Sample records for air-sea heat exchange

  1. Air-sea heat exchange, an element of the water cycle

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Chahine, M. T.

    1984-01-01

    The distribution and variation of water vapor, clouds and precipitation are examined. Principal driving forces for these distributions are energy exchange and evaporation at the air-sea interface, which are also important elements of air-sea interaction studies. The overall aim of air-sea interaction studies is to quantitatively determine mass, momentum and energy fluxes, with the goal of understanding the mechanisms controlling them. The results of general circulation simulations indicate that the atmosphere in mid-latitudes responds to changes in the oceanic surface conditions in the tropics. This correlation reflects the strong interaction between tropical and mid-latitude conditions caused by the transport of heat and momentum from the tropics. Studies of air-sea exchanges involve a large number of physica, chemical and dynamical processes including heat flux, radiation, sea-surface temperature, precipitation, winds and ocean currents. The fluxes of latent heat are studied and the potential use of satellite data in determining them evaluated. Alternative ways of inferring heat fluxes will be considered.

  2. Heat Recovery Ventilation for Housing: Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Corbett, Robert J.; Miller, Barbara

    The air-to-air heat exchanger (a fan powered ventilation device that recovers heat from stale outgoing air) is explained in this six-part publication. Topic areas addressed are: (1) the nature of air-to-air heat exchangers and how they work; (2) choosing and sizing the system; (3) installation, control, and maintenance of the system; (4) heat…

  3. Boundary layers at a dynamic interface: air-sea exchange of heat and mass

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Szeri, Andrew

    2017-11-01

    Exchange of mass or heat across a turbulent liquid-gas interface is a problem of critical interest, especially in air-sea transfer of natural and man-made gases involved in climate change. The goal in this research area is to determine the gas flux from air to sea or vice versa. For sparingly soluble non-reactive gases, this is controlled by liquid phase turbulent velocity fluctuations that act on the thin species concentration boundary layer on the liquid side of the interface. If the fluctuations in surface-normal velocity and gas concentration differences are known, then it is possible to determine the turbulent contribution to the gas flux. However, there is no suitable fundamental direct approach in the general case where neither of these quantities can be easily measured. A new approach is presented to deduce key aspects about the near-surface turbulent motions from remote measurements, which allows one to determine the gas transfer velocity, or gas flux per unit area if overall concentration differences are known. The approach is illustrated with conceptual examples.

  4. Surfactant control of air-sea gas exchange across contrasting biogeochemical regimes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pereira, Ryan; Schneider-Zapp, Klaus; Upstill-Goddard, Robert

    2014-05-01

    months likely from primary production and spatially there is less suppression of air-sea gas exchange with increasing distance from the shoreline, which is likely due to riverine inputs. REFERENCES Bock, E. J., Hara, T., Frew, N. M., and McGillis, W. R., 1999. Relationship between air-sea gas transfer and short wind waves. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 104, 25821-25831. Brockmann, U. H., Huhnerfuss, H., Kattner, G., Broecker, H. C., and Hentzschel, G., 1982. Artificial surface-films in the sea area near sylt. Limnology and Oceanography 27, 1050-1058. Goldman, J. C., Dennett, M. R., and Frew, N. M., 1988. Surfactant effects on air sea gas-exchange under turbulent conditions. Deep-Sea Research Part a-Oceanographic Research Papers 35, 1953-1970. McKenna, S. P. and McGillis, W. R., 2004. The role of free-surface turbulence and surfactants in air-water gas transfer. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47, 539-553. Salter, M. E., R. C. Upstill-Goddard, P. D. Nightingale, S. D. Archer, B. Blomquist, D. T. Ho, B. Huebert, P. Schlosser, and M. Yang (2011), Impact of an artificial surfactant release on air-sea gas fluxes during Deep Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment II, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C11016, doi:10.1029/2011JC00702 Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Wanninkhof, R., Sweeney, C., Feely, R. A., Chipman, D. W., Hales, B., Friederich, G., Chavez, F., Sabine, C., Watson, A., Bakker, D. C. E., Schuster, U., Metzl, N., Yoshikawa-Inoue, H., Ishii, M., Midorikawa, T., Nojiri, Y., Körtzinger, A., Steinhoff, T., Hoppema, M., Olafsson, J., Arnarson, T. S., Tilbrook, B., Johannessen, T., Olsen, A., Bellerby, R., Wong, C. S., Delille, B., Bates, N. R., and de Baar, H. J. W., 2009. Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO 2, and net sea-air CO 2 flux over the global oceans. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 56, 554-577.

  5. Boundary layers at a dynamic interface: Air-sea exchange of heat and mass

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Szeri, Andrew J.

    2017-04-01

    Exchange of mass or heat across a turbulent liquid-gas interface is a problem of critical interest, especially in air-sea transfer of natural and anthropogenic gases involved in the study of climate. The goal in this research area is to determine the gas flux from air to sea or vice versa. For sparingly soluble nonreactive gases, this is controlled by liquid phase turbulent velocity fluctuations that act on the thin species concentration boundary layer on the liquid side of the interface. If the fluctuations in surface-normal velocity w' and gas concentration c' are known, then it is possible to determine the turbulent contribution to the gas flux. However, there is no suitable fundamental direct approach in the general case where neither w' nor c' can be easily measured. A new approach is presented to deduce key aspects about the near-surface turbulent motions from measurements that can be taken by an infrared (IR) camera. An equation is derived with inputs being the surface temperature and heat flux, and a solution method developed for the surface-normal strain experienced over time by boundary layers at the interface. Because the thermal and concentration boundary layers experience the same near-surface fluid motions, the solution for the surface-normal strain determines the gas flux or gas transfer velocity. Examples illustrate the approach in the cases of complete surface renewal, partial surface renewal, and insolation. The prospects for use of the approach in flows characterized by sheared interfaces or rapid boundary layer straining are explored.

  6. Air-sea exchange over Black Sea estimated from high resolution regional climate simulations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Velea, Liliana; Bojariu, Roxana; Cica, Roxana

    2013-04-01

    Black Sea is an important influencing factor for the climate of bordering countries, showing cyclogenetic activity (Trigo et al, 1999) and influencing Mediterranean cyclones passing over. As for other seas, standard observations of the atmosphere are limited in time and space and available observation-based estimations of air-sea exchange terms present quite large ranges of uncertainty. The reanalysis datasets (e.g. ERA produced by ECMWF) provide promising validation estimates of climatic characteristics against the ones in available climatic data (Schrum et al, 2001), while cannot reproduce some local features due to relatively coarse horizontal resolution. Detailed and realistic information on smaller-scale processes are foreseen to be provided by regional climate models, due to continuous improvements of physical parameterizations and numerical solutions and thus affording simulations at high spatial resolution. The aim of the study is to assess the potential of three regional climate models in reproducing known climatological characteristics of air-sea exchange over Black Sea, as well as to explore the added value of the model compared to the input (reanalysis) data. We employ results of long-term (1961-2000) simulations performed within ENSEMBLE project (http://ensemblesrt3.dmi.dk/) using models ETHZ-CLM, CNRM-ALADIN, METO-HadCM, for which the integration domain covers the whole area of interest. The analysis is performed for the entire basin for several variables entering the heat and water budget terms and available as direct output from the models, at seasonal and annual scale. A comparison with independent data (ERA-INTERIM) and findings from other studies (e.g. Schrum et al, 2001) is also presented. References: Schrum, C., Staneva, J., Stanev, E. and Ozsoy, E., 2001: Air-sea exchange in the Black Sea estimated from atmospheric analysis for the period 1979-1993, J. Marine Systems, 31, 3-19 Trigo, I. F., T. D. Davies, and G. R. Bigg (1999): Objective

  7. Spume Drops: Their Potential Role in Air-Sea Gas Exchange

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Monahan, Edward C.; Staniec, Allison; Vlahos, Penny

