Sample records for current warm period
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Exploration of warm-up period in conceptual hydrological modelling
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kim, Kue Bum; Kwon, Hyun-Han; Han, Dawei
2018-01-01
One of the important issues in hydrological modelling is to specify the initial conditions of the catchment since it has a major impact on the response of the model. Although this issue should be a high priority among modelers, it has remained unaddressed by the community. The typical suggested warm-up period for the hydrological models has ranged from one to several years, which may lead to an underuse of data. The model warm-up is an adjustment process for the model to reach an 'optimal' state, where internal stores (e.g., soil moisture) move from the estimated initial condition to an 'optimal' state. This study explores the warm-up period of two conceptual hydrological models, HYMOD and IHACRES, in a southwestern England catchment. A series of hydrologic simulations were performed for different initial soil moisture conditions and different rainfall amounts to evaluate the sensitivity of the warm-up period. Evaluation of the results indicates that both initial wetness and rainfall amount affect the time required for model warm up, although it depends on the structure of the hydrological model. Approximately one and a half months are required for the model to warm up in HYMOD for our study catchment and climatic conditions. In addition, it requires less time to warm up under wetter initial conditions (i.e., saturated initial conditions). On the other hand, approximately six months is required for warm-up in IHACRES, and the wet or dry initial conditions have little effect on the warm-up period. Instead, the initial values that are close to the optimal value result in less warm-up time. These findings have implications for hydrologic model development, specifically in determining soil moisture initial conditions and warm-up periods to make full use of the available data, which is very important for catchments with short hydrological records.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Makarim, S.; Liu, Z.; Yu, W.; Yan, X.; Sprintall, J.
2016-12-01
The global warming slowdown indicated by a slower warming rate at the surface layer accompanied by stronger heat transport into the deeper layers has been explored in the Indian Ocean. Although the mechanisms of the global warming slowdown are still under warm debate, some clues have been recognized that decadal La Nina like-pattern induced decadal cooling in the Pacific Ocean and generated an increase of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) transport in 2004-2010. However, how the ITF spreading to the interior of the Indian Ocean and the impact of ITF changes on the Indian Ocean, in particular its water mass transformation and current system are still unknown. To this end, we analyzed thermohaline structure and current system at different depths in the Indian Ocean both during and just before the global warming slowdown period using the ORAS4 and ARGO dataset. Here, we found the new edge of ITF at off Sumatra presumably as northward deflection of ITF Lombok Strait, and The Monsoon Onset Monitoring and Social Ecology Impact (MOMSEI) and Java Upwelling Variation Observation (JUVO) dataset confirmed this evident. An isopycnal mixing method initially proposed by Du et al. (2013) is adopted to quantify the spreading of ITF water in the Indian Ocean, and therefore the impacts of ITF changes on the variation of the Agulhas Current, Leuween Current, Bay of Bengal Water. This study also prevailed the fresher salinity in the Indian Ocean during the slowdown warming period were not only contributed by stronger transport of the ITF, but also by freshening Arabian Sea and infiltrating Antartic Intermediate Water (AAIW).
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hu, Xiaoming; Sejas, Sergio A.; Cai, Ming; Taylor, Patrick C.; Deng, Yi; Yang, Song
2018-05-01
The global-mean surface temperature has experienced a rapid warming from the 1980s to early-2000s but a muted warming since, referred to as the global warming hiatus in the literature. Decadal changes in deep ocean heat uptake are thought to primarily account for the rapid warming and subsequent slowdown. Here, we examine the role of ocean heat uptake in establishing the fast warming and warming hiatus periods in the ERA-Interim through a decomposition of the global-mean surface energy budget. We find the increase of carbon dioxide alone yields a nearly steady increase of the downward longwave radiation at the surface from the 1980s to the present, but neither accounts for the fast warming nor warming hiatus periods. During the global warming hiatus period, the transfer of latent heat energy from the ocean to atmosphere increases and the total downward radiative energy flux to the surface decreases due to a reduction of solar absorption caused primarily by an increase of clouds. The reduction of radiative energy into the ocean and the surface latent heat flux increase cause the ocean heat uptake to decrease and thus contribute to the slowdown of the global-mean surface warming. Our analysis also finds that in addition to a reduction of deep ocean heat uptake, the fast warming period is also driven by enhanced solar absorption due predominantly to a decrease of clouds and by enhanced longwave absorption mainly attributed to the air temperature feedback.
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Current Warm-Up Practices and Contemporary Issues Faced by Elite Swimming Coaches.
McGowan, Courtney J; Pyne, David B; Raglin, John S; Thompson, Kevin G; Rattray, Ben
2016-12-01
McGowan, CJ, Pyne, DB, Raglin, JS, Thompson, KG, and Rattray, B. Current warm-up practices and contemporary issues faced by elite swimming coaches. J Strength Cond Res 30(12): 3471-3480, 2016-A better understanding of current swimming warm-up strategies is needed to improve their effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to describe current precompetition warm-up practices and identify contemporary issues faced by elite swimming coaches during competition. Forty-six state-international level swimming coaches provided information through a questionnaire on their prescription of volume, intensity, and recovery within their pool and dryland-based competition warm-ups, and challenges faced during the final stages of event preparation. Coaches identified four key objectives of the precompetition warm-up: physiological (elevate body temperature and increase muscle activation), kinesthetic (tactile preparation, increase "feel" of the water), tactical (race-pace rehearsal), and mental (improve focus, reduce anxiety). Pool warm-up volume ranged from ∼1300 to 2100 m, beginning with 400-1000 m of continuous, low-intensity (∼50-70% of perceived maximal exertion) swimming, followed by 200-600 m of stroke drills and 1-2 sets (100-400 m in length) of increasing intensity (∼60-90%) swimming, concluding with 3-4 race or near race-pace efforts (25-100 m; ∼90-100%) and 100-400 m easy swimming. Dryland-based warm-up exercises, involving stretch cords and skipping, were also commonly prescribed. Coaches preferred swimmers complete their warm-up 20-30 minutes before race start. Lengthy marshalling periods (15-20+ minutes) and the time required to don racing suits (>10 minutes) were identified as complicating issues. Coaches believed that the pool warm-up affords athletes the opportunity to gain a tactile feel for the water and surrounding pool environment. The combination of dryland-based activation exercises followed by pool-based warm-up routines seems to be the preferred
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Polar ice-sheet contributions to sea level during past warm periods
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dutton, A.
2015-12-01
Recent sea-level rise has been dominated by thermal expansion and glacier loss, but the contribution from mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets is expected to exceed other contributions under future sustained warming. Due to limitations of existing ice sheet models and the lack of relevant analogues in the historical record, projecting the timing and magnitude of polar ice sheet mass loss in the future remains challenging. One approach to improving our understanding of how polar ice-sheet retreat will unfold is to integrate observations and models of sea level, ice sheets, and climate during past intervals of warmth when the polar ice sheets contributed to higher sea levels. A recent review evaluated the evidence of polar ice sheet mass loss during several warm periods, including interglacials during the mid-Pliocene warm period, Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11, 5e (Last Interglacial), and 1 (Holocene). Sea-level benchmarks of ice-sheet retreat during the first of these three periods, when global mean climate was ~1 to 3 deg. C warmer than preindustrial, are useful for understanding the long-term potential for future sea-level rise. Despite existing uncertainties in these reconstructions, it is clear that our present climate is warming to a level associated with significant polar ice-sheet loss in the past, resulting in a conservative estimate for a global mean sea-level rise of 6 meters above present (or more). This presentation will focus on identifying the approaches that have yielded significant advances in terms of past sea level and ice sheet reconstruction as well as outstanding challenges. A key element of recent advances in sea-level reconstructions is the ability to recognize and quantify the imprint of geophysical processes, such as glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) and dynamic topography, that lead to significant spatial variability in sea level reconstructions. Identifying specific ice-sheet sources that contributed to higher sea levels
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The Origin of the Tsushima Warm Current in a High Resolution Model
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Park, Y.; Yeh, S.; Hwang, J.
2008-12-01
Using a high resolution global ocean circulation model results, the present study investigates the origin of the Tsushima Warm Current and related East China Sea Circulation. The simulated Tsushima Warm Current is weaker than the observations by about 30 %, but the persistence of the Taiwan-Tsushima Current System shows that the Taiwan Warm Current is the main source of the Tsushima Warm Current. The high resolution model results allow us to distinguish the Kuroshio intrusion north of Taiwan and west of Kyushu from the Taiwan-Tsushima Current System. West of Kyushu the onshore intrusion of the Kuroshio is strong between September and February, and north of Taiwan between June and November. The annual mean strength of the intrusion is 0.32 Sv west of Kyushu, and 0.22 Sv north of Taiwan. Since the simulated Tsushima Warm Current is weaker than the observation while that of the Taiwan Current is comparable to the observations, the strength of the intrusion is weaker than the reality. In addition, a linear relation is found between the transport of the Tsushima Warm Current and the sea level difference between the Korea/Tsushima Strait and the Tsugaru/Soya Straits, and we can conclude that the sea level difference is the main driving force of the current.
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Application of wavelet analysis in determining the periodicity of global warming
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Feng, Xiao
2018-04-01
In the last two decades of the last century, the global average temperature has risen by 0.48 ° C over 100 years ago. Since then, global warming has become a hot topic. Global warming will have complex and potential impacts on humans and the Earth. However, the negative impacts far outweigh the positive impacts. The most obvious external manifestation of global warming is temperature. Therefore, this study uses wavelet analysis study the characteristics of temperature time series, solve the periodicity of the sequence, find out the trend of temperature change and predict the extent of global warming in the future, so as to take the necessary precautionary measures.
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Nonlinear interaction of the Tsugaru Warm Current and tide in the Tsugaru Strait
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wada, Ryota; Waseda, Takuji; Nanjo, Hirotada
2012-06-01
The Tsugaru Strait, which connects the Sea of Japan with the Pacific Ocean, is characterized by the eastward Tsugaru Warm Current (TWC) and oscillating tidal currents of similar magnitude. A 15-day current observation was conducted in one of the two narrow channels in the strait, at the northwest tip of the Shimokita Peninsula. The observation revealed that the spectral energy of the semidiurnal current exceeds that of the diurnal current, contrary to the conventional view. The Tsugaru Strait regional model was developed to study the mechanism of this spectral energy reversal (140-141.5° E, 40.4-42.6° N, 500 m grid resolution). At the eastern and western open boundaries, the model was driven by the constant Tsugaru warm current and tidal elevation, which was adjusted by comparing the model with tidal gauge observations within the channel. The relative magnitude of the spectral energies differed from that of the observation when the model was driven by tide only. However, the spectral energy levels were reversed when the model was driven by both tide and current. The nonlinear interaction of periodic tidal currents and the steady TWC was explained by the vorticity equation, which describes the production and advection of residual currents from tidal currents. According to the model results, flow separation and advection of vorticity by the TWC was the most prominent factor in this phenomenon. Because of the strong nonlinearities, flow separation around the headland occurred during the tidal period with dominant current magnitude and furnished the main difference between the diurnal and semidiurnal interactions. These phenomena were enhanced by the complex topography, and demonstrate the importance of scale interaction, especially when developing high-resolution regional models.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Clare, Michael; Peter, Talling; James, Hunt
2014-05-01
A geologically short-lived (~170kyr) episode of global warming occurred at ~55Ma, termed the Initial Eocene Thermal Maximum (IETM). Global temperatures rose by up to 8oC over only ~10kyr and a massive perturbation of the global carbon cycle occurred; creating a negative carbon isotopic (~-4% δ13C) excursion in sedimentary records. This interval has relevance to study of future climate change and its influence on geohazards including submarine landslides and turbidity currents. We analyse the recurrence frequency of turbidity currents, potentially initiated from large-volume slope failures. The study focuses on two sedimentary intervals that straddle the IETM and we discuss implications for turbidity current triggering. We present the results of statistical analyses (regression, generalised linear model, and proportional hazards model) for extensive turbidite records from an outcrop at Zumaia in NE Spain (N=285; 54.0 to 56.5 Ma) and based on ODP site 1068 on the Iberian Margin (N=1571; 48.2 to 67.6 Ma). The sedimentary sequences provide clear differentiation between hemipelagic and turbiditic mud with only negligible evidence of erosion. We infer dates for turbidites by converting hemipelagic bed thicknesses to time using interval-averaged accumulation rates. Multi-proxy dating techniques provide good age constraint. The background trend for the Zumaia record shows a near-exponential distribution of turbidite recurrence intervals, while the Iberian Margin shows a log-normal response. This is interpreted to be related to regional time-independence (exponential) and the effects of additive processes (log-normal). We discuss how a log-normal response may actually be generated over geological timescales from multiple shorter periods of random turbidite recurrence. The IETM interval shows a dramatic departure from both these background trends, however. This is marked by prolonged hiatuses (0.1 and 0.6 Myr duration) in turbidity current activity in contrast to the
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Warm tropical ocean surface and global anoxia during the mid-Cretaceous period.
Wilson, P A; Norris, R D
2001-07-26
The middle of the Cretaceous period (about 120 to 80 Myr ago) was a time of unusually warm polar temperatures, repeated reef-drowning in the tropics and a series of oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) that promoted both the widespread deposition of organic-carbon-rich marine sediments and high biological turnover. The cause of the warm temperatures is unproven but widely attributed to high levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. In contrast, there is no consensus on the climatic causes and effects of the OAEs, with both high biological productivity and ocean 'stagnation' being invoked as the cause of ocean anoxia. Here we show, using stable isotope records from multiple species of well-preserved foraminifera, that the thermal structure of surface waters in the western tropical Atlantic Ocean underwent pronounced variability about 100 Myr ago, with maximum sea surface temperatures 3-5 degrees C warmer than today. This variability culminated in a collapse of upper-ocean stratification during OAE-1d (the 'Breistroffer' event), a globally significant period of organic-carbon burial that we show to have fundamental, stratigraphically valuable, geochemical similarities to the main OAEs of the Mesozoic era. Our records are consistent with greenhouse forcing being responsible for the warm temperatures, but are inconsistent both with explanations for OAEs based on ocean stagnation, and with the traditional view (reviewed in ref. 12) that past warm periods were more stable than today's climate.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jacobs, P.; de Mutsert, K.
2013-12-01
Paleoclimatic reconstructions, particularly from periods that may serve as an analog to the present and future greenhouse-driven warming, are increasingly being used to validate climate models as well as to provide constraints on broad impacts such as global temperature and sea level change. However, paleoclimatic data remains under-utilized in decision-making processes by stakeholders, who typically rely on scenarios produced by computer models or naive extrapolation of present trends. We hope to increase the information available to stakeholders by incorporating paleoclimatic data from the mid-Pliocene Warm Period (mPWP, ~3ma) into a fisheries model of the North Atlantic. North Atlantic fisheries are economically important and are expected to be sensitive to climatic change. State of the art climate models remain unable to realistically simulate the North Atlantic, both over the observational record as well as during times in the geologic past such as the mPWP. Given that the mPWP shares many of the same boundary conditions as those likely to be seen in the near future, we seek to answer the question 'What if the climate of the future looks more like the climate of the past?' relative to what state of the art computer models currently project. To that end we have created a suite of future North Atlantic Ocean scenarios using output from the CMIP3 and CMIP5 modeling experiments, as well as the PRISM group's Mid-Pliocene ocean reconstruction. We use these scenarios to drive an ecosystem-based fisheries model using the Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) software to identify differences between the scenarios as the North Atlantic Ocean changes through time. Additionally, we examine the spatial component of these differences by using the Ecospace module of EwE. Whereas the Ecosim realizations are intended to capture the dynamic response to changing oceanographic parameters (SST, SSS, DO) over time, the Ecospace experiments are intended to explore the impact of different
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Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age Signatures in the Distribution of Modern Ocean Temperatures
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gebbie, G.; Huybers, P. J.
2017-12-01
It is well established both that global temperatures have varied overthe last millenium and that the interior ocean reflects surfaceproperties inherited over these timescales. Signatures of theMedieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age are thus to be expected in themodern ocean state, though the magnitude of these effects and whetherthey are detectable is unclear. Analysis of changes in temperatureacross those obtained in the 1870s as part of the theH.M.S. Challenger expedition, the 1990s World Ocean CirculationExperiment, and recent Argo observations shows a consistent pattern:the upper ocean and Atlantic have warmed, but the oldest waters inthe deep Pacific appear to have cooled. The implications of pressureeffects on the H.M.S. Challenger thermometers and uncertainties indepth of observations are non-negligible but do not appear tofundamentally alter this pattern. Inversion of the modern hydrographyusing ocean transport estimates derived from passive tracer andradiocarbon observations indicates that deep Pacific cooling could bea vestige of the Medieval Warm Period, and that warming elsewhere reflects thecombined effects of emergence from the Little Ice Age and modernanthropogenic warming. Implications for longterm variations in oceanheat uptake and separating natural and anthropogenic contributions to themodern energy imbalance are discussed.
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How did Humans Adapt in the Eastern Farming-pastoral zone during the Medieval Warm Period?
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jia, X.
2017-12-01
With its extremely warm climate, the "medieval warm period" is considered analogous to the climate change humans are likely to face due to future global warming. Thus, the ability of humans to adapt to an extremely warm climate during the medieval period in Eurasia's farming-pastoral zone has attracted some attention. The warmth of the climate during this period (900-1300 BC) is demonstrated by evidence of bamboo in charcoal remains and phytoliths found in the settlement sites and tomb murals of the Western Liao river basin in Northeast China. This warmth probably promoted agricultural diversification, as the presence of foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, wheat, barley, soybean, hemp, and buckwheat in this region can be seen in plant seeds and phytoliths found in archaeological sites. The bones of deer and birds also provide evidence of hunting, and the practice of animal husbandry is indicated in pig, dog, cattle, ovicaprid, horse and camel bones. Diversity in food structures is also shown in stable isotopes from human and animal bones. Competence in animal husbandry and hunting, and the availability of stable food resources may have contributed to the rise of the Liao people in military prowess and power, and promoted the expansion of Khitan-Liao culture.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mobilia, M.; Surge, D.
2008-12-01
The Medieval Warm Period (700-1100 YBP) represents a recent period of warm climate, and as such provides a powerful comparison to today's continuing warming trend. However, the spatial and temporal variability inherent in the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) makes it difficult to differentiate between global climate trends and regional variability. The continued study of this period will allow for the better understanding of temperature variability, both regional and global, during this climate interval. Our study is located in the Orkney Islands, Scotland, which is a critical area to understand climate dynamics. The North Atlantic Oscillation and Gulf Stream heavily influence climate in this region, and the study of climate intervals during the MWP will improve our understanding of the behavior of these climate mechanisms during this interval. Furthermore, the vast majority of the climate archive has been derived from either deep marine or arctic environments. Studying a coastal environment will offer valuable insight into the behavior of maritime climate during the MWP. Estimated seasonal sea surface temperature data were derived through isotopic analysis of limpet shells (Patella vulgata). Analysis of modern shells confirms that growth temperature tracks seasonal variation in ambient water temperature. Preliminary data from MWP shells record a seasonal temperature range comparable to that observed in the modern temperature data. We will extend the range of temperature data from the 10th through 14th centuries to advance our knowledge of seasonal temperature variability during the late Holocene.
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The little ice age and medieval warm period in the Sargasso Sea
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Keigwin, L.D.
1996-11-29
Sea surface temperature (SST), salinity, and flux of terrigenous material oscillated on millennial time scales in the Pleistocene North Atlantic, but there are few records of Holocene variability. Because of high rates of sediment accumulation, Holocene oscillations are well documented in the northern Sargasso Sea. Results from a radiocarbondated box core show that SST was {approximately} 1{degree}C cooler than today {approximately} 400 years ago (the Little Ice Age) and 1700 years ago, and {approximately} 1{degree}C warmer than today 1000 years ago (the Medieval Warm Period). Thus, at least some of the warming since the Little Ice Age appears to bemore » part of a natural oscillation. 39 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.« less
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Observational constraints on monomial warm inflation
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Visinelli, Luca, E-mail: Luca.Visinelli@studio.unibo.it
Warm inflation is, as of today, one of the best motivated mechanisms for explaining an early inflationary period. In this paper, we derive and analyze the current bounds on warm inflation with a monomial potential U ∝ φ {sup p} , using the constraints from the PLANCK mission. In particular, we discuss the parameter space of the tensor-to-scalar ratio r and the potential coupling λ of the monomial warm inflation in terms of the number of e-folds. We obtain that the theoretical tensor-to-scalar ratio r ∼ 10{sup −8} is much smaller than the current observational constrain r ∼< 0.12, despitemore » a relatively large value of the field excursion Δ φ ∼ 0.1 M {sub Pl}. Warm inflation thus eludes the Lyth bound set on the tensor-to-scalar ratio by the field excursion.« less
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Subfossil markers of climate change during the Roman Warm Period of the late Holocene
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jach, Renata; Knutelski, Stanisław; Uchman, Alfred; Hercman, Helena; Dohnalik, Marek
2018-02-01
Abundant bog oak trunks occur in alluvial deposits of the Raba River in the village of Targowisko (southern Poland). Several of them contain galleries of the great capricorn beetle ( Cerambyx cerdo L.). A well-preserved subfossil larva and pupa, as well as adults of this species, are concealed in some of the galleries. These galleries co-occur with boring galleries of other insects such as ship-timber beetles (Lymexylidae) and metallic wood borers (Buprestidae). A dry larva of a stag beetle (Lucanidae) and a mite (Acari) have been found in the C. cerdo galleries. Selected samples of the trunks and a sample of the C. cerdo larva were dated, using radiocarbon and dendrochronological methods, to the period from 45 bc to ad 554; one sample was dated to the period from 799 to 700 bc. Accumulation of the channel alluvia containing the bog oak trunks is synchronous with the Roman Warm Period (late antiquity/Early Mediaeval times). The most recent part of this period correlates with massive accumulations of fallen oak trunks noted from various river valleys in the Carpathian region and dated to ad 450-570. The results indicate that C. cerdo was more abundant within the study area during the Roman Warm Period than it is today.
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Subfossil markers of climate change during the Roman Warm Period of the late Holocene.
Jach, Renata; Knutelski, Stanisław; Uchman, Alfred; Hercman, Helena; Dohnalik, Marek
2017-12-27
Abundant bog oak trunks occur in alluvial deposits of the Raba River in the village of Targowisko (southern Poland). Several of them contain galleries of the great capricorn beetle (Cerambyx cerdo L.). A well-preserved subfossil larva and pupa, as well as adults of this species, are concealed in some of the galleries. These galleries co-occur with boring galleries of other insects such as ship-timber beetles (Lymexylidae) and metallic wood borers (Buprestidae). A dry larva of a stag beetle (Lucanidae) and a mite (Acari) have been found in the C. cerdo galleries. Selected samples of the trunks and a sample of the C. cerdo larva were dated, using radiocarbon and dendrochronological methods, to the period from 45 BC to AD 554; one sample was dated to the period from 799 to 700 BC. Accumulation of the channel alluvia containing the bog oak trunks is synchronous with the Roman Warm Period (late antiquity/Early Mediaeval times). The most recent part of this period correlates with massive accumulations of fallen oak trunks noted from various river valleys in the Carpathian region and dated to AD 450-570. The results indicate that C. cerdo was more abundant within the study area during the Roman Warm Period than it is today.
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Pastene, Luis A; Goto, Mutsuo; Kanda, Naohisa; Zerbini, Alexandre N; Kerem, Dan; Watanabe, Kazuo; Bessho, Yoshitaka; Hasegawa, Masami; Nielsen, Rasmus; Larsen, Finn; Palsbøll, Per J
2007-04-01
How do populations of highly mobile species inhabiting open environments become reproductively isolated and evolve into new species? We test the hypothesis that elevated ocean-surface temperatures can facilitate allopatry among pelagic populations and thus promote speciation. Oceanographic modelling has shown that increasing surface temperatures cause localization and reduction of upwelling, leading to fragmentation of feeding areas critical to pelagic species. We test our hypothesis by genetic analyses of populations of two closely related baleen whales, the Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) and common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) whose current distributions and migration patterns extent are largely determined by areas of consistent upwelling with high primary production. Phylogeographic and population genetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA control-region nucleotide sequences collected from 467 whales sampled in four different ocean basins were employed to infer the evolutionary relationship among populations of B. acutorostrata by rooting an intraspecific phylogeny with a population of B. bonaerensis. Our findings suggest that the two species diverged in the Southern Hemisphere less than 5 million years ago (Ma). This estimate places the speciation event during a period of extended global warming in the Pliocene. We propose that elevated ocean temperatures in the period facilitated allopatric speciation by disrupting the continuous belt of upwelling maintained by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Our analyses revealed that the current populations of B. acutorostrata likely diverged after the Pliocene some 1.5 Ma when global temperatures had decreased and presumably coinciding with the re-establishment of the polar-equatorial temperature gradient that ultimately drives upwelling. In most population samples, we detected genetic signatures of exponential population expansions, consistent with the notion of increasing carrying capacity
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Macfarlane, S. A.; Woudt, P. A.; Dufour, P.; Ramsay, G.; Groot, P. J.; Toma, R.; Warner, B.; Paterson, K.; Kupfer, T.; van Roestel, J.; Berdnikov, L.; Dagne, T.; Hardy, F.
2017-09-01
We present the discovery and follow-up observations of the second known variable warm DQ white dwarf OW J175358.85-310728.9 (OW J1753-3107). OW J1753-3107 is the brightest of any of the currently known warm or hot DQ and was discovered in the OmegaWhite Survey as exhibiting optical variations on a period of 35.5452 (2) min, with no evidence for other periods in its light curves. This period has remained constant over the last 2 yr and a single-period sinusoidal model provides a good fit for all follow-up light curves. The spectrum consists of a very blue continuum with strong absorption lines of neutral and ionized carbon, a broad He I λ4471 line and possibly weaker hydrogen lines. The C I lines are Zeeman split, and indicate the presence of a strong magnetic field. Using spectral Paschen-Back model descriptions, we determine that OW J1753-3107 exhibits the following physical parameters: Teff = 15 430 K, log (g) = 9.0, log (N(C)/N(He)) = -1.2 and the mean magnetic field strength is Bz =2.1 MG. This relatively low temperature and carbon abundance (compared to the expected properties of hot DQs) is similar to that seen in the other warm DQ SDSS J1036+6522. Although OW J1753-3107 appears to be a twin of SDSS J1036+6522, it exhibits a modulation on a period slightly longer than the dominant period in SDSS J1036+6522 and has a higher carbon abundance. The source of variations is uncertain, but they are believed to originate from the rotation of the magnetic white dwarf.
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Heat waves and warm periods in Slovakia
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Faško, Pavel; Bochníček, Oliver; Markovič, Ladislav; Švec, Marek
2016-04-01
The scenarios of climate change caused by human activity show that frequency of occurrence and extent of heat waves in the interior of Europe is increasing. Among the most exposed regions in this regard should the area of southeastern and eastern Austria and south-western Slovakia. The relatively faster increase in the number of heat waves in this area is related also to potential desertification in this region just east of the Alps, since during summer, weather fronts advancing from the west are consequently losing their original features and moderating influence. Summer weather patterns for this area should in the future more closely remind climate typical for some inland areas of southwestern, southern and southeastern Europe. A certain shift of climate zones from south to north should thus modify future climate and Slovakia. Despite the complex natural conditions the existing trends derived from results of meteorological measurements and observations are clear and they confirm warming of climate in this region. Observations and measurements in the recent years of the 21st century confirm, that heat waves are no longer rare phenomenon during summer, but are systematically appearing even in colder regions of northern Slovakia. What is very remarkable and will be necessary to pay more attention to, is the fact that these heat waves are expanding into previously unaffected areas, associated with the lack of rainfall and drought, on larger regional scale. In this study heat wave periods and individual heat events and days are statistically identified in the time series characteristics of air temperature at selected meteorological stations for the period from the mid-20th century until 2015, in case of available historical data even for longer period.
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Mid-Pliocene warm-period deposits in the High Arctic yield insight into camel evolution
Rybczynski, Natalia; Gosse, John C.; Richard Harington, C.; Wogelius, Roy A.; Hidy, Alan J.; Buckley, Mike
2013-01-01
The mid-Pliocene was a global warm period, preceding the onset of Quaternary glaciations. Here we use cosmogenic nuclide dating to show that a fossiliferous terrestrial deposit that includes subfossil trees and the northern-most evidence of Pliocene ice wedge casts in Canada’s High Arctic (Ellesmere Island, Nunavut) was deposited during the mid-Pliocene warm period. The age estimates correspond to a general maximum in high latitude mean winter season insolation, consistent with the presence of a rich, boreal-type forest. Moreover, we report that these deposits have yielded the first evidence of a High Arctic camel, identified using collagen fingerprinting of a fragmentary fossil limb bone. Camels originated in North America and dispersed to Eurasia via the Bering Isthmus, an ephemeral land bridge linking Alaska and Russia. The results suggest that the evolutionary history of modern camels can be traced back to a lineage of giant camels that was well established in a forested Arctic. PMID:23462993
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Vegetation-induced warming of high-latitude regions during the Late Cretaceous period
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Otto-Bliesner, Bette L.; Upchurch, Garland R.
1997-02-01
Modelling studies of pre-Quaternary (>2 million years ago) climate implicate atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations1, land elevation2 and land-sea distribution3-5 as important factors influencing global climate change over geological timescales. But during times of global warmth, such as the Cretaceous period and Eocene epoch, there are large discrepancies between model simulations of high-latitude and continental-interior temperatures and those indicated by palaeotemperature records6,7. Here we use a global climate model for the latest Cretaceous (66 million years ago) to examine the role played by high- and middle-latitude forests in surface temperature regulation. In our simulations, this forest vegetation warms the global climate by 2.2 °C. The low-albedo deciduous forests cause high-latitude land areas to warm, which then transfer more heat to adjacent oceans, thus delaying sea-ice formation and increasing winter temperatures over coastal land. Overall, the inclusion of some of the physical and physiological climate feedback effects of high-latitude forest vegetation in our simulations reduces the existing discrepancies between observed and modelled climates of the latest Cretaceous, suggesting that these forests may have made an important contribution to climate regulation during periods of global warmth.
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Insolation driven biomagnetic response to the Holocene Warm Period in semi-arid East Asia
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Liu, Suzhen; Deng, Chenglong; Xiao, Jule; Li, Jinhua; Paterson, Greig A.; Chang, Liao; Yi, Liang; Qin, Huafeng; Pan, Yongxin; Zhu, Rixiang
2015-01-01
The Holocene Warm Period (HWP) provides valuable insights into the climate system and biotic responses to environmental variability and thus serves as an excellent analogue for future global climate changes. Here we document, for the first time, that warm and wet HWP conditions were highly favourable for magnetofossil proliferation in the semi-arid Asian interior. The pronounced increase of magnetofossil concentrations at ~9.8 ka and decrease at ~5.9 ka in Dali Lake coincided respectively with the onset and termination of the HWP, and are respectively linked to increased nutrient supply due to postglacial warming and poor nutrition due to drying at ~6 ka in the Asian interior. The two-stage transition at ~7.7 ka correlates well with increased organic carbon in middle HWP and suggests that improved climate conditions, leading to high quality nutrient influx, fostered magnetofossil proliferation. Our findings represent an excellent lake record in which magnetofossil abundance is, through nutrient availability, controlled by insolation driven climate changes.
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Insolation driven biomagnetic response to the Holocene Warm Period in semi-arid East Asia.
Liu, Suzhen; Deng, Chenglong; Xiao, Jule; Li, Jinhua; Paterson, Greig A; Chang, Liao; Yi, Liang; Qin, Huafeng; Pan, Yongxin; Zhu, Rixiang
2015-01-23
The Holocene Warm Period (HWP) provides valuable insights into the climate system and biotic responses to environmental variability and thus serves as an excellent analogue for future global climate changes. Here we document, for the first time, that warm and wet HWP conditions were highly favourable for magnetofossil proliferation in the semi-arid Asian interior. The pronounced increase of magnetofossil concentrations at ~9.8 ka and decrease at ~5.9 ka in Dali Lake coincided respectively with the onset and termination of the HWP, and are respectively linked to increased nutrient supply due to postglacial warming and poor nutrition due to drying at ~6 ka in the Asian interior. The two-stage transition at ~7.7 ka correlates well with increased organic carbon in middle HWP and suggests that improved climate conditions, leading to high quality nutrient influx, fostered magnetofossil proliferation. Our findings represent an excellent lake record in which magnetofossil abundance is, through nutrient availability, controlled by insolation driven climate changes.
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Global warming precipitation accumulation increases above the current-climate cutoff scale
Sahany, Sandeep; Stechmann, Samuel N.; Bernstein, Diana N.
2017-01-01
Precipitation accumulations, integrated over rainfall events, can be affected by both intensity and duration of the storm event. Thus, although precipitation intensity is widely projected to increase under global warming, a clear framework for predicting accumulation changes has been lacking, despite the importance of accumulations for societal impacts. Theory for changes in the probability density function (pdf) of precipitation accumulations is presented with an evaluation of these changes in global climate model simulations. We show that a simple set of conditions implies roughly exponential increases in the frequency of the very largest accumulations above a physical cutoff scale, increasing with event size. The pdf exhibits an approximately power-law range where probability density drops slowly with each order of magnitude size increase, up to a cutoff at large accumulations that limits the largest events experienced in current climate. The theory predicts that the cutoff scale, controlled by the interplay of moisture convergence variance and precipitation loss, tends to increase under global warming. Thus, precisely the large accumulations above the cutoff that are currently rare will exhibit increases in the warmer climate as this cutoff is extended. This indeed occurs in the full climate model, with a 3 °C end-of-century global-average warming yielding regional increases of hundreds of percent to >1,000% in the probability density of the largest accumulations that have historical precedents. The probabilities of unprecedented accumulations are also consistent with the extension of the cutoff. PMID:28115693
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Global warming precipitation accumulation increases above the current-climate cutoff scale
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Neelin, J. David; Sahany, Sandeep; Stechmann, Samuel N.; Bernstein, Diana N.
2017-02-01
Precipitation accumulations, integrated over rainfall events, can be affected by both intensity and duration of the storm event. Thus, although precipitation intensity is widely projected to increase under global warming, a clear framework for predicting accumulation changes has been lacking, despite the importance of accumulations for societal impacts. Theory for changes in the probability density function (pdf) of precipitation accumulations is presented with an evaluation of these changes in global climate model simulations. We show that a simple set of conditions implies roughly exponential increases in the frequency of the very largest accumulations above a physical cutoff scale, increasing with event size. The pdf exhibits an approximately power-law range where probability density drops slowly with each order of magnitude size increase, up to a cutoff at large accumulations that limits the largest events experienced in current climate. The theory predicts that the cutoff scale, controlled by the interplay of moisture convergence variance and precipitation loss, tends to increase under global warming. Thus, precisely the large accumulations above the cutoff that are currently rare will exhibit increases in the warmer climate as this cutoff is extended. This indeed occurs in the full climate model, with a 3 °C end-of-century global-average warming yielding regional increases of hundreds of percent to >1,000% in the probability density of the largest accumulations that have historical precedents. The probabilities of unprecedented accumulations are also consistent with the extension of the cutoff.
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Global warming precipitation accumulation increases above the current-climate cutoff scale
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Neelin, J. David; Sahany, Sandeep; Stechmann, Samuel N.
Precipitation accumulations, integrated over rainfall events, can be affected by both intensity and duration of the storm event. Thus, although precipitation intensity is widely projected to increase under global warming, a clear framework for predicting accumulation changes has been lacking, despite the importance of accumulations for societal impacts. Theory for changes in the probability density function (pdf) of precipitation accumulations is presented with an evaluation of these changes in global climate model simulations. We show that a simple set of conditions implies roughly exponential increases in the frequency of the very largest accumulations above a physical cutoff scale, increasing withmore » event size. The pdf exhibits an approximately power-law range where probability density drops slowly with each order of magnitude size increase, up to a cutoff at large accumulations that limits the largest events experienced in current climate. The theory predicts that the cutoff scale, controlled by the interplay of moisture convergence variance and precipitation loss, tends to increase under global warming. Thus, precisely the large accumulations above the cutoff that are currently rare will exhibit increases in the warmer climate as this cutoff is extended. This indeed occurs in the full climate model, with a 3 °C end-of-century global-average warming yielding regional increases of hundreds of percent to >1,000% in the probability density of the largest accumulations that have historical precedents. The probabilities of unprecedented accumulations are also consistent with the extension of the cutoff.« less
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Global warming precipitation accumulation increases above the current-climate cutoff scale.
Neelin, J David; Sahany, Sandeep; Stechmann, Samuel N; Bernstein, Diana N
2017-02-07
Precipitation accumulations, integrated over rainfall events, can be affected by both intensity and duration of the storm event. Thus, although precipitation intensity is widely projected to increase under global warming, a clear framework for predicting accumulation changes has been lacking, despite the importance of accumulations for societal impacts. Theory for changes in the probability density function (pdf) of precipitation accumulations is presented with an evaluation of these changes in global climate model simulations. We show that a simple set of conditions implies roughly exponential increases in the frequency of the very largest accumulations above a physical cutoff scale, increasing with event size. The pdf exhibits an approximately power-law range where probability density drops slowly with each order of magnitude size increase, up to a cutoff at large accumulations that limits the largest events experienced in current climate. The theory predicts that the cutoff scale, controlled by the interplay of moisture convergence variance and precipitation loss, tends to increase under global warming. Thus, precisely the large accumulations above the cutoff that are currently rare will exhibit increases in the warmer climate as this cutoff is extended. This indeed occurs in the full climate model, with a 3 °C end-of-century global-average warming yielding regional increases of hundreds of percent to >1,000% in the probability density of the largest accumulations that have historical precedents. The probabilities of unprecedented accumulations are also consistent with the extension of the cutoff.
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Global warming precipitation accumulation increases above the current-climate cutoff scale
Neelin, J. David; Sahany, Sandeep; Stechmann, Samuel N.; ...
2017-01-23
Precipitation accumulations, integrated over rainfall events, can be affected by both intensity and duration of the storm event. Thus, although precipitation intensity is widely projected to increase under global warming, a clear framework for predicting accumulation changes has been lacking, despite the importance of accumulations for societal impacts. Theory for changes in the probability density function (pdf) of precipitation accumulations is presented with an evaluation of these changes in global climate model simulations. We show that a simple set of conditions implies roughly exponential increases in the frequency of the very largest accumulations above a physical cutoff scale, increasing withmore » event size. The pdf exhibits an approximately power-law range where probability density drops slowly with each order of magnitude size increase, up to a cutoff at large accumulations that limits the largest events experienced in current climate. The theory predicts that the cutoff scale, controlled by the interplay of moisture convergence variance and precipitation loss, tends to increase under global warming. Thus, precisely the large accumulations above the cutoff that are currently rare will exhibit increases in the warmer climate as this cutoff is extended. This indeed occurs in the full climate model, with a 3 °C end-of-century global-average warming yielding regional increases of hundreds of percent to >1,000% in the probability density of the largest accumulations that have historical precedents. The probabilities of unprecedented accumulations are also consistent with the extension of the cutoff.« less
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The 2014/15 Warm Anomaly in the Southern California Current - Physical and Biological Responses
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ralf, G.
2016-02-01
The 2014/15 Warm Anomaly (WarmA) off Southern California manifested itself in the summer of 2014 as an anomalously warm surface layer in the Southern Calif. Bight with low concentrations of Chl a. This layer intensified in spatial extent, covering the entire CalCOFI surface area by the winter of 2015 with temperature anomalies 3 StDev larger than long-term averages. Concentrations of nutrients, phytoplankton biomass and rates of primary production were extremely low during the WarmA. The evolution of the WarmA as well as the 2015/16 El Niño with time will be compared to the evolution of the weak and strong El Niño's observed over the last 60 years. These events provide unique insights in the controls of phytoplankton biomass and production in the southern California Current System. Preliminary analyses suggest that the response of the phytoplankton community to the WarmA was consistent with responses to similar forcing during the prior decade. This presentation is based on data collected during the quarterly CalCOFI cruises by the CalCOFI and the CCE-LTER groups.
