <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> levels at manufacturing scale. The model provides a useful tool to understand and better control cell culture <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol4-sec97-37-11.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol4-sec97-37-11.pdf"><span>46 CFR 97.37-11 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. 97.37-11 Section 97.37-11 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CARGO AND MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire and Emergency Equipment, Etc. § 97.37-11 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. Each...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol4-sec97-37-11.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol4-sec97-37-11.pdf"><span>46 CFR 97.37-11 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. 97.37-11 Section 97.37-11 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CARGO AND MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire and Emergency Equipment, Etc. § 97.37-11 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. Each...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol4-sec97-37-11.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol4-sec97-37-11.pdf"><span>46 CFR 97.37-11 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. 97.37-11 Section 97.37-11 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CARGO AND MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire and Emergency Equipment, Etc. § 97.37-11 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. Each...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19720061517&hterms=regeneration&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dregeneration','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19720061517&hterms=regeneration&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dregeneration"><span>Regeneration of oxygen from <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and water.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Weissbart, J.; Smart, W. H.; Wydeven, T.</p> <p>1972-01-01</p> <p>In a closed ecological system it is necessary to reclaim most of the oxygen required for breathing from respired <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and the remainder from waste water. One of the advanced physicochemical systems being developed for generating oxygen in manned spacecraft is the solid electrolyte-electrolysis system. The solid electrolyte system consists of two basic units, an electrolyzer and a <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide disproportionator. The electrolyzer can reclaim oxygen from both <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and water. Electrolyzer preparation and assembly are discussed together with questions of reactor design and electrolyzer performance data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150000525','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150000525"><span>Adsorption of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span>, Ammonia, Formaldehyde, and Water Vapor on Regenerable <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> Sorbents</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wojtowicz, Marek A.; Cosgrove, Joseph E.; Serio, Michael A.; Wilburn, Monique</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Results are presented on the development of reversible sorbents for the combined <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, moisture, and trace-contaminant (TC) removal for use in Extravehicular Activities (EVAs), and more specifically in the Primary Life Support System (PLSS). The currently available life support systems use separate units for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, trace contaminants, and moisture control, and the long-term objective is to replace the above three modules with a single one. Furthermore, the current TC-control technology involves the use of a packed bed of acid-impregnated granular charcoal, which is nonregenerable, and the <span class="hlt">carbon</span>-based sorbent under development in this project can be regenerated by exposure to vacuum at room temperature. In this study, several <span class="hlt">carbon</span> sorbents were fabricated and tested for simultaneous <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, ammonia, formaldehyde, and water sorption. Multiple adsorption/vacuum-regeneration cycles were demonstrated at room temperature, and also the enhancement of formaldehyde sorption by the presence of ammonia in the gas mixture.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750010039','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750010039"><span>Performance of a hypersonic hot fuselage structure with a <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> frost projected, nonintegral cryogenic tank</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sharpe, E. L.; Jackson, L. R.</p> <p>1975-01-01</p> <p>A model which consisted of a hot structure and a nonintegral tank protected by a <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> frost thermal protection system was tested under the following conditions: (1) room temperature loading and (2) heating and loading corresponding to the Mach 8 flight of an <span class="hlt">air</span>-breathing launch vehicle. In the simulated flight tests, liquid nitrogen inside the tank was withdrawn at the rate fuel would be consumed. Prior to each simulated flight test, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> was cryodeposited in the insulation surrounding the tank; during the tests, subliming CO2 frost absorbed heat and provided a purge gas for the space between the tank and the structure. A method of flame spraying the joints between panels with a nickel-aluminum material was developed to prevent excessive leakage of the purge gas through the outer structure. The tests indicated that the hot structure (with a joint repaired by riveting), the nonintegral tank and suspension system, and the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> frost thermal protection system provide a workable concept with predictable performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title27-vol1-sec26-52.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title27-vol1-sec26-52.pdf"><span>27 CFR 26.52 - Still wines containing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Still wines containing... ISLANDS Formulas for Products From Puerto Rico § 26.52 Still wines containing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. (a) General. Still wines may contain not more than 0.392 gram of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> per 100 milliliters of wine; except...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title27-vol1-sec26-222.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title27-vol1-sec26-222.pdf"><span>27 CFR 26.222 - Still wines containing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Still wines containing... ISLANDS Formulas for Products From the Virgin Islands § 26.222 Still wines containing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. (a) General. Still wines may contain not more than 0.392 gram of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> per 100 milliliters of wine...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol3-sec78-47-11.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol3-sec78-47-11.pdf"><span>46 CFR 78.47-11 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. 78.47-11 Section 78.47-11 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PASSENGER VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire and Emergency Equipment, Etc. § 78.47-11 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. Each entrance to a space...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol3-sec78-47-11.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol3-sec78-47-11.pdf"><span>46 CFR 78.47-11 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. 78.47-11 Section 78.47-11 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PASSENGER VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire and Emergency Equipment, Etc. § 78.47-11 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. Each entrance to a space...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol7-sec196-37-8.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol7-sec196-37-8.pdf"><span>46 CFR 196.37-8 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. 196.37-8 Section 196.37-8 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire and Emergency Equipment, etc. § 196.37-8 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. Each entrance to a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol7-sec196-37-8.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol7-sec196-37-8.pdf"><span>46 CFR 196.37-8 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. 196.37-8 Section 196.37-8 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire and Emergency Equipment, etc. § 196.37-8 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. Each entrance to a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol3-sec78-47-11.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol3/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol3-sec78-47-11.pdf"><span>46 CFR 78.47-11 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. 78.47-11 Section 78.47-11 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PASSENGER VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire and Emergency Equipment, Etc. § 78.47-11 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. Each entrance to a space...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol7-sec196-37-8.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol7-sec196-37-8.pdf"><span>46 CFR 196.37-8 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. 196.37-8 Section 196.37-8 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire and Emergency Equipment, etc. § 196.37-8 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> warning signs. Each entrance to a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080004262','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080004262"><span>Organic syntheses employing supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> as a reaction solvent</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Barstow, Leon E. (Inventor); Ward, Glen D. (Inventor); Bier, Milan (Inventor)</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>Chemical reactions are readily carried out using supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> as the reaction medium. Supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is of special value as a reaction medium in reactions for synthesizing polypeptides, for sequencing polypeptides, or for amino acid analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080004423','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080004423"><span>Organic syntheses employing supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> as a reaction solvent</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Barstow, Leon E. (Inventor); Ward, Glen D. (Inventor); Bier, Milan (Inventor)</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Chemical reactions are readily carried out using supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> as the reaction medium. Supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is of special value as a reaction medium in reactions for synthesizing polypeptides, for sequencing polypeptides, or for amino acid analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70043555','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70043555"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> stripping in aquaculture -- part II: development of gas transfer models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Colt, John; Watten, Barnaby; Pfeiffer, Tim</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The basic mass transfer equation for gases such as oxygen and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> can be derived from integration of the driving force equation. Because of the physical characteristics of the gas transfer processes, slightly different models are used for aerators tested under the non steady-state procedures, than for packed columns, or weirs. It is suggested that the standard condition for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> should be 20 °C, 1 atm, CCO2=20 mg/kg, and XCO2=0.000285. The selection of the standard condition for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> based on a fixed mole fraction ensures that standardized <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> transfer rates will be comparable even though the value of C*CO2 in the atmosphere is increasing with time. The computation of mass transfer for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is complicated by the impact of water depth and gas phase enrichment on the saturation concentration within the unit, although the importance of either factor depends strongly on the specific type of aerator. For some types of aerators, the most accurate gas phase model remains to be determined for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. The assumption that <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> can be treated as a non-reactive gas in packed columns may apply for cold acidic waters but not for warm alkaline waters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AdAtS..34..965Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AdAtS..34..965Y"><span>Monitoring <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from space: Retrieval algorithm and flux inversion based on GOSAT data and using <span class="hlt">Carbon</span>Tracker-China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yang, Dongxu; Zhang, Huifang; Liu, Yi; Chen, Baozhang; Cai, Zhaonan; Lü, Daren</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Monitoring atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) from space-borne state-of-the-art hyperspectral instruments can provide a high precision global dataset to improve <span class="hlt">carbon</span> flux estimation and reduce the uncertainty of climate projection. Here, we introduce a <span class="hlt">carbon</span> flux inversion system for estimating <span class="hlt">carbon</span> flux with satellite measurements under the support of "The Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences—Climate Change: <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> Budget and Relevant Issues". The <span class="hlt">carbon</span> flux inversion system is composed of two separate parts: the Institute of Atmospheric Physics <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Retrieval Algorithm for Satellite Remote Sensing (IAPCAS), and <span class="hlt">Carbon</span>Tracker-China (CT-China), developed at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) measurements are used in the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> flux inversion experiment. To improve the quality of the IAPCAS-GOSAT retrieval, we have developed a post-screening and bias correction method, resulting in 25%-30% of the data remaining after quality control. Based on these data, the seasonal variation of XCO2 (column-averaged CO2 dry-<span class="hlt">air</span> mole fraction) is studied, and a strong relation with vegetation cover and population is identified. Then, the IAPCAS-GOSAT XCO2 product is used in <span class="hlt">carbon</span> flux estimation by CT-China. The net ecosystem CO2 exchange is -0.34 Pg C yr-1 (±0.08 Pg C yr-1), with a large error reduction of 84%, which is a significant improvement on the error reduction when compared with in situ-only inversion.