    2017-12-01

    After summarizing the time scales defining the change of the physical properties of spume and other droplets cast up from the sea surface, the time scales governing drop-atmosphere gas exchange are compared. Following a broad review of the spume drop production functions described in the literature, a subset of these functions is selected via objective criteria, to represent typical, upper bound, and lower bound production functions. Three complementary mechanisms driving spume-atmosphere gas exchange are described, and one is then used to estimate the relative importance, over a broad range of wind speeds, of this spume drop mechanism compared to the conventional, diffusional, sea surface mechanism in air-sea gas exchange. While remaining uncertainties in the wind dependence of the spume drop production flux, and in the immediate sea surface gas flux, preclude a definitive conclusion, the findings of this study strongly suggest that, at high wind speeds (>20 m s-1 for dimethyl sulfide and >30 m s-1 for gases such a carbon dioxide), spume drops do make a significant contribution to air-sea gas exchange.Plain Language SummaryThis paper evaluates the existing spume drop generation functions available to date and selects a reasonable upper, lower and mid range function that are reasonable for use in <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> models. Based on these the contribution of spume drops to overall <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> at different wind speeds is then evaluated to determine the % contribution of spume. Generally below 20ms-1 spume drops contribute <1% of gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> but may account for a significant amount of gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> at higher wind speeds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002EGSGA..27..874S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002EGSGA..27..874S"><span>Observational Studies of Parameters Influencing <span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> Gas <span class="hlt">Exchange</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schimpf, U.; Frew, N. M.; Bock, E. J.; Hara, T.; Garbe, C. S.; Jaehne, B.</p> <p></p> <p>A physically-based modeling of the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas transfer that can be used to predict the gas transfer rates with sufficient accuracy as a function of micrometeorological parameters is still lacking. State of the art are still simple gas transfer rate/wind speed relationships. Previous measurements from Coastal Ocean Experiment in the Atlantic revealed positive correlations between mean square slope, near surface turbulent dis- sipation, and wind stress. It also demonstrated a strong negative correlation between mean square slope and the fluorescence of surface-enriched colored dissolved organic matter. Using <span class="hlt">heat</span> as a proxy tracer for gases the <span class="hlt">exchange</span> process at the <span class="hlt">air</span>/water interface and the micro turbulence at the water surface can be investigated. The anal- ysis of infrared image sequences allow the determination of the net <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux at the ocean surface, the temperature gradient across the <span class="hlt">air/sea</span> interface and thus the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer velocity and gas transfer velocity respectively. Laboratory studies were carried out in the new Heidelberg wind-wave facility AELOTRON. Direct measurements of the Schmidt number exponent were done in conjunction with classical mass balance methods to estimate the transfer velocity. The laboratory results allowed to validate the basic assumptions of the so called controlled flux technique by applying differ- ent tracers for the gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> in a large Schmidt number regime. Thus a modeling of the Schmidt number exponent is able to fill the gap between laboratory and field measurements field. Both, the results from the laboratory and the field measurements should be able to give a further understanding of the mechanisms controlling the trans- port processes across the aqueous boundary layer and to relate the forcing functions to parameters measured by remote sensing.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16271812','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16271812"><span>Atmospheric concentrations and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchanges</span> of nonylphenol, tertiary octylphenol and nonylphenol monoethoxylate in the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xie, Zhiyong; Lakaschus, Soenke; Ebinghaus, Ralf; Caba, Armando; Ruck, Wolfgang</p> <p>2006-07-01</p> <p>Concentrations of nonylphenol isomers (NP), tertiary octylphenol (t-OP) and nonylphenol monoethoxylate isomers (NP1EO) have been simultaneously determined in the <span class="hlt">sea</span> water and atmosphere of the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. A decreasing concentration profile appeared following the distance increasing from the coast to the central part of the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. <span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchanges</span> of t-OP and NP were estimated using the two-film resistance model based upon relative <span class="hlt">air</span>-water concentrations and experimentally derived Henry's law constant. The average of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluxes was -12+/-6 ng m(-2)day(-1) for t-OP and -39+/-19 ng m(-2)day(-1) for NP, which indicates a net deposition is occurring. These results suggest that the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> vapour <span class="hlt">exchange</span> is an important process that intervenes in the mass balance of alkylphenols in the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA282842','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA282842"><span>Oceanic Whitecaps and Associated, Bubble-Mediated, <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> Processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1992-10-01</p> <p>experiments performed in laboratory conditions using <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> Monitoring System (A-SEMS). EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP In a first look, the <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span>...Model 225, equipped with a Model 519 plug-in module. Other complementary information on A-SEMS along with results from first tests and calibration...between 9.50C and 22.40C within the first 24 hours after transferring the water sample into laboratory conditions. The results show an enhancement of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21141036','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21141036"><span>Advances in quantifying <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> and environmental forcing.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wanninkhof, Rik; Asher, William E; Ho, David T; Sweeney, Colm; McGillis, Wade R</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>The past decade has seen a substantial amount of research on <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> and its environmental controls. These studies have significantly advanced the understanding of processes that control gas transfer, led to higher quality field measurements, and improved estimates of the flux of climate-relevant gases between the ocean and atmosphere. This review discusses the fundamental principles of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas transfer and recent developments in gas transfer theory, parameterizations, and measurement techniques in the context of the <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of carbon dioxide. However, much of this discussion is applicable to any sparingly soluble, non-reactive gas. We show how the use of global variables of environmental forcing that have recently become available and gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> relationships that incorporate the main forcing factors will lead to improved estimates of global and regional <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas fluxes based on better fundamental physical, chemical, and biological foundations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.891a2135C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.891a2135C"><span>Research on <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> Process in Aircraft <span class="hlt">Air</span> Conditioning System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chichindaev, A. V.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Using of <span class="hlt">heat-exchanger</span>-condenser in the <span class="hlt">air</span> conditioning system of the airplane Tu-204 (Boeing, Airbus, Superjet 100, MS-21, etc.) for cooling the compressed <span class="hlt">air</span> by the cold <span class="hlt">air</span> with negative temperature exiting the turbine results in a number of operational problems. Mainly it’s frosting of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> surface, which is the cause of live-section channels frosting, resistance increasing and airflow in the system decreasing. The purpose of this work is to analyse the known freeze-up-fighting methods for <span class="hlt">heat-exchanger</span>-condenser, description of the features of anti-icing protection and offering solutions to this problem. For the problem of optimizing the design of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> in this work used generalized criterion that describes the ratio of thermal resistances of cold and hot sections, which include: the ratio of the initial values of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer agents flow state; <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> surface finning coefficients; factors which describes the ratio of operating parameters and finning area. By controlling the ratio of the thermal resistances can be obtained the desired temperature of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> surface, which would prevent freezing. The work presents the results of a numerical study of the effect of different combinations of regime and geometrical factors changes on reduction of the <span class="hlt">heat-exchanger</span>-condenser freezing surface area, including using of variable ratio of thermal resistances.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EPJWC..6702023D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EPJWC..6702023D"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> design for hot <span class="hlt">air</span> ericsson-brayton piston engine</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ďurčanský, P.; Lenhard, R.; Jandačka, J.</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>One of the solutions without negative consequences for the increasing energy consumption in the world may be use of alternative energy sources in micro-cogeneration. Currently it is looking for different solutions and there are many possible ways. Cogeneration is known for long time and is widely used. But the installations are often large and the installed output is more suitable for cities or industry companies. When we will speak about decentralization, the small machines have to be used. The article deals with the principle of hot-<span class="hlt">air</span> engines, their use in combined <span class="hlt">heat</span> and electricity production from biomass and with <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> as primary energy transforming element. In the article is hot <span class="hlt">air</span> engine presented as a <span class="hlt">heat</span> engine that allows the conversion of <span class="hlt">heat</span> into mechanical energy while <span class="hlt">heat</span> supply can be external. In the contribution are compared cycles of hot-<span class="hlt">air</span> engine. Then are compared suitable <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> for use with hot <span class="hlt">air</span> Ericsson-Brayton engine. In the final part is proposal of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for use in closed Ericsson-Brayton cycle.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864049','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864049"><span>Fluidized bed <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> with water cooled <span class="hlt">air</span> distributor and dust hopper</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Jukkola, Walfred W.; Leon, Albert M.; Van Dyk, Jr., Garritt C.; McCoy, Daniel E.; Fisher, Barry L.; Saiers, Timothy L.; Karstetter, Marlin E.</p> <p>1981-11-24</p> <p>A fluidized bed <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is provided in which <span class="hlt">air</span> is passed through a bed of particulate material containing fuel. A steam-water natural circulation system is provided for <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> and the housing of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> has a water-wall type construction. Vertical in-bed <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> tubes are provided and the <span class="hlt">air</span> distributor is water-cooled. A water-cooled dust hopper is provided in the housing to collect particulates from the combustion gases and separate the combustion zone from a volume within said housing in which convection <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> tubes are provided to extract <span class="hlt">heat</span> from the exiting combustion gases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70120200','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70120200"><span><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> interactions during strong winter extratropical storms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Nelson, Jill; He, Ruoying; Warner, John C.; Bane, John</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>A high-resolution, regional coupled atmosphere–ocean model is used to investigate strong air–<span class="hlt">sea</span> interactions during a rapidly developing extratropical cyclone (ETC) off the east coast of the USA. In this two-way coupled system, surface momentum and <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes derived from the Weather Research and Forecasting model and <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) from the Regional Ocean Modeling System are <span class="hlt">exchanged</span> via the Model Coupling Toolkit. Comparisons are made between the modeled and observed wind velocity, <span class="hlt">sea</span> level pressure, 10 m <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature, and <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature time series, as well as a comparison between the model and one glider transect. Vertical profiles of modeled <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature and winds in the marine atmospheric boundary layer and temperature variations in the upper ocean during a 3-day storm period are examined at various cross-shelf transects along the eastern seaboard. It is found that the air–<span class="hlt">sea</span> interactions near the Gulf Stream are important for generating and sustaining the ETC. In particular, locally enhanced winds over a warm <span class="hlt">sea</span> (relative to the land temperature) induce large surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes which cool the upper ocean by up to 2 °C, mainly during the cold <span class="hlt">air</span> outbreak period after the storm passage. Detailed <span class="hlt">heat</span> budget analyses show the ocean-to-atmosphere <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux dominates the upper ocean <span class="hlt">heat</span> content variations. Results clearly show that dynamic air–<span class="hlt">sea</span> interactions affecting momentum and buoyancy flux <span class="hlt">exchanges</span> in ETCs need to be resolved accurately in a coupled atmosphere–ocean modeling framework.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PrOce.144...15W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PrOce.144...15W"><span>Biofilm-like properties of the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface and predicted effects on <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 <span class="hlt">exchange</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wurl, Oliver; Stolle, Christian; Van Thuoc, Chu; The Thu, Pham; Mari, Xavier</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Because the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface controls various interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere, it has a profound function for marine biogeochemistry and climate regulation. The <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface is the gateway for the <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of climate-relevant gases, <span class="hlt">heat</span> and particles. Thus, in order to determine how the ocean and the atmosphere interact and respond to environmental changes on a global scale, the characterization and understanding of the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface are essential. The uppermost part of the water column is defined as the <span class="hlt">sea</span>-surface microlayer and experiences strong spatial and temporal dynamics, mainly due to meteorological forcing. Wave-damped areas at the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface are caused by the accumulation of surface-active organic material and are defined as slicks. Natural slicks are observed frequently but their biogeochemical properties are poorly understood. In the present study, we found up to 40 times more transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), the foundation of any biofilm, in slicks compared to the underlying bulk water at multiple stations in the North Pacific, South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, and Baltic <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. We found a significant lower enrichment of TEP (up to 6) in non-slick <span class="hlt">sea</span> surfaces compared to its underlying bulk water. Moreover, slicks were characterized by a large microbial biomass, another shared feature with conventional biofilms on solid surfaces. Compared to non-slick samples (avg. pairwise similarity of 70%), the community composition of bacteria in slicks was increasingly (avg. pairwise similarity of 45%) different from bulk water communities, indicating that the TEP-matrix creates specific environments for its inhabitants. We, therefore, conclude that slicks can feature biofilm-like properties with the excessive accumulation of particles and microbes. We also assessed the potential distribution and frequency of slick-formation in coastal and oceanic regions, and their effect on <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 <span class="hlt">exchange</span> based on literature data. We estimate that slicks can reduce CO2</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38.3367R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38.3367R"><span><span class="hlt">Air</span> Circulation and <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> under Reduced Pressures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rygalov, Vadim; Wheeler, Raymond; Dixon, Mike; Hillhouse, Len; Fowler, Philip</p> <p></p> <p>Low pressure atmospheres were suggested for Space Greenhouses (SG) design to minimize sys-tem construction and re-supply materials, as well as system manufacturing and deployment costs. But rarified atmospheres modify <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> mechanisms what finally leads to alter-ations in thermal control for low pressure closed environments. Under low atmospheric pressures (e.g., lower than 25 kPa compare to 101.3 kPa for normal Earth atmosphere), convection is becoming replaced by diffusion and rate of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> reduces significantly. During a period from 2001 to 2009, a series of hypobaric experiments were conducted at Space Life Sciences Lab (SLSLab) NASA's Kennedy Space Center and the Department of Space Studies, University of North Dakota. Findings from these experiments showed: -<span class="hlt">air</span> circulation rate decreases non-linearly with lowering of total atmospheric pressure; -<span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> slows down with pressure decrease creating risk of thermal stress (elevated leaf tem-peratures) for plants in closed environments; -low pressure-induced thermal stress could be reduced by either lowering system temperature set point or increasing forced convection rates (circulation fan power) within certain limits; <span class="hlt">Air</span> circulation is an important constituent of controlled environments and plays crucial role in material and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. Theoretical schematics and mathematical models are developed from a series of observations. These models can be used to establish optimal control algorithms for low pressure environments, such as a space greenhouse, as well as assist in fundamental design concept developments for these or similar habitable structures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPO51D..01B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPO51D..01B"><span>Intercomparison of <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Fluxes in the Bay of Bengal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Buckley, J.; Weller, R. A.; Farrar, J. T.; Tandon, A.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> and momentum <span class="hlt">exchange</span> between the <span class="hlt">air</span> and <span class="hlt">sea</span> in the Bay of Bengal is an important driver of atmospheric convection during the Asian Monsoon. Warm <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures resulting from salinity stratified shallow mixed layers trigger widespread showers and thunderstorms. In this study, we compare atmospheric reanalysis flux products to <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> flux values calculated from shipboard observations from four cruises and an <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> flux mooring in the Bay of Bengal as part of the <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Interactions in the Northern Indian Ocean (ASIRI) experiment. Comparisons with months of mooring data show that most long timescale reanalysis error arises from the overestimation of longwave and shortwave radiation. Ship observations and select data from the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> flux mooring reveals significant errors on shorter timescales (2-4 weeks) which are greatly influenced by errors in shortwave radiation and latent and sensible <span class="hlt">heat</span>. During these shorter periods, the reanalyses fail to properly show sharp decreases in <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature, humidity, and shortwave radiation associated with mesoscale convective systems. Simulations with the Price-Weller-Pinkel (PWP) model show upper ocean mixing and deepening mixed layers during these events that effect the long term upper ocean stratification. Mesoscale convective systems associated with cloudy skies and cold and dry <span class="hlt">air</span> can reduce net <span class="hlt">heat</span> into the ocean for minutes to a few days, significantly effecting <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer, upper ocean stratification, and ocean surface temperature and salinity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=heat+AND+exchange&pg=3&id=EJ582662','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=heat+AND+exchange&pg=3&id=EJ582662"><span>Balloons and Bottles: Activities on <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Murphree, Tom</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>Presents an activity designed to demonstrate how <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling an <span class="hlt">air</span> mass affects its temperature, volume, density, and pressure. Illustrates how thermal energy can cause atmospheric motion such as expansion, contraction, and winds. (Author/WRM)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1255696-low-gwp-refrigerants-modelling-study-room-air-conditioner-having-microchannel-heat-exchangers','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1255696-low-gwp-refrigerants-modelling-study-room-air-conditioner-having-microchannel-heat-exchangers"><span>Low GWP Refrigerants Modelling Study for a Room <span class="hlt">Air</span> Conditioner Having Microchannel <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Shen, Bo; Bhandari, Mahabir S</p> <p></p> <p>Microchannel <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> (MHX) have found great successes in residential and commercial <span class="hlt">air</span> conditioning applications, being compact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, to reduce refrigerant charge and material cost. This investigation aims to extend the application of MHXs in split, room <span class="hlt">air</span> conditioners (RAC), per fundamental <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and system modelling. For this paper, microchannel condenser and evaporator models were developed, using a segment-to-segment modelling approach. The microchannel <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> models were integrated to a system design model. The system model is able to predict the performance indices, such as cooling capacity, efficiency, sensible <span class="hlt">heat</span> ratio, etc. Using the calibrated system and heatmore » <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> models, we evaluated numerous low GWP (global warming potential) refrigerants. The predicted system performance indices, e.g. cooling efficiency, compressor discharge temperature, and required compressor displacement volume etc., are compared. Suitable replacements for R22 and R-410A for the room <span class="hlt">air</span> conditioner application are recommended.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li class="active"><span>1</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_1 --> <div id="page_2" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li class="active"><span>2</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="21"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7300088-operating-experiences-rotary-air-air-heat-exchangers-hospitals-schools-nursing-homes-swimming-pools','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7300088-operating-experiences-rotary-air-air-heat-exchangers-hospitals-schools-nursing-homes-swimming-pools"><span>Operating experiences with rotary <span class="hlt">air-to-air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>: hospitals, schools, nursing homes, swimming pools</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Pearson, R.J.</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>Systems utilizing rotary <span class="hlt">air-to-air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are discussed. Basic considerations of use (fresh <span class="hlt">air</span> requirements, system configurations, cost considerations), typical system layout/design considerations, and operating observations by engineers, staff and maintenance personnel are described.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1358252','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1358252"><span>Miniaturized <span class="hlt">Air</span>-to-Refrigerant <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Radermacher, Reinhard; Bacellar, Daniel; Aute, Vikrant</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Air</span>-to-refrigerant <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">eXchangers</span> (HX) are an essential component of <span class="hlt">Heating</span>, Ventilation, <span class="hlt">Air</span>-Conditioning, and Refrigeration (HVAC&R) systems, serving as the main <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer component. The major limiting factor to HX performance is the large airside thermal resistance. Recent literature aims at improving <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer performance by utilizing enhancement methods such as fins and small tube diameters; this has lead to almost exhaustive research on the microchannel HX (MCHX). The objective of this project is to develop a miniaturized <span class="hlt">air</span>-to-refrigerant HX with at least 20% reduction in volume, material volume, and approach temperature compared to current state-of-the-art multiport flat tube designs andmore » also be capable of production within five years. Moreover, the proposed HX’s are expected to have good water drainage and should succeed in both evaporator and condenser applications. The project leveraged Parallel-Parametrized Computational Fluid Dynamics (PPCFD) and Approximation-Assisted Optimization (AAO) techniques to perform multi-scale analysis and shape optimization with the intent of developing novel HX designs whose thermal-hydraulic performance exceeds that of state-of-the-art MCHX. Nine <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> geometries were initially chosen for detailed analysis, selected from 35+ geometries which were identified in previous work at the University of Maryland, College Park. The newly developed optimization framework was exercised for three design optimization problems: (DP I) 1.0kW radiator, (DP II) 10kW radiator and (DP III) 10kW two-phase HX. DP I consisted of the design and optimization of 1.0kW <span class="hlt">air</span>-to-water HX’s which exceeded the project requirements of 20% volume/material reduction and 20% better performance. Two prototypes for the 1.0kW HX were prototyped, tested and validated using newly-designed airside and refrigerant side test facilities. DP II, a scaled version DP I for 10kW <span class="hlt">air</span>-to-water HX applications, also yielded optimized HX</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.agu.org/journals/jc/v096/iC04/90JC02642/','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="http://www.agu.org/journals/jc/v096/iC04/90JC02642/"><span>Atmospheric organochlorine pollutants and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of hexachlorocyclohexane in the Bering and Chukchi <span class="hlt">Seas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Hinckley, D.A.; Bidleman, T.F.; Rice, C.P.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Organochlorine pesticides have been found in Arctic fish, marine mammals, birds, and plankton for some time. The lack of local sources and remoteness of the region imply long-range transport and deposition of contaminants into the Arctic from sources to the south. While on the third Soviet-American Joint Ecological Expedition to the Bering and Chukchi <span class="hlt">Seas</span> (August 1988), high-volume <span class="hlt">air</span> samples were taken and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides. Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), hexachlorobenzene, polychlorinated camphenes, and chlordane (listed in order of abundance, highest to lowest) were quantified. The <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of HCH was estimated at 18 stations during the cruise. Average alpha-HCH concentrations in concurrent atmosphere and surface water samples were 250 pg m-3 and 2.4 ng L-1, respectively, and average gamma-HCH concentrations were 68 pg m-3 in the atmosphere and 0.6 ng L-1 in surface water. Calculations based on experimentally derived Henry's law constants showed that the surface water was undersaturated with respect to the atmosphere at most stations (alpha-HCH, average 79% saturation; gamma-HCH, average 28% saturation). The flux for alpha-HCH ranged from -47 ng m-2 day-1 (<span class="hlt">sea</span> to <span class="hlt">air</span>) to 122 ng m-2 d-1 (<span class="hlt">air</span> to <span class="hlt">sea</span>) and averaged 25 ng m-2 d-1 <span class="hlt">air</span> to <span class="hlt">sea</span>. All fluxes of gamma-HCH were from <span class="hlt">air</span> to <span class="hlt">sea</span>, ranged from 17 to 54 ng m-2 d-1, and averaged 31 ng m-2 d-1.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21827644','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21827644"><span>Performance evaluation on an <span class="hlt">air</span>-cooled <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for alumina nanofluid under laminar flow.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Teng, Tun-Ping; Hung, Yi-Hsuan; Teng, Tun-Chien; Chen, Jyun-Hong</p> <p>2011-08-09</p> <p>This study analyzes the characteristics of alumina (Al2O3)/water nanofluid to determine the feasibility of its application in an <span class="hlt">air</span>-cooled <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for <span class="hlt">heat</span> dissipation for PEMFC or electronic chip cooling. The experimental sample was Al2O3/water nanofluid produced by the direct synthesis method at three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt.%). The experiments in this study measured the thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluid with weight fractions and sample temperatures (20-60°C), and then used the nanofluid in an actual <span class="hlt">air</span>-cooled <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> to assess its <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> capacity and pressure drop under laminar flow. Experimental results show that the nanofluid has a higher <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> capacity than water, and a higher concentration of nanoparticles provides an even better ratio of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. The maximum enhanced ratio of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> and pressure drop for all the experimental parameters in this study was about 39% and 5.6%, respectively. In addition to nanoparticle concentration, the temperature and mass flow rates of the working fluid can affect the enhanced ratio of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> and pressure drop of nanofluid. The cross-section aspect ratio of tube in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is another important factor to be taken into consideration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3212002','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3212002"><span>Performance evaluation on an <span class="hlt">air</span>-cooled <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for alumina nanofluid under laminar flow</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>This study analyzes the characteristics of alumina (Al2O3)/water nanofluid to determine the feasibility of its application in an <span class="hlt">air</span>-cooled <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for <span class="hlt">heat</span> dissipation for PEMFC or electronic chip cooling. The experimental sample was Al2O3/water nanofluid produced by the direct synthesis method at three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt.%). The experiments in this study measured the thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluid with weight fractions and sample temperatures (20-60°C), and then used the nanofluid in an actual <span class="hlt">air</span>-cooled <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> to assess its <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> capacity and pressure drop under laminar flow. Experimental results show that the nanofluid has a higher <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> capacity than water, and a higher concentration of nanoparticles provides an even better ratio of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. The maximum enhanced ratio of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> and pressure drop for all the experimental parameters in this study was about 39% and 5.6%, respectively. In addition to nanoparticle concentration, the temperature and mass flow rates of the working fluid can affect the enhanced ratio of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> and pressure drop of nanofluid. The cross-section aspect ratio of tube in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is another important factor to be taken into consideration. PMID:21827644</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRD..122.7664L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRD..122.7664L"><span>Atmospheric deposition and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluxes of DDT and HCH in the Yangtze River Estuary, East China <span class="hlt">Sea</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Zhongxia; Lin, Tian; Li, Yuanyuan; Jiang, Yuqing; Guo, Zhigang</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>The Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) is strongly influenced by the Yangtze River and lies on the pathway of the East Asian Monsoon. This study examined atmospheric deposition and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluxes of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) to determine whether the YRE is a sink or source of selected pesticides at the <span class="hlt">air</span>-water interface under the influences of river input and atmospheric transport. The <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of DDT was characterized by net volatilization with a marked difference in its fluxes between summer (140 ng/m2/d) and the other three seasons (12 ng/m2/d), possibly due to the high surface seawater temperatures and larger riverine input in summer. However, there was no obvious seasonal variation in the atmospheric HCH deposition, and the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> reached equilibrium because of low HCH levels in the <span class="hlt">air</span> and seawater after the long-term banning of HCH and the degradation. The gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> flux of HCH was comparable to the dry and wet deposition fluxes at the <span class="hlt">air</span>-water interface. This suggests that the influences from the Yangtze River input and East Asian continental outflow on the fate of HCH in the YRE were limited. The gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> flux of DDT was about fivefold higher than the total dry and wet deposition fluxes. DDT residues in agricultural soil transported by enhanced riverine runoff were responsible for sustaining such a high net volatilization in summer. Moreover, our results indicated that there were fresh sources of DDT from the local environment to sustain net volatilization throughout the year.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1953j0089J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1953j0089J"><span>Experimental temperature analysis of simple & hybrid earth <span class="hlt">air</span> tunnel <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in series connection at Bikaner Rajasthan India</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jakhar, O. P.; Sharma, Chandra Shekhar; Kukana, Rajendra</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The Earth <span class="hlt">Air</span> Tunnel <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> System is a passive <span class="hlt">air</span>-conditioning system which has no side effect on earth climate and produces better cooling effect and <span class="hlt">heating</span> effect comfortable to human body. It produces <span class="hlt">heating</span> effect in winter and cooling effect in summer with the minimum power consumption of energy as compare to other <span class="hlt">air</span>-conditioning devices. In this research paper Temperature Analysis was done on the two systems of Earth <span class="hlt">Air</span> Tunnel <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> experimentally for summer cooling purpose. Both the system was installed at Mechanical Engineering Department Government Engineering College Bikaner Rajasthan India. Experimental results concludes that the Average <span class="hlt">Air</span> Temperature Difference was found as 11.00° C and 16.27° C for the Simple and Hybrid Earth <span class="hlt">Air</span> Tunnel <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> in Series Connection System respectively. The Maximum <span class="hlt">Air</span> Temperature Difference was found as 18.10° C and 23.70° C for the Simple and Hybrid Earth <span class="hlt">Air</span> Tunnel <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> in Series Connection System respectively. The Minimum <span class="hlt">Air</span> Temperature Difference was found as 5.20° C and 11.70° C for the Simple and Hybrid Earth <span class="hlt">Air</span> Tunnel <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> in Series Connection System respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.6352P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.6352P"><span>Importance of ocean mesoscale variability for <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interactions in the Gulf of Mexico</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Putrasahan, D. A.; Kamenkovich, I.; Le Hénaff, M.; Kirtman, B. P.</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>Mesoscale variability of currents in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) can affect oceanic <span class="hlt">heat</span> advection and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanges</span>, which can influence climate extremes over North America. This study is aimed at understanding the influence of the oceanic mesoscale variability on the lower atmosphere and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanges</span>. The study contrasts global climate model (GCM) with 0.1° ocean resolution (high resolution; HR) with its low-resolution counterpart (1° ocean resolution with the same 0.5° atmosphere resolution; LR). The LR simulation is relevant to current generation of GCMs that are still unable to resolve the oceanic mesoscale. Similar to observations, HR exhibits positive correlation between <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) and surface turbulent <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux anomalies, while LR has negative correlation. For HR, we decompose lateral advective <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes in the upper ocean into mean (slowly varying) and mesoscale-eddy (fast fluctuations) components. We find that the eddy flux divergence/convergence dominates the lateral advection and correlates well with the SST anomalies and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanges</span>. This result suggests that oceanic mesoscale advection supports warm SST anomalies that in turn feed surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux. We identify anticyclonic warm-core circulation patterns (associated Loop Current and rings) which have an average diameter of 350 km. These warm anomalies are sustained by eddy <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux convergence at submonthly time scales and have an identifiable imprint on surface turbulent <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux, atmospheric circulation, and convective precipitation in the northwest portion of an averaged anticyclone.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeoRL..3314803Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeoRL..3314803Z"><span>Impacts of winter storms on <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Weiqing; Perrie, Will; Vagle, Svein</p> <p>2006-07-01</p> <p>The objective of this study is to investigate <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> during winter storms, using field measurements from Ocean Station Papa in the Northeast Pacific (50°N, 145°W). We show that increasing gas transfer rates are coincident with increasing winds and deepening depth of bubble penetration, and that this process depends on <span class="hlt">sea</span> state. Wave-breaking is shown to be an important factor in the gas transfer velocity during the peaks of the storms, increasing the flux rates by up to 20%. Gas transfer rates and concentrations can exhibit asymmetry, reflecting a sudden increase with the onset of a storm, and gradual recovery stages.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980Tell...32..470H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980Tell...32..470H"><span>Gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> across the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hasse, L.; Liss, P. S.</p> <p>1980-10-01</p> <p>The physics of gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> at the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface are reviewed. In order to describe the transfer of gases in the liquid near the boundary, a molecular plus eddy diffusivity concept is used, which has been found useful for smooth flow over solid surfaces. From consideration of the boundary conditions, a similar dependence of eddy diffusivity on distance from the interface can be derived for the flow beneath a gas/liquid interface, at least in the absence of waves. The influence of waves is then discussed. It is evident from scale considerations that the effect of gravity waves is small. It is known from wind tunnel work that capillary waves enhance gas transfer considerably. The existing hypotheses are apparently not sufficient to explain the observations. Examination of field data is even more frustrating since the data do not show the expected increase of gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> with wind speed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27617333','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27617333"><span>Persistent organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in <span class="hlt">air</span> of the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span> region and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mai, Carolin; Theobald, Norbert; Hühnerfuss, Heinrich; Lammel, Gerhard</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were studied to determine occurrence, levels and spatial distribution in the marine atmosphere and surface seawater during cruises in the German Bight and the wider North <span class="hlt">Sea</span> in spring and summer 2009-2010. In general, the concentrations found in <span class="hlt">air</span> are similar to, or below, the levels at coastal or near-coastal sites in Europe. Hexachlorobenzene and α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) were close to phase equilibrium, whereas net atmospheric deposition was observed for γ-HCH. The results suggest that declining trends of HCH in seawater have been continuing for γ-HCH but have somewhat levelled off for α-HCH. Dieldrin displayed a close to phase equilibrium in nearly all the sampling sites, except in the central southwestern part of the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. Here atmospheric deposition dominates the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. This region, close to the English coast, showed remarkably increased surface seawater concentrations. This observation depended neither on riverine input nor on the elevated abundances of dieldrin in the <span class="hlt">air</span> masses of central England. A net depositional flux of p,p'-DDE into the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span> was indicated by both its abundance in the marine atmosphere and the changes in metabolite pattern observed in the surface water from the coast towards the open <span class="hlt">sea</span>. The long-term trends show that the atmospheric concentrations of DDT and its metabolites are not declining. Riverine input is a major source of PCBs in the German Bight and the wider North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. Atmospheric deposition of the lower molecular weight PCBs (PCB28 and PCB52) was indicated as a major source for surface seawater pollution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016E%26ES...35a2003A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016E%26ES...35a2003A"><span>The potential role of <span class="hlt">sea</span> spray droplets in facilitating <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas transfer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Andreas, E. L.; Vlahos, P.; Monahan, E. C.</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>For over 30 years, <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction specialists have been evaluating and parameterizing the role of whitecap bubbles in <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. To our knowledge, no one, however, has studied the mirror image process of whether <span class="hlt">sea</span> spray droplets can facilitate <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. We are therefore using theory, data analysis, and numerical modeling to quantify the role of spray on <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas transfer. In this, our first formal work on this subject, we seek the rate-limiting step in spray-mediated gas transfer by evaluating the three time scales that govern the <span class="hlt">exchange</span>: τ <span class="hlt">air</span> , which quantifies the rate of transfer between the atmospheric gas reservoir and the surface of the droplet; τ int , which quantifies the <span class="hlt">exchange</span> rate across the <span class="hlt">air</span>-droplet interface; and τ aq , which quantifies gas mixing within the aqueous solution droplet.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A43C0283L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A43C0283L"><span><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in the Mediterranean <span class="hlt">Sea</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lammel, G. P.; Heil, A.; Kukucka, P.; Meixner, F. X.; Mulder, M. D.; Prybilova, P.; Prokes, R.; Rusina, T. S.; Song, G. Z.; Vrana, B.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The marine atmospheric environment is a receptor for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) which are advected from sources on land, primary, such as biomass burning by-products (PAHs, dioxins), and secondary, such as volatilization from contaminated soils (PCBs, pesticides). Primary sources do not exist in the marine environment, except for PAHs (ship engines) but following previous atmospheric deposition, the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface may turn to a secondary source by reversal of diffusive <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> mass <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. No monitoring is in place. We studied the vertical fluxes of a wide range of primary and secondary emitted POPs based on measurements in <span class="hlt">air</span> and surface seawater at a remote coastal site in the eastern Mediterranean (2012). To this end, silicon rubbers were used as passive water samplers, vertical concentration gradients were determined in <span class="hlt">air</span> and fluxes were quantified based on Eddy covariance. Diffusive <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluxes of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and semivolatile PAHs were found close to phase equilibrium, except one PAH, retene, a wood burning tracer, was found seasonally net-volatilisational. Some PCBs, p,p'-DDE, penta- and hexachlorobenzene (PeCB, HCB) were mostly net-depositional, while PBDEs were net-volatilizational. Fluxes determined at a a remote coastal site ranged -33 - +2.4 µg m-2 d-1 for PAHs and -4.0 - +0.3 µg m-2 d-1for halogenated compounds (< 0 means net-deposition, > 0 means net-volatilization). It is concluded that nowadays in open <span class="hlt">seas</span> more pollutants are undergoing reversal of the direction of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. Recgional fire activity records in combination with box model simulations suggest that deposition of retene during summer is followed by a reversal of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. The seawater surface as secondary source of pollution should be assessed based on flux measurements across seasons and over longer time periods.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CSR...152...14Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CSR...152...14Z"><span><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux control on the Yellow <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Cold Water Mass intensity and implications for its prediction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhu, Junying; Shi, Jie; Guo, Xinyu; Gao, Huiwang; Yao, Xiaohong</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The Yellow <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Cold Water Mass (YSCWM), which occurs during summer in the central Yellow <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, plays an important role in the hydrodynamic field, nutrient cycle and biological species. Based on water temperature observations during the summer from 1978 to 1998 in the western Yellow <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, five specific YSCWM years were identified, including two strong years (1984 and 1985), two weak years (1989 and 1995) and one normal year (1992). Using a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model, the YSCWM formation processes in these five years were simulated and compared with observations. In general, the YSCWM began forming in spring, matured in summer and gradually disappeared in autumn of every year. The 8 °C isotherm was used to indicate the YSCWM boundary. The modelled YSCWM areas in the two strong years were approximately two times larger than those in the two weak years. Based on the simulations in the weak year of 1995, ten numerical experiments were performed to quantify the key factors influencing the YSCWM intensity by changing the initial water condition in the previous autumn, <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux, wind, evaporation, precipitation and <span class="hlt">sea</span> level pressure to those in the strong year of 1984, respectively. The results showed that the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux was the dominant factor influencing the YSCWM intensity, which contributed about 80% of the differences of the YSCWM average water temperature at a depth of 50 m. In addition, the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux in the previous winter had a determining effect, contributing more than 50% of the differences between the strong and weak YSCWM years. Finally, a simple formula for predicting the YSCWM intensity was established by using the key influencing factors, i.e., the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature before the cooling season and the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux during the cooling season from the previous December to the current February. With this formula, instead of a complicated numerical model, we were able to roughly predict the YSCWM intensity for the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ACPD...1313285B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ACPD...1313285B"><span><span class="hlt">Air/sea</span> DMS gas transfer in the North Atlantic: evidence for limited interfacial gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> at high wind speed</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bell, T. G.; De Bruyn, W.; Miller, S. D.; Ward, B.; Christensen, K.; Saltzman, E. S.</p> <p>2013-05-01</p> <p>Shipboard measurements of eddy covariance DMS <span class="hlt">air/sea</span> fluxes and seawater concentration were carried out in the North Atlantic bloom region in June/July 2011. Gas transfer coefficients (k660) show a linear dependence on mean horizontal wind speed at wind speeds up to 11 m s-1. At higher wind speeds the relationship between k660 and wind speed weakens. At high winds, measured DMS fluxes were lower than predicted based on the linear relationship between wind speed and interfacial stress extrapolated from low to intermediate wind speeds. In contrast, the transfer coefficient for sensible <span class="hlt">heat</span> did not exhibit this effect. The apparent suppression of <span class="hlt">air/sea</span> gas flux at higher wind speeds appears to be related to <span class="hlt">sea</span> state, as determined from shipboard wave measurements. These observations are consistent with the idea that long waves suppress near surface water side turbulence, and decrease interfacial gas transfer. This effect may be more easily observed for DMS than for less soluble gases, such as CO2, because the <span class="hlt">air/sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of DMS is controlled by interfacial rather than bubble-mediated gas transfer under high wind speed conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ECSS..176....1M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ECSS..176....1M"><span>Temporal variability of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 <span class="hlt">exchange</span> in a low-emission estuary</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mørk, Eva Thorborg; Sejr, Mikael Kristian; Stæhr, Peter Anton; Sørensen, Lise Lotte</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>There is the need for further study of whether global estimates of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 <span class="hlt">exchange</span> in estuarine systems capture the relevant temporal variability and, as such, the temporal variability of bulk parameterized and directly measured CO2 fluxes was investigated in the Danish estuary, Roskilde Fjord. The <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 fluxes showed large temporal variability across seasons and between days and that more than 30% of the net CO2 emission in 2013 was a result of two large fall and winter storms. The diurnal variability of ΔpCO2 was up to 400 during summer changing the estuary from a source to a sink of CO2 within the day. Across seasons the system was suggested to change from a sink of atmospheric CO2 during spring to near neutral during summer and later to a source of atmospheric CO2 during fall. Results indicated that Roskilde Fjord was an annual low-emission estuary, with an estimated bulk parameterized release of 3.9 ± 8.7 mol CO2 m-2 y-1 during 2012-2013. It was suggested that the production-respiration balance leading to the low annual emission in Roskilde Fjord, was caused by the shallow depth, long residence time and high water quality in the estuary. In the data analysis the eddy covariance CO2 flux samples were filtered according to the H2Osbnd CO2 cross-sensitivity assessment suggested by Landwehr et al. (2014). This filtering reduced episodes of contradicting directions between measured and bulk parameterized <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 <span class="hlt">exchanges</span> and changed the net <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 <span class="hlt">exchange</span> from an uptake to a release. The CO2 gas transfer velocity was calculated from directly measured CO2 fluxes and ΔpCO2 and agreed to previous observations and parameterizations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy..tmp.2362W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy..tmp.2362W"><span>Potential regulation on the climatic effect of Tibetan Plateau <span class="hlt">heating</span> by tropical <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> coupling in regional models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Ziqian; Duan, Anmin; Yang, Song</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Based on the conventional weather research and forecasting (WRF) model and the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> coupled mode WRF-OMLM, we investigate the potential regulation on the climatic effect of Tibetan Plateau (TP) <span class="hlt">heating</span> by the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> coupling over the tropical Indian Ocean and western Pacific. Results indicate that the TP <span class="hlt">heating</span> significantly enhances the southwesterly monsoon circulation over the northern Indian Ocean and the South Asia subcontinent. The intensified southwesterly wind cools the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface mainly through the wind-evaporation-SST (<span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature) feedback. Cold SST anomaly then weakens monsoon convective activity, especially that over the Bay of Bengal, and less water vapor is thus transported into the TP along its southern slope from the tropical oceans. As a result, summer precipitation decreases over the TP, which further weakens the TP local <span class="hlt">heat</span> source. Finally, the changed TP <span class="hlt">heating</span> continues to influence the summer monsoon precipitation and atmospheric circulation. To a certain extent, the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> coupling over the adjacent oceans may weaken the effect of TP <span class="hlt">heating</span> on the mean climate in summer. It is also implied that considerations of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction are necessary in future simulation studies of the TP <span class="hlt">heating</span> effect.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17874769','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17874769"><span><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluxes of synthetic polycyclic musks in the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and the Arctic.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xie, Zhiyong; Ebinghaus, Ralf; Temme, Christian; Heemken, Olaf; Ruck, Wolfgang</p> <p>2007-08-15</p> <p>Synthetic polycyclic musk fragrances Galaxolide (HHCB) and Tonalide (AHTN) were measured simultaneously in <span class="hlt">air</span> and seawater in the Arctic and the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and in the rural <span class="hlt">air</span> of northern Germany. Median concentrations of gas-phase HHCB and AHTN were 4 and 18 pg m(-3) in the Arctic, 28 and 18 pg m(-3) in the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, and 71 and 21 pg m(-3) in northern Germany, respectively. Various ratios of HHCB/AHTN implied that HHCB is quickly removed by atmospheric degradation, while AHTN is relatively persistent in the atmosphere. Dissolved concentrations ranged from 12 to 2030 pg L(-1) for HHCB and from below the method detection limit (3 pg L(-1)) to 965 pg L(-1) for AHTN with median values of 59 and 23 pg L(-1), respectively. The medians of volatilization fluxes for HHCB and AHTN were 27.2 and 14.2 ng m(-2) day(-1) and the depositional fluxes were 5.9 and 3.3 ng m(-2) day(-1), respectively, indicating water-to-<span class="hlt">air</span> volatilization is a significant process to eliminate HHCB and AHTN from the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. In the Arctic, deposition fluxes dominated the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of HHCB and AHTN, suggesting atmospheric input controls the levels of HHCB and AHTN in the polar region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E3SWC..2200027C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E3SWC..2200027C"><span>Industrial applications of the <span class="hlt">air</span> direct-contact, gravel, ground <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cepiński, Wojciech; Besler, Maciej</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The paper describes the analysis of possibility of using the <span class="hlt">air</span> direct-contact, gravel, ground <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (Polish acronym BGWCiM), patented at the Wroclaw University of Science and Technology to prepare <span class="hlt">air</span> for conditioning rooms in the industry. Indicated the industry sectors where the application may be the most beneficial.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1850k0012Q','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1850k0012Q"><span>Thermal modelling and control of 130kw direct contact (salt/<span class="hlt">air</span>) <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Qureshi, Omer A.; Calvet, Nicolas; Armstrong, Peter R.</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>This work investigates the transient response of a certain type of direct contact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (DCHX) that consists of packing (Raschig Rings) to increase the surface area for effective <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer between molten salt and <span class="hlt">air</span>. Molten salt from the hot tank enters the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (HX) and exit after <span class="hlt">heating</span> the <span class="hlt">air</span> still in the molten form. Thermal capacitance of the HX, mainly due to packing and resident salt inside the HX, results in strong transient response. Pure delay from salt residence time may also impact transient response. Both phenomena have been modelled in this paper. A Proportional-Integral controller (PI control) performance has been evaluated to maintain the minimum salt temperature above avoid crystallization temperature of the salt.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li class="active"><span>2</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_2 --> <div id="page_3" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="41"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol11/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol11-sec63-654.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol11/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol11-sec63-654.pdf"><span>40 CFR 63.654 - <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> systems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>...) through (g) of this section if all <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> within the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system either: (1) Operate... exposure to <span class="hlt">air</span> for each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system. (ii) Selected <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> exit line(s) so that each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or group of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> within a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system is covered by the selected monitoring...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol11/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol11-sec63-654.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol11/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol11-sec63-654.pdf"><span>40 CFR 63.654 - <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> systems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>...) through (g) of this section if all <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> within the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system either: (1) Operate... exposure to <span class="hlt">air</span> for each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system. (ii) Selected <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> exit line(s) so that each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or group of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> within a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system is covered by the selected monitoring...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ACP....1311073B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ACP....1311073B"><span><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> dimethylsulfide (DMS) gas transfer in the North Atlantic: evidence for limited interfacial gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> at high wind speed</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bell, T. G.; De Bruyn, W.; Miller, S. D.; Ward, B.; Christensen, K.; Saltzman, E. S.</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>Shipboard measurements of eddy covariance dimethylsulfide (DMS) <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes and seawater concentration were carried out in the North Atlantic bloom region in June/July 2011. Gas transfer coefficients (k660) show a linear dependence on mean horizontal wind speed at wind speeds up to 11 m s-1. At higher wind speeds the relationship between k660 and wind speed weakens. At high winds, measured DMS fluxes were lower than predicted based on the linear relationship between wind speed and interfacial stress extrapolated from low to intermediate wind speeds. In contrast, the transfer coefficient for sensible <span class="hlt">heat</span> did not exhibit this effect. The apparent suppression of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas flux at higher wind speeds appears to be related to <span class="hlt">sea</span> state, as determined from shipboard wave measurements. These observations are consistent with the idea that long waves suppress near-surface water-side turbulence, and decrease interfacial gas transfer. This effect may be more easily observed for DMS than for less soluble gases, such as CO2, because the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of DMS is controlled by interfacial rather than bubble-mediated gas transfer under high wind speed conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1170410','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1170410"><span>Solid oxide fuel cell power plant having a fixed contact oxidation catalyzed section of a multi-section cathode <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Saito, Kazuo; Lin, Yao</p> <p>2015-02-17</p> <p>The multi-section cathode <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (102) includes at least a first <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> section (104), and a fixed contact oxidation catalyzed section (126) secured adjacent each other in a stack association. Cool cathode inlet <span class="hlt">air</span> flows through cool <span class="hlt">air</span> channels (110) of the at least first (104) and oxidation catalyzed sections (126). Hot anode exhaust flows through hot <span class="hlt">air</span> channels (124) of the oxidation catalyzed section (126) and is combusted therein. The combusted anode exhaust then flows through hot <span class="hlt">air</span> channels (112) of the first section (104) of the cathode <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (102). The cool and hot <span class="hlt">air</span> channels (110, 112) are secured in direct <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> relationship with each other so that temperatures of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (102) do not exceed 800.degree. C. to minimize requirements for using expensive, high-temperature alloys.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/869090','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/869090"><span>Self-defrosting recuperative <span class="hlt">air-to-air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Drake, Richard L.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> includes a stationary spirally or concentrically wound <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> core with rotating baffles on upper and lower ends thereof. The rotating baffles include rotating inlets and outlets which are in communication with respective fixed inlets and outlets via annuli. The rotation of the baffles causes a concurrent rotation of the temperature distribution within the stationary <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> core, thereby preventing frost build-up in some applications and preventing the formation of hot spots in other applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988asme.conf....2B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988asme.conf....2B"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> transfer and pressure drop measurements in an <span class="hlt">air</span>/molten salt direct-contact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bohn, Mark S.</p> <p>1988-11-01</p> <p>This paper presents a comparison of experimental data with a recently published model of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> in irrigated packed beds. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> transfer and pressure drop were measured in a 150 mm (ID) column with a 610 mm bed of metal Pall rings. Molten nitrate salt and preheated <span class="hlt">air</span> were the working fluids with a salt inlet temperature of approximately 440 C and <span class="hlt">air</span> inlet temperatures of approximately 230 C. A comparison between the experimental data and the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer model is made on the basis of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer from the salt. For the range of <span class="hlt">air</span> and salt flow rates tested, 0.3 to 1.2 kg/sq m/s <span class="hlt">air</span> flow and 6 to 18 kg/sq m/s salt flow, the data agree with the model within 22 percent standard deviation. In addition, a model for the column pressure drop was validated, agreeing with the experimental data within 18 percent standard deviation over the range of column pressure drop from 40 to 1250 Pa/m.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/143941','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/143941"><span>Self-defrosting recuperative <span class="hlt">air-to-air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Drake, R.L.</p> <p>1993-12-28</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is described which includes a stationary spirally or concentrically wound <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> core with rotating baffles on upper and lower ends thereof. The rotating baffles include rotating inlets and outlets which are in communication with respective fixed inlets and outlets via annuli. The rotation of the baffles causes a concurrent rotation of the temperature distribution within the stationary <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> core, thereby preventing frost build-up in some applications and preventing the formation of hot spots in other applications. 3 figures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhDT.......189H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhDT.......189H"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> Transfer in Metal Foam <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span> at High Temperature</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hafeez, Pakeeza</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> transfer though open-cell metal foam is experimentally studied for <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and <span class="hlt">heat</span> shield applications at high temperatures (˜750°C). Nickel foam sheets with pore densities of 10 and 40 pores per linear inch (PPI), have been used to make the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> and <span class="hlt">heat</span> shields by using thermal spray coating to deposit an Inconel skin on a foam core. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> transfer measurements were performed on a test rig capable of generating hot gas up to 1000°C. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> were tested by exposing their outer surface to combustion gases at a temperature of 550°C and 750°C while being cooled by <span class="hlt">air</span> flowing through them at room temperature at velocities up to 5 m/s. The temperature rise of the <span class="hlt">air</span>, the surface temperature of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> and the <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature inside the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> were measured. The volumetric <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient and Nusselt number were calculated for different velocities. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer performance of the 40PPI sample brazed with the foil is found to be the most efficient. Pressure drop measurements were also performed for 10 and 40PPI metal foam. Thermographic measurements were done on 40PPI foam <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> using a high temperature infrared camera. A high power electric heater was used to produce hot <span class="hlt">air</span> at 300°C that passed over the foam <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> while the cooling <span class="hlt">air</span> was blown through it. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> shields were made by depositing porous skins on metal foam and it was observed that a small amount of coolant leaking through the pores notably reduces the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer from the hot gases. An analytical model was developed based assuming local thermal non-equilibrium that accounts for the temperature difference between solid and fluid phase. The experimental results are found to be in good agreement with the predicted values of the model.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770003526','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770003526"><span>Lightweight Long Life <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Moore, E. K.</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>A shuttle orbiter flight configuration aluminum <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> was designed, fabricated, and tested. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> utilized aluminum clad titanium composite parting sheets for protection against parting sheet pin hole corrosion. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, which is fully interchangeable with the shuttle condensing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, includes slurpers (a means for removing condensed water from the downstream face of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>), and both the core <span class="hlt">air</span> passes and slurpers were hydrophilic coated to enhance wettability. The test program included performance tests which demonstrated the adequacy of the design and confirmed the predicted weight savings.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20001972-waking-sleeping-giant-introducing-new-heat-exchanger-technology-residential-air-conditioning-marketplace','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20001972-waking-sleeping-giant-introducing-new-heat-exchanger-technology-residential-air-conditioning-marketplace"><span>Waking the sleeping giant: Introducing new <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> technology into the residential <span class="hlt">air</span>-conditioning marketplace</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Chapp, T.; Voss, M.; Stephens, C.</p> <p>1998-07-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Air</span> Conditioning Industry has made tremendous strides in improvements to the energy efficiency and reliability of its product offerings over the past 40 years. These improvement can be attributed to enhancements of components, optimization of the energy cycle, and modernized and refined manufacturing techniques. During this same period, energy consumption for space cooling has grown significantly. In January of 1992, the minimum efficiency requirement for central <span class="hlt">air</span> conditioning equipment was raised to 10 SEER. This efficiency level is likely to increase further under the auspices of the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA). A new type of <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchangermore » was developed for <span class="hlt">air</span> conditioning equipment by Modine Manufacturing Company in the early 1990's. Despite significant advantages in terms of energy efficiency, dehumidification, durability, and refrigerant charge there has been little interest expressed by the <span class="hlt">air</span> conditioning industry. A cooperative effort between Modine, various utilities, and several state energy offices has been organized to test and demonstrate the viability of this <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> design throughout the nation. This paper will review the fundamentals of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> design and document this simple, yet novel technology. These experiences involving equipment retrofits have been documented with respect to the performance potential of <span class="hlt">air</span> conditioning system constructed with PF{trademark} <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span> (generically referred to as microchannel <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>) from both an energy efficiency as well as a comfort perspective. The paper will also detail the current plan to introduce 16 to 24 systems into an extended field test throughout the US which commenced in the Fall of 1997.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.908a2046X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.908a2046X"><span>Functional design of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> for pneumatic vehicles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xu, Z. G.; Yang, D. Y.; Shen, W. D.; Liu, T. T.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>With the increasingly serious environmental problems, especially the impact of fog and haze, the development of <span class="hlt">air</span> powered vehicles has become an important research direction of new energy vehicles. Quadrature test was done with different materials, i.e. stainless steel and aluminum alloy, at different inlet pressures, using different expansion gases, i.e. <span class="hlt">air</span>, CO2, for <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanging</span> properties for pneumatic vehicles. The mathematics as well as simulation methods are used to analyze the different <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanging</span> effects in the multistage cylinder. The research results showed that the stainless steel has better effects in <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanging</span> than Aluminum Alloy; the intake pressure has little effect on CO2 than the <span class="hlt">air</span> in <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanging</span> effect. CO2 is better in <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanging</span> than <span class="hlt">air</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17379807','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17379807"><span>Bottom-up determination of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> momentum <span class="hlt">exchange</span> under a major tropical cyclone.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jarosz, Ewa; Mitchell, Douglas A; Wang, David W; Teague, William J</p> <p>2007-03-23</p> <p>As a result of increasing frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones, an accurate forecasting of cyclone evolution and ocean response is becoming even more important to reduce threats to lives and property in coastal regions. To improve predictions, accurate evaluation of the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> momentum <span class="hlt">exchange</span> is required. Using current observations recorded during a major tropical cyclone, we have estimated this momentum transfer from the ocean side of the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface, and we discuss it in terms of the drag coefficient. For winds between 20 and 48 meters per second, this coefficient initially increases and peaks at winds of about 32 meters per second before decreasing.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830026675','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830026675"><span>Use of cooling <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> as replacements for hot section strategic materials</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Gauntner, J. W.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>Because of financial and political constraints, strategic aerospace materials required for the hot section of future engines might be in short supply. As an alternative to these strategic materials, this study examines the use of a cooling <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in combination with less advanced hot section materials. Cycle calculations are presented for future turbofan systems with overall pressure ratios to 65, bypass ratios near 13, and combustor exit temperatures to 3260 R. These calculations quantify the effect on TSFC of using a decreased materials technology in a turbofan system. The calculations show that the cooling <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> enables the feasibility of these engines.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890052278&hterms=heat+exchange&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dheat%2Bexchange','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890052278&hterms=heat+exchange&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dheat%2Bexchange"><span>A study of oceanic surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes in the Greenland, Norwegian, and Barents <span class="hlt">Seas</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hakkinen, Sirpa; Cavalieri, Donald J.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>This study examines oceanic surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes in the Norwegian, Greenland, and Barents <span class="hlt">seas</span> using the gridded Navy Fleet Numerical Oceanography Central surface analysis and the First GARP Global Experiment (FGGE) IIc cloudiness data bases. Monthly and annual means of net and turbulent <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes are computed for the FGGE year 1979. The FGGE IIb data base consisting of individual observations provides particularly good data coverage in this region for a comparison with the gridded Navy winds and <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures. The standard errors of estimate between the Navy and FGGE IIb winds and <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures are 3.6 m/s and 2.5 C, respectively. The computations for the latent and sensible <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes are based on bulk formulas with the same constant <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> coefficient of 0.0015. The results show extremely strong wintertime <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes in the northern Greenland <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and especially in the Barents <span class="hlt">Sea</span> in contrast to previous studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19840032418&hterms=financial+ratios&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dfinancial%2Bratios','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19840032418&hterms=financial+ratios&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dfinancial%2Bratios"><span>Use of cooling <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> as replacements for hot section strategic materials</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Gauntner, J. W.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>Because of financial and political constraints, strategic aerospace materials required for the hot section of future engines might be in short supply. As an alternative to these strategic materials, this study examines the use of a cooling <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in combination with less advanced hot section materials. Cycle calculations are presented for future turbofan systems with overall pressure ratios to 65, bypass ratios near 13, and combustor exit temperatures to 3260 R. These calculations quantify the effect on TSFC of using a decreased materials technology in a turbofan system. The calculations show that the cooling <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> enables the feasibility of these engines. Previously announced in STAR as N83-34946</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4951643','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4951643"><span>Biopolymers form a gelatinous microlayer at the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface when Arctic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice melts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Galgani, Luisa; Piontek, Judith; Engel, Anja</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The interface layer between ocean and atmosphere is only a couple of micrometers thick but plays a critical role in climate relevant processes, including the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of gas and <span class="hlt">heat</span> and the emission of primary organic aerosols (POA). Recent findings suggest that low-level cloud formation above the Arctic Ocean may be linked to organic polymers produced by marine microorganisms. <span class="hlt">Sea</span> ice harbors high amounts of polymeric substances that are produced by cells growing within the <span class="hlt">sea</span>-ice brine. Here, we report from a research cruise to the central Arctic Ocean in 2012. Our study shows that microbial polymers accumulate at the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface when the <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice melts. Proteinaceous compounds represented the major fraction of polymers supporting the formation of a gelatinous interface microlayer and providing a hitherto unrecognized potential source of marine POA. Our study indicates a novel link between <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice-ocean and atmosphere that may be sensitive to climate change. PMID:27435531</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPhCS.655a2035D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPhCS.655a2035D"><span>Modelling <span class="hlt">heat</span> and mass transfer in a membrane-based <span class="hlt">air-to-air</span> enthalpy <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dugaria, S.; Moro, L.; Del, D., Col</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>The diffusion of total energy recovery systems could lead to a significant reduction in the energy demand for building <span class="hlt">air</span>-conditioning. With these devices, sensible <span class="hlt">heat</span> and humidity can be recovered in winter from the exhaust airstream, while, in summer, the incoming <span class="hlt">air</span> stream can be cooled and dehumidified by transferring the excess <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture to the exhaust <span class="hlt">air</span> stream. Membrane based enthalpy <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are composed by different channels separated by semi-permeable membranes. The membrane allows moisture transfer under vapour pressure difference, or water concentration difference, between the two sides and, at the same time, it is ideally impermeable to <span class="hlt">air</span> and other contaminants present in exhaust <span class="hlt">air</span>. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> transfer between the airstreams occurs through the membrane due to the temperature gradient. The aim of this work is to develop a detailed model of the coupled <span class="hlt">heat</span> and mass transfer mechanisms through the membrane between the two airstreams. After a review of the most relevant models published in the scientific literature, the governing equations are presented and some simplifying assumptions are analysed and discussed. As a result, a steady-state, two-dimensional finite difference numerical model is setup. The developed model is able to predict temperature and humidity evolution inside the channels. Sensible and latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer rate, as well as moisture transfer rate, are determined. A sensitive analysis is conducted in order to determine the more influential parameters on the thermal and vapour transfer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A51A2037B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A51A2037B"><span>Observational analysis of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes and <span class="hlt">sea</span> water temperature offshore South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bi, X.; Huang, J.; Gao, Z.; Liu, Y.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>This paper investigates the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes (momentum flux, sensible <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux and latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux) from eddy covariance method based on data collected at an offshore observation tower in the South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> from January 2009 to December 2016 and <span class="hlt">sea</span> water temperature (SWT) on six different levels based on data collected from November 2011 to June 2013. The depth of water at the tower over the <span class="hlt">sea</span> averages about 15 m. This study presents the in-situ measurements of continuous <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes and SWT at different depths. Seasonal and diurnal variations in <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes and SWT on different depths are examined. Results show that <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes and all SWT changed seasonally; <span class="hlt">sea</span>-land breeze circulation appears all the year round. Unlike winters where SWT on different depths are fairly consistent, the difference between <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) and <span class="hlt">sea</span> temperature at 10 m water depth fluctuates dramatically and the maximum value reaches 7 °C during summer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1214990','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1214990"><span><span class="hlt">Air</span>-Cooled <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> for High-Temperature Power Electronics: Preprint</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Waye, S. K.; Lustbader, J.; Musselman, M.</p> <p>2015-05-06</p> <p>This work demonstrates a direct <span class="hlt">air</span>-cooled <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> strategy for high-temperature power electronic devices with an application specific to automotive traction drive inverters. We present experimental <span class="hlt">heat</span> dissipation and system pressure curves versus flow rate for baseline and optimized sub-module assemblies containing two ceramic resistance heaters that provide device <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes. The maximum allowable junction temperature was set to 175 deg.C. Results were extrapolated to the inverter scale and combined with balance-of-inverter components to estimate inverter power density and specific power. The results exceeded the goal of 12 kW/L and 12 kW/kg for power density and specific power, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21337925-heat-extraction-from-salinity-gradient-solar-ponds-using-heat-pipe-heat-exchangers','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21337925-heat-extraction-from-salinity-gradient-solar-ponds-using-heat-pipe-heat-exchangers"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> extraction from salinity-gradient solar ponds using <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Tundee, Sura; Terdtoon, Pradit; Sakulchangsatjatai, Phrut</p> <p></p> <p>This paper presents the results of experimental and theoretical analysis on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> extraction process from solar pond by using the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. In order to conduct research work, a small scale experimental solar pond with an area of 7.0 m{sup 2} and a depth of 1.5 m was built at Khon Kaen in North-Eastern Thailand (16 27'N102 E). <span class="hlt">Heat</span> was successfully extracted from the lower convective zone (LCZ) of the solar pond by using a <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> made from 60 copper tubes with 21 mm inside diameter and 22 mm outside diameter. The length ofmore » the evaporator and condenser section was 800 mm and 200 mm respectively. R134a was used as the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer fluid in the experiment. The theoretical model was formulated for the solar pond <span class="hlt">heat</span> extraction on the basis of the energy conservation equations and by using the solar radiation data for the above location. Numerical methods were used to solve the modeling equations. In the analysis, the performance of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is investigated by varying the velocity of inlet <span class="hlt">air</span> used to extract <span class="hlt">heat</span> from the condenser end of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (HPHE). <span class="hlt">Air</span> velocity was found to have a significant influence on the effectiveness of <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. In the present investigation, there was an increase in effectiveness by 43% as the <span class="hlt">air</span> velocity was decreased from 5 m/s to 1 m/s. The results obtained from the theoretical model showed good agreement with the experimental data. (author)« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_3 --> <div id="page_4" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="61"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EPJWC.18002011B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EPJWC.18002011B"><span>The influence of flow modification on <span class="hlt">air</span> and PCM temperatures in an accumulative <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Borcuch, Marcin; Musiał, Michał; Sztekler, Karol; Kalawa, Wojciech; Gumuła, Stanisław; Stefański, Sebastian</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>The paper presents the influence of flow modification on the operation of an accumulative <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. This device can be used as a regenerator in ventilation and <span class="hlt">air</span> supply systems. A <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> uses ceresine (a mixture of paraffins) as a phase change material (PCM). The aim of this research was to determine the effect of flow modification on temperature distribution and pressure drops in the device. The introduction contains a short description of the test stand used, including the accumulative <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, the guide vanes, and the locations of measurement and control equipment. We found that additional objects limited vortex structures, increased the inside temperature, and dropped the pressure along the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. Guidelines for further research are proposed and briefly discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995SPIE.2586..241X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995SPIE.2586..241X"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> flux <span class="hlt">exchange</span> estimation by using ATSR SST data in TOGA area</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xue, Yong; Lawrence, Sean P.; Llewellyn-Jones, David T.</p> <p>1995-12-01</p> <p>The study of phenomena such as ENSO requires consideration of the dynamics and thermodynamics of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system. The dynamic and thermal properties of the atmosphere and ocean are directly affected by <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> transfers of fluxes of momentum, <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture. In this paper, we present results of turbulent <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes calculated by using two years (1992 and 1993) monthly average TOGA data and ATSR SST data in TOGA area. A comparison with published results indicates good qualitative agreement. Also, we compared the results of <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux <span class="hlt">exchange</span> by using ATSR SST data and by using the TOGA bucket SST data. The ATSR SST data set has been shown to be useful in helping to estimate the large space scale <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux <span class="hlt">exchange</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22103582','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22103582"><span>Distribution and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of current-use pesticides (CUPs) from East Asia to the high Arctic Ocean.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhong, Guangcai; Xie, Zhiyong; Cai, Minghong; Möller, Axel; Sturm, Renate; Tang, Jianhui; Zhang, Gan; He, Jianfeng; Ebinghaus, Ralf</p> <p>2012-01-03</p> <p>Surface seawater and marine boundary layer <span class="hlt">air</span> samples were collected on the ice-breaker R/V Xuelong (Snow Dragon) from the East China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> to the high Arctic (33.23-84.5° N) in July to September 2010 and have been analyzed for six current-use pesticides (CUPs): trifluralin, endosulfan, chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, dacthal, and dicofol. In all oceanic <span class="hlt">air</span> samples, the six CUPs were detected, showing highest level (>100 pg/m(3)) in the <span class="hlt">Sea</span> of Japan. Gaseous CUPs basically decreased from East Asia (between 36.6 and 45.1° N) toward Bering and Chukchi <span class="hlt">Seas</span>. The dissolved CUPs in ocean water ranged widely from <MDL to 111 pg/L. Latitudinal trends of α-endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, and dicofol in seawater were roughly consistent with their latitudinal trends in <span class="hlt">air</span>. Trifluralin in seawater was relatively high in the <span class="hlt">Sea</span> of Japan (35.2° N) and evenly distributed between 36.9 and 72.5° N, but it remained below the detection limit at the highest northern latitudes in Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. In contrast with other CUPs, concentrations of chlorothalonil and dacthal were more abundant in Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and in East Asia. The <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of CUPs was generally dominated by net deposition. Latitudinal trends of fugacity ratios of α-endosulfan, chlorothalonil, and dacthal showed stronger deposition of these compounds in East Asia than in Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, while trifluralin showed stronger deposition in Chukchi <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (-455 ± 245 pg/m(2)/day) than in the North Pacific (-241 ± 158 pg/m(2)/day). <span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of chlorpyrifos varied from net volatilizaiton in East Asia (<40° N) to equilibrium or net deposition in the North Pacific and the Arctic.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JBIS...62..122W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JBIS...62..122W"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> Design in Combined Cycle Engines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Webber, H.; Feast, S.; Bond, A.</p> <p></p> <p>Combined cycle engines employing both pre-cooled <span class="hlt">air</span>-breathing and rocket modes of operation are the most promising propulsion system for achieving single stage to orbit vehicles. The <span class="hlt">air</span>-breathing phase is purely for augmentation of the mission velocity required in the rocket phase and as such must be mass effective, re-using the components of the rocket cycle, whilst achieving adequate specific impulse. This paper explains how the unique demands placed on the <span class="hlt">air</span>-breathing cycle results in the need for sophisticated thermodynamics and the use of a series of different <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> to enable precooling and high pressure ratio compression of the <span class="hlt">air</span> for delivery to the rocket combustion chambers. These major <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> roles are; extracting <span class="hlt">heat</span> from incoming <span class="hlt">air</span> in the precooler, topping up cycle flow temperatures to maintain constant turbine operating conditions and extracting rejected <span class="hlt">heat</span> from the power cycle via regenerator loops for thermal capacity matching. The design solutions of these <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JEPT...89.1369G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JEPT...89.1369G"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> with <span class="hlt">Air</span> and Temperature Profile of a Moving Oversize Tire</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grinchuk, P. S.; Fisenko, S. P.</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>A one-dimensional mathematical model of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer in a tire with account for the deformation energy dissipation and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of a moving tire with <span class="hlt">air</span> has been developed. The mean temperature profiles are calculated and transition to a stationary thermal regime is considered. The influence of the rate of energy dissipation and of effective thermal conductivity of rubber on the temperature field is investigated quantitatively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110014867','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110014867"><span>Fault-Tolerant <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Izenson, Michael G.; Crowley, Christopher J.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>A compact, lightweight <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> has been designed to be fault-tolerant in the sense that a single-point leak would not cause mixing of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-transfer fluids. This particular <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is intended to be part of the temperature-regulation system for habitable modules of the International Space Station and to function with water and ammonia as the <span class="hlt">heat</span>-transfer fluids. The basic fault-tolerant design is adaptable to other <span class="hlt">heat</span>-transfer fluids and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> for applications in which mixing of <span class="hlt">heat</span>-transfer fluids would pose toxic, explosive, or other hazards: Examples could include fuel/<span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> for thermal management on aircraft, process <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> in the cryogenic industry, and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> used in chemical processing. The reason this <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> can tolerate a single-point leak is that the <span class="hlt">heat</span>-transfer fluids are everywhere separated by a vented volume and at least two seals. The combination of fault tolerance, compactness, and light weight is implemented in a unique <span class="hlt">heat-exchanger</span> core configuration: Each fluid passage is entirely surrounded by a vented region bridged by solid structures through which <span class="hlt">heat</span> is conducted between the fluids. Precise, proprietary fabrication techniques make it possible to manufacture the vented regions and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-conducting structures with very small dimensions to obtain a very large coefficient of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer between the two fluids. A large <span class="hlt">heat</span>-transfer coefficient favors compact design by making it possible to use a relatively small core for a given <span class="hlt">heat</span>-transfer rate. Calculations and experiments have shown that in most respects, the fault-tolerant <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> can be expected to equal or exceed the performance of the non-fault-tolerant <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> that it is intended to supplant (see table). The only significant disadvantages are a slight weight penalty and a small decrease in the mass-specific <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AtmEn.178...31J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AtmEn.178...31J"><span>Seasonal atmospheric deposition and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over the Yangtze River Estuary, East China <span class="hlt">Sea</span>: Implications for source-sink processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jiang, Yuqing; Lin, Tian; Wu, Zilan; Li, Yuanyuan; Li, Zhongxia; Guo, Zhigang; Yao, Xiaohong</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>In this work, <span class="hlt">air</span> samples and surface seawater samples covering four seasons from March 2014 to January 2015 were collected from a background receptor site in the YRE to explore the seasonal fluxes of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> and dry and wet deposition of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their source-sink processes at the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface. The average dry and wet deposition fluxes of 15 PAHs were estimated as 879 ± 1393 ng m-2 d-1 and 755 ± 545 ng m-2 d-1, respectively. Gaseous PAH release from seawater to the atmosphere averaged 3114 ± 1999 ng m-2 d-1 in a year round. The <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of PAHs was the dominant process at the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface in the YRE as the magnitude of volatilization flux of PAHs exceeded that of total dry and wet deposition. The gas PAH <span class="hlt">exchange</span> flux was dominated by three-ring PAHs, with the highest value in summer and lowest in winter, indicating a marked seasonal variation owing to differences in Henry's law constants associated with temperature, as well as wind speed and gaseous-dissolved gradient among seasons. Based on the simplified mass balance estimation, a net 11 tons y-1 of PAHs (mainly three-ring PAHs) were volatilized from seawater to the atmosphere in a ∼20,000 km2 area in the YRE. Other than the year-round Yangtze River input and ocean ship emissions, the selective release of low-molecular-weight PAHs from bottom sediments in winter due to resuspension triggered by the East Asian winter monsoon is another potential source of PAHs. This work suggests that the source-sink processes of PAHs at the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface in the YRE play a crucial role in regional cycling of PAHs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002GMS...127..141S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002GMS...127..141S"><span>A model of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> incorporating the physics of the turbulent boundary layer and the properties of the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Soloviev, Alexander; Schluessel, Peter</p> <p></p> <p>The model presented contains interfacial, bubble-mediated, ocean mixed layer, and remote sensing components. The interfacial (direct) gas transfer dominates under conditions of low and—for quite soluble gases like CO2—moderate wind speeds. Due to the similarity between the gas and <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer, the temperature difference, ΔT, across the thermal molecular boundary layer (cool skin of the ocean) and the interfacial gas transfer coefficient, Kint are presumably interrelated. A coupled parameterization for ΔT and Kint has been derived in the context of a surface renewal model [Soloviev and Schluessel, 1994]. In addition to the Schmidt, Sc, and Prandtl, Pr, numbers, the important parameters are the surface Richardson number, Rƒ0, and the Keulegan number, Ke. The more readily available cool skin data are used to determine the coefficients that enter into both parameterizations. At high wind speeds, the Ke-number dependence is further verified with the formula for transformation of the surface wind stress to form drag and white capping, which follows from the renewal model. A further extension of the renewal model includes effects of solar radiation and rainfall. The bubble-mediated component incorporates the Merlivat et al. [1993] parameterization with the empirical coefficients estimated by Asher and Wanninkhof [1998]. The oceanic mixed layer component accounts for stratification effects on the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. Based on the example of GasEx-98, we demonstrate how the results of parameterization and modeling of the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> can be extended to the global scale, using remote sensing techniques.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol11/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol11-sec63-1435.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol11/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol11-sec63-1435.pdf"><span>40 CFR 63.1435 - <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> provisions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> provisions. 63.1435... Standards for Hazardous <span class="hlt">Air</span> Pollutant Emissions for Polyether Polyols Production § 63.1435 <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>... for <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> systems, with the exceptions noted in paragraphs (b) through (e) of this section. (b...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol11/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol11-sec63-1435.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol11/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol11-sec63-1435.pdf"><span>40 CFR 63.1435 - <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> provisions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> provisions. 63.1435... Standards for Hazardous <span class="hlt">Air</span> Pollutant Emissions for Polyether Polyols Production § 63.1435 <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>... for <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> systems, with the exceptions noted in paragraphs (b) through (e) of this section. (b...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22145748','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22145748"><span>Selective permeation of moisture and VOCs through polymer membranes used in total <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> for indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> ventilation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhang, L-Z; Zhang, X-R; Miao, Q-Z; Pei, L-X</p> <p>2012-08-01</p> <p>Fresh <span class="hlt">air</span> ventilation is central to indoor environmental control. Total <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> can be key equipment for energy conservation in ventilation. Membranes have been used for total <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> for more than a decade. Much effort has been spent to achieve water vapor permeability of various membranes; however, relatively little attention has been paid to the selectivity of moisture compared with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through such membranes. In this investigation, the most commonly used membranes, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ones, are tested for their permeability for moisture and five VOCs (acetic acid, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, toluene, and ethane). The selectivity of moisture vs. VOCs in these membranes is then evaluated. With a solution-diffusion model, the solubility and diffusivity of moisture and VOCs in these membranes are calculated. The resulting data could provide some reference for future material selection. Total <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are important equipment for fresh <span class="hlt">air</span> ventilation with energy conservation. However, their implications for indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> quality in terms of volatile organic compound permeation have not been known. The data in this article help us to clarify the impacts on indoor VOC levels of membrane-based <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. Guidelines for material selection can be obtained for future use total <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> for building ventilation. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1174182','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1174182"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> device and method for <span class="hlt">heat</span> removal or transfer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Koplow, Jeffrey P</p> <p>2015-03-24</p> <p>Systems and methods for a forced-convection <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> are provided. In one embodiment, <span class="hlt">heat</span> is transferred to or from a thermal load in thermal contact with a <span class="hlt">heat</span> conducting structure, across a narrow <span class="hlt">air</span> gap, to a rotating <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer structure immersed in a surrounding medium such as <span class="hlt">air</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1067335','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1067335"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> device and method for <span class="hlt">heat</span> removal or transfer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Koplow, Jeffrey P [San Ramon, CA</p> <p>2012-07-24</p> <p>Systems and methods for a forced-convection <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> are provided. In one embodiment, <span class="hlt">heat</span> is transferred to or from a thermal load in thermal contact with a <span class="hlt">heat</span> conducting structure, across a narrow <span class="hlt">air</span> gap, to a rotating <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer structure immersed in a surrounding medium such as <span class="hlt">air</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1109470','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1109470"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> device and method for <span class="hlt">heat</span> removal or transfer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Koplow, Jeffrey P</p> <p>2013-12-10</p> <p>Systems and methods for a forced-convection <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> are provided. In one embodiment, <span class="hlt">heat</span> is transferred to or from a thermal load in thermal contact with a <span class="hlt">heat</span> conducting structure, across a narrow <span class="hlt">air</span> gap, to a rotating <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer structure immersed in a surrounding medium such as <span class="hlt">air</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1228047','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1228047"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> device and method for <span class="hlt">heat</span> removal or transfer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Koplow, Jeffrey P.