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How are warm and cool years in the California Current related to ENSO?
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fiedler, Paul C.; Mantua, Nathan J.
2017-07-01
The tropical El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a dominant mode of interannual variability that impacts climate throughout the Pacific. The California Current System (CCS) in the northeast Pacific warms and cools from year to year, with or without a corresponding tropical El Niño or La Niña event. We update the record of warm and cool events in the CCS for 1950-2016 and use composite sea level pressure (SLP) and surface wind anomalies to explore the atmospheric forcing mechanisms associated with tropical and CCS warm and cold events. CCS warm events are associated with negative SLP anomalies in the NE Pacific—a strong and southeastward displacement of the wintertime Aleutian Low, a weak North Pacific High, and a regional pattern of cyclonic wind anomalies that are poleward over the CCS. We use a first-order autoregressive model to show that regional North Pacific forcing is predominant in SST variations throughout most of the CCS, while remote tropical forcing is more important in the far southern portion of the CCS. In our analysis, cool events in the CCS tend to be more closely associated with tropical La Niña than are warm events in the CCS with tropical El Niño; the forcing of co-occurring cool events is analogous, but nearly opposite, to that of warm events.
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McGovern, P D; Albrecht, M; Belani, K G; Nachtsheim, C; Partington, P F; Carluke, I; Reed, M R
2011-11-01
We investigated the capacity of patient warming devices to disrupt the ultra-clean airflow system. We compared the effects of two patient warming technologies, forced-air and conductive fabric, on operating theatre ventilation during simulated hip replacement and lumbar spinal procedures using a mannequin as a patient. Infection data were reviewed to determine whether joint infection rates were associated with the type of patient warming device that was used. Neutral-buoyancy detergent bubbles were released adjacent to the mannequin's head and at floor level to assess the movement of non-sterile air into the clean airflow over the surgical site. During simulated hip replacement, bubble counts over the surgical site were greater for forced-air than for conductive fabric warming when the anaesthesia/surgery drape was laid down (p = 0.010) and at half-height (p < 0.001). For lumbar surgery, forced-air warming generated convection currents that mobilised floor air into the surgical site area. Conductive fabric warming had no such effect. A significant increase in deep joint infection, as demonstrated by an elevated infection odds ratio (3.8, p = 0.024), was identified during a period when forced-air warming was used compared to a period when conductive fabric warming was used. Air-free warming is, therefore, recommended over forced-air warming for orthopaedic procedures.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Deng, Wenfeng; Liu, Xi; Chen, Xuefei; Wei, Gangjian; Zeng, Ti; Xie, Luhua; Zhao, Jian-xin
2017-01-01
For the global oceans, the characteristics of high-resolution climate changes during the last millennium remain uncertain because of the limited availability of proxy data. This study reconstructs climate conditions using annually resolved coral records from the South China Sea (SCS) to provide new insights into climate change over the last millennium. The results indicate that the climate of the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA, AD 900-1300) was similar to that of the Current Warm Period (CWP, AD 1850-present), which contradicts previous studies. The similar warmth levels for the MCA and CWP have also been recorded in the Makassar Strait of Indonesia, which suggests that the MCA was not warmer than the CWP in the western Pacific and that this may not have been a globally uniform change. Hydrological conditions were drier/saltier during the MCA and similar to those of the CWP. The drier/saltier MCA and CWP in the western Pacific may be associated with the reduced precipitation caused by variations in the Pacific Walker Circulation. As for the Little Ice Age (LIA, AD 1550-1850), the results from this study, together with previous data from the Makassar Strait, indicate a cold and wet period compared with the CWP and the MCA in the western Pacific. The cold LIA period agrees with the timing of the Maunder sunspot minimum and is therefore associated with low solar activity. The fresher/wetter LIA in the western Pacific may have been caused by the synchronized retreat of both the East Asian Summer Monsoon and the Australian Monsoon.
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Global warming effects: future feasibility of current cooling equipment for animal houses
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Valiño, V.; Perdigones, A.; García, J. L.; de La Plaza, S.
2009-04-01
Interest in global warming effects on the agricultural systems is currently high, especially in areas which are likely to be more affected by this temperature rising, i.e. the Mediterranean area (IPCC, 2008). According to this report, the model projections of surface warming predict a temperature increase between 0.5°C to 1.5°C in the European area by the period 2020-2029. The aim of the present work was to assess the future consequences of the global warming effect on the feasibility of the cooling equipment in animal houses. Several equipment combinations were compared by means of modelling the inside climate in fattening pig houses, including forced ventilation and cooling pad. The modelling was carried out for six different European locations: Spain, Greece, Italy, The Netherlands, Germany and the United Kingdom, for the today conditions; secondly, the global warming effect in the inside climate was considered in a second set of simulations, and a mean temperature rising of 2°C was taken into account. Climate data. The six European locations were: Madrid (Spain); Aliartos (Greece); Bedford (The United Kingdom); Schipol (The Netherlands); Milan (Italy); and Stuttgart (Germany). From every location, the available climate data were monthly mean temperature (To; °C); monthly mean relative humidity (HRo, %) and monthly mean solar irradiation on horizontal surface (So; W m-2). From these monthly values, hourly means were calculated resulting in 24 data for a typical day, each month. Climate model. In this study, cooling strategies resulted from the combination of natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation and cooling pads. The climate model was developed taking into account the following energy fluxes: solar radiation, ventilation (Seginer, 2002), animal heat losses (Blanes and Pedersen, 2005), and loss of energy due to the cooling pads (Seginer, 2002). Results for the present work, show a comparative scene of the inside climate by using different cooling
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
MacDonald, H. S.; Roughan, M.; Baird, M. E.; Wilkin, J.
2013-01-01
Abstract<span class="hlt">Warm</span>-core eddies (WCEs) often form in the meanders of Western Boundary <span class="hlt">Currents</span> (WBCs). WCEs are frequently overwashed with less dense waters sourced from the WBC. We use the Regional Ocean Modelling System to investigate the ocean state during the overwashing of one such WCE in October 2008 in the East Australian <span class="hlt">Current</span> (EAC). Comparisons of model outputs with satellite sea surface temperature and vertical profiles show that the model provides a realistic simulation of the eddy during the <span class="hlt">period</span> when the EAC encircled and then overwashed the eddy. During the encircling stage, an eddy with closed circulation persisted at depth. In the surface EAC water entered from the north, encircled the eddy and exited to the east. The overwashing stage was initiated by the expulsion of cyclonic vorticity. For the following 8 days after the expulsion, waters from the EAC washed over the top of the eddy, transferring heat and anticyclonic vorticity radially-inward. After approximately one rotation <span class="hlt">period</span> of overwashing, the eddy separated. The overwashing creates a two-layer system that forms a subsurface maximum velocity at the interface of the two layers. Analysis of water mass properties, Eulerian tracer dynamics, and Lagrangian particle tracks show that the original eddy sinks 10-50 m during the overwashing <span class="hlt">period</span>. Overwashing has been observed in many WBCs and occurs in most WCEs in the western Tasman Sea.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=global+AND+warming+AND+effects&pg=7&id=EJ391198','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=global+AND+warming+AND+effects&pg=7&id=EJ391198"><span>Global <span class="hlt">Warming</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Hileman, Bette</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>States the foundations of the theory of global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Describes methodologies used to measure the changes in the atmosphere. Discusses steps <span class="hlt">currently</span> being taken in the United States and the world to slow the <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend. Recognizes many sources for the <span class="hlt">warming</span> and the possible effects on the earth. (MVL)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMGC21A0818B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMGC21A0818B"><span>Precipitation response to the <span class="hlt">current</span> ENSO variability in a <span class="hlt">warming</span> world</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bonfils, C.; Santer, B. D.; Phillips, T. J.; Marvel, K.; Leung, L.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The major triggers of past and recent droughts include large modes of variability, such as ENSO, as well as specific and persistent patterns of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs; Hoerling and Kumar, 2003, Shin et al. 2010, Schubert et al. 2009). However, alternative drought initiators are also anticipated in response to increasing greenhouse gases, potentially changing the relative contribution of ocean variability as drought initiator. They include the intensification of the <span class="hlt">current</span> zonal wet-dry patterns (the thermodynamic mechanism, Held and Soden, 2006), a latitudinal redistribution of global precipitation (the dynamical mechanism, Seager et al. 2007, Seidel et al. 2008, Scheff and Frierson 2008) and a reduction of local soil moisture and precipitation recycling (the land-atmosphere argument). Our ultimate goal is to investigate whether the relative contribution of those mechanisms change over time in response to global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. In this study, we first perform an EOF analysis of the 1900-1999 time series of observed global SST field and identify a simple ENSO-like (ENSOL) mode of SST variability. We show that this mode is well spatially and temporally correlated with observed worldwide regional precipitation and drought variability. We then develop concise metrics to examine the fidelity with which the CMIP5 coupled global climate models (CGCMs) capture this particular ENSO-like mode in the <span class="hlt">current</span> climate, and their ability to replicate the observed teleconnections with precipitation. Based on the CMIP5 model projections of future climate change, we finally analyze the potential temporal variations in ENSOL to be anticipated under further global <span class="hlt">warming</span>, as well as their associated teleconnections with precipitation (pattern, amplitude, and total response). Overall, our approach allows us to determine what will be the effect of the <span class="hlt">current</span> ENSO-like variability (i.e., as measured with instrumental observations) on precipitation in a <span class="hlt">warming</span> world. This</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27832108','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27832108"><span>The Differential <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Response of Britain's Rivers (1982-2011).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jonkers, Art R T; Sharkey, Kieran J</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>River water temperature is a hydrological feature primarily controlled by topographical, meteorological, climatological, and anthropogenic factors. For Britain, the study of freshwater temperatures has focussed mainly on observations made in England and Wales; similar comprehensive data sets for Scotland are <span class="hlt">currently</span> unavailable. Here we present a model for the whole of mainland Britain over three recent decades (1982-2011) that incorporates geographical extrapolation to Scotland. The model estimates daily mean freshwater temperature for every river segment and for any day in the studied <span class="hlt">period</span>, based upon physico-geographical features, daily mean air and sea temperatures, and available freshwater temperature measurements. We also extrapolate the model temporally to predict future <span class="hlt">warming</span> of Britain's rivers given <span class="hlt">current</span> observed trends. Our results highlight the spatial and temporal diversity of British freshwater temperatures and <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates. Over the studied <span class="hlt">period</span>, Britain's rivers had a mean temperature of 9.84°C and experienced a mean <span class="hlt">warming</span> of +0.22°C per decade, with lower rates for segments near lakes and in coastal regions. Model results indicate April as the fastest-<span class="hlt">warming</span> month (+0.63°C per decade on average), and show that most rivers spend on average ever more days of the year at temperatures exceeding 10°C, a critical threshold for several fish pathogens. Our results also identify exceptional <span class="hlt">warming</span> in parts of the Scottish Highlands (in April and September) and pervasive cooling episodes, in December throughout Britain and in July in the southwest of England (in Wales, Cornwall, Devon, and Dorset). This regional heterogeneity in rates of change has ramifications for <span class="hlt">current</span> and future water quality, aquatic ecosystems, as well as for the spread of waterborne diseases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28273897','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28273897"><span>Daytime <span class="hlt">warming</span> has stronger negative effects on soil nematodes than night-time <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yan, Xiumin; Wang, Kehong; Song, Lihong; Wang, Xuefeng; Wu, Donghui</p> <p>2017-03-07</p> <p><span class="hlt">Warming</span> of the climate system is unequivocal, that is, stronger <span class="hlt">warming</span> during night-time than during daytime. Here we focus on how soil nematodes respond to the <span class="hlt">current</span> asymmetric <span class="hlt">warming</span>. A field infrared heating experiment was performed in the western of the Songnen Plain, Northeast China. Three <span class="hlt">warming</span> modes, i.e. daytime <span class="hlt">warming</span>, night-time <span class="hlt">warming</span> and diurnal <span class="hlt">warming</span>, were taken to perform the asymmetric <span class="hlt">warming</span> condition. Our results showed that the daytime and diurnal <span class="hlt">warming</span> treatment significantly decreased soil nematodes density, and night-time <span class="hlt">warming</span> treatment marginally affected the density. The response of bacterivorous nematode and fungivorous nematode to experimental <span class="hlt">warming</span> showed the same trend with the total density. Redundancy analysis revealed an opposite effect of soil moisture and soil temperature, and the most important of soil moisture and temperature in night-time among the measured environment factors, affecting soil nematode community. Our findings suggested that daily minimum temperature and <span class="hlt">warming</span> induced drying are most important factors affecting soil nematode community under the <span class="hlt">current</span> global asymmetric <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li class="active"><span>2</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_2 --> <div id="page_3" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="41"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28317914','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28317914"><span>Daytime <span class="hlt">warming</span> has stronger negative effects on soil nematodes than night-time <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yan, Xiumin; Wang, Kehong; Song, Lihong; Wang, Xuefeng; Wu, Donghui</p> <p>2017-03-20</p> <p><span class="hlt">Warming</span> of the climate system is unequivocal, that is, stronger <span class="hlt">warming</span> during night-time than during daytime. Here we focus on how soil nematodes respond to the <span class="hlt">current</span> asymmetric <span class="hlt">warming</span>. A field infrared heating experiment was performed in the western of the Songnen Plain, Northeast China. Three <span class="hlt">warming</span> modes, i.e. daytime <span class="hlt">warming</span>, night-time <span class="hlt">warming</span> and diurnal <span class="hlt">warming</span>, were taken to perform the asymmetric <span class="hlt">warming</span> condition. Our results showed that the daytime and diurnal <span class="hlt">warming</span> treatment significantly decreased soil nematodes density, and night-time <span class="hlt">warming</span> treatment marginally affected the density. The response of bacterivorous nematode and fungivorous nematode to experimental <span class="hlt">warming</span> showed the same trend with the total density. Redundancy analysis revealed an opposite effect of soil moisture and soil temperature, and the most important of soil moisture and temperature in night-time among the measured environment factors, affecting soil nematode community. Our findings suggested that daily minimum temperature and <span class="hlt">warming</span> induced drying are most important factors affecting soil nematode community under the <span class="hlt">current</span> global asymmetric <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5358016','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5358016"><span>Daytime <span class="hlt">warming</span> has stronger negative effects on soil nematodes than night-time <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Yan, Xiumin; Wang, Kehong; Song, Lihong; Wang, Xuefeng; Wu, Donghui</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Warming</span> of the climate system is unequivocal, that is, stronger <span class="hlt">warming</span> during night-time than during daytime. Here we focus on how soil nematodes respond to the <span class="hlt">current</span> asymmetric <span class="hlt">warming</span>. A field infrared heating experiment was performed in the western of the Songnen Plain, Northeast China. Three <span class="hlt">warming</span> modes, i.e. daytime <span class="hlt">warming</span>, night-time <span class="hlt">warming</span> and diurnal <span class="hlt">warming</span>, were taken to perform the asymmetric <span class="hlt">warming</span> condition. Our results showed that the daytime and diurnal <span class="hlt">warming</span> treatment significantly decreased soil nematodes density, and night-time <span class="hlt">warming</span> treatment marginally affected the density. The response of bacterivorous nematode and fungivorous nematode to experimental <span class="hlt">warming</span> showed the same trend with the total density. Redundancy analysis revealed an opposite effect of soil moisture and soil temperature, and the most important of soil moisture and temperature in night-time among the measured environment factors, affecting soil nematode community. Our findings suggested that daily minimum temperature and <span class="hlt">warming</span> induced drying are most important factors affecting soil nematode community under the <span class="hlt">current</span> global asymmetric <span class="hlt">warming</span>. PMID:28317914</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...744888Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...744888Y"><span>Daytime <span class="hlt">warming</span> has stronger negative effects on soil nematodes than night-time <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yan, Xiumin; Wang, Kehong; Song, Lihong; Wang, Xuefeng; Wu, Donghui</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Warming</span> of the climate system is unequivocal, that is, stronger <span class="hlt">warming</span> during night-time than during daytime. Here we focus on how soil nematodes respond to the <span class="hlt">current</span> asymmetric <span class="hlt">warming</span>. A field infrared heating experiment was performed in the western of the Songnen Plain, Northeast China. Three <span class="hlt">warming</span> modes, i.e. daytime <span class="hlt">warming</span>, night-time <span class="hlt">warming</span> and diurnal <span class="hlt">warming</span>, were taken to perform the asymmetric <span class="hlt">warming</span> condition. Our results showed that the daytime and diurnal <span class="hlt">warming</span> treatment significantly decreased soil nematodes density, and night-time <span class="hlt">warming</span> treatment marginally affected the density. The response of bacterivorous nematode and fungivorous nematode to experimental <span class="hlt">warming</span> showed the same trend with the total density. Redundancy analysis revealed an opposite effect of soil moisture and soil temperature, and the most important of soil moisture and temperature in night-time among the measured environment factors, affecting soil nematode community. Our findings suggested that daily minimum temperature and <span class="hlt">warming</span> induced drying are most important factors affecting soil nematode community under the <span class="hlt">current</span> global asymmetric <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13b5009W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13b5009W"><span><span class="hlt">Warm</span> Arctic-cold Siberia: comparing the recent and the early 20th-century Arctic <span class="hlt">warmings</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wegmann, Martin; Orsolini, Yvan; Zolina, Olga</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Warm</span> Arctic-cold Siberia surface temperature pattern during recent boreal winter is suggested to be triggered by the ongoing decrease of Arctic autumn sea ice concentration and has been observed together with an increase in mid-latitude extreme events and a meridionalization of tropospheric circulation. However, the exact mechanism behind this dipole temperature pattern is still under debate, since model experiments with reduced sea ice show conflicting results. We use the early twentieth-century Arctic <span class="hlt">warming</span> (ETCAW) as a case study to investigate the link between September sea ice in the Barents-Kara Sea (BKS) and the Siberian temperature evolution. Analyzing a variety of long-term climate reanalyses, we find that the overall winter temperature and heat flux trend occurs with the reduction of September BKS sea ice. Tropospheric conditions show a strengthened atmospheric blocking over the BKS, strengthening the advection of cold air from the Arctic to central Siberia on its eastern flank, together with a reduction of <span class="hlt">warm</span> air advection by the westerlies. This setup is valid for both the ETCAW and the <span class="hlt">current</span> Arctic <span class="hlt">warming</span> <span class="hlt">period</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2148395','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2148395"><span>Rapid diversification and dispersal during <span class="hlt">periods</span> of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> by plethodontid salamanders</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Vieites, David R.; Min, Mi-Sook; Wake, David B.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>A phylogeny and timescale derived from analyses of multilocus nuclear DNA sequences for Holarctic genera of plethodontid salamanders reveal them to be an old radiation whose common ancestor diverged from sister taxa in the late Jurassic and underwent rapid diversification during the late Cretaceous. A North American origin of plethodontids was followed by a continental-wide diversification, not necessarily centered only in the Appalachian region. The colonization of Eurasia by plethodontids most likely occurred once, by dispersal during the late Cretaceous. Subsequent diversification in Asia led to the origin of Hydromantes and Karsenia, with the former then dispersing both to Europe and back to North America. Salamanders underwent rapid episodes of diversification and dispersal that coincided with major global <span class="hlt">warming</span> events during the late Cretaceous and again during the Paleocene–Eocene thermal optimum. The major clades of plethodontids were established during these episodes, contemporaneously with similar phenomena in angiosperms, arthropods, birds, and mammals. <span class="hlt">Periods</span> of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> may have promoted diversification and both inter- and transcontinental dispersal in northern hemisphere salamanders by making available terrain that shortened dispersal routes and offered new opportunities for adaptive and vicariant evolution. PMID:18077422</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSME41B..04G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSME41B..04G"><span><span class="hlt">Warm</span> Anomaly Effects on California <span class="hlt">Current</span> Phytoplankton</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gomez Ocampo, E.; Gaxiola-Castro, G.; Beier, E.; Durazo, R.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Positive temperature anomalies were reported in the NE Pacific Ocean since the boreal winter of 2013-2014. Previous studies showed that these anomalies were caused by lower than normal rates of heat loss from the ocean to the atmosphere and by relatively weak cold water advection to the upper ocean. Anomalous Sea Surface Temperature (SST), Absolute Dynamic Topography (ADT), and Chlorophyll (CHL) obtained from monthly remote sensing data were registered in the California <span class="hlt">Current</span> region during August 2014. Anomalies appeared around the coastal and oceanic zones, particularly in the onshore zone between Monterey Bay, California and Magdalena Bay, Baja California. High positive SST anomalous values up to 4ºC above the long-term mean, 20 cm in ADT, and less of 4.5 mg m-3 of CHL were registered. Changes of 20 cm in ADT above the average are equivalent to 50 m thermocline deepening considering typical values of stratification for the area, which in turn influenced the availability of nutrients and light for phytoplankton growth in the euphotic zone. To examine the influence of the <span class="hlt">warm</span> anomaly on phytoplankton production, we fitted with Generalized Additive Models the relationship between monthly primary production satellite data and ADT. Primary production inferred from the model, showed during August 2014 high negative anomalies (up to 0.5 gC m-2 d1) in the coastal zone. The first empirical orthogonal function of ADT and PP revealed that the highest ADT anomalies and the lowest primary production occurred off the Baja California Peninsula, between Punta Eugenia and Cabo San Lucas. Preliminary conclusions showed that <span class="hlt">warm</span> anomaly affected negatively to phytoplankton organisms during August 2014, being this evident by low biomass and negative primary production anomalies as result of pycnocline deepens.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4962079','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4962079"><span>High chance that <span class="hlt">current</span> atmospheric greenhouse concentrations commit to <span class="hlt">warmings</span> greater than 1.5 °C over land</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Huntingford, Chris; Mercado, Lina M.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The recent Paris UNFCCC climate meeting discussed the possibility of limiting global <span class="hlt">warming</span> to 2 °C since pre-industrial times, or possibly even 1.5 °C, which would require major future emissions reductions. However, even if climate is stabilised at <span class="hlt">current</span> atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations, those <span class="hlt">warming</span> targets would almost certainly be surpassed in the context of mean temperature increases over land only. The reason for this is two-fold. First, <span class="hlt">current</span> transient <span class="hlt">warming</span> lags significantly below equilibrium or “committed” <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Second, almost all climate models indicate <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates over land are much higher than those for the oceans. We demonstrate this potential for high eventual temperatures over land, even for contemporary GHG levels, using a large set of climate models and for which climate sensitivities are known. Such additional land <span class="hlt">warming</span> has implications for impacts on terrestrial ecosystems and human well-being. This suggests that even if massive and near-immediate emissions reductions occur such that atmospheric GHGs increase further by only small amounts, careful planning is needed by society to prepare for higher land temperatures in an eventual equilibrium climatic state. PMID:27461560</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27461560','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27461560"><span>High chance that <span class="hlt">current</span> atmospheric greenhouse concentrations commit to <span class="hlt">warmings</span> greater than 1.5 °C over land.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Huntingford, Chris; Mercado, Lina M</p> <p>2016-07-27</p> <p>The recent Paris UNFCCC climate meeting discussed the possibility of limiting global <span class="hlt">warming</span> to 2 °C since pre-industrial times, or possibly even 1.5 °C, which would require major future emissions reductions. However, even if climate is stabilised at <span class="hlt">current</span> atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations, those <span class="hlt">warming</span> targets would almost certainly be surpassed in the context of mean temperature increases over land only. The reason for this is two-fold. First, <span class="hlt">current</span> transient <span class="hlt">warming</span> lags significantly below equilibrium or "committed" <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Second, almost all climate models indicate <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates over land are much higher than those for the oceans. We demonstrate this potential for high eventual temperatures over land, even for contemporary GHG levels, using a large set of climate models and for which climate sensitivities are known. Such additional land <span class="hlt">warming</span> has implications for impacts on terrestrial ecosystems and human well-being. This suggests that even if massive and near-immediate emissions reductions occur such that atmospheric GHGs increase further by only small amounts, careful planning is needed by society to prepare for higher land temperatures in an eventual equilibrium climatic state.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...630294H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...630294H"><span>High chance that <span class="hlt">current</span> atmospheric greenhouse concentrations commit to <span class="hlt">warmings</span> greater than 1.5 °C over land</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Huntingford, Chris; Mercado, Lina M.</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>The recent Paris UNFCCC climate meeting discussed the possibility of limiting global <span class="hlt">warming</span> to 2 °C since pre-industrial times, or possibly even 1.5 °C, which would require major future emissions reductions. However, even if climate is stabilised at <span class="hlt">current</span> atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations, those <span class="hlt">warming</span> targets would almost certainly be surpassed in the context of mean temperature increases over land only. The reason for this is two-fold. First, <span class="hlt">current</span> transient <span class="hlt">warming</span> lags significantly below equilibrium or “committed” <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Second, almost all climate models indicate <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates over land are much higher than those for the oceans. We demonstrate this potential for high eventual temperatures over land, even for contemporary GHG levels, using a large set of climate models and for which climate sensitivities are known. Such additional land <span class="hlt">warming</span> has implications for impacts on terrestrial ecosystems and human well-being. This suggests that even if massive and near-immediate emissions reductions occur such that atmospheric GHGs increase further by only small amounts, careful planning is needed by society to prepare for higher land temperatures in an eventual equilibrium climatic state.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28713524','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28713524"><span>Forced-Air <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Discontinued: Periprosthetic Joint Infection Rates Drop.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Augustine, Scott D</p> <p>2017-06-23</p> <p>Several studies have shown that the waste heat from forced-air <span class="hlt">warming</span> (FAW) escapes near the floor and <span class="hlt">warms</span> the contaminated air resident near the floor. The waste heat then forms into convection <span class="hlt">currents</span> that rise up and contaminate the sterile field above the surgical table. It has been shown that a single airborne bacterium can cause a periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) following joint replacement surgery. We retrospectively compared PJI rates during a <span class="hlt">period</span> of FAW to a <span class="hlt">period</span> of air-free conductive fabric electric <span class="hlt">warming</span> (CFW) at three hospitals. Surgical and antibiotic protocols were held constant. The pooled multicenter data showed a decreased PJI rate of 78% following the discontinuation of FAW and a switch to air-free CFW (n=2034; P=0.002). The 78% reduction in joint implant infections observed when FAW was discontinued suggests that there is a link between the waste FAW heat and PJIs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMGC11A0545F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMGC11A0545F"><span>Medieval <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> and Little Ice Age Impacts on Prehistoric Human Migrations in the Eastern North American Arctic</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Friesen, M.; Finkelstein, S. A.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The eastern North American Arctic has a complex 5,000-year prehistory, during which many human population movements occurred over large distances. Archaeologists have interpreted these movements as resulting from many factors, however the effects of climate change are often hypothesized as primary drivers that can "push" human groups to leave some regions, or "pull" them to move to others. In this paper, we will examine climate change over the past millennium-and-a-half, and in particular at the two widespread, though variable, climate change events known as the Medieval <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> and Little Ice Age. We synthesize the latest paleoclimatological information on the timing and magnitude of these <span class="hlt">periods</span> across the eastern Arctic, and assess the degree to which they coincide with <span class="hlt">current</span> understanding of major population movements. In particular, we assess climate's potential impact on 1) the expansion of Late Dorset Paleo-Inuit to the High Arctic; 2) the migration of Thule Inuit from Alaska to the eastern Arctic; and 3) the abandonment of northern regions and new settlement of southern regions by Inuit in the mid-second millennium AD.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JSMTE..05.3207B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JSMTE..05.3207B"><span><span class="hlt">Current</span> fluctuations in <span class="hlt">periodically</span> driven systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Barato, Andre C.; Chetrite, Raphael</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Small nonequelibrium systems driven by an external <span class="hlt">periodic</span> protocol can be described by Markov processes with time-<span class="hlt">periodic</span> transition rates. In general, <span class="hlt">current</span> fluctuations in such small systems are large and may play a crucial role. We develop a theoretical formalism to evaluate the rate of such large deviations in <span class="hlt">periodically</span> driven systems. We show that the scaled cumulant generating function that characterizes <span class="hlt">current</span> fluctuations is given by a maximal Floquet exponent. Comparing deterministic protocols with stochastic protocols, we show that, with respect to large deviations, systems driven by a stochastic protocol with an infinitely large number of jumps are equivalent to systems driven by deterministic protocols. Our results are illustrated with three case studies: a two-state model for a heat engine, a three-state model for a molecular pump, and a biased random walk with a time-<span class="hlt">periodic</span> affinity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5505092','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5505092"><span>Forced-Air <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Discontinued: Periprosthetic Joint Infection Rates Drop</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Augustine, Scott D.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Several studies have shown that the waste heat from forced-air <span class="hlt">warming</span> (FAW) escapes near the floor and <span class="hlt">warms</span> the contaminated air resident near the floor. The waste heat then forms into convection <span class="hlt">currents</span> that rise up and contaminate the sterile field above the surgical table. It has been shown that a single airborne bacterium can cause a periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) following joint replacement surgery. We retrospectively compared PJI rates during a <span class="hlt">period</span> of FAW to a <span class="hlt">period</span> of air-free conductive fabric electric <span class="hlt">warming</span> (CFW) at three hospitals. Surgical and antibiotic protocols were held constant. The pooled multicenter data showed a decreased PJI rate of 78% following the discontinuation of FAW and a switch to air-free CFW (n=2034; P=0.002). The 78% reduction in joint implant infections observed when FAW was discontinued suggests that there is a link between the waste FAW heat and PJIs. PMID:28713524</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26879640','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26879640"><span>Integrating geological archives and climate models for the mid-Pliocene <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Haywood, Alan M; Dowsett, Harry J; Dolan, Aisling M</p> <p>2016-02-16</p> <p>The mid-Pliocene <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> (mPWP) offers an opportunity to understand a warmer-than-present world and assess the predictive ability of numerical climate models. Environmental reconstruction and climate modelling are crucial for understanding the mPWP, and the synergy of these two, often disparate, fields has proven essential in confirming features of the past and in turn building confidence in projections of the future. The continual development of methodologies to better facilitate environmental synthesis and data/model comparison is essential, with recent work demonstrating that time-specific (time-slice) syntheses represent the next logical step in exploring climate change during the mPWP and realizing its potential as a test bed for understanding future climate change.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GPC...152...27K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GPC...152...27K"><span>Expanded Florida reef development during the mid-Pliocene <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Klaus, James S.; Meeder, John F.; McNeill, Donald F.; Woodhead, Jon F.; Swart, Peter K.</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>The coral fauna of the Tamiami Formation documents a northern expansion of reef development along the Florida Peninsula during the mid-Pliocene <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span> (MPWP). Radiometric dating (U-Pb) of Solenastrea bournoni produced an age of 2.99 ± 0.11 Ma, constraining reef development to the MPWP and the peak of Plio-Pleistocene faunal turnover; subsequent to the final closure of the Central American Seaway (CAS) but prior to major Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (NHG). Coral faunal analyses are based on a total of 1614 coral specimens collected along a 165 km stretch of the west Florida coast, and included rarefaction and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). A total of 60 coral species occur within the Tamiami Formation, with faunal assemblages ranging from 42 to 87% extinct taxa. The Tamiami collections can be split into a southern "reef" assemblage with high diversity of stenotopic taxa and a northern "non-reef" assemblage with lower diversity eurytopic taxa. The southern reef assemblage contains framework buildups of the dominant tropical taxa Stylophora affinis, Orbicella annularis, and Acropora cervicornis. We interpret enhanced west Florida reef development during the middle Pliocene to be a product of more equitable sea surface temperatures, and reduced salinity fluctuations associated with higher sea levels. While mean sea surface temperature estimates based on oxygen isotopic analysis of the coral Solenastrea bournoni (25.3 °C) are similar to present day values (26 °C), a completely flooded southern Florida Platform in the Pliocene would be less prone to salinity fluctuations associated with coastal runoff and extreme cold-water events during winter storms. While higher latitude range shifts of tropical reef corals associated with <span class="hlt">current</span> global climate change have been documented elsewhere in the world, we do not foresee the West Florida Shelf being conducive to significant range shifts in tropical coral taxa or reef development within the coming century.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28195582','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28195582"><span>Regional cooling caused recent New Zealand glacier advances in a <span class="hlt">period</span> of global <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mackintosh, Andrew N; Anderson, Brian M; Lorrey, Andrew M; Renwick, James A; Frei, Prisco; Dean, Sam M</p> <p>2017-02-14</p> <p>Glaciers experienced worldwide retreat during the twentieth and early twenty first centuries, and the negative trend in global glacier mass balance since the early 1990s is predominantly a response to anthropogenic climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>. The exceptional terminus advance of some glaciers during recent global <span class="hlt">warming</span> is thought to relate to locally specific climate conditions, such as increased precipitation. In New Zealand, at least 58 glaciers advanced between 1983 and 2008, and Franz Josef and Fox glaciers advanced nearly continuously during this time. Here we show that the glacier advance phase resulted predominantly from discrete <span class="hlt">periods</span> of reduced air temperature, rather than increased precipitation. The lower temperatures were associated with anomalous southerly winds and low sea surface temperature in the Tasman Sea region. These conditions result from variability in the structure of the extratropical atmospheric circulation over the South Pacific. While this sequence of climate variability and its effect on New Zealand glaciers is unusual on a global scale, it remains consistent with a climate system that is being modified by humans.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCo...814202M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCo...814202M"><span>Regional cooling caused recent New Zealand glacier advances in a <span class="hlt">period</span> of global <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mackintosh, Andrew N.; Anderson, Brian M.; Lorrey, Andrew M.; Renwick, James A.; Frei, Prisco; Dean, Sam M.</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>Glaciers experienced worldwide retreat during the twentieth and early twenty first centuries, and the negative trend in global glacier mass balance since the early 1990s is predominantly a response to anthropogenic climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>. The exceptional terminus advance of some glaciers during recent global <span class="hlt">warming</span> is thought to relate to locally specific climate conditions, such as increased precipitation. In New Zealand, at least 58 glaciers advanced between 1983 and 2008, and Franz Josef and Fox glaciers advanced nearly continuously during this time. Here we show that the glacier advance phase resulted predominantly from discrete <span class="hlt">periods</span> of reduced air temperature, rather than increased precipitation. The lower temperatures were associated with anomalous southerly winds and low sea surface temperature in the Tasman Sea region. These conditions result from variability in the structure of the extratropical atmospheric circulation over the South Pacific. While this sequence of climate variability and its effect on New Zealand glaciers is unusual on a global scale, it remains consistent with a climate system that is being modified by humans.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5316876','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5316876"><span>Regional cooling caused recent New Zealand glacier advances in a <span class="hlt">period</span> of global <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Mackintosh, Andrew N.; Anderson, Brian M.; Lorrey, Andrew M.; Renwick, James A.; Frei, Prisco; Dean, Sam M.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Glaciers experienced worldwide retreat during the twentieth and early twenty first centuries, and the negative trend in global glacier mass balance since the early 1990s is predominantly a response to anthropogenic climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>. The exceptional terminus advance of some glaciers during recent global <span class="hlt">warming</span> is thought to relate to locally specific climate conditions, such as increased precipitation. In New Zealand, at least 58 glaciers advanced between 1983 and 2008, and Franz Josef and Fox glaciers advanced nearly continuously during this time. Here we show that the glacier advance phase resulted predominantly from discrete <span class="hlt">periods</span> of reduced air temperature, rather than increased precipitation. The lower temperatures were associated with anomalous southerly winds and low sea surface temperature in the Tasman Sea region. These conditions result from variability in the structure of the extratropical atmospheric circulation over the South Pacific. While this sequence of climate variability and its effect on New Zealand glaciers is unusual on a global scale, it remains consistent with a climate system that is being modified by humans. PMID:28195582</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRG..122.3063S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRG..122.3063S"><span>Emerging Stress and Relative Resiliency of Giant Sequoia Groves Experiencing Multiyear Dry <span class="hlt">Periods</span> in a <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Climate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Su, Yanjun; Bales, Roger C.; Ma, Qin; Nydick, Koren; Ray, Ram L.; Li, Wenkai; Guo, Qinghua</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The relative greenness and wetness of Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) groves and the surrounding Sierra Nevada, California forests were investigated using patterns in vegetation indices from Landsat imagery for the <span class="hlt">period</span> 1985-2015. Vegetation greenness (normalized difference vegetation index) and thus forest biomass in groves increased by about 6% over that 30 year <span class="hlt">period</span>, suggesting a 10% increase in evapotranspiration. No significant change in the surrounding nongrove forest was observed. In this <span class="hlt">period</span>, local temperature measurements showed an increase of about 2.2°C. The wetness of groves (normalized difference wetness index) showed no overall long-term trend but responded to changes in annual water-year precipitation and temperature. The long-term trends of grove greenness and wetness varied by elevation, with the lower rain-snow transition elevation zone (1,700-2,100 m) marking a change from an increasing trend at lower elevations to a decreasing trend at higher elevations. The 2011-2015 drought brought an unprecedented drop in grove wetness, over 5 times the 1985-2010 standard deviation, and wetness in SEGI groves dropped 50% more than in nongrove areas. Overall, the wetness and greenness of SEGI groves showed a larger response to the <span class="hlt">warming</span> climate and drought than nongrove areas. The influence of droughts on the wetness of SEGI groves reflected effects of both the multidecadal increase in forest biomass and the effects of warmer drought-year temperatures on the evaporative demand of <span class="hlt">current</span> grove vegetation, plus sufficient regolith water storage of rain and snowmelt to sustain that vegetation through seasonal and multiyear dry <span class="hlt">periods</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4757764','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4757764"><span>Integrating geological archives and climate models for the mid-Pliocene <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Haywood, Alan M.; Dowsett, Harry J.; Dolan, Aisling M.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The mid-Pliocene <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> (mPWP) offers an opportunity to understand a warmer-than-present world and assess the predictive ability of numerical climate models. Environmental reconstruction and climate modelling are crucial for understanding the mPWP, and the synergy of these two, often disparate, fields has proven essential in confirming features of the past and in turn building confidence in projections of the future. The continual development of methodologies to better facilitate environmental synthesis and data/model comparison is essential, with recent work demonstrating that time-specific (time-slice) syntheses represent the next logical step in exploring climate change during the mPWP and realizing its potential as a test bed for understanding future climate change. PMID:26879640</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_3 --> <div id="page_4" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="61"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25985677','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25985677"><span>[Impacts of climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> on growth <span class="hlt">period</span> and yield of rice in Northeast China during recent two decades].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hou, Wen-jia; Geng, Ting; Chen, Qun; Chen, Chang-qing</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>By using rice growth <span class="hlt">period</span>, yield and climate observation data during the recent two decades, the impact of climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> on rice in Northeast China was investigated by mathematical statistics methods. The results indicated that in the three provinces of Northeast China, the average, maximum and minimum temperatures in rice growing season were on the. rise, and the rainfall presented a downward trend during 1989-2009. Compared to 1990s, the rice whole growth <span class="hlt">periods</span> of Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces in 2000s were prolonged 14 d, 4.5 d and 5.1 d, respectively. The increase of temperature in May, June and September could extend the rice growth <span class="hlt">period</span>, while that in July would shorten the growth duration. The rice growth duration of registered varieties and experiment sites had a similar increasing trend in Northeast China except for the Heilongjiang Province, and the extension of registered varieties growth <span class="hlt">period</span> was the main factor causing the prolonged growth <span class="hlt">period</span> of rice at experiment sites. The change in daily average, minimum and maximum temperatures all could affect the rice yield in Northeast China. The increasing temperature significantly increased the rice yield in Heilongjiang Province, especially in the west region of Sanjiang Plain. Except for the south of Liaoning Province, rice yields in other regions of Northeast China were promoted by increasing temperature. Proper measures for breeding, cultivation and farming, could be adopted to fully improve the adaptation of rice to climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> in Northeast China.