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160004373','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160004373"><span>Advanced Supported Liquid Membranes for <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Control in Cabin Applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wickham, David T.; Gleason, Kevin J.; Engel, Jeffrey R.; Chullen, Cinda</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The development of new, robust, life support systems is critical to NASA's continued progress in space exploration. One vital function is maintaining the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) concentration in the cabin at levels that do not impair the health or performance of the crew. The <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> removal assembly (CDRA) is the current CO2 control technology on-board the International Space Station (ISS). Although the CDRA has met the needs of the ISS to date, the repeated cycling of the molecular sieve sorbent causes it to break down into small particles that clog filters or generate dust in the cabin. This reduces reliability and increases maintenance requirements. Another approach that has potential advantages over the current system is a membrane that separates CO2 from <span class="hlt">air</span>. In this approach, cabin <span class="hlt">air</span> contacts one side of the membrane while other side of the membrane is maintained at low pressure to create a driving force for CO2 transport across the membrane. In this application, the primary power requirement is for the pump that creates the low pressure and then pumps the CO2 to the oxygen recovery system. For such a membrane to be practical, it must have high CO2 permeation rate and excellent selectivity for CO2 over <span class="hlt">air</span>. Unfortunately, conventional gas separation membranes do not have adequate CO2 permeability and selectivity to meet the needs of this application. However, the required performance could be obtained with a supported liquid membrane (SLM), which consists of a microporous material filled with a liquid that selectively reacts with CO2 over <span class="hlt">air</span>. In a recently completed Phase II SBIR project, Reaction Systems, Inc. fabricated an SLM that is very close to meeting permeability and selectivity objectives for use in the Portable Life Support System (PLSS). This paper describes work carried out to evaluate its potential for use in the cabin.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC23K..14F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC23K..14F"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> fluxes in North American coastal and shelf <span class="hlt">seas</span>: Current status and trends</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fennel, K.; Alin, S. R.; Barbero, L.; Evans, W.; Martin Hernandez-Ayon, J. M.; Hu, X.; Lohrenz, S. E.; Muller-Karger, F. E.; Najjar, R.; Robbins, L. L.; Shadwick, E. H.; Siedlecki, S. A.; Steiner, N.; Turk, D.; Vlahos, P.; Wang, A. Z.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Coastal and shelf <span class="hlt">seas</span> represent an interface between all major components of the global <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycle: land, atmosphere, marine sediments and the ocean. Fluxes and transformations of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> in coastal systems are complex and highly variable in space and time. The First State of the <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> Cycle Report (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/SOCCR/final.html, Chapter 15, Chavez et al. 2007) concluded that <span class="hlt">carbon</span> budgets of North American ocean margins were not well quantified because of insufficient observations and the complexity and highly localized spatial variability of coastal <span class="hlt">carbon</span> dynamics. Since then significant progress has been made through the expansion of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> observing networks, the implementation of modeling capabilities, and national and international coordination and synthesis activities. We will review the current understanding of coastal <span class="hlt">carbon</span> fluxes around the North American continent including along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, the northern Gulf of Mexico, and the North American Arctic region and provide a compilation of regional estimates of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes of CO2. We will discuss generalizable patterns in coastal <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 exchange and other <span class="hlt">carbon</span> fluxes as well as reasons underlying spatial heterogeneity. After providing an overview of the principal modes of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> export from coastal systems, we will apply these mechanisms to the North American continent, and discuss observed and projected trends of key properties and fluxes. The presentation will illustrate that despite significant advances in capabilities and understanding, large uncertainties remain.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70016080','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70016080"><span>Natural sources of greenhouse gases: <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> emissions from volcanoes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Gerlach, Terrence</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Volcanic degassing of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> plays an important role in keeping the atmosphere-ocean portion of the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> geochemical cycle in balance. The atmosphere-ocean <span class="hlt">carbon</span> deficit requires replenishment of 6??1012 mol CO2/yr, and places an upper limit on the output of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from volcanoes. The CO2 output of the global mid-oceanic ridge system is ca. 0.7??1012 mol/yr, thus supplying only a fraction of the amount needed to balance the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> deficit. The <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> flux from subaerial volcanoes is poorly known, but it appears to be at least as large as the mid-oceanic ridge flux. Much (perhaps most) of the CO2 emitted from volcanoes is degassed noneruptively. This mode of degassing may lead to impacts on the environment and biosphere that are fundamentally different in character from those envisioned in published scenarios, which are based on the assumption that CO2 degassing occurs predominantly by eruptive processes. Although the flux of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from volcanoes is poorly constrained at present, it is clearly two orders of magnitude lower than the anthropogenic output of CO2.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23283603','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23283603"><span>Synergistic action of tropospheric ozone and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> on yield and nutritional quality of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Singh, Satyavan; Bhatia, Arti; Tomer, Ritu; Kumar, Vinod; Singh, B; Singh, S D</p> <p>2013-08-01</p> <p>Field experiments were conducted in open top chamber during rabi seasons of 2009-10 and 2010-11 at the research farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the effect of tropospheric ozone (O3) and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) interaction on yield and nutritional quality of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.). Mustard plants were grown from emergence to maturity under different treatments: charcoal-filtered <span class="hlt">air</span> (CF, 80-85 % less O3 than ambient O3 and ambient CO2), nonfiltered <span class="hlt">air</span> (NF, 5-10 % less O3 than ambient O3 and ambient CO2 ), nonfiltered <span class="hlt">air</span> with elevated <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (NF + CO2, NF <span class="hlt">air</span> and 550 ± 50 ppm CO2), elevated ozone (EO, NF <span class="hlt">air</span> and 25-35 ppb elevated O3), elevated ozone along with elevated <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (EO + CO2, NF <span class="hlt">air</span>, 25-35 ppb O3 and 550 ± 50 ppm CO2), and ambient chamber less control (AC, ambient O3 and CO2). Elevated O3 exposure led to reduced photosynthesis and leaf area index resulting in decreased seed yield of mustard. Elevated ozone significantly decreased the oil and micronutrient content in mustard. Thirteen to 17 ppm hour O3 exposure (accumulated over threshold of 40 ppm, AOT 40) reduced the oil content by 18-20 %. Elevated CO2 (500 ± 50 ppm) along with EO was able to counter the decline in oil content in the seed, and it increased by 11 to 13 % over EO alone. Elevated CO2, however, decreased protein, calcium, zinc, iron, magnesium, and sulfur content in seed as compared to the nonfiltered control, whereas removal of O3 from <span class="hlt">air</span> in the charcoal-filtered treatment resulted in a significant increase in the same.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1221393','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1221393"><span>Method for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> sequestration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Wang, Yifeng; Bryan, Charles R.; Dewers, Thomas; Heath, Jason E.</p> <p>2015-09-22</p> <p>A method for geo-sequestration of a <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> includes selection of a target water-laden geological formation with low-permeability interbeds, providing an injection well into the formation and injecting supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (SC--CO.sub.2) into the injection well under conditions of temperature, pressure and density selected to cause the fluid to enter the formation and splinter and/or form immobilized ganglia within the formation. This process allows for the immobilization of the injected SC--CO.sub.2 for very long times. The dispersal of scCO2 into small ganglia is accomplished by alternating injection of SC--CO.sub.2 and water. The injection rate is required to be high enough to ensure the SC--CO.sub.2 at the advancing front to be broken into pieces and small enough for immobilization through viscous instability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1061998','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1061998"><span>Oxygen and <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Fluxes from Barley Shoots Depend on Nitrate Assimilation 1</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Bloom, Arnold J.; Caldwell, Richard M.; Finazzo, John; Warner, Robert L.; Weissbart, Joseph</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>A custom oxygen analyzer in conjunction with an infrared <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> analyzer and humidity sensors permitted simultaneous measurements of oxygen, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, and water vapor fluxes from the shoots of intact barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Steptoe). The oxygen analyzer is based on a calciazirconium sensor and can resolve concentration differences to within 2 microliters per liter against the normal background of 210,000 microliters per liter. In wild-type plants receiving ammonium as their sole nitrogen source or in nitrate reductase-deficient mutants, photosynthetic and respiratory fluxes of oxygen equaled those of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. By contrast, wild-type plants exposed to nitrate had unequal oxygen and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> fluxes: oxygen evolution at high light exceeded <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> consumption by 26% and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> evolution in the dark exceeded oxygen consumption by 25%. These results indicate that a substantial portion of photosynthetic electron transport or respiration generates reductant for nitrate assimilation rather than for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> fixation or mitochondrial electron transport. PMID:16667024</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70033333','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70033333"><span>Sequestering ADM ethanol plant <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Finley, R.J.; Riddle, D.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Archer Daniels Midland Co. (ADM) and the Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS) are collaborating on a project in confirming that a rock formation can store <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from the plant in its pores. The project aimed to sequester the gas underground permanently to minimize release of the greenhouse gas into the atmosphere. It is also designed to store one million tons of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> over a three-year period. The project is worth $84.3M, funded by $66.7M from the US Department Energy, supplemented by co-funding from ADM and other corporate and state resources. The project will start drilling of wells to an expected depth over 6500 feet into the Mount Simon Sandstone formation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=288683','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=288683"><span>The rise and fall of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>: Why controlling CO2 may be necessary in greenhouses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>In the winter production cycle, many of us focus on sealing up gaps in an effort to decrease <span class="hlt">air</span> infiltration, and cut our heating bills substantially along the way. While making these changes or upgrades, we ignoring something the potential impact this has on <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) and plant growth. ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA133688','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA133688"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Sensor Technology.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1983-04-01</p> <p>Piezoelectric Crystals .................... .50 Previous Efforts ....... .................... 50 Estimated Sensor Characteristics...with Respect to the Detection of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Table 7. Piezoelectric Crystal Coatings and Performance Data. .. ...53-55 Table 8. Summnary of...3,999,122) Figure 8. Enlarged View of an Individual Quartz Resonator .. .. ... 51 Figure 9. Glass Gas-Tight Piezoelectric Crystal , Side View......57 *Figure</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/752960','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/752960"><span><span class="hlt">CARBON</span> <span class="hlt">DIOXIDE</span> FIXATION.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>FUJITA,E.</p> <p>2000-01-12</p> <p>Solar <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> fixation offers the possibility of a renewable source of chemicals and fuels in the future. Its realization rests on future advances in the efficiency of solar energy collection and development of suitable catalysts for CO{sub 2} conversion. Recent achievements in the efficiency of solar energy conversion and in catalysis suggest that this approach holds a great deal of promise for contributing to future needs for fuels and chemicals.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA527419','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA527419"><span>An Autonomous Mobile Platform for Underway Surface <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> Measurements in Open-Ocean and Coastal Waters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-06-01</p> <p>Sarmiento , J ., Stephens, B. and Weller, R., 2004. Ocean <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> and Climate Change (OCCC): An Implementation Strategy for U. S. Ocean <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> Cycle...M. Ishii, T. Midorikawa, Y. Nojiri, A. Körtzinger, T. Steinhoff, M. Hopemma, J . Olafsson, T.S. Arnarson, B. Tilbrook, T. Johannessen, A. Olsen, R...Biogeochemical Cycles, 19, GB1009, 10.1029/2004GB002295. [5] Cai, W.- J ., Dai, M. and Wang, Y., 2006. <span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> exchange of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in ocean margins: A</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPJCE..12..129K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPJCE..12..129K"><span>The use of modern technologies in <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> monitoring</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Komínek, Petr; Weyr, Jan; Hirš, Jiří</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Indoor environment has huge influence on person's health and overall comfort. It is of great importance that we realize how essential indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> quality is, considering we spend on average as much as 90% of our time indoors. There are many factors that affect indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> quality: specifically, inside <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature, relative humidity, and odors to name the most important factors. One of the key factors indicating indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> quality is <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) level. The CO2 levels, measured in prefab apartment buildings, indicates substantial indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> quality issues. Therefore, a proper education of the occupants is of utmost importance. Also, great care should be directed towards technical and technological solutions that would ensure meeting the normative indoor environment criteria, especially indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> CO2 levels. Thanks to the implementation of new emerging autonomous technologies, such as Internet of Things (IoT), monitoring in real-time is enhanced. An area where IoT plays a major role is in the monitoring of indoor environment. IoT technology (e.g. smart meters and sensors) provide awareness of information about the quality of indoor environment. There is a huge potential for influencing behaviour of the users. Through the web application, it is possible to educate people and ensure fresh <span class="hlt">air</span> supply.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120004277','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120004277"><span>The Development of Models for <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Reduction Technologies for Spacecraft <span class="hlt">Air</span> Revitalization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Swickrath, Michael J.; Anderson, Molly</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Through the respiration process, humans consume oxygen (O2) while producing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) and water (H2O) as byproducts. For long term space exploration, CO2 concentration in the atmosphere must be managed to prevent hypercapnia. Moreover, CO2 can be used as a source of oxygen through chemical reduction serving to minimize the amount of oxygen required at launch. Reduction can be achieved through a number of techniques. NASA is currently exploring the Sabatier reaction, the Bosch reaction, and co- electrolysis of CO2 and H2O for this process. Proof-of-concept experiments and prototype units for all three processes have proven capable of returning useful commodities for space exploration. All three techniques have demonstrated the capacity to reduce CO2 in the laboratory, yet there is interest in understanding how all three techniques would perform at a system level within a spacecraft. Consequently, there is an impetus to develop predictive models for these processes that can be readily rescaled and integrated into larger system models. Such analysis tools provide the ability to evaluate each technique on a comparable basis with respect to processing rates. This manuscript describes the current models for the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reduction processes under parallel developmental efforts. Comparison to experimental data is provided were available for verification purposes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110023137','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110023137"><span>The Development of Models for <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Reduction Technologies for Spacecraft <span class="hlt">Air</span> Revitalization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Swickrath, Michael J.; Anderson, Molly</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Through the respiration process, humans consume oxygen (O2) while producing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) and water (H2O) as byproducts. For long term space exploration, CO2 concentration in the atmosphere must be managed to prevent hypercapnia. Moreover, CO2 can be used as a source of oxygen through chemical reduction serving to minimize the amount of oxygen required at launch. Reduction can be achieved through a number of techniques. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is currently exploring the Sabatier reaction, the Bosch reaction, and co-electrolysis of CO2 and H2O for this process. Proof-of-concept experiments and prototype units for all three processes have proven capable of returning useful commodities for space exploration. While all three techniques have demonstrated the capacity to reduce CO2 in the laboratory, there is interest in understanding how all three techniques would perform at a system-level within a spacecraft. Consequently, there is an impetus to develop predictive models for these processes that can be readily re-scaled and integrated into larger system models. Such analysis tools provide the ability to evaluate each technique on a comparable basis with respect to processing rates. This manuscript describes the current models for the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reduction processes under parallel developmental e orts. Comparison to experimental data is provided were available for veri cation purposes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25220903','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25220903"><span>Self-repairable polyurethane networks by atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and water.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yang, Ying; Urban, Marek W</p> <p>2014-11-03</p> <p>Sugar moieties were incorporated into cross-linked polyurethane (PUR) networks in an effort to achieve self-repairing in the presence of atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO2) and water (H2O). When methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (MGP) molecules are reacted with hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer (HDI) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to form cross-linked MGP-polyurethane (PUR) networks, these materials are capable of self-repairing in <span class="hlt">air</span>. This process requires atmospheric amounts of CO2 and H2O, thus resembling plant behavior of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> fixation during the photosynthesis cycle. Molecular processes responsible for this unique self-repair process involve physical diffusion of cleaved network segments as well as the formation of <span class="hlt">carbonate</span> and urethane linkages. Unlike plants, MGP-PUR networks require no photo-initiated reactions, and they are thus capable of repair in darkness under atmospheric conditions. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6692799-carbon-dioxide-makes-heat-therapy-work','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6692799-carbon-dioxide-makes-heat-therapy-work"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> makes heat therapy work</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sherman, H.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>Scientists can now propagate healthy blueberry and raspberry plants from virus-infected stock by treating it with heat and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. Plants are grown at 100/sup 0/F, which makes them develop faster than the virus can spread. Then cuttings are taken of the new growth - less than an inch long - and grown into full-sized, virus-free plants. But in this race to outdistance the virus, some plant species are not able to take the heat. Some even die. Chemical reactions double for every 14/sup 0/F rise in temperature. So, if you try to grow a plant at 100/sup 0/F thatmore » was originally growing at 86/sup 0/F, it will double its respiration rate. Adding <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> increases the rate of photosynthesis in plants, which increases the plant's food reserves. What <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> does to allow some plants to grow at temperatures at which they would otherwise not survive and it allows other plants to grow for longer periods at 100/sup 0/F. One problem with the process, says Converse, is that the longer plants are exposed to heat the greater the mutation rate. So, resulting clones should be closely examined for trueness to horticultural type.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28284810','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28284810"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> utilization in a microalga-based biorefinery: Efficiency of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> removal and economic performance under <span class="hlt">carbon</span> taxation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wiesberg, Igor Lapenda; Brigagão, George Victor; de Medeiros, José Luiz; de Queiroz Fernandes Araújo, Ofélia</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Coal-fired power plants are major stationary sources of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and environmental constraints demand technologies for abatement. Although <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> Capture and Storage is the most mature route, it poses severe economic penalty to power generation. Alternatively, this penalty is potentially reduced by <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> Capture and Utilization, which converts <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to valuable products, monetizing it. This work evaluates a route consisting of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> bio-capture by Chlorella pyrenoidosa and use of the resulting biomass as feedstock to a microalgae-based biorefinery; <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> Capture and Storage route is evaluated as a reference technology. The integrated arrangement comprises: (a) <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> biocapture in a photobioreactor, (b) oil extraction from part of the produced biomass, (b) gasification of remaining biomass to obtain bio-syngas, and (c) conversion of bio-syngas to methanol. Calculation of capital and operational expenditures are estimated based on mass and energy balances obtained by process simulation for both routes (<span class="hlt">Carbon</span> Capture and Storage and the biorefinery). Capital expenditure for the biorefinery is higher by a factor of 6.7, while operational expenditure is lower by a factor of 0.45 and revenues occur only for this route, with a ratio revenue/operational expenditure of 1.6. The photobioreactor is responsible for one fifth of the biorefinery capital expenditure, with footprint of about 1000 ha, posing the most significant barrier for technical and economic feasibility of the proposed biorefinery. The Biorefinery and <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> Capture and Storage routes show <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> capture efficiency of 73% and 48%, respectively, with capture cost of 139$/t and 304$/t. Additionally, the biorefinery has superior performance in all evaluated metrics of environmental impacts. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.B13B1193E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.B13B1193E"><span>Effects of Water Vapor on the Data Quality of the Stable Oxygen Isotopic Ratio of Atmospheric <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Evans, C. U.; White, J. W.; Vaughn, B.; Tans, P. P.; Pardo, L.</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>The stable oxygen isotopic ratio of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> can potentially track fundamental indicators of environmental change such as the balance between photosynthesis and respiration on regional to global scales. The Stable Isotope Laboratory (SIL) at the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado at Boulder, has measured the stable isotopes of atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from more than 60 NOAA/Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) <span class="hlt">air</span> flask-sampling sites since the early 1990s. If <span class="hlt">air</span> is sampled without drying, oxygen can exchange between <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and water in the flasks, entirely masking the desired signal. An attempt to investigate how water vapor is affecting the δ18O signal is accomplished by comparing the SIL measurements with specific humidity, calculated from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) global integrated surface hourly temperature and dew point database, at the time of sampling. Analysis of sites where samples have been collected initially without drying, and subsequently with a drying kit, in conjunction with the humidity data, has led to several conclusions. Samples that initially appear isotopically unaltered, in that their δ18O values are within the expected range, are being subtly influenced by the water vapor in the <span class="hlt">air</span>. At Bermuda and other tropical to semi-tropical sites, the 'wet' sampling values have a seasonal cycle that is strongly anti-correlated to the specific humidity, while the 'dry' values have a seasonal cycle that is shifted earlier than the specific humidity cycle by 1-2 months. The latter phasing is expected given the seasonal phasing between climate over the ocean and land, while the former is consistent with a small, but measurable isotope exchange in the flasks. In addition, we note that there is a strong (r > 0.96) correlation between the average specific humidity and the percent of rejected samples for 'wet' sampling. This presents an opportunity for determining a threshold of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.H11J..02C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.H11J..02C"><span>Molecular Simulations of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> and Water: Cation Solvation and Wettability</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Criscenti, L. J.; Bracco, J.; Cygan, R. T.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>Proposed <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> sequestration scenarios in sedimentary basins require investigation into the interaction between supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, brines, and the mineral phases found in the basin and overlying caprock. Classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations can be used to investigate some of these interactions such as the partitioning of metal cations between aqueous solutions and supercritical <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, and the relative wettability of basin and caprock minerals with different fluid phases including water, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, and oil. Initial research has lead to the development of a new flexible <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> force field that successfully reproduces the vibrational properties of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, and a methodology for extracting contact angle information from large-scale MD simulations. Molecular simulations were performed to compare the solvation of alkali and alkaline metal cations in water and liquid <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> at 300K, using a flexible simple point charge (SPC) model for water and the new <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> force field. Solvation energies for Na+, Cs+, Mg2+, and Ba2+ are larger in water than in <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, suggesting that these cations will partition preferentially into water. In both solutions, the solvation energy for the cations decreases with ion size and increases with ion charge. However, changes in solvation energy with increasing ionic radii are smaller in <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> than in water. Therefore, the overall partitioning of cations into <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is predicted to increase with ion size. Molecular dynamics simulations are also useful to examine the relative wettability of minerals with different fluid phases. Large-scale MD simulations involving between 100,000 and 200,000 atoms have been conducted to establish a dynamic equilibrium between a drop of liquid water, water vapor, and kaolinite surfaces. The water drops consisted of at least 1700 molecules. Simulations were performed for five nanoseconds. The contact angle calculated</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMGC51E..03E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMGC51E..03E"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span>-14 analyses reveal fine structure of the urban <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> dome in the Salt Lake Valley, Utah, USA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ehleringer, J. R.; Hopkins, F. M.; Xu, X.; Barnette, J.; Randerson, J. T.; Bush, S.; Lai, C.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Carbon</span>-14 analyses of mature deciduous tree leaves (aspen and cottonwood) were used to measure the increases in atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> within the expansive urbanizing Salt Lake Valley, Utah, USA associated with fossil fuel combustion. Our objectives were twofold: to understand the fine scale spatial structure of elevated <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> levels in this urban environment and to relate these observations to actual <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> observations collected using both long-term monitoring sites and a mobile measurement vehicle. Paired observations of aspen and cottonwood at sites across the valley showed that there was no significant difference in <span class="hlt">carbon</span>-14 values, allowing spatial pattern evaluations at sites where one but not the other species was present. Statistically significant patterns were observed over a two-year measurement period, with elevated <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> levels associated with <span class="hlt">carbon</span>-14 depleted leaves, particularly in regions with higher vehicle travel. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span>-14 content of leaves was significantly lower on 4-lane roads than on nearby 2-lane roads in both residential and commercial zones, consistent with atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> observations. The analysis of spatial patterns in the <span class="hlt">carbon</span>-14 in leaves was then used to evaluate how well these observations compared to instantaneous and long-term observations of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> using traditional infrared gas analyzer approaches.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27776295','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27776295"><span>Behavioral responses of Arctica islandica (Bivalvia: Arcticidae) to simulated leakages of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from sub-<span class="hlt">sea</span> geological storage.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bamber, Shaw D; Westerlund, Stig</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>Sub-<span class="hlt">sea</span> geological storage of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO 2 ) provides a viable option for the <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> Capture and Storage (CCS) approach for reducing atmospheric emissions of this greenhouse gas. Although generally considered to offer a low risk of major leakage, it remains relevant to establish the possible consequences for marine organisms that live in or on sediments overlying these storage areas if such an event may occur. The present study has used a series of laboratory exposures and behavioral bioassays to establish the sensitivity of Arctica islandica to simulated leakages of CO 2 . This long-lived bivalve mollusc is widely distributed throughout the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, an area where geological storage is currently taking place and where there are plans to expand this operation significantly. A recently published model has predicted a maximum drop of 1.9pH units in seawater at the point source of a substantial escape of CO 2 from sub-<span class="hlt">sea</span> geological storage in this region. Valve movements of A. islandica exposed to reduced pH seawater were recorded continuously using Hall effect proximity sensors. Valve movement regulation is important for optimising the flow of water over the gills, which supplies food and facilitates respiration. A stepwise reduction in seawater pH showed an initial increase in both the rate and extent of valve movements in the majority of individuals tested when pH fell to 6.2 units. Exposing A. islandica to pH 6.2 seawater continuously for seven days resulted in a clear increase in valve movements during the first 40h of exposure, followed by a gradual reduction in activity intensity over the subsequent five days, suggesting acclimation. The ability of both exposed and control bivalves to burrow successfully into sediment on completion of this exposure was very similar. A final exposure trial, testing whether increased valve movements initiated by reduced pH were related to foot extension during attempted burrowing, found no such association. In summary</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/42631','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/42631"><span>Effects of experimental warming of <span class="hlt">air</span>, soil and permafrost on <span class="hlt">carbon</span> balance in Alaskan tundra</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>S.M. Natali; E.A.G. Schuur; C. Trucco; C.E. Hicks Pries; K.G. Crummer; A.F. Baron Lopez</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">carbon</span> (C) storage capacity of northern latitude ecosystems may diminish as warming <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures increase permafrost thaw and stimulate decomposition of previously frozen soil organic C. However, warming may also enhance plant growth so that photosynthetic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (C02) uptake may, in part, offset respiratory losses. To determine...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/documents/fullText/ACC0312.pdf','DOE-RDACC'); return false;" href="http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/documents/fullText/ACC0312.pdf"><span>The Path of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> in Photosynthesis IX. Photosynthesis, Photoreduction, and the Hydrogen-Oxygen-<span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Dark Reaction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/fieldedsearch.html">DOE R&D Accomplishments Database</a></p> <p>Badin, E. J.; Calvin, M.</p> <p>1950-02-01</p> <p>A comparison of the rates of fixation of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> 14 <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in algae for the processes of photosynthesis, photoreduction and the hydrogen-oxygen-<span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> dark reaction has been made. For the same series of experiments, rates of incorporation of tracer <span class="hlt">carbon</span> into the separate soluble components using the radiogram method have been determined. The mechanism of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> uptake has been shown to occur via two distinct paths. In all cases studied, essentially the same compounds appear radioactive. The distribution with time, however, differs markedly.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-05-14/pdf/2013-11305.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-05-14/pdf/2013-11305.pdf"><span>78 FR 28173 - Approval and Promulgation of <span class="hlt">Air</span> Quality Implementation Plans; Indiana; Sulfur <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> and...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-05-14</p> <p>...-9811-5] Approval and Promulgation of <span class="hlt">Air</span> Quality Implementation Plans; Indiana; Sulfur <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> and Nitrogen <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Ambient <span class="hlt">Air</span> Quality Standards AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION... implementation plan (SIP) for nitrogen <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (NO 2 ) and sulfur <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (SO 2 ) under the Clean <span class="hlt">Air</span> Act. This...