</p> <p>2015-12-08</p> <p>Systems and methods for a forced-convection <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> are provided. In one embodiment, <span class="hlt">heat</span> is transferred to or from a thermal load in thermal contact with a <span class="hlt">heat</span> conducting structure, across a narrow <span class="hlt">air</span> gap, to a rotating <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer structure immersed in a surrounding medium such as <span class="hlt">air</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS23B2025O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS23B2025O"><span>Field Observations of Coastal <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Interaction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ortiz-Suslow, D. G.; Haus, B. K.; Williams, N. J.; Graber, H. C.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>In the nearshore zone wind, waves, and currents generated from different forcing mechanisms converge in shallow water. This can profoundly affect the physical nature of the ocean surface, which can significantly modulate the <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of momentum, <span class="hlt">heat</span>, and mass across the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface. For decades, the focus of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction research has been on the open ocean while the shallow water regime has been relatively under-explored. This bears implications for efforts to understand and model various coastal processes, such as mixing, surface transport, and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas flux. The results from a recent study conducted at the New River Inlet in North Carolina showed that directly measured <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> flux parameters, such as the atmospheric drag coefficient, are strong functions of space as well as the ambient conditions (i.e. wind speed and direction). The drag is typically used to parameterize the wind stress magnitude. It is generally assumed that the wind direction is the direction of the atmospheric forcing (i.e. wind stress), however significant wind stress steering off of the azimuthal wind direction was observed and was found to be related to the horizontal surface current shear. The authors have just returned from a field campaign carried out within Monterey Bay in California. Surface observations made from two research vessels were complimented by an array of beach and inland flux stations, high-resolution wind forecasts, and satellite image acquisitions. This is a rich data set and several case studies will be analyzed to highlight the importance of various processes for understanding the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes. Preliminary findings show that interactions between the local wind-<span class="hlt">sea</span> and the shoaling, incident swell can have a profound effect on the wind stress magnitude. The Monterey Bay coastline contains a variety of topographical features and the importance of land-<span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interactions will also be investigated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910000544&hterms=Air+conditioning+system&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DAir%2Bconditioning%2Bsystem','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910000544&hterms=Air+conditioning+system&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DAir%2Bconditioning%2Bsystem"><span>Expert System For <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bagby, D. Gordon; Cormier, Reginald A.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Diagnosis simplified for non-engineers. Developmental expert-system computer program assists operator in controlling, monitoring operation, diagnosing malfunctions, and ordering repairs of <span class="hlt">heat-exchanger</span> system dissipating <span class="hlt">heat</span> generated by 20-kW radio transmitter. System includes not only <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> but also pumps, fans, sensors, valves, reservoir, and associated plumbing. Program conceived to assist operator while avoiding cost of keeping engineer in full-time attendance. Similar programs developed for <span class="hlt">heating</span>, ventilating, and <span class="hlt">air</span>-conditioning systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.A24C2606P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.A24C2606P"><span>Surfactant control of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> from North <span class="hlt">Sea</span> coastal waters and the Atlantic Meridional Transect</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pereira, R.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p> suppression and SA is much weaker (r2 = <0.01, n = 22). While organic matter composition and sources may have variable control on <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> between the provinces, the poor relationship observed between SA and k660 suggests that other environmental factors maybe more influential on <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> in the open ocean compared to North <span class="hlt">Sea</span> coastal waters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930000880','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930000880"><span><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> interaction and remote sensing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Katsaros, Kristina B.; Ataktuerk, Serhad S.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>The first part of the proposed research was a joint effort between our group and the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), University of Washington. Our own research goal is to investigate the relation between the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> processes and the <span class="hlt">sea</span> state over the open ocean and to compare these findings with our previous results obtained over a small body of water namely, Lake Washington. The goals of the APL researchers are to study (1) the infrared <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) signature of breaking waves and surface slicks, and (2) microwave and acoustic scattering from water surface. The task of our group in this joint effort is to conduct measurements of surface fluxes (of momentum, sensible <span class="hlt">heat</span>, and water vapor) and atmospheric radiation (longwave and shortwave) to achieve our research goal as well as to provide crucial complementary data for the APL studies. The progress of the project is summarized.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ACP....18.6001G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ACP....18.6001G"><span>The effects of <span class="hlt">sea</span> spray and atmosphere-wave coupling on <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> during a tropical cyclone</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Garg, Nikhil; Kwee Ng, Eddie Yin; Narasimalu, Srikanth</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The study investigates the role of the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface using numerical simulations of Hurricane Arthur (2014) in the Atlantic. More specifically, the present study aims to discern the role ocean surface waves and <span class="hlt">sea</span> spray play in modulating the intensity and structure of a tropical cyclone (TC). To investigate the effects of ocean surface waves and <span class="hlt">sea</span> spray, numerical simulations were carried out using a coupled atmosphere-wave model, whereby a <span class="hlt">sea</span> spray microphysical model was incorporated within the coupled model. Furthermore, this study also explores how <span class="hlt">sea</span> spray generation can be modelled using wave energy dissipation due to whitecaps; whitecaps are considered as the primary mode of spray droplets generation at hurricane intensity wind speeds. Three different numerical simulations including the <span class="hlt">sea</span>- state-dependent momentum flux, the <span class="hlt">sea</span>-spray-mediated <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux, and a combination of the former two processes with the <span class="hlt">sea</span>-spray-mediated momentum flux were conducted. The foregoing numerical simulations were evaluated against the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoy and satellite altimeter measurements as well as a control simulation using an uncoupled atmosphere model. The results indicate that the model simulations were able to capture the storm track and intensity: the surface wave coupling results in a stronger TC. Moreover, it is also noted that when only spray-mediated <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes are applied in conjunction with the <span class="hlt">sea</span>-state-dependent momentum flux, they result in a slightly weaker TC, albeit stronger compared to the control simulation. However, when a spray-mediated momentum flux is applied together with spray <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes, it results in a comparably stronger TC. The results presented here allude to the role surface friction plays in the intensification of a TC.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_4 --> <div id="page_5" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="81"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29440667','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29440667"><span>Poleward upgliding Siberian atmospheric rivers over <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice <span class="hlt">heat</span> up Arctic upper <span class="hlt">air</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Komatsu, Kensuke K; Alexeev, Vladimir A; Repina, Irina A; Tachibana, Yoshihiro</p> <p>2018-02-13</p> <p>We carried out upper <span class="hlt">air</span> measurements with radiosondes during the summer over the Arctic Ocean from an icebreaker moving poleward from an ice-free region, through the ice edge, and into a region of thick ice. Rapid warming of the Arctic is a significant environmental issue that occurs not only at the surface but also throughout the troposphere. In addition to the widely accepted mechanisms responsible for the increase of tropospheric warming during the summer over the Arctic, we showed a new potential contributing process to the increase, based on our direct observations and supporting numerical simulations and statistical analyses using a long-term reanalysis dataset. We refer to this new process as "Siberian Atmospheric Rivers (SARs)". Poleward upglides of SARs over cold <span class="hlt">air</span> domes overlying <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice provide the upper atmosphere with extra <span class="hlt">heat</span> via condensation of water vapour. This <span class="hlt">heating</span> drives increased buoyancy and further strengthens the ascent and <span class="hlt">heating</span> of the mid-troposphere. This process requires the combination of SARs and <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice as a land-ocean-atmosphere system, the implication being that large-scale <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture transport from the lower latitudes can remotely amplify the warming of the Arctic troposphere in the summer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..227a2104P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..227a2104P"><span>Numerical calculation of a <span class="hlt">sea</span> water heta <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> using Simulink softwear</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Preda, A.; Popescu, L. L.; Popescu, R. S.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>To highlight the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> taking place between seawater as primary agent and the working fluid (water, glycol or Freon) as secondary agent, I have used the Simulink softwear in order to creat a new sequence for numerical calculation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanging</span>. For optimum <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer we opted for a counter movement. The model developed to view the dynamic behavior of the <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> consists of four interconnected levelsess. In the simulations was found that a finer mesh of the whole <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> lead to results much closer to reality. There have been various models meshing, starting from a single cell and then advancing noticed an improvement in resultsSimulations were made in both the summer and the winter, using as a secondary agent process water and glycol solution. Studying <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer that occurs in the primary <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> of a <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump, having the primary fluid <span class="hlt">sea</span> water with this program, we get the data plausible and worthy of consideration. Inserting into the program, the seasonal water temperatures of Black <span class="hlt">Sea</span> water layers, we get a encouraging picture about storage capacity and <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer of <span class="hlt">sea</span> water.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..4412324M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..4412324M"><span>Enrichment of Extracellular Carbonic Anhydrase in the <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Surface Microlayer and Its Effect on <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> CO2 <span class="hlt">Exchange</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mustaffa, N. I. H.; Striebel, M.; Wurl, O.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>This paper describes the quantification of extracellular carbonic anhydrase (eCA) concentrations in the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface microlayer (SML), the boundary layer between the ocean and the atmosphere of the Indo-West Pacific. We demonstrated that the SML is enriched with eCA by 1.5 ± 0.7 compared to the mixed underlying water. Enrichment remains up to a wind speed of 7 m s-1 (i.e., under typical oceanic conditions). As eCA catalyzes the interconversion of HCO3- and CO2, it has been hypothesized that its enrichment in the SML enhances the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. We detected concentrations in the range of 0.12 to 0.76 n<fi>M</fi>, which can enhance the <span class="hlt">exchange</span> by up to 15% based on the model approach described in the literature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1150902-multi-scale-modeling-approximation-assisted-optimization-bare-tube-heat-exchangers','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1150902-multi-scale-modeling-approximation-assisted-optimization-bare-tube-heat-exchangers"><span>MULTI-SCALE MODELING AND APPROXIMATION ASSISTED OPTIMIZATION OF BARE TUBE <span class="hlt">HEAT</span> <span class="hlt">EXCHANGERS</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Bacellar, Daniel; Ling, Jiazhen; Aute, Vikrant</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Air</span>-to-refrigerant <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are very common in <span class="hlt">air</span>-conditioning, <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump and refrigeration applications. In these <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, there is a great benefit in terms of size, weight, refrigerant charge and <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient, by moving from conventional channel sizes (~ 9mm) to smaller channel sizes (< 5mm). This work investigates new designs for <span class="hlt">air</span>-to-refrigerant <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> with tube outer diameter ranging from 0.5 to 2.0mm. The goal of this research is to develop and optimize the design of these <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> and compare their performance with existing state of the art designs. The <span class="hlt">air</span>-side performance of various tube bundle configurationsmore » are analyzed using a Parallel Parameterized CFD (PPCFD) technique. PPCFD allows for fast-parametric CFD analyses of various geometries with topology change. Approximation techniques drastically reduce the number of CFD evaluations required during optimization. Maximum Entropy Design method is used for sampling and Kriging method is used for metamodeling. Metamodels are developed for the <span class="hlt">air</span>-side <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficients and pressure drop as a function of tube-bundle dimensions and <span class="hlt">air</span> velocity. The metamodels are then integrated with an <span class="hlt">air</span>-to-refrigerant <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> design code. This integration allows a multi-scale analysis of <span class="hlt">air</span>-side performance <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> including <span class="hlt">air</span>-to-refrigerant <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer and phase change. Overall optimization is carried out using a multi-objective genetic algorithm. The optimal designs found can exhibit 50 percent size reduction, 75 percent decrease in <span class="hlt">air</span> side pressure drop and doubled <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficients compared to a high performance compact micro channel <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> with same capacity and flow rates.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001asi..book.....C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001asi..book.....C"><span><span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Interaction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Csanady, G. T.</p> <p>2001-03-01</p> <p>In recent years <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction has emerged as a subject in its own right, encompassing small-scale and large-scale processes in both <span class="hlt">air</span> and <span class="hlt">sea</span>. <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Interaction: Laws and Mechanisms is a comprehensive account of how the atmosphere and the ocean interact to control the global climate, what physical laws govern this interaction, and its prominent mechanisms. The topics covered range from evaporation in the oceans, to hurricanes, and on to poleward <span class="hlt">heat</span> transport by the oceans. By developing the subject from basic physical (thermodynamic) principles, the book is accessible to graduate students and research scientists in meteorology, oceanography, and environmental engineering. It will also be of interest to the broader physics community involved in the treatment of transfer laws, and thermodynamics of the atmosphere and ocean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880003414','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880003414"><span>Measured performance of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in the NASA icing research tunnel under severe icing and dry-<span class="hlt">air</span> conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Olsen, W.; Vanfossen, J.; Nussle, R.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>Measurements were made of the pressure drop and thermal perfomance of the unique refrigeration <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in the NASA Lewis Icing Research Tunnel (IRT) under severe icing and frosting conditions and also with dry <span class="hlt">air</span>. This data will be useful to those planning to use or extend the capability of the IRT and other icing facilities (e.g., the Altitude Wind Tunnel-AWT). The IRT <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and refrigeration system is able to cool <span class="hlt">air</span> passing through the test section down to at least a total temperature of -30 C (well below icing requirements), and usually up to -2 C. The system maintains a uniform temperature across the test section at all airspeeds, which is more difficult and time consuming at low airspeeds, at high temperatures, and on hot, humid days when the cooling towers are less efficient. The very small surfaces of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> prevent any icing cloud droplets from passing through it and going through the tests section again. The IRT <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> was originally designed not to be adversely affected by severe icing. During a worst-case icing test the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> iced up enough so that the temperature uniformaity was no worse than about +/- 1 deg C. The conclusion is that the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> design performs well.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016E%26ES...36a2056J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016E%26ES...36a2056J"><span>Design and simulation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> using Aspen HYSYS, and Aspen <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> design and rating for paddy drying application</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Janaun, J.; Kamin, N. H.; Wong, K. H.; Tham, H. J.; Kong, V. V.; Farajpourlar, M.</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">heating</span> unit is one of the most important parts in paddy drying to ensure the efficiency of a drying process. In addition, an optimized <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heating</span> unit does not only promise a good paddy quality, but also save more for the operating cost. This study determined the suitable and best specifications <span class="hlt">heating</span> unit to <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">air</span> for paddy drying in the LAMB dryer. In this study, Aspen HYSYS v7.3 was used to obtain the minimum flow rate of hot water needed. The resulting data obtained from Aspen HYSYS v7.3 were used in Aspen <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> Design and Rating (EDR) to generate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> design and costs. The designs include shell and tubes and plate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> was designed in order to produce various drying temperatures of 40, 50, 60 and 70°C of <span class="hlt">air</span> with different flow rate, 300, 2500 and 5000 LPM. The optimum condition for the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> were found to be plate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> with 0.6 mm plate thickness, 198.75 mm plate width, 554.8 mm plate length and 11 numbers of plates operating at 5000 LPM <span class="hlt">air</span> flow rate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A43G2559J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A43G2559J"><span>Seasonal atmospheric deposition and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gaseous <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over the Yangtze River Estuary, East China <span class="hlt">Sea</span>: Implication for the source-sink processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jiang, Y.; Guo, Z.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>As the home of the largest port in the world, the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) in the East China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (ECS) is adjacent to the largest economic zone in China with more than 10% of Chinese population and provides one-fifth of national GDP. The YRE is under the path of contaminated East Asian continental outflow. These make the YRE unique for the pollutant biogeochemical cycling in the world. In this work, 94 pairs of <span class="hlt">air</span> samples and 20 surface seawater samples covering four seasons were collected from a remote receptor site in the YRE from March 2014 to January 2015, in order to explore the seasonal fluxes of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gaseous <span class="hlt">exchange</span> and atmospheric dry and wet deposition of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their source-sink processes at the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface. The average dry and wet deposition fluxes of 15 PAHs were estimated as 879 ± 1393 ng m-2 d-1 and 755 ± 545 ng m-2 d-1, respectively. The gaseous PAHs were released from seawater to atmosphere during the whole year with an average of 3039 ± 2030 ng m-2 d-1. The gaseous <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of PAHs was referred as the dominant process at the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface in the YRE as the magnitude of volatilization flux of PAHs exceeded that of the total dry and wet deposition. The gaseous PAH <span class="hlt">exchange</span> flux was dominated by 3-ring PAHs, with the highest value in summer while lowest in winter, depicting a strong seasonal variation due to temperature, wind speed and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> concentration gradient difference among seasons. Based on the simplified mass balance estimation, net 9.6 tons/y of PAHs was volatilized from seawater to atmosphere with an area of approximately 20000 km2 in the YRE. Apart from Yangtze River input and ocean ship emissions in the entire year, the selective release of low molecular weight PAHs from sediments in winter due to re-suspension triggered by the East Asian winter monsoon could be another possible source for dissolved PAHs. This work suggests that the source-sink processes of PAHs at <span class="hlt">air-sea</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15782902','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15782902"><span>Quantification of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of chicken eggs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Van Brecht, A; Hens, H; Lemaire, J L; Aerts, J M; Degraeve, P; Berckmans, D</p> <p>2005-03-01</p> <p>In the incubation process of domestic avian eggs, the development of the embryo is mainly influenced by the physical microenvironment around the egg. Only small spatiotemporal deviations in the optimal incubator <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature are allowed to optimize hatchability and hatchling quality. The temperature of the embryo depends on 3 factors: (1) the <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature, (2) the <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of <span class="hlt">heat</span> between the egg and its microenvironment and (3) the time-variable <span class="hlt">heat</span> production of the embryo. Theoretical estimates on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> between an egg and its physical microenvironment are approximated using equations that assume an approximate spherical shape for eggs. The objective of this research was to determine the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer between the eggshell and its microenvironment and then compare this value to various theoretical estimates. By using experimental data, the overall and the convective <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficients were determined as a function of <span class="hlt">heat</span> production, <span class="hlt">air</span> humidity, <span class="hlt">air</span> speed, and <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> transfer was not affected by <span class="hlt">air</span> humidity but solely by <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature, embryonic <span class="hlt">heat</span> generation, and <span class="hlt">air</span> speed and flow around eggs. Also, <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer in forced-<span class="hlt">air</span> incubators occurs mainly by convective <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss, which is dependent on the speed of airflow. A vertical airflow is more efficient than a horizontal airflow in transferring <span class="hlt">heat</span> from the egg. We showed that describing an egg as a sphere underestimated convective <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer by 33% and was, therefore, too simplistic to accurately assess actual <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer from real eggs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110000601','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110000601"><span><span class="hlt">Air</span> Circulation and <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> Under Reduced Pressures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Rygalov, V.; Wheeler, R.; Dixon, M.; Fowler, P.; Hillhouse, L.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> rates decrease non-linearly with reductions in atmospheric pressure. This decrease creates risk of thermal stress (elevated leaf temperatures) for plants under reduced pressures. Forced convection (fans) significantly increases <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> rate under almost all pressures except below 10 kPa. Plant cultivation techniques under reduced pressures will require forced convection. The cooling curve technique is a reliable means of assessing the influence of environmental variables like pressure and gravity on gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of plant. These results represent the extremes of gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> conditions for simple systems under variable pressures. In reality, dense plant canopies will exhibit responses in between these extremes. More research is needed to understand the dependence of forced convection on atmospheric pressure. The overall thermal balance model should include latent and radiative <span class="hlt">exchange</span> components.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990094165&hterms=clear+pool&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dclear%2Bpool','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990094165&hterms=clear+pool&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dclear%2Bpool"><span>Tropical Intraseasonal <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanges</span> during the 1997 Pacific Warming</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sui, C.-H.; Lau, K.-M.; Chou, S.-H.; Wang, Zihou</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>The Madden Julian Oscillations (MJO) and associated westerly wind (WW) events account for much of the tropical intraseasonal variability (TISV). The TISV has been suggested as an important stochastic forcing that may be one of the underlying causes for the observed irregularities of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Recent observational studies and theories of interannual to interdecadal-scale variability suggest that ENSO may arise from different mechanisms depending on the basic states. The Pacific warming event of 1997, being associated with a period of strong MJO and WW events, serves as a natural experiment for studying the possible role of TISV in triggering an ENSO event. We have performed a combined statistical and composite analysis of surface WW events based on the assimilated surface wind and <span class="hlt">sea</span> level pressure for the period of 1980-1993, the SSM/I wind for the period of 1988-1997, and OLR. Results indicates that extratropical forcing contribute significantly to the evolution of MJO and establishment of WW events over the Pacific warm pool. Following the major WW events, there appeared an eastward extension of equatorial warm SST anomalies from the western Pacific warm pool. Such tropical-extratropical interaction is particularly clear in the winter of 96-97 that leads to the recent warming event in 1997/98. From the above discussion, our current study on this subject is based on the hypothesis that 1) there is an enhanced <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction associated with TISV and the northerly surges from the extratropics in the initial phase of the 97/98 warming event, and 2) the relevant mechanisms are functions of the basic state of the coupled system (in terms of SST distribution and atmospheric mean circulation) that varies at the interannual and interdecadal time scale. We are analyzing the space-time structure of the northerly surges, their association with <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes and upper ocean responses during the period of September 1996 to June 1997. The</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940019169','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940019169"><span>Study of transient behavior of finned coil <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Rooke, S. P.; Elissa, M. G.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>The status of research on the transient behavior of finned coil cross-flow <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> using single phase fluids is reviewed. Applications with available analytical or numerical solutions are discussed. Investigation of water-to-<span class="hlt">air</span> type cross-flow finned tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> is examined through the use of simplified governing equations and an up-wind finite difference scheme. The degenerate case of zero <span class="hlt">air</span>-side capacitance rate is compared with available exact solution. Generalization of the numerical model is discussed for application to multi-row multi-circuit <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HMT....54..305C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HMT....54..305C"><span>Experimental study on <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer performance of fin-tube <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and PSHE for waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chen, Ting; Bae, Kyung Jin; Kwon, Oh Kyung</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>In this paper, <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer characteristics of fin-tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and primary surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (PSHE) used in waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery were investigated experimentally. The flow in the fin-tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is cross flow and in PSHE counter flow. The variations of friction factor and Colburn j factor with <span class="hlt">air</span> mass flow rate, and Nu number with Re number are presented. Various comparison methods are used to evaluate <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer performance, and the results show that the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer rate of the PSHE is on average 17.3% larger than that of fin-tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> when <span class="hlt">air</span> mass flow rate is ranging from 1.24 to 3.45 kg/min. However, the PSHE causes higher pressure drop, and the fin-tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> has a wider application range which leads to a 31.7% higher value of maximum <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer rate compared to that of the PSHE. Besides, under the same fan power per unit frontal surface, a higher <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer rate value is given in the fin-tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17706251','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17706251"><span><span class="hlt">Air--sea</span> gaseous <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of PCB at the Venice lagoon (Italy).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Manodori, L; Gambaro, A; Moret, I; Capodaglio, G; Cescon, P</p> <p>2007-10-01</p> <p>Water bodies are important storage media for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and this function is increased in coastal regions because their inputs are higher than those to the open <span class="hlt">sea</span>. The <span class="hlt">air</span>-water interface is extensively involved with the global cycling of PCBs because it is the place where they accumulate due to depositional processes and where they may be emitted by gaseous <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. In this work the parallel collection of <span class="hlt">air</span>, microlayer and sub-superficial water samples was performed in July 2005 at a site in the Venice lagoon to evaluate the summer gaseous flux of PCBs. The total concentration of PCBs (sum of 118 congeners) in <span class="hlt">air</span> varies from 87 to 273 pg m(-3), whereas in the operationally defined dissolved phase of microlayer and sub-superficial water samples it varies from 159 to 391 pg L(-1). No significant enrichment of dissolved PCB into the microlayer has been observed, although a preferential accumulation of most hydrophobic congeners occurs. Due to this behaviour, we believe that the modified two-layer model was the most suitable approach for the evaluation of the flux at the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface, because it takes into account the influence of the microlayer. From its application it appears that PCB volatilize from the lagoon waters with a net flux varying from 58 to 195 ng m(-2)d(-1) (uncertainty: +/-50-64%) due to the strong influence of wind speed. This flux is greater than those reported in the literature for the atmospheric deposition and rivers input and reveals that PCB are actively emitted from the Venice lagoon in summer months.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A43G2558W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A43G2558W"><span><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> and gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over the northwestern Pacific Ocean: Role of East Asian continental outflow</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wu, Z.; Guo, Z.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>We measured 15 parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmosphere and water during a research cruise from the East China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (ECS) to the northwestern Pacific Ocean (NWP) in the spring of 2015 to investigate the occurrence, <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span>, and gas-particle partitioning of PAHs with a particular focus on the influence of East Asian continental outflow. The gaseous PAH composition and identification of sources were consistent with PAHs from the upwind area, indicating that the gaseous PAHs (three- to five-ring PAHs) were influenced by upwind land pollution. In addition, <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluxes of gaseous PAHs were estimated to be -54.2 to 107.4 ng m-2 d-1, and was indicative of variations of land-based PAH inputs. The logarithmic gas-particle partition coefficient (logKp) of PAHs regressed linearly against the logarithmic subcooled liquid vapor pressure, with a slope of -0.25. This was significantly larger than the theoretical value (-1), implying disequilibrium between the gaseous and particulate PAHs over the NWP. The non-equilibrium of PAH gas-particle partitioning was shielded from the volatilization of three-ring gaseous PAHs from seawater and lower soot concentrations in particular when the oceanic <span class="hlt">air</span> masses prevailed. Modeling PAH absorption into organic matter and adsorption onto soot carbon revealed that the status of PAH gas-particle partitioning deviated more from the modeling Kp for oceanic <span class="hlt">air</span> masses than those for continental <span class="hlt">air</span> masses, which coincided with higher volatilization of three-ring PAHs and confirmed the influence of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. Meanwhile, significant linear regressions between logKp and logKoa (logKsa) for PAHs were observed for continental <span class="hlt">air</span> masses, suggesting the dominant effect of East Asian continental outflow on atmospheric PAHs over the NWP during the sampling campaign.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110008919','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110008919"><span>Microgravity condensing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Thomas, Christopher M. (Inventor); Ma, Yonghui (Inventor); North, Andrew (Inventor); Weislogel, Mark M. (Inventor)</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> having a plurality of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanging</span> aluminum fins with hydrophilic condensing surfaces which are stacked and clamped between two cold plates. The cold plates are aligned radially along a plane extending through the axis of a cylindrical duct and hold the stacked and clamped portions of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanging</span> fins along the axis of the cylindrical duct. The fins extend outwardly from the clamped portions along approximately radial planes. The spacing between fins is symmetric about the cold plates, and are somewhat more closely spaced as the angle they make with the cold plates approaches 90.degree.. Passageways extend through the fins between vertex spaces which provide capillary storage and communicate with passageways formed in the stacked and clamped portions of the fins, which communicate with water drains connected to a pump externally to the duct. Water with no entrained <span class="hlt">air</span> is drawn from the capillary spaces.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1011401','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1011401"><span>Segmented <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Baldwin, Darryl Dean; Willi, Martin Leo; Fiveland, Scott Byron</p> <p>2010-12-14</p> <p>A segmented <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> system for transferring <span class="hlt">heat</span> energy from an exhaust fluid to a working fluid. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> system may include a first <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for receiving incoming working fluid and the exhaust fluid. The working fluid and exhaust fluid may travel through at least a portion of the first <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in a parallel flow configuration. In addition, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> system may include a second <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for receiving working fluid from the first <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and exhaust fluid from a third <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The working fluid and exhaust fluid may travel through at least amore » portion of the second <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in a counter flow configuration. Furthermore, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> system may include a third <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for receiving working fluid from the second <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and exhaust fluid from the first <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The working fluid and exhaust fluid may travel through at least a portion of the third <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in a parallel flow configuration.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..245e2027R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..245e2027R"><span>Cooperation of Horizontal Ground <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> with the Ventilation Unit During Summer - Case Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Romańska-Zapała, Anna; Furtak, Marcin; Dechnik, Mirosław</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Renewable energy sources are used in the modern energy-efficient buildings to improve their energy balance. One of them is used in the mechanical ventilation system ground <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (earth-<span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> - EAHX). This solution, right after <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery from exhaust <span class="hlt">air</span> (recuperation), allows the reduction in the energy needed to obtain the desired temperature of supply <span class="hlt">air</span>. The article presents the results of "in situ" measurements of pipe ground <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> cooperating with the <span class="hlt">air</span> handling unit, supporting cooling the building in the summer season, in Polish climatic conditions. The laboratory consists of a ventilation unit intake - exhaust with rotor for which the source of fresh <span class="hlt">air</span> is the <span class="hlt">air</span> intake wall and two <span class="hlt">air</span> intakes field cooperating with the tube with ground <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. Selection of the source of fresh <span class="hlt">air</span> is performed using sprocket with actuators. This system is part of the ventilation system of the Malopolska Laboratory of Energy-Efficient Building (MLBE) building of Cracow University of Technology. The measuring system are, among others, the sensors of parameters of <span class="hlt">air</span> inlets and outlets of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> channels EAHX and weather station that senses the local weather conditions. The measurement data are recorded and archived by the integrated process control system in the building of MLBE. During the study measurements of operating parameters of the ventilation unit cooperating with the selected source of fresh <span class="hlt">air</span> were performed. Two cases of operation of the system: using EAHX <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and without it, were analyzed. Potentially the use of ground <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in the mechanical ventilation system can reduce the energy demand for <span class="hlt">heating</span> or cooling rooms by the pre-adjustment of the supply <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature. Considering the results can be concluded that the continuous use of these <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> is not optimal. This relationship is appropriate not only on an annual basis for the transitional periods (spring</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/467654-air-sea-interaction-subtropical-convergence-south-africa','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/467654-air-sea-interaction-subtropical-convergence-south-africa"><span><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> interaction at the subtropical convergence south of Africa</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Rouault, M.; Lutjeharms, J.R.E.; Ballegooyen, R.C. van</p> <p>1994-12-31</p> <p>The oceanic region south of Africa plays a key role in the control of Southern Africa weather and climate. This is particularly the case for the Subtropical Convergence region, the northern border of the Southern Ocean. An extensive research cruise to investigate this specific front was carried out during June and July 1993. A strong front, the Subtropical Convergence was identified, however its geographic disposition was complicated by the presence of an intense warm eddy detached from the Agulhas current. The warm surface water in the eddy created a strong contrast between it and the overlying atmosphere. Oceanographic measurements (XBTmore » and CTD) were jointly made with radiosonde observations and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction measurements. The <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction measurement system included a Gill sonic anemometer, an Ophir infrared hygrometer, an Eppley pyranometer, an Eppley pyrgeometer and a Vaissala temperature and relative humidity probe. Turbulent fluxes of momentum, sensible <span class="hlt">heat</span> and latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> were calculated in real time using the inertial dissipation method and the bulk method. All these measurements allowed a thorough investigation of the net <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss of the ocean, the deepening of the mixed layer during a severe storm as well as the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer and ocean-atmosphere <span class="hlt">exchanges</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMGC13C0652T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMGC13C0652T"><span>Southern Ocean <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux, SST spatial anomalies, and implications for multi-decadal upper ocean <span class="hlt">heat</span> content trends.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tamsitt, V. M.; Talley, L. D.; Mazloff, M. R.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The Southern Ocean displays a zonal dipole (wavenumber one) pattern in <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST), with a cool zonal anomaly in the Atlantic and Indian sectors and a warm zonal anomaly in the Pacific sector, associated with the large northward excursion of the Malvinas and southeastward flow of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). To the north of the cool Indian sector is the warm, narrow Agulhas Return Current (ARC). <span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux is largely the inverse of this SST pattern, with ocean <span class="hlt">heat</span> gain in the Atlantic/Indian, cooling in the southeastward-flowing ARC, and cooling in the Pacific, based on adjusted fluxes from the Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE), a ⅙° eddy permitting model constrained to all available in situ data. This <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux pattern is dominated by turbulent <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss from the ocean (latent and sensible), proportional to perturbations in the difference between SST and surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature, which are maintained by ocean advection. Locally in the Indian sector, intense <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss along the ARC is contrasted by ocean <span class="hlt">heat</span> gain of 0.11 PW south of the ARC. The IPCC AR5 50 year depth-averaged 0-700 m temperature trend shows surprising similarities in its spatial pattern, with upper ocean warming in the ARC contrasted by cooling to the south. Using diagnosed <span class="hlt">heat</span> budget terms from the most recent (June 2014) 6-year run of the SOSE we find that surface cooling in the ARC is balanced by <span class="hlt">heating</span> from south-eastward advection by the current whereas <span class="hlt">heat</span> gain in the ACC is balanced by cooling due to northward Ekman transport driven by strong westerly winds. These results suggest that spatial patterns in multi-decadal upper ocean temperature trends depend on regional variations in upper ocean dynamics.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_5 --> <div id="page_6" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="101"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864502','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864502"><span><span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">heating</span> system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Primeau, John J.</p> <p>1983-03-01</p> <p>A self-starting, fuel-fired, <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heating</span> system including a vapor generator, a turbine, and a condenser connected in a closed circuit such that the vapor output from the vapor generator is conducted to the turbine and then to the condenser where it is condensed for return to the vapor generator. The turbine drives an <span class="hlt">air</span> blower which passes <span class="hlt">air</span> over the condenser for cooling the condenser. Also, a condensate pump is driven by the turbine. The disclosure is particularly concerned with the provision of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and circuitry for cooling the condensed fluid output from the pump prior to its return to the vapor generator.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1220375','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1220375"><span>Technology Solutions Case Study: Foundation <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span>, Oak Ridge, Tennessee</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>None</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>The foundation <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, is a new concept for a cost-effective horizontal ground <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> that can be connected to water-to-water or water-to-<span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump systems for space conditioning as well as domestic water <span class="hlt">heating</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E3SWC..2200002A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E3SWC..2200002A"><span>Experimental investigation and CFD simulation of multi-pipe earth-to-<span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> (EAHEs) flow performance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Amanowicz, Łukasz; Wojtkowiak, Janusz</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>In this paper the experimentally obtained flow characteristics of multi-pipe earth-to-<span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> (EAHEs) were used to validate the EAHE flow performance numerical model prepared by means of CFD software Ansys Fluent. The cut-cell meshing and the k-ɛ realizable turbulence model with default coefficients values and enhanced wall treatment was used. The total pressure losses and airflow in each pipe of multi-pipe <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> was investigated both experimentally and numerically. The results show that airflow in each pipe of multi-pipe EAHE structures is not equal. The validated numerical model can be used for a proper designing of multi-pipe EAHEs from the flow characteristics point of view. The influence of EAHEs geometrical parameters on the total pressure losses and airflow division between the <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> pipes can be also analysed. Usage of CFD for designing the EAHEs can be helpful for HVAC engineers (<span class="hlt">Heating</span> Ventilation and <span class="hlt">Air</span> Conditioning) for optimizing the geometrical structure of multi-pipe EAHEs in order to save the energy and decrease operational costs of low-energy buildings.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JTST...25.1056H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JTST...25.1056H"><span>Fabrication of High-Temperature <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span> by Plasma Spraying Exterior Skins on Nickel Foams</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hafeez, P.; Yugeswaran, S.; Chandra, S.; Mostaghimi, J.; Coyle, T. W.</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>Thermal-sprayed <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> were tested at high temperatures (750 °C), and their performances were compared to the foam <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> made by brazing Inconel sheets to their surface. Nickel foil was brazed to the exterior surface of 10-mm-thick layers of 10 and 40 PPI nickel foam. A plasma torch was used to spray an Inconel coating on the surface of the foil. A burner test rig was built to produce hot combustion gases that flowed over exposed face of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. Cooling <span class="hlt">air</span> flowed through the foam <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> at rates of up to 200 SLPM. Surface temperature and <span class="hlt">air</span> inlet/exit temperature were measured. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> transfer to <span class="hlt">air</span> flowing through the foam was significantly higher for the thermally sprayed <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> than for the brazed <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. On an average, thermally sprayed <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> show 36% higher <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer than conventionally brazed foam <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. At low flow rates, the convective resistance is large (~4 × 10-2 m2 K/W), and the effect of thermal contact resistance is negligible. At higher flow rates, the convective resistance decreases (~2 × 10-3 m2 K/W), and the lower contact resistance of the thermally sprayed <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> provides better performance than the brazed <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT........41W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT........41W"><span>The Response of the Ocean Thermal Skin Layer to <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Surface <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Fluxes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wong, Elizabeth Wing-See</p> <p></p> <p>There is much evidence that the ocean is <span class="hlt">heating</span> as a result of an increase in concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere from human activities. GHGs absorb infrared radiation and re-emit infrared radiation back to the ocean's surface which is subsequently absorbed. However, the incoming infrared radiation is absorbed within the top micrometers of the ocean's surface which is where the thermal skin layer exists. Thus the incident infrared radiation does not directly <span class="hlt">heat</span> the upper few meters of the ocean. We are therefore motivated to investigate the physical mechanism between the absorption of infrared radiation and its effect on <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer at the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> boundary. The hypothesis is that since <span class="hlt">heat</span> lost through the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface is controlled by the thermal skin layer, which is directly influenced by the absorption and emission of infrared radiation, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow through the thermal skin layer adjusts to maintain the surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss, assuming the surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss does not vary, and thus modulates the upper ocean <span class="hlt">heat</span> content. This hypothesis is investigated through utilizing clouds to represent an increase in incoming longwave radiation and analyzing retrieved thermal skin layer vertical temperature profiles from a shipboard infrared spectrometer from two research cruises. The data are limited to night-time, no precipitation and low winds of less than 2 m/s to remove effects of solar radiation, wind-driven shear and possibilities of thermal skin layer disruption. The results show independence of the turbulent fluxes and emitted radiation on the incident radiative fluxes which rules out the immediate release of <span class="hlt">heat</span> from the absorption of the cloud infrared irradiance back into the atmosphere through processes such as evaporation and increase infrared emission. Furthermore, independence was confirmed between the incoming and outgoing radiative flux which implies the <span class="hlt">heat</span> sink for upward flowing <span class="hlt">heat</span> at the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface is more</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-LRC-1957-B701_P-05383.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-LRC-1957-B701_P-05383.html"><span>Hot-<span class="hlt">Air</span> Jets/Ceramic <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span>/ Materials for Nose Cones and Reentry Vehicles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>1957-09-07</p> <p>L57-5383 Hot-<span class="hlt">air</span> jets employing ceramic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> played an important role at Langley in the study of materials for ballistic missile nose cones and re-entry vehicles. Here a model is being tested in one of theses jets at 4000 degrees Fahrenheit in 1957. Photograph published in Engineer in Charge: A History of the Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, 1917-1958 by James R. Hansen. Page 477.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmEn.147..200O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmEn.147..200O"><span>Determination of temperature dependent Henry's law constants of polychlorinated naphthalenes: Application to <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> in Izmir Bay, Turkey</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Odabasi, Mustafa; Adali, Mutlu</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The Henry's law constant (H) is a crucial variable to investigate the <span class="hlt">air</span>-water <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of persistent organic pollutants. H values for 32 polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) congeners were measured using an inert gas-stripping technique at five temperatures ranging between 5 and 35 °C. H values in deionized water (at 25 °C) varied between 0.28 ± 0.08 Pa m3 mol-1 (PCN-73) and 18.01 ± 0.69 Pa m3 mol-1 (PCN-42). The agreement between the measured and estimated H values from the octanol-water and octanol-<span class="hlt">air</span> partition coefficients was good (measured/estimated ratio = 1.00 ± 0.41, average ± SD). The calculated phase change enthalpies (ΔHH) were within the interval previously determined for other several semivolatile organic compounds (42.0-106.4 kJ mol-1). Measured H values, paired atmospheric and aqueous concentrations and meteorological variables were also used to reveal the level and direction of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluxes of PCNs at the coast of Izmir Bay, Turkey. The net PCN <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> flux varied from -0.55 (volatilization, PCN-24/14) to 2.05 (deposition, PCN-23) ng m-2 day-1. PCN-19, PCN-24/14, PCN-42, and PCN-33/34/37 were mainly volatilized from seawater while the remaining congeners were mainly deposited. The overall number of the cases showing deposition was higher (67.9%) compared to volatilization (21.4%) and near equilibrium (10.7%).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863488','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863488"><span>Fluidized bed <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> utilizing angularly extending <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> tubes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Talmud, Fred M.; Garcia-Mallol, Juan-Antonio</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>A fluidized bed <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in which <span class="hlt">air</span> is passed through a bed of particulate material containing fuel disposed in a housing. A steam/water natural circulation system is provided and includes a steam drum disposed adjacent the fluidized bed and a series of tubes connected at one end to the steam drum. A portion of the tubes are connected to a water drum and in the path of the <span class="hlt">air</span> and the gaseous products of combustion exiting from the bed. Another portion of the tubes pass through the bed and extend at an angle to the upper surface of the bed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28675854','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28675854"><span><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> and gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over the northwestern Pacific Ocean: Role of East Asian continental outflow.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wu, Zilan; Lin, Tian; Li, Zhongxia; Jiang, Yuqing; Li, Yuanyuan; Yao, Xiaohong; Gao, Huiwang; Guo, Zhigang</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>We measured 15 parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmosphere and water during a research cruise from the East China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (ECS) to the northwestern Pacific Ocean (NWP) in the spring of 2015 to investigate the occurrence, <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span>, and gas-particle partitioning of PAHs with a particular focus on the influence of East Asian continental outflow. The gaseous PAH composition and identification of sources were consistent with PAHs from the upwind area, indicating that the gaseous PAHs (three-to five-ring PAHs) were influenced by upwind land pollution. In addition, <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluxes of gaseous PAHs were estimated to be -54.2-107.4 ng m -2 d -1 , and was indicative of variations of land-based PAH inputs. The logarithmic gas-particle partition coefficient (logK p ) of PAHs regressed linearly against the logarithmic subcooled liquid vapor pressure (logP L 0 ), with a slope of -0.25. This was significantly larger than the theoretical value (-1), implying disequilibrium between the gaseous and particulate PAHs over the NWP. The non-equilibrium of PAH gas-particle partitioning was shielded from the volatilization of three-ring gaseous PAHs from seawater and lower soot concentrations in particular when the oceanic <span class="hlt">air</span> masses prevailed. Modeling PAH absorption into organic matter and adsorption onto soot carbon revealed that the status of PAH gas-particle partitioning deviated more from the modeling K p for oceanic <span class="hlt">air</span> masses than those for continental <span class="hlt">air</span> masses, which coincided with higher volatilization of three-ring PAHs and confirmed the influence of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. Meanwhile, significant linear regressions between logK p and logK oa (logK sa ) for PAHs were observed for continental <span class="hlt">air</span> masses, suggesting the dominant effect of East Asian continental outflow on atmospheric PAHs over the NWP during the sampling campaign. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002EGSGA..27.5673F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002EGSGA..27.5673F"><span><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> Forcing and Thermohaline Changes In The Ross <span class="hlt">Sea</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fusco, G.; Budillon, G.</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanges</span> between <span class="hlt">sea</span> and atmosphere from 1986 to 2000 in the Ross <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (Antarctica) were computed from climatological data obtained from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts. They have been related with the thermo- haline changes observed during 5 hydrological surveys performed between the austral summer 1994-1995 and 2000-2001 in the western sector of the Ross <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. The esti- mated <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes show extremely strong spatial and temporal variability over all the Ross <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. As can be expected the largest <span class="hlt">heat</span> losses occur between May and August, while during the period November-February the <span class="hlt">heat</span> budget becomes positive. In the first six years of the investigated period the <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss is very strong with its maximum about 166 Wm-2; while during the period 1992-2000 the yearly <span class="hlt">heat</span> losses are the lowest. Thermohaline changes in the surface layer (upper pycnocline) of the western Ross <span class="hlt">Sea</span> follow the expected seasonal pattern of warming and freshening from the be- ginning to the end of the austral summer. The <span class="hlt">heating</span> changes are substantially lower than the estimated <span class="hlt">heat</span> supplied by the atmosphere during the summer, which under- lines the importance in this season of the advective component carried by the currents in the total <span class="hlt">heat</span> budget of this area. The year to year differences are about one or two orders of magnitude smaller than the seasonal changes in the surface layer. In the in- termediate and deep layers, the summer <span class="hlt">heat</span> and salt variability is of the same order as or one order higher than from one summer to the next. Moreover a freshening of the near bottom layer has been observed, it is consistent with the High Salinity Shelf Water salinity decrease recently detected in the Ross <span class="hlt">Sea</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.A23A..04C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.A23A..04C"><span><span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Momentum and Enthalpy <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> in Coupled Atmosphere-Wave-Ocean Modeling of Tropical Cyclones</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Curcic, M.; Chen, S. S.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>The atmosphere and ocean are coupled through momentum, enthalpy, and mass fluxes. Accurate representation of these fluxes in a wide range of weather and climate conditions is one of major challenges in prediction models. Their current parameterizations are based on sparse observations in low-to-moderate winds and are not suited for high wind conditions such as tropical cyclones (TCs) and winter storms. In this study, we use the Unified Wave INterface - Coupled Model (UWIN-CM), a high resolution, fully-coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean model, to better understand the role of ocean surface waves in mediating <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> momentum and enthalpy <span class="hlt">exchange</span> in TCs. In particular, we focus on the explicit treatment of wave growth and dissipation for calculating atmospheric and oceanic stress, and its role in upper ocean mixing and surface cooling in the wake of the storm. Wind-wave misalignment and local wave disequilibrium result in difference between atmospheric and oceanic stress being largest on the left side of the storm. We find that explicit wave calculation in the coupled model reduces momentum transfer into the ocean by more than 10% on average, resulting in reduced cooling in TC's wake and subsequent weakening of the storm. We also investigate the impacts of <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature and upper ocean parameterization on <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> enthalpy fluxes in the fully coupled model. High-resolution UWIN-CM simulations of TCs with various intensities and structure are conducted in this study to better understand the complex TC-ocean interaction and improve the representation of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> coupling processes in coupled prediction models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BGeo...10.5793S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BGeo...10.5793S"><span>Biology and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> controls on the distribution of carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) in the ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schmittner, A.; Gruber, N.; Mix, A. C.; Key, R. M.; Tagliabue, A.; Westberry, T. K.</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>Analysis of observations and sensitivity experiments with a new three-dimensional global model of stable carbon isotope cycling elucidate processes that control the distribution of δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the contemporary and preindustrial ocean. Biological fractionation and the sinking of isotopically light δ13C organic matter from the surface into the interior ocean leads to low δ13CDIC values at depths and in high latitude surface waters and high values in the upper ocean at low latitudes with maxima in the subtropics. <span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> has two effects. First, it acts to reduce the spatial gradients created by biology. Second, the associated temperature-dependent fractionation tends to increase (decrease) δ13CDIC values of colder (warmer) water, which generates gradients that oppose those arising from biology. Our model results suggest that both effects are similarly important in influencing surface and interior δ13CDIC distributions. However, since <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> is slow in the modern ocean, the biological effect dominates spatial δ13CDIC gradients both in the interior and at the surface, in contrast to conclusions from some previous studies. Calcium carbonate cycling, pH dependency of fractionation during <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span>, and kinetic fractionation have minor effects on δ13CDIC. Accumulation of isotopically light carbon from anthropogenic fossil fuel burning has decreased the spatial variability of surface and deep δ13CDIC since the industrial revolution in our model simulations. Analysis of a new synthesis of δ13CDIC measurements from years 1990 to 2005 is used to quantify preformed and remineralized contributions as well as the effects of biology and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. The model reproduces major features of the observed large-scale distribution of δ13CDIC as well as the individual contributions and effects. Residual misfits are documented and analyzed. Simulated surface and subsurface δ13CDIC are influenced by</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1738K0008N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1738K0008N"><span>The predictive protective control of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nevriva, Pavel; Filipova, Blanka; Vilimec, Ladislav</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>The paper deals with the predictive control applied to flexible cogeneration energy system FES. FES was designed and developed by the VITKOVICE POWER ENGINEERING joint-stock company and represents a new solution of decentralized cogeneration energy sources. In FES, the <span class="hlt">heating</span> medium is flue gas generated by combustion of a solid fuel. The <span class="hlt">heated</span> medium is power gas, which is a gas mixture of <span class="hlt">air</span> and water steam. Power gas is superheated in the main <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and led to gas turbines. To protect the main <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> against damage by overheating, the novel predictive protective control based on the mathematical model of <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> was developed. The paper describes the principle, the design and the simulation of the predictive protective method applied to main <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> of FES.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA603185','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA603185"><span>Elimination of Acid Cleaning of High Temperature Salt Water <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span>: Redesigned Pre-Production Full-Scale <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pipe Bleed <span class="hlt">Air</span> Cooler for Shipboard Evaluation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-11-01</p> <p>Cleaning of High Temperature Salt Water <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span> ESTCP WP-200302 Subtitle: Redesigned Pre-production Full-Scale <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pipe Bleed <span class="hlt">Air</span> Cooler For...FINAL 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 1-Jan-2003 – 1-Oct-2009 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Elimination of Acid Cleaning of High Temperature Salt Water <span class="hlt">Heat</span>...6-5 Figure 6- 6 HP-BAC Tube Sheet Being Immersed in Ultrasonic Cleaning Tank ..................................... 6-6 Figure 6- 7 <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pipe</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5627731','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5627731"><span>Woven <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Piscitella, R.R.</p> <p>1984-07-16</p> <p>This invention relates to a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery from high temperature industrial exhaust streams. In a woven ceramic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> using the basic tube-in-shell design, each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> consisting of tube sheets and tube, is woven separately. Individual <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are assembled in cross-flow configuration. Each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is woven from high temperature ceramic fiber, the warp is continuous from tube to tube sheet providing a smooth transition and unitized construction.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983STIN...8420928B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983STIN...8420928B"><span><span class="hlt">Air</span>/molten salt direct-contact <span class="hlt">heat</span>-transfer experiment and economic analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bohn, M. S.</p> <p>1983-11-01</p> <p>Direct-contact <span class="hlt">heat</span>-transfer coefficients have been measured in a pilot-scale packed column <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for molten salt/<span class="hlt">air</span> duty. Two types of commercial tower packings were tested: metal Raschig rings and initial Pall rings. Volumetric <span class="hlt">heat</span>-transfer coefficients were measured and appeared to depend upon <span class="hlt">air</span> flow but not on salt flow rate. An economic analysis was used to compare the cost-effectiveness of direct-contact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> with finned-tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in this application. Incorporating the measured volumetric <span class="hlt">heat</span>-transfer coefficients, a direct-contact system appeared to be from two to five times as cost-effective as a finned-tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, depending upon operating temperature. The large cost advantage occurs for higher operating temperatures (2700(0)C), where high rates of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer and flexibility in materials choice give the cost advantage to the direct-contact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993ONERA..75.....A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993ONERA..75.....A"><span>High temperature <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> for gas turbines and future hypersonic <span class="hlt">air</span> breathing propulsion</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Avran, Patrick; Bernard, Pierre</p> <p></p> <p>After surveying the results of ONERA's investigations to date of metallic and ceramic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> applicable to automotive and aircraft powerplants, which are primarily of finned-tube counterflow configuration, attention is given to the influence of <span class="hlt">heat-exchanger</span> effectiveness on fuel consumption and <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> dimensions and weight. Emphasis is placed on the results of studies of cryogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> used by airbreathing hypersonic propulsion systems. The numerical codes developed by ONERA for the modeling of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> thermodynamics are evaluated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.6547Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.6547Y"><span><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> interaction regimes in the sub-Antarctic Southern Ocean and Antarctic marginal ice zone revealed by icebreaker measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yu, Lisan; Jin, Xiangze; Schulz, Eric W.; Josey, Simon A.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>This study analyzed shipboard <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> measurements acquired by the icebreaker Aurora Australis during its off-winter operation in December 2010 to May 2012. Mean conditions over 7 months (October-April) were compiled from a total of 22 ship tracks. The icebreaker traversed the water between Hobart, Tasmania, and the Antarctic continent, providing valuable in situ insight into two dynamically important, yet poorly sampled, regimes: the sub-Antarctic Southern Ocean and the Antarctic marginal ice zone (MIZ) in the Indian Ocean sector. The transition from the open water to the ice-covered surface creates sharp changes in albedo, surface roughness, and <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature, leading to consequential effects on <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> variables and fluxes. Major effort was made to estimate the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes in the MIZ using the bulk flux algorithms that are tuned specifically for the <span class="hlt">sea</span>-ice effects, while computing the fluxes over the sub-Antarctic section using the COARE3.0 algorithm. The study evidenced strong <span class="hlt">sea</span>-ice modulations on winds, with the southerly airflow showing deceleration (convergence) in the MIZ and acceleration (divergence) when moving away from the MIZ. Marked seasonal variations in <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanges</span> between the atmosphere and the ice margin were noted. The monotonic increase in turbulent latent and sensible <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes after summer turned the MIZ quickly into a <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss regime, while at the same time the sub-Antarctic surface water continued to receive <span class="hlt">heat</span> from the atmosphere. The drastic increase in turbulent <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss in the MIZ contrasted sharply to the nonsignificant and seasonally invariant turbulent <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss over the sub-Antarctic open water.<abstract type="synopsis"><title type="main">Plain Language SummaryThe icebreaker Aurora Australis is a research and supply vessel that is regularly chartered by the Australian Antarctic Division during the southern summer to operate in waters between Hobart, Tasmania, and Antarctica. The vessel serves as the main lifeline to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/867004','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/867004"><span>Corrosive resistant <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Richlen, Scott L.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>A corrosive and errosive resistant <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> which recovers <span class="hlt">heat</span> from a contaminated <span class="hlt">heat</span> stream. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> utilizes a boundary layer of innocuous gas, which is continuously replenished, to protect the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> surface from the hot contaminated gas. The innocuous gas is conveyed through ducts or perforations in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> wall. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> from the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stream is transferred by radiation to the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> wall. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> is removed from the outer <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> wall by a <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery medium.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28079171','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28079171"><span>Comfortable, high-efficiency <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump with desiccant-coated, water-sorbing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tu, Y D; Wang, R Z; Ge, T S; Zheng, X</p> <p>2017-01-12</p> <p>Comfortable, efficient, and affordable <span class="hlt">heating</span>, ventilation, and <span class="hlt">air</span> conditioning systems in buildings are highly desirable due to the demands of energy efficiency and environmental friendliness. Traditional vapor-compression <span class="hlt">air</span> conditioners exhibit a lower coefficient of performance (COP) (typically 2.8-3.8) owing to the cooling-based dehumidification methods that handle both sensible and latent loads together. Temperature- and humidity-independent control or desiccant systems have been proposed to overcome these challenges; however, the COP of current desiccant systems is quite small and additional <span class="hlt">heat</span> sources are usually needed. Here, we report on a desiccant-enhanced, direct expansion <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump based on a water-sorbing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> with a desiccant coating that exhibits an ultrahigh COP value of more than 7 without sacrificing any comfort or compactness. The pump's efficiency is doubled compared to that of pumps currently used in conventional room <span class="hlt">air</span> conditioners, which is a revolutionary HVAC breakthrough. Our proposed water-sorbing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> can independently handle sensible and latent loads at the same time. The desiccants adsorb moisture almost isothermally and can be regenerated by condensation <span class="hlt">heat</span>. This new approach opens up the possibility of achieving ultrahigh efficiency for a broad range of temperature- and humidity-control applications.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_6 --> <div id="page_7" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="121"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5227918','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5227918"><span>Comfortable, high-efficiency <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump with desiccant-coated, water-sorbing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Tu, Y. D.; Wang, R. Z.; Ge, T. S.; Zheng, X.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Comfortable, efficient, and affordable <span class="hlt">heating</span>, ventilation, and <span class="hlt">air</span> conditioning systems in buildings are highly desirable due to the demands of energy efficiency and environmental friendliness. Traditional vapor-compression <span class="hlt">air</span> conditioners exhibit a lower coefficient of performance (COP) (typically 2.8–3.8) owing to the cooling-based dehumidification methods that handle both sensible and latent loads together. Temperature- and humidity-independent control or desiccant systems have been proposed to overcome these challenges; however, the COP of current desiccant systems is quite small and additional <span class="hlt">heat</span> sources are usually needed. Here, we report on a desiccant-enhanced, direct expansion <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump based on a water-sorbing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> with a desiccant coating that exhibits an ultrahigh COP value of more than 7 without sacrificing any comfort or compactness. The pump’s efficiency is doubled compared to that of pumps currently used in conventional room <span class="hlt">air</span> conditioners, which is a revolutionary HVAC breakthrough. Our proposed water-sorbing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> can independently handle sensible and latent loads at the same time. The desiccants adsorb moisture almost isothermally and can be regenerated by condensation <span class="hlt">heat</span>. This new approach opens up the possibility of achieving ultrahigh efficiency for a broad range of temperature- and humidity-control applications. PMID:28079171</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...740437T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...740437T"><span>Comfortable, high-efficiency <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump with desiccant-coated, water-sorbing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tu, Y. D.; Wang, R. Z.; Ge, T. S.; Zheng, X.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Comfortable, efficient, and affordable <span class="hlt">heating</span>, ventilation, and <span class="hlt">air</span> conditioning systems in buildings are highly desirable due to the demands of energy efficiency and environmental friendliness. Traditional vapor-compression <span class="hlt">air</span> conditioners exhibit a lower coefficient of performance (COP) (typically 2.8-3.8) owing to the cooling-based dehumidification methods that handle both sensible and latent loads together. Temperature- and humidity-independent control or desiccant systems have been proposed to overcome these challenges; however, the COP of current desiccant systems is quite small and additional <span class="hlt">heat</span> sources are usually needed. Here, we report on a desiccant-enhanced, direct expansion <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump based on a water-sorbing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> with a desiccant coating that exhibits an ultrahigh COP value of more than 7 without sacrificing any comfort or compactness. The pump’s efficiency is doubled compared to that of pumps currently used in conventional room <span class="hlt">air</span> conditioners, which is a revolutionary HVAC breakthrough. Our proposed water-sorbing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> can independently handle sensible and latent loads at the same time. The desiccants adsorb moisture almost isothermally and can be regenerated by condensation <span class="hlt">heat</span>. This new approach opens up the possibility of achieving ultrahigh efficiency for a broad range of temperature- and humidity-control applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.A54C2732S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.A54C2732S"><span>Enhanced Ahead-of-Eye TC Coastal Ocean Cooling Processes and their Impact on <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Fluxes and Storm Intensity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Seroka, G. N.; Miles, T. N.; Glenn, S. M.; Xu, Y.; Forney, R.; Roarty, H.; Schofield, O.; Kohut, J. T.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Any landfalling tropical cyclone (TC) must first traverse the coastal ocean. TC research, however, has focused over the deep ocean, where TCs typically spend the vast majority of their lifetime. This paper will show that the ocean's response to TCs can be different between deep and shallow water, and that the additional shallow water processes must be included in coupled models for accurate <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> flux treatment and TC intensity prediction. The authors will present newly observed coastal ocean processes that occurred in response to Hurricane Irene (2011), due to the presence of a coastline, an ocean bottom, and highly stratified conditions. These newly observed processes led to enhanced ahead-of-eye SST cooling that significantly impacted <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes and Irene's operationally over-predicted storm intensity. Using semi-idealized modeling, we find that in shallow water in Irene, only 6% of cooling due to <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes, 17% of cooling due to 1D vertical mixing, and 50% of cooling due to all processes (1D mixing, <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes, upwelling, and advection) occurred ahead-of-eye—consistent with previous studies. Observations from an underwater glider and buoys, however, indicated 75-100% of total SST cooling over the continental shelf was ahead-of-eye. Thus, the new coastal ocean cooling processes found in this study must occur almost completely ahead-of-eye. We show that Irene's intense cooling was not captured by basic satellite SST products and coupled ocean-atmosphere hurricane models, and that including the cooling in WRF modeling mitigated the high bias in model predictions. Finally, we provide evidence that this SST cooling—not track, wind shear, or dry <span class="hlt">air</span> intrusion—was the key missing contribution to Irene's decay just prior to NJ landfall. Ongoing work is exploring the use of coupled WRF-ROMS modeling in the coastal zone.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186331','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186331"><span>Variability of the gaseous elemental mercury <span class="hlt">sea-air</span> flux of the Baltic <span class="hlt">Sea</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kuss, Joachim; Schneider, Bernd</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>The importance of the <span class="hlt">sea</span> as a sink for atmospheric mercury has been established quantitatively through models based on wet and dry deposition data, but little is known about the release of mercury from <span class="hlt">sea</span> areas. The concentration of elemental mercury (Hg0) in <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface water and in the marine atmosphere of the Baltic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> was measured at high spatial resolution in February, April, July, and November 2006. Wind-speed records and the gas-<span class="hlt">exchange</span> transfer velocity were then used to calculate Hg0 <span class="hlt">sea-air</span> fluxes on the basis of Hg0 <span class="hlt">sea-air</span> concentration differences. Our results show that the spatial resolution of the surface water Hg0 data can be significantly improved by continuous measurements of Hg0 in <span class="hlt">air</span> equilibrated with water instead of quantitative extraction of Hg0 from seawater samples. A spatial and highly seasonal variability of the Hg0 <span class="hlt">sea-air</span> flux was thus determined. In winter, the flux was low and changed in direction. In summer, a strong emission flux of up to 150 ng m(-2) day(-1) in the central Baltic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> was recorded. The total emission of Hg0 from the studied area (235000 km2) was 4300 +/- 1600 kg in 2006 and exceeded deposition estimates.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/875197','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/875197"><span>Woven <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Piscitella, Roger R.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>In a woven ceramic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> using the basic tube-in-shell design, each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> consisting of tube sheets and tube, is woven separately. Individual <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are assembled in cross-flow configuration. Each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is woven from high temperature ceramic fiber, the warp is continuous from tube to tube sheet providing a smooth transition and unitized construction.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1176569','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1176569"><span>Woven <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Piscitella, Roger R.</p> <p>1987-05-05</p> <p>In a woven ceramic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> using the basic tube-in-shell design, each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> consisting of tube sheets and tube, is woven separately. Individual <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are assembled in cross-flow configuration. Each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is woven from high temperature ceramic fiber, the warp is continuous from tube to tube sheet providing a smooth transition and unitized construction.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APJAS..49..443P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APJAS..49..443P"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> flux variations over <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice observed at the coastal area of the Sejong Station, Antarctica</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Park, Sang-Jong; Choi, Tae-Jin; Kim, Seong-Joong</p> <p>2013-08-01</p> <p>This study presents variations of sensible <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux and latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux over <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice observed in 2011 from the 10-m flux tower located at the coast of the Sejong Station on King George Island, Antarctica. A period from July to September was selected as a <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice period based on daily record of <span class="hlt">sea</span> state and hourly photos looking at the Marian Cove in front of the Sejong Station. For the <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice period, mean sensible <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux is about -11 Wm-2, latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux is about +2 W m-2, net radiation is -12 W m-2, and residual energy is -3 W m-2 with clear diurnal variations. Estimated mean values of surface <span class="hlt">exchange</span> coefficients for momentum, <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture are 5.15 × 10-3, 1.19 × 10-3, and 1.87 × 10-3, respectively. The observed <span class="hlt">exchange</span> coefficients of <span class="hlt">heat</span> shows clear diurnal variations while those of momentum and moisture do not show diurnal variation. The parameterized <span class="hlt">exchange</span> coefficients of <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture produces <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes which compare well with the observed diurnal variations of <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11880979','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11880979"><span>Regional blood flow in <span class="hlt">sea</span> turtles: implications for <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> in an aquatic ectotherm.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hochscheid, Sandra; Bentivegna, Flegra; Speakman, John R</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Despite substantial knowledge on thermoregulation in reptiles, the mechanisms involved in <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of <span class="hlt">sea</span> turtles have not been investigated in detail. We studied blood flow in the front flippers of two green turtles, Chelonia mydas, and four loggerhead turtles, Caretta caretta, using Doppler ultrasound to assess the importance of regional blood flow in temperature regulation. Mean blood flow velocity and heart rate were determined for the water temperature at which the turtles were acclimated (19.3 degrees-22.5 degrees C) and for several experimental water temperatures (17 degrees-32 degrees C) to which the turtles were exposed for a short time. Flipper circulation increased with increasing water temperature, whereas during cooling, flipper circulation was greatly reduced. Heart rate was also positively correlated with water temperature; however, there were large variations between individual heart rate responses. Body temperatures, which were additionally determined for the two green turtles and six loggerhead turtles, increased faster during <span class="hlt">heating</span> than during cooling. <span class="hlt">Heating</span> rates were positively correlated with the difference between acclimation and experimental temperature and negatively correlated with body mass. Our data suggest that by varying circulation of the front flippers, turtles are capable of either transporting <span class="hlt">heat</span> quickly into the body or retaining <span class="hlt">heat</span> inside the body, depending on the prevailing thermal demands.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110011892','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110011892"><span>Observations of Recent Arctic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Ice Volume Loss and Its Impact on Ocean-Atmosphere Energy <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> and Ice Production</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kurtz, N. T.; Markus, T.; Farrell, S. L.; Worthen, D. L.; Boisvert, L. N.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Using recently developed techniques we estimate snow and <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice thickness distributions for the Arctic basin through the combination of freeboard data from the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) and a snow depth model. These data are used with meteorological data and a thermodynamic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice model to calculate ocean-atmosphere <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> and ice volume production during the 2003-2008 fall and winter seasons. The calculated <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes and ice growth rates are in agreement with previous observations over multiyear ice. In this study, we calculate <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes and ice growth rates for the full distribution of ice thicknesses covering the Arctic basin and determine the impact of ice thickness change on the calculated values. Thinning of the <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice is observed which greatly increases the 2005-2007 fall period ocean-atmosphere <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes compared to those observed in 2003. Although there was also a decline in <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice thickness for the winter periods, the winter time <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux was found to be less impacted by the observed changes in ice thickness. A large increase in the net Arctic ocean-atmosphere <span class="hlt">heat</span> output is also observed in the fall periods due to changes in the areal coverage of <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice. The anomalously low <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice coverage in 2007 led to a net ocean-atmosphere <span class="hlt">heat</span> output approximately 3 times greater than was observed in previous years and suggests that <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice losses are now playing a role in increasing surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures in the Arctic.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy...50...83B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy...50...83B"><span>Greenland coastal <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures linked to Baffin Bay and Greenland <span class="hlt">Sea</span> ice conditions during autumn through regional blocking patterns</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ballinger, Thomas J.; Hanna, Edward; Hall, Richard J.; Miller, Jeffrey; Ribergaard, Mads H.; Høyer, Jacob L.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Variations in <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice freeze onset and regional <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures (SSTs) in Baffin Bay and Greenland <span class="hlt">Sea</span> are linked to autumn surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures (SATs) around coastal Greenland through 500 hPa blocking patterns, 1979-2014. We find strong, statistically significant correlations between Baffin Bay freeze onset and SSTs and SATs across the western and southernmost coastal areas, while weaker and fewer significant correlations are found between eastern SATs, SSTs, and freeze periods observed in the neighboring Greenland <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. Autumn Greenland Blocking Index values and the incidence of meridional circulation patterns have increased over the modern <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice monitoring era. Increased anticyclonic blocking patterns promote poleward transport of warm <span class="hlt">air</span> from lower latitudes and local warm <span class="hlt">air</span> advection onshore from ocean-atmosphere sensible <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> through ice-free or thin ice-covered <span class="hlt">seas</span> bordering the coastal stations. Temperature composites by years of extreme late freeze conditions, occurring since 2006 in Baffin Bay, reveal positive monthly SAT departures that often exceed 1 standard deviation from the 1981-2010 climate normal over coastal areas that exhibit a similar spatial pattern as the peak correlations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009HMT....46..175M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009HMT....46..175M"><span>High temperature <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> studies for applications to gas turbines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Min, June Kee; Jeong, Ji Hwan; Ha, Man Yeong; Kim, Kui Soon</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>Growing demand for environmentally friendly aero gas-turbine engines with lower emissions and improved specific fuel consumption can be met by incorporating <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> into gas turbines. Relevant researches in such areas as the design of a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> matrix, materials selection, manufacturing technology, and optimization by a variety of researchers have been reviewed in this paper. Based on results reported in previous studies, potential <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> designs for an aero gas turbine recuperator, intercooler, and cooling-<span class="hlt">air</span> cooler are suggested.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1232686','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1232686"><span>Low Cost Polymer <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span> for Condensing Boilers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Butcher, Thomas; Trojanowski, Rebecca; Wei, George</p> <p>2015-09-30</p> <p>Work in this project sought to develop a suitable design for a low cost, corrosion resistant <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> as part of a high efficiency condensing boiler. Based upon the design parameters and cost analysis several geometries and material options were explored. The project also quantified and demonstrated the durability of the selected polymer/filler composite under expected operating conditions. The core material idea included a polymer matrix with fillers for thermal conductivity improvement. While the work focused on conventional <span class="hlt">heating</span> oil, this concept could also be applicable to natural gas, low sulfur <span class="hlt">heating</span> oil, and biodiesel- although these are considered tomore » be less challenging environments. An extruded polymer composite <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> was designed, built, and tested during this project, demonstrating technical feasibility of this corrosion-resistant material approach. In such flue gas-to-<span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, the controlling resistance to <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer is in the gas-side convective layer and not in the tube material. For this reason, the lower thermal conductivity polymer composite <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> can achieve overall <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer performance comparable to a metal <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. However, with the polymer composite, the surface temperature on the gas side will be higher, leading to a lower water vapor condensation rate.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1714679M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1714679M"><span>Carbon speciation at the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface during rain</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McGillis, Wade; Hsueh, Diana; Takeshita, Yui; Donham, Emily; Markowitz, Michele; Turk, Daniela; Martz, Todd; Price, Nicole; Langdon, Chris; Najjar, Raymond; Herrmann, Maria; Sutton, Adrienne; Loose, Brice; Paine, Julia; Zappa, Christopher</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>This investigation demonstrates the surface ocean dilution during rain events on the ocean and quantifies the lowering of surface pCO2 affecting the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of carbon dioxide. Surface salinity was measured during rain events in Puerto Rico, the Florida Keys, East Coast USA, Panama, and the Palmyra Atoll. End-member analysis is used to determine the subsequent surface ocean carbonate speciation. Surface ocean carbonate chemistry was measured during rain events to verify any approximations made. The physical processes during rain (cold, fresh water intrusion and buoyancy, surface waves and shear, microscale mixing) are described. The role of rain on surface mixing, biogeochemistry, and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> will be discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ArTh...37..137A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ArTh...37..137A"><span>Performance analyses of helical coil <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. The effect of external coil surface modification on <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> effectiveness</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Andrzejczyk, Rafał; Muszyński, Tomasz</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The shell and coil <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are commonly used in <span class="hlt">heating</span>, ventilation, nuclear industry, process plant, <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery and <span class="hlt">air</span> conditioning systems. This type of recuperators benefits from simple construction, the low value of pressure drops and high <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer. In helical coil, centrifugal force is acting on the moving fluid due to the curvature of the tube results in the development. It has been long recognized that the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer in the helical tube is much better than in the straight ones because of the occurrence of secondary flow in planes normal to the main flow inside the helical structure. Helical tubes show good performance in <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer enhancement, while the uniform curvature of spiral structure is inconvenient in pipe installation in <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. Authors have presented their own construction of shell and tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> with intensified <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer. The purpose of this article is to assess the influence of the surface modification over the performance coefficient and effectiveness. The experiments have been performed for the steady-state <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer. Experimental data points were gathered for both laminar and turbulent flow, both for co current- and countercurrent flow arrangement. To find optimal <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer intensification on the shell-side authors applied the number of transfer units analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950060064&hterms=heat+exchanger&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dheat%2Bexchanger','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950060064&hterms=heat+exchanger&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dheat%2Bexchanger"><span>Analysis of a membrane-based condesate recovery <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (CRX)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Newbold, D.D.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>The development of a temperature and humidity control system that can remove <span class="hlt">heat</span> and recover water vapor is key to the development of an Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS). Large quantities of water vapor must be removed from <span class="hlt">air</span>, and this operation has proven difficult in the absense of gravity. This paper presents the modeling results from a program to develop a novel membrane-based <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> known as the condensate recovery <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (CRX). This device cools and dehumidifies humid <span class="hlt">air</span> and simultaneously recovers water-vapor condensate. In this paper, the CRX is described and the results of an analysis of the <span class="hlt">heat</span>- and mass-transfer characteristics of the device are given.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/874378','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/874378"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> with transpired, highly porous fins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Kutscher, Charles F.; Gawlik, Keith</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> includes a fin and tube assembly with increased <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer surface area positioned within a hollow chamber of a housing to provide effective <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer between a gas flowing within the hollow chamber and a fluid flowing in the fin and tube assembly. A fan is included to force a gas, such as <span class="hlt">air</span>, to flow through the hollow chamber and through the fin and tube assembly. The fin and tube assembly comprises fluid conduits to direct the fluid through the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, to prevent mixing with the gas, and to provide a <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer surface or pathway between the fluid and the gas. A <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer element is provided in the fin and tube assembly to provide extended <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer surfaces for the fluid conduits. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer element is corrugated to form fins between alternating ridges and grooves that define flow channels for directing the gas flow. The fins are fabricated from a thin, <span class="hlt">heat</span> conductive material containing numerous orifices or pores for transpiring the gas out of the flow channel. The grooves are closed or only partially open so that all or substantially all of the gas is transpired through the fins so that <span class="hlt">heat</span> is <span class="hlt">exchanged</span> on the front and back surfaces of the fins and also within the interior of the orifices, thereby significantly increasing the available the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer surface of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The transpired fins also increase <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer effectiveness of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> by increasing the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient by disrupting boundary layer development on the fins and by establishing other beneficial gas flow patterns, all at desirable pressure drops.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26931659','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26931659"><span><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of gaseous mercury in the tropical coast (Luhuitou fringing reef) of the South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, the Hainan Island, China.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ci, Zhijia; Zhang, Xiaoshan; Wang, Zhangwei</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of gaseous mercury (mainly Hg(0)) in the tropical ocean is an important part of the global Hg biogeochemical cycle, but the related investigations are limited. In this study, we simultaneously measured Hg(0) concentrations in surface waters and overlaying <span class="hlt">air</span> in the tropical coast (Luhuitou fringing reef) of the South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (SCS), Hainan Island, China, for 13 days on January-February 2015. The purpose of this study was to explore the temporal variation of Hg(0) concentrations in <span class="hlt">air</span> and surface waters, estimate the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> Hg(0) flux, and reveal their influencing factors in the tropical coastal environment. The mean concentrations (±SD) of Hg(0) in <span class="hlt">air</span> and total Hg (THg) in waters were 2.34 ± 0.26 ng m(-3) and 1.40 ± 0.48 ng L(-1), respectively. Both Hg(0) concentrations in waters (53.7 ± 18.8 pg L(-1)) and Hg(0)/THg ratios (3.8 %) in this study were significantly higher than those of the open water of the SCS in winter. Hg(0) in waters usually exhibited a clear diurnal variation with increased concentrations in daytime and decreased concentrations in nighttime, especially in cloudless days with low wind speed. Linear regression analysis suggested that Hg(0) concentrations in waters were positively and significantly correlated to the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (R (2) = 0.42, p < 0.001). Surface waters were always supersaturated with Hg(0) compared to <span class="hlt">air</span> (the degree of saturation, 2.46 to 13.87), indicating that the surface water was one of the atmospheric Hg(0) sources. The <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> Hg(0) fluxes were estimated to be 1.73 ± 1.25 ng m(-2) h(-1) with a large range between 0.01 and 6.06 ng m(-2) h(-1). The high variation of Hg(0) fluxes was mainly attributed to the greatly temporal variation of wind speed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BGeo...14.5595B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BGeo...14.5595B"><span>Continuous measurement of <span class="hlt">air</span>-water gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> by underwater eddy covariance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Berg, Peter; Pace, Michael L.