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000074249&hterms=Global+warming&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DGlobal%2Bwarming','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000074249&hterms=Global+warming&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DGlobal%2Bwarming"><span>Global <span class="hlt">Warming</span> in the 21st Century: An Alternate Scenario</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hansen, James E.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>Evidence on a broad range of time scales, from Proterozoic to the most recent <span class="hlt">periods</span>, shows that the Earth's climate responds sensitively to global forcings. In the past few decades the Earth's surface has <span class="hlt">warmed</span> rapidly, apparently in response to increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The conventional view is that the <span class="hlt">current</span> global <span class="hlt">warming</span> rate will continue or accelerate in the 21st century. I will describe an alternate scenario that would slow the rate of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and reduce the danger of dramatic climate change. But reliable prediction of future climate change requires improved knowledge of the carbon cycle and global observations that allow interpretation of ongoing climate change.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4465021','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4465021"><span>Human Milk <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Temperatures Using a Simulation of <span class="hlt">Currently</span> Available Storage and <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Methods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Bransburg-Zabary, Sharron; Virozub, Alexander; Mimouni, Francis B.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Human milk handling guidelines are very demanding, based upon solid scientific evidence that handling methods can make a real difference in infant health and nutrition. Indeed, properly stored milk maintains many of its unique qualities and continues to be the second and third best infant feeding alternatives, much superior to artificial feeding. Container type and shape, mode of steering, amount of air exposure and storage temperature may adversely affect milk stability and composition. Heating above physiological temperatures significantly impacts nutritional and immunological properties of milk. In spite of this knowledge, there are no strict guidelines regarding milk <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Human milk is often heated in electrical-based bottle warmers that can exceed 80°C, a temperature at which many beneficial human milk properties disappear. High temperatures can also induce fat profile variations as compared with fresh human milk. In this manuscript we estimate the amount of damage due to overheating during <span class="hlt">warming</span> using a heat flow simulation of a regular water based bottle warmer. To do so, we carried out a series of <span class="hlt">warming</span> simulations which provided us with dynamic temperature fields within bottled milk. We simulated the use of a hot water-bath at 80°C to heat bottled refrigerated milk (60ml and 178 ml) to demonstrate that large milk portions are overheated (above 40°C). It seems that the contemporary storage method (upright feeding tool, i.e. bottle) and bottle <span class="hlt">warming</span> device, are not optimize to preserve the unique properties of human milk. Health workers and parents should be aware of this problem especially when it relates to sick neonates and preemies that cannot be directly fed at the breast. PMID:26061694</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5104490','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5104490"><span>The Differential <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Response of Britain’s Rivers (1982–2011)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Jonkers, Art R. T.; Sharkey, Kieran J.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>River water temperature is a hydrological feature primarily controlled by topographical, meteorological, climatological, and anthropogenic factors. For Britain, the study of freshwater temperatures has focussed mainly on observations made in England and Wales; similar comprehensive data sets for Scotland are <span class="hlt">currently</span> unavailable. Here we present a model for the whole of mainland Britain over three recent decades (1982–2011) that incorporates geographical extrapolation to Scotland. The model estimates daily mean freshwater temperature for every river segment and for any day in the studied <span class="hlt">period</span>, based upon physico-geographical features, daily mean air and sea temperatures, and available freshwater temperature measurements. We also extrapolate the model temporally to predict future <span class="hlt">warming</span> of Britain’s rivers given <span class="hlt">current</span> observed trends. Our results highlight the spatial and temporal diversity of British freshwater temperatures and <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates. Over the studied <span class="hlt">period</span>, Britain’s rivers had a mean temperature of 9.84°C and experienced a mean <span class="hlt">warming</span> of +0.22°C per decade, with lower rates for segments near lakes and in coastal regions. Model results indicate April as the fastest-<span class="hlt">warming</span> month (+0.63°C per decade on average), and show that most rivers spend on average ever more days of the year at temperatures exceeding 10°C, a critical threshold for several fish pathogens. Our results also identify exceptional <span class="hlt">warming</span> in parts of the Scottish Highlands (in April and September) and pervasive cooling episodes, in December throughout Britain and in July in the southwest of England (in Wales, Cornwall, Devon, and Dorset). This regional heterogeneity in rates of change has ramifications for <span class="hlt">current</span> and future water quality, aquatic ecosystems, as well as for the spread of waterborne diseases. PMID:27832108</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..1412181M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..1412181M"><span>Effects of Medieval <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> and Little Ice Age on the hydrology of Mediterranean region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Markonis, Y.; Kossieris, P.; Lykou, A.; Koutsoyiannis, D.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>Medieval <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> (950 - 1250) and Little Ice Age (1450 - 1850) are the most recent <span class="hlt">periods</span> that reflect the magnitude of natural climate variability. As their names suggest, the first one was characterized by higher temperatures and a generally moister climate, while the opposite happened during the second <span class="hlt">period</span>. Although their existence is well documented for Northern Europe and North America, recent findings suggest strong evidence in lower latitudes as well. Here we analyze qualitatively the influence of these climatic fluctuations on the hydrological cycle all over the Mediterranean basin, highlighting the spatial characteristics of precipitation and runoff. We use both qualitative estimates from literature review in the field of paleoclimatology and statistical analysis of proxy data series. We investigate possible regional patterns and possible tele-connections with large scale atmospheric circulation phenomena such as North Atlantic Oscillation, Siberian High, African Sahel Rainfall and Indian Monsoon.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.7267P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.7267P"><span>The pelagic ecosystem in the Northern California <span class="hlt">Current</span> off Oregon during the 2014-2016 <span class="hlt">warm</span> anomalies within the context of the past 20 years</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Peterson, William T.; Fisher, Jennifer L.; Strub, P. Ted; Du, Xiuning; Risien, Craig; Peterson, Jay; Shaw, C. Tracy</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">warm</span> anomaly in the upper ocean, colloquially named "the Blob," appeared in the Gulf of Alaska during the calm winter of 2013-2014, spread across the northern North Pacific (NP) Ocean, and shifted eastward and onto the Oregon shelf. At least 14 species of copepods occurred which had never been observed in shelf/slope waters off Oregon, some of which are known to have NP Gyre affinities, indicating that the source waters of the coastal "Blob" were likely of both offshore (from the west) and subtropical/tropical origin. The anomalously <span class="hlt">warm</span> conditions were reduced during strong upwelling in spring 2015 but returned when upwelling weakened in July 2015 and transitioned to downwelling in fall 2015. The extended <span class="hlt">period</span> of <span class="hlt">warm</span> conditions resulted in prolonged effects on the ecosystem off central Oregon, lasting at least through 2016. Impacts to the lower trophic levels were unprecedented and include a novel plankton community composition resulting from increased copepod, diatom, and dinoflagellate species richness and increased abundance of dinoflagellates. Additionally, the multiyear <span class="hlt">warm</span> anomalies were associated with reduced biomass of copepods and euphausiids, high abundance of larvaceans and doliolids (indictors of oligotrophic ocean conditions), and a toxic diatom bloom (Pseudo-nitzschia) throughout the California <span class="hlt">Current</span> in 2015, thereby changing the composition of the food web that is relied upon by many commercially and ecologically important species.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSME41B..03Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSME41B..03Z"><span>The 2014-2015 <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Anomaly in the Southern California <span class="hlt">Current</span> System: Glider Observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zaba, K. D.; Rudnick, D. L.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>During 2014-2015, basin-wide patterns of oceanic and atmospheric anomalies affected surface waters throughout the North Pacific Ocean. We present regional physical and biological effects of the <span class="hlt">warming</span>, as observed by our autonomous underwater gliders in the southern California <span class="hlt">Current</span> System (SCCS). Established in 2006, the California Glider Network provides sustained subsurface observations for monitoring the coastal effects of large-scale climate variability. Along repeat sections that extend to 350-500 km in offshore distance and 500 m in depth, Spray gliders have continuously occupied CalCOFI lines 66.7, 80, and 90 for nearly nine years. Following a sawtooth trajectory, the gliders complete each dive in approximately 3 hours and over 3 km. Measured variables include pressure, temperature, salinity, chlorophyll fluorescence, and velocity. For each of the three lines, a comprehensive climatology has been constructed from the multiyear timeseries. The ongoing surface-intensified <span class="hlt">warming</span> anomaly, which began locally in early 2014 and persists through present, is unprecedented in the glider climatology. Reaching up to 5°C, positive temperature anomalies have been generally confined to the upper 50 m and persistent for over 20 months. The timing of the <span class="hlt">warming</span> was in phase along each glider line but out of phase with equatorial SST anomalies, suggesting a decoupling of tropical and mid-latitude dynamics. Concurrent physical oceanographic anomalies included a depressed thermocline and high stratification. An induced biological response was apparent in the deepening of the subsurface chlorophyll fluorescence maximum. Ancillary atmospheric data from the NCEP North American Mesoscale (NAM) model indicate that a combination of surface forcing anomalies, namely high downward heat flux and weak wind stress magnitude, caused the unusual <span class="hlt">warm</span>, downwelling conditions. With a strong El Niño event in the forecast for winter 2015-2016, our sustained glider network will</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1757082','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1757082"><span>Cold <span class="hlt">periods</span> and coronary events: an analysis of populations worldwide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Barnett, A.; Dobson, A.; McElduff, P.; Salomaa, V.; Kuulasmaa, K.; Sans, S.; t for</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Study objective: To investigate the association between cold <span class="hlt">periods</span> and coronary events, and the extent to which climate, sex, age, and previous cardiac history increase risk during cold weather. Design: A hierarchical analyses of populations from the World Health Organisation's MONICA project. Setting: Twenty four populations from the WHO's MONICA project, a 21 country register made between 1980 and 1995. Patients: People aged 35–64 years who had a coronary event. Main results: Daily rates of coronary events were correlated with the average temperature over the <span class="hlt">current</span> and previous three days. In cold <span class="hlt">periods</span>, coronary event rates increased more in populations living in <span class="hlt">warm</span> climates than in populations living in cold climates, where the increases were slight. The increase was greater in women than in men, especially in <span class="hlt">warm</span> climates. On average, the odds for women having an event in the cold <span class="hlt">periods</span> were 1.07 higher than the odds for men (95% posterior interval: 1.03 to 1.11). The effects of cold <span class="hlt">periods</span> were similar in those with and without a history of a previous myocardial infarction. Conclusions: Rates of coronary events increased during comparatively cold <span class="hlt">periods</span>, especially in <span class="hlt">warm</span> climates. The smaller increases in colder climates suggest that some events in warmer climates are preventable. It is suggested that people living in <span class="hlt">warm</span> climates, particularly women, should keep <span class="hlt">warm</span> on cold days. PMID:15965137</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMPP33B1661W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMPP33B1661W"><span>Paleoclimate of the Neoglacial and Roman <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> Reconstructed from Oxygen Isotope Ratios of Limpet Shells (Patella vulgata), Northwest Scotland</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, T.; Surge, D. M.; Mithen, S.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>Paleoclimate reconstructions from different regions have reported abrupt climate change around 2800-2700 cal yr B.P. The timing of this abrupt climate change is close to the boundary between the Neoglacial (3300-2500 cal yr B.P.) and Roman <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> (2500-1600 cal yr B.P.). However, temporal and spatial variability observed in this climate change event raises controversies about the forcing factors driving it and why it has regional variability. Scotland lies in the North Atlantic Ocean, which responds sensitively to climate change. Therefore, even in the case of subtle climate change, the climate variability of Scotland should be able to capture such change. In this study, we expect that paleoclimate reconstructions of the Neoglacial and Roman <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> in Scotland will help improve our knowledge of abrupt climate change at 2800-2700 cal yr B.P. Archaeological shell deposits provide a rich source of climate proxy data preserved as oxygen isotope ratios in shell carbonate. Croig Cave on the Isle of Mull, Scotland, contains a nearly continuous accumulation of shells ranging from 800 BC-500 AD and possibly older. This range represents a broad chronology of human use from the late Bronze to Iron Ages and spans the Neoglacial through Roman <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> climate episodes. Here, we present seasonal temperature variability of the two climate episodes based on oxygen isotope ratios of ten limpet shells (Patella vulgata) from Croig Cave. Based on AMS dating (2 sigma calibration), the oldest shell was from 3480-3330 cal yr B.P. and the youngest shell was from 2060-1870 cal yr B.P. Our results indicated that estimated temperatures from the Neoglacial limpets average 6.44±0.56°C for coldest winters and 15.06±0.67°C for warmest summers. For the Roman <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> limpets, the average is 5.68±0.36°C for coldest winters and 14.14±0.81°C for warmest summers. We compared our estimated temperatures to the present sea surface temperature (SST) from 1961 to 1990 near our</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26160951','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26160951"><span>SEA-LEVEL RISE. Sea-level rise due to polar ice-sheet mass loss during past <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">periods</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dutton, A; Carlson, A E; Long, A J; Milne, G A; Clark, P U; DeConto, R; Horton, B P; Rahmstorf, S; Raymo, M E</p> <p>2015-07-10</p> <p>Interdisciplinary studies of geologic archives have ushered in a new era of deciphering magnitudes, rates, and sources of sea-level rise from polar ice-sheet loss during past <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">periods</span>. Accounting for glacial isostatic processes helps to reconcile spatial variability in peak sea level during marine isotope stages 5e and 11, when the global mean reached 6 to 9 meters and 6 to 13 meters higher than present, respectively. Dynamic topography introduces large uncertainties on longer time scales, precluding robust sea-level estimates for intervals such as the Pliocene. Present climate is <span class="hlt">warming</span> to a level associated with significant polar ice-sheet loss in the past. Here, we outline advances and challenges involved in constraining ice-sheet sensitivity to climate change with use of paleo-sea level records. Copyright © 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA13A2258L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA13A2258L"><span><span class="hlt">Periodic</span> Variations in Low-Latitudinal Ionosphere during Stratospheric Sudden <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Event in 2016/2017 Winter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, J.; Zhang, D.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>With datasets of electron density, neutral wind, ionosonde, neutral temperature, and geomagnetism, we studied the low-latitudinal ionosphere in East-Asia sector during Stratospheric Sudden <span class="hlt">Warming</span> (SSW) Event in 2016/2017 winter, and some <span class="hlt">periodic</span> variations in several parameters were revealed. A notable quasi-14.5-day (Q14.5D) <span class="hlt">period</span> was detected in the strength and location of the northern equatorial ionospheric anomaly (EIA) crest shown with total electron content (TEC). As comparison, northern EIA crest in the American sector had similar characters. With data from Wuhan meteor radar and Yunnan MF radar, we found that, within altitude ranging from 80-100 km, wind field also showed above-mentioned <span class="hlt">periodic</span> variation, which varied in different heights and stations. The Q14.5D <span class="hlt">period</span> was also revealed in critical frequency (foF2) and peak altitude (hmF2) of F2 layer from two ionosonde stations in southern China. From electron density of Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) and TEC of Metop-A, it was shown that this <span class="hlt">period</span> component is also noticeable in the topside ionosphere above 800 km. However, this character is different in EEJ, of which the Morlet wavelet showed higher strength in quasi-7.5-day <span class="hlt">period</span> compared to its Q14.5D component.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA363890','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA363890"><span>Military Implications of Global <span class="hlt">Warming</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1999-05-20</p> <p>U.S. environmental issues also have important global implications. This paper analyzes <span class="hlt">current</span> U.S. Policy as it pertains to global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and climate...for military involvement to reduce global <span class="hlt">warming</span> . Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and other environmental issues are important to the U.S. military. As the United</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19492043','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19492043"><span>Effects of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> on ancient mammalian communities and their environments.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>DeSantis, Larisa R G; Feranec, Robert S; MacFadden, Bruce J</p> <p>2009-06-03</p> <p><span class="hlt">Current</span> global <span class="hlt">warming</span> affects the composition and dynamics of mammalian communities and can increase extinction risk; however, long-term effects of <span class="hlt">warming</span> on mammals are less understood. Dietary reconstructions inferred from stable isotopes of fossil herbivorous mammalian tooth enamel document environmental and climatic changes in ancient ecosystems, including C(3)/C(4) transitions and relative seasonality. Here, we use stable carbon and oxygen isotopes preserved in fossil teeth to document the magnitude of mammalian dietary shifts and ancient floral change during geologically documented glacial and interglacial <span class="hlt">periods</span> during the Pliocene (approximately 1.9 million years ago) and Pleistocene (approximately 1.3 million years ago) in Florida. Stable isotope data demonstrate increased aridity, increased C(4) grass consumption, inter-faunal dietary partitioning, increased isotopic niche breadth of mixed feeders, niche partitioning of phylogenetically similar taxa, and differences in relative seasonality with <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Our data show that global <span class="hlt">warming</span> resulted in dramatic vegetation and dietary changes even at lower latitudes (approximately 28 degrees N). Our results also question the use of models that predict the long term decline and extinction of species based on the assumption that niches are conserved over time. These findings have immediate relevance to clarifying possible biotic responses to <span class="hlt">current</span> global <span class="hlt">warming</span> in modern ecosystems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMSA21C..04M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMSA21C..04M"><span>What can we learn from simulating Stratospheric Sudden <span class="hlt">Warming</span> <span class="hlt">periods</span> with the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere-Electrodynamics GCM?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Maute, A. I.; Hagan, M. E.; Roble, R. G.; Richmond, A. D.; Yudin, V. A.; Liu, H.; Goncharenko, L. P.; Burns, A. G.; Maruyama, N.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The ionosphere-thermosphere system is not only influenced from geospace but also by meteorological variability. Ionospheric observations of GPS TEC during the <span class="hlt">current</span> solar cycle have shown that the meteorological variability is important during solar minimum, but also can have significant ionospheric effects during solar medium to maximum conditions. Numerical models can be used to help understand the mechanisms that couple the lower and upper atmosphere over the solar cycle. Numerical modelers invoke different methods to simulate realistic, specified events of meteorological variability, e.g. specify the lower boundary forcing, nudge the middle atmosphere, data assimilation. To study the vertical coupling, we first need to assess the numerical models and the various methods used to simulate realistic events with respect to the dynamics of the mesosphere-lower thermosphere (MLT) region, the electrodynamics, and the ionosphere. This study focuses on Stratospheric Sudden <span class="hlt">Warming</span> (SSW) <span class="hlt">periods</span> since these are associated with a strongly disturbed middle atmosphere which can have effects up to the ionosphere. We will use the NCAR Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation model (TIME-GCM) to examine several recent SSW <span class="hlt">periods</span>, e.g. 2009, 2012, and 2013. The SSW <span class="hlt">period</span> in TIME-GCM will be specified in three different ways: 1. using reanalysis data to specify the lower boundary; 2. nudging the neutral atmosphere (temperature and winds) with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM)/Goddard Earth Observing System Model, Version 5 (GEOS-5) results; 3. nudging the background atmosphere (temperature and winds) with WACCM/GEOS5 results. The different forcing methods will be evaluated for the SSW <span class="hlt">periods</span> with respect to the dynamics of the MLT region, the low latitude vertical drift changes, and the ionospheric effects for the different SSW <span class="hlt">periods</span>. With the help of ionospheric data at different longitudinal sectors it will be possible to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009DSRII..56.2087D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009DSRII..56.2087D"><span>Comparison of the response of Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua) in the high-latitude regions of the North Atlantic during the <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">periods</span> of the 1920s-1960s and the 1990s-2000s</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Drinkwater, Ken</p> <p>2009-10-01</p> <p>Concern about future anthropogenic <span class="hlt">warming</span> has lead to demands for information on what might happen to fish and fisheries under various climate-change scenarios. One suggestion has been to use past events as a proxy for what will happen in the future. In this paper a comparison between the responses of Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua) to two major <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">periods</span> in the North Atlantic during the 20th century is carried out to determine how reliable the past might be as a predictor of the future. The first <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span> began during the 1920s, remained relatively <span class="hlt">warm</span> through the 1960s, and was limited primarily to the northern regions (>60°N). The second <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span>, which again covered the northern regions but also extended farther south (30°N), began in the 1990s and has continued into the present century. During the earlier <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span>, the most northern of the cod stocks (West Greenland, Icelandic, and Northeast Arctic cod in the Barents Sea) increased in abundance, individual growth was high, recruitment was strong, and their distribution spread northward. Available plankton data suggest that these cod responses were driven by bottom-up processes. Fishing pressure increased during this <span class="hlt">period</span> of high cod abundance and the northern cod stocks began to decline, as early as the 1950s in the Barents Sea but during the 1960s elsewhere. Individual growth declined as temperatures cooled and the cod distributions retracted southward. During the <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the 1990s, the spawning stock biomass of cod in the Barents Sea again increased, recruitment rose, and the stock spread northward, but the individual growth did not improve significantly. Cod off West Greenland also have shown signs of improving recruitment and increasing biomass, albeit they are still very low in comparison to the earlier <span class="hlt">warming</span> <span class="hlt">period</span>. The abundance of Icelandic cod, on the other hand, has remained low through the recent <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span> and spawning stock biomass and total biomass are at levels near the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25733875','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25733875"><span>Anthropogenic <span class="hlt">warming</span> has increased drought risk in California.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Diffenbaugh, Noah S; Swain, Daniel L; Touma, Danielle</p> <p>2015-03-31</p> <p>California is <span class="hlt">currently</span> in the midst of a record-setting drought. The drought began in 2012 and now includes the lowest calendar-year and 12-mo precipitation, the highest annual temperature, and the most extreme drought indicators on record. The extremely <span class="hlt">warm</span> and dry conditions have led to acute water shortages, groundwater overdraft, critically low streamflow, and enhanced wildfire risk. Analyzing historical climate observations from California, we find that precipitation deficits in California were more than twice as likely to yield drought years if they occurred when conditions were <span class="hlt">warm</span>. We find that although there has not been a substantial change in the probability of either negative or moderately negative precipitation anomalies in recent decades, the occurrence of drought years has been greater in the past two decades than in the preceding century. In addition, the probability that precipitation deficits co-occur with <span class="hlt">warm</span> conditions and the probability that precipitation deficits produce drought have both increased. Climate model experiments with and without anthropogenic forcings reveal that human activities have increased the probability that dry precipitation years are also <span class="hlt">warm</span>. Further, a large ensemble of climate model realizations reveals that additional global <span class="hlt">warming</span> over the next few decades is very likely to create ∼ 100% probability that any annual-scale dry <span class="hlt">period</span> is also extremely <span class="hlt">warm</span>. We therefore conclude that anthropogenic <span class="hlt">warming</span> is increasing the probability of co-occurring <span class="hlt">warm</span>-dry conditions like those that have created the acute human and ecosystem impacts associated with the "exceptional" 2012-2014 drought in California.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28949610','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28949610"><span>Spontaneous Polariton <span class="hlt">Currents</span> in <span class="hlt">Periodic</span> Lateral Chains.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nalitov, A V; Liew, T C H; Kavokin, A V; Altshuler, B L; Rubo, Y G</p> <p>2017-08-11</p> <p>We predict spontaneous generation of superfluid polariton <span class="hlt">currents</span> in planar microcavities with lateral <span class="hlt">periodic</span> modulation of both the potential and decay rate. A spontaneous breaking of spatial inversion symmetry of a polariton condensate emerges at a critical pumping, and the <span class="hlt">current</span> direction is stochastically chosen. We analyze the stability of the <span class="hlt">current</span> with respect to the fluctuations of the condensate. A peculiar spatial <span class="hlt">current</span> domain structure emerges, where the <span class="hlt">current</span> direction is switched at the domain walls, and the characteristic domain size and lifetime scale with the pumping power.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21372325','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21372325"><span>Local <span class="hlt">warming</span>: daily temperature change influences belief in global <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Ye; Johnson, Eric J; Zaval, Lisa</p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>Although people are quite aware of global <span class="hlt">warming</span>, their beliefs about it may be malleable; specifically, their beliefs may be constructed in response to questions about global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Beliefs may reflect irrelevant but salient information, such as the <span class="hlt">current</span> day's temperature. This replacement of a more complex, less easily accessed judgment with a simple, more accessible one is known as attribute substitution. In three studies, we asked residents of the United States and Australia to report their opinions about global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and whether the temperature on the day of the study was warmer or cooler than usual. Respondents who thought that day was warmer than usual believed more in and had greater concern about global <span class="hlt">warming</span> than did respondents who thought that day was colder than usual. They also donated more money to a global-<span class="hlt">warming</span> charity if they thought that day seemed warmer than usual. We used instrumental variable regression to rule out some alternative explanations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.A11A0004P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.A11A0004P"><span>Accelerated <span class="hlt">warming</span> at high elevations: a review of the <span class="hlt">current</span> evidence and proposals for future research (Invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pepin, N. C.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Arctic amplification, whereby enhanced <span class="hlt">warming</span> is evident at high latitudes, is well accepted amongst the scientific community. Increased <span class="hlt">warming</span> at high elevations is more controversial and is often given the more vague term 'elevational dependency'. The way in which different approaches (mountain surface data, radiosondes, satellite data and models) often yield different results is discussed, along with the differences between these approaches. Analyses of surface data differ in the stations chosen for comparison, the time <span class="hlt">period</span>, elevational range, and methods of trend identification. An analysis of global datasets using over a thousand stations (GHCN, CRU) and defining change by the most common method of calculating the linear gradient of a best fit line (linear regression) shows no simple relationship between <span class="hlt">warming</span> rate and elevation. There are however feedback mechanisms in the mountain environment (e.g. cryospheric change, water vapor and treelines) which, although they may enhance <span class="hlt">warming</span> at certain elevations, are fairly poorly understood. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> rates are also shown to be influenced by factors in the mountain environment other than elevation, including topography (aspect, slope, topographic exposure) as well as mean annual temperature, but the relative influences of such controls have yet to be disentangled from those that show a more simple elevationally-dependent signal. Mountain summits and exposed ridge sites are shown to show least variability in <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates, rising up above a sea of noise. Radiosondes and satellite data are further removed from changes on the ground (surface temperatures) and studies using such data tend to be rather divorced from the mountain environment and need calibration/comparison with surface datasets. Reanalyses such as NCEP/NCAR and ERA, although having good spatial coverage, tend to suffer from the same problems. Following a discussion of differences between all these approaches, a plan to develop an integrated global</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRA..123.1488M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRA..123.1488M"><span>Lunar Tidal Modulation of <span class="hlt">Periodic</span> Meridional Movement of Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Crest During Sudden Stratospheric <span class="hlt">Warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mo, X. H.; Zhang, D. H.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Using the location of equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crest derived from GPS observations in China and Brazilian sector, we investigated the longitudinal dependence of <span class="hlt">periodic</span> meridional movement of EIA crest during sudden stratospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> events in 2003, 2006, and 2009. The solar activity was from high to low for the three events. Results show that the locations of EIA crests in both China and Brazilian sectors exhibit obvious and constant 14- to 15-day <span class="hlt">periodic</span> oscillation being in-phase in two sectors, which coincide with the half of the lunar revolution <span class="hlt">period</span> (29.53 days) and the lunar phase. The temporal extent of wave power at 14-15 days is consistent with the temporal extent of stratospheric zonal wind, indicating that 14- to 15-day <span class="hlt">periodic</span> meridional movement of EIA crest is due to enhanced lunar tide modulated by zonal wind. In addition, it is also found that the amplitude of 14- to 15-day <span class="hlt">periodic</span> oscillation of EIA crest in China sector is larger than that in Brazilian sector, which may be caused by the longitudinal variation of tides and neutral wind pattern.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_4 --> <div id="page_5" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="81"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title12-vol5/pdf/CFR-2010-title12-vol5-sec563g-18.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title12-vol5/pdf/CFR-2010-title12-vol5-sec563g-18.pdf"><span>12 CFR 563g.18 - <span class="hlt">Current</span> and <span class="hlt">periodic</span> reports.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Current</span> and <span class="hlt">periodic</span> reports. 563g.18 Section 563g.18 Banks and Banking OFFICE OF THRIFT SUPERVISION, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY SECURITIES OFFERINGS § 563g.18 <span class="hlt">Current</span> and <span class="hlt">periodic</span> reports. (a) Each savings association which files an offering circular...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70025166','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70025166"><span>Sources of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> of the upper ocean on decadal <span class="hlt">period</span> scales</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>White, Warren B.; Dettinger, M.D.; Cayan, D.R.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Recent studies find global climate variability in the upper ocean and lower atmosphere during the twentieth century dominated by quasi-biennial, interannual, quasi-decadal and interdecadal signals. The quasi-decadal signal in upper ocean temperature undergoes global <span class="hlt">warming</span>/cooling of ???0.1??C, similar to that occuring with the interannual signal (i.e., El Nin??o-Southern Oscillation), both signals dominated by global <span class="hlt">warming</span>/cooling in the tropics. From the National Centers for Environmental Prediction troposphere reanalysis and Scripps Institution of Oceanography upper ocean temperature reanalysis we examine the quasi-decadal global tropical diabetic heat storage (DHS) budget from 1975 to 2000. We find the anomalous DHS <span class="hlt">warming</span> tendency of 0.3-0.9 W m-2 driven principally by a downward global tropical latent-plus-sensible heat flux anomaly into the ocean, overwhelming the tendency by weaker upward shortwave-minus-longwave heat flux anomaly to drive an anomalous DHS cooling tendency. During the peak quasi-decadal <span class="hlt">warming</span> the estimated dissipation of DHS anomaly of 0.2-0.5 W m-2 into the deep ocean and a similar loss to the overlying atmosphere through air-sea heat flux anomaly are balanced by a decrease in the net poleward Ekman heat advection out of the tropics of 0.4-0.7 W m-2. This scenario is nearly the opposite of that accounting for global tropical <span class="hlt">warming</span> during the El Nin??o. These diagnostics confirm that even though the global quasi-decadal signal is phase-locked to the 11-year signal in the Sun's surface radiative forcing of ???0.1 W m-2, the anomalous global tropical DHS tendency cannot be driven by it directly.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4386330','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4386330"><span>Anthropogenic <span class="hlt">warming</span> has increased drought risk in California</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Diffenbaugh, Noah S.; Swain, Daniel L.; Touma, Danielle</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>California is <span class="hlt">currently</span> in the midst of a record-setting drought. The drought began in 2012 and now includes the lowest calendar-year and 12-mo precipitation, the highest annual temperature, and the most extreme drought indicators on record. The extremely <span class="hlt">warm</span> and dry conditions have led to acute water shortages, groundwater overdraft, critically low streamflow, and enhanced wildfire risk. Analyzing historical climate observations from California, we find that precipitation deficits in California were more than twice as likely to yield drought years if they occurred when conditions were <span class="hlt">warm</span>. We find that although there has not been a substantial change in the probability of either negative or moderately negative precipitation anomalies in recent decades, the occurrence of drought years has been greater in the past two decades than in the preceding century. In addition, the probability that precipitation deficits co-occur with <span class="hlt">warm</span> conditions and the probability that precipitation deficits produce drought have both increased. Climate model experiments with and without anthropogenic forcings reveal that human activities have increased the probability that dry precipitation years are also <span class="hlt">warm</span>. Further, a large ensemble of climate model realizations reveals that additional global <span class="hlt">warming</span> over the next few decades is very likely to create ∼100% probability that any annual-scale dry <span class="hlt">period</span> is also extremely <span class="hlt">warm</span>. We therefore conclude that anthropogenic <span class="hlt">warming</span> is increasing the probability of co-occurring warm–dry conditions like those that have created the acute human and ecosystem impacts associated with the “exceptional” 2012–2014 drought in California. PMID:25733875</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AGUFM.U12B..03R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AGUFM.U12B..03R"><span>Ocean Drilling Program Records of the Last Five Million Years: A View of the Ocean and Climate System During a <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> and a Major Climate Transition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ravelo, A. C.</p> <p>2003-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">warm</span> Pliocene (4.7 to 3.0 Ma), the most recent <span class="hlt">period</span> in Earth's history when global equilibrium climate was warmer than today, provides the opportunity to understand what role the components of the climate system that have a long timescale of response (cryosphere and ocean) play in determining globally <span class="hlt">warm</span> conditions, and in forcing the major global climate cooling after 3.0 Ma. Because sediments of this age are well preserved in many locations in the world's oceans, we can potentially study this <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span> in detail. One major accomplishment of the Ocean Drilling Program is the recovery of long continuous sediment sequences from all ocean basins that span the last 5.0 Ma. Dozens of paleoceanographers have generated climate records from these sediments. I will present a synthesis of these data to provide a global picture of the Pliocene <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span>, the transition to the cold Pleistocene <span class="hlt">period</span>, and changes in climate sensitivity related to this transition. In the Pliocene <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span>, tropical sea surface temperature (SST) and global climate patterns suggest average conditions that resemble modern El Ni¤os, and deep ocean reconstructions indicate enhanced thermohaline overturning and reduced density and nutrient stratification. The data indicate that the <span class="hlt">warm</span> conditions were not related to tectonic changes in ocean basin shape compared to today, rather they reflect the long term adjustment of the climate system to stronger than modern radiative forcing. The <span class="hlt">warm</span> Pliocene to cold Pleistocene transition provides an opportunity to study the feedbacks of various components of the climate system. The marked onset of significant Northern hemisphere glaciation (NHG) at 2.75 Ma occurred in concert with a reduction in deep ocean ventilation, but cooling in subtropical and tropical regions was more gradual until Walker circulation was established in a major step at 2.0 Ma. Thus, regional high latitude ice albedo feedbacks, rather than low latitude processes, must</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26SS....4..128A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26SS....4..128A"><span>Delayed <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus over the Tibetan Plateau</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>An, Wenling; Hou, Shugui; Hu, Yongyun; Wu, Shuangye</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>A reduction in the <span class="hlt">warming</span> rate for the global surface temperature since the late 1990s has attracted much attention and caused a great deal of controversy. During the same time <span class="hlt">period</span>, however, most previous studies have reported enhanced <span class="hlt">warming</span> over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). In this study we further examined the temperature trend of the TP and surrounding areas based on the homogenized temperature records for the <span class="hlt">period</span> 1980-2014, we found that for the TP regions lower than 4000 m the <span class="hlt">warming</span> rate has started to slow down since the late 1990s, a similar pattern consistent with the whole China and the global temperature trend. However, for the TP regions higher than 4000 m, this reduction in <span class="hlt">warming</span> rate did not occur until the mid-2000s. This delayed <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus could be related to changes in regional radiative, energy, and land surface processes in recent years.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13e4005W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13e4005W"><span>Global lake response to the recent <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Winslow, Luke A.; Leach, Taylor H.; Rose, Kevin C.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Understanding temporal variability in lake <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates over decadal scales is important for understanding observed change in aquatic systems. We analyzed a global dataset of lake surface water temperature observations (1985‑2009) to examine how lake temperatures responded to a recent global air temperature <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus (1998‑2012). Prior to the hiatus (1985‑1998), surface water temperatures significantly increased at an average rate of 0.532 °C decade‑1 (±0.214). In contrast, water temperatures did not change significantly during the hiatus (average rate ‑0.087 °C decade‑1 ±0.223). Overall, 83% of lakes in our dataset (129 of 155) had faster <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates during the pre-hiatus <span class="hlt">period</span> than during the hiatus <span class="hlt">period</span>. These results demonstrate that lakes have exhibited decadal-scale variability in <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates coherent with global air temperatures and represent an independent line of evidence for the recent <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus. Our analyses provide evidence that lakes are sentinels of broader climatological processes and indicate that <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates based on datasets where a large proportion of observations were collected during the hiatus <span class="hlt">period</span> may underestimate longer-term trends.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28735578','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28735578"><span>Age-related differences of semen quality, seminal plasma, and spermatozoa antioxidative and oxidative stress variables in bulls during cold and <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">periods</span> of the year.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Vince, S; Žura Žaja, I; Samardžija, M; Majić Balić, I; Vilić, M; Đuričić, D; Valpotić, H; Marković, F; Milinković-Tur, S</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The aims of this study were to determine the presence and quantities of antioxidative status and oxidative stress (OS) variables in the seminal plasma and spermatozoa of bulls of varying age during cold and <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">periods</span> of the year, and to establish the correlation of these variables with semen quality parameters. The study was conducted on two groups each comprising nine Simmental bulls: one group contained younger animals (aged 2 to 4 years) and the second older animals (aged 5 to 10 years). Semen samples were collected using an artificial vagina for biochemical analysis. Seminal plasma and spermatozoa activities of total superoxide dismutase (TSOD), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), catalase (CAT), selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione and concentrations of total protein (TP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyl content (PCC) were determined. Several antioxidants in seminal plasma were also determined: total glutathione peroxidase (TGSH-Px), selenium-independent glutathione peroxidase (Non-SeGSH-Px), uric acid, albumins (ALB) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Significantly higher spermatozoa motility was observed during the cold v. <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span>, and a significantly higher volume and total number of spermatozoa per ejaculate was observed in older than in younger bulls. Significantly higher values of ALP, TP and ALB were found in seminal plasma of older bulls than in younger bulls during the <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span>. The seminal plasma of younger bulls showed significantly higher activities of TSOD, MnSOD, CuZnSOD, TGSH-Px and Non-SeGSH-Px. Younger bulls had significantly higher PCC concentration and activity of CAT in seminal plasma than older bulls during the cold <span class="hlt">period</span>. Significantly higher concentrations of PCC and TBARS, and activities of TSOD, MnSOD and CuZnSOD were established in spermatozoa of the younger than in older bulls during the <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span>. It could be</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12806101','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12806101"><span>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span>: the balance of evidence and its policy implications. A review of the <span class="hlt">current</span> state-of-the-controversy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Keller, Charles F</p> <p>2003-05-05</p> <p>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and attendant climate change have been controversial for at least a decade. This is largely because of its societal implications. With the recent publication of the Third Assessment Report of the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change there has been renewed interest and controversy about how certain the scientific community is of its conclusions: that humans are influencing the climate and that global temperatures will continue to rise rapidly in this century. This review attempts to update what is known and in particular what advances have been made in the past 5 years or so. It does not attempt to be comprehensive. Rather it focuses on the most controversial issues, which are actually few in number. They are: Is the surface temperature record accurate or is it biased by heat from cities, etc.?, Is that record significantly different from past <span class="hlt">warmings</span> such as the Medieval <span class="hlt">Warming</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span>?, Is not the sun's increasing activity the cause of most of the <span class="hlt">warming</span>?, Can we model climate and predict its future, or is it just too complex and chaotic?, Are there any other changes in climate other than <span class="hlt">warming</span>, and can they be attributed to the <span class="hlt">warming</span>? Despite continued uncertainties, the review finds affirmative answers to these questions. Of particular interest are advances that seem to explain why satellites do not see as much <span class="hlt">warming</span> as surface instruments, how we are getting a good idea of recent paleoclimates, and why the 20th century temperature record was so complex. It makes the point that in each area new information could come to light that would change our thinking on the quantitative magnitude and timing of anthropogenic <span class="hlt">warming</span>, but it is unlikely to alter the basic conclusions. Finally, there is a very brief discussion of the societal policy response to the scientific message, and the author comments on his 2-year email discussions with many of the world's most outspoken critics of the anthropogenic <span class="hlt">warming</span> hypothesis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...713653T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...713653T"><span>Massive remobilization of permafrost carbon during post-glacial <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tesi, T.; Muschitiello, F.; Smittenberg, R. H.; Jakobsson, M.; Vonk, J. E.; Hill, P.; Andersson, A.; Kirchner, N.; Noormets, R.; Dudarev, O.; Semiletov, I.; Gustafsson, Ö.