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=second+AND+law+AND+thermodynamics&pg=2&id=EJ896110','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=second+AND+law+AND+thermodynamics&pg=2&id=EJ896110"><span>Investigating Diffusion and Entropy with <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span>-Filled Balloons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Jadrich, James; Bruxvoort, Crystal</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Fill an ordinary latex balloon with helium gas and you know what to expect. Over the next day or two the volume will decrease noticeably as helium escapes from the balloon. So what happens when a latex balloon is filled with <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gas? Surprisingly, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> balloons deflate at rates as much as an order of magnitude faster than…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/959121','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/959121"><span>Apparatus and method for removing solvent from <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in resin recycling system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Bohnert, George W [Harrisonville, MO; Hand, Thomas E [Lee's Summit, MO; DeLaurentiis, Gary M [Jamestown, CA</p> <p>2009-01-06</p> <p>A two-step resin recycling system and method solvent that produces essentially contaminant-free synthetic resin material. The system and method includes one or more solvent wash vessels to expose resin particles to a solvent, the solvent contacting the resin particles in the one or more solvent wash vessels to substantially remove contaminants on the resin particles. A separator is provided to separate the solvent from the resin particles after removal from the one or more solvent wash vessels. The resin particles are next exposed to <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in a closed loop <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> system. The closed loop system includes a <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> vessel where the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is exposed to the resin, substantially removing any residual solvent remaining on the resin particles after separation. A separation vessel is also provided to separate the solvent from the solvent laden <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. Both the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and the solvent are reused after separation in the separation vessel.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19720019468','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19720019468"><span>Advanced deep <span class="hlt">sea</span> diving equipment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Danesi, W. A.</p> <p>1972-01-01</p> <p>Design requirements are generated for a deep <span class="hlt">sea</span> heavy duty diving system to equip salvage divers with equipment and tools that permit work of the same quality and in times approaching that done on the surface. The system consists of a helmet, a recirculator for removing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, and the diver's dress. The diver controls the inlet flow by the recirculatory control valve and is able to change closed cycle operation to open cycle if malfunction occurs. Proper function of the scrubber in the recirculator minimizes temperature and humidity effects as it filters the returning <span class="hlt">air</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19760059163&hterms=atmosphere+fossil+fuels&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Datmosphere%2Bfossil%2Bfuels','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19760059163&hterms=atmosphere+fossil+fuels&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Datmosphere%2Bfossil%2Bfuels"><span>The oxygen and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> balance in the earth's atmosphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Johnson, F. S.</p> <p>1975-01-01</p> <p>The oxygen-<span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> cycle is described in detail, and steps which are sensitive to perturbation or instability are identified. About half of the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> consumption each year in photosynthesis occurs in the oceans. Phytoplankton, which are the primary producers, have been shown to assimilate insecticides and herbicides. The impact of such materials on phytoplankton photosynthesis, both direct and as the indirect result of detrimental effects higher up in the food chain, cannot be assessed. Net oxygen production is very small in comparison with the total production and occurs almost exclusively in a few ocean areas with anoxic bottom conditions and in peat-forming marshes which are sensitive to anthropogenic disturbances. The <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> content of the atmosphere is increasing at a relatively rapid rate as the result of fossil fuel combustion. Increases in photosynthesis as the result of the hothouse effect may in turn reduce the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> content of the atmosphere, leading to global cooling.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24793169','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24793169"><span>Henry Cavendish (1731-1810): hydrogen, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, water, and weighing the world.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>West, John B</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>Henry Cavendish (1731-1810) was an outstanding chemist and physicist. Although he was not a major figure in the history of respiratory physiology he made important discoveries concerning hydrogen, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span>, and water. Hydrogen had been prepared earlier by Boyle but its properties had not been recognized; Cavendish described these in detail, including the density of the gas. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> had also previously been studied by Black, but Cavendish clarified its properties and measured its density. He was the first person to accurately analyze atmospheric <span class="hlt">air</span> and reported an oxygen concentration very close to the currently accepted value. When he removed all the oxygen and nitrogen from an <span class="hlt">air</span> sample, he found that there was a residual portion of about 0.8% that he could not characterize. Later this was shown to be argon. He produced large amounts of water by burning hydrogen in oxygen and recognized that these were its only constituents. Cavendish also worked on electricity and heat. However, his main contribution outside chemistry was an audacious experiment to measure the density of the earth, which he referred to as "weighing the world." This involved determining the gravitational attraction between lead spheres in a specially constructed building. Although this was a simple experiment in principle, there were numerous complexities that he overcame with meticulous attention to experimental details. His result was very close to the modern accepted value. The Cavendish Experiment, as it is called, assures his place in the history of science. Copyright © 2014 the American Physiological Society.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2495984','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2495984"><span>Attempts at estimating mixed venous <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> tension by the single-breath method.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ohta, H; Takatani, O; Matsuoka, T</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>The single-breath method was originally proposed by Kim et al. [1] for estimating the blood <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> tension and cardiac output. Its reliability has not been proven. The present study was undertaken, using dogs, to compare the mixed venous <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> tension (PVCO2) calculated by the single-breath method with the PVCO2 measured in mixed venous blood, and to evaluate the influence of variations in the exhalation duration and the volume of expired <span class="hlt">air</span> usually discarded from computations as the deadspace. Among the exhalation durations of 15, 30 and 45 s tested, the 15 s duration was found to be too short to obtain an analyzable O2-CO2 curve, but at either 30 or 45 s, the calculated values of PVCO2 were comparable to the measured PVCO2. A significant agreement between calculated and measured PVCO2 was obtained when the expired gas with PCO2 less than 22 Torr was considered as deadspace gas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820037385&hterms=photosynthesis&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dphotosynthesis','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820037385&hterms=photosynthesis&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dphotosynthesis"><span>Photoassisted <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> reduction and formation of twoand three-<span class="hlt">carbon</span> compounds. [prebiological photosynthesis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Halmann, M.; Aurian-Blajeni, B.; Bloch, S.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>The photoassisted reduction of aqueous <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in the presence of naturally occurring minerals is investigated as a possible abiotic precursor of photosynthesis. Aqueous <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> saturated suspensions or surfaces of the minerals nontronite, bentonite, anatase, wolframite, molybdenite, minium, cinnabar and hematite were irradiated with high-pressure mercury lamps or sunlight. Chemical analyses reveal the production of formic acid, formaldehyde, methanol and methane, and the two and three-<span class="hlt">carbon</span> compounds glyoxal (CHOCHO) and malonaldehyde (CH2(CHO)2). It is suggested that such photosynthetic reactions with visible light in the presence of semiconducting minerals may provide models for prebiological <span class="hlt">carbon</span> and nitrogen fixation in both oxidized and reduced atmospheres.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2013-title21-vol8-sec868-1150.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2013-title21-vol8-sec868-1150.pdf"><span>21 CFR 868.1150 - Indwelling blood <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> partial pressure (PCO2) analyzer.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Indwelling blood <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> partial pressure....1150 Indwelling blood <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> partial pressure (PCO2) analyzer. (a) Identification. An indwelling blood <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> partial pressure PCO2 analyzer is a device that consists of a catheter-tip...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2011-title21-vol8-sec868-1150.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2011-title21-vol8-sec868-1150.pdf"><span>21 CFR 868.1150 - Indwelling blood <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> partial pressure (PCO2) analyzer.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Indwelling blood <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> partial pressure....1150 Indwelling blood <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> partial pressure (PCO2) analyzer. (a) Identification. An indwelling blood <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> partial pressure PCO2 analyzer is a device that consists of a catheter-tip...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2012-title21-vol8-sec868-1150.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2012-title21-vol8-sec868-1150.pdf"><span>21 CFR 868.1150 - Indwelling blood <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> partial pressure (PCO2) analyzer.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Indwelling blood <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> partial pressure....1150 Indwelling blood <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> partial pressure (PCO2) analyzer. (a) Identification. An indwelling blood <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> partial pressure PCO2 analyzer is a device that consists of a catheter-tip...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol8-sec868-1150.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol8-sec868-1150.pdf"><span>21 CFR 868.1150 - Indwelling blood <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> partial pressure (PCO2) analyzer.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Indwelling blood <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> partial pressure....1150 Indwelling blood <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> partial pressure (PCO2) analyzer. (a) Identification. An indwelling blood <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> partial pressure PCO2 analyzer is a device that consists of a catheter-tip...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JMS...148..122G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JMS...148..122G"><span>Modelling the 13C and 12C isotopes of inorganic and organic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> in the Baltic <span class="hlt">Sea</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gustafsson, Erik; Mörth, Carl-Magnus; Humborg, Christoph; Gustafsson, Bo G.</p> <p>2015-08-01</p> <p>In this study, 12C and 13C contents of all <span class="hlt">carbon</span> containing state variables (dissolved inorganic and organic <span class="hlt">carbon</span>, detrital <span class="hlt">carbon</span>, and the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> content of autotrophs and heterotrophs) have for the first time been explicitly included in a coupled physical-biogeochemical Baltic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> model. Different processes in the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycling have distinct fractionation values, resulting in specific isotopic fingerprints. Thus, in addition to simulating concentrations of different tracers, our new model formulation improves the possibility to constrain the rates of processes such as CO2 assimilation, mineralization, and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> exchange. We demonstrate that phytoplankton production and respiration, and the related <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 fluxes, are to a large degree controlling the isotopic composition of organic and inorganic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> in the system. The isotopic composition is further, but to a lesser extent, influenced by river loads and deep water inflows as well as transformation of terrestrial organic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> within the system. Changes in the isotopic composition over the 20th century have been dominated by two processes - the preferential release of 12C to the atmosphere in association with fossil fuel burning, and the eutrophication of the Baltic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> related to increased nutrient loads under the second half of the century.