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Exchange</span> of gases, such as O2, CO2, and CH4, over the <span class="hlt">air</span>-water interface is an important component in aquatic ecosystem studies, but <span class="hlt">exchange</span> rates are typically measured or estimated with substantial uncertainties. This diminishes the precision of common ecosystem assessments associated with gas <span class="hlt">exchanges</span> such as primary production, respiration, and greenhouse gas emission. Here, we used the aquatic eddy covariance technique - originally developed for benthic O2 flux measurements - right below the <span class="hlt">air</span>-water interface (˜ 4 cm) to determine gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> rates and coefficients. Using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter and a fast-responding dual O2-temperature sensor mounted on a floating platform the 3-D water velocity, O2 concentration, and temperature were measured at high-speed (64 Hz). By combining these data, concurrent vertical fluxes of O2 and <span class="hlt">heat</span> across the <span class="hlt">air</span>-water interface were derived, and gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> coefficients were calculated from the former. Proof-of-concept deployments at different river sites gave standard gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> coefficients (k600) in the range of published values. A 40 h long deployment revealed a distinct diurnal pattern in <span class="hlt">air</span>-water <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of O2 that was controlled largely by physical processes (e.g., diurnal variations in <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature and associated <span class="hlt">air</span>-water <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes) and not by biological activity (primary production and respiration). This physical control of gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> can be prevalent in lotic systems and adds uncertainty to assessments of biological activity that are based on measured water column O2 concentration changes. For example, in the 40 h deployment, there was near-constant river flow and insignificant winds - two main drivers of lotic gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> - but we found gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> coefficients that varied by several fold. This was presumably caused by the formation and erosion of vertical temperature-density gradients in the surface water driven by the <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux into or out of the river that affected the turbulent</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19920310','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19920310"><span>Nosehouse: <span class="hlt">heat</span>-conserving ventilators based on nasal counterflow <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Vogel, Steven</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>Small birds and mammals commonly minimize respiratory <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss with reciprocating counterflow <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> in their nasal passageways. These animals extract <span class="hlt">heat</span> from the <span class="hlt">air</span> in an exhalation to warm those passageways and then use that <span class="hlt">heat</span> to warm the subsequent inhalation. Although the near-constant volume of buildings precludes direct application of the device, a pair of such <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> located remotely from each other circumvents that problem. A very simple and crudely constructed small-scale physical model of the device worked well enough as a <span class="hlt">heat</span> conserver to suggest utility as a ventilator for buildings.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1876b0054Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1876b0054Y"><span>The study of the mobile compressor unit <span class="hlt">heat</span> losses recovery system waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> thermal insulation types influence on the operational efficiency</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yusha, V. L.; Chernov, G. I.; Kalashnikov, A. M.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The paper examines the mobile compressor unit (MCU) <span class="hlt">heat</span> losses recovery system waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> prototype external thermal insulation types influence on the operational efficiency. The study is conducted by means of the numerical method through the modellingof the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> processes carried out in the waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in ANSUS. Thermaflex, mineral wool, penofol, water and <span class="hlt">air</span> were applied as the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> external insulation. The study results showed the waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> external thermal insulationexistence or absence to have a significant impact on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> operational efficiency.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_7 --> <div id="page_8" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="141"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70040729','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70040729"><span>The impact of lower <span class="hlt">sea</span>-ice extent on Arctic greenhouse-gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Parmentier, Frans-Jan W.; Christensen, Torben R.; Sørensen, Lise Lotte; Rysgaard, Søren; McGuire, A. David; Miller, Paul A.; Walker, Donald A.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>In September 2012, Arctic <span class="hlt">sea</span>-ice extent plummeted to a new record low: two times lower than the 1979–2000 average. Often, record lows in <span class="hlt">sea</span>-ice cover are hailed as an example of climate change impacts in the Arctic. Less apparent, however, are the implications of reduced <span class="hlt">sea</span>-ice cover in the Arctic Ocean for marine–atmosphere CO2 <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. <span class="hlt">Sea</span>-ice decline has been connected to increasing <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures at high latitudes. Temperature is a key controlling factor in the terrestrial <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of CO2 and methane, and therefore the greenhouse-gas balance of the Arctic. Despite the large potential for feedbacks, many studies do not connect the diminishing <span class="hlt">sea</span>-ice extent with changes in the interaction of the marine and terrestrial Arctic with the atmosphere. In this Review, we assess how current understanding of the Arctic Ocean and high-latitude ecosystems can be used to predict the impact of a lower <span class="hlt">sea</span>-ice cover on Arctic greenhouse-gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..217a2021D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..217a2021D"><span>Working parameters affecting earth-<span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (EAHE) system performance for passive cooling: A review</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Darius, D.; Misaran, M. S.; Rahman, Md. M.; Ismail, M. A.; Amaludin, A.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>The study on the effect of the working parameters such as pipe material, pipe length, pipe diameter, depth of burial of the pipe, <span class="hlt">air</span> flow rate and different types of soils on the thermal performance of earth-<span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (EAHE) systems is very crucial to ensure that thermal comfort can be achieved. In the past decade, researchers have performed studies to develop numerical models for analysis of EAHE systems. Until recently, two-dimensional models replaced the numerical models in the 1990s and in recent times, more advanced analysis using three-dimensional models, specifically the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation in the analysis of EAHE system. This paper reviews previous models used to analyse the EAHE system and working parameters that affects the earth-<span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (EAHE) thermal performance as of February 2017. Recent findings on the parameters affecting EAHE performance are also presented and discussed. As a conclusion, with the advent of CFD methods, investigational work have geared up to modelling and simulation work as it saves time and cost. Comprehension of the EAHE working parameters and its effect on system performance is largely established. However, the study on type of soil and its characteristics on the performance of EAHEs systems are surprisingly barren. Therefore, future studies should focus on the effect of soil characteristics such as moisture content, density of soil, and type of soil on the thermal performance of EAHEs system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PhDT.......266B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PhDT.......266B"><span>On the physical <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes for climate modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bonekamp, J. G.</p> <p>2001-02-01</p> <p>At the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface, the atmosphere and the ocean <span class="hlt">exchange</span> momentum, <span class="hlt">heat</span> and freshwater. Mechanisms for the <span class="hlt">exchange</span> are wind stress, turbulent mixing, radiation, evaporation and precipitation. These surface fluxes are characterized by a large spatial and temporal variability and play an important role in not only the mean atmospheric and oceanic circulation, but also in the generation and sustainment of coupled climate fluctuations such as the El Niño/La Niña phenomenon. Therefore, a good knowledge of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes is required for the understanding and prediction of climate changes. As part of long-term comprehensive atmospheric reanalyses with `Numerical Weather Prediction/Data assimilation' systems, data sets of global <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes are generated. A good example is the 15-year atmospheric reanalysis of the European Centre for Medium--Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). <span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> flux data sets from these reanalyses are very beneficial for climate research, because they combine a good spatial and temporal coverage with a homogeneous and consistent method of calculation. However, atmospheric reanalyses are still imperfect sources of flux information due to shortcomings in model variables, model parameterizations, assimilation methods, sampling of observations, and quality of observations. Therefore, assessments of the errors and the usefulness of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> flux data sets from atmospheric (re-)analyses are relevant contributions to the quantitative study of climate variability. Currently, much research is aimed at assessing the quality and usefulness of the reanalysed <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes. Work in this thesis intends to contribute to this assessment. In particular, it attempts to answer three relevant questions. The first question is: What is the best parameterization of the momentum flux? A comparison is made of the wind stress parameterization of the ERA15 reanalysis, the currently generated ERA40 reanalysis and the wind stress measurements over the open ocean. The</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1215610','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1215610"><span>Directly connected <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> tube section and coolant-cooled structure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Chainer, Timothy J.; Coico, Patrick A.; Graybill, David P.; Iyengar, Madhusudan K.; Kamath, Vinod; Kochuparambil, Bejoy J.; Schmidt, Roger R.; Steinke, Mark E.</p> <p>2015-09-15</p> <p>A method is provided for fabricating a cooling apparatus for cooling an electronics rack, which includes an <span class="hlt">air</span>-to-liquid <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, one or more coolant-cooled structures, and a tube. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is associated with the electronics rack and disposed to cool <span class="hlt">air</span> passing through the rack, includes a plurality of coolant-carrying tube sections, each tube section having a coolant inlet and outlet, one of which is coupled in fluid communication with a coolant loop to facilitate flow of coolant through the tube section. The coolant-cooled structure(s) is in thermal contact with an electronic component(s) of the rack, and facilitates transfer of <span class="hlt">heat</span> from the component(s) to the coolant. The tube connects in fluid communication one coolant-cooled structure and the other of the coolant inlet or outlet of the one tube section, and facilitates flow of coolant directly between that coolant-carrying tube section of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and the coolant-cooled structure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1128695','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1128695"><span>Directly connected <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> tube section and coolant-cooled structure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Chainer, Timothy J; Coico, Patrick A; Graybill, David P; Iyengar, Madhusudan K; Kamath, Vinod; Kochuparambil, Bejoy J; Schmidt, Roger R; Steinke, Mark E</p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>A cooling apparatus for an electronics rack is provided which includes an <span class="hlt">air</span>-to-liquid <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, one or more coolant-cooled structures and a tube. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, which is associated with the electronics rack and disposed to cool <span class="hlt">air</span> passing through the rack, includes a plurality of distinct, coolant-carrying tube sections, each tube section having a coolant inlet and a coolant outlet, one of which is coupled in fluid communication with a coolant loop to facilitate flow of coolant through the tube section. The coolant-cooled structure(s) is in thermal contact with an electronic component(s) of the rack, and facilitates transfer of <span class="hlt">heat</span> from the component(s) to the coolant. The tube connects in fluid communication one coolant-cooled structure and the other of the coolant inlet or outlet of the one tube section, and facilitates flow of coolant directly between that coolant-carrying tube section of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and the coolant-cooled structure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6562578','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6562578"><span>A corrosive resistant <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Richlen, S.L.</p> <p>1987-08-10</p> <p>A corrosive and erosive resistant <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> which recovers <span class="hlt">heat</span> from a contaminated <span class="hlt">heat</span> stream. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> utilizes a boundary layer of innocuous gas, which is continuously replenished, to protect the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> surface from the hot contaminated gas. The innocuous gas is pumped through ducts or perforations in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> wall. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> from the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stream is transferred by radiation to the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> wall. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> is removed from the outer <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> wall by a <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery medium. 3 figs., 3 tabs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6080374-comparison-heat-exchanger-solar-block-wall-swine-nursery','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6080374-comparison-heat-exchanger-solar-block-wall-swine-nursery"><span>Comparison of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and solar block wall in a swine nursery</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Jones, D.D.; Friday, W.H.; Thieme, R.H.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>A pig nursery building was divided into two equal rooms, one with a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and one with a solar block wall. The average <span class="hlt">air</span> inlet temperatures were 16.4/sup 0/C in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> room and 11.9/sup 0/C in the solar <span class="hlt">heated</span> room. Supplemental <span class="hlt">heating</span> costs were 67% higher in the solar block wall room.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRC..123.1563X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRC..123.1563X"><span>Contrasting <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Budget Dynamics During Two La Niña Marine <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Wave Events Along Northwestern Australia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xu, Jiangtao; Lowe, Ryan J.; Ivey, Gregory N.; Jones, Nicole L.; Zhang, Zhenling</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Two marine <span class="hlt">heat</span> wave events along Western Australia (WA) during the alternate austral summer periods of 2010/2011 and 2012/2013, both linked to La Niña conditions, severely impacted marine ecosystems over more than 12° of latitude, which included the unprecedented bleaching of many coral reefs. Although these two <span class="hlt">heat</span> waves were forced by similar large-scale climate drivers, the warming patterns differed substantially between events. The central coast of WA (south of 22°S) experienced greater warming in 2010/2011, whereas the northwestern coast of WA experienced greater warming in 2012/2013. To investigate how oceanic and atmospheric <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> processes drove these different spatial patterns, an analysis of the ocean <span class="hlt">heat</span> budget was conducted by integrating remote sensing observations, in situ mooring data, and a high-resolution (˜1 km) ocean circulation model (Regional Ocean Modeling System). The results revealed substantial spatial differences in the relative contributions made by <span class="hlt">heat</span> advection and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> between the two <span class="hlt">heat</span> wave events. During 2010/2011, anomalous warming driven by <span class="hlt">heat</span> advection was present throughout the region but was much stronger south of 22°S where the poleward-flowing Leeuwin Current strengthens. During 2012/2013, <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> had a much more positive (warming) influence on <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures (especially in the northwest), and when combined with a more positive contribution of <span class="hlt">heat</span> advection in the north, this can explain the regional differences in warming between these two La Niña-associated marine <span class="hlt">heat</span> wave events.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.A34C2670V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.A34C2670V"><span>Setting an Upper Limit on Gas <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> Through <span class="hlt">Sea</span>-Spray</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vlahos, P.; Monahan, E. C.; Andreas, E. L.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> parameterization is critical to understanding both climate forcing and feedbacks and is key in biogeochemistry cycles. Models based on wind speed have provided empirical estimates of gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> that are useful though it is likely that at high wind speeds of over 10 m/s there are important gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> parameters including bubbles and <span class="hlt">sea</span> spray that have not been well constrained. Here we address the <span class="hlt">sea</span>-spray component of gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> at these high wind speeds to set sn upper boundary condition for the gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of the six model gases including; nobel gases helium, neon and argon, diatomic gases nitrogen and oxygen and finally, the more complex gas carbon dioxide. Estimates are based on the spray generation function of Andreas and Monahan and the gases are tested under three scenarios including 100 percent saturation and complete droplet evaporation, 100 percent saturation and a more realistic scenario in which a fraction of droplets evaporate completely, a fraction evaporate to some degree and a fraction returns to the water side without significant evaporation. Finally the latter scenario is applied to representative under saturated concentrations of the gases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1175556','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1175556"><span>Co-flow anode/cathode supply <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for a solid-oxide fuel cell assembly</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Haltiner, Jr., Karl J.; Kelly, Sean M.</p> <p>2005-11-22</p> <p>In a solid-oxide fuel cell assembly, a co-flow <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is provided in the flow paths of the reformate gas and the cathode <span class="hlt">air</span> ahead of the fuel cell stack, the reformate gas being on one side of the <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and the cathode <span class="hlt">air</span> being on the other. The reformate gas is at a substantially higher temperature than is desired in the stack, and the cathode gas is substantially cooler than desired. In the co-flow <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, the temperatures of the reformate and cathode streams converge to nearly the same temperature at the outlet of the <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. Preferably, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is formed within an integrated component manifold (ICM) for a solid-oxide fuel cell assembly.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29283916','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29283916"><span><span class="hlt">Heating</span> and Cooling Rates With an Esophageal <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> System.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kalasbail, Prathima; Makarova, Natalya; Garrett, Frank; Sessler, Daniel I</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The Esophageal Cooling Device circulates warm or cool water through an esophageal <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, but warming and cooling efficacy in patients remains unknown. We therefore determined <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> rates during warming and cooling. Nineteen patients completed the trial. All had general endotracheal anesthesia for nonthoracic surgery. Intraoperative <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer was measured during cooling (<span class="hlt">exchanger</span> fluid at 7°C) and warming (fluid at 42°C). Each was evaluated for 30 minutes, with the initial condition determined randomly, starting at least 40 minutes after induction of anesthesia. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> transfer rate was estimated from fluid flow through the esophageal <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and inflow and outflow temperatures. Core temperature was estimated from a zero-<span class="hlt">heat</span>-flux thermometer positioned on the forehead. Mean <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer rate during warming was 18 (95% confidence interval, 16-20) W, which increased core temperature at a rate of 0.5°C/h ± 0.6°C/h (mean ± standard deviation). During cooling, mean <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer rate was -53 (-59 to -48) W, which decreased core temperature at a rate of 0.9°C/h ± 0.9°C/h. Esophageal warming transferred 18 W which is considerably less than the 80 W reported with lower or upper body forced-<span class="hlt">air</span> covers. However, esophageal warming can be used to supplement surface warming or provide warming in cases not amenable to surface warming. Esophageal cooling transferred more than twice as much <span class="hlt">heat</span> as warming, consequent to the much larger difference between core and circulating fluid temperature with cooling (29°C) than warming (6°C). Esophageal cooling extracts less <span class="hlt">heat</span> than endovascular catheters but can be used to supplement catheter-based cooling or possibly replace them in appropriate patients.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.1064S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.1064S"><span><span class="hlt">Exchanges</span> between the open Black <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and its North West shelf</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shapiro, Georgy; Wobus, Fred; Zhou, Feng</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Exchanges</span> between the vast NW shelf and the deep basin of the Black <span class="hlt">Sea</span> play a significant role in maintaining the balance of nutrients, <span class="hlt">heat</span> content and salinity of the shelf waters. Nearly 87 % of the Black <span class="hlt">Sea</span> is entirely anoxic below 70 to 200m and contains high levels of hydrogen sulphide (Zaitsev et al, 2001), and this makes the shelf waters particularly valuable for maintaining the Black <span class="hlt">Sea</span> ecosystem in good health. The increase in salinity of shelf waters occurs partially due to <span class="hlt">exchanges</span> with more saline open <span class="hlt">sea</span> waters and represents a threat to relics and endemic species. The shelf-break is commonly considered the bottle-neck of the shelf-deep <span class="hlt">sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchanges</span> (e.g. (Huthnance, 1995, Ivanov et al, 1997). Due to conservation of potential vorticity, the geostrophic currents flow along the contours of constant depth. However the ageostrophic flows (Ekman drift, mesoscale eddies, filaments, internal waves) are not subject to the same constraints. It has been shown that during the winter well mixed cold waters formed on the North West shelf propagate into the deep <span class="hlt">sea</span>, providing an important mechanism for the replenishment of the Cold Intermediate Layer ( Staneva and Stanev, 1997). However, much less is known about <span class="hlt">exchanges</span> in the warm season. In this study, the transports of water, <span class="hlt">heat</span> and salt between the northwestern shelf and the adjacent deep basin of the Black <span class="hlt">Sea</span> are investigated using a high-resolution three-dimensional primitive equation model, NEMO-SHELF-BLS (Shapiro et al, 2013). It is shown that during the period from April to August, 2005, both onshore and offshore cross-shelf break transports in the top 20 m were as high as 0.24 Sv on average, which was equivalent to the replacement of 60% of the volume of surface shelf waters (0 - 20 m) per month. Two main <span class="hlt">exchange</span> mechanisms are studied: (i) Ekman transport, and (ii) transport by mesoscale eddies and associated meanders of the Rim Current. The Ekman drift causes nearly uniform onshore or</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26975003','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26975003"><span><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of gaseous mercury in the East China <span class="hlt">Sea</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Chunjie; Ci, Zhijia; Wang, Zhangwei; Zhang, Xiaoshan</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Two oceanographic cruises were carried out in the East China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (ECS) during the summer and fall of 2013. The main objectives of this study are to identify the spatial-temporal distributions of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) in <span class="hlt">air</span> and dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) in surface seawater, and then to estimate the Hg(0) flux. The GEM concentration was lower in summer (1.61 ± 0.32 ng m(-3)) than in fall (2.20 ± 0.58 ng m(-3)). The back-trajectory analysis revealed that the <span class="hlt">air</span> masses with high GEM levels during fall largely originated from the land, while the <span class="hlt">air</span> masses with low GEM levels during summer primarily originated from ocean. The spatial distribution patterns of total Hg (THg), fluorescence, and turbidity were consistent with the pattern of DGM with high levels in the nearshore area and low levels in the open <span class="hlt">sea</span>. Additionally, the levels of percentage of DGM to THg (%DGM) were higher in the open <span class="hlt">sea</span> than in the nearshore area, which was consistent with the previous studies. The THg concentration in fall was higher (1.47 ± 0.51 ng l(-1)) than those of other open oceans. The DGM concentration (60.1 ± 17.6 pg l(-1)) and Hg(0) flux (4.6 ± 3.6 ng m(-2) h(-1)) in summer were higher than those in fall (DGM: 49.6 ± 12.5 pg l(-1) and Hg(0) flux: 3.6 ± 2.8 ng m(-2) h(-1)). The emission flux of Hg(0) from the ECS was estimated to be 27.6 tons yr(-1), accounting for ∼0.98% of the global Hg oceanic evasion though the ECS only accounts for ∼0.21% of global ocean area, indicating that the ECS plays an important role in the oceanic Hg cycle. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.4068S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.4068S"><span><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux climatologies in the Mediterranean <span class="hlt">Sea</span>: Surface energy balance and its consistency with ocean <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Song, Xiangzhou; Yu, Lisan</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>This study provides an analysis of the Mediterranean <span class="hlt">Sea</span> surface energy budget using nine surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux climatologies. The ensemble mean estimation shows that the net downward shortwave radiation (192 ± 19 W m-2) is balanced by latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux (-98 ± 10 W m-2), followed by net longwave radiation (-78 ± 13 W m-2) and sensible <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux (-13 ± 4 W m-2). The resulting net <span class="hlt">heat</span> budget (Qnet) is 2 ± 12 W m-2 into the ocean, which appears to be warm biased. The annual-mean Qnet should be -5.6 ± 1.6 W m-2 when estimated from the observed net transport through the Strait of Gibraltar. To diagnose the uncertainty in nine Qnet climatologies, we constructed Qnet from the <span class="hlt">heat</span> budget equation by using historic hydrological observations to determine the <span class="hlt">heat</span> content changes and advective <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux. We also used the Qnet from a data-assimilated global ocean state estimation as an additional reference. By comparing with the two reference Qnet estimates, we found that seven products (NCEP 1, NCEP 2, CFSR, ERA-Interim, MERRA, NOCSv2.0, and OAFlux+ISCCP) overestimate Qnet, with magnitude ranging from 6 to 27 W m-2, while two products underestimate Qnet by -6 W m-2 (JRA55) and -14 W m-2 (CORE.2). Together with the previous warm pool work of Song and Yu (2013), we show that CFSR, MERRA, NOCSv2.0, and OAFlux+ISCCP are warm-biased not only in the western Pacific warm pool but also in the Mediterranean <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, while CORE.2 is cold-biased in both regions. The NCEP 1, 2, and ERA-Interim are cold-biased over the warm pool but warm-biased in the Mediterranean <span class="hlt">Sea</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5038580','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5038580"><span>Open-cycle magnetohydrodynamic power plant based upon direct-contact closed-loop high-temperature <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Berry, G.F.; Minkov, V.; Petrick, M.</p> <p>1981-11-02</p> <p>A magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generating system is described in which ionized combustion gases with slag and seed are discharged from an MHD combustor and pressurized high temperature inlet <span class="hlt">air</span> is introduced into the combustor for supporting fuel combustion at high temperatures necessary to ionize the combustion gases, and including a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in the form of a continuous loop with a circulating <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer liquid such as copper oxide. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> has an upper horizontal channel for providing direct contact between the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer liquid and the combustion gases to cool the gases and condense the slag which thereupon floats on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer liquid and can be removed from the channel, and a lower horizontal channel for providing direct contact between the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer liquid and pressurized <span class="hlt">air</span> for preheating the inlet <span class="hlt">air</span>. The system further includes a seed separator downstream of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1176576','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1176576"><span>Open-cycle magnetohydrodynamic power plant based upon direct-contact closed-loop high-temperature <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Berry, Gregory F.; Minkov, Vladimir; Petrick, Michael</p> <p>1988-01-05</p> <p>A magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generating system in which ionized combustion gases with slag and seed are discharged from an MHD combustor and pressurized high temperature inlet <span class="hlt">air</span> is introduced into the combustor for supporting fuel combustion at high temperatures necessary to ionize the combustion gases, and including a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in the form of a continuous loop with a circulating <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer liquid such as copper oxide. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> has an upper horizontal channel for providing direct contact between the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer liquid and the combustion gases to cool the gases and condense the slag which thereupon floats on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer liquid and can be removed from the channel, and a lower horizontal channel for providing direct contact between the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer liquid and pressurized <span class="hlt">air</span> for preheating the inlet <span class="hlt">air</span>. The system further includes a seed separator downstream of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/875206','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/875206"><span>Open-cycle magnetohydrodynamic power plant based upon direct-contact closed-loop high-temperature <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Berry, Gregory F.; Minkov, Vladimir; Petrick, Michael</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>A magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generating system in which ionized combustion gases with slag and seed are discharged from an MHD combustor and pressurized high temperature inlet <span class="hlt">air</span> is introduced into the combustor for supporting fuel combustion at high temperatures necessary to ionize the combustion gases, and including a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in the form of a continuous loop with a circulating <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer liquid such as copper oxide. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> has an upper horizontal channel for providing direct contact between the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer liquid and the combustion gases to cool the gases and condense the slag which thereupon floats on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer liquid and can be removed from the channel, and a lower horizontal channel for providing direct contact between the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer liquid and pressurized <span class="hlt">air</span> for preheating the inlet <span class="hlt">air</span>. The system further includes a seed separator downstream of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18975515','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18975515"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>: importance of humidification in anaesthesia and ventilatory breathing system.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Parmar, Vandana</p> <p>2008-08-01</p> <p>Adequate humidification is vital to maintain homeostasis of the airway. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> conserve some of the exhaled water, <span class="hlt">heat</span> and return them to inspired gases. Many <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> also perfom bacterial/viral filtration and prevent inhalation of small particles. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are also called condenser humidifier, artificial nose, etc. Most of them are disposable devices with <span class="hlt">exchanging</span> medium enclosed in a plastic housing. For adult and paediatric age group different dead space types are available. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are helpful during anaesthesia and ventilatory breathing system. To reduce the damage of the upper respiratory tract through cooling and dehydration inspiratory <span class="hlt">air</span> can be <span class="hlt">heated</span> and humidified, thus preventing the serious complications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.2784W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.2784W"><span>Sustained Observations of <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Fluxes and <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Interaction at the Stratus Ocean Reference Station</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Weller, Robert</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>Since October 2000, a well-instrumented surface mooring has been maintained some 1,500 km west of the coast of northern Chile, roughly in the location of the climatological maximum in marine stratus clouds. Statistically significant increases in wind stress and decreases in annual net <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux and in latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux have been observed. If the increased oceanic <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss continues, the region will within the next decade change from one of net annual <span class="hlt">heat</span> gain by the ocean to one of neat annual <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss. Already, annual evaporation of about 1.5 m of <span class="hlt">sea</span> water a year acts to make the warm, salty surface layer more dense. Of interest is examining whether or not increased oceanic <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss has the potential to change the structure of the upper ocean and potentially remove the shallow warm, salty mixed layer that now buffers the atmosphere from the interior ocean. Insights into how that warm, shallow layer is formed and maintained come from looking at oceanic response to the atmosphere at diurnal tie scales. Restratification each spring and summer is found to depend upon the occurrence of events in which the trade winds decay, allowing diurnal warming in the near-surface ocean to occur, and when the winds return resulting in a net upward step in <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature. This process is proving hard to accurately model.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050217478','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050217478"><span>Condensing <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> Concept Developed for Space Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hasan, Mohammad M.; Nayagam, Vedha</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>The current system for moisture removal and humidity control for the space shuttles and the International Space Station uses a two-stage process. Water first condenses onto fins and is pulled through "slurper bars." These bars take in a two-phase mixture of <span class="hlt">air</span> and water that is then separated by the rotary separator. A more efficient design would remove the water directly from the <span class="hlt">air</span> without the need of an additional water separator downstream. For the Condensing <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> for Space Systems (CHESS) project, researchers at the NASA Glenn Research Center in collaboration with NASA Johnson Space Center are designing a condensing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> that utilizes capillary forces to collect and remove water and that can operate in varying gravitational conditions including microgravity, lunar gravity, and Martian gravity.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_8 --> <div id="page_9" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="161"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15562064','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15562064"><span>Conductive <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> with a gel-coated circulating water mattress.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bräuer, Anselm; Pacholik, Larissa; Perl, Thorsten; English, Michael John Murray; Weyland, Wolfgang; Braun, Ulrich</p> <p>2004-12-01</p> <p>The use of forced-<span class="hlt">air</span> warming is associated with costs for the disposable blankets. As an alternative method, we studied <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer with a reusable gel-coated circulating water mattress placed under the back in eight healthy volunteers. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> flux was measured with six calibrated <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux transducers. Additionally, mattress temperature, skin temperature, and core temperature were measured. Water temperature was set to 25 degrees C, 30 degrees C, 35 degrees C, and 41 degrees C. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> transfer was calculated by multiplying <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux by contact area. Mattress temperature, skin temperature, and <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux were used to determine the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> coefficient for conduction. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> flux and water temperature were related by the following equation: <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux = 10.3 x water temperature - 374 (r(2) = 0.98). The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> coefficient for conduction was 121 W . m(-2) . degrees C(-1). The maximal <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer with the gel-coated circulating water mattress was 18.4 +/- 3.3 W. Because of the small effect on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> balance of the body, a gel-coated circulating water mattress placed only on the back cannot replace a forced-<span class="hlt">air</span> warming system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HMT...tmp...45B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HMT...tmp...45B"><span>Numerical investigation on aluminum foam application in a tubular <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Buonomo, Bernardo; di Pasqua, Anna; Ercole, Davide; Manca, Oronzio; Nardini, Sergio</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>A numerical study has been conducted to examine the thermal and fluiddynamic behaviors of a tubular <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in aluminum foam. A plate in metal foam with a single array of five circular tubes is the geometrical domain under examination. Darcy-Forchheimer flow model and the thermal non-equilibrium energy model are used to execute two-dimensional simulations on metal foam <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The foam is characterized by porosity and (number) pores per inch respectively equal to 0.935 and 20. Different <span class="hlt">air</span> flow rates are imposed to the entrance of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> with an assigned surface tube temperature. The results are provided in terms of local <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient and Nusselt number evaluated on the external surface of the tubes. Furthermore, local <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature and velocity profiles in the smaller cross section, between two consecutive tubes are given. Finally, the Energy Performance Ratio (EPR) is evaluated in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the metal foam.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150002539','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150002539"><span>Assessing <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Interaction in the Evolving NASA GEOS Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Clayson, Carol Anne; Roberts, J. Brent</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>In order to understand how the climate responds to variations in forcing, one necessary component is to understand the full distribution of variability of <span class="hlt">exchanges</span> of <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture between the atmosphere and ocean. Surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture fluxes are critical to the generation and decay of many coupled <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> phenomena. These mechanisms operate across a number of scales and contain contributions from interactions between the anomalous (i.e. non-mean), often extreme-valued, flux components. Satellite-derived estimates of the surface turbulent and radiative <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes provide an opportunity to assess results from modeling systems. Evaluation of only time mean and variability statistics, however only provides limited traceability to processes controlling what are often regime-dependent errors. This work will present an approach to evaluate the representation of the turbulent fluxes at the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface in the current and evolving Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model. A temperature and moisture vertical profile-based clustering technique is used to identify robust weather regimes, and subsequently intercompare the turbulent fluxes and near-surface parameters within these regimes in both satellite estimates and GEOS-driven data sets. Both model reanalysis (MERRA) and seasonal-to-interannual coupled GEOS model simulations will be evaluated. Particular emphasis is placed on understanding the distribution of the fluxes including extremes, and the representation of near-surface forcing variables directly related to their estimation. Results from these analyses will help identify the existence and source of regime-dependent biases in the GEOS model ocean surface turbulent fluxes. The use of the temperature and moisture profiles for weather-state clustering will be highlighted for its potential broad application to 3-D output typical of model simulations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.A41P..05C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.A41P..05C"><span>Assessing <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction in the evolving NASA GEOS model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Clayson, C. A.; Roberts, J. B.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>In order to understand how the climate responds to variations in forcing, one necessary component is to understand the full distribution of variability of <span class="hlt">exchanges</span> of <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture between the atmosphere and ocean. Surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture fluxes are critical to the generation and decay of many coupled <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> phenomena. These mechanisms operate across a number of scales and contain contributions from interactions between the anomalous (i.e. non-mean), often extreme-valued, flux components. Satellite-derived estimates of the surface turbulent and radiative <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes provide an opportunity to assess results from modeling systems. Evaluation of only time mean and variability statistics, however only provides limited traceability to processes controlling what are often regime-dependent errors. This work will present an approach to evaluate the representation of the turbulent fluxes at the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface in the current and evolving Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model. A temperature and moisture vertical profile-based clustering technique is used to identify robust weather regimes, and subsequently intercompare the turbulent fluxes and near-surface parameters within these regimes in both satellite estimates and GEOS-driven data sets. Both model reanalysis (MERRA) and seasonal-to-interannual coupled GEOS model simulations will be evaluated. Particular emphasis is placed on understanding the distribution of the fluxes including extremes, and the representation of near-surface forcing variables directly related to their estimation. Results from these analyses will help identify the existence and source of regime-dependent biases in the GEOS model ocean surface turbulent fluxes. The use of the temperature and moisture profiles for weather-state clustering will be highlighted for its potential broad application to 3-D output typical of model simulations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920000541&hterms=heat+exchanger&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dheat%2Bexchanger','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920000541&hterms=heat+exchanger&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dheat%2Bexchanger"><span>Modular <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> With Integral <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pipe</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Schreiber, Jeffrey G.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Modular <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> with integral <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe transports <span class="hlt">heat</span> from source to Stirling engine. Alternative to <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> depending on integrities of thousands of brazed joints, contains only 40 brazed tubes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5588489','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5588489"><span>Effectiveness of Humidification with <span class="hlt">Heat</span> and Moisture <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span>-booster in Tracheostomized Patients</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gonzalez, Isabel; Jimenez, Pilar; Valdivia, Jorge; Esquinas, Antonio</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Background: The two most commonly used types of humidifiers are <span class="hlt">heated</span> humidifiers and <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchange</span> humidifiers. <span class="hlt">Heated</span> humidifiers provide adequate temperature and humidity without affecting the respiratory pattern, but overdose can cause high temperatures and humidity resulting in condensation, which increases the risk of bacteria in the circuit. These devices are expensive. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> filter is a new concept of humidification, increasing the moisture content in inspired gases. Aims: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (HME)-Booster system to humidify inspired <span class="hlt">air</span> in patients under mechanical ventilation. Materials and Methods: We evaluated the humidification provided by 10 HME-Booster for tracheostomized patients under mechanical ventilation using Servo I respirators, belonging to the Maquet company and Evita 4. Results: There was an increase in the inspired <span class="hlt">air</span> humidity after 1 h with the humidifier. Conclusion: The HME-Booster combines the advantages of <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchange</span> minimizing the negatives. It increases the amount of moisture in inspired gas in mechanically ventilated tracheostomized patients. It is easy and safe to use. The type of ventilator used has no influence on the result. PMID:28904484</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28904484','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28904484"><span>Effectiveness of Humidification with <span class="hlt">Heat</span> and Moisture <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span>-booster in Tracheostomized Patients.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gonzalez, Isabel; Jimenez, Pilar; Valdivia, Jorge; Esquinas, Antonio</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The two most commonly used types of humidifiers are <span class="hlt">heated</span> humidifiers and <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchange</span> humidifiers. <span class="hlt">Heated</span> humidifiers provide adequate temperature and humidity without affecting the respiratory pattern, but overdose can cause high temperatures and humidity resulting in condensation, which increases the risk of bacteria in the circuit. These devices are expensive. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> filter is a new concept of humidification, increasing the moisture content in inspired gases. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (HME)-Booster system to humidify inspired <span class="hlt">air</span> in patients under mechanical ventilation. We evaluated the humidification provided by 10 HME-Booster for tracheostomized patients under mechanical ventilation using Servo I respirators, belonging to the Maquet company and Evita 4. There was an increase in the inspired <span class="hlt">air</span> humidity after 1 h with the humidifier. The HME-Booster combines the advantages of <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchange</span> minimizing the negatives. It increases the amount of moisture in inspired gas in mechanically ventilated tracheostomized patients. It is easy and safe to use. The type of ventilator used has no influence on the result.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.1791W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.1791W"><span>Modelling storm development and the impact when introducing waves, <span class="hlt">sea</span> spray and <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wu, Lichuan; Rutgersson, Anna; Sahlée, Erik</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>In high wind speed conditions, <span class="hlt">sea</span> spray generated due to intensity breaking waves have big influence on the wind stress and <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes. Measurements show that drag coefficient will decrease in high wind speed. <span class="hlt">Sea</span> spray generation function (SSGF), an important term of wind stress parameterization in high wind speed, usually treated as a function of wind speed/friction velocity. In this study, we introduce a wave state depended SSGG and wave age depended Charnock number into a high wind speed wind stress parameterization (Kudryavtsev et al., 2011; 2012). The proposed wind stress parameterization and <span class="hlt">sea</span> spray <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes parameterization from Andreas et al., (2014) were applied to an atmosphere-wave coupled model to test on four storm cases. Compared with measurements from the FINO1 platform in the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, the new wind stress parameterization can reduce the forecast errors of wind in high wind speed range, but not in low wind speed. Only <span class="hlt">sea</span> spray impacted on wind stress, it will intensify the storms (minimum <span class="hlt">sea</span> level pressure and maximum wind speed) and lower the <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature (increase the errors). Only the <span class="hlt">sea</span> spray impacted on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes, it can improve the model performance on storm tracks and the <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature, but not change much in the storm intensity. If both of <span class="hlt">sea</span> spray impacted on the wind stress and <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes are taken into account, it has the best performance in all the experiment for minimum <span class="hlt">sea</span> level pressure and maximum wind speed and <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature. Andreas, E. L., Mahrt, L., and Vickers, D. (2014). An improved bulk <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> surface flux algorithm, including spray-mediated transfer. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. Kudryavtsev, V. and Makin, V. (2011). Impact of ocean spray on the dynamics of the marine atmospheric boundary layer. Boundary-layer meteorology, 140(3):383-410. Kudryavtsev, V., Makin, V., and S, Z. (2012). On the <span class="hlt">sea</span>-surface drag and <span class="hlt">heat</span>/mass transfer at strong winds. Technical report, Royal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ThEng..64..680B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ThEng..64..680B"><span>Investigation and optimization of the depth of flue gas <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery in surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bespalov, V. V.; Bespalov, V. I.; Melnikov, D. V.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Economic issues associated with designing deep flue gas <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery units for natural gas-fired boilers are examined. The governing parameter affecting the performance and cost of surface-type condensing <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> is the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer surface area. When firing natural gas, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery depth depends on the flue gas temperature at the condenser outlet and determines the amount of condensed water vapor. The effect of the outlet flue gas temperature in a <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> on the additionally recovered <span class="hlt">heat</span> power is studied. A correlation has been derived enabling one to determine the best <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery depth (or the final cooling temperature) maximizing the anticipated reduced annual profit of a power enterprise from implementation of energy-saving measures. Results of optimization are presented for a surface-type condensing gas-<span class="hlt">air</span> plate <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for the climatic conditions and the economic situation in Tomsk. The predictions demonstrate that it is economically feasible to design similar <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> for a flue gas outlet temperature of 10°C. In this case, the payback period for the investment in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> will be 1.5 years. The effect of various factors on the optimal outlet flue gas temperature was analyzed. Most climatic, economical, or technological factors have a minor effect on the best outlet temperature, which remains between 5 and 20°C when varying the affecting factors. The derived correlation enables us to preliminary estimate the outlet (final) flue gas temperature that should be used in designing the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer surface of a <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for a gas-fired boiler as applied to the specific climatic conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JPhy4.139..211E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JPhy4.139..211E"><span>Occurrence and <span class="hlt">air/sea-exchange</span> of novel organic pollutants in the marine environment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ebinghaus, R.; Xie, Z.</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>A number of studies have demonstrated that several classes of chemicals act as biologically relevant signalling substances. Among these chemicals, many, including PCBs, DDT and dioxins, are semi-volatile, persistent, and are capable of long-range atmospheric transport via atmospheric circulation. Some of these compounds, e.g. phthalates and alkylphenols (APs) are still manufactured and consumed worldwide even though there is clear evidence that they are toxic to aquatic organisms and can act as endocrine disruptors. Concentrations of NP, t-OP and NP1EO, DMP, DEP, DBP, BBP, and DEHP have been simultaneously determined in the surface <span class="hlt">sea</span> water and atmosphere of the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. Atmospheric concentrations of NP and t-OP ranged from 7 to 110 pg m - 3, which were one to three orders of magnitude below coastal atmospheric concentrations already reported. NP1EO was detected in both vapor and particle phases, which ranged from 4 to 50 pg m - 3. The concentrations of the phthalates in the atmosphere ranged from below the method detection limit to 3.4 ng m - 3. The concentrations of t-OP, NP, and NP1EO in dissolved phase were 13-300, 90-1400, and 17-1660 pg L - 1. DBP, BBP, and DEHP were determined in the water phase with concentrations ranging from below the method detection limit to 6.6 ng L - 1. This study indicates that atmospheric deposition of APs and phthalates into the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span> is an important input pathway. The net fluxes indicate that the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> is significant and, consequently the open ocean and polar areas will be an extensive sink for APs and phthalates.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA434265','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA434265"><span>Pulse Detonation Engine Thrust Tube <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> for Flash Vaporization and Supercritical <span class="hlt">Heating</span> of JP-8</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2005-03-01</p> <p>47 Figure 21. Construction of the long <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> with helical rod welded in place.... 48 Figure 22. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>...not at a temperature at or above the dew point temperature of the mixture, some of the fuel in the mixture will re- condense . The concept of...diao (25) Where kamb = Thermal conductivity of the <span class="hlt">air</span> [W/(m-K)] Nufc = Nusselt number for free convection The Nussult number</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/866348','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/866348"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> pipe array <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Reimann, Robert C.</p> <p>1987-08-25</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe arrangement for <span class="hlt">exchanging</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> between two different temperature fluids. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe arrangement is in a ounterflow relationship to increase the efficiency of the coupling of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> from a <span class="hlt">heat</span> source to a <span class="hlt">heat</span> sink.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/873599','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/873599"><span>Active microchannel <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Tonkovich, Anna Lee Y [Pasco, WA; Roberts, Gary L [West Richland, WA; Call, Charles J [Pasco, WA; Wegeng, Robert S [Richland, WA; Wang, Yong [Richland, WA</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>The present invention is an active microchannel <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> with an active <span class="hlt">heat</span> source and with microchannel architecture. The microchannel <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> has (a) an exothermic reaction chamber; (b) an exhaust chamber; and (c) a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> chamber in thermal contact with the exhaust chamber, wherein (d) <span class="hlt">heat</span> from the exothermic reaction chamber is convected by an exothermic reaction exhaust through the exhaust chamber and by conduction through a containment wall to the working fluid in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> chamber thereby raising a temperature of the working fluid. The invention is particularly useful as a liquid fuel vaporizer and/or a steam generator for fuel cell power systems, and as a <span class="hlt">heat</span> source for sustaining endothermic chemical reactions and initiating exothermic reactions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HMT....53.2241A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HMT....53.2241A"><span>Solar thermoelectric cooling using closed loop <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> with macro channels</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Atta, Raghied M.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>In this paper we describe the design, analysis and experimental study of an advanced coolant <span class="hlt">air</span> conditioning system which cools or warms airflow using thermoelectric (TE) devices powered by solar cells. Both faces of the TE devices are directly connected to closed-loop highly efficient channels plates with macro scale channels and liquid-to-<span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. The hot side of the system consists of a pump that moves a coolant through the hot face of the TE modules, a radiator that drives <span class="hlt">heat</span> away into the <span class="hlt">air</span>, and a fan that transfer the <span class="hlt">heat</span> over the radiator by forced convection. The cold side of the system consists also of a pump that moves coolant through the cold face of the TE modules, a radiator that drives cold away into the <span class="hlt">air</span>, and a fan that blows cold <span class="hlt">air</span> off the radiator. The system was integrated with solar panels, tested and its thermal performance was assessed. The experimental results verify the possibility of <span class="hlt">heating</span> or cooling <span class="hlt">air</span> using TE modules with a relatively high coefficient of performance (COP). The system was able to cool a closed space of 30 m3 by 14 °C below ambient within 90 min. The maximum COP of the whole system was 0.72 when the TE modules were running at 11.2 Å and 12 V. This improvement in the system COP over the <span class="hlt">air</span> cooled <span class="hlt">heat</span> sink is due to the improvement of the system <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> by means of channels plates.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080026152&hterms=biofilm&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dbiofilm','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080026152&hterms=biofilm&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dbiofilm"><span>Utilization of Porous Media for Condensing <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Tuan, George C.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>The use of porous media as a mean of separating liquid condensate from the <span class="hlt">air</span> stream in condensing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> has been explored in the past inside small plant growth chambers and in the Apollo Command Module. Both applications used a cooled porous media made of sintered stainless steel to cool and separate condensation from the <span class="hlt">air</span> stream. However, the main issues with the utilization of porous media in the past have been the deterioration of the porous media over long duration, such as clogging and changes in surface wetting characteristics. In addition, for long duration usage, biofilm growth from microorganisms on the porous medial would also be an issue. In developing Porous Media Condensing <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span> (PMCHX) for future space applications, different porous materials and microbial growth control methods will need to be explored. This paper explores the work performed at JSC and GRC to evaluate different porous materials and microbial control methods to support the development of a Porous Media Condensing <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span>. It outlines the basic principles for designing a PMCHX and issues that were encountered and ways to resolve those issues. The PMCHX has potential of mass, volume, and power savings over current CHX and water separator technology and would be beneficial for long duration space missions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.A51E0162M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.A51E0162M"><span><span class="hlt">Sea</span> spray contributions to the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes at moderate and hurricane wind speeds</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mueller, J. A.; Veron, F.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>At sufficiently high wind speed conditions, the surface of the ocean separates to form a substantial number of <span class="hlt">sea</span> spray drops, which can account for a significant fraction of the total <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> surface area and thus make important contributions to the aggregate <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> momentum, <span class="hlt">heat</span> and mass fluxes. Although consensus around the qualitative impacts of these drops has been building in recent years, the quantification of their impacts has remained elusive. Ultimately, the spray-mediated fluxes depend on three controlling factors: the number and size of drops formed at the surface, the duration of suspension within the atmospheric marine boundary layer, and the rate of momentum, <span class="hlt">heat</span> and mass transfer between the drops and the atmosphere. While the latter factor can be estimated from an established, physically-based theory, the estimates for the former two are not well established. Using a recent, physically-based model of the <span class="hlt">sea</span> spray source function along with the results from Lagrangian stochastic simulations of individual drops, we estimate the aggregate spray-mediated fluxes, finding reasonable agreement with existing models and estimates within the empirical range of wind speed conditions. At high wind speed conditions that are outside the empirical range, however, we find somewhat lower spray-mediated fluxes than previously reported in the literature, raising new questions about the relative <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes at high wind speeds as well as the development and sustainment of hurricanes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HMT...tmp...96O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HMT...tmp...96O"><span>Reconsideration of data and correlations for plate finned-tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Otović, Milena; Mihailović, Miloš; Genić, Srbislav; Jaćimović, Branislav; Milovančević, Uroš; Marković, Saša</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>This paper deals with <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> having plain finned tubes in staggered (triangular) pattern. The objective of this paper is to provide the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer and friction factor correlation which can be used in engineering practice. For this purpose, the experimental data of several (most cited) authors who deal with this type of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are used. The new correlations are established to predict the <span class="hlt">air</span>-side <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient and friction factor as a function of the Reynolds number and geometric variables of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> - tube diameter, tube pitch, fin spacing, tube rows, etc. In those correlations the characteristic dimension in Reynolds number is calculated by using the new parameter - volumetric porosity. Also, there are given the errors of those correlations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991mshe.reptQ....D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991mshe.reptQ....D"><span>Microtube strip <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Doty, F. D.</p> <p>1991-07-01</p> <p>During the last quarter, Doty Scientific, Inc. (DSI) continued to make progress on the microtube strip (MTS) <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The DSI completed a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> stress analysis of the ten-module <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> bank; and performed a shell-side flow inhomogeneity analysis of the three-module <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> bank. The company produced 50 tubestrips using an in-house CNC milling machine and began pressing them onto tube arrays. The DSI revised some of the tooling required to encapsulate a tube array and press tubestrips into the array to improve some of the prototype tooling.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130011141','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130011141"><span>Prototype Vent Gas <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> for Exploration EVA - Performance and Manufacturing Characteristics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Quinn, Gregory J.; Strange, Jeremy; Jennings, Mallory</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>NASA is developing new portable life support system (PLSS) technologies, which it is demonstrating in an unmanned ground based prototype unit called PLSS 2.0. One set of technologies within the PLSS provides suitable ventilation to an astronaut while on an EVA. A new component within the ventilation gas loop is a liquid-to-gas <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> to transfer excess <span class="hlt">heat</span> from the gas to the thermal control system s liquid coolant loop. A unique bench top prototype <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> was built and tested for use in PLSS 2.0. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> was designed as a counter-flow, compact plate fin type using stainless steel. Its design was based on previous compact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> manufactured by United Technologies Aerospace Systems (UTAS), but was half the size of any previous <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> model and one third the size of previous liquid-to-gas <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. The prototype <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> was less than 40 cubic inches and weighed 2.57 lb. Performance of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> met the requirements and the model predictions. The water side and gas side pressure drops were less 0.8 psid and 0.5 inches of water, respectively, and an effectiveness of 94% was measured at the nominal <span class="hlt">air</span> side pressure of 4.1 psia.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/873481','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/873481"><span>Radial flow <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Valenzuela, Javier</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>A radial flow <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (20) having a plurality of first passages (24) for transporting a first fluid (25) and a plurality of second passages (26) for transporting a second fluid (27). The first and second passages are arranged in stacked, alternating relationship, are separated from one another by relatively thin plates (30) and (32), and surround a central axis (22). The thickness of the first and second passages are selected so that the first and second fluids, respectively, are transported with laminar flow through the passages. To enhance thermal energy transfer between first and second passages, the latter are arranged so each first passage is in thermal communication with an associated second passage along substantially its entire length, and vice versa with respect to the second passages. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> may be stacked to achieve a modular <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> assembly (300). Certain <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> in the assembly may be designed slightly differently than other <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> to address changes in fluid properties during transport through the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, so as to enhance overall thermal effectiveness of the assembly.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863468','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863468"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> pump system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Swenson, Paul F.; Moore, Paul B.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>An <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling system for a building includes an expansion-type refrigeration circuit and a <span class="hlt">heat</span> engine. The refrigeration circuit includes two <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, one of which is communicated with a source of indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> from the building and the other of which is communicated with a source of <span class="hlt">air</span> from outside the building. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> engine includes a <span class="hlt">heat</span> rejection circuit having a source of rejected <span class="hlt">heat</span> and a primary <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> connected to the source of rejected <span class="hlt">heat</span>. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> rejection circuit also includes an evaporator in <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> relation with the primary <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, a <span class="hlt">heat</span> engine indoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, and a <span class="hlt">heat</span> engine outdoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The indoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are disposed in series <span class="hlt">air</span> flow relationship, with the <span class="hlt">heat</span> engine indoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> being disposed downstream from the refrigeration circuit indoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The outdoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are also disposed in series <span class="hlt">air</span> flow relationship, with the <span class="hlt">heat</span> engine outdoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> disposed downstream from the refrigeration circuit outdoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. A common fluid is used in both of the indoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> and in both of the outdoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. In a first embodiment, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> engine is a Rankine cycle engine. In a second embodiment, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> engine is a non-Rankine cycle engine.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864109','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864109"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> pump system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Swenson, Paul F.; Moore, Paul B.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>An <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling system for a building includes an expansion-type refrigeration circuit and a <span class="hlt">heat</span> engine. The refrigeration circuit includes two <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, one of which is communicated with a source of indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> from the building and the other of which is communicated with a source of <span class="hlt">air</span> from outside the building. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> engine includes a <span class="hlt">heat</span> rejection circuit having a source of rejected <span class="hlt">heat</span> and a primary <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> connected to the source of rejected <span class="hlt">heat</span>. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> rejection circuit also includes an evaporator in <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> relation with the primary <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, a <span class="hlt">heat</span> engine indoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, and a <span class="hlt">heat</span> engine outdoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The indoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are disposed in series <span class="hlt">air</span> flow relationship, with the <span class="hlt">heat</span> engine indoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> being disposed downstream from the refrigeration circuit indoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The outdoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are also disposed in series <span class="hlt">air</span> flow relationship, with the <span class="hlt">heat</span> engine outdoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> disposed downstream from the refrigeration circuit outdoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. A common fluid is used in both of the indoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanges</span> and in both of the outdoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. In a first embodiment, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> engine is a Rankine cycle engine. In a second embodiment, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> engine is a non-Rankine cycle engine.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990mshe.rept.....D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990mshe.rept.....D"><span>Microtube strip <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Doty, F. D.</p> <p>1990-12-01</p> <p>Doty Scientific (DSI) believes their microtube-strip <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> will contribute significantly to the following: (1) the closed Brayton cycles being pursued at MIT, NASA, and elsewhere; (2) reverse Brayton cycle cryocoolers, currently being investigated by NASA for space missions, being applied to MRI superconducting magnets; and (3) high-efficiency cryogenic gas separation schemes for CO2 removal from exhaust stacks. The goal of this current study is to show the potential for substantial progress in high-effectiveness, low-cost, gas-to-gas <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> for diverse applications at temperatures from below 100 K to above 1000 K. To date, the highest effectiveness measured is about 98 percent and relative pressure drops below 0.1 percent with a specific conductance of about 45 W/kgK are reported. During the pre-award period DSI built and tested a 3-module <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> bank using 103-tube microtube strip (MTS) modules. To add to their analytical capabilities, DSI has acquired computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. This report describes the pre-award work and the status of the ten tasks of the current project, which are: analyze flow distribution and thermal stresses within individual modules; design a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> bank of ten modules with 400 microtube per module; obtain production quality tubestrip die and AISI 304 tubestrips; obtain production quality microtubing; construct revised MTS <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>; construct dies and fixtures for prototype <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>; construct 100 MTS modules; assemble 8 to 10 prototype MTS <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>; test prototype MTS <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>; and verify test through independent means.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170009534','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170009534"><span>Gas Turbine Engine with <span class="hlt">Air</span>/Fuel <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Krautheim, Michael Stephen (Inventor); Chouinard, Donald G. (Inventor); Donovan, Eric Sean (Inventor); Karam, Michael Abraham (Inventor); Vetters, Daniel Kent (Inventor)</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>One embodiment of the present invention is a unique aircraft propulsion gas turbine engine. Another embodiment is a unique gas turbine engine. Another embodiment is a unique gas turbine engine. Other embodiments include apparatuses, systems, devices, hardware, methods, and combinations for gas turbine engines with <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> systems. Further embodiments, forms, features, aspects, benefits, and advantages of the present application will become apparent from the description and figures provided herewith.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.923a2044F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.923a2044F"><span>Recent trends in the development of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> for geothermal systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Franco, A.; Vaccaro, M.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The potential use of geothermal resources has been a remarkable driver for market players and companies operating in the field of geothermal energy conversion. For this reason, medium to low temperature geothermal resources have been the object of recent rise in consideration, with strong reference to the perspectives of development of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) technology. The main components of geothermal plants based on ORC cycle are surely the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. A lot of different <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are required for the operation of ORC plants. Among those it is surely of major importance the Recovery <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> (RHE, typically an evaporator), in which the operating fluid is evaporated. Also the Recuperator, in regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle, is of major interest in technology. Another important application of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> is connected to the condensation, according to the possibility of liquid or <span class="hlt">air</span> cooling media availability. The paper analyzes the importance of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> sizing and the connection with the operation of ORC power plants putting in evidence the real element of innovation: the consideration of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> as central element for the optimum design of ORC systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BGD....10.8415S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BGD....10.8415S"><span>Biology and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> controls on the distribution of carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) in the ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schmittner, A.; Gruber, N.; Mix, A. C.; Key, R. M.; Tagliabue, A.; Westberry, T. K.</p> <p>2013-05-01</p> <p>Analysis of observations and sensitivity experiments with a new three-dimensional global model of stable carbon isotope cycling elucidate the processes that control the distribution of δ13C in the contemporary and preindustrial ocean. Biological fractionation dominates the distribution of δ13CDIC of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) due to the sinking of isotopically light δ13C organic matter from the surface into the interior ocean. This process leads to low δ13CDIC values at dephs and in high latitude surface waters and high values in the upper ocean at low latitudes with maxima in the subtropics. <span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> provides an important secondary influence due to two effects. First, it acts to reduce the spatial gradients created by biology. Second, the associated temperature dependent fractionation tends to increase (decrease) δ13CDIC values of colder (warmer) water, which generates gradients that oppose those arising from biology. Our model results suggest that both effects are similarly important in influencing surface and interior δ13CDIC distributions. However, <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> is slow, so biological effect dominate spatial δ13CDIC gradients both in the interior and at the surface, in constrast to conclusions from some previous studies. Analysis of a new synthesis of δ13CDIC measurements from years 1990 to 2005 is used to quantify preformed (δ13Cpre) and remineralized (δ13Crem) contributions as well as the effects of biology (Δδ13Cbio) and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> (δ13C*). The model reproduces major features of the observed large-scale distribution of δ13CDIC, δ13Cpre, δ13Crem, δ13C*, and Δδ13Cbio. Residual misfits are documented and analyzed. Simulated surface and subsurface δ13CDIC are influenced by details of the ecosystem model formulation. For example, inclusion of a simple parameterization of iron limitation of phytoplankton growth rates and temperature-dependent zooplankton grazing rates improves the agreement with δ13CDIC</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/id0443.photos.220125p/','SCIGOV-HHH'); return false;" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/id0443.photos.220125p/"><span>ETR <span class="hlt">HEAT</span> <span class="hlt">EXCHANGER</span> BUILDING, TRA644. WORKERS ARE INSTALLING <span class="hlt">HEAT</span> <span class="hlt">EXCHANGER</span> ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/">Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>ETR <span class="hlt">HEAT</span> <span class="hlt">EXCHANGER</span> BUILDING, TRA-644. WORKERS ARE INSTALLING <span class="hlt">HEAT</span> <span class="hlt">EXCHANGER</span> PIPING. INL NEGATIVE NO. 56-3122. Jack L. Anderson, Photographer, 9/21/1956 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Test Reactor Area, Materials & Engineering Test Reactors, Scoville, Butte County, ID</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013IJCMS...250016S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013IJCMS...250016S"><span>Numerical Simulations of Particle Deposition in Metal Foam <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sauret, Emilie; Saha, Suvash C.; Gu, Yuantong</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Australia is a high-potential country for geothermal power with reserves currently estimated in the tens of millions of petajoules, enough to power the nation for at least 1000 years at current usage. However, these resources are mainly located in isolated arid regions where water is scarce. Therefore, wet cooling systems for geothermal plants in Australia are the least attractive solution and thus <span class="hlt">air</span>-cooled <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are preferred. In order to increase the efficiency of such <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, metal foams have been used. One issue raised by this solution is the fouling caused by dust deposition. In this case, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer characteristics of the metal foam <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> can dramatically deteriorate. Exploring the particle deposition property in the metal foam <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> becomes crucial. This paper is a numerical investigation aimed to address this issue. Two-dimensional (2D) numerical simulations of a standard one-row tube bundle wrapped with metal foam in cross-flow are performed and highlight preferential particle deposition areas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.745c2141B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.745c2141B"><span>A Numerical Analysis on a Compact <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> in Aluminum Foam</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Buonomo, B.; Ercole, D.; Manca, O.; Nardini, S.</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>A numerical investigation on a compact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in aluminum foam is carried out. The governing equations in two-dimensional steady state regime are written in local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE). The geometrical domain under investigation is made up of a plate in aluminum foam with inside a single array of five circular tubes. The presence of the open-celled metal foam is modeled as a porous media by means of the Darcy-Forchheimer law. The foam has a porosity of 0.93 with 20 pores per inch and the LTNE assumption is used to simulate the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer between metal foam and <span class="hlt">air</span>. The compact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> at different <span class="hlt">air</span> flow rates is studied with an assigned surface tube temperature. The results in terms of local <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient and Nusselt number on the external surface of the tubes are given. Moreover, local <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature and velocity profiles in the smaller cross section, between two consecutive tubes, as a function of Reynolds number are showed. The performance evaluation criteria (PEC) is assessed in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the metal foam.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989saei.confQ....C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989saei.confQ....C"><span>Analytical methods to predict liquid congealing in ram <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> during cold operation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Coleman, Kenneth; Kosson, Robert</p> <p>1989-07-01</p> <p>Ram <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> used to cool liquids such as lube oils or Ethylene-Glycol/water solutions can be subject to congealing in very cold ambients, resulting in a loss of cooling capability. Two-dimensional, transient analytical models have been developed to explore this phenomenon with both continuous and staggered fin cores. Staggered fin predictions are compared to flight test data from the E-2C Allison T56 engine lube oil system during winter conditions. For simpler calculations, a viscosity ratio correction was introduced and found to provide reasonable cold ambient performance predictions for the staggered fin core, using a one-dimensional approach.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19820011907','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19820011907"><span>Estimating ocean-<span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes during cold <span class="hlt">air</span> outbreaks by satellite</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Chou, S. H.; Atlas, D.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>Nomograms of mean column <span class="hlt">heating</span> due to surface sensible and latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes were developed. Mean sensible <span class="hlt">heating</span> of the cloud free region is related to the cloud free path (CFP, the distance from the shore to the first cloud formation) and the difference between land <span class="hlt">air</span> and <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures, theta sub 1 and theta sub 0, respectively. Mean latent <span class="hlt">heating</span> is related to the CFP and the difference between land <span class="hlt">air</span> and <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface humidities q sub 1 and q sub 0 respectively. Results are also applicable to any path within the cloud free region. Corresponding <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes may be obtained by multiplying the mean <span class="hlt">heating</span> by the mean wind speed in the boundary layer. The sensible <span class="hlt">heating</span> estimated by the present method is found to be in good agreement with that computed from the bulk transfer formula. The sensitivity of the solutions to the variations in the initial coastal soundings and large scale subsidence is also investigated. The results are not sensitive to divergence but are affected by the initial lapse rate of potential temperature; the greater the stability, the smaller the <span class="hlt">heating</span>, other things being equal. Unless one knows the lapse rate at the shore, this requires another independent measurement. For this purpose the downwind slope of the square of the boundary layer height is used, the mean value of which is also directly proportional to the mean sensible <span class="hlt">heating</span>. The height of the boundary layer should be measurable by future spaceborn lidar systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170005914','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170005914"><span>Laser Processed Condensing <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> Technology Development</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hansen, Scott; Wright, Sarah; Wallace, Sarah; Hamilton, Tanner; Dennis, Alexander; Zuhlke, Craig; Roth, Nick; Sanders, John</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The reliance on non-permanent coatings in Condensing <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> (CHX) designs is a significant technical issue to be solved before long-duration spaceflight can occur. Therefore, high reliability CHXs have been identified by the Evolvable Mars Campaign (EMC) as critical technologies needed to move beyond low earth orbit. The Laser Processed Condensing <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> project aims to solve these problems through the use of femtosecond laser processed surfaces, which have unique wetting properties and potentially exhibit anti-microbial growth properties. These surfaces were investigated to identify if they would be suitable candidates for a replacement CHX surface. Among the areas researched in this project include microbial growth testing, siloxane flow testing in which laser processed surfaces were exposed to siloxanes in an <span class="hlt">air</span> stream, and manufacturability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1188614-comparative-analysis-compact-heat-exchangers-application-intermediate-heat-exchanger-advanced-nuclear-reactors','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1188614-comparative-analysis-compact-heat-exchangers-application-intermediate-heat-exchanger-advanced-nuclear-reactors"><span>Comparative analysis of compact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> for application as the intermediate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for advanced nuclear reactors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Bartel, N.; Chen, M.; Utgikar, V. P.; ...</p> <p>2015-04-04</p> <p>A comparative evaluation of alternative compact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> designs for use as the intermediate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in advanced nuclear reactor systems is presented in this article. Candidate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> investigated included the Printed circuit <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (PCHE) and offset strip-fin <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (OSFHE). Both these <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> offer high surface area to volume ratio (a measure of compactness [m2/m3]), high thermal effectiveness, and overall low pressure drop. Helium–helium <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> designs for different <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> types were developed for a 600 MW thermal advanced nuclear reactor. The wavy channel PCHE with a 15° pitch angle was found to offer optimummore » combination of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient, compactness and pressure drop as compared to other alternatives. The principles of the comparative analysis presented here will be useful for <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> evaluations in other applications as well.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1188614','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1188614"><span>Comparative analysis of compact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> for application as the intermediate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for advanced nuclear reactors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Bartel, N.; Chen, M.; Utgikar, V. P.</p> <p></p> <p>A comparative evaluation of alternative compact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> designs for use as the intermediate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in advanced nuclear reactor systems is presented in this article. Candidate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> investigated included the Printed circuit <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (PCHE) and offset strip-fin <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (OSFHE). Both these <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> offer high surface area to volume ratio (a measure of compactness [m2/m3]), high thermal effectiveness, and overall low pressure drop. Helium–helium <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> designs for different <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> types were developed for a 600 MW thermal advanced nuclear reactor. The wavy channel PCHE with a 15° pitch angle was found to offer optimummore » combination of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient, compactness and pressure drop as compared to other alternatives. The principles of the comparative analysis presented here will be useful for <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> evaluations in other applications as well.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/875286','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/875286"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> pump system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Swenson, Paul F.; Moore, Paul B.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>An <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling system for a building includes an expansion type refrigeration circuit and a vapor power circuit. The refrigeration circuit includes two <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, one of which is communicated with a source of indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> from the building and the other of which is communicated with a source of <span class="hlt">air</span> from outside the building. The vapor power circuit includes two <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, one of which is disposed in series <span class="hlt">air</span> flow relationship with the indoor refrigeration circuit <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and the other of which is disposed in series <span class="hlt">air</span> flow relationship with the outdoor refrigeration circuit <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. Fans powered by electricity generated by a vapor power circuit alternator circulate indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> through the two indoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> and circulate outside <span class="hlt">air</span> through the two outdoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. The system is assembled as a single roof top unit, with a vapor power generator and turbine and compressor thermally insulated from the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, and with the indoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> thermally insulated from the outdoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/862951','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/862951"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> pump system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Swenson, Paul F.; Moore, Paul B.</p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>An <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling system for a building includes an expansion type refrigeration circuit and a vapor power circuit. The refrigeration circuit includes two <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, one of which is communicated with a source of indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> from the building and the other of which is communicated with a source of <span class="hlt">air</span> from outside the building. The vapor power circuit includes two <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, one of which is disposed in series <span class="hlt">air</span> flow relationship with the indoor refrigeration circuit <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and the other of which is disposed in series <span class="hlt">air</span> flow relationship with the outdoor refrigeration circuit <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. Fans powered by electricity generated by a vapor power circuit alternator circulate indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> through the two indoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> and circulate outside <span class="hlt">air</span> through the two outdoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. The system is assembled as a single roof top unit, with a vapor power generator and turbine and compressor thermally insulated from the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, and with the indoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> thermally insulated from the outdoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1176685','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1176685"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> pump system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Swenson, Paul F.; Moore, Paul B.</p> <p>1983-06-21</p> <p>An <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling system for a building includes an expansion type refrigeration circuit and a vapor power circuit. The refrigeration circuit includes two <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, one of which is communicated with a source of indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> from the building and the other of which is communicated with a source of <span class="hlt">air</span> from outside the building. The vapor power circuit includes two <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, one of which is disposed in series <span class="hlt">air</span> flow relationship with the indoor refrigeration circuit <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and the other of which is disposed in series <span class="hlt">air</span> flow relationship with the outdoor refrigeration circuit <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. Fans powered by electricity generated by a vapor power circuit alternator circulate indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> through the two indoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> and circulate outside <span class="hlt">air</span> through the two outdoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. The system is assembled as a single roof top unit, with a vapor power generator and turbine and compressor thermally insulated from the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, and with the indoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> thermally insulated from the outdoor <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864748','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864748"><span>Wound tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Ecker, Amir L.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>What is disclosed is a wound tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in which a plurality of tubes having flattened areas are held contiguous adjacent flattened areas of tubes by a plurality of windings to give a double walled <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The plurality of windings serve as a plurality of effective force vectors holding the conduits contiguous <span class="hlt">heat</span> conducting walls of another conduit and result in highly efficient <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer. The resulting <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> bundle is economical and can be coiled into the desired shape. Also disclosed are specific embodiments such as the one in which the tubes are expanded against their windings after being coiled to insure highly efficient <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110014594','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110014594"><span>Ocean Winds and Turbulent <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Fluxes Inferred From Remote Sensing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bourassa, Mark A.; Gille, Sarah T.; Jackson, Daren L.; Roberts, J. Brent; Wick, Gary A.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> turbulent fluxes determine the <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of momentum, <span class="hlt">heat</span>, freshwater, and gas between the atmosphere and ocean. These <span class="hlt">exchange</span> processes are critical to a broad range of research questions spanning length scales from meters to thousands of kilometers and time scales from hours to decades. Examples are discussed (section 2). The estimation of surface turbulent fluxes from satellite is challenging and fraught with considerable errors (section 3); however, recent developments in retrievals (section 3) will greatly reduce these errors. Goals for the future observing system are summarized in section 4. Surface fluxes are defined as the rate per unit area at which something (e.g., momentum, energy, moisture, or CO Z ) is transferred across the <span class="hlt">air/sea</span> interface. Wind- and buoyancy-driven surface fluxes are called surface turbulent fluxes because the mixing and transport are due to turbulence. Examples of nonturbulent processes are radiative fluxes (e.g., solar radiation) and precipitation (Schmitt et al., 2010). Turbulent fluxes are strongly dependent on wind speed; therefore, observations of wind speed are critical for the calculation of all turbulent surface fluxes. Wind stress, the vertical transport of horizontal momentum, also depends on wind direction. Stress is very important for many ocean processes, including upper ocean currents (Dohan and Maximenko, 2010) and deep ocean currents (Lee et al., 2010). On short time scales, this horizontal transport is usually small compared to surface fluxes. For long-term processes, transport can be very important but again is usually small compared to surface fluxes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865765','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865765"><span>Direct fired <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Reimann, Robert C.; Root, Richard A.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>A gas-to-liquid <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> system which transfers <span class="hlt">heat</span> from a gas, generally the combustion gas of a direct-fired generator of an absorption machine, to a liquid, generally an absorbent solution. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> system is in a counterflow fluid arrangement which creates a more efficient <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HMT...tmp..107K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HMT...tmp..107K"><span>Selective laser melting in <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> development - experimental investigation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer and pressure drop characteristics of wavy fins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kuehndel, J.; Kerler, B.; Karcher, C.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>To improve performance of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> for vehicle applications, it is necessary to increase the <span class="hlt">air</span> side <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer. Selective laser melting gives rise to be applied for fin development due to: i) independency of conventional tooling ii) a fast way to conduct essential experimental studies iii) high dimensional accuracy iv) degrees of freedom in design. Therefore, <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> elements with wavy fins were examined in an experimental study. Experiments were conducted for <span class="hlt">air</span> side Reynolds number range of 1400-7400, varying wavy amplitude and wave length of the fins at a constant water flow rate of 9.0 m3/h. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> transfer and pressure drop characteristics were evaluated with Nusselt Number Nu and Darcy friction factor ψ as functions of Reynolds number. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> transfer and pressure drop correlations were derived from measurement data obtained by regression analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20030444-augmentation-heat-transfer-longitudinal-vortices-plate-fin-heat-exchangers-two-rows-tubes','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20030444-augmentation-heat-transfer-longitudinal-vortices-plate-fin-heat-exchangers-two-rows-tubes"><span>Augmentation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer by longitudinal vortices in plate-fin <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> with two rows of tubes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Rodrigues, R. Jr.; Yanagihara, J.I.</p> <p>1999-07-01</p> <p>The thermal performance of fin-tube compact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> is highly affected by the thermal resistance occurring on the <span class="hlt">air</span> side, which is much higher than the thermal resistance inside the tubes. Since this kind of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is widely used in these days, with applications on <span class="hlt">air</span>-conditioning, refrigeration, automobilistic industry and many other areas, the development of more efficient and cheaper <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> is highly attractive, because it will permit the manufacturing of more competitive equipments. This work presents results of numerical simulations for fin-tube compact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> using smooth fins and longitudinal vortex generators. The computational model has twomore » rows of round tubes in staggered arrangement. Built-in delta winglet vortex generators were used, and its geometric dimensions were chosen according to the best results of literature. The steady-state numerical simulations were carried out at Re = 300, with a code based on the finite volume method. The typical configuration, where the vortex generators of both tube rows have identical parameters set, was compared with new ones where the vortex generators of the second row have different attack angles and positions. The global and local influence of vortex generators on <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer and flow losses are analyzed by comparison with a smooth fin model without vortex generators. The results show that a best <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer performance can be obtained by positioning the vortex generators of the second row at a particular position and angle of attack, when the increasing of the flow losses was smaller than the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer enhancement achieved.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4766842','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4766842"><span><span class="hlt">HEAT</span> <span class="hlt">EXCHANGER</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Fox, T.H. III; Richey, T. Jr.; Winders, G.R.</p> <p>1962-10-23</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is designed for use in the transfer of <span class="hlt">heat</span> between a radioactive fiuid and a non-radioactive fiuid. The <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> employs a removable section containing the non-hazardous fluid extending into the section designed to contain the radioactive fluid. The removable section is provided with a construction to cancel out thermal stresses. The stationary section is pressurized to prevent leakage of the radioactive fiuid and to maintain a safe, desirable level for this fiuid. (AEC)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110022999','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110022999"><span>Improvement of the GEOS-5 AGCM upon Updating the <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Roughness Parameterization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Garfinkel, C. I.; Molod, A.; Oman, L. D.; Song, I.-S.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The impact of an <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> roughness parameterization over the ocean that more closely matches recent observations of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> is examined in the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System, version 5 (GEOS-5) atmospheric general circulation model. Surface wind biases in the GEOS-5 AGCM are decreased by up to 1.2m/s. The new parameterization also has implications aloft as improvements extend into the stratosphere. Many other GCMs (both for operational weather forecasting and climate) use a similar class of parameterization for their <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> roughness scheme. We therefore expect that results from GEOS-5 are relevant to other models as well.