</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>Recent hypotheses, based on atmospheric records and models, suggest that permafrost carbon (PF-C) accumulated during the last glaciation may have been an important source for the atmospheric CO2 rise during post-glacial <span class="hlt">warming</span>. However, direct physical indications for such PF-C release have so far been absent. Here we use the Laptev Sea (Arctic Ocean) as an archive to investigate PF-C destabilization during the last glacial-interglacial <span class="hlt">period</span>. Our results show evidence for massive supply of PF-C from Siberian soils as a result of severe active layer deepening in response to the <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Thawing of PF-C must also have brought about an enhanced organic matter respiration and, thus, these findings suggest that PF-C may indeed have been an important source of CO2 across the extensive permafrost domain. The results challenge <span class="hlt">current</span> paradigms on the post-glacial CO2 rise and, at the same time, serve as a harbinger for possible consequences of the present-day <span class="hlt">warming</span> of PF-C soils.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1912919A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1912919A"><span>To what extent can global <span class="hlt">warming</span> events influence scaling properties of climatic fluctuations in glacial <span class="hlt">periods</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Alberti, Tommaso; Lepreti, Fabio; Vecchio, Antonio; Carbone, Vincenzo</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The Earth's climate is an extremely unstable complex system consisting of nonlinear and still rather unknown interactions among atmosphere, land surface, ice and oceans. The system is mainly driven by solar irradiance, even if internal components as volcanic eruptions and human activities affect the atmospheric composition thus acting as a driver for climate changes. Since the extreme climate variability is the result of a set of phenomena operating from daily to multi-millennial timescales, with different correlation times, a study of the scaling properties of the system can evidence non-trivial persistent structures, internal or external physical processes. Recently, the scaling properties of the paleoclimate changes have been analyzed by distinguish between interglacial and glacial climates [Shao and Ditlevsen, 2016]. The results show that the last glacial record (20-120 kyr BP) presents some elements of multifractality, while the last interglacial <span class="hlt">period</span> (0-10 kyr BP), say the Holocene <span class="hlt">period</span>, seems to be characterized by a mono-fractal structure. This is associated to the absence of Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) events in the interglacial climate that could be the cause for the absence of multifractality. This hypothesis is supported by the analysis of the <span class="hlt">period</span> between 18 and 27 kyr BP, i.e. during the Last Glacial <span class="hlt">Period</span>, in which a single DO event have been registred. Through the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) we were able to detect a timescale separation within the Last Glacial <span class="hlt">Period</span> (20-120 kyr BP) in two main components: a high-frequency component, related to the occurrence of DO events, and a low-frequency one, associated to the cooling/<span class="hlt">warming</span> phase switch [Alberti et al., 2014]. Here, we investigate the scaling properties of the climate fluctuations within the Last Glacial <span class="hlt">Period</span>, where abrupt climate changes, characterized by fast increase of temperature usually called Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) events, have been particularly pronounced. By using the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986PalOc...1..119L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986PalOc...1..119L"><span>Possible Significance of Early Paleozoic Fluctuations in Bottom <span class="hlt">Current</span> Intensity, Northwest Iapetus Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lash, Gary G.</p> <p>1986-06-01</p> <p>Sedimentologic and geochemical characteristics of red and green deep water mudstone exposed in the central Appalachian orogen define climatically-induced fluctuations in bottom <span class="hlt">current</span> intensity along the northwest flank of the Iapetus Ocean in Early and Middle Ordovician time. Red mudstone accumulated under the influence of moderate to vigorous bottom <span class="hlt">current</span> velocities in oxygenated bottom water produced during climatically cool <span class="hlt">periods</span>. Interbedded green mudstone accumulated at greater sedimentation rates, probably from turbidity <span class="hlt">currents</span>, under the influence of reduced thermohaline circulation during global <span class="hlt">warming</span> <span class="hlt">periods</span>. The close association of green mudstone and carbonate turbidites of Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian to early Arenigian) age suggests that a major <span class="hlt">warming</span> phase occurred at this time. Increasing temperatures reduced bottom <span class="hlt">current</span> velocities and resulted in increased production of carbonate sediment and organic carbon on the carbonate platform of eastern North America. Much of the excess carbonate sediment and organic carbon was transported into deep water by turbidity <span class="hlt">currents</span>. Although conclusive evidence is lacking, this eustatic event may reflect a climatic <span class="hlt">warming</span> phase that followed the postulated glacio-eustatic Black Mountain event. Subsequent Middle Ordovician fluctuations in bottom <span class="hlt">current</span> intensity recorded by thin red-green mudstone couplets probably reflect <span class="hlt">periodic</span> growth and shrinkage of an ice cap rather than major glacial episodes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AdAtS..34..941G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AdAtS..34..941G"><span>Characteristics of temperature change in China over the last 2000 years and spatial patterns of dryness/wetness during cold and <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">periods</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ge, Quansheng; Liu, Haolong; Ma, Xiang; Zheng, Jingyun; Hao, Zhixin</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>This paper presents new high-resolution proxies and paleoclimatic reconstructions for studying climate changes in China for the past 2000 years. Multi-proxy synthesized reconstructions show that temperature variation in China has exhibited significant 50-70-yr, 100-120-yr, and 200-250-yr cycles. Results also show that the amplitudes of decadal and centennial temperature variation were 1.3°C and 0.7°C, respectively, with the latter significantly correlated with long-term changes in solar radiation, especially cold <span class="hlt">periods</span>, which correspond approximately to sunspot minima. The most rapid <span class="hlt">warming</span> in China occurred over AD 1870-2000, at a rate of 0.56° ± 0.42°C (100 yr)-1; however, temperatures recorded in the 20th century may not be unprecedented for the last 2000 years, as data show records for the <span class="hlt">periods</span> AD 981-1100 and AD 1201-70 are comparable to the present. The ensemble means of dryness/wetness spatial patterns in eastern China across all centennial <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">periods</span> illustrate a tripole pattern: dry south of 25°N, wet from 25°-30°N, and dry to the north of 30°N. However, for all centennial cold <span class="hlt">periods</span>, this spatial pattern also exhibits a meridional distribution. The increase in precipitation over the monsoonal regions of China associated with the 20th century <span class="hlt">warming</span> can primarily be attributed to a mega El Ni˜no-Southern Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. In addition, a significant association between increasing numbers of locusts and dry/cold conditions is found in eastern China. Plague intensity also generally increases in concert with wetness in northern China, while more precipitation is likely to have a negative effect in southern China.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030005428','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030005428"><span><span class="hlt">Warm</span> Hands and Feet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>Comfort Products, Inc. was responsible for the cold weather glove and thermal boots, adapted from a spacesuit design that kept astronauts <span class="hlt">warm</span> or cool in the temperature extremes of the Apollo Moon Mission. Gloves and boots are thermally heated. Batteries are worn inside wrist of glove or sealed in sole of skiboot and are rechargeable hundreds of times. They operate flexible resistance circuit which is turned on <span class="hlt">periodically</span> when wearer wants to be <span class="hlt">warm</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25363633','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25363633"><span><span class="hlt">Warming</span> shifts 'worming': effects of experimental <span class="hlt">warming</span> on invasive earthworms in northern North America.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Eisenhauer, Nico; Stefanski, Artur; Fisichelli, Nicholas A; Rice, Karen; Rich, Roy; Reich, Peter B</p> <p>2014-11-03</p> <p>Climate change causes species range shifts and potentially alters biological invasions. The invasion of European earthworm species across northern North America has severe impacts on native ecosystems. Given the long and cold winters in that region that to date supposedly have slowed earthworm invasion, future <span class="hlt">warming</span> is hypothesized to accelerate earthworm invasions into yet non-invaded regions. Alternatively, <span class="hlt">warming</span>-induced reductions in soil water content (SWC) can also decrease earthworm performance. We tested these hypotheses in a field <span class="hlt">warming</span> experiment at two sites in Minnesota, USA by sampling earthworms in closed and open canopy in three temperature treatments in 2010 and 2012. Structural equation modeling revealed that detrimental <span class="hlt">warming</span> effects on earthworm densities and biomass could indeed be partly explained by <span class="hlt">warming</span>-induced reductions in SWC. The direction of <span class="hlt">warming</span> effects depended on the <span class="hlt">current</span> average SWC: <span class="hlt">warming</span> had neutral to positive effects at high SWC, whereas the opposite was true at low SWC. Our results suggest that <span class="hlt">warming</span> limits the invasion of earthworms in northern North America by causing less favorable soil abiotic conditions, unless <span class="hlt">warming</span> is accompanied by increased and temporally even distributions of rainfall sufficient to offset greater water losses from higher evapotranspiration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC11C1050M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC11C1050M"><span>Low Elevation Riparian Environments: <span class="hlt">Warm</span>-Climate Refugia for Conifers in the Great Basin, USA?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Millar, C.; Charlet, D. A.; Westfall, R. D.; Delany, D.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The Great Basin, USA, contains hundreds of small to large mountain ranges. Many reach alpine elevations, which are separated from each other by low-elevation basins <span class="hlt">currently</span> inhospitable to conifer growth. Many of these ranges support montane and subalpine conifer species that have affinities to the Sierra Nevada or Rocky Mountains, and from which these conifers migrated during cool <span class="hlt">periods</span> of the Pleistocene. Under Holocene climates, the Great Basin geography became a terrestrial island-archipelago, wherein conifer populations are isolated among ranges, and inter-range migration is highly limited. During <span class="hlt">warm</span> intervals of the Holocene, conifers would be expected to have migrated upslope following favorable conditions, and extirpation would be assumed to result from continued <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Independent patterns, repeating across multiple species' distributions, however, suggest that refugia were present in these ranges during <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">periods</span>, and that low elevation environments below the <span class="hlt">current</span> main distributions acted as climatic refugia. We hypothesize that cool, narrow, and north-aspect ravines, which during cool climates support persistent or seasonal creeks and deciduous riparian communities, become available as conifer habitat when <span class="hlt">warming</span> climates desiccate creeks and deplete riparian species. We further speculate that cold-air drainage, reduced solar insolation, lower wind exposure, and higher water tables in these topographic positions support populations of montane and subalpine conifers even during <span class="hlt">warm</span> climate intervals when high elevations are unfavorable for conifer persistence. On return to cool climates, low elevation refugia become sources for recolonizing higher slopes, and/or continue to persist as relictual populations. We present several lines of evidence supporting this hypothesis, and speculate that low-elevation, extramarginal riparian environments might act as climate refugia for Great Basin conifers in the future as well.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990094165&hterms=clear+pool&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dclear%2Bpool','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990094165&hterms=clear+pool&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dclear%2Bpool"><span>Tropical Intraseasonal Air-Sea Exchanges during the 1997 Pacific <span class="hlt">Warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sui, C.-H.; Lau, K.-M.; Chou, S.-H.; Wang, Zihou</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>The Madden Julian Oscillations (MJO) and associated westerly wind (WW) events account for much of the tropical intraseasonal variability (TISV). The TISV has been suggested as an important stochastic forcing that may be one of the underlying causes for the observed irregularities of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Recent observational studies and theories of interannual to interdecadal-scale variability suggest that ENSO may arise from different mechanisms depending on the basic states. The Pacific <span class="hlt">warming</span> event of 1997, being associated with a <span class="hlt">period</span> of strong MJO and WW events, serves as a natural experiment for studying the possible role of TISV in triggering an ENSO event. We have performed a combined statistical and composite analysis of surface WW events based on the assimilated surface wind and sea level pressure for the <span class="hlt">period</span> of 1980-1993, the SSM/I wind for the <span class="hlt">period</span> of 1988-1997, and OLR. Results indicates that extratropical forcing contribute significantly to the evolution of MJO and establishment of WW events over the Pacific <span class="hlt">warm</span> pool. Following the major WW events, there appeared an eastward extension of equatorial <span class="hlt">warm</span> SST anomalies from the western Pacific <span class="hlt">warm</span> pool. Such tropical-extratropical interaction is particularly clear in the winter of 96-97 that leads to the recent <span class="hlt">warming</span> event in 1997/98. From the above discussion, our <span class="hlt">current</span> study on this subject is based on the hypothesis that 1) there is an enhanced air-sea interaction associated with TISV and the northerly surges from the extratropics in the initial phase of the 97/98 <span class="hlt">warming</span> event, and 2) the relevant mechanisms are functions of the basic state of the coupled system (in terms of SST distribution and atmospheric mean circulation) that varies at the interannual and interdecadal time scale. We are analyzing the space-time structure of the northerly surges, their association with air-sea fluxes and upper ocean responses during the <span class="hlt">period</span> of September 1996 to June 1997. The</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29712890','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29712890"><span>Increasing occurrence of cold and <span class="hlt">warm</span> extremes during the recent global <span class="hlt">warming</span> slowdown.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Johnson, Nathaniel C; Xie, Shang-Ping; Kosaka, Yu; Li, Xichen</p> <p>2018-04-30</p> <p>The recent levelling of global mean temperatures after the late 1990s, the so-called global <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus or slowdown, ignited a surge of scientific interest into natural global mean surface temperature variability, observed temperature biases, and climate communication, but many questions remain about how these findings relate to variations in more societally relevant temperature extremes. Here we show that both summertime <span class="hlt">warm</span> and wintertime cold extreme occurrences increased over land during the so-called hiatus <span class="hlt">period</span>, and that these increases occurred for distinct reasons. The increase in cold extremes is associated with an atmospheric circulation pattern resembling the <span class="hlt">warm</span> Arctic-cold continents pattern, whereas the increase in <span class="hlt">warm</span> extremes is tied to a pattern of sea surface temperatures resembling the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. These findings indicate that large-scale factors responsible for the most societally relevant temperature variations over continents are distinct from those of global mean surface temperature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70025982','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70025982"><span>Medieval <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span>, Little Ice Age and 20th century temperature variability from Chesapeake Bay</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Cronin, T. M.; Dwyer, G.S.; Kamiya, T.; Schwede, S.; Willard, D.A.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>We present paleoclimate evidence for rapid (< 100 years) shifts of ~2-4oC in Chesapeake Bay (CB) temperature ~2100, 1600, 950, 650, 400 and 150 years before present (years BP) reconstructed from magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) paleothermometry. These include large temperature excursions during the Little Ice Age (~1400-1900 AD) and the Medieval <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> (~800-1300 AD) possibly related to changes in the strength of North Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC). Evidence is presented for a long <span class="hlt">period</span> of sustained regional and North Atlantic-wide warmth with low-amplitude temperature variability between ~450 and 1000 AD. In addition to centennial-scale temperature shifts, the existence of numerous temperature maxima between 2200 and 250 years BP (average ~70 years) suggests that multi-decadal processes typical of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are an inherent feature of late Holocene climate. However, late 19th and 20th century temperature extremes in Chesapeake Bay associated with NAO climate variability exceeded those of the prior 2000 years, including the interval 450-1000 AD, by 2-3oC, suggesting anomalous recent behavior of the climate system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23995690','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23995690"><span>Recent global-<span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus tied to equatorial Pacific surface cooling.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kosaka, Yu; Xie, Shang-Ping</p> <p>2013-09-19</p> <p>Despite the continued increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, the annual-mean global temperature has not risen in the twenty-first century, challenging the prevailing view that anthropogenic forcing causes climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Various mechanisms have been proposed for this hiatus in global <span class="hlt">warming</span>, but their relative importance has not been quantified, hampering observational estimates of climate sensitivity. Here we show that accounting for recent cooling in the eastern equatorial Pacific reconciles climate simulations and observations. We present a novel method of uncovering mechanisms for global temperature change by prescribing, in addition to radiative forcing, the observed history of sea surface temperature over the central to eastern tropical Pacific in a climate model. Although the surface temperature prescription is limited to only 8.2% of the global surface, our model reproduces the annual-mean global temperature remarkably well with correlation coefficient r = 0.97 for 1970-2012 (which includes the <span class="hlt">current</span> hiatus and a <span class="hlt">period</span> of accelerated global <span class="hlt">warming</span>). Moreover, our simulation captures major seasonal and regional characteristics of the hiatus, including the intensified Walker circulation, the winter cooling in northwestern North America and the prolonged drought in the southern USA. Our results show that the <span class="hlt">current</span> hiatus is part of natural climate variability, tied specifically to a La-Niña-like decadal cooling. Although similar decadal hiatus events may occur in the future, the multi-decadal <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend is very likely to continue with greenhouse gas increase.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28387042','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28387042"><span>Circumpolar dynamics of a marine top-predator track ocean <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Descamps, Sébastien; Anker-Nilssen, Tycho; Barrett, Robert T; Irons, David B; Merkel, Flemming; Robertson, Gregory J; Yoccoz, Nigel G; Mallory, Mark L; Montevecchi, William A; Boertmann, David; Artukhin, Yuri; Christensen-Dalsgaard, Signe; Erikstad, Kjell-Einar; Gilchrist, H Grant; Labansen, Aili L; Lorentsen, Svein-Håkon; Mosbech, Anders; Olsen, Bergur; Petersen, Aevar; Rail, Jean-Francois; Renner, Heather M; Strøm, Hallvard; Systad, Geir H; Wilhelm, Sabina I; Zelenskaya, Larisa</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> is a nonlinear process, and temperature may increase in a stepwise manner. <span class="hlt">Periods</span> of abrupt <span class="hlt">warming</span> can trigger persistent changes in the state of ecosystems, also called regime shifts. The responses of organisms to abrupt <span class="hlt">warming</span> and associated regime shifts can be unlike responses to <span class="hlt">periods</span> of slow or moderate change. Understanding of nonlinearity in the biological responses to climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> is needed to assess the consequences of ongoing climate change. Here, we demonstrate that the population dynamics of a long-lived, wide-ranging marine predator are associated with changes in the rate of ocean <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Data from 556 colonies of black-legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla distributed throughout its breeding range revealed that an abrupt <span class="hlt">warming</span> of sea-surface temperature in the 1990s coincided with steep kittiwake population decline. <span class="hlt">Periods</span> of moderate <span class="hlt">warming</span> in sea temperatures did not seem to affect kittiwake dynamics. The rapid <span class="hlt">warming</span> observed in the 1990s may have driven large-scale, circumpolar marine ecosystem shifts that strongly affected kittiwakes through bottom-up effects. Our study sheds light on the nonlinear response of a circumpolar seabird to large-scale changes in oceanographic conditions and indicates that marine top predators may be more sensitive to the rate of ocean <span class="hlt">warming</span> rather than to <span class="hlt">warming</span> itself. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_5 --> <div id="page_6" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="101"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JGRC..11312010I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JGRC..11312010I"><span>Characteristics of the cold-water belt formed off Soya <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Current</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ishizu, Miho; Kitade, Yujiro; Matsuyama, Masaji</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>We examined the data obtained by acoustic Doppler <span class="hlt">current</span> profiler, conductivity-temperature-depth profiler, and expendable bathythermograph observations, which were collected in the summers of 2000, 2001, and 2002, to clarify the characteristics of the cold-water belt (CWB), i.e., lower-temperature water than the surrounding water extending from the southwest coast of Sakhalin along the offshore side of Soya <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Current</span> (SWC) and to confirm one of the formation mechanisms of the CWB as suggested by our previous study, i.e., the upwelling due to the convergence of bottom Ekman transport off the SWC region. The CWB was observed at about 30 km off the coast, having a thickness of 14 m and a minimum temperature of 12°C at the sea surface. The CWB does not have the specific water mass, but is constituted of three representative water types off the northeast coast of Hokkaido in summer, i.e., SWC water, Fresh Surface Okhotsk Sea Water, and Okhotsk Sea Intermediate Water. In a comparison of the horizontal distributions of <span class="hlt">current</span> and temperature, the CWB region is found to be advected to the southeast at an average of 40 ± 29% of the maximum <span class="hlt">current</span> velocity of the SWC. The pumping speed due to the convergence of the bottom Ekman transport is estimated as (1.5-3.0) × 10-4 m s-1. We examined the mixing ratio of the CWB, and the results implied that the water mass of the CWB is advected southeastward and mixes with a water mass upwelling in a different region off SWC.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4217098','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4217098"><span><span class="hlt">Warming</span> shifts ‘worming': effects of experimental <span class="hlt">warming</span> on invasive earthworms in northern North America</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Eisenhauer, Nico; Stefanski, Artur; Fisichelli, Nicholas A.; Rice, Karen; Rich, Roy; Reich, Peter B.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Climate change causes species range shifts and potentially alters biological invasions. The invasion of European earthworm species across northern North America has severe impacts on native ecosystems. Given the long and cold winters in that region that to date supposedly have slowed earthworm invasion, future <span class="hlt">warming</span> is hypothesized to accelerate earthworm invasions into yet non-invaded regions. Alternatively, <span class="hlt">warming</span>-induced reductions in soil water content (SWC) can also decrease earthworm performance. We tested these hypotheses in a field <span class="hlt">warming</span> experiment at two sites in Minnesota, USA by sampling earthworms in closed and open canopy in three temperature treatments in 2010 and 2012. Structural equation modeling revealed that detrimental <span class="hlt">warming</span> effects on earthworm densities and biomass could indeed be partly explained by <span class="hlt">warming</span>-induced reductions in SWC. The direction of <span class="hlt">warming</span> effects depended on the <span class="hlt">current</span> average SWC: <span class="hlt">warming</span> had neutral to positive effects at high SWC, whereas the opposite was true at low SWC. Our results suggest that <span class="hlt">warming</span> limits the invasion of earthworms in northern North America by causing less favorable soil abiotic conditions, unless <span class="hlt">warming</span> is accompanied by increased and temporally even distributions of rainfall sufficient to offset greater water losses from higher evapotranspiration. PMID:25363633</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5141343','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5141343"><span>Massive remobilization of permafrost carbon during post-glacial <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Tesi, T.; Muschitiello, F.; Smittenberg, R. H.; Jakobsson, M.; Vonk, J. E.; Hill, P.; Andersson, A.; Kirchner, N.; Noormets, R.; Dudarev, O.; Semiletov, I.; Gustafsson, Ö</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Recent hypotheses, based on atmospheric records and models, suggest that permafrost carbon (PF-C) accumulated during the last glaciation may have been an important source for the atmospheric CO2 rise during post-glacial <span class="hlt">warming</span>. However, direct physical indications for such PF-C release have so far been absent. Here we use the Laptev Sea (Arctic Ocean) as an archive to investigate PF-C destabilization during the last glacial–interglacial <span class="hlt">period</span>. Our results show evidence for massive supply of PF-C from Siberian soils as a result of severe active layer deepening in response to the <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Thawing of PF-C must also have brought about an enhanced organic matter respiration and, thus, these findings suggest that PF-C may indeed have been an important source of CO2 across the extensive permafrost domain. The results challenge <span class="hlt">current</span> paradigms on the post-glacial CO2 rise and, at the same time, serve as a harbinger for possible consequences of the present-day <span class="hlt">warming</span> of PF-C soils. PMID:27897191</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMPP13D1105E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMPP13D1105E"><span>Decadal-scale progression of Dansgaard-Oeschger <span class="hlt">warming</span> events - Are <span class="hlt">warmings</span> at the end of Heinrich-Stadials different from others?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Erhardt, T.; Capron, E.; Rasmussen, S.; Schuepbach, S.; Bigler, M.; Fischer, H.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>During the last glacial <span class="hlt">period</span> proxy records throughout the Northern Hemisphere document a succession of rapid millennial-scale <span class="hlt">warming</span> events, called Dansgaard Oeschger (DO) events. Marine proxy records from the Atlantic also reveal, that some of the <span class="hlt">warming</span> events where preceded by large ice rafting events, referred to as Heinrich events. Different mechanisms have been proposed, that can produce DO-like <span class="hlt">warming</span> in model experiments, however the progression and plausible trigger of the events and their possible interplay with the Heinrich events is still unknown. Because of their fast nature, the progression is challenging to reconstruct from paleoclimate data due to the temporal resolution achievable in many archives and cross-dating uncertainties between records. We use new high-resolution multi-proxy records of sea-salt and terrestrial aerosol concentrations over the <span class="hlt">period</span> 10-60 ka from two Greenland deep ice cores in conjunction with local precipitation and temperature proxy records from one of the cores to investigate the progression of environmental changes at the onset of the individual <span class="hlt">warming</span> events. The timing differences are then used to explore whether the DO <span class="hlt">warming</span> events that terminate Heinrich-Stadials progressed differently in comparison to those after Non-Heinrich-Stadials. Our analysis indicates no difference in the progression of the <span class="hlt">warming</span> terminating Heinrich-Stadials and Non-Heinrich-Stadials. Combining the evidence from all <span class="hlt">warming</span> events in the <span class="hlt">period</span>, our analysis shows a consistent lead of the changes in both local precipitation and terrestrial dust aerosol concentrations over the change in sea-salt aerosol concentrations and local temperature by approximately one decade. This implies that both the moisture transport to Greenland and the intensity of the Asian winter monsoon changed before the sea-ice cover in the North Atlantic was reduced, rendering a collapse of the sea-ice cover as a trigger for the DO events unlikely.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5363927','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5363927"><span>Chronic environmental stress enhances tolerance to seasonal gradual <span class="hlt">warming</span> in marine mussels</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Múgica, Maria; Izagirre, Urtzi; Sokolova, Inna M.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>In global climate change scenarios, seawater <span class="hlt">warming</span> acts in concert with multiple stress sources, which may enhance the susceptibility of marine biota to thermal stress. Here, the responsiveness to seasonal gradual <span class="hlt">warming</span> was investigated in temperate mussels from a chronically stressed population in comparison with a healthy one. Stressed and healthy mussels were subjected to gradual temperature elevation for 8 days (1°C per day; fall: 16–24°C, winter: 12–20°C, summer: 20–28°C) and kept at elevated temperature for 3 weeks. Healthy mussels experienced thermal stress and entered the time-limited survival <span class="hlt">period</span> in the fall, became acclimated in winter and exhibited sublethal damage in summer. In stressed mussels, thermal stress and subsequent health deterioration were elicited in the fall but no transition into the critical <span class="hlt">period</span> of time-limited survival was observed. Stressed mussels did not become acclimated to 20°C in winter, when they experienced low-to-moderate thermal stress, and did not experience sublethal damage at 28°C in summer, showing instead signs of metabolic rate depression. Overall, although the thermal threshold was lowered in chronically stressed mussels, they exhibited enhanced tolerance to seasonal gradual <span class="hlt">warming</span>, especially in summer. These results challenge <span class="hlt">current</span> assumptions on the susceptibility of marine biota to the interactive effects of seawater <span class="hlt">warming</span> and pollution. PMID:28333994</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17370024','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17370024"><span>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> 2007. An update to global <span class="hlt">warming</span>: the balance of evidence and its policy implications.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Keller, Charles F</p> <p>2007-03-09</p> <p>In the four years since my original review (Keller[25]; hereafter referred to as CFK03), research has clarified and strengthened our understanding of how humans are <span class="hlt">warming</span> the planet. So many of the details highlighted in the IPCC's Third Assessment Report[21] and in CFK03 have been resolved that I expect many to be a bit overwhelmed, and I hope that, by treating just the most significant aspects of the research, this update may provide a road map through the expected maze of new information. In particular, while most of CFK03 remains <span class="hlt">current</span>, there are important items that have changed: Most notable is the resolution of the conundrum that mid-tropospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> did not seem to match surface <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Both satellite and radiosonde (balloon-borne sensors) data reduction showed little <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the middle troposphere (4-8 km altitude). In the CFK03 I discussed potential solutions to this problem, but at that time there was no clear resolution. This problem has now been solved, and the middle troposphere is seen to be <span class="hlt">warming</span> apace with the surface. There have also been advances in determinations of temperatures over the past 1,000 years showing a cooler Little Ice Age (LIA) but essentially the same <span class="hlt">warming</span> during medieval times (not as large as recent <span class="hlt">warming</span>). The recent uproar over the so-called "hockey stick" temperature determination is much overblown since at least seven other groups have made relatively independent determinations of northern hemisphere temperatures over the same time <span class="hlt">period</span> and derived essentially the same results. They differ on how cold the LIA was but essentially agree with the Mann's hockey stick result that the Medieval <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> was not as <span class="hlt">warm</span> as the last 25 years. The question of the sun's influence on climate continues to generate controversy. It appears there is a growing consensus that, while the sun was a major factor in earlier temperature variations, it is incapable of having caused observed <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the past quarter</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5233970','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5233970"><span>Atmospheric footprint of the recent <span class="hlt">warming</span> slowdown</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Liu, Bo; Zhou, Tianjun</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Growing body of literature has developed to detect the role of ocean heat uptake and transport in the recent <span class="hlt">warming</span> slowdown between 1998–2013; however, the atmospheric footprint of the slowdown in dynamical and physical processes remains unclear. Here, we divided recent decades into the recent hiatus <span class="hlt">period</span> and the preceding <span class="hlt">warming</span> <span class="hlt">period</span> (1983–1998) to investigate the atmospheric footprint. We use a process-resolving analysis method to quantify the contributions of different processes to the total temperature changes. We show that the increasing rate of global mean tropospheric temperature was also reduced during the hiatus <span class="hlt">period</span>. The decomposed trends due to physical processes, including surface albedo, water vapour, cloud, surface turbulent fluxes and atmospheric dynamics, reversed the patterns between the two <span class="hlt">periods</span>. The changes in atmospheric heat transport are coupled with changes in the surface latent heat flux across the lower troposphere (below approximately 800 hPa) and with cloud-related processes in the upper troposphere (above approximately 600 hPa) and were underpinned by strengthening/weakening Hadley Circulation and Walker Circulation during the <span class="hlt">warming</span>/hiatus <span class="hlt">period</span>. This dynamical coupling experienced a phase transition between the two <span class="hlt">periods</span>, reminding us of the importance of understanding the atmospheric footprint, which constitutes an essential part of internal climate variability. PMID:28084457</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27922080','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27922080"><span><span class="hlt">Warming</span> Trends and Bleaching Stress of the World's Coral Reefs 1985-2012.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Heron, Scott F; Maynard, Jeffrey A; van Hooidonk, Ruben; Eakin, C Mark</p> <p>2016-12-06</p> <p>Coral reefs across the world's oceans are in the midst of the longest bleaching event on record (from 2014 to at least 2016). As many of the world's reefs are remote, there is limited information on how past thermal conditions have influenced reef composition and <span class="hlt">current</span> stress responses. Using satellite temperature data for 1985-2012, the analysis we present is the first to quantify, for global reef locations, spatial variations in <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends, thermal stress events and temperature variability at reef-scale (~4 km). Among over 60,000 reef pixels globally, 97% show positive SST trends during the study <span class="hlt">period</span> with 60% <span class="hlt">warming</span> significantly. Annual trends exceeded summertime trends at most locations. This indicates that the <span class="hlt">period</span> of summer-like temperatures has become longer through the record, with a corresponding shortening of the 'winter' reprieve from <span class="hlt">warm</span> temperatures. The frequency of bleaching-level thermal stress increased three-fold between 1985-91 and 2006-12 - a trend climate model projections suggest will continue. The thermal history data products developed enable needed studies relating thermal history to bleaching resistance and community composition. Such analyses can help identify reefs more resilient to thermal stress.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29434297','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29434297"><span>Future changes in coastal upwelling ecosystems with global <span class="hlt">warming</span>: The case of the California <span class="hlt">Current</span> System.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xiu, Peng; Chai, Fei; Curchitser, Enrique N; Castruccio, Frederic S</p> <p>2018-02-12</p> <p>Coastal upwelling ecosystems are among the most productive ecosystems in the world, meaning that their response to climate change is of critical importance. Our understanding of climate change impacts on marine ecosystems is largely limited to the open ocean, mainly because coastal upwelling is poorly reproduced by <span class="hlt">current</span> earth system models. Here, a high-resolution model is used to examine the response of nutrients and plankton dynamics to future climate change in the California <span class="hlt">Current</span> System (CCS). The results show increased upwelling intensity associated with stronger alongshore winds in the coastal region, and enhanced upper-ocean stratification in both the CCS and open ocean. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> of the open ocean forces isotherms downwards, where they make contact with water masses with higher nutrient concentrations, thereby enhancing the nutrient flux to the deep source waters of the CCS. Increased winds and eddy activity further facilitate upward nutrient transport to the euphotic zone. However, the plankton community exhibits a complex and nonlinear response to increased nutrient input, as the food web dynamics tend to interact differently. This analysis highlights the difficulty in understanding how the marine ecosystem responds to a future <span class="hlt">warming</span> climate, given to range of relevant processes operating at different scales.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24587563','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24587563"><span>Tradeoffs between global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and day length on the start of the carbon uptake <span class="hlt">period</span> in seasonally cold ecosystems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wohlfahrt, Georg; Cremonese, Edoardo; Hammerle, Albin; Hörtnagl, Lukas; Galvagno, Marta; Gianelle, Damiano; Marcolla, Barbara; di Cella, Umberto Morra</p> <p>2013-12-16</p> <p>It is well established that <span class="hlt">warming</span> leads to longer growing seasons in seasonally cold ecosystems. Whether this goes along with an increase in the net ecosystem carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) uptake is much more controversial. We studied the effects of <span class="hlt">warming</span> on the start of the carbon uptake <span class="hlt">period</span> (CUP) of three mountain grasslands situated along an elevational gradient in the Alps. To this end we used a simple empirical model of the net ecosystem CO 2 exchange, calibrated and forced with multi-year empirical data from each site. We show that reductions in the quantity and duration of daylight associated with earlier snowmelts were responsible for diminishing returns, in terms of carbon gain, from longer growing seasons caused by reductions in daytime photosynthetic uptake and increases in nighttime losses of CO 2 . This effect was less pronounced at high, compared to low, elevations, where the start of the CUP occurred closer to the summer solstice when changes in day length and incident radiation are minimal.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JOL....36..216Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JOL....36..216Z"><span>A numerical study of the South China Sea <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Current</span> during winter monsoon relaxation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Cong; Ding, Yang; Bao, Xianwen; Bi, Congcong; Li, Ruixiang; Zhang, Cunjie; Shen, Biao; Wan, Kai</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Using a Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model, we investigated the dynamic mechanism of the South China Sea <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Current</span> (SCSWC) in the northern South China Sea (NSCS) during winter monsoon relaxation. The model reproduces the mean surface circulation of the NSCS during winter, while model-simulated subtidal <span class="hlt">currents</span> generally capture its <span class="hlt">current</span> pattern. The model shows that the <span class="hlt">current</span> over the continental shelf is generally southwestward, under a strong winter monsoon condition, but a northeastward counter-wind <span class="hlt">current</span> usually develops between 50-and 100-m isobaths, when the monsoon relaxes. Model experiments, focusing on the wind relaxation process, show that sea level is elevated in the northwestern South China Sea (SCS), related to the persistent northeasterly monsoon. Following wind relaxation, a high sea level band builds up along the mid-shelf, and a northeastward <span class="hlt">current</span> develops, having an obvious vertical barotropic structure. Momentum balance analysis indicates that an along-shelf pressure gradient provides the initial driving force for the SCSWC during the first few days following wind relaxation. The SCSWC subsequently reaches a steady quasi-geostrophic balance in the cross-shelf direction, mainly linked to sea level adjustment over the shelf. Lagrangian particle tracking experiments show that both the southwestward coastal <span class="hlt">current</span> and slope <span class="hlt">current</span> contribute to the northeastward movement of the SCSWC during winter monsoon relaxation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4990907','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4990907"><span>Desert Amplification in a <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Climate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zhou, Liming</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Here I analyze the observed and projected surface temperature anomalies over land between 50°S-50°N for the <span class="hlt">period</span> 1950–2099 by large-scale ecoregion and find strongest <span class="hlt">warming</span> consistently and persistently seen over driest ecoregions such as the Sahara desert and the Arabian Peninsula during various 30-year <span class="hlt">periods</span>, pointing to desert amplification in a <span class="hlt">warming</span> climate. This amplification enhances linearly with the global mean greenhouse gases(GHGs) radiative forcing and is attributable primarily to a stronger GHGs-enhanced downward longwave radiation forcing reaching the surface over drier ecoregions as a consequence of a warmer and thus moister atmosphere in response to increasing GHGs. These results indicate that desert amplification may represent a fundamental pattern of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> associated with water vapor feedbacks over land in low- and mid- latitudes where surface <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates depend inversely on ecosystem dryness. It is likely that desert amplification might involve two types of water vapor feedbacks that maximize respectively in the tropical upper troposphere and near the surface over deserts, with both being very dry and thus extremely sensitive to changes of water vapor. PMID:27538725</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...638402H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...638402H"><span><span class="hlt">Warming</span> Trends and Bleaching Stress of the World’s Coral Reefs 1985-2012</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Heron, Scott F.; Maynard, Jeffrey A.; van Hooidonk, Ruben; Eakin, C. Mark</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Coral reefs across the world’s oceans are in the midst of the longest bleaching event on record (from 2014 to at least 2016). As many of the world’s reefs are remote, there is limited information on how past thermal conditions have influenced reef composition and <span class="hlt">current</span> stress responses. Using satellite temperature data for 1985-2012, the analysis we present is the first to quantify, for global reef locations, spatial variations in <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends, thermal stress events and temperature variability at reef-scale (~4 km). Among over 60,000 reef pixels globally, 97% show positive SST trends during the study <span class="hlt">period</span> with 60% <span class="hlt">warming</span> significantly. Annual trends exceeded summertime trends at most locations. This indicates that the <span class="hlt">period</span> of summer-like temperatures has become longer through the record, with a corresponding shortening of the ‘winter’ reprieve from <span class="hlt">warm</span> temperatures. The frequency of bleaching-level thermal stress increased three-fold between 1985-91 and 2006-12 - a trend climate model projections suggest will continue. The thermal history data products developed enable needed studies relating thermal history to bleaching resistance and community composition. Such analyses can help identify reefs more resilient to thermal stress.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMPP11C1040M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMPP11C1040M"><span>Is Medieval <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> (MWP) wetter in Nagaland?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Misra, S.; Agarwal, D. S.; Bhattacharyya, D. A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Dzukou Valley, Nagaland is one of the biodiversity rich regions in northeast India. It is house to 113 families of plants where primitive angiosperms and endemic plants species contribute 19% and 6% respectively to this unique floristic wealth. Floristic uniqueness of the valley is that 50 families are represented by single genus and 128 genuses are represented by single species. Present work is the first attempt to use soil organic matter (SOM) d13C and pollen data to understand climate vis-à-vis vegetation dynamics in an area where climatic changes were not strong enough to induce a significant change in vegetation cover. The d13C values in our study range from -29.1‰ to -27.7‰ during late Holocene. These values are typical of forest soils and suggest organic carbon derived exclusively from C3 vegetation. Generated proxy data reveals three phases of climatic and vegetational shifts in the region since 3100 yr BP. During the first phase from 3100 yr BP to 2300 yr BP isotope data shows higher values, indicating towards a comparatively dry climate and area was occupies by dry Pine-Oak forest. Subsequently in second phase from 2300 yr BP to 1060 yr BP increase in arboreal pollens (tree elements) and gradually decreasing trend in d13C values from 2300 to 1060 yrs BP by 1.4 ‰ indicate towards comparatively moist climatic conditions corresponding to Medieval <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span>. Later on in the third phase from 1060 yr BP onwards climate again climate turned dry and continued till date as postulated from the increasing trend in d13C values and good recovery of Pinus-Oak forest pollens.This study holds its significance not only as the first attempt to address palaeoclimate and palaeo-vegetation study from Nagaland but also as the first attempt to use SOM d13C along with pollen data to understand the influence of fluctuating rainfall (in a high rainfall zone) in altering the floristic wealth of a region. This type of study is essentially needed to address several issues</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23170219','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23170219"><span><span class="hlt">Warming</span> off southwestern Japan linked to distributional shifts of subtidal canopy-forming seaweeds.