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSEC54B1327H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSEC54B1327H"><span>First System-Wide Estimates of <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Exchange of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> in the Chesapeake Bay</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Herrmann, M.; Najjar, R.; Menendez, A.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Estuaries are estimated to play a major role in the global <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycle by degassing between 0.25 and 0.4 Pg C y-1, comparable to the uptake of atmospheric CO2 by continental shelf waters and as much as one quarter of the uptake of atmospheric CO2 by the open ocean. However, the global estimates of estuarine CO2 gas exchange are highly uncertain mostly due to limited data availability and extreme heterogeneity of coastal systems. Notably, the <span class="hlt">air</span>-water CO2 flux for the largest U.S. estuary, the Chesapeake Bay, is yet unknown. Here we provide first system-level CO2 gas exchange estimates for the Chesapeake Bay, using data from the Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Monitoring Program (CBWQMP) and other data sources. We focus on the main stem of the Chesapeake Bay; hence, tributaries, such as the tidal portions of the Potomac and James Rivers, are not included in this first estimation of the flux. The preliminary results show the Bay to be a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere, outgassing on average 0.2 Tg C yr-1 over the study period, between 1985 and 2013. The spatial and temporal variability of the gas exchange will be discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122552','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122552"><span>Corona Preionization Technique for <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> TEA Lasers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1982-11-30</p> <p>34’" " " " "- -. .. " "I~ 82R8O701-02 CORONA PREIONIZATION TECHNIQUE FOR <span class="hlt">CARBON</span> <span class="hlt">DIOXIDE</span> TEA LASERS W after R. Kamnki SUnited Technologiles Research Center C...TITLE (and Subtitle) S. TYPE OF REPORT a PERIOD COVERED CORONA PREIONIZATION TECHNIQUE FOR <span class="hlt">CARBON</span> Final Report <span class="hlt">DIOXIDE</span> TEA LASERS May 5, 1981...Preionization Laser UV Preionization Pulsed CO2 Laser Corona Preionization CO2 TEA Laser 10. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse side If neceeeiny md Identify</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol23/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol23-sec180-1049.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol23/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol23-sec180-1049.pdf"><span>40 CFR 180.1049 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>... 40 Protection of Environment 23 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>; exemption from the... Exemptions From Tolerances § 180.1049 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance. The insecticide <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used after harvest in modified...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol24/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol24-sec180-1049.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol24/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol24-sec180-1049.pdf"><span>40 CFR 180.1049 - <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>... 40 Protection of Environment 24 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>; exemption from the... Exemptions From Tolerances § 180.1049 <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance. The insecticide <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used after harvest in modified...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11270340','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11270340"><span>Sonochemical reduction of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Harada, H</p> <p>1998-06-01</p> <p>Sonolysis of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> dissolved in water was performed from a standpoint of reducing this material in atmosphere. During one hour of sonication, the amount of CO2 decreased to about half at 5 degrees C under CO2-Ar atmosphere. The decreasing rate for CO2 followed the order Ar > He > H2 > N2 and it was down with increasing temperature in the range of 5-45 degrees C. The most favorable concentration for reducing CO2 was 0.03 (mole fraction of CO2 in gas phase). This concentration in gas phase means an equal mixture of CO2 and Ar in water, because CO2 is more soluble than Ar. Since <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> dissolved in water would be partly ionized, the roles of ions on the sonolysis were also examined. Gaseous reaction products were CO, H2 and a small amount of O2. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> monoxide and hydrogen might be obtained from CO2 and H2O by sonolysis, respectively. Both gases are fuel and react each other to C1 compounds such as methanol, and so on. Therefore, irradiation of ultrasonic waves should be an important technique for reducing CO2.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=367469','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=367469"><span>A Simple <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Injection System for Photosynthetic Studies 12</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Oliver, David J.; Cameron, Stewart I.; Schaedle, Michail</p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>A simple <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> injection system has been developed for the maintenance of CO2 concentrations in semiclosed cuvette systems suitable for photosynthesis and gaseous pollutant studies. The device injects small volumes of pure <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> into the cuvette in response to a signal from an infrared gas analyzer. PMID:16658944</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17..670S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17..670S"><span>A Sedimentary <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> Inventory for a Scottish <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Loch</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Smeaton, Craig; Austin, William; Davies, Althea; Baltzer, Agnes</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Coastal oceans are sites of biogeochemical cycling, as terrestrial, atmospheric, and marine <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycles interact. Important processes that affect the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> cycle in the coastal ocean include upwelling, river input, <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas exchange, primary production, respiration, sediment burial, export, and <span class="hlt">sea</span>-ice dynamics. The magnitude and variability of many <span class="hlt">carbon</span> fluxes are accordingly much higher in coastal oceans than in open ocean environments. Having high-quality observations of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> stocks and fluxes in the coastal environment is important both for understanding coastal ocean <span class="hlt">carbon</span> balance and for reconciling continent-scale <span class="hlt">carbon</span> budgets. Despite the ecological, biological, and economic importance of coastal oceans, the magnitude and variability of many of the coastal <span class="hlt">carbon</span> stocks are poorly quantified in most regions in comparison to terrestrial and deep ocean <span class="hlt">carbon</span> stocks. The first stage in understanding the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> dynamics in coastal waters is to quantify the existing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> stocks. The coastal sediment potentially holds a significant volume of <span class="hlt">carbon</span>; yet there has been no comprehensive attempt to quantitatively determine the volume of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> held in those coastal sediments as echoed by Bauer et al., (2013) "the diverse sources and sinks of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> and their complex interactions in these waters remain poorly understood". We set out to create the first sedimentary <span class="hlt">carbon</span> inventory for a <span class="hlt">sea</span> loch (fjord); through a combination of geophysics and biogeochemistry. Two key questions must be answered to achieve this goal; how much sediment is held within the loch and what percentage of that sediment <span class="hlt">carbon</span>? The restrictive geomorphology of <span class="hlt">sea</span> lochs (fjords) provides the perfect area to develop this methodology and answer these fundamental questions. Loch Sunart the longest of the Scottish <span class="hlt">sea</span> lochs is our initial test site due to existing geophysical data being available for analysis. Here we discuss the development of the joint geophysics and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19458822','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19458822"><span>Mechanistical studies on the formation of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in extraterrestrial <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide ice analog samples.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bennett, Chris J; Jamieson, Corey S; Kaiser, Ralf I</p> <p>2009-06-07</p> <p>Binary ice mixtures of two <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide isotopomers, (13)C(16)O and (12)C(18)O, were subjected at 10 K to energetic electrons to investigate the interaction of ionizing radiation with extraterrestrial, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide bearing ices. The chemical modifications were monitored on line and in situ via absorption-reflection-absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as well as in the gas-phase via a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Detected products include two newly formed <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide isotopomers ((12)C(16)O and (13)C(18)O), <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> ((12)C(16)O(2), (12)C(18)O(16)O, (12)C(18)O(2), (13)C(16)O(2), (13)C(18)O(16)O, and (13)C(18)O(2)), and dicarbon monoxide ((12)C(13)C(16)O and (13)C(13)C(16)O). Kinetic profiles of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide and of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> were extracted and fit to derive reaction mechanisms and information on the decomposition of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide and on the formation of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> in extraterrestrial ice analog samples.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1261910','SCIGOV-DOEDE'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1261910"><span>Hydraulic studies of drilling microbores with supercritical steam, nitrogen and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/dataexplorer">DOE Data Explorer</a></p> <p>Ken Oglesby</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Hydraulic studies of drilling microbores at various depths and with various hole sizes, tubing, fluids and rates showed theoretical feasibility. WELLFLO SIMULATIONS REPORT STEP 4: DRILLING 10,000 FT WELLS WITH SUPERCRITICAL STEAM, NITROGEN AND <span class="hlt">CARBON</span> <span class="hlt">DIOXIDE</span> STEP 5: DRILLING 20,000 FT WELLS WITH SUPERCRITICAL STEAM, NITROGEN AND <span class="hlt">CARBON</span> <span class="hlt">DIOXIDE</span> STEP 6: DRILLING 30,000 FT WELLS WITH SUPERCRITICAL STEAM, NITROGEN AND <span class="hlt">CARBON</span> <span class="hlt">DIOXIDE</span> Mehmet Karaaslan, MSI</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29228188','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29228188"><span>The impact of environmental factors on <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> fixation by microalgae.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Morales, Marcia; Sánchez, León; Revah, Sergio</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Microalgae are among the most productive biological systems for converting sunlight into chemical energy, which is used to capture and transform inorganic <span class="hlt">carbon</span> into biomass. The efficiency of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> capture depends on the cultivation system configuration (photobioreactors or open systems) and can vary according to the state of the algal physiology, the chemical composition of the nutrient medium, and environmental factors such as irradiance, temperature and pH. This mini-review is focused on some of the most important environmental factors determining photosynthetic activity, <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> biofixation, cell growth rate and biomass productivity by microalgae. These include <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and O2 concentrations, light intensity, cultivation temperature and nutrients. Finally, a review of the operation of microalgal cultivation systems outdoors is presented as an example of the impact of environmental conditions on biomass productivity and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> fixation. © FEMS 2017. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790016461','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790016461"><span>Investigations about the quantitative changes of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> production in humans. Report 2: <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> production during fever and its relationship with heat production</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Liebermeister, C.