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HMT....54.1951C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HMT....54.1951C"><span>Performance of casting aluminum-silicon alloy condensing <span class="hlt">heating</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for gas-fired boiler</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cao, Weixue; Liu, Fengguo; You, Xue-yi</p> <p>2018-07-01</p> <p>Condensing gas boilers are widely used due to their high <span class="hlt">heat</span> efficiency, which comes from their ability to use the recoverable sensible <span class="hlt">heat</span> and latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> in flue gas. The condensed water of the boiler exhaust has strong corrosion effect on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, which restricts the further application of the condensing gas boiler. In recent years, a casting aluminum-silicon alloy (CASA), which boasts good anti-corrosion properties, has been introduced to condensing hot water boilers. In this paper, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer performance, CO and NOx emission concentrations and CASA corrosion resistance of a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> are studied by an efficiency bench test of the gas-fired boiler. The experimental results are compared with <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> produced by Honeywell and Beka. The results show that the excess <span class="hlt">air</span> coefficient has a significant effect on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> efficiency and CO and NOx emission of the CASA water heater. When the excess <span class="hlt">air</span> coefficient of the CASA gas boiler is 1.3, the CO and NOx emission concentration of the flue gas satisfies the design requirements, and the <span class="hlt">heat</span> efficiency of water heater is 90.8%. In addition, with the increase of <span class="hlt">heat</span> load rate, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and the <span class="hlt">heat</span> efficiency of the water heater are increased. However, when the <span class="hlt">heat</span> load rate is at 90%, the NOx emission in the exhaust gas is the highest. Furthermore, when the temperature of flue gas is below 57 °C, the condensation of water vapor occurs, and the pH of condensed water is in the 2.5 5.5 range. The study shows that CASA water heater has good corrosion resistance and a high <span class="hlt">heat</span> efficiency of 88%. Compared with the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> produced by Honeywell and Beka, there is still much work to do in optimizing and improving the water heater.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HMT...tmp...25C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HMT...tmp...25C"><span>Performance of casting aluminum-silicon alloy condensing <span class="hlt">heating</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for gas-fired boiler</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cao, Weixue; Liu, Fengguo; You, Xue-yi</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Condensing gas boilers are widely used due to their high <span class="hlt">heat</span> efficiency, which comes from their ability to use the recoverable sensible <span class="hlt">heat</span> and latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> in flue gas. The condensed water of the boiler exhaust has strong corrosion effect on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, which restricts the further application of the condensing gas boiler. In recent years, a casting aluminum-silicon alloy (CASA), which boasts good anti-corrosion properties, has been introduced to condensing hot water boilers. In this paper, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer performance, CO and NOx emission concentrations and CASA corrosion resistance of a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> are studied by an efficiency bench test of the gas-fired boiler. The experimental results are compared with <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> produced by Honeywell and Beka. The results show that the excess <span class="hlt">air</span> coefficient has a significant effect on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> efficiency and CO and NOx emission of the CASA water heater. When the excess <span class="hlt">air</span> coefficient of the CASA gas boiler is 1.3, the CO and NOx emission concentration of the flue gas satisfies the design requirements, and the <span class="hlt">heat</span> efficiency of water heater is 90.8%. In addition, with the increase of <span class="hlt">heat</span> load rate, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and the <span class="hlt">heat</span> efficiency of the water heater are increased. However, when the <span class="hlt">heat</span> load rate is at 90%, the NOx emission in the exhaust gas is the highest. Furthermore, when the temperature of flue gas is below 57 °C, the condensation of water vapor occurs, and the pH of condensed water is in the 2.5 5.5 range. The study shows that CASA water heater has good corrosion resistance and a high <span class="hlt">heat</span> efficiency of 88%. Compared with the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> produced by Honeywell and Beka, there is still much work to do in optimizing and improving the water heater.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170005404','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170005404"><span>Laser Processed <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hansen, Scott</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The Laser Processed <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> project will investigate the use of laser processed surfaces to reduce mass and volume in liquid/liquid <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> as well as the replacement of the harmful and problematic coatings of the Condensing <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span> (CHX). For this project, two scale unit test articles will be designed, manufactured, and tested. These two units are a high efficiency liquid/liquid HX and a high reliability CHX.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol10/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol10-sec63-654.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol10/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol10-sec63-654.pdf"><span>40 CFR 63.654 - <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> systems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>... section. (1) All <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> that are in organic HAP service within the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system that...., the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system does not contain any <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> that are in organic HAP service as... <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system in organic HAP service or from each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> exit line for each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol11/pdf/CFR-2012-title40-vol11-sec63-654.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol11/pdf/CFR-2012-title40-vol11-sec63-654.pdf"><span>40 CFR 63.654 - <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> systems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>... section. (1) All <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> that are in organic HAP service within the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system that...., the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system does not contain any <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> that are in organic HAP service as... <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system in organic HAP service or from each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> exit line for each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16685008','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16685008"><span>Efficacy of a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> mask in cold exercise-induced asthma.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Beuther, David A; Martin, Richard J</p> <p>2006-05-01</p> <p>To determine the efficacy of a novel mask device in limiting cold <span class="hlt">air</span> exercise-induced decline in lung function in subjects with a history of exercise-induced asthma (EIA). In spite of appropriate medical therapy, many asthma patients are limited in cold weather activities. In study 1, 13 asthmatic subjects performed two randomized, single-blind treadmill exercise tests while breathing cold <span class="hlt">air</span> (- 25 to - 15 degrees C) through a placebo or active <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> mask. In study 2, five subjects with EIA performed three treadmill exercise tests while breathing cold <span class="hlt">air</span>: one test using the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> mask, one test without the mask but with albuterol pretreatment, and one test with neither the mask nor albuterol pretreatment (unprotected exercise). For all studies, spirometry was performed before and at 5, 15, and 30 min after exercise challenge. For both studies, a total of 15 subjects with a history of asthma symptoms during cold <span class="hlt">air</span> exercise were recruited. In study 1, the mean decrease (+/- SE) in FEV1 was 19 +/- 4.9% with placebo, and 4.3 +/- 1.6% with the active device (p = 0.0002). The mean decrease in maximum mid-expiratory flow (FEF(25-75)) was 31 +/- 5.7% with placebo and 4.7 +/- 1.7% with the active device (p = 0.0002). In study 2, the mean decrease in FEV1 was 6.3 +/- 3.9%, 11 +/- 3.7%, and 28 +/- 10% for the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> mask, albuterol pretreatment, and unprotected exercises, respectively (p = 0.4375 for mask vs albuterol, p = 0.0625 for mask vs unprotected exercise). The mean decrease in FEF(25-75) was 10 +/- 4.8%, 23 +/- 6.0%, and 36 +/- 11%, respectively (p = 0.0625 for mask vs albuterol, p = 0.0625 for mask vs unprotected exercise). This <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> mask blocks cold exercise-induced decline in lung function at least as effectively as albuterol pretreatment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990TellB..42..481A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990TellB..42..481A"><span>Time constants for the evolution of <span class="hlt">sea</span> spray droplets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Andreas, Edgar L.</p> <p>1990-11-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Sea</span> spray droplets start with the same temperature as the ocean surface from which they form. In high-latitude, polar-low conditions, they therefore cool and evaporate in a relatively cold wind and may alter the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture. This paper presents equations that model the thermal and size (moisture) evolution of a spray droplet from the time it forms until it reaches equilibrium with its environment. The model does well when tested against some of the scanty data available on the evolution of saline droplets. We parameterize the thermal and size evolution of spray droplets with the time constants τT and τr, which are, respectively, the times required for a droplet to come to within e<img src="/entityImage/script/2212.gif" alt="-" border="0" style="font-weight: bold"></img>1 of its equilibrium temperature and within e<img src="/entityImage/script/2212.gif" alt="-" border="0" style="font-weight: bold"></img>1 of its equilibrium radius. τr is always about three orders of magnitude larger than τT; the thermal <span class="hlt">exchange</span> is thus complete before the moisture <span class="hlt">exchange</span> even starts. Consequently, the ambient humidity has little effect on the thermal <span class="hlt">exchange</span> rate, and the initial droplet temperature has negligible effect on the moisture <span class="hlt">exchange</span> rate. We also parameterize the gravitational settling of droplets and their potential for turbulent suspension with the time scales τf and τw, respectively. Comparing the four time scales, we see that spray droplets with initial radii less than 10μm reach both thermal and size equilibrium with the ambient <span class="hlt">air</span>. Droplets with initial radii greater than 300μm, on the other hand, fall back into the <span class="hlt">sea</span> before <span class="hlt">exchanging</span> appreciable <span class="hlt">heat</span> or moisture; they thus have little impact on <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. In the mid-range, droplets with initial radii between 10 and 300μm, the physics is more complex. Even after comparing τT and τr with τf and τw, we still cannot say unequivocally which process is fastest</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/915245','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/915245"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> and mass <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Lowenstein, Andrew; Sibilia, Marc J.; Miller, Jeffrey A.; Tonon, Thomas</p> <p>2007-09-18</p> <p>A mass and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> includes at least one first substrate with a surface for supporting a continuous flow of a liquid thereon that either absorbs, desorbs, evaporates or condenses one or more gaseous species from or to a surrounding gas; and at least one second substrate operatively associated with the first substrate. The second substrate includes a surface for supporting the continuous flow of the liquid thereon and is adapted to carry a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluid therethrough, wherein <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer occurs between the liquid and the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluid.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1018726','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1018726"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> and mass <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Lowenstein, Andrew [Princeton, NJ; Sibilia, Marc J [Princeton, NJ; Miller, Jeffrey A [Hopewell, NJ; Tonon, Thomas [Princeton, NJ</p> <p>2011-06-28</p> <p>A mass and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> includes at least one first substrate with a surface for supporting a continuous flow of a liquid thereon that either absorbs, desorbs, evaporates or condenses one or more gaseous species from or to a surrounding gas; and at least one second substrate operatively associated with the first substrate. The second substrate includes a surface for supporting the continuous flow of the liquid thereon and is adapted to carry a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluid therethrough, wherein <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer occurs between the liquid and the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluid.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol10/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol10-sec63-104.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol10/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol10-sec63-104.pdf"><span>40 CFR 63.104 - <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system requirements.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>... Standards for Organic Hazardous <span class="hlt">Air</span> Pollutants From the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry... subpart shall monitor each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system used to cool process equipment in a chemical manufacturing process unit meeting the conditions of § 63.100 (b)(1) through (b)(3) of this subpart, except for chemical...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol9/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol9-sec63-104.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol9/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol9-sec63-104.pdf"><span>40 CFR 63.104 - <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system requirements.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>... Standards for Organic Hazardous <span class="hlt">Air</span> Pollutants From the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry... subpart shall monitor each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system used to cool process equipment in a chemical manufacturing process unit meeting the conditions of § 63.100 (b)(1) through (b)(3) of this subpart, except for chemical...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol10/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol10-sec63-104.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol10/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol10-sec63-104.pdf"><span>40 CFR 63.104 - <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system requirements.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>... Standards for Organic Hazardous <span class="hlt">Air</span> Pollutants From the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry... subpart shall monitor each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system used to cool process equipment in a chemical manufacturing process unit meeting the conditions of § 63.100 (b)(1) through (b)(3) of this subpart, except for chemical...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7785756','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7785756"><span>[<span class="hlt">Heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> for conditioning of inspired <span class="hlt">air</span> of intubated patients in intensive care. The humidification properties of passive <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> under clinical conditions].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rathgeber, J; Züchner, K; Kietzmann, D; Weyland, W</p> <p>1995-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> (HME) are used as artificial noses for intubated patients to prevent tracheo-bronchial or pulmonary damage resulting from dry and cold inspired gases. HME are mounted directly on the tracheal tube, where they collect a large fraction of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture of the expired <span class="hlt">air</span>, adding this to the subsequent inspired breath. The effective performance depends on the water-retention capacity of the HME: the amount of water added to the inspired gas cannot exceed the stored water uptake of the previous breath. This study evaluates the efficiency of four different HME under laboratory and clinical conditions using a new moisture-measuring device. METHODS. In a first step, the absolute efficiency of four different HME (DAR Hygrobac, Gibeck Humid-Vent 2P, Pall BB 22-15 T, and Pall BB 100) was evaluated using a lung model simulating physiological <span class="hlt">heat</span> and humidity conditions of the upper airways. The model was ventilated with tidal volumes of 500, 1,000, and 1,500 ml and different flow rates. The water content of the ventilated <span class="hlt">air</span> was determined between tracheal tube and HME using a new high-resolution humidity meter and compared with the absolute water loss of the exhaled <span class="hlt">air</span> at the gas outlet of a Siemens Servo C ventilator measured with a dew-point hygrometer. Secondly, the moisturizing efficiency was evaluated under clinical conditions in an intensive care unit with 25 intubated patients. Maintaining the ventilatory conditions for each patient, the HME were randomly changed. The humidity data were determined as described above and compared with the laboratory findings. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The water content at the respirator outlet is inversely equivalent to the humidity of the inspired gases and represents the water loss from the respiratory tract if the patient is ventilated with dry gases. Moisture retention and <span class="hlt">heating</span> capacity decreased with higher volumes and higher flow rates. These data are simple to obtain without affecting the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21350390-two-phase-gas-liquid-flow-characteristics-inside-plate-heat-exchanger','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21350390-two-phase-gas-liquid-flow-characteristics-inside-plate-heat-exchanger"><span>Two-phase gas-liquid flow characteristics inside a plate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Nilpueng, Kitti; Wongwises, Somchai</p> <p></p> <p>In the present study, the <span class="hlt">air</span>-water two-phase flow characteristics including flow pattern and pressure drop inside a plate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> are experimentally investigated. A plate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> with single pass under the condition of counter flow is operated for the experiment. Three stainless steel commercial plates with a corrugated sinusoidal shape of unsymmetrical chevron angles of 55 and 10 are utilized for the pressure drop measurement. A transparent plate having the same configuration as the stainless steel plates is cast and used as a cover plate in order to observe the flow pattern inside the plate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The <span class="hlt">air</span>-watermore » mixture flow which is used as a cold stream is tested in vertical downward and upward flow. The results from the present experiment show that the annular-liquid bridge flow pattern appeared in both upward and downward flows. However, the bubbly flow pattern and the slug flow pattern are only found in upward flow and downward flow, respectively. The variation of the water and <span class="hlt">air</span> velocity has a significant effect on the two-phase pressure drop. Based on the present data, a two-phase multiplier correlation is proposed for practical application. (author)« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..126a2018A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..126a2018A"><span>Modification split type <span class="hlt">air</span> conditioning unit by installing internal <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and condenser precooling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ambarita, H.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>In this paper, a modified of <span class="hlt">air</span> conditioning (AC) system is proposed. In the modified system, an internal <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and condenser precooling unit are installed. The objective is to explore the effect of the additional equipment to the performance of the system. An AC with compressor power of 1 PK is modified and compared with the original one. The results show that ER of the modified system is higher than the original one in order of 3.6%. The work of the compressor of the modified system is 12.5% lower than work of the compressor without modification. Finally, the COP of the modified system is 11.71% higher than the original one. These facts reveal that the combination of IHX and condenser precooling shows positive impact on the performance of the AC. It is recommended to use the modified system to improve the energy efficiency of the <span class="hlt">Air</span> Conditioning system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BGeo...10.1379C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BGeo...10.1379C"><span>Technical Note: A simple method for <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> measurements in mesocosms and its application in carbon budgeting</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Czerny, J.; Schulz, K. G.; Ludwig, A.; Riebesell, U.</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>Mesocosms as large experimental units provide the opportunity to perform elemental mass balance calculations, e.g. to derive net biological turnover rates. However, the system is in most cases not closed at the water surface and gases <span class="hlt">exchange</span> with the atmosphere. Previous attempts to budget carbon pools in mesocosms relied on educated guesses concerning the <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of CO2 with the atmosphere. Here, we present a simple method for precise determination of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> in mesocosms using N2O as a deliberate tracer. Beside the application for carbon budgeting, transfer velocities can be used to calculate <span class="hlt">exchange</span> rates of any gas of known concentration, e.g. to calculate aquatic production rates of climate relevant trace gases. Using an arctic KOSMOS (Kiel Off Shore Mesocosms for future Ocean Simulation) experiment as an exemplary dataset, it is shown that the presented method improves accuracy of carbon budget estimates substantially. Methodology of manipulation, measurement, data processing and conversion to CO2 fluxes are explained. A theoretical discussion of prerequisites for precise gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> measurements provides a guideline for the applicability of the method under various experimental conditions.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850023425','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850023425"><span>Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> project: A summary report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Liu, W. T.; Niiler, P. P.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>A pilot data center to compute ocean atmosphere <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> over the tropical ocean is prposed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in response to the scientific needs of the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Program. Optimal methods will be used to estimate <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SET), surface wind speed, and humidity from spaceborne observations. A monthly summary of these parameters will be used to compute ocean atmosphere latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanges</span>. Monthly fields of surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux over tropical oceans will be constructed using estimations of latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanges</span> and short wave radiation from satellite data. Verification of all satellite data sets with in situ measurements at a few locations will be provided. The data center will be an experimental active archive where the quality and quantity of data required for TOGA flux computation are managed. The center is essential to facilitate the construction of composite data sets from global measurements taken from different sensors on various satellites. It will provide efficient utilization and easy access to the large volume of satellite data available for studies of ocean atmosphere energy <span class="hlt">exchanges</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21073780-fouling-reduction-characteristics-distributor-fluidized-bed-heat-exchanger-flue-gas-heat-recovery','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21073780-fouling-reduction-characteristics-distributor-fluidized-bed-heat-exchanger-flue-gas-heat-recovery"><span>Fouling reduction characteristics of a no-distributor-fluidized-bed <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for flue gas <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Jun, Y.D.; Lee, K.B.; Islam, S.Z.</p> <p>2008-07-01</p> <p>In conventional flue gas <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery systems, the fouling by fly ashes and the related problems such as corrosion and cleaning are known to be major drawbacks. To overcome these problems, a single-riser no-distributor-fluidized-bed <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is devised and studied. Fouling and cleaning tests are performed for a uniquely designed fluidized bed-type <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> to demonstrate the effect of particles on the fouling reduction and <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer enhancement. The tested <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> model (1 m high and 54 mm internal diameter) is a gas-to-water type and composed of a main vertical tube and four auxiliary tubes through which particles circulatemore » and transfer <span class="hlt">heat</span>. Through the present study, the fouling on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer surface could successfully be simulated by controlling <span class="hlt">air</span>-to-fuel ratios rather than introducing particles through an external feeder, which produced soft deposit layers with 1 to 1.5 mm thickness on the inside pipe wall. Flue gas temperature at the inlet of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> was maintained at 450{sup o}C at the gas volume rate of 0.738 to 0.768 CMM (0.0123 to 0.0128 m{sup 3}/sec). From the analyses of the measured data, <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer performances of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> before and after fouling and with and without particles were evaluated. Results showed that soft deposits were easily removed by introducing glass bead particles, and also <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer performance increased two times by the particle circulation. In addition, it was found that this type of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> had high potential to recover <span class="hlt">heat</span> of waste gases from furnaces, boilers, and incinerators effectively and to reduce fouling related problems.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140001428','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140001428"><span>Counterflow Regolith <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Zubrin, Robert; Jonscher, Peter</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>A problem exists in reducing the total <span class="hlt">heating</span> power required to extract oxygen from lunar regolith. All such processes require <span class="hlt">heating</span> a great deal of soil, and the <span class="hlt">heat</span> energy is wasted if it cannot be recycled from processed material back into new material. The counterflow regolith <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (CoRHE) is a device that transfers <span class="hlt">heat</span> from hot regolith to cold regolith. The CoRHE is essentially a tube-in-tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> with internal and external augers attached to the inner rotating tube to move the regolith. Hot regolith in the outer tube is moved in one direction by a right-hand - ed auger, and the cool regolith in the inner tube is moved in the opposite direction by a left-handed auger attached to the inside of the rotating tube. In this counterflow arrangement, a large fraction of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> from the expended regolith is transferred to the new regolith. The spent regolith leaves the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> close to the temperature of the cold new regolith, and the new regolith is pre-<span class="hlt">heated</span> close to the initial temperature of the spent regolith. Using the CoRHE can reduce the <span class="hlt">heating</span> requirement of a lunar ISRU system by 80%, reducing the total power consumption by a factor of two. The unique feature of this system is that it allows for counterflow <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> to occur between solids, instead of liquids or gases, as is commonly done. In addition, in variants of this concept, the hydrogen reduction can be made to occur within the counterflow <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> itself, enabling a simplified lunar ISRU (in situ resource utilization) system with excellent energy economy and continuous nonbatch mode operation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920000175&hterms=heat+exchanger&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dheat%2Bexchanger','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920000175&hterms=heat+exchanger&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dheat%2Bexchanger"><span>Oscillating-Coolant <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Scotti, Stephen J.; Blosser, Max L.; Camarda, Charles J.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Devices useful in situations in which <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipes inadequate. Conceptual oscillating-coolant <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (OCHEX) transports <span class="hlt">heat</span> from its hotter portions to cooler portions. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> transported by oscillation of single-phase fluid, called primary coolant, in coolant passages. No time-averaged flow in tubes, so either <span class="hlt">heat</span> removed from end reservoirs on every cycle or <span class="hlt">heat</span> removed indirectly by cooling sides of channels with another coolant. Devices include leading-edge cooling devices in hypersonic aircraft and "frost-free" <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. Also used in any situation in which <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe used and in other situations in which <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipes not usable.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.877a2038S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.877a2038S"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> studies on coconut oil cells as thermal energy storage for room thermal conditioning</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sutjahja, I. M.; Putri, Widya A.; Fahmi, Z.; Wonorahardjo, S.; Kurnia, D.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>As reported by many thermal environment experts, room <span class="hlt">air</span> conditioning might be controlled by thermal mass system. In this paper we discuss the performance of coconut oil cells as room thermal energy storage. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> mechanism of coconut oil (CO) which is one of potential organic Phase Change Material (PCM) is studied based on the results of temperature measurements in the perimeter and core parts of cells. We found that the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> performance, i.e. <span class="hlt">heat</span> absorption and <span class="hlt">heat</span> release processes of CO cells are dominated by <span class="hlt">heat</span> conduction in the sensible solid from the higher temperature perimeter part to the lower temperature core part and <span class="hlt">heat</span> convection during the solid-liquid phase transition and sensible liquid phase. The capability of <span class="hlt">heat</span> absorption as measured by the reduction of <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature is not influenced by CO cell size. Besides that, the application of CO as the thermal mass has to be accompanied by <span class="hlt">air</span> circulation to get the cool sensation of the room’s occupants.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130000766','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130000766"><span>International Space Station Common Cabin <span class="hlt">Air</span> Assembly Condensing <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> Hydrophilic Coating Operation, Recovery, and Lessons Learned</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Balistreri, Steven F.; Steele, John W.; Caron, Mark E.; Laliberte, Yvon J.; Shaw, Laura A.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The ability to control the temperature and humidity of an environment or habitat is critical for human survival. These factors are important to maintaining human health and comfort, as well as maintaining mechanical and electrical equipment in good working order to support the human and to accomplish mission objectives. The temperature and humidity of the International Space Station (ISS) United States On-orbit Segment (USOS) cabin <span class="hlt">air</span> is controlled by the Common Cabin <span class="hlt">Air</span> Assembly (CCAA). The CCAA consists of a fan, a condensing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (CHX), an <span class="hlt">air</span>/water separator, temperature and liquid sensors, and electrical controlling hardware and software. The CHX is the primary component responsible for control of temperature and humidity. The CCAA CHX contains a chemical coating that was developed to be hydrophilic and thus attract water from the humid influent <span class="hlt">air</span>. This attraction forms the basis for water removal and therefore cabin humidity control. However, there have been several instances of CHX coatings becoming hydrophobic and repelling water. When this behavior is observed in an operational CHX in the ISS segments, the unit s ability to remove moisture from the <span class="hlt">air</span> is compromised and the result is liquid water carryover into downstream ducting and systems. This water carryover can have detrimental effects on the ISS cabin atmosphere quality and on the health of downstream hardware. If the water carryover is severe and widespread, this behavior can result in an inability to maintain humidity levels in the USOS. This paper will describe the operation of the five CCAAs within the USOS, the potential causes of the hydrophobic condition, and the impacts of the resulting water carryover to downstream systems. It will describe the history of this behavior and the actual observed impacts to the ISS USOS. Information on mitigation steps to protect the health of future CHX hydrophilic coatings as well as remediation and recovery of the full <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> will be</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..308a2027N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..308a2027N"><span>Effectiveness of a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in a <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump clothes dryer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nasution, A. H.; Sembiring, P. G.; Ambarita, H.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>This paper deals with study on a <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump clothes dryer coupled with a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The objective is to explore the effects of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> on the performance of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump dryer. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump dryer consists of a vapor compression cycle and integrated with a drying room with volume 1 m3. The power of compressor is 800 Watt and the refrigerant of the cycle is R22. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is a flat plate type with dimensions of 400 mm × 400 mm × 400 mm. The results show the present of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> increase the performance of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump dryer. In the present experiment the COP, TP and SMER increase 15.11%, 4.81% and 58.62%, respectively. This is because the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> provides a better drying condition in the drying room with higher temperature and lower relative humidity in comparison with <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump dryer without <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The effectiveness of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is also high, it is above 50%. It is suggested to install a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in a <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump dryer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863123','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863123"><span>Modular <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Culver, Donald W.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for use in nuclear reactors includes a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> tube bundle formed from similar modules each having a hexagonal shroud containing a large number of thermally conductive tubes which are connected with inlet and outlet headers at opposite ends of each module, the respective headers being adapted for interconnection with suitable inlet and outlet manifold means. In order to adapt the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for operation in a high temperature and high pressure environment and to provide access to all tube ports at opposite ends of the tube bundle, a spherical tube sheet is arranged in sealed relation across the chamber with an elongated duct extending outwardly therefrom to provide manifold means for interconnection with the opposite end of the tube bundle.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1745b0002B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1745b0002B"><span>CFD analysis of the plate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> - Mathematical modelling of mass and <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer in serial connection with tubular <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bojko, Marian; Kocich, Radim</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>Application of numerical simulations based on the CFD calculation when the mass and <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer between the fluid flows is essential component of thermal calculation. In this article the mathematical model of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is defined, which is subsequently applied to the plate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, which is connected in series with the other <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (tubular <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>). The present contribution deals with the possibility to use the waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> of the flue gas produced by small micro turbine. Inlet boundary conditions to the mathematical model of the plate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> are obtained from the results of numerical simulation of the tubular <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. Required parameters such for example inlet temperature was evaluated from temperature field, which was subsequently imported to the inlet boundary condition to the simulation of plate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. From the results of 3D numerical simulations are evaluated basic flow variables including the evaluation of dimensionless parameters such as Colburn j-factor and friction ft factor. Numerical simulation is realized by software ANSYS Fluent15.0.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900012683','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900012683"><span>Pressurized bellows flat contact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> interface</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Voss, Fred E. (Inventor); Howell, Harold R. (Inventor); Winkler, Roger V. (Inventor)</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Disclosed is an interdigitated plate-type <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> interface. The interface includes a modular interconnect to thermally connect a pair or pairs of plate-type <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> to a second single or multiple plate-type <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The modular interconnect comprises a series of parallel, plate-type <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> arranged in pairs to form a slot therebetween. The plate-type <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> of the second <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> insert into the slots of the modular interconnect. Bellows are provided between the pairs of fins of the modular interconnect so that when the bellows are pressurized, they drive the plate-type <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> of the modular interconnect toward one another, thus closing upon the second <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> plates. Each end of the bellows has a part thereof a thin, membrane diaphragm which readily conforms to the contours of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> plates of the modular interconnect when the bellows is pressurized. This ensures an even distribution of pressure on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> of the modular interconnect thus creating substantially planar contact between the two <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. The effect of the interface of the present invention is to provide a dry connection between two <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> whereby the rate of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer can be varied by varying the pressure within the bellows.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16615688','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16615688"><span>Testing of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> in membrane oxygenators using <span class="hlt">air</span> pressure.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hamilton, Carole; Stein, Jutta; Seidler, Rainer; Kind, Robert; Beck, Karin; Tosok, Jürgen; Upterfofel, Jörg</p> <p>2006-03-01</p> <p>All <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> (HE) in membrane oxygenators are tested by the manufacturer for water leaks during the production phase. However, for safety reasons, it is highly recommended that HEs be tested again before clinical use. The most common method is to attach the heater-cooler to the HE and allow the water to recirculate for at least 10 min, during which time a water leak should be evident. To improve the detection of water leaks, a test was devised using a pressure manometer with an integrated bulb used to pressurize the HE with <span class="hlt">air</span>. The cardiopulmonary bypass system is set up as per protocol. A pressure manometer adapted to a 1/2" tubing is connected to the water inlet side of the oxygenator. The water outlet side is blocked with a short piece of 1/2" deadend tubing. The HE is pressurized with 250 mmHg for at least 30 sec and observed for any drop. Over the last 2 years, only one oxygenator has been detected with a water leak in which the <span class="hlt">air</span>-method leaktest was performed. This unit was sent back to the manufacturer who confirmed the failure. Even though the incidence of water leaks is very low, it does occur and it is, therefore, important that all HEs are tested before they are used clinically. This method of using a pressure manometer offers many advantages, as the HE can be tested outside of the operating room (OR), allowing earlier testing of the oxygenator, no water contact is necessary, and it is simple, easy and quick to perform.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED087880.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED087880.pdf"><span><span class="hlt">Air</span> Conditioning, <span class="hlt">Heating</span>, and Ventilating: Construction, Supervision, and Inspection. Course of Study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Messer, John D.</p> <p></p> <p>This course of study on <span class="hlt">air</span> conditioning, <span class="hlt">heating</span>, and ventilating is part of a construction, supervision, and inspection series, which provides instructional materials for community or junior college technical courses in the inspection program. Material covered pertains to: piping and piping systems; <span class="hlt">air</span> movers; boilers; <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>; cooling…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GBioC..31..901E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GBioC..31..901E"><span>Impacts of ENSO on <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> oxygen <span class="hlt">exchange</span>: Observations and mechanisms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Eddebbar, Yassir A.; Long, Matthew C.; Resplandy, Laure; Rödenbeck, Christian; Rodgers, Keith B.; Manizza, Manfredi; Keeling, Ralph F.</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Models and observations of atmospheric potential oxygen (APO ≃ O2 + 1.1 * CO2) are used to investigate the influence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> O2 <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. An atmospheric transport inversion of APO data from the Scripps flask network shows significant interannual variability in tropical APO fluxes that is positively correlated with the Niño3.4 index, indicating anomalous ocean outgassing of APO during El Niño. Hindcast simulations of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) and the Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace model show similar APO sensitivity to ENSO, differing from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory model, which shows an opposite APO response. In all models, O2 accounts for most APO flux variations. Detailed analysis in CESM shows that the O2 response is driven primarily by ENSO modulation of the source and rate of equatorial upwelling, which moderates the intensity of O2 uptake due to vertical transport of low-O2 waters. These upwelling changes dominate over counteracting effects of biological productivity and thermally driven O2 <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. During El Niño, shallower and weaker upwelling leads to anomalous O2 outgassing, whereas deeper and intensified upwelling during La Niña drives enhanced O2 uptake. This response is strongly localized along the central and eastern equatorial Pacific, leading to an equatorial zonal dipole in atmospheric anomalies of APO. This dipole is further intensified by ENSO-related changes in winds, reconciling apparently conflicting APO observations in the tropical Pacific. These findings suggest a substantial and complex response of the oceanic O2 cycle to climate variability that is significantly (>50%) underestimated in magnitude by ocean models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5783867-effect-residential-air-air-heat-moisture-exchangers-indoor-humidity','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5783867-effect-residential-air-air-heat-moisture-exchangers-indoor-humidity"><span>Effect of residential <span class="hlt">air-to-air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> on indoor humidity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Barringer, C.G.; McGugan, C.A.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>A project was undertaken to develop guidelines for the selection of residential <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture recovery ventilation systems (HRVs) in order to maintain an acceptable indoor humidity for various climatic conditions. These guidelines were developed from reviews on ventilation requirements, HRV performance specifications, and from computer modeling. Space conditions within three house/occupancy models for several types of HRV were simulated for three climatic conditions (Lake Charles, LA; Seattle, WA; and Winnipeg, MB) in order to determine the impact of the HRVs on indoor relative humidity and space-conditioning loads. Results show that when reduction of cooling cost is the main consideration,more » <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> with moisture recovery are preferable to sensible HRVs. For reduction of <span class="hlt">heating</span> costs, moisture recovery should be done for ventilation rates greater than about 15 L/s and average winter temperatures less than about (minus) 10{degrees}C if internal moisture generation rates are low. For houses with higher ventilation rates and colder average winter temperatures, <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> with moisture recovery should be used.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992mshe.rept.....D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992mshe.rept.....D"><span>Microtube strip <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Doty, F. D.</p> <p>1992-07-01</p> <p>The purpose of this contract has been to explore the limits of miniaturization of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> with the goals of (1) improving the theoretical understanding of laminar <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, (2) evaluating various manufacturing difficulties, and (3) identifying major applications for the technology. A low-cost, ultra-compact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> could have an enormous impact on industry in the areas of cryocoolers and energy conversion. Compact cryocoolers based on the reverse Brayton cycle (RBC) would become practical with the availability of compact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. Many experts believe that hardware advances in personal computer technology will rapidly slow down in four to six years unless lowcost, portable cryocoolers suitable for the desktop supercomputer can be developed. Compact refrigeration systems would permit dramatic advances in high-performance computer work stations with 'conventional' microprocessors operating at 150 K, and especially with low-cost cryocoolers below 77 K. NASA has also expressed strong interest in our MTS <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for space-based RBC cryocoolers for sensor cooling. We have demonstrated feasibility of higher specific conductance by a factor of five than any other work in high-temperature gas-to-gas <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. These laminar-flow, microtube <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> exhibit extremely low pressure drop compared to alternative compact designs under similar conditions because of their much shorter flow length and larger total flow area for lower flow velocities. The design appears to be amenable to mass production techniques, but considerable process development remains. The reduction in materials usage and the improved <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> performance promise to be of enormous significance in advanced engine designs and in cryogenics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JThSc..27..223B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JThSc..27..223B"><span>Performance Optimization of Irreversible <span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pumps Considering Size Effect</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bi, Yuehong; Chen, Lingen; Ding, Zemin; Sun, Fengrui</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Considering the size of an irreversible <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump (AHP), <span class="hlt">heating</span> load density (HLD) is taken as thermodynamic optimization objective by using finite-time thermodynamics. Based on an irreversible AHP with infinite reservoir thermal-capacitance rate model, the expression of HLD of AHP is put forward. The HLD optimization processes are studied analytically and numerically, which consist of two aspects: (1) to choose pressure ratio; (2) to distribute <span class="hlt">heat-exchanger</span> inventory. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> reservoir temperatures, <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer performance of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> as well as irreversibility during compression and expansion processes are important factors influencing on the performance of an irreversible AHP, which are characterized with temperature ratio, <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> inventory as well as isentropic efficiencies, respectively. Those impacts of parameters on the maximum HLD are thoroughly studied. The research results show that HLD optimization can make the size of the AHP system smaller and improve the compactness of system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=radiation+AND+electromagnetic&pg=4&id=EJ452044','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=radiation+AND+electromagnetic&pg=4&id=EJ452044"><span>Nature's <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Barnes, George</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Discusses the <span class="hlt">heat</span>-transfer systems of different animals. Systems include <span class="hlt">heat</span> conduction into the ground, <span class="hlt">heat</span> transferred by convection, <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> in lizards, fish and polar animals, the carotid rete system, electromagnetic radiation from animals and people, and plant and animal fiber optics. (MDH)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863465','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863465"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Daman, Ernest L.; McCallister, Robert A.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is provided having first and second fluid chambers for passing primary and secondary fluids. The chambers are spaced apart and have <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipes extending from inside one chamber to inside the other chamber. A third chamber is provided for passing a purge fluid, and the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe portion between the first and second chambers lies within the third chamber.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011TRACE..12...31I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011TRACE..12...31I"><span>Cold <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Release Characteristics of Solidified Oil Droplet-Water Solution Latent <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Emulsion by <span class="hlt">Air</span> Bubbles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Inaba, Hideo; Morita, Shin-Ichi</p> <p></p> <p>The present work investigates the cold <span class="hlt">heat</span>-release characteristics of the solidified oil droplets (tetradecane, C14H30, freezing point 278.9 K)/water solution emulsion as a latent <span class="hlt">heat</span>-storage material having a low melting point. An <span class="hlt">air</span> bubbles-emulsion direct-contact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> method is selected for the cold <span class="hlt">heat</span>-results from the solidified oil droplet-emulsion layer. This type of direct-contact method results in the high thermal efficiency. The diameter of <span class="hlt">air</span> bubbles in the emulsion increases as compared with that in the pure water. The <span class="hlt">air</span> bubbles blown from a nozzle show a strong mixing behavior during rising in the emulsion. The temperature effectiveness, the sensible <span class="hlt">heat</span> release time and the latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> release time have been measured as experimental parameters. The useful nondimensional emulsion level equations for these parameters have been derived in terms of the nondimensional emalsion level expressed the emulsion layer dimensions, Reynolds number for <span class="hlt">air</span> flow, Stefan number and <span class="hlt">heat</span> capacity ratio.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860034311&hterms=current+feedback&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dcurrent%2Bfeedback','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860034311&hterms=current+feedback&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dcurrent%2Bfeedback"><span><span class="hlt">Sea</span> surface temperature anomalies, planetary waves, and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> feedback in the middle latitudes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Frankignoul, C.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>Current analytical models for large-scale <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interactions in the middle latitudes are reviewed in terms of known <span class="hlt">sea</span>-surface temperature (SST) anomalies. The scales and strength of different atmospheric forcing mechanisms are discussed, along with the damping and feedback processes controlling the evolution of the SST. Difficulties with effective SST modeling are described in terms of the techniques and results of case studies, numerical simulations of mixed-layer variability and statistical modeling. The relationship between SST and diabatic <span class="hlt">heating</span> anomalies is considered and a linear model is developed for the response of the stationary atmosphere to the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> feedback. The results obtained with linear wave models are compared with the linear model results. Finally, sample data are presented from experiments with general circulation models into which specific SST anomaly data for the middle latitudes were introduced.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..108d2036Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..108d2036Y"><span>A Review of Industrial <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> Optimization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yao, Junjie</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is an energy <span class="hlt">exchange</span> equipment, it transfers the <span class="hlt">heat</span> from a working medium to another working medium, which has been wildly used in petrochemical industry, HVAC refrigeration, aerospace and so many other fields. The optimal design and efficient operation of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer network are of great significance to the process industry to realize energy conservation, production cost reduction and energy consumption reduction. In this paper, the optimization of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, optimal algorithm and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> optimization with different objective functions are discussed. Then, optimization of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> network considering different conditions are compared and analysed. Finally, all the problems discussed are summarized and foresights are proposed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110012957','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110012957"><span>Microscale Regenerative <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Moran, Matthew E.; Stelter, Stephan; Stelter, Manfred</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>The device described herein is designed primarily for use as a regenerative <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in a miniature Stirling engine or Stirling-cycle <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump. A regenerative <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (sometimes called, simply, a "regenerator" in the Stirling-engine art) is basically a thermal capacitor: Its role in the Stirling cycle is to alternately accept <span class="hlt">heat</span> from, then deliver <span class="hlt">heat</span> to, an oscillating flow of a working fluid between compression and expansion volumes, without introducing an excessive pressure drop. These volumes are at different temperatures, and conduction of <span class="hlt">heat</span> between these volumes is undesirable because it reduces the energy-conversion efficiency of the Stirling cycle.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JOM....70c.298M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JOM....70c.298M"><span>Fiber Orientation Effects in Fused Filament Fabrication of <span class="hlt">Air</span>-Cooled <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mulholland, T.; Goris, S.; Boxleitner, J.; Osswald, T. A.; Rudolph, N.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a type of additive manufacturing based on material extrusion that has long been considered a prototyping technology. However, the right application of material, process, and product can be used for manufacturing of end-use products, such as <span class="hlt">air</span>-cooled <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> made by adding fillers to the base polymer, enhancing the thermal conductivity. Fiber fillers lead to anisotropic thermal conductivity, which is governed by the process-induced fiber orientation. This article presents an experimental study on the microstructure-property relationship for carbon fiber-filled polyamide used in FFF. The fiber orientation is measured by micro-computed tomography, and the thermal conductivity of manufactured samples is measured. Although the thermal conductivity is raised by more than three times in the fiber orientation direction at a load of only 12 vol.%, the enhancement is low in the other directions, and this anisotropy, along with certain manufacturing restrictions, influences the final part performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MS%26E..147a2148R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MS%26E..147a2148R"><span>Analysis of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer in double and triple concentric tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rădulescu, S.; Negoiţă, L. I.; Onuţu, I.</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>The tubular <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> (shell and tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> and concentric tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>) represent an important category of equipment in the petroleum refineries and are used for <span class="hlt">heating</span>, pre-<span class="hlt">heating</span>, cooling, condensation and evaporation purposes. The paper presents results of analysis of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer to cool a petroleum product in two types of concentric tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>: double and triple concentric tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. The cooling agent is water. The triple concentric tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is a modified constructive version of double concentric tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> by adding an intermediate tube. This intermediate tube improves the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer by increasing the <span class="hlt">heat</span> area per unit length. The analysis of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer is made using experimental data obtained during the tests in a double and triple concentric tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The flow rates of fluids, inlet and outlet temperatures of water and petroleum product are used in determining the performance of both <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. Principally, for both apparatus are calculated the overall <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficients and the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> surfaces. The presented results shows that triple concentric tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> provide better <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer efficiencies compared to the double concentric tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DSRI..122...17M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DSRI..122...17M"><span>The <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of mercury in the low latitude Pacific and Atlantic Oceans</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mason, Robert P.; Hammerschmidt, Chad R.; Lamborg, Carl H.; Bowman, Katlin L.; Swarr, Gretchen J.; Shelley, Rachel U.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> is an important component of the global mercury (Hg) cycle as it mediates the rate of increase in ocean Hg, and therefore the rate of change in levels of methylmercury (MeHg), the most toxic and bioaccumulative form of Hg in seafood and the driver of human health concerns. Gas evasion of elemental Hg (Hg0) from the ocean is an important sink for ocean Hg with previous studies suggesting that evasion is not uniform across ocean basins. To understand further the factors controlling Hg0 evasion, and its relationship to atmospheric Hg deposition, we made measurements of dissolved Hg0 (DHg0) in surface waters, along with measurements of Hg in precipitation and on aerosols, and Hg0 in marine <span class="hlt">air</span>, during two GEOTRACES cruises; GP16 in the equatorial South Pacific and GA03 in the North Atlantic. We contrast the concentrations and estimated evasion fluxes of Hg0 during these cruises, and the factors influencing this <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. Concentrations of DHg0 and fluxes were lower during the GP16 cruise than during the GA03 cruise, and likely reflect the lower atmospheric deposition in the South Pacific. An examination of Hg/Al ratios for aerosols from the cruises suggests that they were anthropogenically-enriched relative to crustal material, although to a lesser degree for the South Pacific than the aerosols over the North Atlantic. Both regions appear to be net sources of Hg0 to the atmosphere (evasion>deposition) and the reasons for this are discussed. Overall, the studies reported here provide further clarification on the factors controlling evasion of Hg0 from the ocean surface, and the role of anthropogenic inputs in influencing ocean Hg concentrations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.C33C1202F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.C33C1202F"><span>Determination of a Critical <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Ice Thickness Threshold for the Central Arctic Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ford, V.; Frauenfeld, O. W.; Nowotarski, C. J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>While <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice extent is readily measurable from satellite observations and can be used to assess the overall survivability of the Arctic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice pack, determining the spatial variability of <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice thickness remains a challenge. Turbulent and conductive <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes are extremely sensitive to ice thickness but are dominated by the sensible <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux, with energy <span class="hlt">exchange</span> expected to increase with thinner ice cover. Fluxes over open water are strongest and have the greatest influence on the atmosphere, while fluxes over thick <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice are minimal as <span class="hlt">heat</span> conduction from the ocean through thick ice cannot reach the atmosphere. We know that turbulent energy fluxes are strongest over open ocean, but is there a "critical thickness of ice" where fluxes are considered non-negligible? Through polar-optimized Weather Research and Forecasting model simulations, this study assesses how the wintertime Arctic surface boundary layer, via sensible <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux <span class="hlt">exchange</span> and surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature, responds to <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice thinning. The region immediately north of Franz Josef Land is characterized by a thickness gradient where <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice transitions from the thickest multi-year ice to the very thin marginal ice <span class="hlt">seas</span>. This provides an ideal location to simulate how the diminishing Arctic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice interacts with a warming atmosphere. Scenarios include both fixed <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature domains for idealized thickness variability, and fixed ice fields to detect changes in the ocean-ice-atmosphere energy <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. Results indicate that a critical thickness threshold exists below 1 meter. The threshold is between 0.4-1 meters thinner than the critical thickness for melt season survival - the difference between first year and multi-year ice. Turbulent <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes and surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature increase as <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice thickness transitions from perennial ice to seasonal ice. While models predict a <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice free Arctic at the end of the warm season in future decades, <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice will continue to transform</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GBioC..21.2015S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GBioC..21.2015S"><span>Constraining global <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> for CO2 with recent bomb 14C measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sweeney, Colm; Gloor, Emanuel; Jacobson, Andrew R.; Key, Robert M.; McKinley, Galen; Sarmiento, Jorge L.; Wanninkhof, Rik</p> <p>2007-06-01</p> <p>The 14CO2 released into the stratosphere during bomb testing in the early 1960s provides a global constraint on <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of soluble atmospheric gases like CO2. Using the most complete database of dissolved inorganic radiocarbon, DI14C, available to date and a suite of ocean general circulation models in an inverse mode we recalculate the ocean inventory of bomb-produced DI14C in the global ocean and confirm that there is a 25% decrease from previous estimates using older DI14C data sets. Additionally, we find a 33% lower globally averaged gas transfer velocity for CO2 compared to previous estimates (Wanninkhof, 1992) using the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 1954-2000 where the global mean winds are 6.9 m s-1. Unlike some earlier ocean radiocarbon studies, the implied gas transfer velocity finally closes the gap between small-scale deliberate tracer studies and global-scale estimates. Additionally, the total inventory of bomb-produced radiocarbon in the ocean is now in agreement with global budgets based on radiocarbon measurements made in the stratosphere and troposphere. Using the implied relationship between wind speed and gas transfer velocity ks = 0.27<u102>(Sc/660)-0.5 and standard partial pressure difference climatology of CO2 we obtain an net <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> flux estimate of 1.3 ± 0.5 PgCyr-1 for 1995. After accounting for the carbon transferred from rivers to the deep ocean, our estimate of oceanic uptake (1.8 ± 0.5 PgCyr-1) compares well with estimates based on ocean inventories, ocean transport inversions using ocean concentration data, and model simulations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRC..120..716Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRC..120..716Z"><span>Typhoon <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> drag coefficient in coastal regions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhao, Zhong-Kuo; Liu, Chun-Xia; Li, Qi; Dai, Guang-Feng; Song, Qing-Tao; Lv, Wei-Hua</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> drag during typhoon landfalls is investigated for a 10 m wind speed as high as U10 ≈ 42 m s-1, based on multilevel wind measurements from a coastal tower located in the South China <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. The drag coefficient (CD) plotted against the typhoon wind speed is similar to that of open ocean conditions; however, the CD curve shifts toward a regime of lower winds, and CD increases by a factor of approximately 0.5 relative to the open ocean. Our results indicate that the critical wind speed at which CD peaks is approximately 24 m s-1, which is 5-15 m s-1 lower than that from deep water. Shoaling effects are invoked to explain the findings. Based on our results, the proposed CD formulation, which depends on both water depth and wind speed, is applied to a typhoon forecast model. The forecasts of typhoon track and surface wind speed are improved. Therefore, a water-depth-dependence formulation of CD may be particularly pertinent for parameterizing <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> momentum <span class="hlt">exchanges</span> over shallow water.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1259496','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1259496"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> life extension via in-situ reconditioning</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Holcomb, David E.; Muralidharan, Govindarajan</p> <p>2016-06-28</p> <p>A method of in-situ reconditioning a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> includes the steps of: providing an in-service <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> comprising a precipitate-strengthened alloy wherein at least one mechanical property of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is degraded by coarsening of the precipitate, the in-service <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> containing a molten salt working <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluid; deactivating the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> from service in-situ; in a solution-annealing step, in-situ <span class="hlt">heating</span> the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and molten salt working <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluid contained therein to a temperature and for a time period sufficient to dissolve the coarsened precipitate; in a quenching step, flowing the molten salt working <span class="hlt">heat-exchange</span> fluid through the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in-situ to cool the alloy and retain a supersaturated solid solution while preventing formation of large precipitates; and in an aging step, further varying the temperature of the flowing molten salt working <span class="hlt">heat-exchange</span> fluid to re-precipitate the dissolved precipitate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070023751&hterms=air+asia&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dair%2Basia','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070023751&hterms=air+asia&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dair%2Basia"><span>High Lapse Rates in <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> Retrieved Temperatures in Cold <span class="hlt">Air</span> Outbreaks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Fetzer, Eric J.; Kahn, Brian; Olsen, Edward T.; Fishbein, Evan</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (<span class="hlt">AIRS</span>) experiment, on NASA's Aqua spacecraft, uses a combination of infrared and microwave observations to retrieve cloud and surface properties, plus temperature and water vapor profiles comparable to radiosondes throughout the troposphere, for cloud cover up to 70%. The high spectral resolution of <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> provides sensitivity to important information about the near-surface atmosphere and underlying surface. A preliminary analysis of <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> temperature retrievals taken during January 2003 reveals extensive areas of superadiabatic lapse rates in the lowest kilometer of the atmosphere. These areas are found predominantly east of North America over the Gulf Stream, and, off East Asia over the Kuroshio Current. Accompanying the high lapse rates are low <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures, large <span class="hlt">sea-air</span> temperature differences, and low relative humidities. Imagery from a Visible / Near Infrared instrument on the <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> experiment shows accompanying clouds. These lines of evidence all point to shallow convection in the bottom layer of a cold <span class="hlt">air</span> mass overlying warm water, with overturning driven by <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow from ocean to atmosphere. An examination of operational radiosondes at six coastal stations in Japan shows <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> to be oversensitive to lower tropospheric lapse rates due to systematically warm near-surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures. The bias in near-surface <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature is seen to be independent of <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature, however. <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> is therefore sensitive to <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> temperature difference, but with a warm atmospheric bias. A regression fit to radiosondes is used to correct <span class="hlt">AIRS</span> near-surface retrieved temperatures, and thereby obtain an estimate of the true atmosphere-ocean thermal contrast in five subtropical regions across the north Pacific. Moving eastward, we show a systematic shift in this <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> temperature differences toward more isothermal conditions. These results, while preliminary, have implications for our understanding of <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow from ocean to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol12/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol12-sec63-1409.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol12/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol12-sec63-1409.pdf"><span>40 CFR 63.1409 - <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system provisions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>... and exits each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or any combination of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. (i) For samples taken at the... entrance and exit of each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or any combination of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, the entrance is the point at which the cooling water enters the individual <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or group of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, and the...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol12/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol12-sec63-1409.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol12/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol12-sec63-1409.pdf"><span>40 CFR 63.1409 - <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system provisions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>... and exits each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or any combination of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. (i) For samples taken at the... entrance and exit of each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or any combination of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, the entrance is the point at which the cooling water enters the individual <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or group of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, and the...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1256828','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1256828"><span>The New S-RAM <span class="hlt">Air</span> Variable Compressor/Expander for <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pump and Waste <span class="hlt">Heat</span> to Power Application</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Dehoff, Ryan R; Jestings, Lee; Conde, Ricardo</p> <p></p> <p>S-RAM Dynamics (S-RAM) has designed an innovative <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump system targeted for commercial and industrial applications. This new <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump system is more efficient than anything currently on the market and utilizes <span class="hlt">air</span> as the refrigerant instead of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants, leading to lower operating costs, minimal environmental costs or concerns, and lower maintenance costs. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> pumps will be manufactured in the United States. This project was aimed at determining the feasibility of utilizing additive manufacturing to make the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> device for the new <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump system. ORNL and S-RAM Dynamics collaborated on determining the prototype performance andmore » subsequently printing of the prototype using additive manufacturing. Complex <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> designs were fabricated using the Arcam electron beam melting (EBM) powder bed technology using Ti-6Al-4V material. An ultrasonic welding system was utilized in order to remove the powder from the small openings of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The majority of powder in the small chambers was removed, however, the amount of powder remaining in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> was a function of geometry. Therefore, only certain geometries of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> could be fabricated. SRAM Dynamics evaluated a preliminary <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> design. Although the results of the additive manufacturing of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> were not optimum, a less complex geometry was demonstrated. A sleeve valve was used as a demonstration piece, as engine designs from S-RAM Dynamics require the engine to have a very high density. Preliminary designs of this geometry were successfully fabricated using the EBM technology.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860055222&hterms=contact+area&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dcontact%2Barea','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860055222&hterms=contact+area&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dcontact%2Barea"><span>Fluid to fluid contact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Clark, W. E.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> transfer and pressure drop test results for a fluid to fluid contact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> are reported. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, fabricated and tested to demonstrate one method of transferring <span class="hlt">heat</span> between structures in space, had a total contact area of 0.18 sq m. It utilized contact surfaces which were flexible and conformed to the mating contact surfaces upon pressurization of the fluid circulating within the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. During proof-of-concept performance tests, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> was operated in a typical earth environment. It demonstrated a contact conductance of 3.8 kW/sq m C at contact pressures in the 15 to 70 kPa range.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ThEng..65..155A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ThEng..65..155A"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span> for Utilization of the <span class="hlt">Heat</span> of High-Temperature Geothermal Brines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Alkhasov, A. B.; Alkhasova, D. A.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The basic component of two-circuit geothermal systems is the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. When used in geothermal power systems, conventional shell-and-tube and plate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> cause problems related to the cleaning of the latter from salt-deposition and corrosion products. Their lifetime does not exceed, as a rule, 1 year. To utilize the <span class="hlt">heat</span> of high-temperature geothermal brines, a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> of the "tube-in-tube" type is proposed. A <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> of this design has been operated for several years in Ternair geothermal steam field; in this <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, the thermal potential of the saline thermal water is transferred to the fresh water of the secondary circuit of the <span class="hlt">heating</span> system for apartment houses. The reduction in the weight and size characteristics of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> is a topical problem that can be solved with the help of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer enhancers. To enhance the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer process in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, longitudinal ribbing of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> surface is proposed. The increase in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> surface from the <span class="hlt">heat</span> carrier side by ribbing results in an increase in the amount of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transferred from the <span class="hlt">heating</span> agent. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is easy to manufacture and is assembled out of components comprised of two concentrically positioned tubes of a definite length, 3-6 m, serially connected with each other. The method for calculation of the impact of the number and the size of the longitudinal ribs on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer in the well <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is presented and a criterion for the selection of the optimal number and design parameters of the ribs is formulated. To prevent the corrosion and salt deposition in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, the use of an effective OEDFK (oxyethylidenediphosphonic acid) agent is proposed. This agent has a long-lasting corrosion-inhibiting and antiscaling effect, which is explained by the formation of a strongly adhesive chelate layer difficult to wash off the surface. The passivating OEDFK layer is restored by periodical</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..353a2004B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..353a2004B"><span>Solar <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heating</span> system: design and dynamic simulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bououd, M.; Hachchadi, O.; Janusevicius, K.; Martinaitis, V.; Mechaqrane, A.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The building sector is one of the big energy consumers in Morocco, accounting for about 23% of the country’s total energy consumption. Regarding the population growth, the modern lifestyle requiring more comfort and the increase of the use rate of electronic devices, the energy consumption will continue to increase in the future. In this context, the introduction of renewable energy systems, along with energy efficiency, is becoming a key factor in reducing the energy bill of buildings. This study focuses on the design and dynamic simulation of an <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">heating</span> system for the mean categories of the tertiary sector where the area exceeds 750 m3. <span class="hlt">Heating</span> system has been designed via a dynamic simulation environment (TRNSYS) to estimate the produced temperature and airflow rate by one system consisting of three essential components: vacuum tube solar collector, storage tank and water-to-<span class="hlt">air</span> finned <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The performances estimation of this system allows us to evaluate its capacity to meet the <span class="hlt">heating</span> requirements in Ifrane city based on the prescriptive approach according to the Moroccan Thermal Regulation. The simulation results show that in order to maintain a comfort temperature of 20°C in a building of 750m3, the places requires a thermal powers of approximately 21 kW, 29 kW and 32 kW, respectively, for hotels, hospitals, administrative and public-school. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> generation is ensured by a solar collector areas of 5 m², 7 m² and 10 m², respectively, for hotels, hospitals, administrative and public-school spaces, a storage tank of 2 m3 and a finned <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> with 24 tubes. The finned tube bundles have been modelled and integrated into the system design via a Matlab code. The <span class="hlt">heating</span> temperature is adjusted via two controllers to ensure a constant <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature of 20°C during the <span class="hlt">heating</span> periods.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863821','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863821"><span>Internal dust recirculation system for a fluidized bed <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Gamble, Robert L.; Garcia-Mallol, Juan A.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>A fluidized bed <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in which <span class="hlt">air</span> is passed through a bed of particulate material containing fuel disposed in a housing. A steam/water natural circulation system is provided in a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> relation to the bed and includes a steam drum disposed adjacent the bed and a tube bank extending between the steam drum and a water drum. The tube bank is located in the path of the effluent gases exiting from the bed and a baffle system is provided to separate the solid particulate matter from the effluent gases. The particulate matter is collected and injected back into the fluidized bed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT........17O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT........17O"><span>Observations and Modeling of Turbulent <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Coupling in Coastal and Strongly Forced Condition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ortiz-Suslow, David G.</p> <p></p> <p>The turbulent fluxes of momentum, mass, and energy across the ocean-atmosphere boundary are fundamental to our understanding of a myriad of geophysical processes, such as wind-wave generation, oceanic circulation, and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas transfer. In order to better understand these fluxes, empirical relationships were developed to quantify the interfacial <span class="hlt">exchange</span> rates in terms of easily observed parameters (e.g., wind speed). However, mounting evidence suggests that these empirical formulae are only valid over the relatively narrow parametric space, i.e. open ocean conditions in light to moderate winds. Several near-surface processes have been observed to cause significant variance in the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes not predicted by the conventional functions, such as a heterogeneous surfaces, swell waves, and wave breaking. Further study is needed to fully characterize how these types of processes can modulate the interfacial <span class="hlt">exchange</span>; in order to achieve this, a broad investigation into <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> coupling was undertaken. The primary focus of this work was to use a combination of field and laboratory observations and numerical modeling, in regimes where conventional theories would be expected to breakdown, namely: the nearshore and in very high winds. These seemingly disparate environments represent the marine atmospheric boundary layer at its physical limit. In the nearshore, the convergence of land, <span class="hlt">air</span>, and <span class="hlt">sea</span> in a depth-limited domain marks the transition from a marine to a terrestrial boundary layer. Under extreme winds, the physical nature of the boundary layer remains unknown as an intermediate substrate layer, <span class="hlt">sea</span> spray, develops between the atmosphere and ocean surface. At these ends of the MABL physical spectrum, direct measurements of the near-surface processes were made and directly related to local sources of variance. Our results suggest that the conventional treatment of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes in terms of empirical relationships developed from a relatively narrow set of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991mshe.reptR....D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991mshe.reptR....D"><span>Microtube strip <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Doty, F. D.</p> <p>1991-04-01</p> <p>During the last quarter, Doty Scientific, Inc. (DSI) continued to make progress on the microtube strip (MTS) <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. The team has begun a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> stress analysis; however, they have been concentrating the bulk of their analytical energies on a computational fluid dynmaics (CFD) model to determine the location and magnitude of shell-side flow maldistribution which decreases <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> effectiveness. DSI received 120 fineblanked tubestrips from Southern Fineblanking (SFB) for manufacturing process development. Both SFB and NIST provided inspection reports of the tubestrips. DSI completed the tooling required to encapsulate a tube array and press tubestrips on the array. Pressing the tubestrips on tube arrays showed design deficiencies both in the tubestrip design and the tooling design. DSI has a number of revisions in process to correct these deficiencies. The research effort has identified a more economical fusible alloy for encapsulating the tube array, and determined the parameters required to successfully encapsulate the tube array with the new alloy. A more compact MTS <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> bank was designed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..262a2096Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..262a2096Z"><span>Determination of Ground <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span> Temperature Field in Geothermal <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pumps</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhurmilova, I.; Shtym, A.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>For the <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling supply of buildings and constructions geothermal <span class="hlt">heat</span> pumps using low-potential ground energy are applied by means of ground <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. The process of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer in a system of ground <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> is a phenomenon of complex <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer. The paper presents a mathematical modeling of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> processes, the temperature fields are built which are necessary for the determination of the ground array that ensures an adequate supply of low potential energy excluding the freezing of soil around the pipes in the ground <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> and guaranteeing a reliable operation of geothermal <span class="hlt">heat</span> pumps.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23636599','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23636599"><span>Neutral poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in <span class="hlt">air</span> and seawater of the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xie, Zhiyong; Zhao, Zhen; Möller, Axel; Wolschke, Hendrik; Ahrens, Lutz; Sturm, Renate; Ebinghaus, Ralf</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>Concentrations of neutral poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), such as fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (FASAs), perfluoroalkane sufonamidoethanols (FASEs), and fluorotelomer acrylates (FTACs), have been simultaneously determined in surface seawater and the atmosphere of the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. Seawater and <span class="hlt">air</span> samples were taken aboard the German research vessel Heincke on the cruise 303 from 15 to 24 May 2009. The concentrations of FTOHs, FASAs, FASEs, and FTACs in the dissolved phase were 2.6-74, <0.1-19, <0.1-63, and <1.0-9.0 pg L(-1), respectively. The highest concentrations were determined in the estuary of the Weser and Elbe rivers and a decreasing concentration profile appeared with increasing distance from the coast toward the central part of the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. Gaseous FTOHs, FASAs, FASEs, and FTACs were in the range of 36-126, 3.1-26, 3.7-19, and 0.8-5.6 pg m(-3), which were consistent with the concentrations determined in 2007 in the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, and approximately five times lower than those reported for an urban area of Northern Germany. These results suggested continuous continental emissions of neutral PFASs followed by transport toward the marine environment. <span class="hlt">Air</span>-seawater gas <span class="hlt">exchanges</span> of neutral PFASs were estimated using fugacity ratios and the two-film resistance model based upon paired <span class="hlt">air</span>-seawater concentrations and estimated Henry's law constant values. Volatilization dominated for all neutral PFASs in the North <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. The <span class="hlt">air</span>-seawater gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluxes were in the range of 2.5×10(3)-3.6×10(5) pg m(-2) for FTOHs, 1.8×10(2)-1.0×10(5) pg m(-2) for FASAs, 1.1×10(2)-3.0×10(5) pg m(-2) for FASEs and 6.3×10(2)-2.0×10(4) pg m(-2) for FTACs, respectively. These results suggest that the <span class="hlt">air</span>-seawater gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> is an important process that intervenes in the transport and fate for neutral PFASs in the marine environment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22569892','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22569892"><span>Characterization and control of the microbial community affiliated with copper or aluminum <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> of HVAC systems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schmidt, Michael G; Attaway, Hubert H; Terzieva, Silva; Marshall, Anna; Steed, Lisa L; Salzberg, Deborah; Hamoodi, Hameed A; Khan, Jamil A; Feigley, Charles E; Michels, Harold T</p> <p>2012-08-01</p> <p>Microbial growth in <span class="hlt">heating</span> ventilation and <span class="hlt">air</span>-conditioning (HVAC) systems with the subsequent contamination of indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> is of increasing concern. Microbes and the subsequent biofilms grow easily within <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. A comparative study where <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> fabricated from antimicrobial copper were evaluated for their ability to limit microbial growth was conducted using a full-scale HVAC system under conditions of normal flow rates using single-pass outside <span class="hlt">air</span>. Resident bacterial and fungal populations were quantitatively assessed by removing triplicate sets of coupons from each <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> commencing the fourth week after their installation for the next 30 weeks. The intrinsic biofilm associated with each coupon was extracted and characterized using selective and differential media. The predominant organisms isolated from aluminum <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> were species of Methylobacterium of which at least three colony morphologies and 11 distinct PFGE patterns we found; of the few bacteria isolated from the copper <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, the majority were species of Bacillus. The concentrations and type of bacteria recovered from the control, aluminum, <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> were found to be dependent on the type of plating media used and were 11,411-47,257 CFU cm(-2) per coupon surface. The concentration of fungi was found to average 378 CFU cm(-2). Significantly lower concentrations of bacteria, 3 CFU cm(-2), and fungi, 1 CFU cm(-2), were recovered from copper <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> regardless of the plating media used. Commonly used aluminum <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> developed stable, mixed, bacterial/fungal biofilms in excess of 47,000 organisms per cm(2) within 4 weeks of operation, whereas the antimicrobial properties of metallic copper were able to limit the microbial load affiliated with the copper <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> to levels 99.97 % lower during the same time period.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865808','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865808"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> with ceramic elements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Corey, John A.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>An annular <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> assembly includes a plurality of low thermal growth ceramic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> members with inlet and exit flow ports on distinct faces. A mounting member locates each ceramic member in a near-annular array and seals the flow ports on the distinct faces into the separate flow paths of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The mounting member adjusts for the temperature gradient in the assembly and the different coefficients of thermal expansion of the members of the assembly during all operating temperatures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=gas+AND+liquid&pg=3&id=EJ976804','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=gas+AND+liquid&pg=3&id=EJ976804"><span>Cryogenic <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> with Turbulent Flows</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Amrit, Jay; Douay, Christelle; Dubois, Francis; Defresne, Gerard</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>An evaporator-type cryogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is designed and built for introducing fluid-solid <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> phenomena to undergraduates in a practical and efficient way. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> functions at liquid nitrogen temperature and enables cooling of N[subscript 2] and He gases from room temperatures. We present first the experimental results of…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110016238','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110016238"><span>Advances in the Lightweight <span class="hlt">Air</span>-Liquid Composite <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> Development for Space Exploration Applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Shin, E. Eugene; Johnston, J. Chris; Haas, Daniel</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>An advanced, lightweight composite modular <span class="hlt">Air</span>/Liquid (A/L) <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> (HX) Prototype for potential space exploration thermal management applications was successfully designed, manufactured, and tested. This full-scale Prototype consisting of 19 modules, based on recommendations from its predecessor Engineering Development unit (EDU) but with improved thermal characteristics and manufacturability, was 11.2 % lighter than the EDU and achieves potentially a 42.7% weight reduction from the existing state-of-the-art metallic HX demonstrator. However, its higher pressure drop (0.58 psid vs. 0.16 psid of the metal HX) has to be mitigated by foam material optimizations and design modifications including a more systematic <span class="hlt">air</span> channel design. Scalability of the Prototype design was validated experimentally by comparing manufacturability and performance between the 2-module coupon and the 19-module Prototype. The Prototype utilized the thermally conductive open-cell carbon foam material but with lower density and adopted a novel high-efficiency cooling system with significantly increased <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer contact surface areas, improved fabricability and manufacturability compared to the EDU. Even though the Prototype was required to meet both the thermal and the structural specifications, accomplishing the thermal requirement was a higher priority goal for this first version. Overall, the Prototype outperformed both the EDU and the corresponding metal HX, particularly in terms of specific <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer, but achieved 93.4% of the target. The next generation Prototype to achieve the specification target, 3,450W would need 24 core modules based on the simple scaling factor. The scale-up Prototype will weigh about 14.7 Kg vs. 21.6 Kg for the metal counterpart. The advancement of this lightweight composite HX development from the original feasibility test coupons to EDU to Prototype is discussed in this paper.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28924306','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28924306"><span>Refrigerant Performance Evaluation Including Effects of Transport Properties and Optimized <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Brignoli, Riccardo; Brown, J Steven; Skye, H; Domanski, Piotr A</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Preliminary refrigerant screenings typically rely on using cycle simulation models involving thermodynamic properties alone. This approach has two shortcomings. First, it neglects transport properties, whose influence on system performance is particularly strong through their impact on the performance of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. Second, the refrigerant temperatures in the evaporator and condenser are specified as input, while real-life equipment operates at imposed <span class="hlt">heat</span> sink and <span class="hlt">heat</span> source temperatures; the temperatures in the evaporator and condensers are established based on overall <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer resistances of these <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> and the balance of the system. The paper discusses a simulation methodology and model that addresses the above shortcomings. This model simulates the thermodynamic cycle operating at specified <span class="hlt">heat</span> sink and <span class="hlt">heat</span> source temperature profiles, and includes the ability to account for the effects of thermophysical properties and refrigerant mass flux on refrigerant <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer and pressure drop in the <span class="hlt">air</span>-to-refrigerant evaporator and condenser. Additionally, the model can optimize the refrigerant mass flux in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> to maximize the Coefficient of Performance. The new model is validated with experimental data and its predictions are contrasted to those of a model based on thermodynamic properties alone.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20085625-measurement-frost-characteristics-heat-exchanger-fins-part-test-facility-instrumentation','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20085625-measurement-frost-characteristics-heat-exchanger-fins-part-test-facility-instrumentation"><span>Measurement of frost characteristics on <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> fins. Part 1: Test facility and instrumentation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Thomas, L.; Chen, H.; Besant, R.W.</p> <p>1999-07-01</p> <p>A special test facility was developed to characterize frost growing on <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> fins where the cold surfaces and the <span class="hlt">air</span> supply conditions were similar to those experienced in freezers, i.e., cold surface temperatures ranging from {minus}35 C to {minus}40 C, <span class="hlt">air</span> supply temperatures from {minus}10 C to {minus}20 C, and 80% to 100% relative humidity (RH). This test facility included a test section with removable fins to measure the frost height and mass concentration. Frost height on <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> fins was measured using a new automated laser scanning system to measure the height of frost and its distribution onmore » selected fins. The increase in <span class="hlt">air</span> pressure loss resulting from frost growth on the fins was measured directly in the test loop. The frost mass accumulation distribution was measured for each test using special pre-etched fins that could be easily subdivided and weighed. The total <span class="hlt">heat</span> rate was measured using a <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux meter. These frost-measuring instruments were calibrated and the uncertainty of each is stated.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol11/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol11-sec63-1409.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol11/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol11-sec63-1409.pdf"><span>40 CFR 63.1409 - <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system provisions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>... locations where the cooling water enters and exits each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or any combination of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.... (iii) For samples taken at the entrance and exit of each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or any combination of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, the entrance is the point at which the cooling water enters the individual <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol12/pdf/CFR-2012-title40-vol12-sec63-1409.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol12/pdf/CFR-2012-title40-vol12-sec63-1409.pdf"><span>40 CFR 63.1409 - <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system provisions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>... locations where the cooling water enters and exits each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or any combination of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.... (iii) For samples taken at the entrance and exit of each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or any combination of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, the entrance is the point at which the cooling water enters the individual <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25464701','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25464701"><span>Application of horizontal spiral coil <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for volatile organic compounds (VOC) emission control.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Deshpande, P M; Dawande, S D</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>The petroleum products have wide range of volatility and are required to be stored in bulk. The evaporation losses are significant and it is a economic as well as environmental concern, since evaporative losses of petroleum products cause increased VOC in ambient <span class="hlt">air</span>. Control of these losses poses a major problem for the storage tank designers. Ever rising cost of petroleum products further adds to the gravity of the problem. Condensation is one of the technologies for reducing volatile organic compounds emissions. Condensation is effected by condenser, which is basically a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> configuration plays an important role. The horizontal spiral coil <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is a promising configuration that finds an application in VOC control. This paper attempts to understand underlying causes of emissions and analyse the option of horizontal spiral coil <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> as vent condenser.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830006395','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830006395"><span>A high temperature ceramic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> element for a solar thermal receiver</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Strumpf, H. J.; Kotchick, D. M.; Coombs, M. G.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>The development of a high-temperature ceramic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> element to be integrated into a solar receiver producing <span class="hlt">heated</span> <span class="hlt">air</span> was studied. A number of conceptual designs were developed for <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> elements of differing configuration. These were evaluated with respect to thermal performance, pressure drop, structural integrity, and fabricability. The final design selection identified a finned ceramic shell as the most favorable concept. The shell is surrounded by a larger metallic shell. The flanges of the two shells are sealed to provide a leak-tight pressure vessel. The ceramic shell is to be fabricated by a innovative combination of slip casting the receiver walls and precision casting the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer finned plates. The fins are bonded to the shell during firing. The unit is sized to produce 2150 F <span class="hlt">air</span> at 2.7 atm pressure, with a pressure drop of about 2 percent of the inlet pressure. This size is compatible with a solar collector providing a receiver input of 85 kw(th). Fabrication of a one-half scale demonstrator ceramic receiver was completed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20060021945','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20060021945"><span>Conceptual Design of a Condensing <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> for Space Systems Using Porous Media</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hasan, Mohammad M.; Khan, Lutful I.; Nayagam, Vedha; Balasubramaniam, Ramaswamy</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>Condensing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are used in many space applications in the thermal and humidity control systems. In the International Space Station (ISS), humidity control is achieved by using a water cooled fin surface over which the moist <span class="hlt">air</span> condenses, followed by "slurper bars" that take in both the condensate and <span class="hlt">air</span> into a rotary separator and separates the water from <span class="hlt">air</span>. The use of a cooled porous substrate as the condensing surface provides and attractive alternative that combines both <span class="hlt">heat</span> removal as well as liquid/gas separation into a single unit. By selecting the pore sizes of the porous substrate a gravity independent operation may also be possible with this concept. Condensation of vapor into and on the porous surface from the flowing <span class="hlt">air</span> and the removal of condensate from the porous substrate are the critical processes involved in the proposed concept. This paper describes some preliminary results of the proposed condensate withdrawal process and discusses the on-going design and development work of a porous media based condensing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> at the NASA Glenn Research Center in collaboration with NASA Johnson Space Center.