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tanaka, Kouki; Taino, Seiya; Haraguchi, Hiroko; Prendergast, Gabrielle; Hiraoka, Masanori</p> <p>2012-11-01</p> <p>To assess distributional shifts of species in response to recent <span class="hlt">warming</span>, historical distribution records are the most requisite information. The surface seawater temperature (SST) of Kochi Prefecture, southwestern Japan on the western North Pacific, has significantly risen, being <span class="hlt">warmed</span> by the Kuroshio <span class="hlt">Current</span>. Past distributional records of subtidal canopy-forming seaweeds (Laminariales and Fucales) exist at about 10-year intervals from the 1970s, along with detailed SST datasets at several sites along Kochi's >700 km coastline. In order to provide a clear picture of distributional shifts of coastal marine organisms in response to <span class="hlt">warming</span> SST, we observed the present distribution of seaweeds and analyzed the SST datasets to estimate spatiotemporal SST trends in this coastal region. We present a large increase of 0.3°C/decade in the annual mean SST of this area over the past 40 years. Furthermore, a comparison of the previous and present distributions clearly showed the contraction of temperate species' distributional ranges and expansion of tropical species' distributional ranges in the seaweeds. Although the main temperate kelp Ecklonia (Laminariales) had expanded their distribution during <span class="hlt">periods</span> of cooler SST, they subsequently declined as the SST <span class="hlt">warmed</span>. Notably, the warmest SST of the 1997-98 El Niño Southern Oscillation event was the most likely cause of a widespread destruction of the kelp populations; no recovery was found even in the present survey at the formerly habitable sites where <span class="hlt">warm</span> SSTs have been maintained. Temperate Sargassum spp. (Fucales) that dominated widely in the 1970s also declined in accordance with recent <span class="hlt">warming</span> SSTs. In contrast, the tropical species, S. ilicifolium, has gradually expanded its distribution to become the most conspicuously dominant among the present observations. Thermal gradients, mainly driven by the <span class="hlt">warming</span> Kuroshio <span class="hlt">Current</span>, are presented as an explanation for the successive changes in both temperate and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27391280','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27391280"><span>Ecosystem nitrogen fixation throughout the snow-free <span class="hlt">period</span> in subarctic tundra: effects of willow and birch litter addition and <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rousk, Kathrin; Michelsen, Anders</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Nitrogen (N) fixation in moss-associated cyanobacteria is one of the main sources of available N for N-limited ecosystems such as subarctic tundra. Yet, N 2 fixation in mosses is strongly influenced by soil moisture and temperature. Thus, temporal scaling up of low-frequency in situ measurements to several weeks, months or even the entire growing season without taking into account changes in abiotic conditions cannot capture the variation in moss-associated N 2 fixation. We therefore aimed to estimate moss-associated N 2 fixation throughout the snow-free <span class="hlt">period</span> in subarctic tundra in field experiments simulating climate change: willow (Salix myrsinifolia) and birch (Betula pubescens spp. tortuosa) litter addition, and <span class="hlt">warming</span>. To achieve this, we established relationships between measured in situ N 2 fixation rates and soil moisture and soil temperature and used high-resolution measurements of soil moisture and soil temperature (hourly from May to October) to model N 2 fixation. The modelled N 2 fixation rates were highest in the <span class="hlt">warmed</span> (2.8 ± 0.3 kg N ha -1 ) and birch litter addition plots (2.8 ± 0.2 kg N ha -1 ), and lowest in the plots receiving willow litter (1.6 ± 0.2 kg N ha -1 ). The control plots had intermediate rates (2.2 ± 0.2 kg N ha -1 ). Further, N 2 fixation was highest during the summer in the <span class="hlt">warmed</span> plots, but was lowest in the litter addition plots during the same <span class="hlt">period</span>. The temperature and moisture dependence of N 2 fixation was different between the climate change treatments, indicating a shift in the N 2 fixer community. Our findings, using a combined empirical and modelling approach, suggest that a longer snow-free <span class="hlt">period</span> and increased temperatures in a future climate will likely lead to higher N 2 fixation rates in mosses. Yet, the consequences of increased litter fall on moss-associated N 2 fixation due to shrub expansion in the Arctic will depend on the shrub species' litter traits. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFMOS41A0154E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFMOS41A0154E"><span>Integrated Monitoring of the Soya <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Current</span> Using HF Ocean Radars, Satellite Altimeters, Coastal Tide Gauges, and a Bottom-Mounted ADCP</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ebuchi, N.; Fukamachi, Y.; Ohshima, K. I.; Wakatsuchi, M.</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>The Soya <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Current</span> (SWC) is a coastal boundary <span class="hlt">current</span>, which flows along the coast of Hokkaido in the Sea of Okhotsk. The SWC flows into the Sea of Okhotsk from the Sea of Japan through the Soya/La Perouse Strait, which is located between Hokkaido, Japan, and Sakhalin, Russia. It supplies <span class="hlt">warm</span>, saline water in the Sea of Japan to the Sea of Okhotsk and largely affects the ocean circulation and water mass formation in the Sea of Okhotsk, and local climate, environment and fishery in the region. However, the SWC has never been continuously monitored due to the difficulties involved in field observations related to, for example, severe weather conditions in the winter, political issues at the border strait, and conflicts with fishing activities in the strait. Detailed features of the SWC and its variations have not yet been clarified. In order to monitor variations in the SWC, three HF ocean radar stations were installed around the strait. The radar covers a range of approximately 70 km from the coast. It is shown that the HF radars clearly capture seasonal and subinertial variations of the SWC. The velocity of the SWC reaches its maximum, approximately 1 m/s, in summer, and weakens in winter. The velocity core is located 20 to 30 km from the coast, and its width is approximately 50 km. The surface transport by the Soya <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Current</span> shows a significant correlation with the sea level difference along the strait, as derived from coastal tide gauge records. The cross-<span class="hlt">current</span> sea level difference, which is estimated from the sea level anomalies observed by the Jason-1 altimeter and a coastal tide gauge, also exhibits variation in concert with the surface transport and along-<span class="hlt">current</span> sea level difference.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeoRL..40.6136W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeoRL..40.6136W"><span>Trade-offs between global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and day length on the start of the carbon uptake <span class="hlt">period</span> in seasonally cold ecosystems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wohlfahrt, Georg; Cremonese, Edoardo; Hammerle, Albin; Hörtnagl, Lukas; Galvagno, Marta; Gianelle, Damiano; Marcolla, Barbara; Cella, Umberto Morra</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>is well established that <span class="hlt">warming</span> leads to longer growing seasons in seasonally cold ecosystems. Whether this goes along with an increase in the net ecosystem carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake is much more controversial. We studied the effects of <span class="hlt">warming</span> on the start of the carbon uptake <span class="hlt">period</span> (CUP) of three mountain grasslands situated along an elevational gradient in the Alps. To this end, we used a simple empirical model of the net ecosystem CO2 exchange, calibrated, and forced with multiyear empirical data from each site. We show that reductions in the quantity and duration of daylight associated with earlier snowmelts were responsible for diminishing returns, in terms of carbon gain, from longer growing seasons caused by reductions in daytime photosynthetic uptake and increases in nighttime losses of CO2. This effect was less pronounced at high, compared to low, elevations, where the start of the CUP occurred closer to the summer solstice when changes in day length and incident radiation are minimal.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26597713','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26597713"><span>On the definition and identifiability of the alleged "hiatus" in global <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lewandowsky, Stephan; Risbey, James S; Oreskes, Naomi</p> <p>2015-11-24</p> <p>Recent public debate and the scientific literature have frequently cited a "pause" or "hiatus" in global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Yet, multiple sources of evidence show that climate change continues unabated, raising questions about the status of the "hiatus". To examine whether the notion of a "hiatus" is justified by the available data, we first document that there are multiple definitions of the "hiatus" in the literature, with its presumed onset spanning a decade. For each of these definitions we compare the associated temperature trend against trends of equivalent length in the entire record of modern global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. The analysis shows that the "hiatus" trends are encompassed within the overall distribution of observed trends. We next assess the magnitude and significance of all possible trends up to 25 years duration looking backwards from each year over the past 30 years. At every year during the past 30 years, the immediately preceding <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend was always significant when 17 years (or more) were included in the calculation, alleged "hiatus" <span class="hlt">periods</span> notwithstanding. If <span class="hlt">current</span> definitions of the "pause" used in the literature are applied to the historical record, then the climate system "paused" for more than 1/3 of the <span class="hlt">period</span> during which temperatures rose 0.6 K.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.9269C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.9269C"><span>Modelling the mid-Pliocene <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> with the IPSLGCM: contribution to PlioMIP and feedback mechanisms from the presence of mega-lakes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Contoux, C.; Jost, A.; Sepulchre, P.; Ramstein, G.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>The mid-Pliocene <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> (mPWP, ca. 3.3 -3 Ma) is the last geological <span class="hlt">period</span> showing a warmer climate than the preindustrial during a sustained <span class="hlt">period</span> of time, much longer than interglacial <span class="hlt">periods</span> of the last million years. Moreover, mPWP position of the continents and atmospheric pCO2 are very close to present-day, both conditions making the mPWP a relevant analogue for future global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. For these reasons, the mPWP has been the focus of Pliocene Modelling Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP), which associates data analysis and modelling. We use the IPSLCM5 Earth System model and its atmospheric component alone (LMDZ), to simulate the climate of the mPWP. Boundary conditions such as sea surface temperatures (SSTs), topography, ice sheet extent and vegetation are the ones used within the PlioMIP framework. On a global scale we show the impact of different boundary conditions with LMDZ, and of a global coupling on the simulated climate. Results from the Earth System model are also compared to SST reconstructions, particularly in the North Atlantic Ocean, where an important <span class="hlt">warming</span> occurs, generally poorly reproduced by models. These results will then be part of the multi-model analysis for the Pliocene. The PlioMIP exercise is also about better understanding model/data mismatches. In the present-day desertic regions of Lake Chad (Africa) and Lake Eyre (Australia), vegetation data show the presence of tropical savanna at the expense of deserts during the mPWP. Vegetation models forced by mPWP climatic simulations fail to reproduce more humid vegetation in these locations. There might be a reason for this model/data discrepancy: geological data stand for the presence of mega-lakes in these two regions during the mPWP that are not accounted for in previous simulations. Such extended waterbodies could have important feedbacks on the hydrological cycle and regional climate. We use the LMDZ4 atmospheric model imbedding explicitly resolved lake surfaces to simulate</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_6 --> <div id="page_7" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="121"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20110007297&hterms=Henning&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DHenning','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20110007297&hterms=Henning&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DHenning"><span>Why Hasn't Earth <span class="hlt">Warmed</span> as Much as Expected?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Schwartz, Stephen E.; Charlson, Robert J.; Kahn, Ralph A.; Ogren, John A.; Rodhe, Henning</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The observed increase in global mean surface temperature (GMST) over the industrial era is less than 40% of that expected from observed increases in long-lived greenhouse gases together with the best-estimate equilibrium climate sensitivity given by the 2007 Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Possible reasons for this <span class="hlt">warming</span> discrepancy are systematically examined here. The <span class="hlt">warming</span> discrepancy is found to be due mainly to some combination of two factors: the IPCC best estimate of climate sensitivity being too high and/or the greenhouse gas forcing being partially offset by forcing by increased concentrations of atmospheric aerosols; the increase in global heat content due to thermal disequilibrium accounts for less than 25% of the discrepancy, and cooling by natural temperature variation can account for only about 15 %. <span class="hlt">Current</span> uncertainty in climate sensitivity is shown to preclude determining the amount of future fossil fuel CO2 emissions that would be compatible with any chosen maximum allowable increase in GMST; even the sign of such allowable future emissions is unconstrained. Resolving this situation, by empirical determination of the earth's climate sensitivity from the historical record over the industrial <span class="hlt">period</span> or through use of climate models whose accuracy is evaluated by their performance over this <span class="hlt">period</span>, is shown to require substantial reduction in the uncertainty of aerosol forcing over this <span class="hlt">period</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..11.5354B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..11.5354B"><span>HadCM3 Simulations of ENSO behaviour during the Mid-Pliocene <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bonham, S. G.; Haywood, A. M.; Lunt, D. J.</p> <p>2009-04-01</p> <p>It has been suggested that a permanent El Niño state existed during the mid-Pliocene (ca. 3.3 - 3.0 Ma BP), with a west-to-east temperature gradient in the tropical Pacific considerably weaker than today. This is based upon a number of palaeoceanographic studies which have examined the development of the thermocline and SST gradient in the tropical Pacific over the last five million years. This state is now being referred to as El Padre in recognition of the fact that a mean state <span class="hlt">warming</span> in EEP SSTs does not necessarily imply the presence of a permanent El Niño. Recent results from mid-Pliocene coupled ocean-atmosphere model simulations have shown clear ENSO variability whilst maintaining the <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the EEP. This research expands on this study, using the UK Met Office GCM (HadCM3), to examine the behaviour and characteristics of ENSO in two mid-Pliocene simulations (with an open and closed Central American Seaway, CAS) compared with a control pre-industrial run, as well as produce a detailed profile of the mean state climates. The results shown include timescales of ENSO variability across four regions in the Pacific, as well as frequency, EOF and wavelet analysis. We have also looked at the interaction of ENSO with the annual cycle and the onset of ENSO events, and the interdecadal variability in the simulations. The initial timeseries produced have shown a greater variability of ENSO during the closed CAS mid-Pliocene simulation where the system oscillates between events much more frequently than seen in the pre-industrial run. The EOF and wavelet analyses quantify this behaviour, showing that the variability is approximately 15% higher over the central and eastern equatorial Pacific, with a <span class="hlt">period</span> of oscillation of 2-5 years compared with 4-8 years for the pre-industrial simulation. These results will be compared with those obtained from the second mid-Pliocene simulation (open CAS).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29535348','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29535348"><span>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the context of 2000 years of Australian alpine temperature and snow cover.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>McGowan, Hamish; Callow, John Nikolaus; Soderholm, Joshua; McGrath, Gavan; Campbell, Micheline; Zhao, Jian-Xin</p> <p>2018-03-13</p> <p>Annual resolution reconstructions of alpine temperatures are rare, particularly for the Southern Hemisphere, while no snow cover reconstructions exist. These records are essential to place in context the impact of anthropogenic global <span class="hlt">warming</span> against historical major natural climate events such as the Roman <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> (RWP), Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and Little Ice Age (LIA). Here we show for a marginal alpine region of Australia using a carbon isotope speleothem reconstruction, <span class="hlt">warming</span> over the past five decades has experienced equivalent magnitude of temperature change and snow cover decline to the RWP and MCA. The <span class="hlt">current</span> rate of <span class="hlt">warming</span> is unmatched for the past 2000 years and seasonal snow cover is at a minimum. On scales of several decades, mean maximum temperatures have undergone considerable change ≈ ± 0.8 °C highlighting local scale susceptibility to rapid temperature change, evidence of which is often masked in regional to hemisphere scale temperature reconstructions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PrOce..60..201A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PrOce..60..201A"><span>Regime shifts in the Humboldt <span class="hlt">Current</span> ecosystem [review article</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Alheit, Jürgen; Niquen, Miguel</p> <p>2004-02-01</p> <p>Of the four major eastern boundary <span class="hlt">currents</span>, the Humboldt <span class="hlt">Current</span> (HC) stands out because it is extremely productive, dominated by anchovy dynamics and subject to frequent direct environmental perturbations of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The long-term dynamics of the HC ecosystem are controlled by shifts between alternating anchovy and sardine regimes that restructure the entire ecosystem from phytoplankton to the top predators. These regime shifts are caused by lasting <span class="hlt">periods</span> of <span class="hlt">warm</span> or cold temperature anomalies related to the approach or retreat of <span class="hlt">warm</span> subtropical oceanic waters to the coast of Peru and Chile. Phases with mainly negative temperature anomalies parallel anchovy regimes (1950-1970; 1985 to the present) and the rather <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span> from 1970 to 1985 was characterized by sardine dominance. The transition <span class="hlt">periods</span> (turning points) from one regime to the other were 1968-1970 and 1984-1986. Like an El Nino, the <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">periods</span> drastically change trophic relationships in the entire HC ecosystem, exposing the Peruvian anchovy to a multitude of adverse conditions. Positive temperature anomalies off Peru drive the anchovy population close to the coast as the coastal upwelling cells usually offer the coolest environment, thereby substantially decreasing the extent of the areas of anchovy distribution and spawning. This enhances the effects of negative density-dependent processes such as egg and larval cannibalism and dramatically increases its catchability. Increased spatial overlap between anchovies and the warmer water preferring sardines intensifies anchovy egg mortality further as sardines feed heavily on anchovy eggs. Food sources for juvenile and adult anchovies which prey on a mixed diet of phyto- and zooplankton are drastically reduced because of decreased plankton production due to restricted upwelling in <span class="hlt">warm</span> years, as demonstrated by lower zooplankton and phytoplankton volumes and the diminution of the fraction of large copepods, their</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeoRL..43.1241Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeoRL..43.1241Z"><span>The 2014-2015 <span class="hlt">warming</span> anomaly in the Southern California <span class="hlt">Current</span> System observed by underwater gliders</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zaba, Katherine D.; Rudnick, Daniel L.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Large-scale patterns of positive temperature anomalies persisted throughout the surface waters of the North Pacific Ocean during 2014-2015. In the Southern California <span class="hlt">Current</span> System, measurements by our sustained network of underwater gliders reveal the coastal effects of the recent <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Regional upper ocean temperature anomalies were greatest since the initiation of the glider network in 2006. Additional observed physical anomalies included a depressed thermocline, high stratification, and freshening; induced biological consequences included changes in the vertical distribution of chlorophyll fluorescence. Contemporaneous surface heat flux and wind strength perturbations suggest that local anomalous atmospheric forcing caused the unusual oceanic conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5091351','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5091351"><span>Climatic <span class="hlt">warming</span> destabilizes forest ant communities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Diamond, Sarah E.; Nichols, Lauren M.; Pelini, Shannon L.; Penick, Clint A.; Barber, Grace W.; Cahan, Sara Helms; Dunn, Robert R.; Ellison, Aaron M.; Sanders, Nathan J.; Gotelli, Nicholas J.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>How will ecological communities change in response to climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>? Direct effects of temperature and indirect cascading effects of species interactions are already altering the structure of local communities, but the dynamics of community change are still poorly understood. We explore the cumulative effects of <span class="hlt">warming</span> on the dynamics and turnover of forest ant communities that were <span class="hlt">warmed</span> as part of a 5-year climate manipulation experiment at two sites in eastern North America. At the community level, <span class="hlt">warming</span> consistently increased occupancy of nests and decreased extinction and nest abandonment. This consistency was largely driven by strong responses of a subset of thermophilic species at each site. As colonies of thermophilic species persisted in nests for longer <span class="hlt">periods</span> of time under warmer temperatures, turnover was diminished, and species interactions were likely altered. We found that dynamical (Lyapunov) community stability decreased with <span class="hlt">warming</span> both within and between sites. These results refute null expectations of simple temperature-driven increases in the activity and movement of thermophilic ectotherms. The reduction in stability under <span class="hlt">warming</span> contrasts with the findings of previous studies that suggest resilience of species interactions to experimental and natural <span class="hlt">warming</span>. In the face of warmer, no-analog climates, communities of the future may become increasingly fragile and unstable. PMID:27819044</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27819044','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27819044"><span>Climatic <span class="hlt">warming</span> destabilizes forest ant communities.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Diamond, Sarah E; Nichols, Lauren M; Pelini, Shannon L; Penick, Clint A; Barber, Grace W; Cahan, Sara Helms; Dunn, Robert R; Ellison, Aaron M; Sanders, Nathan J; Gotelli, Nicholas J</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>How will ecological communities change in response to climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>? Direct effects of temperature and indirect cascading effects of species interactions are already altering the structure of local communities, but the dynamics of community change are still poorly understood. We explore the cumulative effects of <span class="hlt">warming</span> on the dynamics and turnover of forest ant communities that were <span class="hlt">warmed</span> as part of a 5-year climate manipulation experiment at two sites in eastern North America. At the community level, <span class="hlt">warming</span> consistently increased occupancy of nests and decreased extinction and nest abandonment. This consistency was largely driven by strong responses of a subset of thermophilic species at each site. As colonies of thermophilic species persisted in nests for longer <span class="hlt">periods</span> of time under warmer temperatures, turnover was diminished, and species interactions were likely altered. We found that dynamical (Lyapunov) community stability decreased with <span class="hlt">warming</span> both within and between sites. These results refute null expectations of simple temperature-driven increases in the activity and movement of thermophilic ectotherms. The reduction in stability under <span class="hlt">warming</span> contrasts with the findings of previous studies that suggest resilience of species interactions to experimental and natural <span class="hlt">warming</span>. In the face of warmer, no-analog climates, communities of the future may become increasingly fragile and unstable.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26813867','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26813867"><span>Climatic irregular staircases: generalized acceleration of global <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>De Saedeleer, Bernard</p> <p>2016-01-27</p> <p>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates mentioned in the literature are often restricted to a couple of arbitrary <span class="hlt">periods</span> of time, or of isolated values of the starting year, lacking a global view. In this study, we perform on the contrary an exhaustive parametric analysis of the NASA GISS LOTI data, and also of the HadCRUT4 data. The starting year systematically varies between 1880 and 2002, and the averaging <span class="hlt">period</span> from 5 to 30 yr - not only decades; the ending year also varies . In this way, we uncover a whole unexplored space of values for the global <span class="hlt">warming</span> rate, and access the full picture. Additionally, stairstep averaging and linear least squares fitting to determine climatic trends have been sofar exclusive. We propose here an original hybrid method which combines both approaches in order to derive a new type of climatic trend. We find that there is an overall acceleration of the global <span class="hlt">warming</span> whatever the value of the averaging <span class="hlt">period</span>, and that 99.9% of the 3029 Earth's climatic irregular staircases are rising. Graphical evidence is also given that choosing an El Niño year as starting year gives lower global <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates - except if there is a volcanic cooling in parallel. Our rates agree and generalize several results mentioned in the literature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29769593','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29769593"><span>East Asian <span class="hlt">warm</span> season temperature variations over the past two millennia.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhang, Huan; Werner, Johannes P; García-Bustamante, Elena; González-Rouco, Fidel; Wagner, Sebastian; Zorita, Eduardo; Fraedrich, Klaus; Jungclaus, Johann H; Ljungqvist, Fredrik Charpentier; Zhu, Xiuhua; Xoplaki, Elena; Chen, Fahu; Duan, Jianping; Ge, Quansheng; Hao, Zhixin; Ivanov, Martin; Schneider, Lea; Talento, Stefanie; Wang, Jianglin; Yang, Bao; Luterbacher, Jürg</p> <p>2018-05-16</p> <p>East Asia has experienced strong <span class="hlt">warming</span> since the 1960s accompanied by an increased frequency of heat waves and shrinking glaciers over the Tibetan Plateau and the Tien Shan. Here, we place the recent warmth in a long-term perspective by presenting a new spatially resolved <span class="hlt">warm</span>-season (May-September) temperature reconstruction for the <span class="hlt">period</span> 1-2000 CE using 59 multiproxy records from a wide range of East Asian regions. Our Bayesian Hierarchical Model (BHM) based reconstructions generally agree with earlier shorter regional temperature reconstructions but are more stable due to additional temperature sensitive proxies. We find a rather <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span> during the first two centuries CE, followed by a multi-century long cooling <span class="hlt">period</span> and again a <span class="hlt">warm</span> interval covering the 900-1200 CE <span class="hlt">period</span> (Medieval Climate Anomaly, MCA). The interval from 1450 to 1850 CE (Little Ice Age, LIA) was characterized by cooler conditions and the last 150 years are characterized by a continuous <span class="hlt">warming</span> until recent times. Our results also suggest that the 1990s were likely the warmest decade in at least 1200 years. The comparison between an ensemble of climate model simulations and our summer reconstructions since 850 CE shows good agreement and an important role of internal variability and external forcing on multi-decadal time-scales.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMOS43B..01K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMOS43B..01K"><span>Unabated global surface temperature <span class="hlt">warming</span>: evaluating the evidence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Karl, T. R.; Arguez, A.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>New insights related to time-dependent bias corrections in global surface temperatures have led to higher rates of <span class="hlt">warming</span> over the past few decades than previously reported in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (2014). Record high global temperatures in the past few years have also contributed to larger trends. The combination of these factors and new analyses of the rate of temperature change show unabated global <span class="hlt">warming</span> since at least the mid-Twentieth Century. New time-dependent bias corrections account for: (1) differences in temperatures measured from ships and drifting buoys; (2) improved corrections to ship measured temperatures; and (3) the larger rates of <span class="hlt">warming</span> in polar regions (particularly the Arctic). Since 1951, the <span class="hlt">period</span> over which IPCC (2014) attributes over half of the observed global <span class="hlt">warming</span> to human causes, it is shown that there has been a remarkably robust and sustained <span class="hlt">warming</span>, punctuated with inter-annual and decadal variability. This finding is confirmed through simple trend analysis and Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD). Trend analysis however, especially for decadal trends, is sensitive to selection bias of beginning and ending dates. EMD has no selection bias. Additionally, it can highlight both short- and long-term processes affecting the global temperature times series since it addresses both non-linear and non-stationary processes. For the new NOAA global temperature data set, our analyses do not support the notion of a hiatus or slowing of long-term global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. However, sub-decadal <span class="hlt">periods</span> of little (or no <span class="hlt">warming</span>) and rapid <span class="hlt">warming</span> can also be found, clearly showing the impact of inter-annual and decadal variability that previously has been attributed to both natural and human-induced non-greenhouse forcings.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24736557','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24736557"><span>Climatic <span class="hlt">warming</span> increases winter wheat yield but reduces grain nitrogen concentration in east China.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tian, Yunlu; Zheng, Chengyan; Chen, Jin; Chen, Changqing; Deng, Aixing; Song, Zhenwei; Zhang, Baoming; Zhang, Weijian</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Climatic <span class="hlt">warming</span> is often predicted to reduce wheat yield and grain quality in China. However, direct evidence is still lacking. We conducted a three-year experiment with a Free Air Temperature Increase (FATI) facility to examine the responses of winter wheat growth and plant N accumulation to a moderate temperature increase of 1.5°C predicted to prevail by 2050 in East China. Three <span class="hlt">warming</span> treatments (AW: all-day <span class="hlt">warming</span>; DW: daytime <span class="hlt">warming</span>; NW: nighttime <span class="hlt">warming</span>) were applied for an entire growth <span class="hlt">period</span>. Consistent <span class="hlt">warming</span> effects on wheat plant were recorded across the experimental years. An increase of ca. 1.5°C in daily, daytime and nighttime mean temperatures shortened the length of pre-anthesis <span class="hlt">period</span> averagely by 12.7, 8.3 and 10.7 d (P<0.05), respectively, but had no significant impact on the length of the post-anthesis <span class="hlt">period</span>. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> did not significantly alter the aboveground biomass production, but the grain yield was 16.3, 18.1 and 19.6% (P<0.05) higher in the AW, DW and NW plots than the non-<span class="hlt">warmed</span> plot, respectively. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> also significantly increased plant N uptake and total biomass N accumulation. However, <span class="hlt">warming</span> significantly reduced grain N concentrations while increased N concentrations in the leaves and stems. Together, our results demonstrate differential impacts of <span class="hlt">warming</span> on the depositions of grain starch and protein, highlighting the needs to further understand the mechanisms that underlie <span class="hlt">warming</span> impacts on plant C and N metabolism in wheat.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6192R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6192R"><span><span class="hlt">Warm</span>-adapted microbial communities enhance their carbon-use efficiency in <span class="hlt">warmed</span> soils</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rousk, Johannes; Frey, Serita</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Ecosystem models predict that climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> will stimulate microbial decomposition of soil carbon (C), resulting in a positive feedback to increasing temperatures. The <span class="hlt">current</span> generation of models assume that the temperature sensitivities of microbial processes do not respond to <span class="hlt">warming</span>. However, recent studies have suggested that the ability of microbial communities to adapt to <span class="hlt">warming</span> can lead both strengthened and weakened feedbacks. A further complication is that the balance between microbial C used for growth to that used for respiration - the microbial carbon-use efficiency (CUE) - also has been shown through both modelling and empirical study to respond to <span class="hlt">warming</span>. In our study, we set out to assess how chronic <span class="hlt">warming</span> (+5°C over ambient during 9 years) of a temperate hardwood forest floor (Harvard Forest LTER, USA) affected temperature sensitivities of microbial processes in soil. To do this, we first determined the temperature relationships for bacterial growth, fungal growth, and respiration in plots exposed to <span class="hlt">warmed</span> or ambient conditions. Secondly, we parametrised the established temperature functions microbial growth and respiration with plot-specific measured soil temperature data at a hourly time-resolution over the course of 3 years to estimate the real-time variation of in situ microbial C production and respiration. To estimate the microbial CUE, we also divided the microbial C production with the sum of microbial C production and respiration as a proxy for substrate use. We found that <span class="hlt">warm</span>-adapted bacterial and fungal communities both shifted their temperature relationships to grow at higher rates in <span class="hlt">warm</span> conditions which coincided with reduced rates at cool conditions. As such, their optimal temperature (Topt), minimum temperature (Tmin) and temperature sensitivity (Q10) were all increased. The temperature relationship for temperature, in contrast, was only marginally shifted in the same direction, but at a much smaller effect size, with</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27748424','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27748424"><span>Sustained acceleration of soil carbon decomposition observed in a 6-year <span class="hlt">warming</span> experiment in a <span class="hlt">warm</span>-temperate forest in southern Japan.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Teramoto, Munemasa; Liang, Naishen; Takagi, Masahiro; Zeng, Jiye; Grace, John</p> <p>2016-10-17</p> <p>To examine global <span class="hlt">warming</span>'s effect on soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition in Asian monsoon forests, we conducted a soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> experiment with a multichannel automated chamber system in a 55-year-old <span class="hlt">warm</span>-temperate evergreen broadleaved forest in southern Japan. We established three treatments: control chambers for total soil respiration, trenched chambers for heterotrophic respiration (R h ), and <span class="hlt">warmed</span> trenched chambers to examine <span class="hlt">warming</span> effect on R h . The soil was <span class="hlt">warmed</span> with an infrared heater above each chamber to increase soil temperature at 5 cm depth by about 2.5 °C. The <span class="hlt">warming</span> treatment lasted from January 2009 to the end of 2014. The annual <span class="hlt">warming</span> effect on R h (an increase per °C) ranged from 7.1 to17.8% °C -1 . Although the <span class="hlt">warming</span> effect varied among the years, it averaged 9.4% °C -1 over 6 years, which was close to the value of 10.1 to 10.9% °C -1 that we calculated using the annual temperature-efflux response model of Lloyd and Taylor. The interannual <span class="hlt">warming</span> effect was positively related to the total precipitation in the summer <span class="hlt">period</span>, indicating that summer precipitation and the resulting soil moisture level also strongly influenced the soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> effect in this forest.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMPP41C1323F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMPP41C1323F"><span>Stable Isotope Evidence for North Pacific Deep Water Formation during the mid-Pliocene <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ford, H. L.; Burls, N.; Hodell, D. A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Only intermediate water forms in the North Pacific today because of a strong halocline. A recent climate modeling study suggests that conditions during the mid-Pliocene <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span> ( 3 Ma), a time interval used as pseudo-analogue for future climate change, could have supported a Pacific Meridional Overturning Circulation (PMOC) in the North Pacific. This modeled PMOC is of comparable strength to the modern Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. To investigate the possibility of a mid-Pliocene PMOC, we studied a depth transect of sites between 2400 to 3400 m water depth on Shatsky Rise by measuring δ18O and δ13C of Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi and comparing these new results with previously published records. Today, the vertical δ13C gradient has lower values at mid-depths because of the presence of aged water at the "end of the ocean conveyor belt." We find that the vertical δ13C gradient was reduced, and slightly reversed during the Pliocene interval on Shatsky Rise relative to modern. This δ13C data supports the modeling results that there was deep water formation in the North Pacific. On the Shatsky Rise, the mid-depth δ18O values are high relative to the deep site and other high-resolution records in the Equatorial Pacific. This suggests the PMOC water mass was colder and/or had a more enriched seawater δ18O than the surrounding waters. Planned future work includes minor and trace element analyses to determine the temperature and ΔCO32- characteristics of the PMOC water mass. Our results suggest a ventilated North Pacific during the globally <span class="hlt">warm</span> mid-Pliocene.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B13D0633E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B13D0633E"><span>Microbial Community Activity is Insensitive to Passive <span class="hlt">Warming</span> in a Semiarid Ecosystem</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Espinosa, N. J.; Gallery, R. E.; Fehmi, J. S.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Soil microorganisms drive ecosystem nutrient cycling through the production of extracellular enzymes, which facilitate organic matter decomposition, and the flux of large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Although aird and semiarid ecosystems occupy over 40% of land cover and are projected to expand due to climate change, much of our <span class="hlt">current</span> understanding of these processes comes from mesic temperate ecosystems. Semiarid ecosystems have added complexity due to the widespread biological adaptations to infrequent and discreet precipitation pulses, which enable biological activity to persist throughout dry <span class="hlt">periods</span> and thrive following seasonal precipitation events. Additionally, the intricacies of plant-microbe interactions and the response of these interactions to a warmer climate and increased precipitation variability in semiarid ecosystems present a continued challenge for climate change research. In this study, we used a passive <span class="hlt">warming</span> experiment with added plant debris as either woodchip or biochar, to simulate different long-term carbon additions to two common semiarid soils. The response of soil respiration, plant biomass, and microbial activity was monitored bi-annually. We hypothesized that microbial activity would increase with temperature manipulations when soil moisture limitation was alleviated by summer precipitation. The passive <span class="hlt">warming</span> treatment was most pronounced during <span class="hlt">periods</span> of daily and seasonal temperature maxima. For all seven hydrolytic enzymes examined, there was no significant response to experimental <span class="hlt">warming</span>, regardless of seasonal climatic and soil moisture variation. Surprisingly, soil respiration responded positively to <span class="hlt">warming</span> for certain carbon additions and seasons, which did not correspond with a similar response in plant biomass. The enzyme results observed here are consistent with the few other experimental results for <span class="hlt">warming</span> in semiarid ecosystems and indicate that the soil microbial community activity of semiarid</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4657026','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4657026"><span>On the definition and identifiability of the alleged “hiatus” in global <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lewandowsky, Stephan; Risbey, James S.; Oreskes, Naomi</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Recent public debate and the scientific literature have frequently cited a “pause” or “hiatus” in global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Yet, multiple sources of evidence show that climate change continues unabated, raising questions about the status of the “hiatus”. To examine whether the notion of a “hiatus” is justified by the available data, we first document that there are multiple definitions of the “hiatus” in the literature, with its presumed onset spanning a decade. For each of these definitions we compare the associated temperature trend against trends of equivalent length in the entire record of modern global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. The analysis shows that the “hiatus” trends are encompassed within the overall distribution of observed trends. We next assess the magnitude and significance of all possible trends up to 25 years duration looking backwards from each year over the past 30 years. At every year during the past 30 years, the immediately preceding <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend was always significant when 17 years (or more) were included in the calculation, alleged “hiatus” <span class="hlt">periods</span> notwithstanding. If <span class="hlt">current</span> definitions of the “pause” used in the literature are applied to the historical record, then the climate system “paused” for more than 1/3 of the <span class="hlt">period</span> during which temperatures rose 0.6 K. PMID:26597713</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4673052','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4673052"><span>Glacier maxima in Baffin Bay during the Medieval <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> coeval with Norse settlement</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Young, Nicolás E.; Schweinsberg, Avriel D.; Briner, Jason P.; Schaefer, Joerg M.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The climatic mechanisms driving the shift from the Medieval <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> (MWP) to the Little Ice Age (LIA) in the North Atlantic region are debated. We use cosmogenic beryllium-10 dating to develop a moraine chronology with century-scale resolution over the last millennium and show that alpine glaciers in Baffin Island and western Greenland were at or near their maximum LIA configurations during the proposed general timing of the MWP. Complimentary paleoclimate proxy data suggest that the western North Atlantic region remained cool, whereas the eastern North Atlantic region was comparatively warmer during the MWP—a dipole pattern compatible with a persistent positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation. These results demonstrate that over the last millennium, glaciers approached their eventual LIA maxima before what is considered the classic LIA in the Northern Hemisphere. Furthermore, a relatively cool western North Atlantic region during the MWP has implications for understanding Norse migration patterns during the MWP. Our results, paired with other regional climate records, point to nonclimatic factors as contributing to the Norse exodus from the western North Atlantic region. PMID:26665173</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ThApC.tmp...95L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ThApC.tmp...95L"><span><span class="hlt">Warming</span> slowdown over the Tibetan plateau in recent decades</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Yaojie; Zhang, Yangjian; Zhu, Juntao; Huang, Ke; Zu, Jiaxing; Chen, Ning; Cong, Nan; Stegehuis, Annemiek Irene</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>As the recent global <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus and the <span class="hlt">warming</span> on high elevations are attracting worldwide attention, this study examined the robustness of the <span class="hlt">warming</span> slowdown over the Tibetan plateau (TP) and its related driving forces. By integrating multiple-source data from 1982 to 2015 and using trend analysis, we found that the mean temperature (T mean), maximum temperature (T max) and minimum temperature (T min) showed a slowdown of the <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend around 1998, during the <span class="hlt">period</span> of the global <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus. This was found over both the growing season (GS) and non-growing season (NGS) and suggested a robust <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus over the TP. Due to the differences in trends of T max and T min, the trend of diurnal temperature range (DTR) also shifted after 1998, especially during the GS temperature. The <span class="hlt">warming</span> rate was spatially heterogeneous. The northern TP (NTP) experienced more <span class="hlt">warming</span> than the southern TP (STP) in all seasons from 1982 to 1998, while the pattern was reversed in the <span class="hlt">period</span> from 1998 to 2015. Water vapour was found to be the main driving force for the trend in T mean and T min by influencing downward long wave radiation. Sunshine duration was the main driving force behind the trend in T max and DTR through a change in downward shortwave radiation that altered the energy source of daytime temperature. Water vapour was the major driving force for temperature change over the NTP, while over the STP, sunshine duration dominated the temperature trend.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44..346K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44..346K"><span>Submesoscale cyclones in the Agulhas <span class="hlt">current</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Krug, M.; Swart, S.; Gula, J.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Gliders were deployed for the first time in the Agulhas <span class="hlt">Current</span> region to investigate processes of interactions between western boundary <span class="hlt">currents</span> and shelf waters. Continuous observations from the gliders in water depths of 100-1000 m and over a <span class="hlt">period</span> of 1 month provide the first high-resolution observations of the Agulhas <span class="hlt">Current</span>'s inshore front. The observations collected in a nonmeandering Agulhas <span class="hlt">Current</span> show the presence of submesoscale cyclonic eddies, generated at the inshore boundary of the Agulhas <span class="hlt">Current</span>. The submesoscale cyclones are often associated with <span class="hlt">warm</span> water plumes, which extend from their western edge and exhibit strong northeastward <span class="hlt">currents</span>. These features are a result of shear instabilities and extract their energy from the mean Agulhas <span class="hlt">Current</span> jet.