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>Investigations are cited and explained for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> production during fever and its relationship with heat production. The general topics of discussion are: (1) <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> production for alternating fever attacks; (2) heat balance during the perspiration phase; (3) heat balance during the chill phase; (4) the theory of fever; and (5) chill phase for other fever attacks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.eia.gov/coal/production/quarterly/co2_article/co2.html','EIAPUBS'); return false;" href="https://www.eia.gov/coal/production/quarterly/co2_article/co2.html"><span><span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Emission Factors for Coal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/reports/">EIA Publications</a></p> <p></p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>The Energy Information Administration (EIA) has developed factors for estimating the amount of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> emitted, accounting for differences among coals, to reflect the changing "mix" of coal in U.S. coal consumption.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20100023181&hterms=testing+technology&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dtesting%2Btechnology','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20100023181&hterms=testing+technology&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dtesting%2Btechnology"><span>Testing a Regenerative <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> and Moisture Removal Technology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Barta, Daniel J.; Button, Amy; Sweterlitsch, Jeffrey J.; Curley, Suzanne</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The National Aeronautics and Space Administration supported the development of a new vacuum-desorbed regenerative <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and humidity control technology for use in short duration human spacecraft. The technology was baselined for use in the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle s Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS). Termed the <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> And Moisture Removal Amine Swing-bed (CAMRAS), the unit was developed by Hamilton Sundstrand and has undergone extensive testing at Johnson Space Center. The tests were performed to evaluate performance characteristics under range of operating conditions and human loads expected in future spacecraft applications, as part of maturation to increase its readiness for flight. Early tests, conducted at nominal atmospheric pressure, used human metabolic simulators to generate loads, with later tests making us of human test subjects. During these tests many different test cases were performed, involving from 1 to 6 test subjects, with different activity profiles (sleep, nominal and exercise). These tests were conducted within the airlock portion of a human rated test chamber sized to simulate the Orion cabin free <span class="hlt">air</span> volume. More recently, a test was completed that integrated the CAMRAS with a simulated suit loop using prototype umbilicals and was conducted at reduced atmospheric pressure and elevated oxygen levels. This paper will describe the facilities and procedures used to conduct these and future tests, and provide a summary of findings.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19621802','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19621802"><span>[Life support of the Mars exploration crew. Control of a zeolite system for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> removal from space cabin <span class="hlt">air</span> within a closed <span class="hlt">air</span> regeneration cycle].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chekov, Iu F</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>The author describes a zeolite system for <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> removal integrated into a closed <span class="hlt">air</span> regeneration cycle aboard spacecraft. The continuous operation of a double-adsorbent regeneration system with pCO2-dependable productivity is maintained through programmable setting of adsorption (desorption) semicycle time. The optimal system regulation curve is presented within the space of statistical performance family obtained in quasi-steady operating modes with controlled parameters of the recurrent adsorption-desorption cycle. The automatically changing system productivity ensures continuous intake of concentrated CO2. Control of the adsorption-desorption process is based on calculation of the differential adsorption (desorption) heat from gradient of adsorbent and test inert substance temperatures. The adaptive algorithm of digital control is implemented through the standard spacecraft interface with the board computer system and programmable microprocessor-based controllers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740002393','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740002393"><span>A high-pressure <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gasdynamic laser</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kuehn, D. M.</p> <p>1973-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> gasdynamic laser was operated over a range of reservoir pressure and temperature, test-gas mixture, and nozzle geometry. A significant result is the dominant influence of nozzle geometry on laser power at high pressure. High reservoir pressure can be effectively utilized to increase laser power if nozzle geometry is chosen to efficiently freeze the test gas. Maximum power density increased from 3.3 W/cu cm of optical cavity volume for an inefficient nozzle to 83.4 W/cu cm at 115 atm for a more efficient nozzle. Variation in the composition of the test gas also caused large changes in laser power output. Most notable is the influence of the catalyst (helium or water vapor) that was used to depopulate the lower vibrational state of the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>. Water caused an extreme deterioration of laser power at high pressure (100 atm), whereas, at low pressure the laser for the two catalysts approached similar values. It appears that at high pressure the depopulation of the upper laser level of the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> by the water predominates over the lower state depopulation, thus destroying the inversion.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/821335','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/821335"><span>Fluid Dynamics of <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Disposal into Saline Aquifers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Garcia, Julio Enrique</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Injection of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (CO 2) into saline aquifers has been proposed as a means to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (geological <span class="hlt">carbon</span> sequestration). Large-scale injection of CO 2 will induce a variety of coupled physical and chemical processes, including multiphase fluid flow, fluid pressurization and changes in effective stress, solute transport, and chemical reactions between fluids and formation minerals. This work addresses some of these issues with special emphasis given to the physics of fluid flow in brine formations. An investigation of the thermophysical properties of pure <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>, water and aqueous solutions of CO 2 and NaCl has beenmore » conducted. As a result, accurate representations and models for predicting the overall thermophysical behavior of the system CO 2-H 2O-NaCl are proposed and incorporated into the numerical simulator TOUGH2/ECO2. The basic problem of CO 2 injection into a radially symmetric brine aquifer is used to validate the results of TOUGH2/ECO2. The numerical simulator has been applied to more complex flow problem including the CO 2 injection project at the Sleipner Vest Field in the Norwegian sector of the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and the evaluation of fluid flow dynamics effects of CO 2 injection into aquifers. Numerical simulation results show that the transport at Sleipner is dominated by buoyancy effects and that shale layers control vertical migration of CO 2. These results are in good qualitative agreement with time lapse surveys performed at the site. High-resolution numerical simulation experiments have been conducted to study the onset of instabilities (viscous fingering) during injection of CO 2 into saline aquifers. The injection process can be classified as immiscible displacement of an aqueous phase by a less dense and less viscous gas phase. Under disposal conditions (supercritical CO 2) the viscosity of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> can be less than the viscosity of the aqueous phase by a factor of 15. Because of the lower</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29720756','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29720756"><span>Anaesthesia for laparoscopic nephrectomy: Does end-tidal <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> measurement correlate with arterial <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> measurement?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jayan, Nithin; Jacob, Jaya Susan; Mathew, Mohan</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Not many studies have explored the correlation between arterial <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> tension (PaCO 2 ) and end-tidal <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> tension (ETCO 2 ) in surgeries requiring pneumoperitoneum of more than 1 hour duration with the patient in non-supine position. The aim of our study was to evaluate the correlation of ETCO 2 with PaCO 2 in patients undergoing laparoscopic nephrectomy under general anaesthesia. A descriptive study was performed in thirty patients undergoing laparoscopic nephrectomy from September 2014 to August 2015. The haemodynamic parameters, minute ventilation, PaCO 2 and ETCO 2 measured at three predetermined points during the procedure were analysed. Correlation was checked using Pearson's Correlation Coefficient Test. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis of the values showed a positive correlation between ETCO 2 and PaCO 2 ( P < 0.05). Following <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> insufflation, both ETCO 2 and PaCO 2 increased by 5.4 and 6.63 mmHg, respectively, at the end of the 1 st hour. The PaCO 2 -ETCO 2 gradient was found to increase during the 1 st hour following insufflation (4.07 ± 2.05 mmHg); it returned to the pre-insufflation values in another hour (2.93 ± 1.43 mmHg). Continuous ETCO 2 monitoring is a reliable indicator of the trend in arterial CO 2 fluctuations in the American Society of Anesthesiologists Grades 1 and 2 patients undergoing laparoscopic nephrectomy under general anaesthesia.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19940004516&hterms=electrochemical+cell&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Delectrochemical%2Bcell','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19940004516&hterms=electrochemical+cell&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Delectrochemical%2Bcell"><span>Electrochemical cell for obtaining oxygen from <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> atmospheres</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hooker, M. W.; Rast, H. E.; Rogers, D. K.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>For manned missions to Mars to become a reality, an efficient and reliable means of obtaining oxygen from the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>-rich atmosphere will be required. Otherwise, the high cost of transporting the oxygen needed to sustain the astronauts will severely restrict the expedition to the martian surface. Recently, the use of electrochemical devices has been explored as a means of obtaining oxygen from the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>-rich atmosphere. In these devices, oxygen ions diffuse through solid oxide membranes, thus, separating oxygen from the other gases presented. This phenomenon has only recently been explored as a means of obtaining large quantities of oxygen from toxic atmospheres, although first observed by Walter nernst in 1899. Nernst observed that stabilized zirconia will conduct oxygen ions when an electrical potential is applied across metallic electrodes applied to the ceramic membrane. Diatomic oxygen molecules are dissociated at the positive electrode/electrolyte interface. The oxygen ions enter the ceramic body due to the ion density gradient which is produced by the electrical potential across the electrolytic membrane. Once the ions have diffused through the membrane, they reform diatomic oxygen molecules at the anode. The separation of oxygen from <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is achieved by the combination of thermal and electrochemical processes. The thermal decomposition of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (at 1000 C) results in the production of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> monoxide and oxygen by the reaction.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29747506','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29747506"><span>Effect of Porosity Parameters and Surface Chemistry on <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Adsorption in Sulfur-Doped Porous <span class="hlt">Carbons</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, En-Jie; Sui, Zhu-Yin; Sun, Ya-Nan; Ma, Zhuang; Han, Bao-Hang</p> <p>2018-05-22</p> <p>In this work, a series of highly porous sulfur-doped <span class="hlt">carbons</span> are prepared through physical activation methods by using polythiophene as a precursor. The morphology, structure, and physicochemical properties are revealed by a variety of characterization methods, such as scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and nitrogen sorption measurement. Their porosity parameters and chemical compositions can be well-tuned by changing the activating agents (steam and <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span>) and reaction temperature. These sulfur-doped porous <span class="hlt">carbons</span> possess specific surface area of 670-2210 m 2 g -1 , total pore volume of 0.31-1.26 cm 3 g -1 , and sulfur content of 0.6-4.9 atom %. The effect of porosity parameters and surface chemistry on <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> adsorption in sulfur-doped porous <span class="hlt">carbons</span> is studied in detail. After a careful analysis of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> uptake at different temperatures (273 and 293 K), pore volumes from small pore size (less than 1 nm) play an important role in <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> adsorption at 273 K, whereas surface chemistry is the key factor at a higher adsorption temperature or lower relative pressure. Furthermore, sulfur-doped porous <span class="hlt">carbons</span> also possess good gas adsorption selectivity and excellent recyclability for regeneration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29193022','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29193022"><span>Experimental study of delivery of humidified-warm <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> during open abdominal surgery.