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy..tmp.2382T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy..tmp.2382T"><span>Impact of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> drag coefficient for latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux on large scale climate in coupled and atmosphere stand-alone simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Torres, Olivier; Braconnot, Pascale; Marti, Olivier; Gential, Luc</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The turbulent fluxes across the ocean/atmosphere interface represent one of the principal driving forces of the global atmospheric and oceanic circulation. Despite decades of effort and improvements, representation of these fluxes still presents a challenge due to the small-scale acting turbulent processes compared to the resolved scales of the models. Beyond this subgrid parameterization issue, a comprehensive understanding of the impact of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interactions on the climate system is still lacking. In this paper we investigates the large-scale impacts of the transfer coefficient used to compute turbulent <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes with the IPSL-CM4 climate model in which the surface bulk formula is modified. Analyzing both atmosphere and coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model (AGCM, OAGCM) simulations allows us to study the direct effect and the mechanisms of adjustment to this modification. We focus on the representation of latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux in the tropics. We show that the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficients are highly similar for a given parameterization between AGCM and OAGCM simulations. Although the same areas are impacted in both kind of simulations, the differences in surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes are substantial. A regional modification of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient has more impact than uniform modification in AGCM simulations while in OAGCM simulations, the opposite is observed. By studying the global energetics and the atmospheric circulation response to the modification, we highlight the role of the ocean in dampening a large part of the disturbance. Modification of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> coefficient modifies the way the coupled system works due to the link between atmospheric circulation and SST, and the different feedbacks between ocean and atmosphere. The adjustment that takes place implies a balance of net incoming solar radiation that is the same in all simulations. As there is no change in model physics other than drag coefficient, we obtain similar latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015HMT....51.1607S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015HMT....51.1607S"><span>Flow and <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer enhancement in tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sayed Ahmed, Sayed Ahmed E.; Mesalhy, Osama M.; Abdelatief, Mohamed A.</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>The performance of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> can be improved to perform a certain <span class="hlt">heat</span>-transfer duty by <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer enhancement techniques. Enhancement techniques can be divided into two categories: passive and active. Active methods require external power, such as electric or acoustic field, mechanical devices, or surface vibration, whereas passive methods do not require external power but make use of a special surface geometry or fluid additive which cause <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer enhancement. The majority of commercially interesting enhancement techniques are passive ones. This paper presents a review of published works on the characteristics of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer and flow in finned tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> of the existing patterns. The review considers plain, louvered, slit, wavy, annular, longitudinal, and serrated fins. This review can be indicated by the status of the research in this area which is important. The comparison of finned tubes <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> shows that those with slit, plain, and wavy finned tubes have the highest values of area goodness factor while the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> with annular fin shows the lowest. A better <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient ha is found for a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> with louvered finned and thus should be regarded as the most efficient one, at fixed pumping power per <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer area. This study points out that although numerous studies have been conducted on the characteristics of flow and <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer in round, elliptical, and flat tubes, studies on some types of streamlined-tubes shapes are limited, especially on wing-shaped tubes (Sayed Ahmed et al. in <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Mass Transf 50: 1091-1102, 2014; in <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Mass Transf 51: 1001-1016, 2015). It is recommended that further detailed studies via numerical simulations and/or experimental investigations should be carried out, in the future, to put further insight to these fin designs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4091780','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4091780"><span>Energy absorber for sodium-<span class="hlt">heated</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Essebaggers, J.</p> <p>1975-12-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is described in which water-carrying tubes are <span class="hlt">heated</span> by liquid sodium and in which the results of accidental contact between the water and the sodium caused by failure of one or more of the water tubes is minimized. An energy absorbing chamber contains a compressible gas and is connected to the body of flowing sodium by a channel so that, in the event of a sodium-water reaction, products of the reaction will partially fill the energy absorbing chamber to attenuate the rise in pressure within the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca1868.photos.033850p/','SCIGOV-HHH'); return false;" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca1868.photos.033850p/"><span>147. EAST END OF LIQUID NITROGEN/HELIUM <span class="hlt">HEAT</span> <span class="hlt">EXCHANGER</span> IN FUEL ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/">Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>147. EAST END OF LIQUID NITROGEN/HELIUM <span class="hlt">HEAT</span> <span class="hlt">EXCHANGER</span> IN FUEL CONTROL ROOM (215), LSB (BLDG. 751), WITH ASSOCIATED PIPING AND VALVES - Vandenberg <span class="hlt">Air</span> Force Base, Space Launch Complex 3, Launch Pad 3 East, Napa & Alden Roads, Lompoc, Santa Barbara County, CA</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca1868.photos.033848p/','SCIGOV-HHH'); return false;" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca1868.photos.033848p/"><span>145. VIEW OF LIQUID NITROGEN/HELIUM <span class="hlt">HEAT</span> <span class="hlt">EXCHANGER</span> IN FUEL CONTROL ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/">Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>145. VIEW OF LIQUID NITROGEN/HELIUM <span class="hlt">HEAT</span> <span class="hlt">EXCHANGER</span> IN FUEL CONTROL ROOM (215), LSB (BLDG. 751), FROM FUEL APRON WITH BAY DOOR OPEN - Vandenberg <span class="hlt">Air</span> Force Base, Space Launch Complex 3, Launch Pad 3 East, Napa & Alden Roads, Lompoc, Santa Barbara County, CA</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.5002O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.5002O"><span>Episodic Southern Ocean <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Loss and Its Mixed Layer Impacts Revealed by the Farthest South Multiyear Surface Flux Mooring</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ogle, S. E.; Tamsitt, V.; Josey, S. A.; Gille, S. T.; Cerovečki, I.; Talley, L. D.; Weller, R. A.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The Ocean Observatories Initiative <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> flux mooring deployed at 54.08°S, 89.67°W, in the southeast Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, is the farthest south long-term open ocean flux mooring ever deployed. Mooring observations (February 2015 to August 2017) provide the first in situ quantification of annual net <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> from one of the prime Subantarctic Mode Water formation regions. Episodic turbulent <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss events (reaching a daily mean net flux of -294 W/m2) generally occur when northeastward winds bring relatively cold, dry <span class="hlt">air</span> to the mooring location, leading to large <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> temperature and humidity differences. Wintertime <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss events promote deep mixed layer formation that lead to Subantarctic Mode Water formation. However, these processes have strong interannual variability; a higher frequency of 2 σ and 3 σ turbulent <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss events in winter 2015 led to deep mixed layers (>300 m), which were nonexistent in winter 2016.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol1-sec25-1125.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol1-sec25-1125.pdf"><span>14 CFR 25.1125 - Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. 25.1125 Section 25... <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. For reciprocating engine powered airplanes, the following apply: (a) Each exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>... provisions wherever it is subject to contact with exhaust gases; and (4) No exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or muff...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec29-1125.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec29-1125.pdf"><span>14 CFR 29.1125 - Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. 29.1125 Section 29... <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. For reciprocating engine powered rotorcraft the following apply: (a) Each exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>... is subject to contact with exhaust gases; and (4) No exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or muff may have stagnant...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec25-1125.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec25-1125.pdf"><span>14 CFR 25.1125 - Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. 25.1125 Section 25... <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. For reciprocating engine powered airplanes, the following apply: (a) Each exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>... provisions wherever it is subject to contact with exhaust gases; and (4) No exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or muff...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol1-sec29-1125.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol1-sec29-1125.pdf"><span>14 CFR 29.1125 - Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. 29.1125 Section 29... <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. For reciprocating engine powered rotorcraft the following apply: (a) Each exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>... is subject to contact with exhaust gases; and (4) No exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or muff may have stagnant...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title14-vol1-sec29-1125.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title14-vol1-sec29-1125.pdf"><span>14 CFR 29.1125 - Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. 29.1125 Section 29... <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. For reciprocating engine powered rotorcraft the following apply: (a) Each exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>... is subject to contact with exhaust gases; and (4) No exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or muff may have stagnant...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title14-vol1-sec29-1125.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title14-vol1-sec29-1125.pdf"><span>14 CFR 29.1125 - Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. 29.1125 Section 29... <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. For reciprocating engine powered rotorcraft the following apply: (a) Each exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>... is subject to contact with exhaust gases; and (4) No exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or muff may have stagnant...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title14-vol1-sec25-1125.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title14-vol1-sec25-1125.pdf"><span>14 CFR 25.1125 - Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. 25.1125 Section 25... <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. For reciprocating engine powered airplanes, the following apply: (a) Each exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>... provisions wherever it is subject to contact with exhaust gases; and (4) No exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or muff...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title14-vol1-sec25-1125.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title14-vol1-sec25-1125.pdf"><span>14 CFR 25.1125 - Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. 25.1125 Section 25... <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. For reciprocating engine powered airplanes, the following apply: (a) Each exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>... provisions wherever it is subject to contact with exhaust gases; and (4) No exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or muff...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title14-vol1-sec29-1125.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title14-vol1-sec29-1125.pdf"><span>14 CFR 29.1125 - Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. 29.1125 Section 29... <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. For reciprocating engine powered rotorcraft the following apply: (a) Each exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>... is subject to contact with exhaust gases; and (4) No exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or muff may have stagnant...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title14-vol1-sec25-1125.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title14-vol1-sec25-1125.pdf"><span>14 CFR 25.1125 - Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. 25.1125 Section 25... <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. For reciprocating engine powered airplanes, the following apply: (a) Each exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>... provisions wherever it is subject to contact with exhaust gases; and (4) No exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or muff...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..328a2028H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..328a2028H"><span>Effect of Tube Diameter on The Design of <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> in Solar Drying system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Husham Abdulmalek, Shaymaa; Khalaji Assadi, Morteza; Al-Kayiem, Hussain H.; Gitan, Ali Ahmed</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The drying of agriculture product consumes a huge fossil fuel rates that demand to find an alternative source of sustainable environmental friendly energy such as solar energy. This work presents the difference between using solar <span class="hlt">heat</span> source and electrical heater in terms of design aspect. A circular-finned tube bank <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is considered against an electrical heater used as a <span class="hlt">heat</span> generator to regenerate silica gel in solar assisted desiccant drying system. The impact of tube diameter on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer area was investigated for both the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and the electrical heater. The fin performance was investigated by determining fin effectiveness and fin efficiency. A mathematical model was developed using MATLAB to describe the forced convection <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer between hot water supplied by evacuated solar collector with 70 °C and ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> flow over <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> finned tubes. The results revealed that the increasing of tube diameter augments the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer area of both <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and electrical heater. The highest of fin efficiency was around 0.745 and the lowest was around 0.687 while the fin effectiveness was found to be around 0.998.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApPhL..87a4102B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApPhL..87a4102B"><span>High-temperature self-circulating thermoacoustic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Backhaus, S.; Swift, G. W.; Reid, R. S.</p> <p>2005-07-01</p> <p>Thermoacoustic and Stirling engines and refrigerators use <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> to transfer <span class="hlt">heat</span> between the oscillating flow of their thermodynamic working fluids and external <span class="hlt">heat</span> sources and sinks. An acoustically driven <span class="hlt">heat-exchange</span> loop uses an engine's own pressure oscillations to steadily circulate its own thermodynamic working fluid through a physically remote high-temperature <span class="hlt">heat</span> source without using moving parts, allowing for a significant reduction in the cost and complexity of thermoacoustic and Stirling <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. The simplicity and flexibility of such <span class="hlt">heat-exchanger</span> loops will allow thermoacoustic and Stirling machines to access diverse <span class="hlt">heat</span> sources and sinks. Measurements of the temperatures at the interface between such a <span class="hlt">heat-exchange</span> loop and the hot end of a thermoacoustic-Stirling engine are presented. When the steady flow is too small to flush out the mixing chamber in one acoustic cycle, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer to the regenerator is excellent, with important implications for practical use.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830032258&hterms=solar+receiver&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Breceiver','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830032258&hterms=solar+receiver&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Breceiver"><span>High-temperature ceramic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> element for a solar thermal receiver</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Strumpf, H. J.; Kotchick, D. M.; Coombs, M. G.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>A study has been completed on the development of a high-temperature ceramic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> element to be integrated into a solar reciver producing <span class="hlt">heated</span> <span class="hlt">air</span>. A number of conceptual designs were developed for <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> elements of differing configuration. These were evaluated with respect to thermal performance, pressure drop, structural integrity, and fabricability. The final design selection identified a finned ceramic shell as the most favorable concept. The ceramic shell is surrounded by a larger metallic shell. The flanges of the two shells are sealed to provide a leak-tight pressure vessel. The ceramic shell is fabricated by an innovative combination of slip casting the receiver walls and precision casting the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer finned plates. The fins are bonded to the shell during firing. Fabrication of a one-half scale demonstrator ceramic receiver has been completed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..251a2057J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..251a2057J"><span>Seasonal performance for <span class="hlt">Heat</span> pump with vertical ground <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in Riga</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jaundālders, S.; Stanka, P.; Rusovs, D.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Experimental measurements of Seasonal Coefficient of Performance (SCOP) for <span class="hlt">heating</span> of 160 m2 household in Riga were conducted for operation of brine-water <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump with vertical ground <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> (GHE). Data regarding <span class="hlt">heat</span> and electrical power consumption were recorded during three-year period from 2013 to 2016. Vapor compression <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump has <span class="hlt">heat</span> energy output of 8 kW. GHE consists of three boreholes. Each borehole is 60 m deep. Data regarding brine temperature for borehole input and output were presented and discussed. As far as house had floor <span class="hlt">heating</span>, there were presented data about COP for B0/W35 and its dependence from room and outdoor temperature during <span class="hlt">heating</span> season. Empirical equation was created. Average <span class="hlt">heat</span> energy consumption during one year for <span class="hlt">heating</span> was 72 kWh/m2 measured by <span class="hlt">heat</span> meter. Detected primary energy consumption (electrical energy from grid) was 21 kWh/m2 which resulted in SCOP=3.8. These data were compared with SCOP for <span class="hlt">air</span>-to-water <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump in Latvia and available configuration software for <span class="hlt">heat</span> pumps operation. Good agreement between calculated performance and reported experimental data were founded.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527753','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527753"><span>Scraped surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rao, Chetan S; Hartel, Richard W</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>Scraped surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> (SSHEs) are commonly used in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries for <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer, crystallization, and other continuous processes. They are ideally suited for products that are viscous, sticky, that contain particulate matter, or that need some degree of crystallization. Since these characteristics describe a vast majority of processed foods, SSHEs are especially suited for pumpable food products. During operation, the product is brought in contact with a <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer surface that is rapidly and continuously scraped, thereby exposing the surface to the passage of untreated product. In addition to maintaining high and uniform <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span>, the scraper blades also provide simultaneous mixing and agitation. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> for sticky and viscous foods such as heavy salad dressings, margarine, chocolate, peanut butter, fondant, ice cream, and shortenings is possible only by using SSHEs. High <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficients are achieved because the boundary layer is continuously replaced by fresh material. Moreover, the product is in contact with the <span class="hlt">heating</span> surface for only a few seconds and high temperature gradients can be used without the danger of causing undesirable reactions. SSHEs are versatile in the use of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer medium and the various unit operations that can be carried out simultaneously. This article critically reviews the current understanding of the operations and applications of SSHEs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmRe.196...62S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmRe.196...62S"><span>Intense <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchanges</span> and heavy orographic precipitation over Italy: The role of Adriatic <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature uncertainty</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stocchi, Paolo; Davolio, Silvio</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Strong and persistent low-level winds blowing over the Adriatic basin are often associated with intense precipitation events over Italy. Typically, in case of moist southeasterly wind (Sirocco), rainfall affects northeastern Italy and the Alpine chain, while with cold northeasterly currents (Bora) precipitations are localized along the eastern slopes of the Apennines and central Italy coastal areas. These events are favoured by intense <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interactions and it is reasonable to hypothesize that the Adriatic <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) can affect the amount and location of precipitation. High-resolution simulations of different Bora and Sirocco events leading to severe precipitation are performed using a convection-permitting model (MOLOCH). Sensitivity experiments varying the SST initialization field are performed with the aim of evaluating the impact of SST uncertainty on precipitation forecasts, which is a relevant topic for operational weather predictions, especially at local scales. Moreover, diagnostic tools to compute water vapour fluxes across the Italian coast and atmospheric water budget over the Adriatic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> have been developed and applied in order to characterize the <span class="hlt">air</span> mass that feeds the precipitating systems. Finally, the investigation of the processes through which the SST influences location and intensity of heavy precipitation allows to gain a better understanding on mechanisms conducive to severe weather in the Mediterranean area and in the Adriatic basin in particular. Results show that the effect of the Adriatic SST (uncertainty) on precipitation is complex and can vary considerably among different events. For both Bora and Sirocco events, SST does not influence markedly the atmospheric water budget or the degree of moistening of <span class="hlt">air</span> that flows over the Adriatic <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. SST mainly affects the stability of the atmospheric boundary layer, thus influencing the flow dynamics and the orographic flow regime, and in turn, the precipitation pattern.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1080374-diffusion-welded-microchannel-heat-exchanger-industrial-processes','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1080374-diffusion-welded-microchannel-heat-exchanger-industrial-processes"><span>Diffusion-Welded Microchannel <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> for Industrial Processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Piyush Sabharwall; Denis E. Clark; Michael V. Glazoff</p> <p></p> <p>The goal of next generation reactors is to increase energy ef?ciency in the production of electricity and provide high-temperature <span class="hlt">heat</span> for industrial processes. The ef?cient transfer of energy for industrial applications depends on the ability to incorporate effective <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> between the nuclear <span class="hlt">heat</span> transport system and the industrial process. The need for ef?ciency, compactness, and safety challenge the boundaries of existing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> technology. Various studies have been performed in attempts to update the secondary <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> that is downstream of the primary <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, mostly because its performance is strongly tied to the ability to employ more ef?cientmore » industrial processes. Modern compact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> can provide high compactness, a measure of the ratio of surface area-to-volume of a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. The microchannel <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> studied here is a plate-type, robust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> that combines compactness, low pressure drop, high effectiveness, and the ability to operate with a very large pressure differential between hot and cold sides. The plates are etched and thereafter joined by diffusion welding, resulting in extremely strong all-metal <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> cores. After bonding, any number of core blocks can be welded together to provide the required ?ow capacity. This study explores the microchannel <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and draws conclusions about diffusion welding/bonding for joining <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> plates, with both experimental and computational modeling, along with existing challenges and gaps. Also, presented is a thermal design method for determining overall design speci?cations for a microchannel printed circuit <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for both supercritical (24 MPa) and subcritical (17 MPa) Rankine power cycles.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1851b0077D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1851b0077D"><span>Performance evaluation of cross-flow single-phase liquid-to-gas polymer tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dewanjee, Sujan; Hossain, Md. Rakibul; Rahman, Md. Ashiqur</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>Reduced core weight and material cost, higher corrosion resistance are some of the major eye catching properties to study polymers over metal in <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> applications in spite of the former's relatively low thermal conductivity and low strength. In the present study, performance of polymer parallel thin tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is numerically evaluated for cross flow liquid to <span class="hlt">air</span> applications for a wide range of design and operating parameters such as tube diameter, thickness, fluid velocity and temperature, etc. using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Among a range of available polymeric materials, those with a moderate to high thermal conductivity and strength are selected for this study. A 90 cm × 1 cm single unit of polymer tubes, with appropriate number of tubes such that at least a gap of 5 mm is maintained in between the tubes, is used as a basic unit and multiple combination in the transverse direction of this single unit is simulated to measure the effect. The tube inner diameter is varied from 2 mm to 4 mm and the pressure drop is measured to have a relative idea of pumping cost. For each inner diameter the thickness is varied from .5 mm to 2.5 mm. The water velocity and the <span class="hlt">air</span> velocity are varied from 0.4 m/s to 2 m/s and 1 m/s to 5 m/s, respectively. The performance of the polymer <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is compared with that of metal <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> through and an optimum design for polymer <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is sought out.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19578664','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19578664"><span>Evaluating humidity recovery efficiency of currently available <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>: a respiratory system model study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lucato, Jeanette Janaina Jaber; Adams, Alexander Bernard; Souza, Rogério; Torquato, Jamili Anbar; Carvalho, Carlos Roberto Ribeiro; Marini, John J</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>To evaluate and compare the efficiency of humidification in available <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> models under conditions of varying tidal volume, respiratory rate, and flow rate. Inspired gases are routinely preconditioned by <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> to provide a <span class="hlt">heat</span> and water content similar to that provided normally by the nose and upper airways. The absolute humidity of <span class="hlt">air</span> retrieved from and returned to the ventilated patient is an important measurable outcome of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>' humidifying performance. Eight different <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> were studied using a respiratory system analog. The system included a <span class="hlt">heated</span> chamber (acrylic glass, maintained at 37 degrees C), a preserved swine lung, a hygrometer, circuitry and a ventilator. Humidity and temperature levels were measured using eight distinct interposed <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> given different tidal volumes, respiratory frequencies and flow-rate conditions. Recovery of absolute humidity (%RAH) was calculated for each setting. Increasing tidal volumes led to a reduction in %RAH for all <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> while no significant effect was demonstrated in the context of varying respiratory rate or inspiratory flow. Our data indicate that <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are more efficient when used with low tidal volume ventilation. The roles of flow and respiratory rate were of lesser importance, suggesting that their adjustment has a less significant effect on the performance of <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca1869.photos.034117p/','SCIGOV-HHH'); return false;" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca1869.photos.034117p/"><span>136. VIEW OF LIQUID NITROGEN/HELIUM <span class="hlt">HEAT</span> <span class="hlt">EXCHANGER</span> IN LIQUID NITROGEN ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/">Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>136. VIEW OF LIQUID NITROGEN/HELIUM <span class="hlt">HEAT</span> <span class="hlt">EXCHANGER</span> IN LIQUID NITROGEN CONTROL ROOM (115), LSB (BLDG. 770), FROM FUEL APRON WITH BAY DOOR OPEN - Vandenberg <span class="hlt">Air</span> Force Base, Space Launch Complex 3, Launch Pad 3 West, Napa & Alden Roads, Lompoc, Santa Barbara County, CA</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810068621','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810068621"><span>Investigation of Effectiveness of <span class="hlt">Air-Heating</span> a Hollow Steel Propeller for Protection Against Icing. 3: 25% Partitioned Blades</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mulholland, Donald R.; Perkins, Porter J.</p> <p>1948-01-01</p> <p>The icing protection obtained from an internally <span class="hlt">air-heated</span> propeller blade partitioned to confine the <span class="hlt">heated</span> <span class="hlt">air</span> forward of 25-percent chord was investigated in the NACA Cleveland icing research tunnel. A production-model hollow steel propeller was modified with an Internal radial partition at 25-percent chord and with shank and tip openings to admit and exhaust the <span class="hlt">heated</span> <span class="hlt">air</span>. Temperatures were measured on the blade surfaces and in the <span class="hlt">heated-air</span> system during tunnel icing conditions. <span class="hlt">Heat-exchanger</span> effectiveness and photographs of Ice formations on the blades were obtained. Surface temperature measurements indicated that confining the <span class="hlt">heated</span> <span class="hlt">air</span> forward of the 25-percent chord gave.a more economical distribution of the applied <span class="hlt">heat</span> as compared with unpartitioned and 50-percent partitioned blades, by dissipating a greater percentage of the available <span class="hlt">heat</span> at the leading edge. At a propeller speed of 850 rpm, a <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate of 7000 Btu per hour per blade at a shank <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature of 400 F provided adequate Icing protection at ambient-<span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures of 23 F but not at temperatures as low as 15 F. With the <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate used, a <span class="hlt">heat-exchanger</span> effectiveness of 77 percent was obtained as compared to 56 percent for 50-percent partitioned and 47 percent for unpartitioned blades.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1349235','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1349235"><span>High Temperature <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> Design and Fabrication for Systems with Large Pressure Differentials</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Chordia, Lalit; Portnoff, Marc A.; Green, Ed</p> <p></p> <p>The project’s main purpose was to design, build and test a compact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO 2) power cycle recuperators. The compact recuperator is required to operate at high temperature and high pressure differentials, 169 bar (~2,500 psi), between streams of sCO 2. Additional project tasks included building a hot <span class="hlt">air</span>-to-sCO 2 Heater <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (HX) and design, build and operate a test loop to characterize the recuperator and heater <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. A novel counter-current microtube recuperator was built to meet the high temperature high differential pressure criteria and tested. The compact HX design also incorporated amore » number of features that optimize material use, improved reliability and reduced cost. The <span class="hlt">air</span>-to-sCO 2 Heater HX utilized a cross flow, counter-current, micro-tubular design. This compact HX design was incorporated into the test loop and exceeded design expectations. The test loop design to characterize the prototype Brayton power cycle HXs was assembled, commissioned and operated during the program. Both the prototype recuperator and Heater HXs were characterized. Measured results for the recuperator confirmed the predictions of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer models developed during the project. Heater HX data analysis is ongoing.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1078134','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1078134"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> using graphite foam</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Campagna, Michael Joseph; Callas, James John</p> <p>2012-09-25</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is disclosed. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> may have an inlet configured to receive a first fluid and an outlet configured to discharge the first fluid. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> may further have at least one passageway configured to conduct the first fluid from the inlet to the outlet. The at least one passageway may be composed of a graphite foam and a layer of graphite material on the exterior of the graphite foam. The layer of graphite material may form at least a partial barrier between the first fluid and a second fluid external to the at least one passageway.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1107888','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1107888"><span>Open-loop <span class="hlt">heat</span>-recovery dryer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>TeGrotenhuis, Ward Evan</p> <p>2013-11-05</p> <p>A drying apparatus is disclosed that includes a drum and an open-loop airflow pathway originating at an ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> inlet, passing through the drum, and terminating at an exhaust outlet. A passive <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is included for passively transferring <span class="hlt">heat</span> from <span class="hlt">air</span> flowing from the drum toward the exhaust outlet to <span class="hlt">air</span> flowing from the ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> inlet toward the drum. A <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump is also included for actively transferring <span class="hlt">heat</span> from <span class="hlt">air</span> flowing from the passive <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> toward the exhaust outlet to <span class="hlt">air</span> flowing from the passive <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> toward the drum. A <span class="hlt">heating</span> element is also included for further <span class="hlt">heating</span> <span class="hlt">air</span> flowing from the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump toward the drum.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRC..123..922L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRC..123..922L"><span>Observed Seasonal Variations of the Upper Ocean Structure and <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Interactions in the Andaman <span class="hlt">Sea</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Yanliang; Li, Kuiping; Ning, Chunlin; Yang, Yang; Wang, Haiyuan; Liu, Jianjun; Skhokiattiwong, Somkiat; Yu, Weidong</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>The Andaman <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (AS) is a poorly observed basin, where even the fundamental physical characteristics have not been fully documented. Here the seasonal variations of the upper ocean structure and the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interactions in the central AS were studied using a moored surface buoy. The seasonal double-peak pattern of the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature (SST) was identified with the corresponding mixed layer variations. Compared with the buoys in the Bay of Bengal (BOB), the thermal stratification in the central AS was much stronger in the winter to spring, when a shallower isothermal layer and a thinner barrier layer were sustained. The temperature inversion was strongest from June to July because of substantial surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss and subsurface prewarming. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> budget analysis of the mixed layer showed that the net surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes dominated the seasonal SST cycle. Vertical entrainment was significant from April to July. It had a strong cooling effect from April to May and a striking warming effect from June to July. A sensitivity experiment highlighted the importance of salinity. The AS warmer surface water in the winter was associated with weak <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss caused by weaker longwave radiation and latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> losses. However, the AS latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss was larger than the BOB in summer due to its lower relative humidity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2011-title21-vol8-sec870-4240.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2011-title21-vol8-sec870-4240.pdf"><span>21 CFR 870.4240 - Cardiopulmonary bypass <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Cardiopulmonary bypass <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. 870.4240... bypass <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. (a) Identification. A cardiopulmonary bypass <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is a device, consisting of a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system used in extracorporeal circulation to warm or cool the blood or...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2010-title21-vol8-sec870-4240.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2010-title21-vol8-sec870-4240.pdf"><span>21 CFR 870.4240 - Cardiopulmonary bypass <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Cardiopulmonary bypass <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. 870.4240... bypass <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. (a) Identification. A cardiopulmonary bypass <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is a device, consisting of a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system used in extracorporeal circulation to warm or cool the blood or...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol8-sec870-4240.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol8-sec870-4240.pdf"><span>21 CFR 870.4240 - Cardiopulmonary bypass <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Cardiopulmonary bypass <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. 870.4240... bypass <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. (a) Identification. A cardiopulmonary bypass <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is a device, consisting of a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system used in extracorporeal circulation to warm or cool the blood or...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2013-title21-vol8-sec870-4240.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2013-title21-vol8-sec870-4240.pdf"><span>21 CFR 870.4240 - Cardiopulmonary bypass <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Cardiopulmonary bypass <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. 870.4240... bypass <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. (a) Identification. A cardiopulmonary bypass <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is a device, consisting of a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system used in extracorporeal circulation to warm or cool the blood or...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2012-title21-vol8-sec870-4240.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2012-title21-vol8-sec870-4240.pdf"><span>21 CFR 870.4240 - Cardiopulmonary bypass <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Cardiopulmonary bypass <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. 870.4240... bypass <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. (a) Identification. A cardiopulmonary bypass <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is a device, consisting of a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system used in extracorporeal circulation to warm or cool the blood or...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.C31D..01L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.C31D..01L"><span>Gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> in the ice zone: the role of small waves and big animals</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Loose, B.; Takahashi, A.; Bigdeli, A.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The balance of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> and net biological carbon fixation determine the transport and transformation of carbon dioxide and methane in the ocean. <span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> is mostly driven by upper ocean physics, but biology can also play a role. In the open ocean, gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> increases proportionate to the square of wind speed. When <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice is present, this dependence breaks down in part because breaking waves and <span class="hlt">air</span> bubble entrainment are damped out by interactions between <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice and the wave field. At the same time, <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice motions, formation, melt, and even <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice-associated organisms can act to introduce turbulence and <span class="hlt">air</span> bubbles into the upper ocean, thereby enhancing <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. We take advantage of the knowledge advances of upper ocean physics including bubble dynamics to formulate a model for <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> in the <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice zone. Here, we use the model to examine the role of small-scale waves and diving animals that trap <span class="hlt">air</span> for insulation, including penguins, seals and polar bears. We compare these processes to existing parameterizations of wave and bubble dynamics in the open ocean, to observe how <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice both mitigates and locally enhances <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas transfer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864256','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864256"><span>Dual source <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Ecker, Amir L.; Pietsch, Joseph A.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>What is disclosed is a <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump apparatus for conditioning a fluid characterized by a fluid handler and path for circulating the fluid in <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> relationship with a refrigerant fluid; at least two refrigerant <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, one for effecting <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> with the fluid and a second for effecting <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> between refrigerant and a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluid and the ambient <span class="hlt">air</span>; a compressor for efficiently compressing the refrigerant; at least one throttling valve for throttling liquid refrigerant; a refrigerant circuit; refrigerant; a source of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluid; <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluid circulating device and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluid circuit for circulating the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluid in <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> relationship with the refrigerant; and valves or switches for selecting the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> and direction of flow of the refrigerant therethrough for selecting a particular mode of operation. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluid provides energy for defrosting the second <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> when operating in the <span class="hlt">air</span> source mode and also provides a alternate source of <span class="hlt">heat</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol10/pdf/CFR-2012-title40-vol10-sec63-104.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol10/pdf/CFR-2012-title40-vol10-sec63-104.pdf"><span>40 CFR 63.104 - <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system requirements.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system or at locations where the cooling water enters and exits each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or any combination of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. (i) For samples taken at the entrance and exit of recirculating... manufacturing process units. (iii) For samples taken at the entrance and exit of each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> or any...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790013383','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790013383"><span>Active <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system development for latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> thermal energy storage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lefrois, R. T.; Knowles, G. R.; Mathur, A. K.; Budimir, J.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>Active <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> concepts for use with thermal energy storage systems in the temperature range of 250 C to 350 C, using the <span class="hlt">heat</span> of fusion of molten salts for storing thermal energy are described. Salt mixtures that freeze and melt in appropriate ranges are identified and are evaluated for physico-chemical, economic, corrosive and safety characteristics. Eight active <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> concepts for <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer during solidification are conceived and conceptually designed for use with selected storage media. The concepts are analyzed for their scalability, maintenance, safety, technological development and costs. A model for estimating and scaling storage system costs is developed and is used for economic evaluation of salt mixtures and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> concepts for a large scale application. The importance of comparing salts and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> concepts on a total system cost basis, rather than the component cost basis alone, is pointed out. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> concepts were sized and compared for 6.5 MPa/281 C steam conditions and a 1000 MW(t) <span class="hlt">heat</span> rate for six hours. A cost sensitivity analysis for other design conditions is also carried out.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1614514V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1614514V"><span>CLIVAR-GSOP/GODAE Ocean Synthesis Inter-Comparison of Global <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Fluxes From Ocean and Coupled Reanalyses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Valdivieso, Maria</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>.I. and E.C. Kent (2009), A New <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Interaction Gridded Dataset from ICOADS with Uncertainty Estimates. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc 90(5), 645-656. doi: 10.1175/2008BAMS2639.1. Dee, D. P. et al. (2011), The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 137: 553-597. doi: 10.1002/qj.828. Kanamitsu M., Ebitsuzaki W., Woolen J., Yang S.K., Hnilo J.J., Fiorino M., Potter G. (2002), NCEP-DOE AMIP-II reanalysis (R-2). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83:1631-1643. Large, W. and Yeager, S. (2009), The global climatology of an interannually varying <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> flux data set. Clim. Dynamics, Volume 33, pp 341-364 Valdivieso, M. and co-authors (2014): <span class="hlt">Heat</span> fluxes from ocean and coupled reanalyses, Clivar <span class="hlt">Exchanges</span>. Issue 64. Yu, L., X. Jin, and R. A. Weller (2008), Multidecade Global Flux Datasets from the Objectively Analyzed <span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> Fluxes (OAFlux) Project: Latent and Sensible <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Fluxes, Ocean Evaporation, and Related Surface Meteorological Variables. Technical Report OAFlux Project (OA2008-01), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Zhang, Y., WB Rossow, AA Lacis, V Oinas, MI Mishchenk (2004), Calculation of radiative fluxes from the surface to top of atmsophere based on ISCCP and other global data sets. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984-2012) 109 (D19).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..11.6008T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..11.6008T"><span>Influences of Ocean Thermohaline Stratification on Arctic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Ice</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Toole, J. M.; Timmermans, M.-L.; Perovich, D. K.; Krishfield, R. A.; Proshutinsky, A.; Richter-Menge, J. A.</p> <p>2009-04-01</p> <p>The Arctic Ocean's surface mixed layer constitutes the dynamical and thermodynamical link between the <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice and the underlying waters. Wind stress, acting directly on the surface mixed layer or via wind-forced ice motion, produce surface currents that can in turn drive deep ocean flow. Mixed layer temperature is intimately related to basal <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice growth and melting. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> fluxes into or out of the surface mixed layer can occur at both its upper and lower interfaces: the former via <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> at leads and conduction through the ice, the latter via turbulent mixing and entrainment at the layer base. Variations in Arctic Ocean mixed layer properties are documented based on more than 16,000 temperature and salinity profiles acquired by Ice-Tethered Profilers since summer 2004 and analyzed in conjunction with <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice observations from Ice Mass Balance Buoys and atmospheric <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux estimates. Guidance interpreting the observations is provided by a one-dimensional ocean mixed layer model. The study focuses attention on the very strong density stratification about the mixed layer base in the Arctic that, in regions of <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice melting, is increasing with time. The intense stratification greatly impedes mixed layer deepening by vertical convection and shear mixing, and thus limits the flux of deep ocean <span class="hlt">heat</span> to the surface that could influence <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice growth/decay. Consistent with previous work, this study demonstrates that the Arctic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice is most sensitive to changes in ocean mixed layer <span class="hlt">heat</span> resulting from fluxes across its upper (<span class="hlt">air-sea</span> and/or ice-water) interface.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol1-sec23-1125.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol1-sec23-1125.pdf"><span>14 CFR 23.1125 - Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. 23.1125 Section 23... § 23.1125 Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. For reciprocating engine powered airplanes the following apply: (a) Each exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> must be constructed and installed to withstand the vibration, inertia, and...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec23-1125.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec23-1125.pdf"><span>14 CFR 23.1125 - Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. 23.1125 Section 23... § 23.1125 Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. For reciprocating engine powered airplanes the following apply: (a) Each exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> must be constructed and installed to withstand the vibration, inertia, and...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title14-vol1-sec23-1125.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title14-vol1-sec23-1125.pdf"><span>14 CFR 23.1125 - Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. 23.1125 Section 23... § 23.1125 Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. For reciprocating engine powered airplanes the following apply: (a) Each exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> must be constructed and installed to withstand the vibration, inertia, and...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title14-vol1-sec23-1125.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title14-vol1-sec23-1125.pdf"><span>14 CFR 23.1125 - Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. 23.1125 Section 23... § 23.1125 Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. For reciprocating engine powered airplanes the following apply: (a) Each exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> must be constructed and installed to withstand the vibration, inertia, and...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title14-vol1-sec23-1125.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title14-vol1-sec23-1125.pdf"><span>14 CFR 23.1125 - Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. 23.1125 Section 23... § 23.1125 Exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. For reciprocating engine powered airplanes the following apply: (a) Each exhaust <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> must be constructed and installed to withstand the vibration, inertia, and...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080046190&hterms=heat+exchanger&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dheat%2Bexchanger','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080046190&hterms=heat+exchanger&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dheat%2Bexchanger"><span>Phase Change Material <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> Life Test</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lillibridge, Sean; Stephan, Ryan; Lee, Steve; He, Hung</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Low Lunar Orbit (LLO) poses unique thermal challenges for the orbiting space craft, particularly regarding the performance of the radiators. The emitted infrared (IR) <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux from the lunar surface varies drastically from the light side to the dark side of the moon. Due to the extremely high incident IR flux, especially at low beta angles, a radiator is oftentimes unable to reject the vehicle <span class="hlt">heat</span> load throughout the entire lunar orbit. One solution to this problem is to implement Phase Change Material (PCM) <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span>. PCM <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span> act as a "thermal capacitor," storing thermal energy when the radiator is unable to reject the required <span class="hlt">heat</span> load. The stored energy is then removed from the PCM <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> when the environment is more benign. Because they do not use an expendable resource, such as the feed water used by sublimators and evaporators, PCM <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span> are ideal for long duration Low Lunar Orbit missions. The Advanced Thermal Control project at JSC is completing a PCM <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> life test to determine whether further technology development is warranted. The life test is being conducted on four nPentadecane, carbon filament <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. Fluid loop performance, repeatability, and measurement of performance degradation over 2500 melt-freeze cycles will be performed and reported in the current document.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080005075','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080005075"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> panel</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Warburton, Robert E. (Inventor); Cuva, William J. (Inventor)</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>The present invention relates to a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> panel which has broad utility in high temperature environments. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> panel has a first panel, a second panel, and at least one fluid containment device positioned intermediate the first and second panels. At least one of the first panel and the second panel have at least one feature on an interior surface to accommodate the at least one fluid containment device. In a preferred embodiment, each of the first and second panels is formed from a high conductivity, high temperature composite material. Also, in a preferred embodiment, the first and second panels are joined together by one or more composite fasteners.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800021356','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800021356"><span>Active <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system development for latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> thermal energy storage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lefrois, R. T.; Mathur, A. K.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>Five tasks to select, design, fabricate, test and evaluate candidate active <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> modules for future applications to solar and conventional utility power plants were discussed. Alternative mechanizations of active <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> concepts were analyzed for use with <span class="hlt">heat</span> of fusion phase change materials (PCMs) in the temperature range of 250 to 350 C. Twenty-six <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> concepts were reviewed, and eight were selected for detailed assessment. Two candidates were selected for small-scale experimentation: a coated tube and shell <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and a direct contact reflux boiler. A dilute eutectic mixture of sodium nitrate and sodium hydroxide was selected as the PCM from over 50 candidate inorganic salt mixtures. Based on a salt screening process, eight major component salts were selected initially for further evaluation. The most attractive major components in the temperature range of 250 to 350 C appeared to be NaNO3, NaNO2, and NaOH. Sketches of the two active <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> concepts selected for test are given.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980hwi..reptQ....L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980hwi..reptQ....L"><span>Active <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system development for latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> thermal energy storage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lefrois, R. T.; Mathur, A. K.</p> <p>1980-04-01</p> <p>Five tasks to select, design, fabricate, test and evaluate candidate active <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> modules for future applications to solar and conventional utility power plants were discussed. Alternative mechanizations of active <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> concepts were analyzed for use with <span class="hlt">heat</span> of fusion phase change materials (PCMs) in the temperature range of 250 to 350 C. Twenty-six <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> concepts were reviewed, and eight were selected for detailed assessment. Two candidates were selected for small-scale experimentation: a coated tube and shell <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and a direct contact reflux boiler. A dilute eutectic mixture of sodium nitrate and sodium hydroxide was selected as the PCM from over 50 candidate inorganic salt mixtures. Based on a salt screening process, eight major component salts were selected initially for further evaluation. The most attractive major components in the temperature range of 250 to 350 C appeared to be NaNO3, NaNO2, and NaOH. Sketches of the two active <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> concepts selected for test are given.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..DFDG10003W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..DFDG10003W"><span>Turbulent convection driven by internal radiative <span class="hlt">heating</span> of melt ponds on <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wells, Andrew; Langton, Tom; Rees Jones, David; Moon, Woosok</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>The melting of Arctic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice is strongly influenced by <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer through melt ponds which form on the ice surface. Melt ponds are internally <span class="hlt">heated</span> by the absorption of incoming radiation and cooled by surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes, resulting in vigorous buoyancy-driven convection in the pond interior. Motivated by this setting, we conduct two-dimensional direct-numerical simulations of the turbulent convective flow of a Boussinesq fluid between two horizontal boundaries, with internal <span class="hlt">heating</span> predicted from a two-stream radiation model. A linearised thermal boundary condition describes <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> with the overlying atmosphere, whilst the lower boundary is isothermal. Vertically asymmetric convective flow modifies the upper surface temperature, and hence controls the partitioning of the incoming <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux between emission at the upper and lower boundaries. We determine how the downward <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux into the ice varies with a Rayleigh number based on the internal <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate, the flux ratio of background surface cooling compared to internal <span class="hlt">heating</span>, and a Biot number characterising the sensitivity of surface fluxes to surface temperature. Thus we elucidate the physical controls on <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer through Arctic melt ponds which determine the fate of <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice in the summer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865264','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865264"><span>Triple loop <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for an absorption refrigeration system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Reimann, Robert C.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>A triple loop <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for an absorption refrigeration system is disclosed. The triple loop <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> comprises portions of a strong solution line for conducting relatively hot, strong solution from a generator to a solution <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> of the absorption refrigeration system, conduit means for conducting relatively cool, weak solution from the solution <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> to the generator, and a bypass system for conducting strong solution from the generator around the strong solution line and around the solution <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> to an absorber of the refrigeration system when strong solution builds up in the generator to an undesirable level. The strong solution line and the conduit means are in <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> relationship with each other in the triple loop <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> so that, during normal operation of the refrigeration system, <span class="hlt">heat</span> is <span class="hlt">exchanged</span> between the relatively hot, strong solution flowing through the strong solution line and the relatively cool, weak solution flowing through the conduit means. Also, the strong solution line and the bypass system are in <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> relationship in the triple loop <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> so that if the normal flow path of relatively hot, strong solution flowing from the generator to an absorber is blocked, then this relatively, hot strong solution which will then be flowing through the bypass system in the triple loop <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, is brought into <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> relationship with any strong solution which may have solidified in the strong solution line in the triple loop <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> to thereby aid in desolidifying any such solidified strong solution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.A21A..04P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.A21A..04P"><span>Motion-Correlated Flow Distortion and Wave-Induced Biases in <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Flux Measurements From Ships</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Prytherch, J.; Yelland, M. J.; Brooks, I. M.; Tupman, D. J.; Pascal, R. W.; Moat, B. I.; Norris, S. J.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Direct measurements of the turbulent <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes of momentum, <span class="hlt">heat</span>, moisture and gases are often made using sensors mounted on ships. Ship-based turbulent wind measurements are corrected for platform motion using well established techniques, but biases at scales associated with wave and platform motion are often still apparent in the flux measurements. It has been uncertain whether this signal is due to time-varying distortion of the <span class="hlt">air</span> flow over the platform, or to wind-wave interactions impacting the turbulence. Methods for removing such motion-scale biases from scalar measurements have previously been published but their application to momentum flux measurements remains controversial. Here we use eddy covariance momentum flux measurements obtained onboard RRS James Clark Ross as part of the Waves, Aerosol and Gas <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> Study (WAGES), a programme of near-continuous measurements using the autonomous AutoFlux system (Yelland et al., 2009). Measurements were made in 2013 in locations throughout the North and South Atlantic, the Southern Ocean and the Arctic Ocean, at latitudes ranging from 62°S to 75°N. We show that the measured motion-scale bias has a dependence on the horizontal ship velocity, and that a correction for it reduces the dependence of the measured momentum flux on the orientation of the ship to the wind. We conclude that the bias is due to experimental error, and that time-varying motion-dependent flow distortion is the likely source. Yelland, M., Pascal, R., Taylor, P. and Moat, B.: AutoFlux: an autonomous system for the direct measurement of the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes of CO2, <span class="hlt">heat</span> and momentum. J. Operation. Oceanogr., 15-23, doi:10.1080/1755876X.2009.11020105, 2009.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26312102','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26312102"><span>Humidification on Ventilated Patients: <span class="hlt">Heated</span> Humidifications or <span class="hlt">Heat</span> and Moisture <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cerpa, F; Cáceres, D; Romero-Dapueto, C; Giugliano-Jaramillo, C; Pérez, R; Budini, H; Hidalgo, V; Gutiérrez, T; Molina, J; Keymer, J</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The normal physiology of conditioning of inspired gases is altered when the patient requires an artificial airway access and an invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). The endotracheal tube (ETT) removes the natural mechanisms of filtration, humidification and warming of inspired <span class="hlt">air</span>. Despite the noninvasive ventilation (NIMV) in the upper airways, humidification of inspired gas may not be optimal mainly due to the high flow that is being created by the leakage compensation, among other aspects. Any moisture and <span class="hlt">heating</span> deficit is compensated by the large airways of the tracheobronchial tree, these are poorly suited for this task, which alters mucociliary function, quality of secretions, and homeostasis gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system. To avoid the occurrence of these events, external devices that provide humidification, <span class="hlt">heating</span> and filtration have been developed, with different degrees of evidence that support their use.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1240016-heat-exchanger-selection-design-analyses-metal-hydride-heat-pump-systems','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1240016-heat-exchanger-selection-design-analyses-metal-hydride-heat-pump-systems"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> selection and design analyses for metal hydride <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Mazzucco, Andrea; Voskuilen, Tyler G.; Waters, Essene L.; ...</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>This paper presents a design analysis for the development of highly efficient <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> within stationary metal hydride <span class="hlt">heat</span> pumps. The design constraints and selected performance criteria are applied to three representative <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. The proposed thermal model can be applied to select the most efficient <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> design and provides outcomes generally valid in a pre-design stage. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> transfer effectiveness is the principal performance parameter guiding the selection analysis, the results of which appear to be mildly (up to 13%) affected by the specific Nusselt correlation used. The thermo-physical properties of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer medium and geometrical parameters aremore » varied in the sensitivity analysis, suggesting that the length of independent tubes is the physical parameter that influences the performance of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> the most. The practical operative regions for each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> are identified by finding the conditions over which the <span class="hlt">heat</span> removal from the solid bed enables a complete and continuous hydriding reaction. The most efficient solution is a design example that achieves the target effectiveness of 95%.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2705149','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2705149"><span>Evaluating Humidity Recovery Efficiency of Currently Available <span class="hlt">Heat</span> and Moisture <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span>: A Respiratory System Model Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lucato, Jeanette Janaina Jaber; Adams, Alexander Bernard; Souza, Rogério; Torquato, Jamili Anbar; Carvalho, Carlos Roberto Ribeiro; Marini, John J</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>OBJECTIVES: To evaluate and compare the efficiency of humidification in available <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> models under conditions of varying tidal volume, respiratory rate, and flow rate. INTRODUCTION: Inspired gases are routinely preconditioned by <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> to provide a <span class="hlt">heat</span> and water content similar to that provided normally by the nose and upper airways. The absolute humidity of <span class="hlt">air</span> retrieved from and returned to the ventilated patient is an important measurable outcome of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture exchangers’ humidifying performance. METHODS: Eight different <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> were studied using a respiratory system analog. The system included a <span class="hlt">heated</span> chamber (acrylic glass, maintained at 37°C), a preserved swine lung, a hygrometer, circuitry and a ventilator. Humidity and temperature levels were measured using eight distinct interposed <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> given different tidal volumes, respiratory frequencies and flow-rate conditions. Recovery of absolute humidity (%RAH) was calculated for each setting. RESULTS: Increasing tidal volumes led to a reduction in %RAH for all <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> while no significant effect was demonstrated in the context of varying respiratory rate or inspiratory flow. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are more efficient when used with low tidal volume ventilation. The roles of flow and respiratory rate were of lesser importance, suggesting that their adjustment has a less significant effect on the performance of <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. PMID:19578664</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JThSc..26..545Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JThSc..26..545Z"><span>Inverse problem and variation method to optimize cascade <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> network in central <span class="hlt">heating</span> system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Yin; Wei, Zhiyuan; Zhang, Yinping; Wang, Xin</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Urban <span class="hlt">heating</span> in northern China accounts for 40% of total building energy usage. In central <span class="hlt">heating</span> systems, <span class="hlt">heat</span> is often transferred from <span class="hlt">heat</span> source to users by the <span class="hlt">heat</span> network where several <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are installed at <span class="hlt">heat</span> source, substations and terminals respectively. For given overall <span class="hlt">heating</span> capacity and <span class="hlt">heat</span> source temperature, increasing the terminal fluid temperature is an effective way to improve the thermal performance of such cascade <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> network for energy saving. In this paper, the mathematical optimization model of the cascade <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> network with three-stage <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> in series is established. Aim at maximizing the cold fluid temperature for given hot fluid temperature and overall <span class="hlt">heating</span> capacity, the optimal <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> area distribution and the medium fluids' flow rates are determined through inverse problem and variation method. The preliminary results show that the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> areas should be distributed equally for each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. It also indicates that in order to improve the thermal performance of the whole system, more <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> areas should be allocated to the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> where flow rate difference between two fluids is relatively small. This work is important for guiding the optimization design of practical cascade <span class="hlt">heating</span> systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/89645-three-phase-flow-consider-helical-coil-heat-exchangers','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/89645-three-phase-flow-consider-helical-coil-heat-exchangers"><span>Three-phase flow? Consider helical-coil <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Haraburda, S.S.</p> <p>1995-07-01</p> <p>In recent years, chemical process plants are increasingly encountering processes that require <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> in three-phase fluids. A typical application, for example, is <span class="hlt">heating</span> liquids containing solid catalyst particles and non-condensable gases. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> designed for three-phase flow generally have tubes with large diameters (typically greater than two inches), because solids can build-up inside the tube and lead to plugging. At the same time, in order to keep <span class="hlt">heat</span>-transfer coefficients high, the velocity of the process fluid within the tube should also be high. As a result, <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> for three-phase flow may require less than five tubes -- eachmore » having a required linear length that could exceed several hundred feet. Given these limitations, it is obvious that a basic shell-and-tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is not the most practical solution for this purpose. An alternative for three-phase flow is a helical-coil <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The helical-coil units offer a number of advantages, including perpendicular, counter-current flow and flexible overall dimensions for the <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> itself. The paper presents equations for: calculating the tube-side <span class="hlt">heat</span>-transfer coefficient; calculating the shell-side <span class="hlt">heat</span>-transfer coefficient; calculating the <span class="hlt">heat-exchanger</span> size; calculating the tube-side pressure drop; and calculating shell-side pressure-drop.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Cryo...80...97Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Cryo...80...97Y"><span>Numerical study of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer characteristics in BOG <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yan, Yan; Pfotenhauer, John M.; Miller, Franklin; Ni, Zhonghua; Zhi, Xiaoqin</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>In this study, a numerical study of turbulent flow and the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer process in a boil-off liquefied natural gas (BOG) <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> was performed. Finite volume computational fluid dynamics and the k - ω based shear stress transport model were applied to simulate thermal flow of BOG and ethylene glycol in a full-sized 3D tubular <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The simulation model has been validated and compared with the engineering specification data from its supplier. In order to investigate thermal characteristics of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, velocity, temperature, <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux and thermal response were studied under different mass flowrates in the shell-side. The shell-side flow pattern is mostly determined by viscous forces, which lead to a small velocity and low temperature buffer area in the bottom-right corner of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. Changing the shell-side mass flowrate could result in different distributions of the shell-side flow. However, the distribution in the BOG will remain in a relatively stable pattern. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> flux increases along with the shell-side mass flowrate, but the increase is not linear. The ratio of increased <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux to the mass flow interval is superior at lower mass flow conditions, and the threshold mass flow for stable working conditions is defined as greater than 0.41 kg/s.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/862437','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/862437"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Wolowodiuk, Walter</p> <p>1976-01-06</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> of the straight tube type in which different rates of thermal expansion between the straight tubes and the supply pipes furnishing fluid to those tubes do not result in tube failures. The supply pipes each contain a section which is of helical configuration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/913578','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/913578"><span>Thermoelectric <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> element</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Callas, James J.; Taher, Mahmoud A.</p> <p>2007-08-14</p> <p>A thermoelectric <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> module includes a first substrate including a <span class="hlt">heat</span> receptive side and a <span class="hlt">heat</span> donative side and a series of undulatory pleats. The module may also include a thermoelectric material layer having a ZT value of 1.0 or more disposed on at least one of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> receptive side and the <span class="hlt">heat</span> donative side, and an electrical contact may be in electrical communication with the thermoelectric material layer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A23M..04W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A23M..04W"><span>How do Greenhouse Gases Warm the Ocean? Investigation of the Response of the Ocean Thermal Skin Layer to <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Surface <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Fluxes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wong, E.; Minnett, P. J.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>There is much evidence that the ocean is <span class="hlt">heating</span> due to an increase in concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere from human activities. GHGs absorbs infrared (IR) radiation and re-emits the radiation back to the ocean's surface which is subsequently absorbed resulting in a rise in the ocean <span class="hlt">heat</span> content. However, the incoming longwave radiation, LWin, is absorbed within the top micrometers of the ocean's surface, where the thermal skin layer (TSL) exists and does not directly <span class="hlt">heat</span> the upper few meters of the ocean. We are therefore motivated to investigate the physical mechanism between the absorption of IR radiation and its effect on <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer at the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> boundary. The hypothesis is that since <span class="hlt">heat</span> lost through the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface is controlled by the TSL, which is directly influenced by the absorption and emission of IR radiation, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> flow through the TSL adjusts to maintain the surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss, and thus modulates the upper ocean <span class="hlt">heat</span> content. This hypothesis is investigated through utilizing clouds to represent an increase in LWin and analyzing retrieved TSL vertical profiles from a shipboard IR spectrometer from two research cruises. The data is limited to night-time, no precipitation and low winds of < 2 m/s to remove effects of solar radiation, wind-driven shear and possibilities of TSL disruption. The results show independence between the turbulent fluxes and radiative fluxes which rules out the immediate release of <span class="hlt">heat</span> from the absorption of the cloud infrared irradiance back into the atmosphere through processes such as evaporation. Instead, we observe the surplus energy, from absorbing increasing levels of LWin, adjusts the curvature of the TSL such that there is a lower gradient at the interface between the TSL and the mixed layer. The release of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stored within the mixed layer is therefore hindered while the additional energy within the TSL is cycled back into the atmosphere. This results in <span class="hlt">heat</span> beneath the TSL</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=307735&keyword=environmental+AND+assessment+AND+natural+AND+environment&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=307735&keyword=environmental+AND+assessment+AND+natural+AND+environment&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>Review of <span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> Rate Models for <span class="hlt">Air</span> Pollution Exposure Assessments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>A critical aspect of <span class="hlt">air</span> pollution exposure assessments is estimation of the <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> rate (AER) for various buildings, where people spend their time. The AER, which is rate the <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of indoor <span class="hlt">air</span> with outdoor <span class="hlt">air</span>, is an important determinant for entry of outdoor <span class="hlt">air</span> pol...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863636','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863636"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>-accumulator</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Ecker, Amir L.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>What is disclosed is a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>-accumulator for vaporizing a refrigerant or the like, characterized by an upright pressure vessel having a top, bottom and side walls; an inlet conduit eccentrically and sealingly penetrating through the top; a tubular overflow chamber disposed within the vessel and sealingly connected with the bottom so as to define an annular outer volumetric chamber for receiving refrigerant; a <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coil disposed in the outer volumetric chamber for vaporizing the liquid refrigerant that accumulates there; the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coil defining a passageway for circulating an externally supplied <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluid; transferring <span class="hlt">heat</span> efficiently from the fluid; and freely allowing vaporized refrigerant to escape upwardly from the liquid refrigerant; and a refrigerant discharge conduit penetrating sealingly through the top and traversing substantially the length of the pressurized vessel downwardly and upwardly such that its inlet is near the top of the pressurized vessel so as to provide a means for transporting refrigerant vapor from the vessel. The refrigerant discharge conduit has metering orifices, or passageways, penetrating laterally through its walls near the bottom, communicating respectively interiorly and exteriorly of the overflow chamber for controllably carrying small amounts of liquid refrigerant and oil to the effluent stream of refrigerant gas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985htcg.agarS....N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985htcg.agarS....N"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> in regenerative gas turbine cycles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nina, M. N. R.; Aguas, M. P. N.</p> <p>1985-09-01</p> <p>Advances in compact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> design and fabrication together with fuel cost rises continuously improve the attractability of regenerative gas turbine helicopter engines. In this study cycle parameters aiming at reduced specific fuel consumption and increased payload or mission range, have been optimized together with <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> type and size. The discussion is based on a typical mission for an attack helicopter in the 900 kw power class. A range of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> is studied to define the most favorable geometry in terms of lower fuel consumption and minimum engine plus fuel weight. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> volume, frontal area ratio and pressure drop effect on cycle efficiency are considered.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.6385L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.6385L"><span>MP3 - A Meteorology and Physical Properties Package to explore <span class="hlt">Air:Sea</span> interaction on Titan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lorenz, R. D.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of mass, <span class="hlt">heat</span> and momentum at the <span class="hlt">air:sea</span> interface are profound influences on our environment. Titan presents us with an opportunity to study these processes in a novel physical context. The MP3 instrument, under development for the proposed Discovery mission TiME (Titan Mare Explorer) is an integrated suite of small, simple sensors that combines the a traditional meteorology package with liquid physical properties and depth-sounding. In TiME's 6-Titan-day (96-day) nominal mission, MP3 will have an extended measurement opportunity in one of the most evocative environments in the solar system. The mission and instrument benefit from APL's expertise and experience in marine as well as space systems. The topside meteorology sensors (METH, WIND, PRES, TEMP) will yield the first long-duration in-situ data to constrain Global Circulation Models. The <span class="hlt">sea</span> sensors (TEMP, TURB, DIEL, SOSO) allow high cadence bulk composition measurements to detect heterogeneities as the TiME capsule drifts across Ligeia, while a depth sounder (SONR) will measure the bottom profile. The combination of these sensors (and vehicle dynamics, ACCL) will characterize <span class="hlt">air:sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. In addition to surface data, a measurement subset (ACCL, PRES, METH, TEMP) is made during descent to characterize the structure of the polar troposphere and marine boundary layer. A single electronics box inside the vehicle performs supervising and data handling functions and is connected to the sensors on the exterior via a wire and fiber optic harness. ACCL: MEMS accelerometers and angular rate sensors measure the vehicle motion during descent and on the surface, to recover wave amplitude and period and to correct wind measurements for vehicle motion. TEMP: Precision sensors are installed at several locations above and below the 'waterline' to measure <span class="hlt">air</span> and <span class="hlt">sea</span> temperatures. Installation of topside sensors at several locations ensures that at least one is on the upwind side of the vehicle. PRES: The</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMOS43A1400S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMOS43A1400S"><span>Validation of the Fully-Coupled <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span>-Wave COAMPS System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Smith, T.; Campbell, T. J.; Chen, S.; Gabersek, S.; Tsu, J.; Allard, R. A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>A fully-coupled, <span class="hlt">air-sea</span>-wave numerical model, COAMPS®, has been developed by the Naval Research Laboratory to further enhance understanding of oceanic, atmospheric, and wave interactions. The fully-coupled <span class="hlt">air-sea</span>-wave system consists of an atmospheric component with full physics parameterizations, an ocean model, NCOM (Navy Coastal Ocean Model), and two wave components, SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore) and WaveWatch III. <span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> interactions between the atmosphere and ocean components are accomplished through bulk flux formulations of wind stress and sensible and latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes. Wave interactions with the ocean include the Stokes' drift, surface radiation stresses, and enhancement of the bottom drag coefficient in shallow water due to the wave orbital velocities at the bottom. In addition, NCOM surface currents are provided to SWAN and WaveWatch III to simulate wave-current interaction. The fully-coupled COAMPS system was executed for several regions at both regional and coastal scales for the entire year of 2015, including the U.S. East Coast, Western Pacific, and Hawaii. Validation of COAMPS® includes observational data comparisons and evaluating operational performance on the High Performance Computing (HPC) system for each of these regions.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988ClDy....3...93C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988ClDy....3...93C"><span>Late Pleistocene variations in Antarctic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice II: effect of interhemispheric deep-ocean <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Crowley, Thomas J.; Parkinson, Claire L.</p> <p>1988-10-01</p> <p>Variations in production rates of warm North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) have been proposed as a mechanism for linking climate fluctuations in the northern and southern hemispheres during the Pleistocene. We have tested this hypothesis by examining the sensitivity of a thermodynamic/dynamic model for Antarctic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice to changes in vertical ocean <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux and comparing the simulations with modified CLIMAP <span class="hlt">sea</span>-ice maps for 18 000 B.P. Results suggest that changes in NADW production rates, and the consequent changes in the vertical ocean <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux in the Antarctic, can only account for about 20% 30% of the overall variance in Antarctic <span class="hlt">sea</span>-ice extent. This conclusion has been validated against an independent geological data set involving a time series of <span class="hlt">sea</span>-surface temperatures from the subantarctic. The latter comparison suggests that, although the overall influence of NADW is relatively minor, the linkage may be much more significant at the 41 000-year obliquity period. Despite some limitations in the models and geological data, we conclude that NADW variations may have played only a modest role in causing late Pleistocene climate change in the high latitudes of the southern hemisphere. Our conclusion is consistent with calculations by Manabe and Broccoli (1985) suggesting that atmospheric CO2 changes may be more important for linking the two hemispheres.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1175384','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1175384"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for power generation equipment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Nirmalan, Nirm Velumylm; Bowman, Michael John</p> <p>2005-06-14</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for a turbine is provided wherein the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> comprises a <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer cell comprising a sheet of material having two opposed ends and two opposed sides. In addition, a plurality of concavities are disposed on a surface portion of the sheet of material so as to cause hydrodynamic interactions and affect a <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer rate of the turbine between a fluid and the concavities when the fluid is disposed over the concavities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.B33J..01T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.B33J..01T"><span>Western Pacific <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Interaction Study (W-PASS), Introduction and Highlights (Invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tsuda, A.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>Western Pacific <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Interaction Study (W-PASS), Introduction and Highlights Atsushi Tsuda Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo In the western Pacific (WESTPAC) region, dust originating from Asian and Australian arid regions to the North and South Pacific, biomass burning emissions from the Southeast Asia to sub-tropical Pacific, and other anthropogenic substances are transported regionally and globally to affect cloud and rainfall patterns, <span class="hlt">air</span> quality, and radiative budgets downwind. Deposition of these compounds into the Asian marginal <span class="hlt">seas</span> and onto the Pacific Ocean influence surface primary productivity and species composition. In the WESTPAC region, subarctic, subtropical oceans and marginal <span class="hlt">seas</span> are located relatively narrow latitudinal range and these areas are influenced by the dust and anthropogenic inputs. Moreover, anthropogenic emission areas are located between the arid region and the oceans. The W-PASS (Western Pacific <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> interaction Study) project has been funded for 5 years as a part of SOLAS-Japan activity in the summer of 2006. We aim to resolve <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction through field observation studies mainly using research vessels and island observatories over the western Pacific. We have carried out 5 cruises to the western North Pacific focusing on <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interactions. Also, an intensive marine atmospheric observation including direct atmospheric deposition measurement was accomplished by a dozen W-PASS research groups at the NIES Atmospheric and Aerosol Monitoring Station of Cape Hedo in the northernmost tip of the Okinawa main Island facing the East China <span class="hlt">Sea</span> in the spring 2008. A few weak Kosa (dust) events, anthropogenic <span class="hlt">air</span> outflows, typical local <span class="hlt">air</span> and occupation of marine background <span class="hlt">air</span> were identified during the campaign period. The W-PASS has four research groups mainly focusing on VOC emissions, <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> processes, biogeochemical responses to dust depositions and its modeling. We also</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1176698','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1176698"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> containing a component capable of discontinuous movement</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Wilson, David Gordon</p> <p>2001-04-17</p> <p>Regenerative <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are described for transferring <span class="hlt">heat</span> between hot and cold fluids. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> have seal-leakage rates significantly less than those of conventional regenerative <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> because the matrix is discontinuously moved and is releasably sealed while in a stationary position. Both rotary and modular <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are described. Also described are methods for transferring <span class="hlt">heat</span> between a hot and cold fluid using the discontinuous movement of matrices.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/869000','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/869000"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> containing a component capable of discontinuous movement</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Wilson, David G.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>Regenerative <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are described for transferring <span class="hlt">heat</span> between hot and cold fluids. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> have seal-leakage rates significantly less than those of conventional regenerative <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> because the matrix is discontinuously moved and is releasably sealed while in a stationary position. Both rotary and modular <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are described. Also described are methods for transferring <span class="hlt">heat</span> between a hot and cold fluid using the discontinuous movement of matrices.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/875300','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/875300"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> containing a component capable of discontinuous movement</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Wilson, David Gordon</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Regenerative <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are described for transferring <span class="hlt">heat</span> between hot and cold fluids. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> have seal-leakage rates significantly less than those of conventional regenerative <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> because the matrix is discontinuously moved and is releasably sealed while in a stationary position. Both rotary and modular <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are described. Also described are methods for transferring <span class="hlt">heat</span> between a hot and cold fluid using the discontinuous movement of matrices.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..350a2015E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..350a2015E"><span>TiO2/water Nanofluid <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Transfer in <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> Equipped with Double Twisted-Tape Inserts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Eiamsa-ard, S.; Ketrain, R.; Chuwattanakul, V.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Nowadays, <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer enhancement plays an important role in improving efficiency of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer and thermal systems for numerous areas such as <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery processes, chemical reactors, <span class="hlt">air</span>-conditioning/refrigeration system, food engineering, solar <span class="hlt">air</span>/water heater, cooling of high power electronics etc. The present work presents the experimental results of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer enhancement of TiO2/water nanofluid in a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> tube fitted with double twisted tapes. The study covered twist ratios of twisted tapes (y/w) of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5) while the concentration of the nanofluid was kept constant at 0.05% by volume. Observations show that <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer, friction loss and thermal performance increase as twist ratio (y/w) decreases. The use of the nanofluid in the tube equipped with the double twisted-tapes with the smallest twist ratio (y/w = 1.5) results in the increases of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer rates and friction factor up to 224.8% and 8.98 times, respectively as compared to those of water. In addition, the experimental results performed that double twisted tapes induced dual swirling-flows which played an important role in improving fluid mixing and <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer enhancement. It is also observed that the TiO2/water nanofluid was responsible for low pressure loss behaviors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1612517W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1612517W"><span>Seasonal variability of the Red <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, from GRACE time-variable gravity and altimeter <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface height measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wahr, John; Smeed, David; Leuliette, Eric; Swenson, Sean</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>Seasonal variability of <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface height and mass within the Red <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, occurs mostly through the <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of <span class="hlt">heat</span> with the atmosphere and wind-driven inflow and outflow of water through the strait of Bab el Mandab that opens into the Gulf of Aden to the south. The seasonal effects of precipitation and evaporation, of water <span class="hlt">exchange</span> through the Suez Canal to the north, and of runoff from the adjacent land, are all small. The flow through the Bab el Mandab involves a net mass transfer into the Red <span class="hlt">Sea</span> during the winter and a net transfer out during the summer. But that flow has a multi-layer pattern, so that in the summer there is actually an influx of cool water at intermediate (~100 m) depths. Thus, summer water in the southern Red <span class="hlt">Sea</span> is warmer near the surface due to higher <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures, but cooler at intermediate depths (especially in the far south). Summer water in the northern Red <span class="hlt">Sea</span> experiences warming by <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> only. The temperature profile affects the water density, which impacts the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface height but has no effect on vertically integrated mass. Here, we study this seasonal cycle by combining GRACE time-variable mass estimates, altimeter (Jason-1, Jason-2, and Envisat) measurements of <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface height, and steric <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface height contributions derived from depth-dependent, climatological values of temperature and salinity obtained from the World Ocean Atlas. We find good consistency, particularly in the northern Red <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, between these three data types. Among the general characteristics of our results are: (1) the mass contributions to seasonal SSHT variations are much larger than the steric contributions; (2) the mass signal is largest in winter, consistent with winds pushing water into the Red <span class="hlt">Sea</span> through the Strait of Bab el Mandab in winter, and out during the summer; and (3) the steric signal is largest in summer, consistent with summer <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface warming.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5502603','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5502603"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> between a bouncing drop and a superhydrophobic substrate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Shiri, Samira; Bird, James C.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The ability to enhance or limit <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer between a surface and impacting drops is important in applications ranging from industrial spray cooling to the thermal regulation of animals in cold rain. When these surfaces are micro/nanotextured and hydrophobic, or superhydrophobic, an impacting drop can spread and recoil over trapped <span class="hlt">air</span> pockets so quickly that it can completely bounce off the surface. It is expected that this short contact time limits <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer; however, the amount of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanged</span> and precise role of various parameters, such as the drop size, are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the amount of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanged</span> between a millimeter-sized water drop and a superhydrophobic surface will be orders of magnitude less when the drop bounces than when it sticks. Through a combination of experiments and theory, we show that the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer process on superhydrophobic surfaces is independent of the trapped gas. Instead, we find that, for a given spreading factor, the small fraction of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transferred is controlled by two dimensionless groupings of physical parameters: one that relates the thermal properties of the drop and bulk substrate and the other that characterizes the relative thermal, inertial, and capillary dynamics of the drop. PMID:28630306</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870005839','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870005839"><span>Low <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer oxidizer <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> design and analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kanic, P. G.; Kmiec, T. D.; Peckham, R. J.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>The RL10-IIB engine, a derivative of the RLIO, is capable of multi-mode thrust operation. This engine operates at two low thrust levels: tank head idle (THI), which is approximately 1 to 2 percent of full thrust, and pumped idle (PI), which is 10 percent of full thrust. Operation at THI provides vehicle propellant settling thrust and efficient engine thermal conditioning; PI operation provides vehicle tank pre-pressurization and maneuver thrust for log-g deployment. Stable combustion of the RL10-IIB engine at THI and PI thrust levels can be accomplished by providing gaseous oxygen at the propellant injector. Using gaseous hydrogen from the thrust chamber jacket as an energy source, a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> can be used to vaporize liquid oxygen without creating flow instability. This report summarizes the design and analysis of a United Aircraft Products (UAP) low-rate <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> concept for the RL10-IIB rocket engine. The design represents a second iteration of the RL10-IIB <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> investigation program. The design and analysis of the first <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> effort is presented in more detail in NASA CR-174857. Testing of the previous design is detailed in NASA CR-179487.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790003232','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790003232"><span>Fuel delivery system including <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> means</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Coffinberry, G. A. (Inventor)</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>A fuel delivery system is presented wherein first and second <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> means are each adapted to provide the transfer of <span class="hlt">heat</span> between the fuel and a second fluid such as lubricating oil associated with the gas turbine engine. Valve means are included which are operative in a first mode to provide for flow of the second fluid through both first and second <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> means and further operative in a second mode for bypassing the second fluid around the second <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> means.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol13/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol13-part63-subpartFFFF-app10.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol13/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol13-part63-subpartFFFF-app10.pdf"><span>40 CFR Table 10 to Subpart Ffff of... - Work Practice Standards for <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>... 40 Protection of Environment 13 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true Work Practice Standards for <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> Systems 10 Table 10 to Subpart FFFF of Part 63 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) <span class="hlt">AIR</span> PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS <span class="hlt">AIR</span> POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol12/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol12-part63-subpartFFFF-app10.