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5066277','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5066277"><span>Sustained acceleration of soil carbon decomposition observed in a 6-year <span class="hlt">warming</span> experiment in a <span class="hlt">warm</span>-temperate forest in southern Japan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Teramoto, Munemasa; Liang, Naishen; Takagi, Masahiro; Zeng, Jiye; Grace, John</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>To examine global warming’s effect on soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition in Asian monsoon forests, we conducted a soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> experiment with a multichannel automated chamber system in a 55-year-old <span class="hlt">warm</span>-temperate evergreen broadleaved forest in southern Japan. We established three treatments: control chambers for total soil respiration, trenched chambers for heterotrophic respiration (Rh), and <span class="hlt">warmed</span> trenched chambers to examine <span class="hlt">warming</span> effect on Rh. The soil was <span class="hlt">warmed</span> with an infrared heater above each chamber to increase soil temperature at 5 cm depth by about 2.5 °C. The <span class="hlt">warming</span> treatment lasted from January 2009 to the end of 2014. The annual <span class="hlt">warming</span> effect on Rh (an increase per °C) ranged from 7.1 to17.8% °C−1. Although the <span class="hlt">warming</span> effect varied among the years, it averaged 9.4% °C−1 over 6 years, which was close to the value of 10.1 to 10.9% °C−1 that we calculated using the annual temperature–efflux response model of Lloyd and Taylor. The interannual <span class="hlt">warming</span> effect was positively related to the total precipitation in the summer <span class="hlt">period</span>, indicating that summer precipitation and the resulting soil moisture level also strongly influenced the soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> effect in this forest. PMID:27748424</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_7 --> <div id="page_8" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="141"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4728480','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4728480"><span>Climatic irregular staircases: generalized acceleration of global <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>De Saedeleer, Bernard</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates mentioned in the literature are often restricted to a couple of arbitrary <span class="hlt">periods</span> of time, or of isolated values of the starting year, lacking a global view. In this study, we perform on the contrary an exhaustive parametric analysis of the NASA GISS LOTI data, and also of the HadCRUT4 data. The starting year systematically varies between 1880 and 2002, and the averaging <span class="hlt">period</span> from 5 to 30 yr — not only decades; the ending year also varies . In this way, we uncover a whole unexplored space of values for the global <span class="hlt">warming</span> rate, and access the full picture. Additionally, stairstep averaging and linear least squares fitting to determine climatic trends have been sofar exclusive. We propose here an original hybrid method which combines both approaches in order to derive a new type of climatic trend. We find that there is an overall acceleration of the global <span class="hlt">warming</span> whatever the value of the averaging <span class="hlt">period</span>, and that 99.9% of the 3029 Earth’s climatic irregular staircases are rising. Graphical evidence is also given that choosing an El Niño year as starting year gives lower global <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates — except if there is a volcanic cooling in parallel. Our rates agree and generalize several results mentioned in the literature. PMID:26813867</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMPP13A2045V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMPP13A2045V"><span>A High-Resolution Record of <span class="hlt">Warm</span> Water Inflow and Iceberg Calving in Upernavik Isfjord During the Past 150 Years.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vermassen, F.; Andresen, C. S.; Sabine, S.; Holtvoeth, J.; Cordua, A. E.; Wangner, D. J.; Dyke, L. M.; Kjaer, K. H.; Kokfelt, U.; Haubner, K.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that changes in <span class="hlt">warm</span> water inflow to Greenlandic fjords are linked to the rapid retreat of marine-terminating outlet glaciers. This process is thought to be responsible for a substantial component of the increased mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet over the last two decades. Sediment cores from glaciated fjords provide high-resolution sedimentological and biological proxy records which can be used to evaluate the interplay of <span class="hlt">warm</span> water inflow and glacier calving over recent time scales. In this study, multiple short cores ( 2 m) from Upernavik Isfjord, West Greenland, were analysed to establish a multi-proxy record of glacier behaviour and oceanographic conditions that spans the past 150 years. The down-core variation in the amount of ice-rafted debris reveals <span class="hlt">periods</span> of increased glacier calving, and biomarker proxies are used to reconstruct variability in the inflow of <span class="hlt">warm</span>, Atlantic-sourced water to the fjord. Measurements of the sortable silt grain size are used to reconstruct bottom-<span class="hlt">current</span> strength; <span class="hlt">periods</span> of vigorous <span class="hlt">current</span> flow are assumed to be due to enhanced <span class="hlt">warm</span> water inflow. Finally, a record of glacier terminus position changes, derived from historical observations and satellite imagery, allows comparison of our new proxy records with the retreat of the ice margin from 1849 onwards. We use these data to assess the relative importance of mechanisms controlling the (rapid) retreat of marine-terminating glaciers in Upernavik Isfjord.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29746382','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29746382"><span><span class="hlt">Warm</span>-up Optimizes Postural Control but Requires Some Minutes of Recovery.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Paillard, Thierry; Kadri, Mohamed Abdelhafid; Nouar, Merbouha Boulahbel; Noé, Frederic</p> <p>2018-05-02</p> <p>Paillard, T, Kadri, MA, Nouar, MB, and Noé, F. <span class="hlt">Warm</span>-up optimizes postural control but requires some minutes of recovery. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2018-The aim was to compare monopedal postural control between the dominant leg (D-Leg) and the nondominant leg (ND-Leg) in pre- and post-<span class="hlt">warm</span>-up conditions. Thirty healthy male sports science students were evaluated before and after a <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up exercise (12 minutes of pedaling with an incremental effort on a cycle ergometer with a controlled workload). Monopodal postural control was assessed for the D- and ND-Legs before and immediately, 2, 5, 10, and 15 minutes after the <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up exercise, using a force platform and calculating the displacement velocity of the center of foot pressure on the mediolateral (COPML velocity) and anteroposterior (COPAP velocity) axes. No significant difference was observed between the D-Leg and ND-Leg for both COPML and COPAP velocity in all the <span class="hlt">periods</span>. In comparison with pre-<span class="hlt">warm</span>-up, COPML decreased after 15-minute and 10-minute recovery <span class="hlt">periods</span> for the D-Leg and the ND-Leg, respectively (p < 0.05), whereas COPAP decreased after 10-minute and 15-minute recovery <span class="hlt">periods</span> (p < 0.001; p < 0.01, respectively) for the D-Leg, and after a 10-minute recovery <span class="hlt">period</span> for the ND-Leg (p < 0.001). The <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up optimized monopedal postural control but did not make it possible to distinguish a difference between the D-Leg and the ND-Leg. Some minutes of recovery are required between the end of the whole-body <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up exercise and the beginning of the postural test to optimize postural control. The optimal duration of recovery turns out to be about 10-15 minutes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5113072','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5113072"><span>Multi-species collapses at the <span class="hlt">warm</span> edge of a <span class="hlt">warming</span> sea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Rilov, Gil</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Even during the <span class="hlt">current</span> biodiversity crisis, reports on population collapses of highly abundant, non-harvested marine species were rare until very recently. This is starting to change, especially at the <span class="hlt">warm</span> edge of species’ distributions where populations are more vulnerable to stress. The Levant basin is the southeastern edge of distribution of most Mediterranean species. Coastal water conditions are naturally extreme, and are fast <span class="hlt">warming</span>, making it a potential hotspot for species collapses. Using multiple data sources, I found strong evidence for major, sustained, population collapses of two urchins, one large predatory gastropod and a reef-building gastropod. Furthermore, of 59 molluscan species once-described in the taxonomic literature as common on Levant reefs, 38 were not found in the present-day surveys, and there was a total domination of non-indigenous species in molluscan assemblages. Temperature trends indicate an exceptional <span class="hlt">warming</span> of the coastal waters in the past three decades. Though speculative at this stage, the fast rise in SST may have helped pushing these invertebrates beyond their physiological tolerance limits leading to population collapses and possible extirpations. If so, these collapses may indicate the initiation of a multi-species range contraction at the Mediterranean southeastern edge that may spread westward with additional <span class="hlt">warming</span>. PMID:27853237</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA482240','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA482240"><span>Global <span class="hlt">Warming</span>, Africa and National Security</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2008-01-15</p> <p>African populations. This includes awareness from a global perspective in line with The Army Strategy for the Environment, the UN’s Intergovernmental...2 attention. At the time, computer models did not indicate a significant issue with global <span class="hlt">warming</span> suggesting only a modest increase of 2°C9...projected climate changes. <span class="hlt">Current</span> Science The science surrounding climate change and global <span class="hlt">warming</span> was, until recently, a point of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMPP13D1549D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMPP13D1549D"><span>Sea Surface Temperatures in the Indo-Pacific <span class="hlt">Warm</span> Pool During the Early Pliocene <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dekens, P. S.; Ravelo, A. C.; Griffith, E. M.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>The Indo-Pacific <span class="hlt">warm</span> pool (IPWP) plays an important role in both regional and global climate, but the response of this region to anthropogenic climate change is not well understood. While the early Pliocene is not a perfect analogue for anthropogenic climate change, it is the most recent time in Earth history when global temperatures were warmer than they are today for a sustained <span class="hlt">period</span> of time. SST in the eastern equatorial Pacific was 2-4○C warmer in the early Pliocene compared to today. A Mg/Ca SST at ODP site 806 in the western equatorial Pacific indicates that SST were stable through the last 5Ma (Wara et al., 2005). We generated a G. sacculifer Mg/Ca record in the Indian Ocean (ODP sit 758) for the last 5 Ma, which also shows that IPWP SST has remained relatively stable through the last 5 Ma and was not warmer in the early Pliocene compared today. A recent paper suggests that the Mg/Ca of seawater may have varied through the last 5 Ma and significantly affected Mg/Ca SST estimates (Medina-Elizalde et al., 2008). However, there is considerable uncertainty in the estimates of seawater Mg/Ca variations through time. We will present a detailed examination of these uncertainties to examine the possible range of seawater Mg/Ca through the last 5 Ma. Due to the lack of culturing work of foraminifera at different Mg/Ca ratios in the growth water there is also uncertainty in how changes in seawater Mg/Ca will affect the temperatures signal in the proxy. We will explore how uncertainties in the record of seawater Mg/Ca variations through time and its effect on the Mg/Ca SST proxy potentially influence the interpretation of the Mg/Ca SST records at ODP sites 806 and 758 in the IPWP, and ODP site 847 in the eastern equatorial Pacific. We will also explore how adjustment of the Mg/Ca SST estimates (due to reconstructed Mg/Ca seawater variations) affects the δ18O of water when adjusted Mg/Ca SST estimates are paired with δ18O measurements of the same samples.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4812739','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4812739"><span>Reduced interdecadal variability of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation under global <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cheng, Jun; Liu, Zhengyu; Zhang, Shaoqing; Liu, Wei; Dong, Lina; Liu, Peng; Li, Hongli</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Interdecadal variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC-IV) plays an important role in climate variation and has significant societal impacts. Past climate reconstruction indicates that AMOC-IV has likely undergone significant changes. Despite some previous studies, responses of AMOC-IV to global <span class="hlt">warming</span> remain unclear, in particular regarding its amplitude and time scale. In this study, we analyze the responses of AMOC-IV under various scenarios of future global <span class="hlt">warming</span> in multiple models and find that AMOC-IV becomes weaker and shorter with enhanced global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. From the present climate condition to the strongest future <span class="hlt">warming</span> scenario, on average, the major <span class="hlt">period</span> of AMOC-IV is shortened from ∼50 y to ∼20 y, and the amplitude is reduced by ∼60%. These reductions in <span class="hlt">period</span> and amplitude of AMOC-IV are suggested to be associated with increased oceanic stratification under global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and, in turn, the speedup of oceanic baroclinic Rossby waves. PMID:26951654</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26951654','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26951654"><span>Reduced interdecadal variability of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation under global <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cheng, Jun; Liu, Zhengyu; Zhang, Shaoqing; Liu, Wei; Dong, Lina; Liu, Peng; Li, Hongli</p> <p>2016-03-22</p> <p>Interdecadal variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC-IV) plays an important role in climate variation and has significant societal impacts. Past climate reconstruction indicates that AMOC-IV has likely undergone significant changes. Despite some previous studies, responses of AMOC-IV to global <span class="hlt">warming</span> remain unclear, in particular regarding its amplitude and time scale. In this study, we analyze the responses of AMOC-IV under various scenarios of future global <span class="hlt">warming</span> in multiple models and find that AMOC-IV becomes weaker and shorter with enhanced global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. From the present climate condition to the strongest future <span class="hlt">warming</span> scenario, on average, the major <span class="hlt">period</span> of AMOC-IV is shortened from ∼50 y to ∼20 y, and the amplitude is reduced by ∼60%. These reductions in <span class="hlt">period</span> and amplitude of AMOC-IV are suggested to be associated with increased oceanic stratification under global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and, in turn, the speedup of oceanic baroclinic Rossby waves.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A43K..04X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A43K..04X"><span>Hiatus on the upward staircase of global <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xie, S. P.; Kosaka, Y.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Since the 19th century, global-mean surface temperature (GMST) has risen in staircase-like stages due to contributions from both radiative forcing and internal variability. Our earlier study showed that tropical Pacific variability, specifically the La Nina-like cooling, caused the <span class="hlt">current</span> hiatus of global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. We have extended the Pacific Ocean-Global Atmosphere (POGA) pacemaker experiment back to the late 19th century, by restoring tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies towards the observed history. POGA reproduces annual-mean GMST variability with high correlation. We quantify relative contributions from the radiative forcing and tropical Pacific variability for various epochs of the staircase. Beyond the global mean, POGA also captures observed regional trends of surface temperature for these <span class="hlt">periods</span>, especially over the tropical Indian Ocean, Indian subcontinent, North and South Pacific and North America. The POGA effect for the recent hiatus is comparable in magnitude with that at the beginning of the 20th century, but lasts the longest in duration over the past 150 years. The attendant strengthening of the Pacific trade winds since the 1990s is unprecedented on the instrumental record. To the extent that POGA captures much of the internal variability in GMST, we can infer radiatively forced GMST response. This method has the advantage of being independent of the model's radiative forcing and climate sensitivity. While raw data show a <span class="hlt">warming</span> of 0.9 degree C for the recent five-year <span class="hlt">period</span> of 2010-2014 relative to 1900, our new calculation yields a much higher anthropogenic <span class="hlt">warming</span> of 1.2 C after correcting for the internal variability effect. This indicates that the task is more challenging than thought to implement the Paris consensus of limiting global average temperature change to below 2 C above preindustrial levels.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CSR...156...11B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CSR...156...11B"><span>Mechanism for the recent ocean <span class="hlt">warming</span> events on the Scotian Shelf of eastern Canada</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brickman, D.; Hebert, D.; Wang, Z.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>In 2012, 2014, and 2015 anomalous <span class="hlt">warm</span> events were observed in the subsurface waters in the Scotian Shelf region of eastern Canada. Monthly output from a high resolution numerical ocean model simulation of the North Atlantic ocean for the <span class="hlt">period</span> 1990-2015 is used to investigate this phenomenon. It is found that the model shows skill in simulating the anomaly fields derived from various sources of data, and the observed <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend over the last decade. From analysis of the model run it is found that the anomalies originate from the interaction between the Gulf Stream and the Labrador <span class="hlt">Current</span> at the tail of the Grand Banks (south of Newfoundland). This interaction results in the creation of anomalous <span class="hlt">warm</span>/salty (or cold/fresh) eddies that travel east-to-west along the shelfbreak. These anomalies penetrate into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, onto the Scotian Shelf, and into the Gulf of Maine via deep channels along the shelfbreak. The observed <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend can be attributed to an increase in the frequency of creation of <span class="hlt">warm</span> anomalies during the last decade. Strong anomalous events are commonly observed in the data and model, and thus should be considered as part of the natural variability of the coupled atmosphere-ocean system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMGC32A..02F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMGC32A..02F"><span>The Great <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Brian Fagan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fagan, B. M.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>The Great <span class="hlt">Warming</span> is a journey back to the world of a thousand years ago, to the Medieval <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span>. Five centuries of irregular <span class="hlt">warming</span> from 800 to 1250 had beneficial effects in Europe and the North Atlantic, but brought prolonged droughts to much of the Americas and lands affected by the South Asian monsoon. The book describes these impacts of <span class="hlt">warming</span> on medieval European societies, as well as the Norse and the Inuit of the far north, then analyzes the impact of harsh, lengthy droughts on hunting societies in western North America and the Ancestral Pueblo farmers of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. These peoples reacted to drought by relocating entire communities. The Maya civilization was much more vulnerable that small-scale hunter-gatherer societies and subsistence farmers in North America. Maya rulers created huge water storage facilities, but their civilization partially collapsed under the stress of repeated multiyear droughts, while the Chimu lords of coastal Peru adapted with sophisticated irrigation works. The climatic villain was prolonged, cool La Niñalike conditions in the Pacific, which caused droughts from Venezuela to East Asia, and as far west as East Africa. The Great <span class="hlt">Warming</span> argues that the <span class="hlt">warm</span> centuries brought savage drought to much of humanity, from China to Peru. It also argues that drought is one of the most dangerous elements in today’s humanly created global <span class="hlt">warming</span>, often ignored by preoccupied commentators, but with the potential to cause over a billion people to starve. Finally, I use the book to discuss the issues and problems of communicating multidisciplinary science to the general public.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5138844','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5138844"><span><span class="hlt">Warming</span> Trends and Bleaching Stress of the World’s Coral Reefs 1985–2012</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Heron, Scott F.; Maynard, Jeffrey A.; van Hooidonk, Ruben; Eakin, C. Mark</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Coral reefs across the world’s oceans are in the midst of the longest bleaching event on record (from 2014 to at least 2016). As many of the world’s reefs are remote, there is limited information on how past thermal conditions have influenced reef composition and <span class="hlt">current</span> stress responses. Using satellite temperature data for 1985–2012, the analysis we present is the first to quantify, for global reef locations, spatial variations in <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends, thermal stress events and temperature variability at reef-scale (~4 km). Among over 60,000 reef pixels globally, 97% show positive SST trends during the study <span class="hlt">period</span> with 60% <span class="hlt">warming</span> significantly. Annual trends exceeded summertime trends at most locations. This indicates that the <span class="hlt">period</span> of summer-like temperatures has become longer through the record, with a corresponding shortening of the ‘winter’ reprieve from <span class="hlt">warm</span> temperatures. The frequency of bleaching-level thermal stress increased three-fold between 1985–91 and 2006–12 – a trend climate model projections suggest will continue. The thermal history data products developed enable needed studies relating thermal history to bleaching resistance and community composition. Such analyses can help identify reefs more resilient to thermal stress. PMID:27922080</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70022425','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70022425"><span>Intensification of the Northeast Pacific oxygen minimum zone during the Bölling-Alleröd <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Zheng, Yen; van Geen, Alexander; Anderson, Robert F.; Gardner, James V.; Dean, Walter E.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>Although climate records from several locations around the world show nearly synchronous and abrupt changes, the nature of the inferred teleconnection is still poorly understood. On the basis of preserved laminations and molybdenum enrichments in open margin sediments we demonstrate that the oxygen content of northeast Pacific waters at 800 m depth during the Bölling-Alleröd <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span> (15–13 kyr) was greatly reduced. Existing oxygen isotopic records of benthic and planktonic foraminifera suggest that this was probably due to suppressed ventilation at higher latitudes of the North Pacific. Comparison with ventilation records for the North Atlantic indicates an antiphased pattern of convection relative to the North Pacific over the past 22 kyr, perhaps due to variations in water vapor transport across Central America.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28766706','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28766706"><span><span class="hlt">Warming</span> effects on permafrost ecosystem carbon fluxes associated with plant nutrients.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Fei; Peng, Yunfeng; Natali, Susan M; Chen, Kelong; Han, Tianfeng; Yang, Guibiao; Ding, Jinzhi; Zhang, Dianye; Wang, Guanqin; Wang, Jun; Yu, Jianchun; Liu, Futing; Yang, Yuanhe</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Large uncertainties exist in carbon (C)-climate feedback in permafrost regions, partly due to an insufficient understanding of <span class="hlt">warming</span> effects on nutrient availabilities and their subsequent impacts on vegetation C sequestration. Although a <span class="hlt">warming</span> climate may promote a substantial release of soil C to the atmosphere, a <span class="hlt">warming</span>-induced increase in soil nutrient availability may enhance plant productivity, thus offsetting C loss from microbial respiration. Here, we present evidence that the positive temperature effect on carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) fluxes may be weakened by reduced plant nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) concentrations in a Tibetan permafrost ecosystem. Although experimental <span class="hlt">warming</span> initially enhanced ecosystem CO 2 uptake, the increased rate disappeared after the <span class="hlt">period</span> of peak plant growth during the early growing season, even though soil moisture was not a limiting factor in this swamp meadow ecosystem. We observed that <span class="hlt">warming</span> did not significantly affect soil extractable N or P during the <span class="hlt">period</span> of peak growth, but decreased both N and P concentrations in the leaves of dominant plant species, likely caused by accelerated plant senescence in the <span class="hlt">warmed</span> plots. The attenuated <span class="hlt">warming</span> effect on CO 2 assimilation during the late growing season was associated with lowered leaf N and P concentrations. These findings suggest that <span class="hlt">warming</span>-mediated nutrient changes may not always benefit ecosystem C uptake in permafrost regions, making our ability to predict the C balance in these <span class="hlt">warming</span>-sensitive ecosystems more challenging than previously thought. © 2017 by the Ecological Society of America.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JChPh.136o4107C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JChPh.136o4107C"><span>Quantization and fractional quantization of <span class="hlt">currents</span> in <span class="hlt">periodically</span> driven stochastic systems. I. Average <span class="hlt">currents</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chernyak, Vladimir Y.; Klein, John R.; Sinitsyn, Nikolai A.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>This article studies Markovian stochastic motion of a particle on a graph with finite number of nodes and <span class="hlt">periodically</span> time-dependent transition rates that satisfy the detailed balance condition at any time. We show that under general conditions, the <span class="hlt">currents</span> in the system on average become quantized or fractionally quantized for adiabatic driving at sufficiently low temperature. We develop the quantitative theory of this quantization and interpret it in terms of topological invariants. By implementing the celebrated Kirchhoff theorem we derive a general and explicit formula for the average generated <span class="hlt">current</span> that plays a role of an efficient tool for treating the <span class="hlt">current</span> quantization effects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...82a2001W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...82a2001W"><span>Assessing water quality of the Chesapeake Bay by the impact of sea level rise and <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, P.; Linker, L.; Wang, H.; Bhatt, G.; Yactayo, G.; Hinson, K.; Tian, R.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The influence of sea level rise and <span class="hlt">warming</span> on circulation and water quality of the Chesapeake Bay under projected climate conditions in 2050 were estimated by computer simulation. Four estuarine circulation scenarios in the estuary were run using the same watershed load in 1991-2000 <span class="hlt">period</span>. They are, 1) the Base Scenario, which represents the <span class="hlt">current</span> climate condition, 2) a Sea Level Rise Scenario, 3) a <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Scenario, and 4) a combined Sea Level Rise and <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Scenario. With a 1.6-1.9°C increase in monthly air temperatures in the <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Scenario, water temperature in the Bay is estimated to increase by 0.8-1°C. Summer average anoxic volume is estimated to increase 1.4 percent compared to the Base Scenario, because of an increase in algal blooms in the spring and summer, promotion of oxygen consumptive processes, and an increase of stratification. However, a 0.5-meter Sea Level Rise Scenario results in a 12 percent reduction of anoxic volume. This is mainly due to increased estuarine circulation that promotes oxygen-rich sea water intrusion in lower layers. The combined Sea Level Rise and <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Scenario results in a 10.8 percent reduction of anoxic volume. Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> increases precipitation and consequently increases nutrient loads from the watershed by approximately 5-7 percent. A scenario that used a 10 percent increase in watershed loads and <span class="hlt">current</span> estuarine circulation patterns yielded a 19 percent increase in summer anoxic volume, while a scenario that used a 10 percent increase in watershed loads and modified estuarine circulation patterns by the aforementioned sea level rise and <span class="hlt">warming</span> yielded a 6 percent increase in summer anoxic volume. Impacts on phytoplankton, sediments, and water clarity were also analysed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRD..12112282K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRD..12112282K"><span>Modulations of aerosol impacts on cloud microphysics induced by the <span class="hlt">warm</span> Kuroshio <span class="hlt">Current</span> under the East Asian winter monsoon</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Koike, M.; Asano, N.; Nakamura, H.; Sakai, S.; Nagao, T. M.; Nakajima, T. Y.</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>In our previous aircraft observations, the possible influence of high sea surface temperature (SST) along the Kuroshio <span class="hlt">Current</span> on aerosol-cloud interactions over the western North Pacific was revealed. The cloud droplet number concentration (Nc) was found to increase with decreasing near-surface static stability (NSS), which was evaluated locally as the difference between the SST and surface air temperature (SAT). To explore the spatial and temporal extent to which this <span class="hlt">warm</span> SST influence can be operative, the present study analyzed Nc values estimated from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite measurements. The comparison of the local Nc values between the high and low SST - SAT days revealed a marked increase in Nc (up to a factor of 1.8) along the Kuroshio <span class="hlt">Current</span> in the southern East China Sea, where particularly high SST - SAT values (up to 8 K) were observed in winter under monsoonal cold air outflows from the Asian Continent. This cold airflow destabilizes the atmospheric boundary layer, which leads to enhanced updraft velocities within the well-developed mixed layer and thus greater Nc. The monsoonal northwesterlies also bring a large amount of anthropogenic aerosols from the Asian continent that increase Nc in the first place. These results suggest that the same modulations of cloud microphysics can occur over other <span class="hlt">warm</span> western boundary <span class="hlt">currents</span>, including the Gulf Stream, under polluted cool continental airflows. Possibilities of influencing the cloud liquid water path are also discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70148074','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70148074"><span>Small mammal use of native <span class="hlt">warm</span>-season and non-native cool-season grass forage fields</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Ryan L Klimstra,; Christopher E Moorman,; Converse, Sarah J.; Royle, J. Andrew; Craig A Harper,</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Recent emphasis has been put on establishing native <span class="hlt">warm</span>-season grasses for forage production because it is thought native <span class="hlt">warm</span>-season grasses provide higher quality wildlife habitat than do non-native cool-season grasses. However, it is not clear whether native <span class="hlt">warm</span>-season grass fields provide better resources for small mammals than <span class="hlt">currently</span> are available in non-native cool-season grass forage production fields. We developed a hierarchical spatially explicit capture-recapture model to compare abundance of hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus), white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), and house mice (Mus musculus) among 4 hayed non-native cool-season grass fields, 4 hayed native <span class="hlt">warm</span>-season grass fields, and 4 native <span class="hlt">warm</span>-season grass-forb ("wildlife") fields managed for wildlife during 2 summer trapping <span class="hlt">periods</span> in 2009 and 2010 of the western piedmont of North Carolina, USA. Cotton rat abundance estimates were greater in wildlife fields than in native <span class="hlt">warm</span>-season grass and non-native cool-season grass fields and greater in native <span class="hlt">warm</span>-season grass fields than in non-native cool-season grass fields. Abundances of white-footed mouse and house mouse populations were lower in wildlife fields than in native <span class="hlt">warm</span>-season grass and non-native cool-season grass fields, but the abundances were not different between the native <span class="hlt">warm</span>-season grass and non-native cool-season grass fields. Lack of cover following haying in non-native cool-season grass and native <span class="hlt">warm</span>-season grass fields likely was the key factor limiting small mammal abundance, especially cotton rats, in forage fields. Retention of vegetation structure in managed forage production systems, either by alternately resting cool-season and <span class="hlt">warm</span>-season grass forage fields or by leaving unharvested field borders, should provide refugia for small mammals during haying events.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhDT.......498S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhDT.......498S"><span>Regional influence of monsoons in the <span class="hlt">current</span> and a <span class="hlt">warming</span> climate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Saini, Roop</p> <p></p> <p>Monsoon rainfall is of critical societal importance and monsoon circulations comprise an important part of global climate. Here, the thermodynamics of monsoon onsets in India and North America are considered both for observed data and for model projections with increasing greenhouse gases, in order to better understand the regional influence of monsoons in the <span class="hlt">current</span> and <span class="hlt">warming</span> climate. The regional influence of the monsoon onsets is analyzed in terms of the thermodynamic energy equation, regional circulation, and precipitation. For the Indian Monsoon, a Rossby-like response to the monsoon onset is clear in the observational data and is associated with horizontal temperature advection at midlevels as the westerlies intersect the <span class="hlt">warm</span> temperature anomalies of the Rossby wave. The horizontal temperature advection is balanced by subsidence over areas of North Africa, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East, with an associated decrease in precipitation over those regions. The same processes that favor subsidence to the west of the monsoon also force rising motion over northern India and appear to be an important factor for the inland development of the monsoon. For the smaller spatial scales of the North American Monsoon, the descent to the northwest of the primary onset in Northwest Mexico is much more local and occurs directly in the path of monsoon development, apparently providing a self-limiting mechanism. For both monsoon onsets, simple Gill-Matsuno dynamics provide some qualitative understanding of the onset circulation, but do not reproduce the large spatial scales of the upper-level flow, which appear to be related to interactions with the mean westerly jets. The monsoon onsets for both regions were also analyzed for 5 models with available data from the CMIP5 project for runs with 1% per year CO2 increases. For the models considered, there is little consensus regarding changes to the strength of the monsoon onset in a warmer climate in terms of precipitation</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMPP41C2263K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMPP41C2263K"><span>Shifting Climate Modes and a <span class="hlt">Warm</span> Little Ice Age: Paleo Productivity and Temperature Determinations from the Southern California <span class="hlt">Current</span> Over the Last Millennium</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kelly, C. S.; Herbert, T.; O'Mara, N. A.; Abella-Gutiérrez, J. L.; Herguera, J. C.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The ocean dynamical thermostat hypothesis predicts that stronger [weaker] equatorial radiation forces warmer [cooler] western Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and a cooler [warmer] Eastern Equatorial Pacific (EEP) through air-sea coupling of the Walker circulation. Although proxy data offers some support for this prediction, recent SST reconstructions from the EEP suggest complex relationships between Northern Hemisphere (NH) and EEP temperature during the last millennium (Rustic et al. 2015), with EEP SSTs positively covarying with NH temperature during the Medieval <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> but negatively covarying during the Little Ice Age (LIA). Whereas most proxy reconstructions have focused on the EEP upwelling zone, few high-resolution studies exist from the California <span class="hlt">Current</span> (CC)—a region whose oceanography displays exceptional fidelity to the El Niño Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. In particular, southern CC oceanography reflects a balance between tropically-sourced and more northerly, temperate waters. Teasing these signals apart across past centuries can provide insight as to how a more complex dynamical thermostat affects the subtropics. Does the subtropical eastern Pacific track EEP SST across multiple centuries and climatic transitions? We present a record from the San Lazaro Basin (25N, 112.5W) in the subtropical eastern Pacific off Baja, Mexico of SST and marine paleoproductivity based upon alkenone saturation and concentrations (C37tot) over the last millennium. By combining these analyses on laminated sediment cores with newly published productivity records from the same site, we provide the first sub decadal paleoceanographic record from the southern California upwelling zone. We observe quasi-<span class="hlt">periodic</span> short-lived cold excursions, centennial modulation of multidecadal <span class="hlt">periodicities</span>, and an inverse relationship between C37tot and SST at lower frequencies. Our SST record displays a <span class="hlt">warm</span> Little Ice Age, similar to but 100</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_8 --> <div id="page_9" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="161"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JGRG..116.1010E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JGRG..116.1010E"><span>Marine methane cycle simulations for the <span class="hlt">period</span> of early global <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Elliott, Scott; Maltrud, Mathew; Reagan, Matthew; Moridis, George; Cameron-Smith, Philip</p> <p>2011-03-01</p> <p>Geochemical environments, fates, and effects are modeled for methane released into seawater by the decomposition of climate-sensitive clathrates. A contemporary global background cycle is first constructed, within the framework of the Parallel Ocean Program. Input from organics in the upper thermocline is related to oxygen levels, and microbial consumption is parameterized from available rate measurements. Seepage into bottom layers is then superimposed, representing typical seabed fluid flow. The resulting CH4 distribution is validated against surface saturation ratios, vertical sections, and slope plume studies. Injections of clathrate-derived methane are explored by distributing a small number of point sources around the Arctic continental shelf, where stocks are extensive and susceptible to instability during the first few decades of global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Isolated bottom cells are assigned dissolved gas fluxes from porous-media simulation. Given the present bulk removal pattern, methane does not penetrate far from emission sites. Accumulated effects, however, spread to the regional scale following the modeled <span class="hlt">current</span> system. Both hypoxification and acidification are documented. Sensitivity studies illustrate a potential for material restrictions to broaden the perturbations, since methanotrophic consumers require nutrients and trace metals. When such factors are considered, methane buildup within the Arctic basin is enhanced. However, freshened polar surface waters act as a barrier to atmospheric transfer, diverting products into the deep return flow. Uncertainties in the logic and calculations are enumerated including those inherent in high-latitude clathrate abundance, buoyant effluent rise through the column, representation of the general circulation, and bacterial growth kinetics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRD..12210637P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRD..12210637P"><span>Long-Term <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Trends in Korea and Contribution of Urbanization: An Updated Assessment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Park, Bo-Joung; Kim, Yeon-Hee; Min, Seung-Ki; Kim, Maeng-Ki; Choi, Youngeun; Boo, Kyung-On; Shim, Sungbo</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>This study conducted an updated analysis of the long-term temperature trends over South Korea and reassessed the contribution of the urbanization effect to the local <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends. Linear trends were analyzed for three different <span class="hlt">periods</span> over South Korea in order to consider possible inhomogeneity due to changes in the number of available stations: recent 103 years (1912-2014), 61 years (1954-2014), and 42 years (1973-2014). The local temperature has increased by 1.90°C, 1.35°C, and 0.99°C during the three <span class="hlt">periods</span>, respectively, which are found 1.4-2.6 times larger than the global land mean trends. The countries located in the northern middle and high latitudes exhibit similar <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends (about 1.5 times stronger than the global mean), suggesting a weak influence of urbanization on the local <span class="hlt">warming</span> over South Korea. Urbanization contribution is assessed using two methods. First, results from "city minus rural" methods showed that 30-45% of the local <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends during recent four decades are likely due to the urbanization effect, depending on station classification methods and analysis <span class="hlt">periods</span>. Results from an "observation minus reanalysis" method using the Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR) data sets (v2 and v2c) indicated about 25-30% contribution of the urbanization effect to the local <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend during the recent six decades. However, the urbanization contribution was estimated as low as 3-11% when considering the century-long <span class="hlt">period</span>. Our results confirm large uncertainties in the estimation of urbanization contribution when using shorter-term <span class="hlt">periods</span> and suggest that the urbanization contribution to the century-long <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends could be much lower.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27250675','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27250675"><span>Light accelerates plant responses to <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>De Frenne, Pieter; Rodríguez-Sánchez, Francisco; De Schrijver, An; Coomes, David A; Hermy, Martin; Vangansbeke, Pieter; Verheyen, Kris</p> <p>2015-08-17</p> <p>Competition for light has profound effects on plant performance in virtually all terrestrial ecosystems. Nowhere is this more evident than in forests, where trees create environmental heterogeneity that shapes the dynamics of forest-floor communities(1-3). Observational evidence suggests that biotic responses to both anthropogenic global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and nitrogen pollution may be attenuated by the shading effects of trees and shrubs(4-9). Here we show experimentally that tree shade is slowing down changes in below-canopy communities due to <span class="hlt">warming</span>. We manipulated levels of photosynthetically active radiation, temperature and nitrogen, alone and in combination, in a temperate forest understorey over a 3-year <span class="hlt">period</span>, and monitored the composition of the understorey community. Light addition, but not nitrogen enrichment, accelerated directional plant community responses to <span class="hlt">warming</span>, increasing the dominance of warmth-preferring taxa over cold-tolerant plants (a process described as thermophilization(6,10-12)). Tall, competitive plants took greatest advantage of the combination of elevated temperature and light. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> of the forest floor did not result in strong community thermophilization unless light was also increased. Our findings suggest that the maintenance of locally closed canopy conditions could reduce, at least temporarily, <span class="hlt">warming</span>-induced changes in forest floor plant communities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Icar..281..248R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Icar..281..248R"><span>Could cirrus clouds have <span class="hlt">warmed</span> early Mars?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ramirez, Ramses M.; Kasting, James F.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The presence of the ancient valley networks on Mars indicates that the climate at 3.8 Ga was <span class="hlt">warm</span> enough to allow substantial liquid water to flow on the martian surface for extended <span class="hlt">periods</span> of time. However, the mechanism for producing this <span class="hlt">warming</span> continues to be debated. One hypothesis is that Mars could have been kept <span class="hlt">warm</span> by global cirrus cloud decks in a CO2sbnd H2O atmosphere containing at least 0.25 bar of CO2 (Urata and Toon, 2013). Initial <span class="hlt">warming</span> from some other process, e.g., impacts, would be required to make this model work. Those results were generated using the CAM 3-D global climate model. Here, we use a single-column radioactive-convective climate model to further investigate the cirrus cloud <span class="hlt">warming</span> hypothesis. Our calculations indicate that cirrus cloud decks could have produced global mean surface temperatures above freezing, but only if cirrus cloud cover approaches ∼75 - 100% and if other cloud properties (e.g., height, optical depth, particle size) are chosen favorably. However, at more realistic cirrus cloud fractions, or if cloud parameters are not optimal, cirrus clouds do not provide the necessary <span class="hlt">warming</span>, suggesting that other greenhouse mechanisms are needed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007QSRv...26.2012C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007QSRv...26.2012C"><span>Abrupt climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> in East Antarctica during the early Holocene</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cremer, Holger; Heiri, Oliver; Wagner, Bernd; Wagner-Cremer, Friederike</p> <p>2007-08-01</p> <p>We report a centennial-scale <span class="hlt">warming</span> event between 8600 and 8400 cal BP from Amery Oasis, East Antarctica, that is documented by the geochemical record in a lacustrine sediment sequence. The organic carbon content, the C/S ratio, and the sedimentation rate in this core have distinctly elevated values around 8500 y ago reflecting relatively <span class="hlt">warm</span> and ice-free conditions that led to well-ventilated conditions in the lake and considerable sedimentation of both autochthonous and allochthonous organic matter on the lake bottom. This abrupt <span class="hlt">warming</span> event occurred concurrently with reported <span class="hlt">warm</span> climatic conditions in the Southern Ocean while the climate in central East Antarctic remained cold. The comparison of the spatial and temporal variability of <span class="hlt">warm</span> climatic <span class="hlt">periods</span> documented in various terrestrial, marine, and glacial archives from East Antarctica elucidates the uniqueness of the centennial-scale <span class="hlt">warming</span> event in the Amery Oasis. We also discuss a possible correlation of the Amery <span class="hlt">warming</span> event with the abrupt climatic deterioration around 8200 cal BP on the Northern Hemisphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450029','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450029"><span>Forced-air patient <span class="hlt">warming</span> blankets disrupt unidirectional airflow.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Legg, A J; Hamer, A J</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>We have recently shown that waste heat from forced-air <span class="hlt">warming</span> blankets can increase the temperature and concentration of airborne particles over the surgical site. The mechanism for the increased concentration of particles and their site of origin remained unclear. We therefore attempted to visualise the airflow in theatre over a simulated total knee replacement using neutral-buoyancy helium bubbles. Particles were created using a Rocket PS23 smoke machine positioned below the operating table, a potential area of contamination. The same theatre set-up, <span class="hlt">warming</span> devices and controls were used as in our previous study. This demonstrated that waste heat from the poorly insulated forced-air <span class="hlt">warming</span> blanket increased the air temperature on the surgical side of the drape by > 5°C. This created convection <span class="hlt">currents</span> that rose against the downward unidirectional airflow, causing turbulence over the patient. The convection <span class="hlt">currents</span> increased the particle concentration 1000-fold (2 174 000 particles/m(3) for forced-air <span class="hlt">warming</span> vs 1000 particles/m(3) for radiant <span class="hlt">warming</span> and 2000 particles/m(3) for the control) by drawing potentially contaminated particles from below the operating table into the surgical site. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:407-10.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/577261-remote-sensing-global-warming-vector-borne-disease','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/577261-remote-sensing-global-warming-vector-borne-disease"><span>Remote sensing, global <span class="hlt">warming</span>, and vector-borne disease</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wood, B.; Beck, L.; Dister, S.</p> <p>1997-12-31</p> <p>The relationship between climate change and the pattern of vector-borne disease can be viewed at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. At one extreme are changes such as global <span class="hlt">warming</span>, which are continental in scale and occur over <span class="hlt">periods</span> of years, decades, or longer. At the opposite extreme are changes associated with severe weather events, which can occur at local and regional scales over <span class="hlt">periods</span> of days, weeks, or months. Key ecological factors affecting the distribution of vector-borne diseases include temperature, precipitation, and habitat availability, and their impact on vectors, pathogens, reservoirs, and hosts. Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> can potentially altermore » these factors, thereby affecting the spatial and temporal patterns of disease.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27498449','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27498449"><span>Efficacy of external <span class="hlt">warming</span> in attenuation of hypothermia in surgical patients.