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Carpinteri, S; Sampurno, S; Malaterre, J; Millen, R; Dean, M; Kong, J; Chittleborough, T; Heriot, A; Lynch, A C; Ramsay, R G</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The aim of this study was to monitor the effect of humidified-warm <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (HWCO 2 ) delivered into the open abdomen of mice, simulating laparotomy. Mice were anaesthetized, ventilated and subjected to an abdominal incision followed by wound retraction. In the experimental group, a diffuser device was used to deliver HWCO 2 ; the control group was exposed to passive <span class="hlt">air</span> flow. In each group of mice, surgical damage was produced on one side of the peritoneal wall. Vital signs and core temperature were monitored throughout the 1-h procedure. The peritoneum was closed and mice were allowed to recover for 24 h or 10 days. Tumour cells were delivered into half of the mice in each cohort. Tissue was then examined using scanning electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Passive <span class="hlt">air</span> flow generated ultrastructural damage including mesothelial cell bulging/retraction and loss of microvilli, as assessed at 24 h. Evidence of surgical damage was still measurable on day 10. HWCO 2 maintained normothermia, whereas open surgery alone led to hypothermia. The degree of tissue damage was significantly reduced by HWCO 2 compared with that in controls. Peritoneal expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1α and vascular endothelial growth factor A was lowered by HWCO 2 . These effects were also evident at the surgical damage sites, where protection from tissue trauma extended to 10 days. HWCO 2 did not reduce tumorigenesis in surgically damaged sites compared with passive <span class="hlt">air</span> flow. HWCO 2 diffusion into the abdomen in the context of open surgery afforded tissue protection and accelerated tissue repair in mice, while preserving normothermia. Surgical relevance Damage to the peritoneum always occurs during open abdominal surgery, by exposure to desiccating <span class="hlt">air</span> and by mechanical trauma/damage owing to the surgical intervention. Previous experimental studies showed that humidified-warm <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> (HWCO 2 ) reduced peritoneal damage during laparoscopic insufflation</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1818509O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1818509O"><span>Exploring the influence of surface waves in the <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> transfer velocity between the ocean and atmosphere in the coastal region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ocampo-Torres, Francisco Javier; Francisco Herrera, Carlos; Gutiérrez-Loza, Lucía; Osuna, Pedro</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Field measurements have been carried out in order to better understand the possible influence of ocean surface waves in the transfer of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> between the ocean and atmosphere in the coastal zone. The CO2 fluxes are being analysed and results are shown in a contribution by Gutiérrez-Loza et al., in this session. Here we try to highlight the findings regarding the transfer velocity (kCO2) once we have incorporated direct measurements of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentration in the water side. In this study direct measurements of CO2 fluxes were obtained with an eddy covariance tower located in the shoreline equipped with an infrared open-path gas analyzer (LI-7500, LI-COR) and a sonic anemometer (R3-100 Professional Anemometer, Gill Instruments), both at about 13 m above the mean <span class="hlt">sea</span> level, and sampling at 20 Hz. For some period of time simultaneous information of waves was recorded with a sampling rate of 2 Hz using an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (Workhorse Sentinel, Teledyne RD Instruments) at 10 m depth and 350 m away from the tower. Besides, recently the concentration of CO2 in water has also been recorded making use of a SAMI-CO2 instrument. A subtle effect of the wave field is detected in the estimated kCO2. Looking into details of the surface currents being detected very near the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface through an ADPC, a certain association can be found with the gas transfer velocity. Furthermore, some of the possible effects of breaking wave induced turbulence in the coastal zone is to be addressed. This work represents a RugDiSMar Project (CONACYT 155793) contribution. The support from CB-2011-01-168173 CONACYT project is greatly acknowledged.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19063591','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19063591"><span>Chemical recycling of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> to methanol and dimethyl ether: from greenhouse gas to renewable, environmentally <span class="hlt">carbon</span> neutral fuels and synthetic hydrocarbons.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Olah, George A; Goeppert, Alain; Prakash, G K Surya</p> <p>2009-01-16</p> <p>Nature's photosynthesis uses the sun's energy with chlorophyll in plants as a catalyst to recycle <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and water into new plant life. Only given sufficient geological time can new fossil fuels be formed naturally. In contrast, chemical recycling of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> from natural and industrial sources as well as varied human activities or even from the <span class="hlt">air</span> itself to methanol or dimethyl ether (DME) and their varied products can be achieved via its capture and subsequent reductive hydrogenative conversion. The present Perspective reviews this new approach and our research in the field over the last 15 years. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> recycling represents a significant aspect of our proposed Methanol Economy. Any available energy source (alternative energies such as solar, wind, geothermal, and atomic energy) can be used for the production of needed hydrogen and chemical conversion of CO(2). Improved new methods for the efficient reductive conversion of CO(2) to methanol and/or DME that we have developed include bireforming with methane and ways of catalytic or electrochemical conversions. Liquid methanol is preferable to highly volatile and potentially explosive hydrogen for energy storage and transportation. Together with the derived DME, they are excellent transportation fuels for internal combustion engines (ICE) and fuel cells as well as convenient starting materials for synthetic hydrocarbons and their varied products. <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> thus can be chemically transformed from a detrimental greenhouse gas causing global warming into a valuable, renewable and inexhaustible <span class="hlt">carbon</span> source of the future allowing environmentally neutral use of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> fuels and derived hydrocarbon products.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24987690','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24987690"><span>The <span class="hlt">carbon</span>-nitrogen balance of the nodule and its regulation under elevated <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentration.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Libault, Marc</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Legumes have developed a unique way to interact with bacteria: in addition to preventing infection from pathogenic bacteria like any other plant, legumes also developed a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with one gender of soil bacteria: rhizobium. This interaction leads to the development of a new root organ, the nodule, where the differentiated bacteria fix for the plant the atmospheric dinitrogen (atmN2). In exchange, the symbiont will benefit from a permanent source of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> compounds, products of the photosynthesis. The substantial amounts of fixed <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> dedicated to the symbiont imposed to the plant a tight regulation of the nodulation process to balance <span class="hlt">carbon</span> and nitrogen incomes and outcomes. Climate change including the increase of the concentration of the atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is going to modify the rates of plant photosynthesis, the balance between nitrogen and <span class="hlt">carbon</span>, and, as a consequence, the regulatory mechanisms of the nodulation process. This review focuses on the regulatory mechanisms controlling <span class="hlt">carbon</span>/nitrogen balances in the context of legume nodulation and discusses how the change in atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentration could affect nodulation efficiency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4058508','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4058508"><span>The <span class="hlt">Carbon</span>-Nitrogen Balance of the Nodule and Its Regulation under Elevated <span class="hlt">Carbon</span> <span class="hlt">Dioxide</span> Concentration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Legumes have developed a unique way to interact with bacteria: in addition to preventing infection from pathogenic bacteria like any other plant, legumes also developed a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with one gender of soil bacteria: rhizobium. This interaction leads to the development of a new root organ, the nodule, where the differentiated bacteria fix for the plant the atmospheric dinitrogen (atmN2). In exchange, the symbiont will benefit from a permanent source of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> compounds, products of the photosynthesis. The substantial amounts of fixed <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> dedicated to the symbiont imposed to the plant a tight regulation of the nodulation process to balance <span class="hlt">carbon</span> and nitrogen incomes and outcomes. Climate change including the increase of the concentration of the atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> is going to modify the rates of plant photosynthesis, the balance between nitrogen and <span class="hlt">carbon</span>, and, as a consequence, the regulatory mechanisms of the nodulation process. This review focuses on the regulatory mechanisms controlling <span class="hlt">carbon</span>/nitrogen balances in the context of legume nodulation and discusses how the change in atmospheric <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> concentration could affect nodulation efficiency. PMID:24987690</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.B21H0569W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.B21H0569W"><span>Annual net ecosystem exchanges of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and methane from a temperate brackish marsh: should the focus of marsh restoration be on brackish environments?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Windham-Myers, L.; Anderson, F. E.; Bergamaschi, B. A.; Ferner, M. C.; Schile, L. M.; Spinelli, G.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The exchange and transport of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> in tidally driven, saline marsh ecosystems provide habitat and trophic support for coastal wildlife and fisheries, while potentially accumulating and storing <span class="hlt">carbon</span> at some of the highest rates compared to other ecosystems. However, due to the predicted rise in <span class="hlt">sea</span> level over the next century, the preservation and restoration of estuarine habitats is necessary to compensate for their expected decline. In addition, restoration of these marsh systems can also reduce the impacts of global climate change as they assimilate as much <span class="hlt">carbon</span> as their freshwater counterparts, while emitting less methane due to the higher concentrations of sulfate in seawater. Unfortunately, in brackish marshes, with salinity concentrations less than 18 parts per thousand (ppt), simple relationships between methane production, salinity and sulfate concentrations are not well known. Here we present the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and methane, as calculated by the eddy covariance method, from a brackish marsh ecosystem in the San Francisco Estuary where salinity ranges from oligohaline (0.5-5 ppt) to mesohaline (5-18 ppt) conditions. Daily rates of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and methane NEE ranged from approximately 10 gC-CO2 m-2 d-1 and 0 mgC-CH4 m-2 d-1, during the winter to -15 gC-CO2 m-2 d-1 and 30 mgC-CH4 m-2 d-1, in the summer growing season. A comparison between similar measurements made from freshwater wetlands in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta found that the daily rates of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> NEE were similar, but daily rates of methane NEE were just a small fraction (0-15%). Our research also shows that the daily fluxes of <span class="hlt">carbon</span> <span class="hlt">dioxide</span> and methane at the brackish marsh were highly variable and may be influenced by the tidal exchanges of seawater. Furthermore, the observed decline in methane production from summer to fall may have resulted from a rise in salinity and/or a seasonal decline in water and <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures. Our research goals are</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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