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol12/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol12-part63-subpartFFFF-app10.pdf"><span>40 CFR Table 10 to Subpart Ffff of... - Work Practice Standards for <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>... 40 Protection of Environment 12 2011-07-01 2009-07-01 true Work Practice Standards for <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> Systems 10 Table 10 to Subpart FFFF of Part 63 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) <span class="hlt">AIR</span> PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS <span class="hlt">AIR</span> POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol12/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol12-part63-subpartFFFF-app10.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol12/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol12-part63-subpartFFFF-app10.pdf"><span>40 CFR Table 10 to Subpart Ffff of... - Work Practice Standards for <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>... 40 Protection of Environment 12 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Work Practice Standards for <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> Systems 10 Table 10 to Subpart FFFF of Part 63 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) <span class="hlt">AIR</span> PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS <span class="hlt">AIR</span> POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol13/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol13-part63-subpartFFFF-app10.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol13/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol13-part63-subpartFFFF-app10.pdf"><span>40 CFR Table 10 to Subpart Ffff of... - Work Practice Standards for <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>... 40 Protection of Environment 13 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Work Practice Standards for <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> Systems 10 Table 10 to Subpart FFFF of Part 63 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) <span class="hlt">AIR</span> PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS <span class="hlt">AIR</span> POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol13/pdf/CFR-2012-title40-vol13-part63-subpartFFFF-app10.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol13/pdf/CFR-2012-title40-vol13-part63-subpartFFFF-app10.pdf"><span>40 CFR Table 10 to Subpart Ffff of... - Work Practice Standards for <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>... 40 Protection of Environment 13 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Work Practice Standards for <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> Systems 10 Table 10 to Subpart FFFF of Part 63 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) <span class="hlt">AIR</span> PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS <span class="hlt">AIR</span> POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5238900','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5238900"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> containing a component capable of discontinuous movement</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Wilson, D.G.</p> <p>1993-11-09</p> <p>Regenerative <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are described for transferring <span class="hlt">heat</span> between hot and cold fluids. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> have seal-leakage rates significantly less than those of conventional regenerative <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> because the matrix is discontinuously moved and is releasably sealed while in a stationary position. Both rotary and modular <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are described. Also described are methods for transferring <span class="hlt">heat</span> between a hot and cold fluid using the discontinuous movement of matrices. 11 figures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19960033266','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19960033266"><span>Aerodynamics of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> for high-altitude aircraft</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Drela, Mark</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>Reduction of convective beat transfer with altitude dictates unusually large beat <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> for piston- engined high-altitude aircraft The relatively large aircraft drag fraction associated with cooling at high altitudes makes the efficient design of the entire <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> installation an essential part of the aircraft's aerodynamic design. The parameters that directly influence cooling drag are developed in the context of high-altitude flight Candidate wing airfoils that incorporate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are examined. Such integrated wing-airfoil/<span class="hlt">heat-exchanger</span> installations appear to be attractive alternatives to isolated <span class="hlt">heat.exchanger</span> installations. Examples are drawn from integrated installations on existing or planned high-altitude aircraft.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1174441','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1174441"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> apparatus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Degtiarenko, Pavel V.</p> <p>2003-08-12</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> apparatus comprising a coolant conduit or <span class="hlt">heat</span> sink having attached to its surface a first radial array of spaced-apart parallel plate fins or needles and a second radial array of spaced-apart parallel plate fins or needles thermally coupled to a body to be cooled and meshed with, but not contacting the first radial array of spaced-apart parallel plate fins or needles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4541464','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4541464"><span>Humidification on Ventilated Patients: <span class="hlt">Heated</span> Humidifications or <span class="hlt">Heat</span> and Moisture <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cerpa, F; Cáceres, D; Romero-Dapueto, C; Giugliano-Jaramillo, C; Pérez, R; Budini, H; Hidalgo, V; Gutiérrez, T; Molina, J; Keymer, J</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The normal physiology of conditioning of inspired gases is altered when the patient requires an artificial airway access and an invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). The endotracheal tube (ETT) removes the natural mechanisms of filtration, humidification and warming of inspired <span class="hlt">air</span>. Despite the noninvasive ventilation (NIMV) in the upper airways, humidification of inspired gas may not be optimal mainly due to the high flow that is being created by the leakage compensation, among other aspects. Any moisture and <span class="hlt">heating</span> deficit is compensated by the large airways of the tracheobronchial tree, these are poorly suited for this task, which alters mucociliary function, quality of secretions, and homeostasis gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system. To avoid the occurrence of these events, external devices that provide humidification, <span class="hlt">heating</span> and filtration have been developed, with different degrees of evidence that support their use. PMID:26312102</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1233584','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1233584"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and related methods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Turner, Terry D.; McKellar, Michael G.</p> <p>2015-12-22</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> include a housing having an inlet and an outlet and forming a portion of a transition chamber. A <span class="hlt">heating</span> member may form another portion of the transition chamber. The <span class="hlt">heating</span> member includes a first end having a first opening and a second end having a second opening larger than the first opening. Methods of conveying a fluid include supplying a first fluid into a transition chamber of a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, supplying a second fluid into the transition chamber, and altering a state of a portion of the first fluid with the second fluid. Methods of sublimating solid particles include conveying a first fluid comprising a material in a solid state into a transition chamber, <span class="hlt">heating</span> the material to a gaseous state by directing a second fluid through a <span class="hlt">heating</span> member and mixing the first fluid and the second fluid.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA629222','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA629222"><span>Microphysics of <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanges</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2003-09-30</p> <p>intensities of the three color components at each point of the image . The ISG imaged an area of the water surface of up to 45 cm (downwind) x 30 cm...notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not...satellite-derived <span class="hlt">sea</span>-surface temperature (SST) fields into meaningful climatologies and to more physically-based applications of satellite data to studies</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS21B1971J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS21B1971J"><span>High-resolution modeling of local <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction within the Marine Continent using COAMPS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jensen, T. G.; Chen, S.; Flatau, M. K.; Smith, T.; Rydbeck, A.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The Maritime Continent (MC) is a region of intense deep atmospheric convection that serves as an important source of forcing for the Hadley and Walker circulations. The convective activity in the MC region spans multiple scales from local mesoscales to regional scales, and impacts equatorial wave propagation, coupled <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction and intra seasonal oscillations. The complex distribution of islands, shallow <span class="hlt">seas</span> with fairly small <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage and deep <span class="hlt">seas</span> with large <span class="hlt">heat</span> capacity is challenging to model. Diurnal convection over land-<span class="hlt">sea</span> is part of a land-<span class="hlt">sea</span> breeze system on a small scale, and is highly influenced by large variations in orography over land and marginal <span class="hlt">seas</span>. Daytime solar insolation, run-off from the Archipelago and nighttime rainfall tends to stabilize the water column, while mixing by tidal currents and locally forced winds promote vertical mixing. The runoff from land and rivers and high net precipitation result in fresh water lenses that enhance vertical stability in the water column and help maintain high SST. We use the fully coupled atmosphere-ocean-wave version of the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) developed at NRL with resolution of a few kilometers to investigate the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction associated with the land-<span class="hlt">sea</span> breeze system in the MC under active and inactive phases of the Madden-Julian Oscillation. The high resolution enables simulation of strong SST gradients associated with local upwelling in deeper waters and strong salinity gradients near rivers and from heavy precipitation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865825','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865825"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for reactor core and the like</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Kaufman, Jay S.; Kissinger, John A.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>A compact bayonet tube type <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> which finds particular application as an auxiliary <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for transfer of <span class="hlt">heat</span> from a reactor gas coolant to a secondary fluid medium. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is supported within a vertical cavity in a reactor vessel intersected by a reactor coolant passage at its upper end and having a reactor coolant return duct spaced below the inlet passage. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> includes a plurality of relatively short length bayonet type <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> tube assemblies adapted to pass a secondary fluid medium therethrough and supported by primary and secondary tube sheets which are releasibly supported in a manner to facilitate removal and inspection of the bayonet tube assemblies from an access area below the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. Inner and outer shrouds extend circumferentially of the tube assemblies and cause the reactor coolant to flow downwardly internally of the shrouds over the tube bundle and exit through the lower end of the inner shroud for passage to the return duct in the reactor vessel.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMOS34B..01S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMOS34B..01S"><span>Tropical Cyclone Induced <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Interactions Over Oceanic Fronts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shay, L. K.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Recent severe tropical cyclones underscore the inherent importance of warm background ocean fronts and their interactions with the atmospheric boundary layer. Central to the question of <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture fluxes, the amount of <span class="hlt">heat</span> available to the tropical cyclone is predicated by the initial mixed layer depth and strength of the stratification that essentially set the level of entrainment mixing at the base of the mixed layer. In oceanic regimes where the ocean mixed layers are thin, shear-induced mixing tends to cool the upper ocean to form cold wakes which reduces the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes. This is an example of negative feedback. By contrast, in regimes where the ocean mixed layers are deep (usually along the western part of the gyres), warm water advection by the nearly steady currents reduces the levels of turbulent mixing by shear instabilities. As these strong near-inertial shears are arrested, more <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture transfers are available through the enthalpy fluxes (typically 1 to 1.5 kW m-2) into the hurricane boundary layer. When tropical cyclones move into favorable or neutral atmospheric conditions, tropical cyclones have a tendency to rapidly intensify as observed over the Gulf of Mexico during Isidore and Lili in 2002, Katrina, Rita and Wilma in 2005, Dean and Felix in 2007 in the Caribbean <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, and Earl in 2010 just north of the Caribbean Islands. To predict these tropical cyclone deepening (as well as weakening) cycles, coupled models must have ocean models with realistic ocean conditions and accurate <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> and vertical mixing parameterizations. Thus, to constrain these models, having complete 3-D ocean profiles juxtaposed with atmospheric profiler measurements prior, during and subsequent to passage is an absolute necessity framed within regional scale satellite derived fields.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JIEIC..96..157C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JIEIC..96..157C"><span>Numerical Calculation and Exergy Equations of Spray <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> Attached to a Main Fan Diffuser</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cui, H.; Wang, H.; Chen, S.</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>In the present study, the energy depreciation rule of spray <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, which is attached to a main fan diffuser, is analyzed based on the second law of thermodynamics. Firstly, the exergy equations of the <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> are deduced. The equations are numerically calculated by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method, and the exergy destruction is quantitatively effected by the <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> structure parameters, working fluid (polluted <span class="hlt">air</span>, i.e., PA; sprayed water, i.e., SW) initial state parameters and the ambient reference parameters. The results are showed: (1) <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer is given priority to latent transfer at the bottom of the <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, and <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer of convection and is equivalent to that of condensation in the upper. (2) With the decrease of initial temperature of SW droplet, the decrease of PA velocity or the ambient reference temperature, and with the increase of a SW droplet size or initial PA temperature, exergy destruction both increase. (3) The exergy efficiency of the <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is 72.1 %. An approach to analyze the energy potential of the <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> may be provided for engineering designs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985agar.symp.....B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985agar.symp.....B"><span>Ceramic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> for gas turbines or turbojets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Boudigues, S.; Fabri, J.</p> <p></p> <p>The required performance goals and several proposed designs for SiC <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> for aerospace turbines are presented. Ceramic materials are explored as a means for achieving higher operating temperatures while controlling the weight and cost of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. Thermodynamic analyses and model tests by ONERA have demonstrated the efficacy of introducing a recooling cycle and placing the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> between stages of the turbine. Sample applications are discussed for small general aviation aircraft and subsonic missiles equipped with single-flux <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. A double-flux <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is considered for an aircraft capable of Mach 0.8 speed and at least 11 km altitude for cruise. Finally, the results of initial attempts to manufacture SiC honeycomb <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are detailed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090017988&hterms=heat+exchanger&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dheat%2Bexchanger','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090017988&hterms=heat+exchanger&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dheat%2Bexchanger"><span>Phase Change Material <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> Life Test</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lillibridge, Sean; Stephan, Ryan</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Low Lunar Orbit (LLO) poses unique thermal challenges for the orbiting space craft, particularly regarding the performance of the radiators. The IR environment of the space craft varies drastically from the light side to the dark side of the moon. The result is a situation where a radiator sized for the maximal <span class="hlt">heat</span> load in the most adverse situation is subject to freezing on the dark side of the orbit. One solution to this problem is to implement Phase Change Material (PCM) <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span>. PCM <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span> act as a "thermal capacitor," storing thermal energy when there is too much being produced by the space craft to reject to space, and then feeding that energy back into the thermal loop when conditions are more favorable. Because they do not use an expendable resource, such as the feed water used by sublimators and evaporators, PCM <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span> are ideal for long duration LLO missions. In order to validate the performance of PCM <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span>, a life test is being conducted on four n-Pentadecane, carbon filament <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. Fluid loop performance, repeatability, and measurement of performance degradation over 2500 melt-freeze cycles will be performed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/866757','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/866757"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for fuel cell power plant reformer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Misage, Robert; Scheffler, Glenn W.; Setzer, Herbert J.; Margiott, Paul R.; Parenti, Jr., Edmund K.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> uses the <span class="hlt">heat</span> from processed fuel gas from a reformer for a fuel cell to superheat steam, to preheat raw fuel prior to entering the reformer and to <span class="hlt">heat</span> a water-steam coolant mixture from the fuel cells. The processed fuel gas temperature is thus lowered to a level useful in the fuel cell reaction. The four temperature adjustments are accomplished in a single <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> with only three <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer cores. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is preheated by circulating coolant and purge steam from the power section during startup of the latter.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016E%26ES...36a2005P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016E%26ES...36a2005P"><span>Physical explosion analysis in <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> network design</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pasha, M.; Zaini, D.; Shariff, A. M.</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>The failure of shell and tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> is being extensively experienced by the chemical process industries. This failure can create a loss of production for long time duration. Moreover, loss of containment through <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> could potentially lead to a credible event such as fire, explosion and toxic release. There is a need to analyse the possible worst case effect originated from the loss of containment of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> at the early design stage. Physical explosion analysis during the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> network design is presented in this work. Baker and Prugh explosion models are deployed for assessing the explosion effect. Microsoft Excel integrated with process design simulator through object linking and embedded (OLE) automation for this analysis. Aspen HYSYS V (8.0) used as a simulation platform in this work. A typical <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> network of steam reforming and shift conversion process was presented as a case study. It is investigated from this analysis that overpressure generated from the physical explosion of each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> can be estimated in a more precise manner by using Prugh model. The present work could potentially assist the design engineer to identify the critical <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in the network at the preliminary design stage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993STIN...9325136S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993STIN...9325136S"><span>Test results of a Stirling engine utilizing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> modules with an integral <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Skupinski, Robert C.; Tower, Leonard K.; Madi, Frank J.; Brusk, Kevin D.</p> <p>1993-04-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pipe Stirling Engine (HP-1000), a free-piston Stirling engine incorporating three <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> modules, each having a sodium filled <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe, has been tested at the NASA-Lewis Research Center as part of the Civil Space Technology Initiative (CSTI). The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> modules were designed to reduce the number of potential flow leak paths in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> assembly and incorporate a <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe as the link between the <span class="hlt">heat</span> source and the engine. An existing RE-1000 free-piston Stirling engine was modified to operate using the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> modules. This paper describes <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> module and engine performance during baseline testing. Condenser temperature profiles, brake power, and efficiency are presented and discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930015947','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930015947"><span>Test results of a Stirling engine utilizing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> modules with an integral <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Skupinski, Robert C.; Tower, Leonard K.; Madi, Frank J.; Brusk, Kevin D.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pipe Stirling Engine (HP-1000), a free-piston Stirling engine incorporating three <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> modules, each having a sodium filled <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe, has been tested at the NASA-Lewis Research Center as part of the Civil Space Technology Initiative (CSTI). The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> modules were designed to reduce the number of potential flow leak paths in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> assembly and incorporate a <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe as the link between the <span class="hlt">heat</span> source and the engine. An existing RE-1000 free-piston Stirling engine was modified to operate using the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> modules. This paper describes <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> module and engine performance during baseline testing. Condenser temperature profiles, brake power, and efficiency are presented and discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19820015568','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19820015568"><span>Size distribution of oceanic <span class="hlt">air</span> bubbles entrained in <span class="hlt">sea</span>-water by wave-breaking</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Resch, F.; Avellan, F.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>The size of oceanic <span class="hlt">air</span> bubbles produced by whitecaps and wave-breaking is determined. The production of liquid aerosols at the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface is predicted. These liquid aerosols are at the origin of most of the particulate materials <span class="hlt">exchanged</span> between the ocean and the atmosphere. A prototype was designed and built using an optical technique based on the principle of light scattering at an angle of ninety degrees from the incident light beam. The output voltage is a direct function of the bubble diameter. Calibration of the probe was carried out within a range of 300 microns to 1.2 mm. Bubbles produced by wave-breaking in a large <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction simulating facility. Experimental results are given in the form of size spectrum.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..357a2014A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..357a2014A"><span>Optimization of geometric parameters of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> pipes pin finning</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Akulov, K. A.; Golik, V. V.; Voronin, K. S.; Zakirzakov, A. G.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The work is devoted to optimization of geometric parameters of the pin finning of <span class="hlt">heat-exchanging</span> pipes. Pin fins were considered from the point of view of mechanics of a deformed solid body as overhang beams with a uniformly distributed load. It was found out under what geometric parameters of the nib (diameter and length); the stresses in it from the influence of the washer fluid will not exceed the yield strength of the material (aluminum). Optimal values of the geometric parameters of nibs were obtained for different velocities of the medium washed by them. As a flow medium, water and <span class="hlt">air</span> were chosen, and the cross section of the nibs was round and square. Pin finning turned out to be more than 3 times more compact than circumferential finning, so its use makes it possible to increase the number of fins per meter of the <span class="hlt">heat-exchanging</span> pipe. And it is well-known that this is the main method for increasing the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer of a convective surface, giving them an indisputable advantage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860001920','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860001920"><span>Criteria for scaling <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> to miniature size</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Rudolfvonrohr, P. B.; Smith, J. L., Jr.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of this work is to highlight the particular aspects of miniature <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> performance and to determine an appropriate design approach. A thermodynamic analysis is performed to express the generated entropy as a function of material and geometric characteristics of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. This expression is then used to size miniature <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS.980a2021V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS.980a2021V"><span>Thermo-aerodynamic efficiency of non-circular ducts with vortex enhancement of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> in different types of compact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vasilev, V. Ya; Nikiforova, S. A.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Experimental studies of thermo-aerodynamic characteristics of non-circular ducts with discrete turbulators on walls and interrupted channels have confirmed the rational enhancement of convective <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer, in which the growth of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer outstrips or equals the growth of aerodynamic losses. Determining the regularities of rational (energy-saving) enhancement of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer and the proposed method for comparing the characteristics of smooth-channel (without enhancement) <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> with effective analogs provide new results, confirming the high efficiency of vortex enhancement of convective <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer in non-circular ducts of plate-finned <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> surfaces. This allows creating <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> with much smaller mass and volume for operation in energy-saving modes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040171485','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040171485"><span>Micro-Scale Regenerative <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Moran, Matthew E.; Stelter, Stephan; Stelter, Manfred</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>A micro-scale regenerative <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> has been designed, optimized and fabricated for use in a micro-Stirling device. Novel design and fabrication techniques enabled the minimization of axial <span class="hlt">heat</span> conduction losses and pressure drop, while maximizing thermal regenerative performance. The fabricated prototype is comprised of ten separate assembled layers of alternating metal-dielectric composite. Each layer is offset to minimize conduction losses and maximize <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer by boundary layer disruption. A grating pattern of 100 micron square non-contiguous flow passages were formed with a nominal 20 micron wall thickness, and an overall assembled ten-layer thickness of 900 microns. Application of the micro <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is envisioned in the areas of micro-refrigerators/coolers, micropower devices, and micro-fluidic devices.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPO44C3165S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPO44C3165S"><span>Monsoon-driven variability in the southern Red <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and the <span class="hlt">exchange</span> with the Indian Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sofianos, S. S.; Papadopoulos, V. P.; Abualnaja, Y.; Nenes, A.; Hoteit, I.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Although progress has been achieved in describing and understanding the mean state and seasonal cycle of the Red <span class="hlt">Sea</span> dynamics, their interannual variability is not yet well evaluated and explained. The thermohaline characteristics and the circulation patterns present strong variability at various time scales and are affected by the strong and variable atmospheric forcing and the <span class="hlt">exchange</span> with the Indian Ocean and the gulfs located at the northern end of the basin. <span class="hlt">Sea</span> surface temperature time-series, derived from satellite observations, show considerable trends and interannual variations. The spatial variability pattern is very diverse, especially in the north-south direction. The southern part of the Red <span class="hlt">Sea</span> is significantly influenced by the Indian Monsoon variability that affects the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature through the surface fluxes and the circulation patterns. This variability has also a strong impact on the lateral fluxes and the <span class="hlt">exchange</span> with the Indian Ocean through the strait of Bab el Mandeb. During summer, there is a reversal of the surface flow and an intermediate intrusion of a relatively cold and fresh water mass. This water originates from the Gulf of Aden (the Gulf of Aden Intermediate Water - GAIW), is identified in the southern part of the basin and spreads northward along the eastern Red <span class="hlt">Sea</span> boundary to approximately 24°N and carried across the Red <span class="hlt">Sea</span> by basin-size eddies. The GAIW intrusion plays an important role in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> and freshwater budget of the southern Red <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, especially in summer, impacting the thermohaline characteristics of the region. It is a permanent feature of the summer <span class="hlt">exchange</span> flow but it exhibits significant variation from year to year. The intrusion is controlled by a monsoon-driven pressure gradient in the two ends of the strait and thus monsoon interannual variability can laterally impose its signal to the southern Red <span class="hlt">Sea</span> thermohaline patterns.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HMT...tmp...69L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HMT...tmp...69L"><span>Numerical analysis on interactions between fluid flow and structure deformation in plate-fin <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> by Galerkin method</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Jing-cheng; Wei, Xiu-ting; Zhou, Zhi-yong; Wei, Zhen-wen</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The fluid-structure interaction performance of plate-fin <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (PFHE) with serrated fins in large scale <span class="hlt">air</span>-separation equipment was investigated in this paper. The stress and deformation of fins were analyzed, besides, the interaction equations were deduced by Galerkin method. The governing equations of fluid flow and <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer in PFHE were deduced by finite volume method (FVM). The distribution of strain and stress were calculated in large scale <span class="hlt">air</span> separation equipment and the coupling situation of serrated fins under laminar situation was analyzed. The results indicated that the interactions between fins and fluid flow in the <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> have significant impacts on <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer enhancement, meanwhile, the strain and stress of fins includes dynamic pressure of the sealing head and flow impact with the increase of flow velocity. The impacts are especially significant at the conjunction of two fins because of the non-alignment fins. It can be concluded that the soldering process and channel width led to structure deformation of fins in the <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, and degraded <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer efficiency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18699084','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18699084"><span>Wire-packed <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> for dilution refrigerators.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Polturak, E; Rappaport, M; Rosenbaum, R</p> <p>1978-03-01</p> <p>Very simple wire-packed step <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> for dilution refrigerators are described. No sintering is used in fabrication. Flow impedances and thermal resistance between the liquid and the copper wires are low. A refrigerator with five wire-packed <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> in addition to a countercurrent <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> attains a temperature of 11.4 mK with a single mixing chamber and 6.1 mK with two mixing chambers. High cooling power is achieved at modest (3)He circulation rates.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/id0443.photos.220119p/','SCIGOV-HHH'); return false;" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/id0443.photos.220119p/"><span>ETR COMPRESSOR BUILDING, TRA643. CAMERA FACES NORTHEAST. WATER <span class="hlt">HEAT</span> <span class="hlt">EXCHANGER</span> ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/">Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>ETR COMPRESSOR BUILDING, TRA-643. CAMERA FACES NORTHEAST. WATER <span class="hlt">HEAT</span> <span class="hlt">EXCHANGER</span> IS IN LEFT FOREGROUND. A PARTIALLY ASSEMBLED PLANT <span class="hlt">AIR</span> CONDITIONER IS AT CENTER. WORKERS AT RIGHT ASSEMBLE 4000 HORSEPOWER COMPRESSOR DRIVE MOTOR AT RIGHT. INL NEGATIVE NO. 56-3714. R.G. Larsen, Photographer, 11/13/1956 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Test Reactor Area, Materials & Engineering Test Reactors, Scoville, Butte County, ID</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995TellB..47..447I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995TellB..47..447I"><span><span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of CO2 in the central and western equatorial Pacific in 1990</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ishii, Masao; Yoshikawa Inoue, Hisayuki</p> <p>1995-09-01</p> <p>Measurements of CO2 in marine boundary <span class="hlt">air</span> and in surface seawater of the central and western Pacific west of 150°W were made during the period from September to December 1990. The meridional section along 150°W showed pCO2(<span class="hlt">sea</span>) maximum over 410 µatm between the equator and 3°S due to strong equatorial upwelling. In the equatorial Pacific between 150°W and 179°E, pCO2(<span class="hlt">sea</span>) decreased gradually toward the west as a result of biological CO2 uptake and surface <span class="hlt">sea</span> temperature increase. Between 179°E and 170°E, the pCO2(<span class="hlt">sea</span>) decreased steeply from 400 µatm to 350 µatm along with a decrease of salinity. West of 170°E, where the salinity is low owing to the heavy rainfall, pCO2(<span class="hlt">sea</span>) was nearly equal to pCO2(<span class="hlt">air</span>). The distribution of the atmospheric CO2 concentration showed a considerable variability (±3ppm) in the area north of the Intertropical Convergence Zone due to the regional net source-sink strength of the terrestrial biosphere. The net CO2 flux from the <span class="hlt">sea</span> to the atmosphere in the equatorial region of the central and western Pacific (15°S-10°N, 140°E-150°W) was evaluated from the ΔpCO2 distribution and the several gas transfer coefficients reported so far. It ranged from 0.13 GtC year<img src="/entityImage/script/2212.gif" alt="-" border="0" style="font-weight: bold"></img>1-0.29 GtC year<img src="/entityImage/script/2212.gif" alt="-" border="0" style="font-weight: bold"></img>1. This CO2 outflux is thought to almost disappear during the period of an El Niño event.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770014607','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770014607"><span>Brayton-cycle <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> technology program</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Killackey, J. J.; Coombs, M. G.; Graves, R. F.; Morse, C. J.</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>The following five tasks designed to advance this development of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> systems for close loop Brayton cycle power systems are presented: (1) <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer and pressure drop data for a finned tubular <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer matrix. The tubes are arranged in a triangular array with copper stainless steel laminate strips helically wound on the tubes to form a disk fin geometry; (2) the development of a modularized waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. Means to provide verified double containment are described; (3) the design, fabrication, and test of compact plate fin <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> representative of full scale Brayton cycle recuperators; (4) the analysis and design of bellows suitable for operation at 1600 F and 200 psia for 1,000 cycles and 50,000 hours creep life; and (5) screening tests used to select a low cost braze alloy with the desirable attributes of a gold base alloy. A total of 22 different alloys were investigated; the final selection was Nicrobraz 30.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1344124','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1344124"><span>Compact Ceramic Microchannel <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Lewinsohn, Charles</p> <p></p> <p>The objective of the proposed work was to demonstrate the feasibility of a step change in power plant efficiency at a commercially viable cost, by obtaining performance data for prototype, compact, ceramic microchannel <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. By performing the tasks described in the initial proposal, all of the milestones were met. The work performed will advance the technology from Technology Readiness Level 3 (TRL 3) to Technology Readiness Level 4 (TRL 4) and validate the potential of using these <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> for enabling high efficiency solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) or high-temperature turbine-based power plants. The attached report will describe howmore » this objective was met. In collaboration with The Colorado School of Mines (CSM), specifications were developed for a high temperature <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for three commercial microturbines. Microturbines were selected because they are a more mature commercial technology than SOFC, they are a low-volume and high-value target for market entry of high-temperature <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, and they are essentially scaled-down versions of turbines used in utility-scale power plants. Using these specifications, microchannel dimensions were selected to meet the performance requirements. Ceramic plates were fabricated with microchannels of these dimensions. The plates were tested at room temperature and elevated temperature. Plates were joined together to make modular, <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> stacks that were tested at a variety of temperatures and flow rates. Although gas flow rates equivalent to those in microturbines could not be achieved in the laboratory environment, the results showed expected efficiencies, robust operation under significant temperature gradients at high temperature, and the ability to cycle the stacks. Details of the methods and results are presented in this final report.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HMT....53.3013L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HMT....53.3013L"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> transfer and pressure drop characteristics of the tube bank fin <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> with fin punched with flow redistributors and curved triangular vortex generators</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Song; Jin, Hua; Song, KeWei; Wang, LiangChen; Wu, Xiang; Wang, LiangBi</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer performance of the tube bank fin <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is limited by the <span class="hlt">air</span>-side thermal resistance. Thus, enhancing the <span class="hlt">air</span>-side <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer is an effective method to improve the performance of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. A new fin pattern with flow redistributors and curved triangular vortex generators is experimentally studied in this paper. The effects of the flow redistributors located in front of the tube stagnation point and the curved vortex generators located around the tube on the characteristics of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer and pressure drop are discussed in detail. A performance comparison is also carried out between the fins with and without flow redistributors. The experimental results show that the flow redistributors stamped out from the fin in front of the tube stagnation points can decrease the friction factor at the cost of decreasing the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer performance. Whether the combination of the flow redistributors and the curved vortex generators will present a better <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer performance depends on the size of the curved vortex generators. As for the studied two sizes of vortex generators, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer performance is promoted by the flow redistributors for the fin with larger size of vortex generators and the performance is suppressed by the flow redistributors for the fin with smaller vortex generators.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150021776','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150021776"><span>A Liquid-Liquid Thermoelectric <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> as a <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pump for Testing Phase Change Material <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sheth, Rubik B.; Makinen, Janice; Le, Hung V.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The primary objective of the Phase Change HX payload on the International Space Station (ISS) is to test and demonstrate the viability and performance of Phase Change Material <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span> (PCM HX). The system was required to pump a working fluid through a PCM HX to promote the phase change material to freeze and thaw as expected on Orion's Multipurpose Crew Vehicle. Due to limitations on ISS's Internal Thermal Control System, a <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump was needed on the Phase Change HX payload to help with reducing the working fluid's temperature to below 0degC (32degF). This paper will review the design and development of a TEC based liquid-liquid <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> as a way to vary to fluid temperature for the freeze and thaw phase of the PCM HX. Specifically, the paper will review the design of custom coldplates and sizing for the required <span class="hlt">heat</span> removal of the HX.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864218','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864218"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> support apparatus in a fluidized bed</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Lawton, Carl W.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is mounted in the upper portion of a fluidized combusting bed for the control of the temperature of the bed. A support, made up of tubes, is extended from the perforated plate of the fluidized bed up to the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The tubular support framework for the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> has liquid circulated therethrough to prevent deterioration of the support.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900000418&hterms=heat+recovery&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dheat%2Brecovery','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900000418&hterms=heat+recovery&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dheat%2Brecovery"><span>Probe Measures Fouling As In <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Marner, Wilbur J.; Macdavid, Kenton S.</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Combustion deposits reduce transfer of <span class="hlt">heat</span>. Instrument measures fouling like that on gas side of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in direct-fired boiler or <span class="hlt">heat</span>-recovery system. <span class="hlt">Heat</span>-flux probe includes tube with embedded meter in outer shell. Combustion gases flow over probe, and fouling accumulates on it, just as fouling would on <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. Embedded <span class="hlt">heat</span>-flow meter is sandwich structure in which thin Chromel layers and middle alloy form thermopile. Users determine when fouling approaches unacceptable levels so they schedule cleaning and avoid decreased transfer of <span class="hlt">heat</span> and increased drop in pressure fouling causes. Avoids cost of premature, unnecessary maintenance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/986216','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/986216"><span>Carbon nanotube <span class="hlt">heat-exchange</span> systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Hendricks, Terry Joseph; Heben, Michael J.</p> <p>2008-11-11</p> <p>A carbon nanotube <span class="hlt">heat-exchange</span> system (10) and method for producing the same. One embodiment of the carbon nanotube <span class="hlt">heat-exchange</span> system (10) comprises a microchannel structure (24) having an inlet end (30) and an outlet end (32), the inlet end (30) providing a cooling fluid into the microchannel structure (24) and the outlet end (32) discharging the cooling fluid from the microchannel structure (24). At least one flow path (28) is defined in the microchannel structure (24), fluidically connecting the inlet end (30) to the outlet end (32) of the microchannel structure (24). A carbon nanotube structure (26) is provided in thermal contact with the microchannel structure (24), the carbon nanotube structure (26) receiving <span class="hlt">heat</span> from the cooling fluid in the microchannel structure (24) and dissipating the <span class="hlt">heat</span> into an external medium (19).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19770000365&hterms=water+supply&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dwater%2Bsupply','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19770000365&hterms=water+supply&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dwater%2Bsupply"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for solar water heaters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Cash, M.; Krupnick, A. C.</p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>Proposed efficient double-walled <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> prevents contamination of domestic water supply lines and indicates leakage automatically in solar as well as nonsolar <span class="hlt">heat</span> sources using water as <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer medium.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800002554','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800002554"><span>Portable breathing system. [a breathing apparatus using a rebreathing system of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> for carbon dioxide removal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lovell, J. S. (Inventor)</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>A semiclosed-loop rebreathing system is discussed for use in a hostile environment. A packed bed regenerative <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> providing two distinct temperature humidity zones of breathing gas with one zone providing cool, relatively dry <span class="hlt">air</span> and the second zone providing hot, moist <span class="hlt">air</span> is described.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780014530','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780014530"><span>Preliminary design package for maxi-therm <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> module</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> were developed for use in a solar <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling system installed in a single family dwelling. Each of the three <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> consisted of a <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling module and a submersed electric water <span class="hlt">heating</span> element. Information necessary to evaluate the preliminary design of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is presented in terms of the development and verification plans, performance specifications, installation and maintenance, and hazard analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4379147','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4379147"><span>Fault Diagnosis for the <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> of the Aircraft Environmental Control System Based on the Strong Tracking Filter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ma, Jian; Lu, Chen; Liu, Hongmei</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The aircraft environmental control system (ECS) is a critical aircraft system, which provides the appropriate environmental conditions to ensure the safe transport of <span class="hlt">air</span> passengers and equipment. The functionality and reliability of ECS have received increasing attention in recent years. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is a particularly significant component of the ECS, because its failure decreases the system’s efficiency, which can lead to catastrophic consequences. Fault diagnosis of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is necessary to prevent risks. However, two problems hinder the implementation of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> fault diagnosis in practice. First, the actual measured parameter of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> cannot effectively reflect the fault occurrence, whereas the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> faults are usually depicted by utilizing the corresponding fault-related state parameters that cannot be measured directly. Second, both the traditional Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and the EKF-based Double Model Filter have certain disadvantages, such as sensitivity to modeling errors and difficulties in selection of initialization values. To solve the aforementioned problems, this paper presents a fault-related parameter adaptive estimation method based on strong tracking filter (STF) and Modified Bayes classification algorithm for fault detection and failure mode classification of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, respectively. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> fault simulation is conducted to generate fault data, through which the proposed methods are validated. The results demonstrate that the proposed methods are capable of providing accurate, stable, and rapid fault diagnosis of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. PMID:25823010</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25823010','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25823010"><span>Fault diagnosis for the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> of the aircraft environmental control system based on the strong tracking filter.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ma, Jian; Lu, Chen; Liu, Hongmei</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The aircraft environmental control system (ECS) is a critical aircraft system, which provides the appropriate environmental conditions to ensure the safe transport of <span class="hlt">air</span> passengers and equipment. The functionality and reliability of ECS have received increasing attention in recent years. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is a particularly significant component of the ECS, because its failure decreases the system's efficiency, which can lead to catastrophic consequences. Fault diagnosis of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is necessary to prevent risks. However, two problems hinder the implementation of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> fault diagnosis in practice. First, the actual measured parameter of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> cannot effectively reflect the fault occurrence, whereas the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> faults are usually depicted by utilizing the corresponding fault-related state parameters that cannot be measured directly. Second, both the traditional Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and the EKF-based Double Model Filter have certain disadvantages, such as sensitivity to modeling errors and difficulties in selection of initialization values. To solve the aforementioned problems, this paper presents a fault-related parameter adaptive estimation method based on strong tracking filter (STF) and Modified Bayes classification algorithm for fault detection and failure mode classification of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, respectively. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> fault simulation is conducted to generate fault data, through which the proposed methods are validated. The results demonstrate that the proposed methods are capable of providing accurate, stable, and rapid fault diagnosis of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ACP....18.4297L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ACP....18.4297L"><span>Using eddy covariance to measure the dependence of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 <span class="hlt">exchange</span> rate on friction velocity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Landwehr, Sebastian; Miller, Scott D.; Smith, Murray J.; Bell, Thomas G.; Saltzman, Eric S.; Ward, Brian</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Parameterisation of the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas transfer velocity of CO2 and other trace gases under open-ocean conditions has been a focus of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction research and is required for accurately determining ocean carbon uptake. Ships are the most widely used platform for <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> flux measurements but the quality of the data can be compromised by airflow distortion and sensor cross-sensitivity effects. Recent improvements in the understanding of these effects have led to enhanced corrections to the shipboard eddy covariance (EC) measurements.Here, we present a revised analysis of eddy covariance measurements of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 and momentum fluxes from the Southern Ocean Surface Ocean Aerosol Production (SOAP) study. We show that it is possible to significantly reduce the scatter in the EC data and achieve consistency between measurements taken on station and with the ship underway. The gas transfer velocities from the EC measurements correlate better with the EC friction velocity (u*) than with mean wind speeds derived from shipboard measurements corrected with an airflow distortion model. For the observed range of wind speeds (u10 N = 3-23 m s-1), the transfer velocities can be parameterised with a linear fit to u*. The SOAP data are compared to previous gas transfer parameterisations using u10 N computed from the EC friction velocity with the drag coefficient from the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) model version 3.5. The SOAP results are consistent with previous gas transfer studies, but at high wind speeds they do not support the sharp increase in gas transfer associated with bubble-mediated transfer predicted by physically based models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27192218','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27192218"><span>Regulation of <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> across the Hornbill Beak: Functional Similarities with Toucans?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>van de Ven, T M F N; Martin, R O; Vink, T J F; McKechnie, A E; Cunningham, S J</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Beaks are increasingly recognised as important contributors to avian thermoregulation. Several studies supporting Allen's rule demonstrate how beak size is under strong selection related to latitude and/or <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature (Ta). Moreover, active regulation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer from the beak has recently been demonstrated in a toucan (Ramphastos toco, Ramphastidae), with the large beak acting as an important contributor to <span class="hlt">heat</span> dissipation. We hypothesised that hornbills (Bucerotidae) likewise use their large beaks for non-evaporative <span class="hlt">heat</span> dissipation, and used thermal imaging to quantify <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> over a range of <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures in eighteen desert-living Southern Yellow-billed Hornbills (Tockus leucomelas). We found that hornbills dissipate <span class="hlt">heat</span> via the beak at <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures between 30.7°C and 41.4°C. The difference between beak surface and environmental temperatures abruptly increased when <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature was within ~10°C below body temperature, indicating active regulation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss. Maximum observed <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss via the beak was 19.9% of total non-evaporative <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss across the body surface. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> loss per unit surface area via the beak more than doubled at Ta > 30.7°C compared to Ta < 30.7°C and at its peak dissipated 25.1 W m-2. Maximum <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux rate across the beak of toucans under comparable convective conditions was calculated to be as high as 61.4 W m-2. The threshold <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature at which toucans vasodilated their beak was lower than that of the hornbills, and thus had a larger potential for <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss at lower <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures. Respiratory cooling (panting) thresholds were also lower in toucans compared to hornbills. Both beak vasodilation and panting threshold temperatures are potentially explained by differences in acclimation to environmental conditions and in the efficiency of evaporative cooling under differing environmental conditions. We speculate that non-evaporative <span class="hlt">heat</span> dissipation may be a particularly important mechanism for</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4871549','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4871549"><span>Regulation of <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> across the Hornbill Beak: Functional Similarities with Toucans?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Martin, R. O.; Vink, T. J. F.; McKechnie, A. E.; Cunningham, S. J.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Beaks are increasingly recognised as important contributors to avian thermoregulation. Several studies supporting Allen’s rule demonstrate how beak size is under strong selection related to latitude and/or <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature (Ta). Moreover, active regulation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer from the beak has recently been demonstrated in a toucan (Ramphastos toco, Ramphastidae), with the large beak acting as an important contributor to <span class="hlt">heat</span> dissipation. We hypothesised that hornbills (Bucerotidae) likewise use their large beaks for non-evaporative <span class="hlt">heat</span> dissipation, and used thermal imaging to quantify <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> over a range of <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures in eighteen desert-living Southern Yellow-billed Hornbills (Tockus leucomelas). We found that hornbills dissipate <span class="hlt">heat</span> via the beak at <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures between 30.7°C and 41.4°C. The difference between beak surface and environmental temperatures abruptly increased when <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature was within ~10°C below body temperature, indicating active regulation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss. Maximum observed <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss via the beak was 19.9% of total non-evaporative <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss across the body surface. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> loss per unit surface area via the beak more than doubled at Ta > 30.7°C compared to Ta < 30.7°C and at its peak dissipated 25.1 W m-2. Maximum <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux rate across the beak of toucans under comparable convective conditions was calculated to be as high as 61.4 W m-2. The threshold <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature at which toucans vasodilated their beak was lower than that of the hornbills, and thus had a larger potential for <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss at lower <span class="hlt">air</span> temperatures. Respiratory cooling (panting) thresholds were also lower in toucans compared to hornbills. Both beak vasodilation and panting threshold temperatures are potentially explained by differences in acclimation to environmental conditions and in the efficiency of evaporative cooling under differing environmental conditions. We speculate that non-evaporative <span class="hlt">heat</span> dissipation may be a particularly important mechanism for</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1042892','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1042892"><span>Foundation <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> Final Report: Demonstration, Measured Performance, and Validated Model and Design Tool</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hughes, Patrick; Im, Piljae</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>Geothermal <span class="hlt">heat</span> pumps, sometimes called ground-source <span class="hlt">heat</span> pumps (GSHPs), have been proven capable of significantly reducing energy use and peak demand in buildings. Conventional equipment for controlling the temperature and humidity of a building, or supplying hot water and fresh outdoor <span class="hlt">air</span>, must <span class="hlt">exchange</span> energy (or <span class="hlt">heat</span>) with the building's outdoor environment. Equipment using the ground as a <span class="hlt">heat</span> source and <span class="hlt">heat</span> sink consumes less non-renewable energy (electricity and fossil fuels) because the earth is cooler than outdoor <span class="hlt">air</span> in summer and warmer in winter. The most important barrier to rapid growth of the GSHP industry is high first costmore » of GSHP systems to consumers. The most common GSHP system utilizes a closed-loop ground <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. This type of GSHP system can be used almost anywhere. There is reason to believe that reducing the cost of closed-loop systems is the strategy that would achieve the greatest energy savings with GSHP technology. The cost premium of closed-loop GSHP systems over conventional space conditioning and water <span class="hlt">heating</span> systems is primarily associated with drilling boreholes or excavating trenches, installing vertical or horizontal ground <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, and backfilling the excavations. This project investigates reducing the cost of horizontal closed-loop ground <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> by installing them in the construction excavations, augmented when necessary with additional trenches. This approach applies only to new construction of residential and light commercial buildings or additions to such buildings. In the business-as-usual scenario, construction excavations are not used for the horizontal ground <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (HGHX); instead the HGHX is installed entirely in trenches dug specifically for that purpose. The potential cost savings comes from using the construction excavations for the installation of ground <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, thereby minimizing the need and expense of digging additional trenches. The term foundation <span class="hlt">heat</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17706652','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17706652"><span>Observer-based monitoring of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Astorga-Zaragoza, Carlos-Manuel; Alvarado-Martínez, Víctor-Manuel; Zavala-Río, Arturo; Méndez-Ocaña, Rafael-Maxim; Guerrero-Ramírez, Gerardo-Vicente</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>The goal of this work is to provide a method for monitoring performance degradation in counter-flow double-pipe <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. The overall <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient is estimated by an adaptive observer and monitored in order to infer when the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> needs preventive or corrective maintenance. A simplified mathematical model is used to synthesize the adaptive observer and a more complex model is used for simulation. The reliability of the proposed method was demonstrated via numerical simulations and laboratory experiments with a bench-scale pilot plant.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.891a2162M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.891a2162M"><span>The solution of private problems for optimization <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> parameters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Melekhin, A.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The relevance of the topic due to the decision of problems of the economy of resources in <span class="hlt">heating</span> systems of buildings. To solve this problem we have developed an integrated method of research which allows solving tasks on optimization of parameters of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. This method decides multicriteria optimization problem with the program nonlinear optimization on the basis of software with the introduction of an array of temperatures obtained using thermography. The author have developed a mathematical model of process of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> in <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> surfaces of apparatuses with the solution of multicriteria optimization problem and check its adequacy to the experimental stand in the visualization of thermal fields, an optimal range of managed parameters influencing the process of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> with minimal metal consumption and the maximum <span class="hlt">heat</span> output fin <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, the regularities of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> process with getting generalizing dependencies distribution of temperature on the <span class="hlt">heat</span>-release surface of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> vehicles, defined convergence of the results of research in the calculation on the basis of theoretical dependencies and solving mathematical model.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27882278','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27882278"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> transfer analysis of underground U-type <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> of ground source <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump system.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pei, Guihong; Zhang, Liyin</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Ground source <span class="hlt">heat</span> pumps is a building energy conservation technique. The underground buried pipe <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanging</span> system of a ground source <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump (GSHP) is the basis for the normal operation of an entire <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump system. Computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation software, ANSYS-FLUENT17.0 have been performed the calculations under the working conditions of a continuous and intermittent operation over 7 days on a GSHP with a single-well, single-U and double-U <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and the impact of single-U and double-U buried <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipes on the surrounding rock-soil temperature field and the impact of intermittent operation and continuous operation on the outlet water temperature. The influence on the rock-soil temperature is approximately 13 % higher for the double-U <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> than that of the single-U <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The extracted energy of the intermittent operation is 36.44 kw·h higher than that of the continuous mode, although the running time is lower than that of continuous mode, over the course of 7 days. The thermal interference loss and quantity of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanged</span> for unit well depths at steady-state condition of 2.5 De, 3 De, 4 De, 4.5 De, 5 De, 5.5 De and 6 De of sidetube spacing are detailed in this work. The simulation results of seven working conditions are compared. It is recommended that the side-tube spacing of double-U underground pipes shall be greater than or equal to five times of outer diameter (borehole diameter: 180 mm).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.891a2141K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.891a2141K"><span>Optimization of porous microchannel <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kozhukhov, N. N.; Konovalov, D. A.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The technical progress in information and communication sphere leads to a sharp increase in the use of radio electronic devices. Functioning of radio electronics is accompanied by release of thermal energy, which must be diverted from the <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stressed element. Moreover, using of electronics at negative temperatures, on the contrary, requires supply of a certain amount of <span class="hlt">heat</span> to start the system. There arises the task of creating a system that allows both to supply and to divert the necessary amount of thermal energy. The development of complex thermostabilization systems for radio electronic equipment is due to increasing the efficiency of each of its elements separately. For more efficient operation of a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, which directly affects the temperature of the <span class="hlt">heat</span>-stressed element, it is necessary to calculate the mode characteristics and to take into account the effect of its design parameters. The results of optimizing the microchannel <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> are presented in the article. The target optimization functions are the mass, pressure drop and temperature. The parameters of optimization are the layout of porous fins, their geometric dimensions and coolant flow. For the given conditions, the optimum variant of porous microchannel <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is selected.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120000850','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120000850"><span>The Design, Fabrication, and Testing of Composite <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> Coupons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Quade, Derek J.; Meador, Michael A.; Shin, Euy-Sik; Johnston, James C.; Kuczmarski, Maria A.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Several <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (HX) test panels were designed, fabricated and tested at the NASA Glenn Research Center to explore the fabrication and performance of several designs for composite <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. The development of these light weight, high efficiency <span class="hlt">air</span>-liquid test panels was attempted using polymer composites and carbon foam materials. The fundamental goal of this effort was to demonstrate the feasibility of the composite HX for various space exploration and thermal management applications including Orion CEV and Altair. The specific objectives of this work were to select optimum materials, designs, and to optimize fabrication procedures. After fabrication, the individual design concept prototypes were tested to determine their thermal performance and to guide the future development of full-size engineering development units (EDU). The overall test results suggested that the panel bonded with pre-cured composite laminates to KFOAM Grade L1 scored above the other designs in terms of ease of manufacture and performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22121605','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22121605"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> transfer and pressure drop characteristics of nanofluids in a plate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kwon, Y H; Kim, D; Li, C G; Lee, J K; Hong, D S; Lee, J G; Lee, S H; Cho, Y H; Kim, S H</p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>In this paper, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer characteristics and pressure drop of the ZnO and Al2O3 nanofluids in a plate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> were studied. The experimental conditions were 100-500 Reynolds number and the respective volumetric flow rates. The working temperature of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> was within 20-40 degrees C. The measured thermophysical properties, such as thermal conductivity and kinematic viscosity, were applied to the calculation of the convective <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient of the plate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> employing the ZnO and Al2O3 nanofluids made through a two-step method. According to the Reynolds number, the overall <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient for 6 vol% Al2O3 increased to 30% because at the given viscosity and density of the nanofluids, they did not have the same flow rates. At a given volumetric flow rate, however, the performance did not improve. After the nanofluids were placed in the plate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, the experimental results pertaining to nanofluid efficiency seemed inauspicious.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1054304','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1054304"><span>Secondary <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> Design and Comparison for Advanced High Temperature Reactor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Piyush Sabharwall; Ali Siahpush; Michael McKellar</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>The goals of next generation nuclear reactors, such as the high temperature gas-cooled reactor and advance high temperature reactor (AHTR), are to increase energy efficiency in the production of electricity and provide high temperature <span class="hlt">heat</span> for industrial processes. The efficient transfer of energy for industrial applications depends on the ability to incorporate effective <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> between the nuclear <span class="hlt">heat</span> transport system and the industrial process <span class="hlt">heat</span> transport system. The need for efficiency, compactness, and safety challenge the boundaries of existing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> technology, giving rise to the following study. Various studies have been performed in attempts to update the secondarymore » <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> that is downstream of the primary <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, mostly because its performance is strongly tied to the ability to employ more efficient conversion cycles, such as the Rankine super critical and subcritical cycles. This study considers two different types of <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchangers—helical coiled <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and printed circuit <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchanger—as possible options for the AHTR secondary <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> with the following three different options: (1) A single <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> transfers all the <span class="hlt">heat</span> (3,400 MW(t)) from the intermediate <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer loop to the power conversion system or process plants; (2) Two <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> share <span class="hlt">heat</span> to transfer total <span class="hlt">heat</span> of 3,400 MW(t) from the intermediate <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer loop to the power conversion system or process plants, each <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> transfers 1,700 MW(t) with a parallel configuration; and (3) Three <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> share <span class="hlt">heat</span> to transfer total <span class="hlt">heat</span> of 3,400 MW(t) from the intermediate <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer loop to the power conversion system or process plants. Each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> transfers 1,130 MW(t) with a parallel configuration. A preliminary cost comparison will be provided for all different cases along with challenges and recommendations.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/879713','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/879713"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> With Internal Pin Elements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Gerstmann, Joseph; Hannon, Charles L.</p> <p>2004-01-13</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>/heater comprising a tubular member having a fluid inlet end, a fluid outlet end and plurality of pins secured to the interior wall of the tube. Various embodiments additionally comprise a blocking member disposed concentrically inside the pins, such as a core plug or a baffle array. Also disclosed is a vapor generator employing an internally pinned tube, and a fluid-heater/<span class="hlt">heat-exchanger</span> utilizing an outer jacket tube and fluid-side baffle elements, as well as methods for <span class="hlt">heating</span> a fluid using an internally pinned tube.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1240411','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1240411"><span>Axial flow <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> devices and methods for <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer using axial flow devices</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Koplow, Jeffrey P.</p> <p></p> <p>Systems and methods described herein are directed to rotary <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> configured to transfer <span class="hlt">heat</span> to a <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer medium flowing in substantially axial direction within the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. Exemplary <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> include a <span class="hlt">heat</span> conducting structure which is configured to be in thermal contact with a thermal load or a thermal sink, and a <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer structure rotatably coupled to the <span class="hlt">heat</span> conducting structure to form a gap region between the <span class="hlt">heat</span> conducting structure and the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer structure, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer structure being configured to rotate during operation of the device. In example devices <span class="hlt">heat</span> may be transferredmore » across the gap region from a <span class="hlt">heated</span> axial flow of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer medium to a cool stationary <span class="hlt">heat</span> conducting structure, or from a <span class="hlt">heated</span> stationary conducting structure to a cool axial flow of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer medium.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1084201','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1084201"><span>Method for controlling exhaust gas <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery systems in vehicles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Spohn, Brian L.; Claypole, George M.; Starr, Richard D</p> <p>2013-06-11</p> <p>A method of operating a vehicle including an engine, a transmission, an exhaust gas <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery (EGHR) <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, and an oil-to-water <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> providing selective <span class="hlt">heat-exchange</span> communication between the engine and transmission. The method includes controlling a two-way valve, which is configured to be set to one of an engine position and a transmission position. The engine position allows <span class="hlt">heat-exchange</span> communication between the EGHR <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and the engine, but does not allow <span class="hlt">heat-exchange</span> communication between the EGHR <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and the oil-to-water <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The transmission position allows <span class="hlt">heat-exchange</span> communication between the EGHR <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, the oil-to-water <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, and the engine. The method also includes monitoring an ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature and comparing the monitored ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature to a predetermined cold ambient temperature. If the monitored ambient <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature is greater than the predetermined cold ambient temperature, the two-way valve is set to the transmission position.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MsT.........43K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MsT.........43K"><span>Numerical and Experimental Study of an Ambient <span class="hlt">Air</span> Vaporizer Coupled with a Compact <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kimura, Randon</p> <p></p> <p>The University of Washington was tasked with designing a "21st century engine" that will make use of the thermal energy available in cryogenic gasses due to their coldness. There are currently large quantities of cryogenic gases stored throughout the U.S. at industrial facilities whereupon the regasification process, the potential for the fluid to do work is wasted. The engine proposed by the University of Washington will try to capture some of that wasted energy. One technical challenge that must be overcome during the regasification process is providing frost free operation. This thesis presents the numerical analysis and experimental testing of a passive <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system that uses ambient vaporizers coupled with compact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> to provide frost free operation while minimizing pressure drop.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830002273&hterms=solar+receiver&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Breceiver','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830002273&hterms=solar+receiver&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Breceiver"><span>High-temperature ceramic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> element for a solar thermal receiver</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Strumpf, H. J.; Kotchick, D. M.; Coombs, M. G.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>A study was performed by AiResearch Manufacturing Company, a division of The Garrett Corporation, on the development a high-temperature ceramic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> element to be integrated into a solar receiver producing <span class="hlt">heated</span> <span class="hlt">air</span>. A number of conceptual designs were developed for <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> elements of differing configuration. These were evaluated with respect to thermal performance, pressure drop, structural integrity, and fabricability. The final design selection identified a finned ceramic shell as the most favorable concept. The shell is surrounded by a larger metallic shell. The flanges of the two shells are sealed to provide a leak-tight pressure vessel. The ceramic shell is to be fabricated by an innovative combination of slip casting the receiver walls and precision casting the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer finned plates. The fins are bonded to the shell during firing. The unit is sized to produce 2150 F ar at 2.7 atm pressure, with a pressure drop of about 2 percent of the inlet pressure. This size is compatible with a solar collector providing a receiver input of 85 kw(th). Fabrication of a one-half scale demonstrator ceramic receiver has been completed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20100040574&hterms=common+good&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dcommon%2Bgood','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20100040574&hterms=common+good&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dcommon%2Bgood"><span>International Space Station Common Cabin <span class="hlt">Air</span> Assembly Condensing <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> Hydrophilic Coating Failures and Lessons Learned</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Balistreri, Steven F.; Shaw, Laura A.; Laliberte, Yvon</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The ability to control the temperature and humidity of an environment or habitat is critical for human survival. These factors are important to maintaining human health and comfort, as well as maintaining mechanical and electrical equipment in good working order to support the human and to accomplish mission objectives. The temperature and humidity of the International Space Station (ISS) United States On-orbit Segment (USOS) cabin <span class="hlt">air</span> is controlled by the Common Cabin <span class="hlt">Air</span> Assembly (CCAA). The CCAA consists of a fan, a condensing <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (CHX), an <span class="hlt">air</span>/water separator, temperature and liquid sensors, and electrical controlling hardware and software. The CHX is the primary component responsible for control of temperature and humidity. The CCAA CHX contains a chemical coating that was developed to be hydrophilic and thus attract water from the humid influent <span class="hlt">air</span>. This attraction forms the basis for water removal and therefore cabin humidity control. However, there have been several instances of CHX coatings becoming hydrophobic and repelling water. When this behavior is observed in an operational CHX, the unit s ability to remove moisture from the <span class="hlt">air</span> is compromised and the result is liquid water carryover into downstream ducting and systems. This water carryover can have detrimental effects on the cabin atmosphere quality and on the health of downstream hardware. If the water carryover is severe and widespread, this behavior can result in an inability to maintain humidity levels in the USOS. This paper will describe the operation of the five CCAAs within in the USOS, the potential causes of the hydrophobic condition, and the impacts of the resulting water carryover to downstream systems. It will describe the history of this behavior and the actual observed impacts to the ISS USOS. Information on mitigation steps to protect the health of future CHX hydrophilic coatings and potential remediation techniques will also be discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865056','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865056"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for coal gasification process</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Blasiole, George A.</p> <p>1984-06-19</p> <p>This invention provides a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, particularly useful for systems requiring cooling of hot particulate solids, such as the separated fines from the product gas of a carbonaceous material gasification system. The invention allows effective cooling of a hot particulate in a particle stream (made up of hot particulate and a gas), using gravity as the motive source of the hot particulate. In a preferred form, the invention substitutes a tube structure for the single wall tube of a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The tube structure comprises a tube with a core disposed within, forming a cavity between the tube and the core, and vanes in the cavity which form a flow path through which the hot particulate falls. The outside of the tube is in contact with the cooling fluid of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1899c0010S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1899c0010S"><span>Nanomodified polymer materials for regenerative <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shchegolkov, Alexander; Shchegolkov, Alexey; Dyachkova, Tatyana</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The paper presents thermophysical properties of nanomodified paraffin mixed with polymers as polyethylene or fluoroplastic, which may be effectively used for the development of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> elements of personal protective equipment. It has been experimentally shown that the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> based on the nanomodified polymer composites have twofold mass compared to the standard regenerative <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> with comparable dimensions. The best result has been obtained on the basis of composite containing polyethylene and paraffin modified with CNTs, which thermal conductivity is 1.6 times higher than forconventional paraffin. The application of carbon nanostructures as the modifiers of <span class="hlt">heat</span> storage materials improves cooling efficiency by 14.9-17.9 °C by creating more comfortable conditions for breathing via personal protective equipment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19690000512','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19690000512"><span>Cryogenic fluid flow instabilities in <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Fleming, R. B.; Staub, F. W.</p> <p>1969-01-01</p> <p>Analytical and experimental investigation determines the nature of oscillations and instabilities that occur in the flow of two-phase cryogenic fluids at both subcritical and supercritical pressures in <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. Test results with varying system parameters suggest certain design approaches with regard to <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> geometry.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930062590&hterms=heat+exchanger&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dheat%2Bexchanger','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930062590&hterms=heat+exchanger&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dheat%2Bexchanger"><span>A bi-directional two-phase/two-phase <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ku, Jentung; Ottenstein, Laura</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>This paper describes the design and test of a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> that transfers <span class="hlt">heat</span> from one two-phase thermal loop to another with very small drops in temperature and pressure. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> condenses the vapor in one loop while evaporating the liquid in the other without mixing of the condensing and evaporating fluids. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is bidirectional in that it can transfer <span class="hlt">heat</span> in reverse, condensing on the normally evaporating side and vice versa. It is fully compatible with capillary pumped loops and mechanically pumped loops. Test results verified that performance of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> met the design requirements. It demonstrated a <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer rate of 6800 watts in the normal mode of operation and 1000 watts in the reverse mode with temperature drops of less than 5 C between two thermal loops.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25046608','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25046608"><span>Flux measurements in the surface Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer over the Aegean <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, Greece.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kostopoulos, V E; Helmis, C G</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>Micro-meteorological measurements within the surface Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer took place at the shoreline of two islands at northern and south-eastern Aegean <span class="hlt">Sea</span> of Greece. The primary goal of these experimental campaigns was to study the momentum, <span class="hlt">heat</span> and humidity fluxes over this part of the north-eastern Mediterranean <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, characterized by limited spatial and temporal scales which could affect these <span class="hlt">exchanges</span> at the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface. The great majority of the obtained records from both sites gave higher values up to factor of two, compared with the estimations from the most widely used parametric formulas that came mostly from measurements over open <span class="hlt">seas</span> and oceans. Friction velocity values from both campaigns varied within the same range and presented strong correlation with the wind speed at 10 m height while the calculated drag coefficient values at the same height for both sites were found to be constant in relation with the wind speed. Using eddy correlation analysis, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux values were calculated (virtual <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes varied from -60 to 40 W/m(2)) and it was found that they are affected by the limited spatial and temporal scales of the responding <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction mechanism. Similarly, the humidity fluxes appeared to be strongly influenced by the observed intense spatial heterogeneity of the <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780006689','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780006689"><span>Thermal energy storage <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>: Molten salt <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> design for utility power plants</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ferarra, A.; Yenetchi, G.; Haslett, R.; Kosson, R.</p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>The use of thermal energy storage (TES) in the latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> of molten salts as a means of conserving fossil fuels and lowering the cost of electric power was evaluated. Public utility systems provided electric power on demand. This demand is generally maximum during late weekday afternoons, with considerably lower overnight and weekend loads. Typically, the average demand is only 60% to 80% of peak load. As peak load increases, the present practice is to purchase power from other grid facilities or to bring older less efficient fossil-fuel plants on line which increase the cost of electric power. The widespread use of oil-fired boilers, gas turbine and diesel equipment to meet peaking loads depletes our oil-based energy resources. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> utilizing molten salts can be used to level the energy consumption curve. The study begins with a demand analysis and the consideration of several existing modern fossil-fuel and nuclear power plants for use as models. Salts are evaluated for thermodynamic, economic, corrosive, and safety characteristics. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> concepts are explored and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> designs are conceived. Finally, the economics of TES conversions in existing plants and new construction is analyzed. The study concluded that TES is feasible in electric power generation. Substantial data are presented for TES design, and reference material for further investigation of techniques is included.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhDT.......139B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhDT.......139B"><span>Complex <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span> for Improved Performance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bran, Gabriela Alejandra</p> <p></p> <p>After a detailed literature review, it was determined that there was a need for a more comprehensive study on the transient behavior of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. Computational power was not readily available when most of the work on transient <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> was done (1956 - 1986), so most of these solutions have restrictions, or very specific assumptions. More recently, authors have obtained numerical solutions for more general problems (2003 - 2013), but they have investigated very specific conditions, and cases. For a more complex <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (i.e. with <span class="hlt">heat</span> generation), the transient solutions from literature are no longer valid. There was a need to develop a numerical model that relaxes the restrictions of current solutions to explore conditions that have not been explored. A one dimensional transient <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> model was developed. There are no restrictions on the fluids and wall conditions. The model is able to obtain a numerical solution for a wide range of fluid properties and mass flow rates. Another innovative characteristic of the numerical model is that the boundary and initial conditions are not limited to constant values. The boundary conditions can be a function of time (i.e. sinusoidal signal), and the initial conditions can be a function of position. Four different cases were explored in this work. In the first case, the start-up of a system was investigated where the whole system is assumed to be at the same temperature. In the second case, the new steady state in case one gets disrupted by a smaller inlet temperature step change. In the third case, the new steady state in case one gets disrupted by a step change in one of the mass flow rates. The response of these three cases show that there are different transient behaviors, and they depend on the conditions imposed on the system. The fourth case is a system that has a sinusoidal time varying inlet temperature for one of the flows. The results show that the sinusoidal behavior at the inlet</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HMT....53..725K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HMT....53..725K"><span>Experimental investigation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer and effectiveness in corrugated plate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> having different chevron angles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kılıç, Bayram; İpek, Osman</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>In this study, <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer rate and effectiveness of corrugated plate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> having different chevron angles were investigated experimentally. Chevron angles of plate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are β = 30° and β = 60°. For this purpose, experimentally <span class="hlt">heating</span> system used plate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> was designed and constructed. Thermodynamic analysis of corrugated plate <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> having different chevron angles were carried out. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer rate and effectiveness values are calculated. The experimental results are shown that <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer rate and effectiveness values for β = 60° is higher than that of the other. Obtained experimental results were graphically presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880020492','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880020492"><span>Oxidizer <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> component test</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kanic, P. G.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>The RL10-IIB engine, is capable of multimode thrust operation. The engine operates at two low-thrust levels: tank head idle (THI), approximately 1 to 2 percent of full thrust; and pumped idle, 10 percent of full thrust. Operation at THI provides vehicle propellant settling thrust and efficient thermal conditioning; PI operation provides vehicle tank prepressurization and maneuver thrust for low-g deployment. Stable combustion of the RL10-IIB engine during the low-thrust operating modes can be accomplished by using a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> to supply gaseous oxygen to the propellant injector. The oxidized <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (OHE) vaporizes the liquid oxygen using hydrogen as the energy source. This report summarizes the test activity and post-test data analysis for two possible <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, each of which employs a completely different design philosophy. One design makes use of a low-<span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer (PHT) approach in combination with a volume to attenuate pressure and flow oscillations. The test data showed that the LHT unit satisfied the oxygen exit quality of 0.95 or greater in both the THI and PI modes while maintaining stability. The HHT unit fulfilled all PI requirements; data for THI satisfactory operation is implied from experimental data that straddle the exact THI operating point.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810068620','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810068620"><span>Investigation of Effectiveness of <span class="hlt">Air-Heating</span> a Hollow Steel Propeller for Protection Against Icing. 2: 50% Impartitioned Blades</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Perkins, Porter J.; Mulholland, Donald R.</p> <p>1948-01-01</p> <p>The icing protection afforded an internal <span class="hlt">air-heated</span> propeller blade by radial partitioning at 50-percent chord to confine the <span class="hlt">heated</span> <span class="hlt">air</span> to the forward half of the blade was determined in the NACA Cleveland icing research tunnel. A modified production-model hollow steel propeller, was used for the investigation. Temperatures of the blade surfaces for several <span class="hlt">heating</span> rates were measured under various tunnel Icing' conditions. Photographic observations of ice formations on blade surfaces and blade <span class="hlt">heat-exchanger</span> effectiveness were obtained. With 50-percent partitioning of the blades, adequate icing protection at 1050 rpm was obtained with a <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate of 26,000 Btu per hour per blade at the blade shank using an <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature of 400 F with a flow rate of 280 pounds per hour per blade, which is one-third less <span class="hlt">heat</span> than was found necessary for similar Ice protection with unpartitioned blades. The chordwise distribution of the applied <span class="hlt">heat</span>, as determined by surface temperature measurements, was considered unsatisfactory with much of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> dissipated well back of the leading edge. <span class="hlt">Heat-exchanger</span> effectiveness of approximately 56 percent also Indicated poor utilization of available <span class="hlt">heat</span>. This effectiveness was, however, 9 percent greater than that obtained from unpartitioned blades.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.A33B0143S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.A33B0143S"><span>Influence of <span class="hlt">sea</span>-ice coverage, <span class="hlt">sea</span>-surface temperatures and latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> release on baroclinic instability of an Arctic cyclone</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Semenov, A.; Zhang, X.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Arctic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice has shrunk drastically and Arctic storm activity has intensified over last decades. To improve understanding <span class="hlt">air-ice-sea</span> interactions in the context of storm activity, we conducted a modeling study of a selected intense storm that invaded and was persistent for prolonged time in the central Arctic Ocean during March 16-22, 2011. A series of control and sensitivity simulations were carried out by employing the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, which was configured using two nested domains at a resolution of 10 km for the inner domain and 30 km for the outer domain. The control simulations well captured the cyclone genesis, regeneration, track and intensity. Diagnostic analysis and a comparison between the and sensitivity experiments suggest that the strong intensity, regeneration, and long-lasting duration of the cyclone were driven by unusually sustained baroclinic instability, which was resulted due to (1) anomalously reduced <span class="hlt">sea</span>-ice coverage and strong advection of <span class="hlt">heat</span>, moisture and vorticity from the North Atlantic; and (2) a release of latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> due to condensation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20100036413&hterms=heat+exchanger&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dheat%2Bexchanger','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20100036413&hterms=heat+exchanger&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dheat%2Bexchanger"><span>Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) Cargo <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Zampiceni, John J.; Harper, Lon T.</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>This paper describes the New Shuttle Orbiter's Multi- Purpose Logistics Modulo (MPLM) Cargo <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> (HX) and associated MPLM cooling system. This paper presents <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> (HX) design and performance characteristics of the system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.3696L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.3696L"><span>How well does wind speed predict <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas transfer in the <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice zone? A synthesis of radon deficit profiles in the upper water column of the Arctic Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Loose, B.; Kelly, R. P.; Bigdeli, A.; Williams, W.; Krishfield, R.; Rutgers van der Loeff, M.; Moran, S. B.</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>We present 34 profiles of radon-deficit from the ice-ocean boundary layer of the Beaufort <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. Including these 34, there are presently 58 published radon-deficit estimates of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas transfer velocity (k) in the Arctic Ocean; 52 of these estimates were derived from water covered by 10% <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice or more. The average value of k collected since 2011 is 4.0 ± 1.2 m d-1. This exceeds the quadratic wind speed prediction of weighted kws = 2.85 m d-1 with mean-weighted wind speed of 6.4 m s-1. We show how ice cover changes the mixed-layer radon budget, and yields an "effective gas transfer velocity." We use these 58 estimates to statistically evaluate the suitability of a wind speed parameterization for k, when the ocean surface is ice covered. Whereas the six profiles taken from the open ocean indicate a statistically good fit to wind speed parameterizations, the same parameterizations could not reproduce k from the <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice zone. We conclude that techniques for estimating k in the open ocean cannot be similarly applied to determine k in the presence of <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice. The magnitude of k through gaps in the ice may reach high values as ice cover increases, possibly as a result of focused turbulence dissipation at openings in the free surface. These 58 profiles are presently the most complete set of estimates of k across seasons and variable ice cover; as dissolved tracer budgets they reflect <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> with no impact from <span class="hlt">air</span>-ice gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=62405&keyword=FAN&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=62405&keyword=FAN&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>FACTORS AFFECTING <span class="hlt">AIR</span> <span class="hlt">EXCHANGE</span> IN TWO HOUSES</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> rate is critical to determining the relationship between indoor and outdoor concentrations of hazardous pollutants. Approximately 150 <span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> experiments were completed in two residences: a two-story detached house located in Redwood City, CA and a three-story...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15185082','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15185082"><span>Analysis of sensible <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanges</span> from a thermal manikin.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Quintela, Divo; Gaspar, Adélio; Borges, Carlos</p> <p>2004-09-01</p> <p>The present work is dedicated to the analysis of dry <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanges</span> as measured by a thermal manikin placed in still <span class="hlt">air</span>. We believe that the understanding of some fundamental aspects governing fluid flow and <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer around three-dimensional bodies such as human beings deserves appropriate attention. This should be of great significance for improving physiological models concerned with thermal exposures. The potential interest of such work can be directed towards quite distinct targets such as working conditions, sports, the military, or healthcare personnel and patients. In the present study, we made use of a climate chamber and an articulated thermal manikin of the Pernille type, with 16 body parts. The most common occidental postures (standing, sitting and lying) were studied. In order to separate <span class="hlt">heat</span> losses due to radiation and convection, the radiative <span class="hlt">heat</span> losses of the manikin were significantly reduced by means of a shiny aluminium coating, which was carefully applied to the artificial skin. The <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature within the test chamber was varied between 13 degrees C and 29 degrees C. The corresponding mean differences between the skin and the operative temperatures changed from 3.8 degrees C up to 15.8 degrees C. The whole-body <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficients by radiation and convection for both standing and sitting postures are in good agreement with those in the published literature. The lying posture appears to be more efficient for losing <span class="hlt">heat</span> by convection. This is confirmed when the <span class="hlt">heat</span> losses of each individual part are considered. The proposed correlations for the whole body suggest that natural convection is mainly laminar.