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zeba, Snjezana; Surbatović, Maja; Marjanović, Milan; Jevdjić, Jasna; Hajduković, Zoran; Karkalić, Radovan; Jovanović, Dalibor; Radaković, Sonja</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>Hypothermia in surgical patients can be the consequence of long duration of surgical intervention, general anaesthesia and low temperature in operating room. Postoperative hypothermia contributes to a number of postoperative complications such as arrhythmia, myocardial ischemia, hypertension, bleeding, wound infection, coagulopathy, and prolonged effect of muscle relaxants. External heating procedures are used to prevent this condition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of external <span class="hlt">warming</span> system in alleviation of cold stress and hypothermia in patients who underwent major surgical procedures. The study was conducted in the Military Medical Academy in Belgrade. A total of 30 patients of both genders underwent abdominal surgical procedures, randomly divided into two equal groups: the one was externally <span class="hlt">warmed</span> using <span class="hlt">warm</span> air mattress (W), while in the control group (C) surgical procedure was performed in regular conditions, without additional <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Oesophageal temperature (Te) was used as indicator of changes in core temperature, during surgery and awakening postoperative <span class="hlt">period</span>, and temperature of control sites on the right hand (Th) and the right foot (Tf) reflected the changes in skin temperatures during surgery. Te and skin temperatures were monitored during the intraoperative <span class="hlt">period</span>, with continuous measurement of Te during the following 90 minutes of the postoperative <span class="hlt">period</span>. Heart rates and blood pressures were monitored continuously during the intraoperative and awakening <span class="hlt">period</span>. In the W group, the average Te, Tf and Th did not change significantly during the intraoperative as well as the postoperative <span class="hlt">period</span>. In the controls, the average Te significantly decreased during the intraoperative <span class="hlt">period</span> (from 35.61 ± 0.35 °C at 0 minute to 33.86 ± 0.51°C at 120th minute). Compared to the W group, Te in the C group was significantly lower in all the observed <span class="hlt">periods</span>. Average values of Tf and Th significantly decreased in the C group (from</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ794566.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ794566.pdf"><span>Guidelines for Implementing a Dynamic <span class="hlt">Warm</span>-Up for Physical Education</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Faigenbaum, Avery; McFarland, James E., Jr.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Since recent studies have not found substantial evidence to support the use of static stretching during the <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up <span class="hlt">period</span>, there has been a growing interest in dynamic <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up procedures that can enhance physical fitness, improve performance, and better prepare students for the main part of physical education. In this article, the potential…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24759322','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24759322"><span>Elevated CO2 further lengthens growing season under <span class="hlt">warming</span> conditions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Reyes-Fox, Melissa; Steltzer, Heidi; Trlica, M J; McMaster, Gregory S; Andales, Allan A; LeCain, Dan R; Morgan, Jack A</p> <p>2014-06-12</p> <p>Observations of a longer growing season through earlier plant growth in temperate to polar regions have been thought to be a response to climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>. However, data from experimental <span class="hlt">warming</span> studies indicate that many species that initiate leaf growth and flowering earlier also reach seed maturation and senesce earlier, shortening their active and reproductive <span class="hlt">periods</span>. A conceptual model to explain this apparent contradiction, and an analysis of the effect of elevated CO2--which can delay annual life cycle events--on changing season length, have not been tested. Here we show that experimental <span class="hlt">warming</span> in a temperate grassland led to a longer growing season through earlier leaf emergence by the first species to leaf, often a grass, and constant or delayed senescence by other species that were the last to senesce, supporting the conceptual model. Elevated CO2 further extended growing, but not reproductive, season length in the <span class="hlt">warmed</span> grassland by conserving water, which enabled most species to remain active longer. Our results suggest that a longer growing season, especially in years or biomes where water is a limiting factor, is not due to <span class="hlt">warming</span> alone, but also to higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations that extend the active <span class="hlt">period</span> of plant annual life cycles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2848572','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2848572"><span>Hydrologic Response and Watershed Sensitivity to Climate <span class="hlt">Warming</span> in California's Sierra Nevada</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Null, Sarah E.; Viers, Joshua H.; Mount, Jeffrey F.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This study focuses on the differential hydrologic response of individual watersheds to climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> within the Sierra Nevada mountain region of California. We describe climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> models for 15 west-slope Sierra Nevada watersheds in California under unimpaired conditions using WEAP21, a weekly one-dimensional rainfall-runoff model. Incremental climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> alternatives increase air temperature uniformly by 2°, 4°, and 6°C, but leave other climatic variables unchanged from observed values. Results are analyzed for changes in mean annual flow, peak runoff timing, and duration of low flow conditions to highlight which watersheds are most resilient to climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> within a region, and how individual watersheds may be affected by changes to runoff quantity and timing. Results are compared with <span class="hlt">current</span> water resources development and ecosystem services in each watershed to gain insight into how regional climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> may affect water supply, hydropower generation, and montane ecosystems. Overall, watersheds in the northern Sierra Nevada are most vulnerable to decreased mean annual flow, southern-central watersheds are most susceptible to runoff timing changes, and the central portion of the range is most affected by longer <span class="hlt">periods</span> with low flow conditions. Modeling results suggest the American and Mokelumne Rivers are most vulnerable to all three metrics, and the Kern River is the most resilient, in part from the high elevations of the watershed. Our research seeks to bridge information gaps between climate change modeling and regional management planning, helping to incorporate climate change into the development of regional adaptation strategies for Sierra Nevada watersheds. PMID:20368984</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ACP....18.8113Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ACP....18.8113Z"><span>On the suitability of <span class="hlt">current</span> atmospheric reanalyses for regional <span class="hlt">warming</span> studies over China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhou, Chunlüe; He, Yanyi; Wang, Kaicun</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Reanalyses are widely used because they add value to routine observations by generating physically or dynamically consistent and spatiotemporally complete atmospheric fields. Existing studies include extensive discussions of the temporal suitability of reanalyses in studies of global change. This study adds to this existing work by investigating the suitability of reanalyses in studies of regional climate change, in which land-atmosphere interactions play a comparatively important role. In this study, surface air temperatures (Ta) from 12 <span class="hlt">current</span> reanalysis products are investigated; in particular, the spatial patterns of trends in Ta are examined using homogenized measurements of Ta made at ˜ 2200 meteorological stations in China from 1979 to 2010. The results show that ˜ 80 % of the mean differences in Ta between the reanalyses and the in situ observations can be attributed to the differences in elevation between the stations and the model grids. Thus, the Ta climatologies display good skill, and these findings rebut previous reports of biases in Ta. However, the biases in theTa trends in the reanalyses diverge spatially (standard deviation = 0.15-0.30 °C decade-1 using 1° × 1° grid cells). The simulated biases in the trends in Ta correlate well with those of precipitation frequency, surface incident solar radiation (Rs) and atmospheric downward longwave radiation (Ld) among the reanalyses (r = -0.83, 0.80 and 0.77; p < 0.1) when the spatial patterns of these variables are considered. The biases in the trends in Ta over southern China (on the order of -0.07 °C decade-1) are caused by biases in the trends in Rs, Ld and precipitation frequency on the order of 0.10, -0.08 and -0.06 °C decade-1, respectively. The biases in the trends in Ta over northern China (on the order of -0.12 °C decade-1) result jointly from those in Ld and precipitation frequency. Therefore, improving the simulation of precipitation frequency and Rs helps to maximize the signal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1412863-large-differences-regional-precipitation-change-between-first-second-global-warming','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1412863-large-differences-regional-precipitation-change-between-first-second-global-warming"><span>Large differences in regional precipitation change between a first and second 2 K of global <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Good, Peter; Booth, Ben B. B.; Chadwick, Robin; ...</p> <p>2016-12-06</p> <p>For adaptation and mitigation planning, stakeholders need reliable information about regional precipitation changes under different emissions scenarios and for different time <span class="hlt">periods</span>. A significant amount of <span class="hlt">current</span> planning effort assumes that each K of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> produces roughly the same regional climate change. By using 25 climate models, we compare precipitation responses with three 2 K intervals of global ensemble mean <span class="hlt">warming</span>: a fast and a slower route to a first 2 K above pre-industrial levels, and the end-of-century difference between high-emission and mitigation scenarios. Here, we show that, although the two routes to a first 2 K give verymore » similar precipitation changes, a second 2 K produces quite a different response. In particular, the balance of physical mechanisms responsible for climate model uncertainty is different for a first and a second 2 K of <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Our results are consistent with a significant influence from nonlinear physical mechanisms, but aerosol and land-use effects may be important regionally.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...713667G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...713667G"><span>Large differences in regional precipitation change between a first and second 2 K of global <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Good, Peter; Booth, Ben B. B.; Chadwick, Robin; Hawkins, Ed; Jonko, Alexandra; Lowe, Jason A.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>For adaptation and mitigation planning, stakeholders need reliable information about regional precipitation changes under different emissions scenarios and for different time <span class="hlt">periods</span>. A significant amount of <span class="hlt">current</span> planning effort assumes that each K of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> produces roughly the same regional climate change. Here using 25 climate models, we compare precipitation responses with three 2 K intervals of global ensemble mean <span class="hlt">warming</span>: a fast and a slower route to a first 2 K above pre-industrial levels, and the end-of-century difference between high-emission and mitigation scenarios. We show that, although the two routes to a first 2 K give very similar precipitation changes, a second 2 K produces quite a different response. In particular, the balance of physical mechanisms responsible for climate model uncertainty is different for a first and a second 2 K of <span class="hlt">warming</span>. The results are consistent with a significant influence from nonlinear physical mechanisms, but aerosol and land-use effects may be important regionally.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1412863','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1412863"><span>Large differences in regional precipitation change between a first and second 2 K of global <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Good, Peter; Booth, Ben B. B.; Chadwick, Robin</p> <p></p> <p>For adaptation and mitigation planning, stakeholders need reliable information about regional precipitation changes under different emissions scenarios and for different time <span class="hlt">periods</span>. A significant amount of <span class="hlt">current</span> planning effort assumes that each K of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> produces roughly the same regional climate change. By using 25 climate models, we compare precipitation responses with three 2 K intervals of global ensemble mean <span class="hlt">warming</span>: a fast and a slower route to a first 2 K above pre-industrial levels, and the end-of-century difference between high-emission and mitigation scenarios. Here, we show that, although the two routes to a first 2 K give verymore » similar precipitation changes, a second 2 K produces quite a different response. In particular, the balance of physical mechanisms responsible for climate model uncertainty is different for a first and a second 2 K of <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Our results are consistent with a significant influence from nonlinear physical mechanisms, but aerosol and land-use effects may be important regionally.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1394981-warm-plasma-composition-inner-magnetosphere-during','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1394981-warm-plasma-composition-inner-magnetosphere-during"><span>The <span class="hlt">Warm</span> Plasma Composition in the Inner Magnetosphere during 2012–2015</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Jahn, J. M.; Goldstein, J.; Reeves, Geoffrey D.</p> <p></p> <p>Ionospheric heavy ions play an important role in the dynamics of Earth's magnetosphere. The greater mass and gyro radius of ionospheric oxygen differentiates its behavior from protons at the same energies. Oxygen may have an impact on tail reconnection processes, and it can at least temporarily dominate the energy content of the ring <span class="hlt">current</span> during geomagnetic storms. At sub-keV energies, multi-species ion populations in the inner magnetosphere form the <span class="hlt">warm</span> plasma cloak, occupying the energy range between the plasmasphere and the ring <span class="hlt">current</span>. Lastly, cold lighter ions from the mid-latitude ionosphere create the co-rotating plasmasphere whose outer regions can interactmore » with the plasma cloak, plasma sheet, ring <span class="hlt">current</span>, and outer electron belt. Here in this paper we present a statistical view of <span class="hlt">warm</span>, cloak-like ion populations in the inner magnetosphere, contrasting in particular the <span class="hlt">warm</span> plasma composition during quiet and active times. We study the relative abundances and absolute densities of <span class="hlt">warm</span> plasma measured by the Van Allen Probes, whose two spacecraft cover the inner magnetosphere from plasmaspheric altitudes close to Earth to just inside geostationary orbit. We observe that <span class="hlt">warm</span> (>30 eV) oxygen is most abundant closer to the plasmasphere boundary whereas <span class="hlt">warm</span> hydrogen dominates closer to geostationary orbit. <span class="hlt">Warm</span> helium is usually a minor constituent, but shows a noticeable enhancement in the near-Earth dusk sector.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1394981-warm-plasma-composition-inner-magnetosphere-during','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1394981-warm-plasma-composition-inner-magnetosphere-during"><span>The <span class="hlt">Warm</span> Plasma Composition in the Inner Magnetosphere during 2012–2015</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Jahn, J. M.; Goldstein, J.; Reeves, Geoffrey D.; ...</p> <p>2017-09-11</p> <p>Ionospheric heavy ions play an important role in the dynamics of Earth's magnetosphere. The greater mass and gyro radius of ionospheric oxygen differentiates its behavior from protons at the same energies. Oxygen may have an impact on tail reconnection processes, and it can at least temporarily dominate the energy content of the ring <span class="hlt">current</span> during geomagnetic storms. At sub-keV energies, multi-species ion populations in the inner magnetosphere form the <span class="hlt">warm</span> plasma cloak, occupying the energy range between the plasmasphere and the ring <span class="hlt">current</span>. Lastly, cold lighter ions from the mid-latitude ionosphere create the co-rotating plasmasphere whose outer regions can interactmore » with the plasma cloak, plasma sheet, ring <span class="hlt">current</span>, and outer electron belt. Here in this paper we present a statistical view of <span class="hlt">warm</span>, cloak-like ion populations in the inner magnetosphere, contrasting in particular the <span class="hlt">warm</span> plasma composition during quiet and active times. We study the relative abundances and absolute densities of <span class="hlt">warm</span> plasma measured by the Van Allen Probes, whose two spacecraft cover the inner magnetosphere from plasmaspheric altitudes close to Earth to just inside geostationary orbit. We observe that <span class="hlt">warm</span> (>30 eV) oxygen is most abundant closer to the plasmasphere boundary whereas <span class="hlt">warm</span> hydrogen dominates closer to geostationary orbit. <span class="hlt">Warm</span> helium is usually a minor constituent, but shows a noticeable enhancement in the near-Earth dusk sector.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMPP41C1316F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMPP41C1316F"><span>Climatic variability in the Gulf of California associated with the Medieval <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> and the Little Ice Age</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Flores-Castillo, O. D. L. A.; Martínez-López, A.; Perez-Cruz, L. L.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Marine ecosystems close to the coasts are highly susceptible to be affected both by the variability due to natural processes of the climate system as well as by anthropogenic activities. The Gulf of California, located near the tropical Pacific region, whose influence on the long-term global climate has already been demonstrated, represents a great opportunity to assess the regional response to these effects. This study reconstructs some of the oceanographic and climatic conditions that occurred simultaneously with the Medieval <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> (MWP) and the Little Ice Age (LIA) climatic <span class="hlt">periods</span> in the southern region of the gulf. This reconstruction was based on the use of multiple indirect indicators or proxies of paleoproduction and geochemistry (determined by isotope-ratios mass spectrometer interfaced with an elemental analyzer and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) preserved in a high-resolution laminated sedimentary sequence collected in the slope of southeastern coast of the Gulf of California (24.2822 ° N and 108.3037 ° W). The main effects of these <span class="hlt">periods</span> were higher precipitation conditions that generated a greater fluvial contribution during the MWP besides a bigger oxygenation of the water mass near the bottom. These conditions were followed by an increase in exported production, decrease in the oxygen content of the water near the bottom and an increase in the denitrification during the transition to the LIA. The results confirm the existence of oceanographic and climatic variability on a secular scale in the Gulf of California associated with both global climatic <span class="hlt">periods</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JSV...389..250O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JSV...389..250O"><span>Effect of eddy <span class="hlt">current</span> damping on phononic band gaps generated by locally resonant <span class="hlt">periodic</span> structures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ozkaya, Efe; Yilmaz, Cetin</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>The effect of eddy <span class="hlt">current</span> damping on a novel locally resonant <span class="hlt">periodic</span> structure is investigated. The frequency response characteristics are obtained by using a lumped parameter and a finite element model. In order to obtain wide band gaps at low frequencies, the <span class="hlt">periodic</span> structure is optimized according to certain constraints, such as mass distribution in the unit cell, lower limit of the band gap, stiffness between the components in the unit cell, the size of magnets used for eddy <span class="hlt">current</span> damping, and the number of unit cells in the <span class="hlt">periodic</span> structure. Then, the locally resonant <span class="hlt">periodic</span> structure with eddy <span class="hlt">current</span> damping is manufactured and its experimental frequency response is obtained. The frequency response results obtained analytically, numerically and experimentally match quite well. The inclusion of eddy <span class="hlt">current</span> damping to the <span class="hlt">periodic</span> structure decreases amplitudes of resonance peaks without disturbing stop band width.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC41A0998P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC41A0998P"><span>Characterizing the Seasonality and Spatiotemporal Evolution of the U.S. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Hole</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Partridge, T.; Winter, J.; Osterberg, E. C.; Magilligan, F. J.; Hyndman, D. W.; Kendall, A. D.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Regions of the Eastern United States have experienced <span class="hlt">periods</span> of cooling during the last half of the twentieth century inconsistent with broader global <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends. While there have been a variety of mechanisms proposed to explain this "<span class="hlt">warming</span> hole", the spatial and temporal definitions of the <span class="hlt">warming</span> hole often differ across studies, potentially obfuscating the physical drivers leading to its existence. Further, a broad consensus on the causality of the <span class="hlt">warming</span> hole has yet to be reached. We use daily temperature data from the Global Historical Climate Network (GHCN) to conduct a thorough characterization of the spatiotemporal evolution and seasonality of regional cooling across the Eastern U.S., and define a dynamic <span class="hlt">warming</span> hole as the region of most persistent cooling. We find that the location of the dynamic <span class="hlt">warming</span> hole varies by season from the Midwestern U.S. during summer to the Southeastern U.S. during winter. In addition, the cool <span class="hlt">period</span> associated with the <span class="hlt">warming</span> hole is characterized by an abrupt decrease in maximum temperature (Tx) and a decline in minimum temperature (Tn) around 1957. While average Tn values in the <span class="hlt">warming</span> hole recover after the decline and increase from the mid 1960's to present, Tx values for the second half of the 20th century remain below observed values from the first half of the century. To explore large-scale atmospheric drivers of the dynamic <span class="hlt">warming</span> hole, we correlate SST teleconnection and regional atmospheric circulation indices with seasonal temperature values from 1901-1957 and 1958-2015. We show that 1957 marks a shift, where winter temperatures in the <span class="hlt">warming</span> hole become more correlated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and less correlated with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). Summer <span class="hlt">warming</span> hole temperatures become less correlated with the NAO post 1957 and are strongly negatively correlated with precipitation.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A44B..03H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A44B..03H"><span>The long view: Causes of climate change over the instrumental <span class="hlt">period</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hegerl, G. C.; Schurer, A. P.; Polson, D.; Iles, C. E.; Bronnimann, S.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">period</span> of instrumentally recorded data has seen remarkable changes in climate, with <span class="hlt">periods</span> of rapid <span class="hlt">warming</span>, and <span class="hlt">periods</span> of stagnation or cooling. A recent analysis of the observed temperature change from the instrumental record confirms that most of the <span class="hlt">warming</span> recorded since the middle of the 20rst century has been caused by human influences, but shows large uncertainty in separating greenhouse gas from aerosol response if accounting for model uncertainty. The contribution by natural forcing and internal variability to the recent <span class="hlt">warming</span> is estimated to be small, but becomes more important when analysing climate change over earlier or shorter time <span class="hlt">periods</span>. For example, the enigmatic early 20th century <span class="hlt">warming</span> was a <span class="hlt">period</span> of strong climate anomalies, including the US dustbowl drought and exceptional heat waves, and pronounced Arctic <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Attribution results suggests that about half of the global <span class="hlt">warming</span> 1901-1950 was forced by greenhouse gases increases, with an anomalously strong contribution by climate variability, and contributions by natural forcing. Long term variations in circulation are important for some regional climate anomalies. Precipitation is important for impacts of climate change and precipitation changes are uncertain in models. Analysis of the instrumental record suggests a human influence on mean and heavy precipitation, and supports climate model estimates of the spatial pattern of precipitation sensitivity to <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Broadly, and particularly over ocean, wet regions are getting wetter and dry regions are getting drier. In conclusion, the historical record provides evidence for a strong response to external forcings, supports climate models, and raises questions about multi-decadal variability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29337354','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29337354"><span><span class="hlt">Current</span> spring <span class="hlt">warming</span> as a driver of selection on reproductive timing in a wild passerine.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Marrot, Pascal; Charmantier, Anne; Blondel, Jacques; Garant, Dany</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Evolutionary adaptation as a response to climate change is expected for fitness-related traits affected by climate and exhibiting genetic variance. Although the relationship between warmer spring temperature and earlier timing of reproduction is well documented, quantifications and predictions of the impact of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> on natural selection acting on phenology in wild populations remain rare. If global <span class="hlt">warming</span> affects fitness in a similar way across individuals within a population, or if fitness consequences are independent of phenotypic variation in key-adaptive traits, then no evolutionary response is expected for these traits. Here, we quantified the selection pressures acting on laying date during a 24-year monitoring of blue tits in southern Mediterranean France, a hot spot of climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>. We explored the temporal fluctuation in annual selection gradients and we determined its temperature-related drivers. We first investigated the month-specific <span class="hlt">warming</span> since 1970 in our study site and tested its influence on selection pressures, using a model averaging approach. Then, we quantified the selection strength associated with temperature anomalies experienced by the blue tit population. We found that natural selection acting on laying date significantly fluctuated both in magnitude and in sign across years. After identifying a significant <span class="hlt">warming</span> in spring and summer, we showed that warmer daily maximum temperatures in April were significantly associated with stronger selection pressures for reproductive timing. Our results indicated an increase in the strength of selection by 46% for every +1°C anomaly. Our results confirm the general assumption that recent climate change translates into strong selection favouring earlier breeders in passerine birds. Our findings also suggest that differences in fitness among individuals varying in their breeding phenology increase with climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Such climate-driven influence on the strength of directional</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3500404','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3500404"><span>Effect of Common Cryoprotectants on Critical <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Rates and Ice Formation in Aqueous Solutions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hopkins, Jesse B.; Badeau, Ryan; Warkentin, Matthew; Thorne, Robert E.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Ice formation on <span class="hlt">warming</span> is of comparable or greater importance to ice formation on cooling in determining survival of cryopreserved samples. Critical <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates required for ice-free <span class="hlt">warming</span> of vitrified aqueous solutions of glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 200 and sucrose have been measured for <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates of order 10 to 104 K/s. Critical <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates are typically one to three orders of magnitude larger than critical cooling rates. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> rates vary strongly with cooling rates, perhaps due to the presence of small ice fractions in nominally vitrified samples. Critical <span class="hlt">warming</span> and cooling rate data spanning orders of magnitude in rates provide rigorous tests of ice nucleation and growth models and their assumed input parameters. <span class="hlt">Current</span> models with <span class="hlt">current</span> best estimates for input parameters provide a reasonable account of critical <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates for glycerol solutions at high concentrations/low rates, but overestimate both critical <span class="hlt">warming</span> and cooling rates by orders of magnitude at lower concentrations and larger rates. In vitrification protocols, minimizing concentrations of potentially damaging cryoprotectants while minimizing ice formation will require ultrafast <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates, as well as fast cooling rates to minimize the required <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates. PMID:22728046</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21848352','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21848352"><span>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span>: a public health concern.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Afzal, Brenda M</p> <p>2007-05-31</p> <p>Over the last 100 years the average temperature on the Earth has risen approximately 1ºFahrenheit (F), increasing at a rate twice as fast as has been noted for any <span class="hlt">period</span> in the last 1,000 years. The Arctic ice cap is shrinking, glaciers are melting, and the Arctic permafrost is thawing. There is mounting evidence that these global climate changes are already affecting human health. This article provides a brief overview of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and climate changes, discusses effects of climate change on health, considers the factors which contribute to climate changes, and reviews individual and collective efforts related to reducing global <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29929313','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29929313"><span>Coastal <span class="hlt">warming</span> and wind-driven upwelling: A global analysis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Varela, Rubén; Lima, Fernando P; Seabra, Rui; Meneghesso, Claudia; Gómez-Gesteira, Moncho</p> <p>2018-10-15</p> <p>Long-term sea surface temperature (SST) <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends are far from being homogeneous, especially when coastal and ocean locations are compared. Using data from NOAA's AVHRR OISST, we have analyzed sea surface temperature trends over the <span class="hlt">period</span> 1982-2015 at around 3500 worldwide coastal points and their oceanic counterparts with a spatial resolution of 0.25 arc-degrees. Significant <span class="hlt">warming</span> was observed at most locations although with important differences between oceanic and coastal points. This is especially patent for upwelling regions, where 92% of the coastal locations showed lower <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends than at neighboring ocean locations. This result strongly suggests that upwelling has the potential to buffer the effects of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> nearshore, with wide oceanographic, climatic, and biogeographic implications. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16899647','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16899647"><span>Continuous tonic spike activity in spider <span class="hlt">warm</span> cells in the absence of sensory input.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gingl, E; Tichy, H</p> <p>2006-09-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">warm</span> cells of the spider tarsal organ respond very sensitively to low-amplitude changes in temperature and discharge continuously as the rate of change in temperature reaches zero. To test whether the continuous tonic discharge remains without sensory input, we blocked the <span class="hlt">warm</span> cell's receptive region by Epoxy glue. The activity continued in this situation, but its dependence on temperature changes was strongly reduced. We interpret this to mean that the <span class="hlt">warm</span> cells exhibit specific intrinsic properties that underlie the generation of the tonic discharge. Experiments with electrical stimulation confirmed the observation that the <span class="hlt">warm</span> cells persist in activity without an external drive. In <span class="hlt">warm</span> cells with blocked receptive region, the response curves describing the relationship between the tonic discharge and the level of depolarization is the same for different temperatures. In <span class="hlt">warm</span> cells with intact receptive region, the curves are shifted upward with rising temperature, as if the injected <span class="hlt">current</span> is simply added to the receptor <span class="hlt">current</span>. This indicates a modulating effect of the receptor <span class="hlt">current</span> on the tonic discharge. Stimulation causes a change in the tonic discharge rate and thereby enables individual <span class="hlt">warm</span> cells to signal the direction in addition to the magnitude of temperature changes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC23J..06R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC23J..06R"><span>Mechanistic Lake Modeling to Understand and Predict Heterogeneous Responses to Climate <span class="hlt">Warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Read, J. S.; Winslow, L. A.; Rose, K. C.; Hansen, G. J.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Substantial <span class="hlt">warming</span> has been documented for of hundreds globally distributed lakes, with likely impacts on ecosystem processes. Despite a clear pattern of widespread <span class="hlt">warming</span>, thermal responses of individual lakes to climate change are often heterogeneous, with the <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates of neighboring lakes varying across depths and among seasons. We aggregated temperature observations and parameterized mechanistic models for 9,000 lakes in the U.S. states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan to examine broad-scale lake <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends and among-lake diversity. Daily lake temperature profiles and ice-cover dynamics were simulated using the General Lake Model for the contemporary <span class="hlt">period</span> (1979-2015) using drivers from the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS-2) and for contemporary and future <span class="hlt">periods</span> (1980-2100) using downscaled data from six global circulation models driven by the Representative Climate Pathway 8.5 scenario. For the contemporary <span class="hlt">period</span>, modeled vs observed summer mean surface temperatures had a root mean squared error of 0.98°C with modeled <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends similar to observed trends. Future simulations under the extreme 8.5 scenario predicted a median lake summer surface <span class="hlt">warming</span> rate of 0.57°C/decade until mid-century, with slower rates in the later half of the 21st century (0.35°C/decade). Modeling scenarios and analysis of field data suggest that the lake-specific properties of size, water clarity, and depth are strong controls on the sensitivity of lakes to climate change. For example, a simulated 1% annual decline in water clarity was sufficient to override the effects of climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> on whole lake water temperatures in some - but not all - study lakes. Understanding heterogeneous lake responses to climate variability can help identify lake-specific features that influence resilience to climate change.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12741875','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12741875"><span>Effect of a submaximal half-squats <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up program on vertical jumping ability.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gourgoulis, Vassilios; Aggeloussis, Nickos; Kasimatis, Panagiotis; Mavromatis, Giorgos; Garas, Athanasios</p> <p>2003-05-01</p> <p>The purpose of the <span class="hlt">current</span> research was to study the effect of a <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up program including submaximal half-squats on vertical jumping ability. Twenty physically active men participated in the study. Each subject performed 5 sets of half-squats with 2 repetitions at each of the following intensities: 20, 40, 60, 80, and 90% of the 1 repetition maximum (1RM) load. Prior to the first set and immediately after the end of the last set, the subjects performed 2 countermovement jumps on a Kistler force platform; the primary goal was to jump as high as possible. The results showed that mean vertical jumping ability improved by 2.39% after the <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up <span class="hlt">period</span>. Subjects were then divided into 2 groups according to their 1RM values for the half-squat. Subjects with greater maximal strength ability improved their vertical jumping ability (4.01%) more than did subjects with lower maximal strength (0.42%). A <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up protocol including half-squats with submaximal loads and explosive execution can be used for short-term improvements of vertical jumping performance, and this effect is greater in athletes with a relatively high strength ability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000116342','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000116342"><span>Global <span class="hlt">Warming</span>: Evidence from Satellite Observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Prabhakara, C.; Iacovazzi, R.; Yoo, J.-M.; Dalu, G.; Einaudi, Franco (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>Observations made in Channel 2 (53.74 GHz) of the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) radiometer, flown onboard sequential, sun-synchronous, polar-orbiting NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) operational satellites, indicate that the mean temperature of the atmosphere over the globe increased during the <span class="hlt">period</span> 1980 to 1999. In this study, we have minimized systematic errors in the time series introduced by satellite orbital drift in an objective manner. This is done with the help of the onboard <span class="hlt">warm</span>-blackbody temperature, which is used in the calibration of the MSU radiometer. The corrected MSU Channel 2 observations of the NOAA satellite series reveal that the vertically-weighted global-mean temperature of the atmosphere, with a peak weight near the mid troposphere, <span class="hlt">warmed</span> at the rate of 0.13 +/- 0.05 K/decade during 1980 to 1999. The global <span class="hlt">warming</span> deduced from conventional meteorological data that have been corrected for urbanization effects agrees reasonably with this satellite-deduced result.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010018604&hterms=Global+warming&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DGlobal%2Bwarming','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010018604&hterms=Global+warming&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DGlobal%2Bwarming"><span>Global <span class="hlt">Warming</span>: Evidence from Satellite Observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Prabhakara, C.; Iacovazzi, R., Jr.; Yoo, J.-M.</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>Observations made in Channel 2 (53.74 GHz) of the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) radiometer, flown on-board sequential, sun-synchronous, polar orbiting NOAA operational satellites, indicate that the mean temperature of the atmosphere over the globe increased during the <span class="hlt">period</span> 1980 to 1999. In this study we have minimized systematic errors in the time series introduced by the satellite orbital drift in an objective manner. This is done with the help the onboard <span class="hlt">warm</span> black body temperature, which is used in the calibration of the MSU radiometer. The corrected MSU Channel 2 observations of the NOAA satellite series reveal that the vertically weighted global mean temperature of the atmosphere, with a peak weight near the mid-troposphere, <span class="hlt">warmed</span> at the rate of 0.13 K per decade (with an uncertainty of 0.05 K per decade) during 1980 to 1999. The global <span class="hlt">warming</span> deduced from conventional meteorological data that have been corrected for urbanization effects agrees reasonably with this satellite deuced result.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18458348','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18458348"><span>Impacts of climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Deutsch, Curtis A; Tewksbury, Joshua J; Huey, Raymond B; Sheldon, Kimberly S; Ghalambor, Cameron K; Haak, David C; Martin, Paul R</p> <p>2008-05-06</p> <p>The impact of anthropogenic climate change on terrestrial organisms is often predicted to increase with latitude, in parallel with the rate of <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Yet the biological impact of rising temperatures also depends on the physiological sensitivity of organisms to temperature change. We integrate empirical fitness curves describing the thermal tolerance of terrestrial insects from around the world with the projected geographic distribution of climate change for the next century to estimate the direct impact of <span class="hlt">warming</span> on insect fitness across latitude. The results show that <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the tropics, although relatively small in magnitude, is likely to have the most deleterious consequences because tropical insects are relatively sensitive to temperature change and are <span class="hlt">currently</span> living very close to their optimal temperature. In contrast, species at higher latitudes have broader thermal tolerance and are living in climates that are <span class="hlt">currently</span> cooler than their physiological optima, so that <span class="hlt">warming</span> may even enhance their fitness. Available thermal tolerance data for several vertebrate taxa exhibit similar patterns, suggesting that these results are general for terrestrial ectotherms. Our analyses imply that, in the absence of ameliorating factors such as migration and adaptation, the greatest extinction risks from global <span class="hlt">warming</span> may be in the tropics, where biological diversity is also greatest.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2373333','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2373333"><span>Impacts of climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Deutsch, Curtis A.; Tewksbury, Joshua J.; Huey, Raymond B.; Sheldon, Kimberly S.; Ghalambor, Cameron K.; Haak, David C.; Martin, Paul R.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>The impact of anthropogenic climate change on terrestrial organisms is often predicted to increase with latitude, in parallel with the rate of <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Yet the biological impact of rising temperatures also depends on the physiological sensitivity of organisms to temperature change. We integrate empirical fitness curves describing the thermal tolerance of terrestrial insects from around the world with the projected geographic distribution of climate change for the next century to estimate the direct impact of <span class="hlt">warming</span> on insect fitness across latitude. The results show that <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the tropics, although relatively small in magnitude, is likely to have the most deleterious consequences because tropical insects are relatively sensitive to temperature change and are <span class="hlt">currently</span> living very close to their optimal temperature. In contrast, species at higher latitudes have broader thermal tolerance and are living in climates that are <span class="hlt">currently</span> cooler than their physiological optima, so that <span class="hlt">warming</span> may even enhance their fitness. Available thermal tolerance data for several vertebrate taxa exhibit similar patterns, suggesting that these results are general for terrestrial ectotherms. Our analyses imply that, in the absence of ameliorating factors such as migration and adaptation, the greatest extinction risks from global <span class="hlt">warming</span> may be in the tropics, where biological diversity is also greatest. PMID:18458348</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29274104','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29274104"><span>Designing connected marine reserves in the face of global <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Álvarez-Romero, Jorge G; Munguía-Vega, Adrián; Beger, Maria; Del Mar Mancha-Cisneros, Maria; Suárez-Castillo, Alvin N; Gurney, Georgina G; Pressey, Robert L; Gerber, Leah R; Morzaria-Luna, Hem Nalini; Reyes-Bonilla, Héctor; Adams, Vanessa M; Kolb, Melanie; Graham, Erin M; VanDerWal, Jeremy; Castillo-López, Alejandro; Hinojosa-Arango, Gustavo; Petatán-Ramírez, David; Moreno-Baez, Marcia; Godínez-Reyes, Carlos R; Torre, Jorge</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Marine reserves are widely used to protect species important for conservation and fisheries and to help maintain ecological processes that sustain their populations, including recruitment and dispersal. Achieving these goals requires well-connected networks of marine reserves that maximize larval connectivity, thus allowing exchanges between populations and recolonization after local disturbances. However, global <span class="hlt">warming</span> can disrupt connectivity by shortening potential dispersal pathways through changes in larval physiology. These changes can compromise the performance of marine reserve networks, thus requiring adjusting their design to account for ocean <span class="hlt">warming</span>. To date, empirical approaches to marine prioritization have not considered larval connectivity as affected by global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Here, we develop a framework for designing marine reserve networks that integrates graph theory and changes in larval connectivity due to potential reductions in planktonic larval duration (PLD) associated with ocean <span class="hlt">warming</span>, given <span class="hlt">current</span> socioeconomic constraints. Using the Gulf of California as case study, we assess the benefits and costs of adjusting networks to account for connectivity, with and without ocean <span class="hlt">warming</span>. We compare reserve networks designed to achieve representation of species and ecosystems with networks designed to also maximize connectivity under <span class="hlt">current</span> and future ocean-<span class="hlt">warming</span> scenarios. Our results indicate that <span class="hlt">current</span> larval connectivity could be reduced significantly under ocean <span class="hlt">warming</span> because of shortened PLDs. Given the potential changes in connectivity, we show that our graph-theoretical approach based on centrality (eigenvector and distance-weighted fragmentation) of habitat patches can help design better-connected marine reserve networks for the future with equivalent costs. We found that maintaining dispersal connectivity incidentally through representation-only reserve design is unlikely, particularly in regions with strong asymmetric patterns of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27922014','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27922014"><span>Large differences in regional precipitation change between a first and second 2 K of global <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Good, Peter; Booth, Ben B B; Chadwick, Robin; Hawkins, Ed; Jonko, Alexandra; Lowe, Jason A</p> <p>2016-12-06</p> <p>For adaptation and mitigation planning, stakeholders need reliable information about regional precipitation changes under different emissions scenarios and for different time <span class="hlt">periods</span>. A significant amount of <span class="hlt">current</span> planning effort assumes that each K of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> produces roughly the same regional climate change. Here using 25 climate models, we compare precipitation responses with three 2 K intervals of global ensemble mean <span class="hlt">warming</span>: a fast and a slower route to a first 2 K above pre-industrial levels, and the end-of-century difference between high-emission and mitigation scenarios. We show that, although the two routes to a first 2 K give very similar precipitation changes, a second 2 K produces quite a different response. In particular, the balance of physical mechanisms responsible for climate model uncertainty is different for a first and a second 2 K of <span class="hlt">warming</span>. The results are consistent with a significant influence from nonlinear physical mechanisms, but aerosol and land-use effects may be important regionally.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5335651','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5335651"><span>Consecutive record-breaking high temperatures marked the handover from hiatus to accelerated <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Su, Jingzhi; Zhang, Renhe; Wang, Huijun</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Closely following the hiatus <span class="hlt">warming</span> <span class="hlt">period</span>, two astonishing high temperature records reached in 2014 and 2015 consecutively. To investigate the occurrence features of record-breaking high temperatures in recent years, a new index focusing the frequency of the top 10 high annual mean temperatures was defined in this study. Analyses based on this index shown that record-breaking high temperatures occurred over most regions of the globe with a salient increasing trend after 1960 s, even during the so-called hiatus <span class="hlt">period</span>. Overlapped on the ongoing background <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend and the interdecadal climate variabilities, the El Niño events, particularly the strong ones, can make a significant contribution to the occurrence of high temperatures on interannual timescale. High temperatures associated with El Niño events mainly occurred during the winter annual <span class="hlt">period</span>. As the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) struggled back to its positive phase since 2014, the global <span class="hlt">warming</span> returned back to a new accelerated <span class="hlt">warming</span> <span class="hlt">period</span>, marked by the record-breaking high temperatures in 2014. Intensified by the super strong El Niño, successive high records occurred in 2015 and 2016. Higher frequencies of record high temperatures would occur in the near future because the PDO tends to maintain a continuously positive phase. PMID:28256561</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000002894&hterms=greenhouse+effect&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dgreenhouse%2Beffect','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000002894&hterms=greenhouse+effect&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dgreenhouse%2Beffect"><span>Atmospheric Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sources, Sinks and Greenhouse <span class="hlt">Warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sze, Nien Dak; Wang, Wei-Chyung; Shia, George; Goldman, Aaron; Murcray, Frank J.; Murcray, David G.; Rinsland, Curtis P.