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=principle+AND+marketing&pg=7&id=EJ1083635','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=principle+AND+marketing&pg=7&id=EJ1083635"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> Lab for Chemical Engineering Undergraduates</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Rajala, Jonathan W.; Evans, Edward A.; Chase, George G.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Third year chemical engineering undergraduate students at The University of Akron designed and fabricated a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for a stirred tank as part of a Chemical Engineering Laboratory course. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> portion of this course was three weeks of the fifteen week long semester. Students applied concepts of scale-up and dimensional…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1174546','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1174546"><span>Circulating <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> for oscillating wave engines and refrigerators</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Swift, Gregory W.; Backhaus, Scott N.</p> <p>2003-10-28</p> <p>An oscillating-wave engine or refrigerator having a regenerator or a stack in which oscillating flow of a working gas occurs in a direction defined by an axis of a trunk of the engine or refrigerator, incorporates an improved <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. First and second connections branch from the trunk at locations along the axis in selected proximity to one end of the regenerator or stack, where the trunk extends in two directions from the locations of the connections. A circulating <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> loop is connected to the first and second connections. At least one fluidic diode within the circulating <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> loop produces a superimposed steady flow component and oscillating flow component of the working gas within the circulating <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> loop. A local process fluid is in thermal contact with an outside portion of the circulating <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> loop.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EPJWC..9202119P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EPJWC..9202119P"><span>Various methods to improve <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer in <span class="hlt">exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pavel, Zitek; Vaclav, Valenta</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>The University of West Bohemia in Pilsen (Department of Power System Engineering) is working on the selection of effective <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. Conventional shell and tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> use simple segmental baffles. It can be replaced by helical baffles, which increase the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer efficiency and reduce pressure losses. Their usage is demonstrated in the primary circuit of IV. generation MSR (Molten Salt Reactors). For high-temperature reactors we consider the use of compact desk <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, which are small, which allows the integral configuration of reactor. We design them from graphite composites, which allow up to 1000°C and are usable as <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>: salt-salt or salt-acid (e.g. for the hydrogen production). In the paper there are shown thermo-physical properties of salts, material properties and principles of calculations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1111203','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1111203"><span>Ground Source <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pump Sub-Slab <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> Loop Performance in a Cold Climate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Mittereder, N.; Poerschke, A.</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>This report presents a cold-climate project that examines an alternative approach to ground source <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump (GSHP) ground loop design. The innovative ground loop design is an attempt to reduce the installed cost of the ground loop <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> portion of the system by containing the entire ground loop within the excavated location beneath the basement slab. Prior to the installation and operation of the sub-slab <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, energy modeling using TRNSYS software and concurrent design efforts were performed to determine the size and orientation of the system. One key parameter in the design is the installation of the GSHPmore » in a low-load home, which considerably reduces the needed capacity of the ground loop <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. This report analyzes data from two cooling seasons and one <span class="hlt">heating</span> season. Upon completion of the monitoring phase, measurements revealed that the initial TRNSYS simulated horizontal sub-slab ground loop <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> fluid temperatures and <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer rates differed from the measured values. To determine the cause of this discrepancy, an updated model was developed utilizing a new TRNSYS subroutine for simulating sub-slab <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. Measurements of fluid temperature, soil temperature, and <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer were used to validate the updated model.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JGRC..11412023H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JGRC..11412023H"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> and turbulent kinetic energy budgets for surface layer cooling induced by the passage of Hurricane Frances (2004)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Huang, Peisheng; Sanford, Thomas B.; Imberger, JöRg</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> and turbulent kinetic energy budgets of the ocean surface layer during the passage of Hurricane Frances were examined using a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. In situ data obtained with the Electromagnetic-Autonomous Profiling Explorer (EM-APEX) floats were used to set up the initial conditions of the model simulation and to compare to the simulation results. The spatial <span class="hlt">heat</span> budgets reveal that during the hurricane passage, not only the entrainment in the bottom of surface mixed layer but also the horizontal water advection were important factors determining the spatial pattern of <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature. At the free surface, the hurricane-brought precipitation contributed a negligible amount to the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span>, but the precipitation produced a negative buoyancy flux in the surface layer that overwhelmed the instability induced by the <span class="hlt">heat</span> loss to the atmosphere. Integrated over the domain within 400 km of the hurricane eye on day 245.71 of 2004, the rate of <span class="hlt">heat</span> anomaly in the surface water was estimated to be about 0.45 PW (1 PW = 1015 W), with about 20% (0.09 PW in total) of this was due to the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> at the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interface, and almost all the remainder (0.36 PW) was downward transported by oceanic vertical mixing. Shear production was the major source of turbulent kinetic energy amounting 88.5% of the source of turbulent kinetic energy, while the rest (11.5%) was attributed to the wind stirring at <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface. The increase of ocean potential energy due to vertical mixing represented 7.3% of the energy deposited by wind stress.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900000357&hterms=pharmaceuticals+water&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dpharmaceuticals%2Bwater','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900000357&hterms=pharmaceuticals+water&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dpharmaceuticals%2Bwater"><span>Pressurized-Flat-Interface <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Voss, F. E.; Howell, H. R.; Winkler, R. V.</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>High thermal conductance obtained without leakage between loops. <span class="hlt">Heat-exchanger</span> interface enables efficient transfer of <span class="hlt">heat</span> between two working fluids without allowing fluids to intermingle. Interface thin, flat, and easy to integrate into thermal system. Possible application in chemical or pharmaceutical manufacturing when even trace contamination of process stream with water or other coolant ruins product. Reduces costs when highly corrosive fluids must be cooled or <span class="hlt">heated</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1512690S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1512690S"><span>The <span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Interface and Surface Stress under Tropical Cyclones</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Soloviev, Alexander; Lukas, Roger; Donelan, Mark; Ginis, Isaac</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p> of the drag coefficient wind speed dependence around 65 m/s. This minimum may contribute to the rapid intensification of storms to major tropical cyclones. The subsequent slow increase of the drag coefficient with wind above 65 m/s serves as an obstacle for further intensification of tropical cyclones. Such dependence may explain the observed bi-modal distribution of tropical cyclone intensity. Implementation of the new parameterization into operational models is expected to improve predictions of tropical cyclone intensity and the associated wave field. References: Donelan, M. A., B. K. Haus, N. Reul, W. Plant, M. Stiassnie, H. Graber, O. Brown, and E. Saltzman, 2004: On the limiting aerodynamic roughness of the ocean in very strong winds, Farrell, B.F, and P.J. Ioannou, 2008: The stochastic parametric mechanism for growth of wind-driven surface water waves. Journal of Physical Oceanography 38, 862-879. Kelly, R.E., 1965: The stability of an unsteady Kelvin-Helmholtz flow. J. Fluid Mech. 22, 547-560. Koga, M., 1981: Direct production of droplets from breaking wind-waves-Its observation by a multi-colored overlapping exposure technique, Tellus 33, 552-563. Miles, J.W., 1959: On the generation of surface waves by shear flows, part 3. J. Fluid. Mech. 6, 583-598. Soloviev, A.V. and R. Lukas, 2010: Effects of bubbles and <span class="hlt">sea</span> spray on <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchanges</span> in hurricane conditions. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 136, 365-376. Soloviev, A., A. Fujimura, and S. Matt, 2012: <span class="hlt">Air-sea</span> interface in hurricane conditions. J. Geophys. Res. 117, C00J34.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..278a2061G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..278a2061G"><span>Micro-structured <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for cryogenic mixed refrigerant cycles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gomse, D.; Reiner, A.; Rabsch, G.; Gietzelt, T.; Brandner, J. J.; Grohmann, S.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Mixed refrigerant cycles (MRCs) offer a cost- and energy-efficient cooling method for the temperature range between 80 and 200 K. The performance of MRCs is strongly influenced by entropy production in the main <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. High efficiencies thus require small temperature gradients among the fluid streams, as well as limited pressure drop and axial conduction. As temperature gradients scale with <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux, large <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer areas are necessary. This is best achieved with micro-structured <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, where high volumetric <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer areas can be realized. The reliable design of MRC <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> is challenging, since two-phase <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer and pressure drop in both fluid streams have to be considered simultaneously. Furthermore, only few data on the convective boiling and condensation kinetics of zeotropic mixtures is available in literature. This paper presents a micro-structured <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> designed with a newly developed numerical model, followed by experimental results on the single-phase pressure drop and their implications on the hydraulic diameter.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29593081','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29593081"><span>Cuticular gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> by Antarctic <span class="hlt">sea</span> spiders.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lane, Steven J; Moran, Amy L; Shishido, Caitlin M; Tobalske, Bret W; Woods, H Arthur</p> <p>2018-04-25</p> <p>Many marine organisms and life stages lack specialized respiratory structures, like gills, and rely instead on cutaneous respiration, which they facilitate by having thin integuments. This respiratory mode may limit body size, especially if the integument also functions in support or locomotion. Pycnogonids, or <span class="hlt">sea</span> spiders, are marine arthropods that lack gills and rely on cutaneous respiration but still grow to large sizes. Their cuticle contains pores, which may play a role in gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. Here, we examined alternative paths of gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> in <span class="hlt">sea</span> spiders: (1) oxygen diffuses across pores in the cuticle, a common mechanism in terrestrial eggshells, (2) oxygen diffuses directly across the cuticle, a common mechanism in small aquatic insects, or (3) oxygen diffuses across both pores and cuticle. We examined these possibilities by modeling diffusive oxygen fluxes across all pores in the body of <span class="hlt">sea</span> spiders and asking whether those fluxes differed from measured metabolic rates. We estimated fluxes across pores using Fick's law parameterized with measurements of pore morphology and oxygen gradients. Modeled oxygen fluxes through pores closely matched oxygen consumption across a range of body sizes, which means the pores facilitate oxygen diffusion. Furthermore, pore volume scaled hypermetrically with body size, which helps larger species facilitate greater diffusive oxygen fluxes across their cuticle. This likely presents a functional trade-off between gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> and structural support, in which the cuticle must be thick enough to prevent buckling due to external forces but porous enough to allow sufficient gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. © 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1364036','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1364036"><span>Building America Case Study: Simplified <span class="hlt">Air</span> Distribution, Desuperheaters, and Sub-Slab Geothermal <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span>, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>This report presents a cold-climate project that examines an alternative approach to ground source <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump (GSHP) ground loop design. The innovative ground loop design is an attempt to reduce the installed cost of the ground loop <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> portion of the system by containing the entire ground loop within the excavated location beneath the basement slab.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870007677','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870007677"><span>Evaluation of geophysical parameters measured by the Nimbus-7 microwave radiometer for the TOGA <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> Project</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Liu, W. Timothy; Mock, Donald R.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>The data distributed by the National Space Science Data Center on the Geophysical parameters of precipitable water, <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature, and surface-level wind speed, measured by the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) on Nimbus-7, are evaluated with in situ measurements between Jan. 1980 and Oct. 1983 over the tropical oceans. In tracking annual cycles and the 1982-83 E1 Nino/Southern Oscillation episode, the radiometer measurements are coherent with <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperatures and surface-level wind speeds measured at equatorial buoys and with precipitable water derived from radiosonde soundings at tropical island stations. However, there are differences between SMMR and in situ measurements. Corrections based on radiosonde and ship data were derived supplementing correction formulae suggested in the databook. This study is the initial evaluation of the data for quantitative description of the 1982-83 E1 Nino/Southern Oscillation episode. It paves the way for determination of the ocean-atmosphere moisture and latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanges</span>, a priority of the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> Program.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....17.9019B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....17.9019B"><span>Estimation of bubble-mediated <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> from concurrent DMS and CO2 transfer velocities at intermediate-high wind speeds</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bell, Thomas G.; Landwehr, Sebastian; Miller, Scott D.; de Bruyn, Warren J.; Callaghan, Adrian H.; Scanlon, Brian; Ward, Brian; Yang, Mingxi; Saltzman, Eric S.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Simultaneous <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes and concentration differences of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were measured during a summertime North Atlantic cruise in 2011. This data set reveals significant differences between the gas transfer velocities of these two gases (Δkw) over a range of wind speeds up to 21 m s-1. These differences occur at and above the approximate wind speed threshold when waves begin breaking. Whitecap fraction (a proxy for bubbles) was also measured and has a positive relationship with Δkw, consistent with enhanced bubble-mediated transfer of the less soluble CO2 relative to that of the more soluble DMS. However, the correlation of Δkw with whitecap fraction is no stronger than with wind speed. Models used to estimate bubble-mediated transfer from in situ whitecap fraction underpredict the observations, particularly at intermediate wind speeds. Examining the differences between gas transfer velocities of gases with different solubilities is a useful way to detect the impact of bubble-mediated <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. More simultaneous gas transfer measurements of different solubility gases across a wide range of oceanic conditions are needed to understand the factors controlling the magnitude and scaling of bubble-mediated gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080008777','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080008777"><span>Monogroove liquid <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Brown, Richard F. (Inventor); Edelstein, Fred (Inventor)</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>A liquid supply control is disclosed for a <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer system which transports <span class="hlt">heat</span> by liquid-vapor phase change of a working fluid. An assembly (10) of monogroove <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe legs (15) can be operated automatically as either <span class="hlt">heat</span> acquisition devices or <span class="hlt">heat</span> discharge sources. The liquid channels (27) of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe legs (15) are connected to a reservoir (35) which is filled and drained by respective filling and draining valves (30, 32). Information from liquid level sensors (50, 51) on the reservoir (35) is combined (60) with temperature information (55) from the liquid <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (12) and temperature information (56) from the assembly vapor conduit (42) to regulate filling and draining of the reservoir (35), so that the reservoir (35) in turn serves the liquid supply/drain needs of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe legs (15), on demand, by passive capillary action (20, 28).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/910835','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/910835"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> Transfer Enhancement for Finned-Tube <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span> with Vortex Generators: Experimental and Numerical Results</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>O'Brien, James Edward; Sohal, Manohar Singh; Huff, George Albert</p> <p>2002-08-01</p> <p>A combined experimental and numerical investigation is under way to investigate <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer enhancement techniques that may be applicable to large-scale <span class="hlt">air</span>-cooled condensers such as those used in geothermal power applications. The research is focused on whether <span class="hlt">air</span>-side <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer can be improved through the use of finsurface vortex generators (winglets,) while maintaining low <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> pressure drop. A transient <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer visualization and measurement technique has been employed in order to obtain detailed distributions of local <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficients on model fin surfaces. Pressure drop measurements have also been acquired in a separate multiple-tube row apparatus. In addition, numericalmore » modeling techniques have been developed to allow prediction of local and average <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer for these low-Reynolds-number flows with and without winglets. Representative experimental and numerical results presented in this paper reveal quantitative details of local fin-surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer in the vicinity of a circular tube with a single delta winglet pair downstream of the cylinder. The winglets were triangular (delta) with a 1:2 height/length aspect ratio and a height equal to 90% of the channel height. Overall mean fin-surface Nusselt-number results indicate a significant level of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer enhancement (average enhancement ratio 35%) associated with the deployment of the winglets with oval tubes. Pressure drop measurements have also been obtained for a variety of tube and winglet configurations using a single-channel flow apparatus that includes four tube rows in a staggered array. Comparisons of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer and pressure drop results for the elliptical tube versus a circular tube with and without winglets are provided. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> transfer and pressure-drop results have been obtained for flow Reynolds numbers based on channel height and mean flow velocity ranging from 700 to 6500.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JPhCS.395a2048M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JPhCS.395a2048M"><span>A Novel Approach to Model the <span class="hlt">Air</span>-Side <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Transfer in Microchannel Condensers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Martínez-Ballester, S.; Corberán, José-M.; Gonzálvez-Maciá, J.</p> <p>2012-11-01</p> <p>The work presents a model (Fin1D×3) for microchannel condensers and gas coolers. The paper focusses on the description of the novel approach employed to model the <span class="hlt">air</span>-side <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer. The model applies a segment-by-segment discretization to the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> adding, in each segment, a specific bi-dimensional grid to the <span class="hlt">air</span> flow and fin wall. Given this discretization, the fin theory is applied by using a continuous piecewise function for the fin wall temperature. It allows taking into account implicitly the <span class="hlt">heat</span> conduction between tubes along the fin, and the unmixed <span class="hlt">air</span> influence on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> capacity. The model has been validated against experimental data resulting in predicted capacity errors within ± 5%. Differences on prediction results and computational cost were studied and compared with the previous authors' model (Fin2D) and with other simplified model. Simulation time of the proposed model was reduced one order of magnitude respect the Fin2D's time retaining its same accuracy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JJTST...4..469K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JJTST...4..469K"><span>Condensation Behavior in a Microchannel <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kaneko, Akiko; Takeuchi, Genki; Abe, Yutaka; Suzuki, Yutaka</p> <p></p> <p>A small and high performance <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for small size energy equipments such as fuel cells and CO2 <span class="hlt">heat</span> pumps is required in these days. In author's previous studies, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> consisted of microchannels stacked in layers has been developed. It has resistance to pressure of larger than 15 MPa since it is manufactured by diffusion bond technique. Thus this device can be applied for high flow rate and pressure fluctuation conditions as boiling and condensation. The objectives of the present study are to clarify the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer performance of the prototype <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and to investigate the thermal hydraulic behavior in the microchannel for design optimization of the device. As the results, it is clarified that the present device attained high <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer as 7 kW at the steam condensation, despite its weight of only 230 g. Furthermore, steam condensation behavior in a glass capillary tube, as a simulated microchannel, in a cooling water pool was observed with various inlet pressure and temperature of surrounding water. Relation between steam-water two-phase flow structure and the overall <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient is discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110024014','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110024014"><span>Slotting Fins of <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span> to Provide Thermal Breaks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Scull, Timothy D.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> that include slotted fins (in contradistinction to continuous fins) have been invented. The slotting of the fins provides thermal breaks that reduce thermal conduction along flow paths (longitudinal thermal conduction), which reduces <span class="hlt">heat</span>-transfer efficiency. By increasing the ratio between transverse thermal conduction (the desired <span class="hlt">heat</span>-transfer conduction) and longitudinal thermal conduction, slotting of the fins can be exploited to (1) increase <span class="hlt">heat</span>-transfer efficiency (thereby reducing operating cost) for a given <span class="hlt">heat-exchanger</span> length or to (2) reduce the length (thereby reducing the weight and/or cost) of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> needed to obtain a given <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer efficiency. By reducing the length of a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, one can reduce the pressure drop associated with the flow through it. In a case in which slotting enables the use of fins with thermal conductivity greater than could otherwise be tolerated on the basis of longitudinal thermal conduction, one can exploit the conductivity to make the fins longer (in the transverse direction) than they otherwise could be, thereby making it possible to make a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> that contains fewer channels and therefore, that weighs less, contains fewer potential leak paths, and can be constructed from fewer parts and, hence, reduced cost.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880017348','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880017348"><span>The design and fabrication of a Stirling engine <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> module with an integral <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Schreiber, Jeffrey G.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>The conceptual design of a free-piston Stirling Space Engine (SSE) intended for space power applications has been generated. The engine was designed to produce 25 kW of electric power with <span class="hlt">heat</span> supplied by a nuclear reactor. A novel <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> module was designed to reduce the number of critical joints in the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> assembly while also incorporating a <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe as the link between the engine and the <span class="hlt">heat</span> source. Two inexpensive verification tests are proposed. The SSE <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> module is described and the operating conditions for the module are outlined. The design process of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> modules, including the sodium <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe, is briefly described. Similarities between the proposed SSE <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> modules and the LeRC test modules for two test engines are presented. The benefits and weaknesses of using a sodium <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe to transport <span class="hlt">heat</span> to a Stirling engine are discussed. Similarly, the problems encountered when using a true <span class="hlt">heat</span> pipe, as opposed to a more simple reflux boiler, are described. The instruments incorporated into the modules and the test program are also outlined.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AIPC.1608..163M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AIPC.1608..163M"><span>The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> of small pellet boiler for phytomass</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mičieta, Jozef; Lenhard, Richard; Jandačka, Jozef</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>Combustion of pellets from plant biomass (phytomass) causes various troubles. Main problem is slagging ash because of low melting temperature of ash from phytomass. This problem is possible to solve either improving energetic properties of phytomass by additives or modification of boiler construction. A small-scale boiler for phytomass is different in construction of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and furnace mainly. We solve major problem - slagging ash, by decreasing combustion temperature via redesign of pellet burner and boiler body. Consequence of lower combustion temperature is also lower temperature gradient of combustion gas. It means that is necessary to design larger <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanging</span> surface. We plane to use underfed burner, so we would utilize circle symmetry <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. Paper deals design of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> construction with help of CFD simulation. Our purpose is to keep uniform water flux and combustion gas flux in <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> without zone of local overheating and excess cooling.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22546297','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22546297"><span>Improvement of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer by means of ultrasound: Application to a double-tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Legay, M; Simony, B; Boldo, P; Gondrexon, N; Le Person, S; Bontemps, A</p> <p>2012-11-01</p> <p>A new kind of ultrasonically-assisted <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> has been designed, built and studied. It can be seen as a vibrating <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. A comprehensive description of the overall experimental set-up is provided, i.e. of the test rig and the acquisition system. Data acquisition and processing are explained step-by-step with a detailed example of graph obtained and how, from these experimental data, energy balance is calculated on the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. It is demonstrated that ultrasound can be used efficiently as a <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer enhancement technique, even in such complex systems as <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/14640','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/14640"><span>Increasing the Efficiency of Maple Sap Evaporators with <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Lawrence D. Garrett; Howard Duchacek; Mariafranca Morselli; Frederick M. Laing; Neil K. Huyler; James W. Marvin</p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>A study of the engineering and economic effects of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> in conventional maple syrup evaporators indicated that: (1) Efficiency was increased by 15 to 17 percent with <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>; (2) Syrup produced in evaporators with <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> was similar to syrup produced in conventional systems in flavor and in chemical and physical composition; and (3) <span class="hlt">Heat</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRC..123.2293B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRC..123.2293B"><span>Wave Attenuation and Gas <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> Velocity in Marginal <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Ice Zone</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bigdeli, A.; Hara, T.; Loose, B.; Nguyen, A. T.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The gas transfer velocity in marginal <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice zones exerts a strong control on the input of anthropogenic gases into the ocean interior. In this study, a <span class="hlt">sea</span> state-dependent gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> parametric model is developed based on the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate. The model is tuned to match the conventional gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> parametrization in fetch-unlimited, fully developed <span class="hlt">seas</span>. Next, fetch limitation is introduced in the model and results are compared to fetch limited experiments in lakes, showing that the model captures the effects of finite fetch on gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span> with good fidelity. Having validated the results in fetch limited waters such as lakes, the model is next applied in <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice zones using an empirical relation between the <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice cover and the effective fetch, while accounting for the <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice motion effect that is unique to <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice zones. The model results compare favorably with the available field measurements. Applying this parametric model to a regional Arctic numerical model, it is shown that, under the present conditions, gas flux into the Arctic Ocean may be overestimated by 10% if a conventional parameterization is used.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011BGeo....8..505M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011BGeo....8..505M"><span>Changes in ocean circulation and carbon storage are decoupled from <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 fluxes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Marinov, I.; Gnanadesikan, A.</p> <p>2011-02-01</p> <p>The spatial distribution of the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> flux of carbon dioxide is a poor indicator of the underlying ocean circulation and of ocean carbon storage. The weak dependence on circulation arises because mixing-driven changes in solubility-driven and biologically-driven <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes largely cancel out. This cancellation occurs because mixing driven increases in the poleward residual mean circulation result in more transport of both remineralized nutrients and <span class="hlt">heat</span> from low to high latitudes. By contrast, increasing vertical mixing decreases the storage associated with both the biological and solubility pumps, as it decreases remineralized carbon storage in the deep ocean and warms the ocean as a whole.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010BGD.....7.7985M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010BGD.....7.7985M"><span>Changes in ocean circulation and carbon storage are decoupled from <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 fluxes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Marinov, I.; Gnanadesikan, A.</p> <p>2010-11-01</p> <p>The spatial distribution of the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> flux of carbon dioxide is a poor indicator of the underlying ocean circulation and of ocean carbon storage. The weak dependence on circulation arises because mixing-driven changes in solubility-driven and biologically-driven <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes largely cancel out. This cancellation occurs because mixing driven increases in the poleward residual mean circulation results in more transport of both remineralized nutrients and <span class="hlt">heat</span> from low to high latitudes. By contrast, increasing vertical mixing decreases the storage associated with both the biological and solubility pumps, as it decreases remineralized carbon storage in the deep ocean and warms the ocean as a whole.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800014331','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800014331"><span>Active <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system development for latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> thermal energy storage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lefrois, R. T.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>Alternative mechanizations of active <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> concepts were analyzed for use with <span class="hlt">heat</span> of fusion Phase Change Materials (PCM's) in the temperature range of 250 C to 350 C for solar and conventional power plant applications. Over 24 <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> concepts were reviewed, and eight were selected for detailed assessment. Two candidates were chosen for small-scale experimentation: a coated tube and shell that <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, and a direct contact reflux boiler. A dilute eutectic mixture of sodium nitrate and sodium hydroxide was selected as the PCM from over fifty inorganic salt mixtures investigated. Preliminary experiments with various tube coatings indicated that a nickel or chrome plating of Teflon or Ryton coating had promise of being successful. An electroless nickel plating was selected for further testing. A series of tests with nickel-plated <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer tubes showed that the solidifying sodium nitrate adhered to the tubes and the experiment failed to meet the required discharge <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer rate of 10 kW(t). Testing of the reflux boiler is under way.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980tes..nasa..337L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980tes..nasa..337L"><span>Active <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system development for latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> thermal energy storage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lefrois, R. T.</p> <p>1980-03-01</p> <p>Alternative mechanizations of active <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> concepts were analyzed for use with <span class="hlt">heat</span> of fusion Phase Change Materials (PCM's) in the temperature range of 250 C to 350 C for solar and conventional power plant applications. Over 24 <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> concepts were reviewed, and eight were selected for detailed assessment. Two candidates were chosen for small-scale experimentation: a coated tube and shell that <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, and a direct contact reflux boiler. A dilute eutectic mixture of sodium nitrate and sodium hydroxide was selected as the PCM from over fifty inorganic salt mixtures investigated. Preliminary experiments with various tube coatings indicated that a nickel or chrome plating of Teflon or Ryton coating had promise of being successful. An electroless nickel plating was selected for further testing. A series of tests with nickel-plated <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer tubes showed that the solidifying sodium nitrate adhered to the tubes and the experiment failed to meet the required discharge <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer rate of 10 kW(t). Testing of the reflux boiler is under way.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993STIN...9413730F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993STIN...9413730F"><span>High flux <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Flynn, Edward M.; Mackowski, Michael J.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>This interim report documents the results of the first two phases of a four-phase program to develop a high flux <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for cooling future high performance aircraft electronics. Phase 1 defines future needs for high flux <span class="hlt">heat</span> removal in advanced military electronics systems. The results are sorted by broad application categories: (1) commercial digital systems, (2) military data processors, (3) power processors, and (4) radar and optical systems. For applications expected to be fielded in five to ten years, the outlook is for steady state flux levels of 30-50 W/sq cm for digital processors and several hundred W/sq cm for power control applications. In Phase 1, a trade study was conducted on emerging cooling technologies which could remove a steady state chip <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux of 100 W/sq cm while holding chip junction temperature to 90 C. Constraints imposed on <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> design, in order to reflect operation in a fighter aircraft environment, included a practical lower limit on coolant supply temperature, the preference for a nontoxic, nonflammable, and nonfreezing coolant, the need to minimize weight and volume, and operation in an accelerating environment. The trade study recommended the Compact High Intensity Cooler (CHIC) for design, fabrication, and test in the final two phases of this program.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991mshe.reptS....D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991mshe.reptS....D"><span>Microtube strip <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Doty, F. D.</p> <p>1991-10-01</p> <p>This progress report is for the September-October 1991 quarter. We have demonstrated feasibility of higher specific conductance by a factor of five than any other work in high-temperature gas-to-gas <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. These laminar-flow, microtube <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> exhibit extremely low pressure drop compared to alternative compact designs under similar conditions because of their much shorter flow length and larger total flow area for lower flow velocities. The design appears to be amenable to mass production techniques, but considerable process development remains. The reduction in materials usage and the improved <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> performance promise to be of enormous significance in advanced engine designs and in cryogenics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMOS11B1654B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMOS11B1654B"><span>Skin Temperature Processes in the Presence of <span class="hlt">Sea</span> Ice</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brumer, S. E.; Zappa, C. J.; Brown, S.; McGillis, W. R.; Loose, B.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Monitoring the <span class="hlt">sea</span>-ice margins of polar oceans and understanding the physical processes at play at the ice-ocean-<span class="hlt">air</span> interface is essential in the perspective of a changing climate in which we face an accelerated decline of ice caps and <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice. Remote sensing and in particular InfraRed (IR) imaging offer a unique opportunity not only to observe physical processes at <span class="hlt">sea</span>-ice margins, but also to measure <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchanges</span> near ice. It permits monitoring ice and ocean temperature variability, and can be used for derivation of surface flow field allowing investigating turbulence and shearing at the ice-ocean interface as well as ocean-atmosphere gas transfer. Here we present experiments conducted with the aim of gaining an insight on how the presence of <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice affects the momentum <span class="hlt">exchange</span> between the atmosphere and ocean and investigate turbulence production in the interplay of ice-water shear, convection, waves and wind. A set of over 200 high resolution IR imagery records was taken at the US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL, Hanover NH) under varying ice coverage, fan and pump settings. In situ instruments provided <span class="hlt">air</span> and water temperature, salinity, subsurface currents and wave height. <span class="hlt">Air</span> side profiling provided environmental parameters such as wind speed, humidity and <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes. The study aims to investigate what can be gained from small-scale high-resolution IR imaging of the ice-ocean-<span class="hlt">air</span> interface; in particular how <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice modulates local physics and gas transfer. The relationship between water and ice temperatures with current and wind will be addressed looking at the ocean and ice temperature variance. Various skin temperature and gas transfer parameterizations will be evaluated at ice margins under varying environmental conditions. Furthermore the accuracy of various techniques used to determine surface flow will be assessed from which turbulence statistics will be determined. This will give an insight on how ice presence</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/biblio/1185048','SCIGOVIMAGE-SCICINEMA'); return false;" href="http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/biblio/1185048"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span>, Additive Manufacturing, and Neutron Imaging</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/">ScienceCinema</a></p> <p>Geoghegan, Patrick</p> <p>2018-01-16</p> <p>Researchers at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory have captured undistorted snapshots of refrigerants flowing through small <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, helping them to better understand <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer in <span class="hlt">heating</span>, cooling and ventilation systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ESD.....8.1093P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ESD.....8.1093P"><span>The potential of using remote sensing data to estimate <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 <span class="hlt">exchange</span> in the Baltic <span class="hlt">Sea</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Parard, Gaëlle; Rutgersson, Anna; Parampil, Sindu Raj; Alexandre Charantonis, Anastase</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>In this article, we present the first climatological map of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> CO2 flux over the Baltic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> based on remote sensing data: estimates of pCO2 derived from satellite imaging using self-organizing map classifications along with class-specific linear regressions (SOMLO methodology) and remotely sensed wind estimates. The estimates have a spatial resolution of 4 km both in latitude and longitude and a monthly temporal resolution from 1998 to 2011. The CO2 fluxes are estimated using two types of wind products, i.e. reanalysis winds and satellite wind products, the higher-resolution wind product generally leading to higher-amplitude flux estimations. Furthermore, the CO2 fluxes were also estimated using two methods: the method of Wanninkhof et al. (2013) and the method of Rutgersson and Smedman (2009). The seasonal variation in fluxes reflects the seasonal variation in pCO2 unvaryingly over the whole Baltic <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, with high winter CO2 emissions and high pCO2 uptakes. All basins act as a source for the atmosphere, with a higher degree of emission in the southern regions (mean source of 1.6 mmol m-2 d-1 for the South Basin and 0.9 for the Central Basin) than in the northern regions (mean source of 0.1 mmol m-2 d-1) and the coastal areas act as a larger sink (annual uptake of -4.2 mmol m-2 d-1) than does the open <span class="hlt">sea</span> (-4 mmol m-2 d-1). In its entirety, the Baltic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> acts as a small source of 1.2 mmol m-2 d-1 on average and this annual uptake has increased from 1998 to 2012.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5502560-heat-recovery-system-employing-temperature-controlled-variable-speed-fan','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5502560-heat-recovery-system-employing-temperature-controlled-variable-speed-fan"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> recovery system employing a temperature controlled variable speed fan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Jones, W.T.</p> <p>1986-05-20</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery system is described for use in recovering <span class="hlt">heat</span> from an industrial process producing a <span class="hlt">heated</span> fluid comprising: a source of inlet <span class="hlt">air</span>; a housing coupled to the source and including a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>; means for passing the <span class="hlt">heated</span> fluid through the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>; the housing including means for moving a variable volume of <span class="hlt">air</span> adjustable over a continuous range from the source through the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>; <span class="hlt">air</span> discharge means communicating with the housing for discharging <span class="hlt">air</span> which has passed through the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>; a control system including first temperature sensing means for sensing the discharge temperature ofmore » the discharge <span class="hlt">air</span> moving through the discharge means and a control circuit coupled to the first temperature sensing means and to the moving means for varying the volume of <span class="hlt">air</span> moved in response to the sensed discharge temperature to control the temperature of discharge <span class="hlt">air</span> passing through the discharge means at a first predetermined value; and the control system including second temperature sensing means for sensing the temperature of the source of inlet <span class="hlt">air</span> and valve means coupled to and controlled by the control circuit to cause liquid to bypass the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> when the inlet <span class="hlt">air</span> temperature rises above a second predetermined value.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.5573L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.5573L"><span>Temporal variatiions of <span class="hlt">Sea</span> ice cover in the Baltic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> derived from operational <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice products used in NWP.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lange, Martin; Paul, Gerhard; Potthast, Roland</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Sea</span> ice cover is a crucial parameter for surface fluxes of <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture over water areas. The isolating effect and the much higher albedo strongly reduces the turbulent <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture from the surface to the atmosphere and allows for cold and dry <span class="hlt">air</span> mass flow with strong impact on the stability of the whole boundary layer and consequently cloud formation as well as precipitation in the downstream regions. Numerical weather centers as, ECMWF, MetoFrance or DWD use external products to initialize SST and <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice cover in their NWP models. To the knowledge of the author there are mainly two global <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice products well established with operational availability, one from NOAA NCEP that combines measurements with satellite data, and the other from OSI-SAF derived from SSMI/S sensors. The latter one is used in the Ostia product. DWD additionally uses a regional product for the Baltic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> provided by the national center for shipping and hydrografie which combines observations from ships (and icebreakers) for the German part of the Baltic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and model analysis from the hydrodynamic HIROMB model of the Swedish meteorological service for the rest of the domain. The temporal evolution of the three different products are compared for a cold period in Februar 2012. Goods and bads will be presented and suggestions for a harmonization of strong day to day jumps over large areas are suggested.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/910694','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/910694"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> Transfer Enhancement for Finned-tube <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span> with Winglets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>O'Brien, James Edward; Sohal, Manohar Singh</p> <p>2000-11-01</p> <p>This paper presents the results of an experimental study of forced convection <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer in a narrow rectangular duct fitted with a circular tube and/or a delta-winglet pair. The duct was designed to simulate a single passage in a fin-tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> transfer measurements were obtained using a transient technique in which a <span class="hlt">heated</span> airflow is suddenly introduced to the test section. High-resolution local fin-surface temperature distributions were obtained at several times after initiation of the transient using an imaging infrared camera. Corresponding local fin-surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient distributions were then calculated from a locally applied one-dimensional semi-infinite inversemore » <span class="hlt">heat</span> conduction model. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> transfer results were obtained over an airflow rate ranging from 1.51 x 10-3 to 14.0 x 10-3 kg/s. These flow rates correspond to a duct-height Reynolds number range of 670 – 6300 with a duct height of 1.106 cm and a duct width-toheight ratio, W/H, of 11.25. The test cylinder was sized such that the diameter-to-duct height ratio, D/H is 5. Results presented in this paper reveal visual and quantitative details of local fin-surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer distributions in the vicinity of a circular tube, a delta-winglet pair, and a combination of a circular tube and a delta-winglet pair. Comparisons of local and average <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer distributions for the circular tube with and without winglets are provided. Overall mean finsurface Nusselt-number results indicate a significant level of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer enhancement associated with the deployment of the winglets with the circular cylinder. At the lowest Reynolds numbers (which correspond to the laminar operating conditions of existing geothermal <span class="hlt">air</span>-cooled condensers), the enhancement level is nearly a factor of two. At higher Reynolds numbers, the enhancement level is close to 50%.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA615405','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA615405"><span>Forecasting Foreign Currency <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> Rates for <span class="hlt">Air</span> Force Budgeting</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2015-03-26</p> <p>FORECASTING FOREIGN CURRENCY <span class="hlt">EXCHANGE</span> RATES FOR <span class="hlt">AIR</span> FORCE BUDGETING THESIS MARCH 2015...States. AFIT-ENV-MS-15-M-178 FORECASTING FOREIGN CURRENCY <span class="hlt">EXCHANGE</span> RATES FOR <span class="hlt">AIR</span> FORCE BUDGETING THESIS Presented to the Faculty...FORECASTING FOREIGN CURRENCY <span class="hlt">EXCHANGE</span> RATES FOR <span class="hlt">AIR</span> FORCE BUDGETING Nicholas R. Gardner, BS Captain, USAF Committee Membership: Lt Col Jonathan</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012BGD.....910331C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012BGD.....910331C"><span>CO2 <span class="hlt">exchange</span> in a temperate marginal <span class="hlt">sea</span> of the Mediterranean <span class="hlt">Sea</span>: processes and carbon budget</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cossarini, G.; Querin, S.; Solidoro, C.</p> <p>2012-08-01</p> <p>Marginal <span class="hlt">seas</span> play a potentially important role in the global carbon cycle; however, due to differences in the scales of variability and dynamics, marginal <span class="hlt">seas</span> are seldom fully accounted for in global models or estimates. Specific high-resolution studies may elucidate the role of marginal <span class="hlt">seas</span> and assist in the compilation of a complete global budget. In this study, we investigated the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> and the carbon cycle dynamics in a marginal sub-basin of the Mediterranean <span class="hlt">Sea</span> (the Adriatic <span class="hlt">Sea</span>) by adopting a coupled transport-biogeochemical model of intermediate complexity including carbonate dynamics. The Adriatic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> is a highly productive area owed to riverine fertilisation and is a site of intense dense water formation both on the northern continental shelf and in the southern sub-basin. Therefore, the study area may be an important site of CO2 sequestration in the Mediterranean <span class="hlt">Sea</span>. The results of the model simulation show that the Adriatic <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, as a whole, is a CO2 sink with a mean annual flux of 36 mg m-2 day-1. The northern part absorbs more carbon (68 mg m-2 day-1) due to an efficient continental shelf pump process, whereas the southern part behaves similar to an open ocean. Nonetheless, the Southern Adriatic <span class="hlt">Sea</span> accumulates dense, southward-flowing, carbon-rich water produced on the northern shelf. During a warm year and despite an increase in aquatic primary productivity, the sequestration of atmospheric CO2 is reduced by approximately 15% due to alterations of the solubility pump and reduced dense water formation. The seasonal cycle of temperature and biological productivity modulates the efficiency of the carbon pump at the surface, whereas the intensity of winter cooling in the northern sub-basin leads to the export of C-rich dense water to the deep layer of the southern sub-basin and, subsequently, to the interior of the Mediterranean <span class="hlt">Sea</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5578306','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5578306"><span>Thermo-Hydraulic Analysis of <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Storage Filled with the Ceramic Bricks Dedicated to the Solar <span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Heating</span> System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Nemś, Magdalena; Nemś, Artur; Kasperski, Jacek; Pomorski, Michał</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>This article presents the results of a study into a packed bed filled with ceramic bricks. The designed storage installation is supposed to become part of a <span class="hlt">heating</span> system installed in a single-family house and eventually to be integrated with a concentrated solar collector adapted to climate conditions in Poland. The system’s working medium is <span class="hlt">air</span>. The investigated temperature ranges and <span class="hlt">air</span> volume flow rates in the ceramic bed were dictated by the planned integration with a solar <span class="hlt">air</span> heater. Designing a packed bed of sufficient parameters first required a mathematical model to be constructed and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> to be analyzed, since <span class="hlt">heat</span> accumulation is a complex process influenced by a number of material properties. The cases discussed in the literature are based on differing assumptions and different formulas are used in calculations. This article offers a comparison of various mathematical models and of system operating parameters obtained from these models. The primary focus is on the Nusselt number. Furthermore, in the article, the thermo-hydraulic efficiency of the investigated packed bed is presented. This part is based on a relationship used in solar <span class="hlt">air</span> collectors with internal storage. PMID:28805703</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28805703','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28805703"><span>Thermo-Hydraulic Analysis of <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Storage Filled with the Ceramic Bricks Dedicated to the Solar <span class="hlt">Air</span> <span class="hlt">Heating</span> System.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nemś, Magdalena; Nemś, Artur; Kasperski, Jacek; Pomorski, Michał</p> <p>2017-08-12</p> <p>This article presents the results of a study into a packed bed filled with ceramic bricks. The designed storage installation is supposed to become part of a <span class="hlt">heating</span> system installed in a single-family house and eventually to be integrated with a concentrated solar collector adapted to climate conditions in Poland. The system's working medium is <span class="hlt">air</span>. The investigated temperature ranges and <span class="hlt">air</span> volume flow rates in the ceramic bed were dictated by the planned integration with a solar <span class="hlt">air</span> heater. Designing a packed bed of sufficient parameters first required a mathematical model to be constructed and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> to be analyzed, since <span class="hlt">heat</span> accumulation is a complex process influenced by a number of material properties. The cases discussed in the literature are based on differing assumptions and different formulas are used in calculations. This article offers a comparison of various mathematical models and of system operating parameters obtained from these models. The primary focus is on the Nusselt number. Furthermore, in the article, the thermo-hydraulic efficiency of the investigated packed bed is presented. This part is based on a relationship used in solar <span class="hlt">air</span> collectors with internal storage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.4893S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.4893S"><span><span class="hlt">Exchanges</span> between the shelf and the deep Black <span class="hlt">Sea</span>: an integrated analysis of physical mechanisms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shapiro, Georgy; Wobus, Fred; Zatsepin, Andrei; Akivis, Tatiana; Zhou, Feng</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>This study provides an integrated analysis of <span class="hlt">exchanges</span> of water, salt and <span class="hlt">heat</span> between the north-western Black <span class="hlt">Sea</span> shelf and the deep basin. Three contributing physical mechanisms are quantified, namely: Ekman drift, transport by mesoscale eddies at the edge of the NW Black <span class="hlt">Sea</span> shelf and non-local cascading assisted by the rim current and mesoscale eddies. The semi-enclosed nature of the Black <span class="hlt">Sea</span> together with its unique combination of an extensive shelf area in the North West and the deep central part make it sensitive to natural variations of fluxes, including the fluxes between the biologically productive shelf and predominantly anoxic deep <span class="hlt">sea</span>. <span class="hlt">Exchanges</span> between the shelf and deep <span class="hlt">sea</span> play an important role in forming the balance of waters, nutrients and pollution within the coastal areas, and hence the level of human-induced eutrophication of coastal waters (MSFD Descriptor 5). In this study we analyse physical mechanisms and quantify shelf-deep <span class="hlt">sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> processes in the Black <span class="hlt">Sea</span> sector using the NEMO ocean circulation model. The model is configured and optimized taking into account specific features of the Black <span class="hlt">Sea</span>, and validated against in-situ and satellite observations. The study uses NEMO-BLS24 numerical model which is based on the NEMO codebase v3.2.1 with amendments introduced by the UK Met Office. The model has a horizontal resolution of 1/24×1/24° and a hybrid s-on-top-of-z vertical coordinate system with a total of 33 layers. The horizontal viscosity/diffusivity operator is rotated to reduce the contamination of vertical diffusion/viscosity by large values of their horizontal counterparts. The bathymetry is processed from ETOPO5 and capped to 1550m. Atmospheric forcing for the period 1989-2012 is given by the Drakkar Forcing Set v5.2. For comparison, the NCEP atmospheric forcing also used for 2005. The climatological runoff from 8 major rivers is included. We run the model individually for 24 calendar years without data assimilation. For</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864534','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864534"><span>Multiple source <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Ecker, Amir L.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump apparatus for conditioning a fluid characterized by a fluid handler and path for circulating a fluid in <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> relationship with a refrigerant fluid, at least three refrigerant <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, one for effecting <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> with the fluid, a second for effecting <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> with a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluid, and a third for effecting <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> with ambient <span class="hlt">air</span>; a compressor for compressing the refrigerant; at least one throttling valve connected at the inlet side of a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in which liquid refrigerant is vaporized; a refrigerant circuit; refrigerant; a source of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluid; <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluid circuit and pump for circulating the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> fluid in <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> relationship with the refrigerant; and valves or switches for selecting the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> and directional flow of refrigerant therethrough for selecting a particular mode of operation. Also disclosed are a variety of embodiments, modes of operation, and schematics therefor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.3887K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.3887K"><span><span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of biogenic volatile organic compounds and the impact on aerosol particle size distributions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kim, Michelle J.; Novak, Gordon A.; Zoerb, Matthew C.; Yang, Mingxi; Blomquist, Byron W.; Huebert, Barry J.; Cappa, Christopher D.; Bertram, Timothy H.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>We report simultaneous, underway eddy covariance measurements of the vertical flux of isoprene, total monoterpenes, and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) over the Northern Atlantic Ocean during fall. Mean isoprene and monoterpene <span class="hlt">sea-to-air</span> vertical fluxes were significantly lower than mean DMS fluxes. While rare, intense monoterpene <span class="hlt">sea-to-air</span> fluxes were observed, coincident with elevated monoterpene mixing ratios. A statistically significant correlation between isoprene vertical flux and short wave radiation was not observed, suggesting that photochemical processes in the surface microlayer did not enhance isoprene emissions in this study region. Calculations of secondary organic aerosol production rates (PSOA) for mean isoprene and monoterpene emission rates sampled here indicate that PSOA is on average <0.1 μg m-3 d-1. Despite modest PSOA, low particle number concentrations permit a sizable role for condensational growth of monoterpene oxidation products in altering particle size distributions and the concentration of cloud condensation nuclei during episodic monoterpene emission events from the ocean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1879b0006C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1879b0006C"><span>Devise of an exhaust gas <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for a thermal oil heater in a palm oil refinery plant</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chucherd, Panom; Kittisupakorn, Paisan</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>This paper presents the devise of an exhaust gas <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> for waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery of the exhausted flue gas of palm oil refinery plant. This waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> can be recovered by installing an economizer to <span class="hlt">heat</span> the feed water which can save the fuel consumption of the coal fired steam boiler and the outlet temperature of flue gas will be controlled in order to avoid the acid dew point temperature and protect the filter bag. The decrease of energy used leads to the reduction of CO2 emission. Two designed economizer studied in this paper are gas in tube and water in tube. The gas in tube <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> refers to the shell and tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> which the flue gas flows in tube; this designed <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is used in the existing unit. The new designed water in tube refers to the shell and tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> which the water flows in the tube; this designed <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is proposed for new implementation. New economizer has the overall coefficient of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer of 19.03 W/m2.K and the surface <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer area of 122 m2 in the optimized case. Experimental results show that it is feasible to install economizer in the exhaust flue gas system between the <span class="hlt">air</span> preheater and the bag filter, which has slightly disadvantage effect in the system. The system can raise the feed water temperature from 40 to 104°C and flow rate 3.31 m3/h, the outlet temperature of flue gas is maintained about 130 °C.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1404925','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1404925"><span>High Efficiency <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> for High Temperature and High Pressure Applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sienicki, James J.; Lv, Qiuping; Moisseytsev, Anton</p> <p></p> <p>CompRex, LLC (CompRex) specializes in the design and manufacture of compact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> reactors for high temperature and high pressure applications. CompRex’s proprietary compact technology not only increases <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> efficiency by at least 25 % but also reduces footprint by at least a factor of ten compared to traditional shell-and-tube solutions of the same capacity and by 15 to 20 % compared to other currently available Printed Circuit <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> (PCHE) solutions. As a result, CompRex’s solution is especially suitable for Brayton cycle supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) systems given its high efficiency and significantly lower capitalmore » and operating expenses. CompRex has already successfully demonstrated its technology and ability to deliver with a pilot-scale compact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> that was under contract by the Naval Nuclear Laboratory for sCO2 power cycle development. The performance tested unit met or exceeded the thermal and hydraulic specifications with measured <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer between 95 to 98 % of maximum <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer and temperature and pressure drop values all consistent with the modeled values. CompRex’s vision is to commercialize its compact technology and become the leading provider for compact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> reactors for various applications including Brayton cycle sCO2 systems. One of the limitations of the sCO2 Brayton power cycle is the design and manufacturing of efficient <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> at extreme operating conditions. Current diffusion-bonded <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> have limitations on the channel size through which the fluid travels, resulting in excessive solid material per <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> volume. CompRex’s design allows for more open area and shorter fluid proximity for increased <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer efficiency while sustaining the structural integrity needed for the application. CompRex is developing a novel improvement to its current <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> design where fluids are directed to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/862733','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/862733"><span>Matrix <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> including a liquid, thermal couplant</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Fewell, Thomas E.; Ward, Charles T.</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>A tube-to-tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is disclosed with a thermally conductive matrix between and around the tubes to define annuli between the tubes and matrix. The annuli are filled to a level with a molten metal or alloy to provide a conductive <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer path from one tube through the matrix to the second tube. A matrix <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> of this type is particularly useful for <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer between fluids which would react should one leak into the second.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1030994','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1030994"><span>Integrated <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> For Recuperation In Gas Turbine Engines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">exchange</span> system within the engine using existing blade surfaces to extract and insert <span class="hlt">heat</span>. Due to the highly turbulent and transient flow, <span class="hlt">heat</span>...transfer coefficients in turbomachinery are extremely high, making this possible. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> transfer between the turbine and compressor blade surfaces could be...<span class="hlt">exchange</span> system within the engine using existing blade surfaces to extract and insert <span class="hlt">heat</span>. Due to the highly turbulent and transient flow, <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7204434','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7204434"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> with a removable tube section</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Wolowodiuk, W.; Anelli, J.</p> <p>1975-07-29</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is described in which the tube sheet is secured against primary liquid pressure, but which allows for easy removal of the tube section. The tube section is supported by a flange which is secured by a number of shear blocks, each of which extends into a slot which is immovable with respect to the outer shell of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. (auth)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19920013253','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19920013253"><span>Modelling and simulation of a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Xia, Lei; Deabreu-Garcia, J. Alex; Hartley, Tom T.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Two models for two different control systems are developed for a parallel <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. First by spatially lumping a <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> model, a good approximate model which has a high system order is produced. Model reduction techniques are applied to these to obtain low order models that are suitable for dynamic analysis and control design. The simulation method is discussed to ensure a valid simulation result.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ThEng..63...81B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ThEng..63...81B"><span>Laboratory simulation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> for liquids with Pr > 1: <span class="hlt">Heat</span> transfer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Belyaev, I. A.; Zakharova, O. D.; Krasnoshchekova, T. E.; Sviridov, V. G.; Sukomel, L. A.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Liquid metals are promising <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer agents in new-generation nuclear power plants, such as fast-neutron reactors and hybrid tokamaks—fusion neutron sources (FNSs). We have been investigating hydrodynamics and <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of liquid metals for many years, trying to reproduce the conditions close to those in fast reactors and fusion neutron sources. In the latter case, the liquid metal flow takes place in a strong magnetic field and strong thermal loads resulting in development of thermogravitational convection in the flow. In this case, quite dangerous regimes of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> not known earlier may occur that, in combination with other long-known regimes, for example, the growth of hydraulic drag in a strong magnetic field, make the possibility of creating a reliable FNS cooling system with a liquid metal <span class="hlt">heat</span> carrier problematic. There exists a reasonable alternative to liquid metals in FNS, molten salts, namely, the melt of lithium and beryllium fluorides (Flibe) and the melt of fluorides of alkali metals (Flinak). Molten salts, however, are poorly studied media, and their application requires detailed scientific substantiation. We analyze the modern state of the art of studies in this field. Our contribution is to answer the following question: whether above-mentioned extremely dangerous regimes of MHD <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> detected in liquid metals can exist in molten salts. Experiments and numerical simulation were performed in order to answer this question. The experimental test facility represents a water circuit, since water (or water with additions for increasing its electrical conduction) is a convenient medium for laboratory simulation of salt <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> in FNS conditions. Local <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficients along the <span class="hlt">heated</span> tube, three-dimensional (along the length and in the cross section, including the viscous sublayer) fields of averaged temperature and temperature pulsations are studied. The probe method for measurements in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790005324','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790005324"><span>Prototype solar-<span class="hlt">heated</span> hot water systems and double-walled <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>Development progress made on two solar-<span class="hlt">heated</span> hot water systems and two <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> is reported. The development, manufacture, installation, maintenance, problem resolution, and system evaluation are described.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020073097&hterms=Heat+exchangers&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3DHeat%2Bexchangers','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020073097&hterms=Heat+exchangers&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3DHeat%2Bexchangers"><span>High Temperature Composite <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Eckel, Andrew J.; Jaskowiak, Martha H.</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>High temperature composite <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are an enabling technology for a number of aeropropulsion applications. They offer the potential for mass reductions of greater than fifty percent over traditional metallics designs and enable vehicle and engine designs. Since they offer the ability to operate at significantly higher operating temperatures, they facilitate operation at reduced coolant flows and make possible temporary uncooled operation in temperature regimes, such as experienced during vehicle reentry, where traditional <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> require coolant flow. This reduction in coolant requirements can translate into enhanced range or system payload. A brief review of the approaches and challengers to exploiting this important technology are presented, along with a status of recent government-funded projects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1174314','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1174314"><span>Oscillating side-branch enhancements of thermoacoustic <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Swift, Gregory W.</p> <p>2003-05-13</p> <p>A regenerator-based engine or refrigerator has a regenerator with two ends at two different temperatures, through which a gas oscillates at a first oscillating volumetric flow rate in the direction between the two ends and in which the pressure of the gas oscillates, and first and second <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>, each of which is at one of the two different temperatures. A dead-end side branch into which the gas oscillates has compliance and is connected adjacent to one of the ends of the regenerator to form a second oscillating gas flow rate additive with the first oscillating volumetric flow rate, the compliance having a volume effective to provide a selected total oscillating gas volumetric flow rate through the first <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. This configuration enables the first <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> to be configured and located to better enhance the performance of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> rather than being confined to the location and configuration of the regenerator.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PrOce.109..104C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PrOce.109..104C"><span><span class="hlt">Sea</span> surface microlayers: A unified physicochemical and biological perspective of the <span class="hlt">air</span>-ocean interface</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cunliffe, Michael; Engel, Anja; Frka, Sanja; Gašparović, Blaženka; Guitart, Carlos; Murrell, J. Colin; Salter, Matthew; Stolle, Christian; Upstill-Goddard, Robert; Wurl, Oliver</p> <p>2013-02-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface microlayer (SML) covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface and is the boundary layer interface between the ocean and the atmosphere. This important biogeochemical and ecological system is critical to a diverse range of Earth system processes, including the synthesis, transformation and cycling of organic material, and the <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> of gases, particles and aerosols. In this review we discuss the SML paradigm, taking into account physicochemical and biological characteristics that define SML structure and function. These include enrichments in biogenic molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteinaceous material that contribute to organic carbon cycling, distinct microbial assemblages that participate in <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> gas <span class="hlt">exchange</span>, the generation of climate-active aerosols and the accumulation of anthropogenic pollutants with potentially serious implications for the health of the ocean. Characteristically large physical, chemical and biological gradients thus separate the SML from the underlying water and the available evidence implies that the SML retains its integrity over wide ranging environmental conditions. In support of this we present previously unpublished time series data on bacterioneuston composition and SML surfactant activity immediately following physical SML disruption; these imply timescales of the order of minutes for the reestablishment of the SML following disruption. A progressive approach to understanding the SML and hence its role in global biogeochemistry can only be achieved by considering as an integrated whole, all the key components of this complex environment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/875216','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/875216"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Brackenbury, Phillip J.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> comparising a shell attached at its open end to one side of a tube sheet and a detachable head connected to the other side of said tube sheet. The head is divided into a first and second chamber in fluid communication with a nozzle inlet and nozzle outlet, respectively, formed in said tube sheet. A tube bundle is mounted within said shell and is provided with inlets and outlets formed in said tube sheet in communication with said first and second chambers, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6678913','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6678913"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Brackenbury, P.J.</p> <p>1983-12-08</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> comparising a shell attached at its open end to one side of a tube sheet and a detachable head connected to the other side of said tube sheet. The head is divided into a first and second chamber in fluid communication with a nozzle inlet and nozzle outlet, respectively, formed in said tube sheet. A tube bundle is mounted within said shell and is provided with inlets and outlets formed in said tube sheet in communication with said first and second chambers, respectively.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1176550','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1176550"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Brackenbury, Phillip J.</p> <p>1986-04-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> comparising a shell attached at its open end to one side of a tube sheet and a detachable head connected to the other side of said tube sheet. The head is divided into a first and second chamber in fluid communication with a nozzle inlet and nozzle outlet, respectively, formed in said tube sheet. A tube bundle is mounted within said shell and is provided with inlets and outlets formed in said tube sheet in communication with said first and second chambers, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PalOc..25.3201J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PalOc..25.3201J"><span>Response of <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> carbon fluxes and climate to orbital forcing changes in the Community Climate System Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jochum, M.; Peacock, S.; Moore, K.; Lindsay, K.</p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>A global general circulation model coupled to an ocean ecosystem model is used to quantify the response of carbon fluxes and climate to changes in orbital forcing. Compared to the present-day simulation, the simulation with the Earth's orbital parameters from 115,000 years ago features significantly cooler northern high latitudes but only moderately cooler southern high latitudes. This asymmetry is explained by a 30% reduction of the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation that is caused by an increased Arctic <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice export and a resulting freshening of the North Atlantic. The strong northern high-latitude cooling and the direct insolation induced tropical warming lead to global shifts in precipitation and winds to the order of 10%-20%. These climate shifts lead to regional differences in <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> carbon fluxes of the same order. However, the differences in global net <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> carbon fluxes are small, which is due to several effects, two of which stand out: first, colder <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature leads to a more effective solubility pump but also to increased <span class="hlt">sea</span> ice concentration which blocks <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span>, and second, the weakening of Southern Ocean winds that is predicted by some idealized studies occurs only in part of the basin, and is compensated by stronger winds in other parts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Space+AND+Liquid&id=EJ1061098','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Space+AND+Liquid&id=EJ1061098"><span>Analysis of a Flooded <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Fink, Aaron H.; Luyben, William L.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Flooded <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are often used in industry to reduce the required <span class="hlt">heat</span>-transfer area and the size of utility control valves. These units involve a condensing vapor on the hot side that accumulates as a liquid phase in the lower part of the vessel. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer occurs mostly in the vapor space, but the condensate becomes somewhat…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12095811','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12095811"><span>Effects of humidified and dry <span class="hlt">air</span> on corneal endothelial cells during vitreal fluid-<span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cekiç, Osman; Ohji, Masahito; Hayashi, Atsushi; Fang, Xiao Y; Kusaka, Shunji; Tano, Yasuo</p> <p>2002-07-01</p> <p>To report the immediate anatomic and functional alterations in corneal endothelial cells following use of humidified <span class="hlt">air</span> and dry <span class="hlt">air</span> during vitreal fluid-<span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> in rabbits. Experimental study. Rabbits undergoing pars plana vitrectomy and lensectomy were perfused with either dry or humidified <span class="hlt">air</span> during fluid-<span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> for designated durations. Three different experiments were performed. First, control and experimental corneas were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Second, corneas were stained with Phalloidin-FITC and examined by fluorescein microscopy. Finally, third, transendothelial permeability for carboxyfluorescein was determined using a diffusion chamber. While different from the corneal endothelial cells, those cells exposed to humidified <span class="hlt">air</span> were less stressed than cells exposed to dry <span class="hlt">air</span> by SEM. Actin cytoskeleton was found highly disorganized with dry <span class="hlt">air</span> exposure. Humidified <span class="hlt">air</span> maintained the normal actin cytoskeleton throughout the 20 minutes of fluid-<span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span>. Paracellular carboxyfluorescein leakage was significantly higher in dry <span class="hlt">air</span> insufflated eyes compared with that of the humidified <span class="hlt">air</span> after 5, 10, and 20 minutes of fluid-<span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> (P =.002, P =.004, and P =.002, respectively). Dry <span class="hlt">air</span> stress during fluid-<span class="hlt">air</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> causes significant immediate alterations in monolayer appearance, actin cytoskeleton, and barrier function of corneal endothelium in aphakic rabbit eyes. Use of humidified <span class="hlt">air</span> largely prevents the alterations in monolayer appearance, actin cytoskeleton, and barrier function of corneal endothelial cells.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.A54A..05M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.A54A..05M"><span>Gulf of Mexico <span class="hlt">Air/Sea</span> Interaction: Measurements and Initial Data Characterization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>MacDonald, C.; Huang, C. H.; Roberts, P. T.; Bariteau, L.; Fairall, C. W.; Gibson, W.; Ray, A.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>Corporate, government, and university researchers collaborated to develop an atmospheric boundary layer environmental observations program on an offshore platform in the Gulf of Mexico. The primary goals of this project were to provide data to (1) improve our understanding of boundary layer processes and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> interaction over the Gulf of Mexico; (2) improve regional-scale meteorological and <span class="hlt">air</span> quality modeling; and (3) provide a framework for advanced offshore measurements to support future needs such as emergency response, exploration and lease decisions, wind energy research and development, and meteorological and <span class="hlt">air</span> quality forecasting. In October 2010, meteorological and oceanographic sensors were deployed for an extended period (approximately 12 months) on a Chevron service platform (ST 52B, 90.5W, 29N) to collect boundary layer and <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface data sufficient to support these objectives. This project has significant importance given the large industrial presence in the Gulf, sizeable regional population nearby, and the recognized need for precise and timely pollutant forecasts. Observations from this project include surface meteorology; sodar marine boundary layer winds; microwave radiometer profiles of temperature, relative humidity, and liquid water; ceilometer cloud base heights; water temperature and current profiles; <span class="hlt">sea</span> surface temperature; wave height statistics; downwelling solar and infrared radiation; and <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> turbulent momentum and <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes. This project resulted in the collection of an unprecedented set of boundary layer measurements over the Gulf of Mexico that capture the range of meteorological and oceanographic interactions and processes that occur over an entire year. This presentation will provide insight into the logistical and scientific issues associated with the deployment and operations of unique measurements in offshore areas and provide results from an initial data analysis of boundary layer processes over the Gulf of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=heat+AND+exchanger&id=EJ1085690','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=heat+AND+exchanger&id=EJ1085690"><span>A Project to Design and Build Compact <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Davis, Richard A.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Students designed and manufactured compact, shell-and-tube <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> in a project-based learning exercise integrated with our <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer course. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> were constructed from common building materials available at home improvement centers. The cost of materials for a device was less than $20. The project gave students…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19644780','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19644780"><span>[Pulmonary rehabilitation after total laryngectomy using a <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (HME)].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lorenz, K J; Maier, H</p> <p>2009-08-01</p> <p>A complete removal of the larynx has profound consequences for a patient. Since laryngectomy involves the separation of the upper airway from the lower airway, it not only implies a loss of the voice organ but also leads to chronic lung problems such as increased coughing, mucus production and expectoration. In addition, laryngectomees complain of fatigue, sleeping problems, a reduced sense of smell and taste, and a loss of social contact. A <span class="hlt">heat</span> and moisture <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (HME) cassette can replace a function of the upper airway which consists in conditioning inspired <span class="hlt">air</span>. It can improve pulmonary symptoms in three ways. 1. An HME cassette <span class="hlt">heats</span> and moisturises inhaled <span class="hlt">air</span> and thus creates nearly physiological conditions in the region of the deep airway. 2. The use of an HME cassette leads to an increase in breathing resistance, thereby reducing dynamic airway compression and improving lung ventilation. 3. An HME cassette acts as a filter and removes larger particles from incoming <span class="hlt">air</span>. This review examines the current understanding of lung physiology after laryngectomy and assesses the effects of HME cassettes on the conditioning of respiratory <span class="hlt">air</span>, lung function and psychosocial problems. Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart, New York.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800010286','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800010286"><span>Active <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> system development for latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> thermal energy storage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Alario, J.; Kosson, R.; Haslett, R.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>Various active <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> concepts were identified from among three generic categories: scrapers, agitators/vibrators and slurries. The more practical ones were given a more detailed technical evaluation and an economic comparison with a passive tube-shell design for a reference application (300 MW sub t storage for 6 hours). Two concepts were selected for hardware development: (1) a direct contact <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> in which molten salt droplets are injected into a cooler counterflowing stream of liquid metal carrier fluid, and (2) a rotating drum scraper in which molten salt is sprayed onto the circumference of a rotating drum, which contains the fluid salt is sprayed onto the circumference of a rotating drum, which contains the fluid <span class="hlt">heat</span> sink in an internal annulus near the surface. A fixed scraper blade removes the solidified salt from the surface which was nickel plated to decrease adhesion forces. In addition to improving performance by providing a nearly constant transfer rate during discharge, these active <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> concepts were estimated to cost at least 25% less than the passive tube-shell design.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930016032','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930016032"><span>Two-phase/two-phase <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kim, Rhyn H.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>A capillary pumped loop (CPL) system with a condenser linked to a double two-phase <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is analyzed numerically to simulate the performance of the system from different starting conditions to a steady state condition based on a simplified model. Results of the investigation are compared with those of similar apparatus available in the Space Station applications of the CPL system with a double two-phase <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090040085&hterms=heat+exchanger&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dheat%2Bexchanger','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090040085&hterms=heat+exchanger&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dheat%2Bexchanger"><span>Development, Fabrication, and Testing of a Liquid/Liquid Microchannel <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> for Constellation Spacecrafts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hawkins-Reynolds, Ebony; Le,Hung; Stephans, Ryan A.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Minimizing mass and volume is critically important for space hardware. Microchannel technology can be used to decrease both of these parameters for <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. Working in concert with NASA, Pacific Northwest National Laboratories (PNNL) has developed a microchannel liquid/liquid <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> that has resulted in significant mass and volume savings. The microchannel <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> delivers these improvements without sacrificing thermal and pressure drop performance. A conventional <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> has been tested and the performance of it recorded to compare it to the microchannel <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> that PNNL has fabricated. The microchannel <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> was designed to meet all of the requirements of the baseline <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>, while reducing the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> mass and volume. The baseline <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> was designed to have an transfer approximately 3.1 kW for a specific set of inlet conditions. The baseline <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> mass was 2.7 kg while the microchannel mass was only 2.0 kg. More impressive, however, was the volumetric savings associated with the microchannel <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. The microchannel <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> was an order of magnitude smaller than the baseline <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> (2180cm3 vs. 311 cm3). This paper will describe the test apparatus designed to complete performance tests for both <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. Also described in this paper will be the performance specifications for the microchannel <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and how they compare to the baseline <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19720010402','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19720010402"><span>Brayton <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> unit development program</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Morse, C. J.; Richard, C. E.; Duncan, J. D.</p> <p>1971-01-01</p> <p>A Brayton <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">Exchanger</span> Unit (BHXU), consisting of a recuperator, a <span class="hlt">heat</span> sink <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> and a gas ducting system, was designed, fabricated, and tested. The design was formulated to provide a high performance unit suitable for use in a long-life Brayton-cycle powerplant. A parametric analysis and design study was performed to establish the optimum component configurations to achieve low weight and size and high reliability, while meeting the requirements of high effectiveness and low pressure drop. Layout studies and detailed mechanical and structural design were performed to obtain a flight-type packaging arrangement. Evaluation testing was conducted from which it is estimated that near-design performance can be expected with the use of He-Xe as the working fluid.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol1-sec27-859.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol1-sec27-859.pdf"><span>14 CFR 27.859 - <span class="hlt">Heating</span> systems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>...) <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. Each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> must be— (1) Of suitable materials; (2) Adequately cooled under... following occurs: (i) The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> temperature exceeds safe limits. (ii) The ventilating <span class="hlt">air</span>..., the <span class="hlt">heat</span> output of which is essential for safe operation; and (ii) Keep the heater off until restarted...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title14-vol1-sec27-859.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title14-vol1-sec27-859.pdf"><span>14 CFR 27.859 - <span class="hlt">Heating</span> systems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>...) <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. Each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> must be— (1) Of suitable materials; (2) Adequately cooled under... following occurs: (i) The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> temperature exceeds safe limits. (ii) The ventilating <span class="hlt">air</span>..., the <span class="hlt">heat</span> output of which is essential for safe operation; and (ii) Keep the heater off until restarted...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title14-vol1-sec27-859.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title14-vol1-sec27-859.pdf"><span>14 CFR 27.859 - <span class="hlt">Heating</span> systems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>...) <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. Each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> must be— (1) Of suitable materials; (2) Adequately cooled under... following occurs: (i) The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> temperature exceeds safe limits. (ii) The ventilating <span class="hlt">air</span>..., the <span class="hlt">heat</span> output of which is essential for safe operation; and (ii) Keep the heater off until restarted...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title14-vol1-sec27-859.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title14-vol1-sec27-859.pdf"><span>14 CFR 27.859 - <span class="hlt">Heating</span> systems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>...) <span class="hlt">Heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span>. Each <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> must be— (1) Of suitable materials; (2) Adequately cooled under... following occurs: (i) The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> temperature exceeds safe limits. (ii) The ventilating <span class="hlt">air</span>..., the <span class="hlt">heat</span> output of which is essential for safe operation; and (ii) Keep the heater off until restarted...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JGRC..107.3196S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JGRC..107.3196S"><span>An Oceanic General Circulation Model (OGCM) investigation of the Red <span class="hlt">Sea</span> circulation, 1. <span class="hlt">Exchange</span> between the Red <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and the Indian Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sofianos, Sarantis S.; Johns, William E.</p> <p>2002-11-01</p> <p>The mechanisms involved in the seasonal <span class="hlt">exchange</span> between the Red <span class="hlt">Sea</span> and the Indian Ocean are studied using an Oceanic General Circulation Model (OGCM), namely the Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model (MICOM). The model reproduces the basic characteristics of the seasonal circulation observed in the area of the strait of Bab el Mandeb. There is good agreement between model results and available observations on the strength of the <span class="hlt">exchange</span> and the characteristics of the water masses involved, as well as the seasonal flow pattern. During winter, this flow consists of a typical inverse estuarine circulation, while during summer, the surface flow reverses, there is an intermediate inflow of relatively cold and fresh water, and the hypersaline outflow at the bottom of the strait is significantly reduced. Additional experiments with different atmospheric forcing (seasonal winds, seasonal thermohaline <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes, or combinations) were performed in order to assess the role of the atmospheric forcing fields in the <span class="hlt">exchange</span> flow at Bab el Mandeb. The results of both the wind- and thermohaline-driven experiments exhibit a strong seasonality at the area of the strait, which is in phase with the observations. However, it is the combination of both the seasonal pattern of the wind stress and the seasonal thermohaline forcing that can reproduce the observed seasonal variability at the strait. The importance of the seasonal cycle of the thermohaline forcing on the <span class="hlt">exchange</span> flow pattern is also emphasized by these results. In the experiment where the thermohaline forcing is represented by its annual mean, the strength of the <span class="hlt">exchange</span> is reduced almost by half.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUSM.A23B..01K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUSM.A23B..01K"><span><span class="hlt">Air-Sea</span> Interaction in the Gulf of Tehuantepec</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Khelif, D.; Friehe, C. A.; Melville, W. K.</p> <p>2007-05-01</p> <p>Measurements of meteorological fields and turbulence were made during gap wind events in the Gulf of Tehuantepec using the NSF C-130 aircraft. The flight patterns started at the shore and progressed to approximately 300km offshore with low-level (30m) tracks, stacks and soundings. Parameterizations of the wind stress, sensible and latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes were obtained from approximately 700 5 km low-level tracks. Structure of the marine boundary layer as it evolved off-shore was obtained with stack patterns, aircraft soundings and deployment of dropsondes. The <span class="hlt">air-sea</span> fluxes approximately follow previous parameterizations with some evidence of the drag coefficient leveling out at about 20 meters/sec with the latent <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux slightly increasing. The boundary layer starts at shore as a gap wind low-level jet, thins as the jet expands out over the gulf, exhibits a hydraulic jump, and then increases due to turbulent mixing.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865078','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865078"><span>Direct-contact closed-loop <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Berry, Gregory F.; Minkov, Vladimir; Petrick, Michael</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>A high temperature <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> with a closed loop and a <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer liquid within the loop, the closed loop having a first horizontal channel with inlet and outlet means for providing direct contact of a first fluid at a first temperature with the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer liquid, a second horizontal channel with inlet and outlet means for providing direct contact of a second fluid at a second temperature with the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer liquid, and means for circulating the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer liquid.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995SPIE.2640..152C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995SPIE.2640..152C"><span>Fabrication and testing of microchannel <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cuta, Judith M.; Bennett, Wendy D.; McDonald, Carolyn E.; Ravigururajan, T. S.</p> <p>1995-09-01</p> <p>Micro-channel <span class="hlt">heat-exchanger</span> test articles were fabricated and performance tested. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchangers</span> are being developed for innovative applications, and have been shown to be capable of handling <span class="hlt">heat</span> loads of up to 100 W/cm2. The test articles were fabricated to represent two different designs for the micro-channel portion of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>. One design consists of 166 micro-channels etched in silicon substrate, and a second design consists of 54 micro-channels machined in copper substrate. The devices were tested in an experimental loop designed for performance testing in single- and two-phase flow with water and R124. Pressure and liquid subcooling can be regulated over the range of interest, and a secondary <span class="hlt">heat</span> removal loop provides stable loop performance for steady-state tests. The selected operating pressures are approximately 0.344 MPa for distilled water and 0.689 MPa for R124. The temperature ranges are 15.5 to 138 C for distilled water and 15.5 to 46 C for R-124. The mass flow range 7.6 X 10-8 to 7.6 X 10MIN5 kg/min for both distilled water and R124.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5882693','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5882693"><span>Simplified models of the symmetric single-pass parallel-plate counterflow <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>: a tutorial</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Abraham-Shrauner, Barbara</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchanger</span> is important in practical thermal processes, especially those of (i) the molten-salt storage schemes, (ii) compressed <span class="hlt">air</span> energy storage schemes and (iii) other load-shifting thermal storage presumed to undergird a Smart Grid. Such devices, although central to the utilization of energy from sustainable (but intermittent) renewable sources, will be unfamiliar to many scientists, who nevertheless need a working knowledge of them. This tutorial paper provides a largely self-contained conceptual introduction for such persons. It begins by modelling a novel quantized <span class="hlt">exchanger</span>,1 impractical as a device, but useful for comprehending the underlying thermophysics. It then reviews the one-dimensional steady-state idealization which demonstrates that effectiveness of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer increases monotonically with (device length)/(device throughput). Next, it presents a two-dimensional steady-state idealization for plug flow and from it derives a novel formula for effectiveness of transfer; this formula is then shown to agree well with a finite-difference time-domain solution of the two-dimensional idealization under Hagen–Poiseuille flow. These results are consistent with a conclusion that effectiveness of <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">exchange</span> can approach unity, but may involve unwelcome trade-offs among device cost, size and throughput. PMID:29657769</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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