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>Model calculations using estimated reaction rates of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) with OH and 0('D) indicate that the atmospheric lifetime due to these processes may be very long (25,000 years). An upper limit for the UV cross section would suggest a photolysis lifetime much longer than 1000 years. The possibility of other removal mechanisms are discussed. The estimated lifetimes are consistent with other estimated values based on recent laboratory measurements. There appears to be no known natural source of SF6. An estimate of the <span class="hlt">current</span> production rate of SF6 is about 5 kt/yr. Based on historical emission rates, we calculated a present-day atmospheric concentrations for SF6 of about 2.5 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) and compared the results with available atmospheric measurements. It is difficult to estimate the atmospheric lifetime of SF6 based on mass balance of the emission rate and observed abundance. There are large uncertainties concerning what portion of the SF6 is released to the atmosphere. Even if the emission rate were precisely known, it would be difficult to distinguish among lifetimes longer than 100 years since the <span class="hlt">current</span> abundance of SF6 is due to emission in the past three decades. More information on the measured trends over the past decade and observed vertical and latitudinal distributions of SF6 in the lower stratosphere will help to narrow the uncertainty in the lifetime. Based on laboratory-measured IR absorption cross section for SF6, we showed that SF6 is about 3 times more effective as a greenhouse gas compared to CFC 11 on a per molecule basis. However, its effect on atmospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> will be minimal because of its very small concentration. We estimated the future concentration of SF6 at 2010 to be 8 and 10 pptv based on two projected emission scenarios. The corresponding equilibrium <span class="hlt">warming</span> of 0.0035 C and 0.0043 C is to be compared with the estimated <span class="hlt">warming</span> due to CO2 increase of about 0.8 C in the same <span class="hlt">period</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663230-what-sets-radial-locations-warm-debris-disks','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663230-what-sets-radial-locations-warm-debris-disks"><span>What Sets the Radial Locations of <span class="hlt">Warm</span> Debris Disks?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Ballering, Nicholas P.; Rieke, George H.; Su, Kate Y. L.</p> <p></p> <p>The architectures of debris disks encode the history of planet formation in these systems. Studies of debris disks via their spectral energy distributions (SEDs) have found infrared excesses arising from cold dust, <span class="hlt">warm</span> dust, or a combination of the two. The cold outer belts of many systems have been imaged, facilitating their study in great detail. Far less is known about the <span class="hlt">warm</span> components, including the origin of the dust. The regularity of the disk temperatures indicates an underlying structure that may be linked to the water snow line. If the dust is generated from collisions in an exo-asteroid belt,more » the dust will likely trace the location of the water snow line in the primordial protoplanetary disk where planetesimal growth was enhanced. If instead the <span class="hlt">warm</span> dust arises from the inward transport from a reservoir of icy material farther out in the system, the dust location is expected to be set by the <span class="hlt">current</span> snow line. We analyze the SEDs of a large sample of debris disks with <span class="hlt">warm</span> components. We find that <span class="hlt">warm</span> components in single-component systems (those without detectable cold components) follow the primordial snow line rather than the <span class="hlt">current</span> snow line, so they likely arise from exo-asteroid belts. While the locations of many <span class="hlt">warm</span> components in two-component systems are also consistent with the primordial snow line, there is more diversity among these systems, suggesting additional effects play a role.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25902494','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25902494"><span>Amplified Arctic <span class="hlt">warming</span> by phytoplankton under greenhouse <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Park, Jong-Yeon; Kug, Jong-Seong; Bader, Jürgen; Rolph, Rebecca; Kwon, Minho</p> <p>2015-05-12</p> <p>Phytoplankton have attracted increasing attention in climate science due to their impacts on climate systems. A new generation of climate models can now provide estimates of future climate change, considering the biological feedbacks through the development of the coupled physical-ecosystem model. Here we present the geophysical impact of phytoplankton, which is often overlooked in future climate projections. A suite of future <span class="hlt">warming</span> experiments using a fully coupled ocean-atmosphere model that interacts with a marine ecosystem model reveals that the future phytoplankton change influenced by greenhouse <span class="hlt">warming</span> can amplify Arctic surface <span class="hlt">warming</span> considerably. The <span class="hlt">warming</span>-induced sea ice melting and the corresponding increase in shortwave radiation penetrating into the ocean both result in a longer phytoplankton growing season in the Arctic. In turn, the increase in Arctic phytoplankton <span class="hlt">warms</span> the ocean surface layer through direct biological heating, triggering additional positive feedbacks in the Arctic, and consequently intensifying the Arctic <span class="hlt">warming</span> further. Our results establish the presence of marine phytoplankton as an important potential driver of the future Arctic climate changes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4434777','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4434777"><span>Amplified Arctic <span class="hlt">warming</span> by phytoplankton under greenhouse <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Park, Jong-Yeon; Kug, Jong-Seong; Bader, Jürgen; Rolph, Rebecca; Kwon, Minho</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Phytoplankton have attracted increasing attention in climate science due to their impacts on climate systems. A new generation of climate models can now provide estimates of future climate change, considering the biological feedbacks through the development of the coupled physical–ecosystem model. Here we present the geophysical impact of phytoplankton, which is often overlooked in future climate projections. A suite of future <span class="hlt">warming</span> experiments using a fully coupled ocean−atmosphere model that interacts with a marine ecosystem model reveals that the future phytoplankton change influenced by greenhouse <span class="hlt">warming</span> can amplify Arctic surface <span class="hlt">warming</span> considerably. The <span class="hlt">warming</span>-induced sea ice melting and the corresponding increase in shortwave radiation penetrating into the ocean both result in a longer phytoplankton growing season in the Arctic. In turn, the increase in Arctic phytoplankton <span class="hlt">warms</span> the ocean surface layer through direct biological heating, triggering additional positive feedbacks in the Arctic, and consequently intensifying the Arctic <span class="hlt">warming</span> further. Our results establish the presence of marine phytoplankton as an important potential driver of the future Arctic climate changes. PMID:25902494</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JAESc.138..466L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JAESc.138..466L"><span>Climate change and tectonic activity during the early Pliocene <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> from the ostracod record at Lake Qinghai, northeastern Tibetan Plateau</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lu, Fengyan; An, Zhisheng; Chang, Hong; Dodson, John; Qiang, Xiaoke; Yan, Hong; Dong, Jibao; Song, Yougui; Fu, Chaofeng; Li, Xiangzhong</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>The Early Pliocene <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> (EPWP, 5-3 Ma) is sometimes thought to be a useful analogue for a future warmer world, and thus the boundary conditions and drivers of climate in the EPWP may provide valuable lessons for understanding how a future warmer world might unfold. Lake Qinghai is located on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and is affected by both Monsoon climate and Westerlies circulation. It is sensitive to the climate drivers of these systems. Its sediments, accumulated over the Cenozoic <span class="hlt">period</span>, are a rich source of information for climate, tectonics and environmental changes of the <span class="hlt">period</span>. We present a high-resolution ostracod record from a Lake Qinghai sediment core with a record of the <span class="hlt">period</span> 5.10-2.60 Ma, thus covering the EPWP. Ostracods appear at 4.63 Ma and are most abundant until 3.58 Ma, while a body of water was present at the core site. This suggests a phase of humid climate and an intensified Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM), which is consistent with a warmer and wetter climate in the early Pliocene. Within this <span class="hlt">period</span> the ostracod record shows some variabilities in lake level with deeper <span class="hlt">periods</span> suggesting more intense ASM compared to those with shallower water. The disappearance of ostracods at 3.58 Ma may provide evidence for the uplift of Qinghai Nanshan (south of Qinghai Lake) since this is when the ASM intensified.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27080908','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27080908"><span>Energy storage and fecundity explain deviations from ecological stoichiometry predictions under global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and size-selective predation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhang, Chao; Jansen, Mieke; De Meester, Luc; Stoks, Robby</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>A key challenge for ecologists is to predict how single and joint effects of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and predation risk translate from the individual level up to ecosystem functions. Recently, stoichiometric theory linked these levels through changes in body stoichiometry, predicting that both higher temperatures and predation risk induce shifts in energy storage (increases in C-rich carbohydrates and reductions in N-rich proteins) and body stoichiometry (increases in C : N and C : P). This promising theory, however, is rarely tested and assumes that prey will divert energy away from reproduction under predation risk, while under size-selective predation, prey instead increase fecundity. We exposed the water flea Daphnia magna to 4 °C <span class="hlt">warming</span> and fish predation risk to test whether C-rich carbohydrates increase and N-rich proteins decrease, and as a result, C : N and C : P increase under <span class="hlt">warming</span> and predation risk. Unexpectedly, <span class="hlt">warming</span> decreased body C : N, which was driven by reductions in C-rich fat and sugar contents while the protein content did not change. This reflected a trade-off where the accelerated intrinsic growth rate under <span class="hlt">warming</span> occurred at the cost of a reduced energy storage. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> reduced C : N less and only increased C : P and N : P in the fish-<span class="hlt">period</span> Daphnia. These evolved stoichiometric responses to <span class="hlt">warming</span> were largely driven by stronger <span class="hlt">warming</span>-induced reductions in P than in C and N and could be explained by the better ability to deal with <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the fish-<span class="hlt">period</span> Daphnia. In contrast to theory predictions, body C : N decreased under predation risk due to a strong increase in the N-rich protein content that offsets the increase in C-rich fat content. The higher investment in fecundity (more N-rich eggs) under predation risk contributed to this stronger increase in protein content. Similarly, the lower body C : N of pre-fish Daphnia also matched their higher fecundity. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> and predation risk independently shaped body</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70191902','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70191902"><span>Continuously amplified <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the Alaskan Arctic: Implications for estimating global <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Wang, Kang; Zhang, Tingjun; Zhang, Xiangdong; Clow, Gary D.; Jafarov, Elchin E.; Overeem, Irina; Romanovsky, Vladimir; Peng, Xiaoqing; Cao, Bin</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Historically, in situ measurements have been notoriously sparse over the Arctic. As a consequence, the existing gridded data of surface air temperature (SAT) may have large biases in estimating the <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend in this region. Using data from an expanded monitoring network with 31 stations in the Alaskan Arctic, we demonstrate that the SAT has increased by 2.19°C in this region, or at a rate of 0.23°C/decade during 1921–2015. Meanwhile, we found that the SAT <span class="hlt">warmed</span> at 0.71°C/decade over 1998–2015, which is 2 to 3 times faster than the rate established from the gridded data sets. Focusing on the “hiatus” <span class="hlt">period</span> 1998–2012 as identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, the SAT has increased at 0.45°C/decade, which captures more than 90% of the regional trend for 1951–2012. We suggest that sparse in situ measurements are responsible for underestimation of the SAT change in the gridded data sets. It is likely that enhanced climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> may also have happened in the other regions of the Arctic since the late 1990s but left undetected because of incomplete observational coverage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13f4026S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13f4026S"><span>Internal variability in European summer temperatures at 1.5 °C and 2 °C of global <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Suarez-Gutierrez, Laura; Li, Chao; Müller, Wolfgang A.; Marotzke, Jochem</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>We use the 100-member Grand Ensemble with the climate model MPI-ESM to evaluate the controllability of mean and extreme European summer temperatures with the global mean temperature targets in the Paris Agreement. We find that European summer temperatures at 2 °C of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> are on average 1 °C higher than at 1.5 °C of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> with respect to pre-industrial levels. In a 2 °C warmer world, one out of every two European summer months would be warmer than ever observed in our <span class="hlt">current</span> climate. Daily maximum temperature anomalies for extreme events with return <span class="hlt">periods</span> of up to 500 years reach return levels of 7 °C at 2 °C of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and 5.5 °C at 1.5 °C of global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. The largest differences in return levels for shorter return <span class="hlt">periods</span> of 20 years are over southern Europe, where we find the highest mean temperature increase. In contrast, for events with return <span class="hlt">periods</span> of over 100 years these differences are largest over central Europe, where we find the largest changes in temperature variability. However, due to the large effect of internal variability, only four out of every ten summer months in a 2 °C warmer world present mean temperatures that could be distinguishable from those in a 1.5 °C world. The distinguishability between the two climates is largest over southern Europe, while decreasing to around 10% distinguishable months over eastern Europe. Furthermore, we find that 10% of the most extreme and severe summer maximum temperatures in a 2 °C world could be avoided by limiting global <span class="hlt">warming</span> to 1.5 °C.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26400696','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26400696"><span><span class="hlt">Warm</span>-Up Strategies for Sport and Exercise: Mechanisms and Applications.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>McGowan, Courtney J; Pyne, David B; Thompson, Kevin G; Rattray, Ben</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>It is widely accepted that <span class="hlt">warming</span>-up prior to exercise is vital for the attainment of optimum performance. Both passive and active <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up can evoke temperature, metabolic, neural and psychology-related effects, including increased anaerobic metabolism, elevated oxygen uptake kinetics and post-activation potentiation. Passive <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up can increase body temperature without depleting energy substrate stores, as occurs during the physical activity associated with active <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up. While the use of passive <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up alone is not commonplace, the idea of utilizing passive <span class="hlt">warming</span> techniques to maintain elevated core and muscle temperature throughout the transition phase (the <span class="hlt">period</span> between completion of the <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up and the start of the event) is gaining in popularity. Active <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up induces greater metabolic changes, leading to increased preparedness for a subsequent exercise task. Until recently, only modest scientific evidence was available supporting the effectiveness of pre-competition <span class="hlt">warm</span>-ups, with early studies often containing relatively few participants and focusing mostly on physiological rather than performance-related changes. External issues faced by athletes pre-competition, including access to equipment and the length of the transition/marshalling phase, have also frequently been overlooked. Consequently, <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up strategies have continued to develop largely on a trial-and-error basis, utilizing coach and athlete experiences rather than scientific evidence. However, over the past decade or so, new research has emerged, providing greater insight into how and why <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up influences subsequent performance. This review identifies potential physiological mechanisms underpinning <span class="hlt">warm</span>-ups and how they can affect subsequent exercise performance, and provides recommendations for <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up strategy design for specific individual and team sports.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24684400','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24684400"><span>Facing <span class="hlt">warm</span> temperatures during migration: cardiac mRNA responses of two adult Oncorhynchus nerka populations to <span class="hlt">warming</span> and swimming challenges.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Anttila, K; Eliason, E J; Kaukinen, K H; Miller, K M; Farrell, A P</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>The main findings of the <span class="hlt">current</span> study were that exposing adult sockeye salmon Onchorhynchus nerka to a <span class="hlt">warm</span> temperature that they regularly encounter during their river migration induced a heat shock response at an mRNA level, and this response was exacerbated with forced swimming. Similar to the heat shock response, increased immune defence-related responses were also observed after <span class="hlt">warm</span> temperature treatment and with a swimming challenge in two different populations (Chilko and Nechako), but with some important differences. Microarray analyses revealed that 347 genes were differentially expressed between the cold (12-13° C) and <span class="hlt">warm</span> (18-19° C) treated fish, with stress response (GO:0006950) and response to fungus (GO:0009620) elevated with <span class="hlt">warm</span> treatment, while expression for genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation (GO:0006119) and electron transport chain (GO:0022900) elevated for cold-treated fish. Analysis of single genes with real-time quantitative PCR revealed that temperature had the most significant effect on mRNA expression levels, with swimming and population having secondary influences. <span class="hlt">Warm</span> temperature treatment for the Chilko population induced expression of heat shock protein (hsp) 90α, hsp90β and hsp30 as well as interferon-inducible protein. The Nechako population, which is known to have a narrower thermal tolerance window than the Chilko population, showed even more pronounced stress responses to the <span class="hlt">warm</span> treatment and there was significant interaction between population and temperature treatment for hsp90β expression. Moreover, significant interactions were noted between temperature treatment and swimming challenge for hsp90α and hsp30, and while swimming challenge alone increased expression of these hsps, the expression levels were significantly elevated in <span class="hlt">warm</span>-treated fish swum to exhaustion. In conclusion, it seems that adult O. nerka <span class="hlt">currently</span> encounter conditions that induce several cellular defence mechanisms during their once</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC21B1099P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC21B1099P"><span>Long-term <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends in Korea and contribution of urbanization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Park, B.; Min, S. K.; Kim, Y. H.; Kim, M. K.; Choi, Y.; Boo, K. O.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>This study provides a systematic investigation of the long-term temperature trends over Korean peninsula in comparison with global temperature trends and presents an updated assessment of the contribution of urban effect. Linear trends are analyzed for three different <span class="hlt">periods</span> over South Korea in order to consider inhomogeneity due to changes in number of stations: recent 103 years (1912-2014, 6 stations), 61 years (1954-2014, 12 stations) and 42 years (1973-2014, 48 stations). HadCRUT4, MLOST and GISS datasets are used to obtain temperature trends in global mean and each country scales for the same <span class="hlt">periods</span>. The temperature over South Korea has increased by 1.90°C, 1.35°C, and 0.99°C during 103, 61, and 42 years, respectively. This is equivalent to 1.4-2.6 times larger <span class="hlt">warming</span> than the global mean trends. The countries located in the Northern mid latitudes exhibit slightly weaker <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends to Korea (about 1.5 times stronger than of global means), suggesting a considerable impact of urbanization on the local <span class="hlt">warming</span> over Korea. Updated analyses of the urbanization effect on temperature trends over South Korea suggest that 10-45% of the <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends are due to urbanization effect, with stronger contributions during the recent decades. First, we compared the recent 42-year temperature trends between city and rural stations using the two approaches based on previous studies. Results show that urbanization effect has contributed to 30-45% of the temperature trends. Secondly, the contribution of urbanization to the temperature increase over Korea has been indirectly estimated using 56 ensemble members of 20CRv2 reanalysis data that include no influence of urbanization. Analysis results for the three <span class="hlt">periods</span> indicate that urbanization effect could have contributed to the local <span class="hlt">warming</span> over Korea by 10-25%.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29321880','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29321880"><span>Ocean acidification ameliorates harmful effects of <span class="hlt">warming</span> in primary consumer.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pedersen, Sindre Andre; Hanssen, Anja Elise</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Climate change-induced <span class="hlt">warming</span> and ocean acidification are considered two imminent threats to marine biodiversity and <span class="hlt">current</span> ecosystem structures. Here, we have for the first time examined an animal's response to a complete life cycle of exposure to co-occurring <span class="hlt">warming</span> (+3°C) and ocean acidification (+1,600 μatm CO 2 ), using the key subarctic planktonic copepod, Calanus finmarchicus , as a model species. The animals were generally negatively affected by <span class="hlt">warming</span>, which significantly reduced the females' energy status and reproductive parameters (respectively, 95% and 69%-87% vs. control). Unexpectedly, simultaneous acidification partially offset the negative effect of <span class="hlt">warming</span> in an antagonistic manner, significantly improving reproductive parameters and hatching success (233%-340% improvement vs. single <span class="hlt">warming</span> exposure). The results provide proof of concept that ocean acidification may partially offset negative effects caused by <span class="hlt">warming</span> in some species. Possible explanations and ecological implications for the observed antagonistic effect are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20403836','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20403836"><span>Recent and future <span class="hlt">warm</span> extreme events and high-mountain slope stability.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Huggel, C; Salzmann, N; Allen, S; Caplan-Auerbach, J; Fischer, L; Haeberli, W; Larsen, C; Schneider, D; Wessels, R</p> <p>2010-05-28</p> <p>The number of large slope failures in some high-mountain regions such as the European Alps has increased during the past two to three decades. There is concern that recent climate change is driving this increase in slope failures, thus possibly further exacerbating the hazard in the future. Although the effects of a gradual temperature rise on glaciers and permafrost have been extensively studied, the impacts of short-term, unusually <span class="hlt">warm</span> temperature increases on slope stability in high mountains remain largely unexplored. We describe several large slope failures in rock and ice in recent years in Alaska, New Zealand and the European Alps, and analyse weather patterns in the days and weeks before the failures. Although we did not find one general temperature pattern, all the failures were preceded by unusually <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">periods</span>; some happened immediately after temperatures suddenly dropped to freezing. We assessed the frequency of <span class="hlt">warm</span> extremes in the future by analysing eight regional climate models from the recently completed European Union programme ENSEMBLES for the central Swiss Alps. The models show an increase in the higher frequency of high-temperature events for the <span class="hlt">period</span> 2001-2050 compared with a 1951-2000 reference <span class="hlt">period</span>. <span class="hlt">Warm</span> events lasting 5, 10 and 30 days are projected to increase by about 1.5-4 times by 2050 and in some models by up to 10 times. <span class="hlt">Warm</span> extremes can trigger large landslides in temperature-sensitive high mountains by enhancing the production of water by melt of snow and ice, and by rapid thaw. Although these processes reduce slope strength, they must be considered within the local geological, glaciological and topographic context of a slope.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFMPP44A..01L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFMPP44A..01L"><span>Sediments Exposed by Drainage of a Collapsing Glacier-Dammed Lake Show That Contemporary Summer Temperatures and Glacier Retreat Exceed the Medieval <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> in Southern Alaska</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Loso, M. G.; Anderson, R. S.; Anderson, S. P.; Reimer, P. J.</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>In the mountains of southcentral Alaska, recent and widespread glacier retreat is well-documented, but few instrumental or proxy records of temperature are available to place recent changes in a long-term context. The Medieval <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> in particular, is poorly documented because subsequent Little Ice Age glacier advances destroyed much of the existing sedimentary record. In a rare exception, sudden and unexpected catastrophic drainage of a previously stable glacier-dammed lake recently revealed lacustrine stratigraphy that spans over 1500 years. Located near the Bagley Icefield in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Iceberg Lake first drained in A.D. 1999 and has not regained a stable shoreline since that time. Rapid incision of the exposed lakebed provided subaerial exposure of annual laminations (varves, confirmed by radiogenic evidence) that record continuous sediment deposition from A.D. 442 to A.D. 1998. We present a recalculated master chronology of varve thickness that combines measurements from several sites within the former lake. Varve thickness in this chronology is positively correlated with northern hemisphere temperature trends and also with a local, ~600 year long tree ring width chronology. Varve thickness increases in <span class="hlt">warm</span> summers because of higher melt, runoff, and sediment transport, and also because shrinkage of the glacier dam allows shoreline regression that concentrates sediment in the smaller lake. Relative to the entire record, varve thicknesses and implied summer temperatures were lowest around A.D. 600, high between A.D. 1000 and A.D. 1300, low between A.D. 1500 and A.D 1850, and highest in the late 20th century. Combined with stratigraphic evidence that contemporary jokulhlaups are unprecedented since at least A.D. 442, this record suggests that late 20th century <span class="hlt">warming</span> was more intense, and accompanied by more extensive glacier retreat, than the Medieval <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> or any other time in the last 1500 years. We emphasize</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC33C1092Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC33C1092Z"><span>Adapting to warmer climate through prolonged maize grain filling <span class="hlt">period</span> in the US Midwest</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhu, P.; Zhuang, Q.; Jin, Z.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> is expected to negatively impact the US food productivity. How to adapt to the future warmer environment and meet the rising food requirement becomes unprecedented urgent. Continuous satellite observational data provides an opportunity to examine the historic responses of crop plants to climate variation. Here 16 years crop growing phases information across US Midwest is generated based on satellite observations. We found a prolonged grain-filling <span class="hlt">period</span> during 2000-2015, which could partly explain the increasing trend in Midwest maize yield. This longer grain-filling <span class="hlt">period</span> might be resulted from the adoption of longer maturity group varieties or more resistant varieties to temperature variation. Other management practice changes like advance in planting date could be also an effective way of adapting future warmer climate through lowering the possibility of exposure to heat and drought stresses. If the progress in breeding technology enables the maize grain-filling <span class="hlt">period</span> to prolong with the <span class="hlt">current</span> rate, the maize grain filling length could be longer and maize yield in Midwest could adapt to future climate despite of the <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCC...7..749G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCC...7..749G"><span>More losers than winners in a century of future Southern Ocean seafloor <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Griffiths, Huw J.; Meijers, Andrew J. S.; Bracegirdle, Thomas J.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The waters of the Southern Ocean are projected to <span class="hlt">warm</span> over the coming century, with potential adverse consequences for native cold-adapted organisms. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> waters have caused temperate marine species to shift their ranges poleward. The seafloor animals of the Southern Ocean shelf have long been isolated by the deep ocean surrounding Antarctica and the Antarctic Circumpolar <span class="hlt">Current</span>, with little scope for southward migration. How these largely endemic species will react to future projected <span class="hlt">warming</span> is unknown. By considering 963 invertebrate species, we show that within the <span class="hlt">current</span> century, <span class="hlt">warming</span> temperatures alone are unlikely to result in wholesale extinction or invasion affecting Antarctic seafloor life. However, 79% of Antarctica's endemic species do face a significant reduction in suitable temperature habitat (an average 12% reduction). Our findings highlight the species and regions most likely to respond significantly (negatively and positively) to <span class="hlt">warming</span> and have important implications for future management of the region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=alternative+AND+medicine+AND+effective&pg=2&id=EJ445277','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=alternative+AND+medicine+AND+effective&pg=2&id=EJ445277"><span>Efficient <span class="hlt">Warm</span>-ups: Creating a <span class="hlt">Warm</span>-up That Works.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Lauffenburger, Sandra Kay</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Proper <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up is important for any activity, but designing an effective <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up can be time consuming. An alternative approach is to take a cue from Laban Movement Analysis (LMA) and consider movement design from the perspective of space and planes of motion. Efficient <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up exercises using LMA are described. (SM)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140010885','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140010885"><span>Simulations of the Mid-Pliocene <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> Using Two Versions of the NASA-GISS ModelE2-R Coupled Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Chandler, M. A.; Sohl, L. E.; Jonas, J. A.; Dowsett, H. J.; Kelley, M.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The mid-Pliocene <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> (mPWP) bears many similarities to aspects of future global <span class="hlt">warming</span> as projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007). Both marine and terrestrial data point to high-latitude temperature amplification, including large decreases in sea ice and land ice, as well as expansion of warmer climate biomes into higher latitudes. Here we present our most recent simulations of the mid-Pliocene climate using the CMIP5 version of the NASAGISS Earth System Model (ModelE2-R). We describe the substantial impact associated with a recent correction made in the implementation of the Gent-McWilliams ocean mixing scheme (GM), which has a large effect on the simulation of ocean surface temperatures, particularly in the North Atlantic Ocean. The effect of this correction on the Pliocene climate results would not have been easily determined from examining its impact on the preindustrial runs alone, a useful demonstration of how the consequences of code improvements as seen in modern climate control runs do not necessarily portend the impacts in extreme climates.Both the GM-corrected and GM-uncorrected simulations were contributed to the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP) Experiment 2. Many findings presented here corroborate results from other PlioMIP multi-model ensemble papers, but we also emphasize features in the ModelE2-R simulations that are unlike the ensemble means. The corrected version yields results that more closely resemble the ocean core data as well as the PRISM3D reconstructions of the mid-Pliocene, especially the dramatic <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the North Atlantic and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea, which in the new simulation appears to be far more realistic than previously found with older versions of the GISS model. Our belief is that continued development of key physical routines in the atmospheric model, along with higher resolution and recent corrections to mixing parameterisations in the ocean model, have led</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26590591','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26590591"><span>Post-<span class="hlt">warm</span>-up muscle temperature maintenance: blood flow contribution and external heating optimisation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Raccuglia, Margherita; Lloyd, Alex; Filingeri, Davide; Faulkner, Steve H; Hodder, Simon; Havenith, George</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Passive muscle heating has been shown to reduce the drop in post-<span class="hlt">warm</span>-up muscle temperature (Tm) by about 25% over 30 min, with concomitant sprint/power performance improvements. We sought to determine the role of leg blood flow in this cooling and whether optimising the heating procedure would further benefit post-<span class="hlt">warm</span>-up T m maintenance. Ten male cyclists completed 15-min sprint-based <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up followed by 30 min recovery. Vastus lateralis Tm (Tmvl) was measured at deep-, mid- and superficial-depths before and after the <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up, and after the recovery <span class="hlt">period</span> (POST-REC). During the recovery <span class="hlt">period</span>, participants wore water-perfused trousers heated to 43 °C (WPT43) with either whole leg heating (WHOLE) or upper leg heating (UPPER), which was compared to heating with electrically heated trousers at 40 °C (ELEC40) and a non-heated control (CON). The blood flow cooling effect on Tmvl was studied comparing one leg with (BF) and without (NBF) blood flow. <span class="hlt">Warm</span>-up exercise significantly increased Tmvl by ~3 °C at all depths. After the recovery <span class="hlt">period</span>, BF Tmvl was lower (~0.3 °C) than NBF Tmvl at all measured depths, with no difference between WHOLE versus UPPER. WPT43 reduced the post-<span class="hlt">warm</span>-up drop in deep-Tmvl (-0.12 °C ± 0.3 °C) compared to ELEC40 (-1.08 ± 0.4 °C) and CON (-1.3 ± 0.3 °C), whereas mid- and superficial-Tmvl even increased by 0.15 ± 0.3 and 1.1 ± 1.1 °C, respectively. Thigh blood flow contributes to the post-<span class="hlt">warm</span>-up Tmvl decline. Optimising the external heating procedure and increasing heating temperature of only 3 °C successfully maintained and even increased T mvl, demonstrating that heating temperature is the major determinant of post-<span class="hlt">warm</span>-up Tmvl cooling in this application.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy...48..987Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy...48..987Z"><span>Relative roles of differential SST <span class="hlt">warming</span>, uniform SST <span class="hlt">warming</span> and land surface <span class="hlt">warming</span> in determining the Walker circulation changes under global <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Lei; Li, Tim</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>Most of CMIP5 models projected a weakened Walker circulation in tropical Pacific, but what causes such change is still an open question. By conducting idealized numerical simulations separating the effects of the spatially uniform sea surface temperature (SST) <span class="hlt">warming</span>, extra land surface <span class="hlt">warming</span> and differential SST <span class="hlt">warming</span>, we demonstrate that the weakening of the Walker circulation is attributed to the western North Pacific (WNP) monsoon and South America land effects. The effect of the uniform SST <span class="hlt">warming</span> is through so-called "richest-get-richer" mechanism. In response to a uniform surface <span class="hlt">warming</span>, the WNP monsoon is enhanced by competing moisture with other large-scale convective branches. The strengthened WNP monsoon further induces surface westerlies in the equatorial western-central Pacific, weakening the Walker circulation. The increase of the greenhouse gases leads to a larger land surface <span class="hlt">warming</span> than ocean surface. As a result, a greater thermal contrast occurs between American Continent and equatorial Pacific. The so-induced zonal pressure gradient anomaly forces low-level westerly anomalies over the equatorial eastern Pacific and weakens the Walker circulation. The differential SST <span class="hlt">warming</span> also plays a role in driving low-level westerly anomalies over tropical Pacific. But such an effect involves a positive air-sea feedback that amplifies the weakening of both east-west SST gradient and Pacific trade winds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ThApC.tmp..203S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ThApC.tmp..203S"><span>A remarkable climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus over Northeast China since 1998</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sun, Xiubao; Ren, Guoyu; Ren, Yuyu; Fang, Yihe; Liu, Yulian; Xue, Xiaoying; Zhang, Panfeng</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Characteristics and causes of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus (GWH) phenomenon have received much attention in recent years. Monthly mean data of land surface air maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), and mean temperature (Tmean) of 118 national stations since 1951 in Northeast China are used in this paper to analyze the changes of land surface air temperature in recent 64 years with an emphasis on the GWH <span class="hlt">period</span>. The results show that (1) from 1951 to 2014, the <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends of Tmax, Tmin, and Tmean are 0.20, 0.42, and 0.34 °C/decade respectively for the whole area, with the <span class="hlt">warming</span> rate of Tmin about two times of Tmax, and the upward trend of Tmean obviously higher than mainland China and global averages; (2) in the <span class="hlt">period</span> 1998-2014, the annual mean temperature consistently exhibits a cooling phenomenon in Northeast China, and the trends of Tmax, Tmin, and Tmean are -0.36, -0.14, and -0.28 °C/decade respectively; (3) in the GWH <span class="hlt">period</span>, seasonal mean cooling mainly occurs in northern winter (DJF) and spring (MAM), but northern summer (JJA) and autumn (SON) still experience a <span class="hlt">warming</span>, implying that the annual mean temperature decrease is controlled by the remarkable cooling of winter and spring; (4) compared to the global and mainland China averages, the hiatus phenomenon is more evident in Northeast China, and the cooling trends are more obvious in the cold season; (5) the Northeast China cooling trend occurs under the circulation background of the negative phase Arctic Oscillation (AO), and it is also closely related to strengthening of the Siberia High (SH) and the East Asian Trough (EAT), and the stronger East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) over the GWH <span class="hlt">period</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCC...6..954C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCC...6..954C"><span><span class="hlt">Current</span> <span class="hlt">warming</span> will reduce yields unless maize breeding and seed systems adapt immediately</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Challinor, A. J.; Koehler, A.-K.; Ramirez-Villegas, J.; Whitfield, S.; Das, B.</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>The development of crop varieties that are better suited to new climatic conditions is vital for future food production. Increases in mean temperature accelerate crop development, resulting in shorter crop durations and reduced time to accumulate biomass and yield. The process of breeding, delivery and adoption (BDA) of new maize varieties can take up to 30 years. Here, we assess for the first time the implications of <span class="hlt">warming</span> during the BDA process by using five bias-corrected global climate models and four representative concentration pathways with realistic scenarios of maize BDA times in Africa. The results show that the projected difference in temperature between the start and end of the maize BDA cycle results in shorter crop durations that are outside <span class="hlt">current</span> variability. Both adaptation and mitigation can reduce duration loss. In particular, climate projections have the potential to provide target elevated temperatures for breeding. Whilst options for reducing BDA time are highly context dependent, common threads include improved recording and sharing of data across regions for the whole BDA cycle, streamlining of regulation, and capacity building. Finally, we show that the results have implications for maize across the tropics, where similar shortening of duration is projected.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18268328','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18268328"><span>King penguin population threatened by Southern Ocean <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Le Bohec, Céline; Durant, Joël M; Gauthier-Clerc, Michel; Stenseth, Nils C; Park, Young-Hyang; Pradel, Roger; Grémillet, David; Gendner, Jean-Paul; Le Maho, Yvon</p> <p>2008-02-19</p> <p>Seabirds are sensitive indicators of changes in marine ecosystems and might integrate and/or amplify the effects of climate forcing on lower levels in food chains. <span class="hlt">Current</span> knowledge on the impact of climate changes on penguins is primarily based on Antarctic birds identified by using flipper bands. Although flipper bands have helped to answer many questions about penguin biology, they were shown in some penguin species to have a detrimental effect. Here, we present for a Subantarctic species, king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus), reliable results on the effect of climate on survival and breeding based on unbanded birds but instead marked by subcutaneous electronic tags. We show that <span class="hlt">warm</span> events negatively affect both breeding success and adult survival of this seabird. However, the observed effect is complex because it affects penguins at several spatio/temporal levels. Breeding reveals an immediate response to forcing during <span class="hlt">warm</span> phases of El Niño Southern Oscillation affecting food availability close to the colony. Conversely, adult survival decreases with a remote sea-surface temperature forcing (i.e., a 2-year lag <span class="hlt">warming</span> taking place at the northern boundary of pack ice, their winter foraging place). We suggest that this time lag may be explained by the delay between the recruitment and abundance of their prey, adjusted to the particular 1-year breeding cycle of the king penguin. The derived population dynamic model suggests a 9% decline in adult survival for a 0.26 degrees C <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Our findings suggest that king penguin populations are at heavy extinction risk under the <span class="hlt">current</span> global <span class="hlt">warming</span> predictions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA06427.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA06427.html"><span>Rita Roars Through a <span class="hlt">Warm</span> Gulf September 22, 2005</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2005-09-22</p> <p>This sea surface height map of the Gulf of Mexico, with the Florida peninsula on the right and the Texas-Mexico Gulf Coast on the left, is based on altimeter data from four satellites including NASA’s Topex/Poseidon and Jason. Red indicates a strong circulation of much warmer waters, which can feed energy to a hurricane. This area stands 35 to 60 centimeters (about 13 to 23 inches) higher than the surrounding waters of the Gulf. The actual track of a hurricane is primarily dependent upon steering winds, which are forecasted through the use of atmospheric models. However, the interaction of the hurricane with the upper ocean is the primary source of energy for the storm. Hurricane intensity is therefore greatly affected by the upper ocean temperature structure and can exhibit explosive growth over <span class="hlt">warm</span> ocean <span class="hlt">currents</span> and eddies. Eddies are <span class="hlt">currents</span> of water that run contrary to the direction of the main <span class="hlt">current</span>. According to the forecasted track through the Gulf of Mexico, Hurricane Rita will continue crossing the <span class="hlt">warm</span> waters of a Gulf of Mexico circulation feature called the Loop <span class="hlt">Current</span> and then pass near a <span class="hlt">warm</span>-water eddy called the Eddy Vortex, located in the north central Gulf, south of Louisiana. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA06427</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29631223','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29631223"><span>Combined effects of <span class="hlt">warming</span> and acidification on accumulation and elimination dynamics of paralytic shellfish toxins in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Braga, Ana C; Camacho, Carolina; Marques, António; Gago-Martínez, Ana; Pacheco, Mário; Costa, Pedro R</p> <p>2018-07-01</p> <p>Harmful algal blooms (HAB) have been increasing in frequency and intensity most likely due to changes on global conditions, which constitute a significant threat to wild shellfish and its commercial farming. This study evaluated the impact of increasing seawater temperature and acidification on the accumulation/elimination dynamics of HAB-toxins in shellfish. Mytilus galloprovincialis were acclimated to four environmental conditions simulating different climate change scenarios: i) <span class="hlt">current</span> conditions, ii) <span class="hlt">warming</span>, iii) acidification and iv) interaction of <span class="hlt">warming</span> with acidification. Once acclimated, mussels were exposed to the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) producing dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum for 5 days and to non-toxic diet during the subsequent 10 days. High toxicity levels (1493 µg STX eq. kg -1 ) exceeding the safety limits were determined under <span class="hlt">current</span> conditions at the end of the uptake <span class="hlt">period</span>. Significantly lower PSP toxicity levels were registered for <span class="hlt">warming</span>- and acidification-acclimated mussels (661 and 761 µg STX eq. kg -1 ). The combined effect of both <span class="hlt">warming</span> and acidification resulted in PSP toxicity values slightly higher (856 μg STX eq. kg -1 ). A rapid decrease of toxicity was observed in mussels at the <span class="hlt">current</span> conditions after shifting to a non-toxic diet, which was not noticed under the predicted climate change scenarios. Variability of each PST analogue, measured throughout the experiment, highlighted different mechanisms are associated with changes of each environmental factor, although both resulting in lower toxicity. <span class="hlt">Warming</span>-acclimated mussels showed lower accumulation/elimination rates, while acidification-acclimated mussels showed higher capability to accumulate toxins, but also a higher elimination rate preventing high toxicity levels. As different mechanisms are triggered by <span class="hlt">warming</span> and acidification, their combined effect not leads to a synergism of their individual effects. The present work is the first</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMPP13F..03D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMPP13F..03D"><span><span class="hlt">Warming</span> and surface ocean acidification over the last deglaciation: implications for foraminiferal assemblages</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dyez, K. A.; Hoenisch, B.; deMenocal, P. B.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Although plankton drift with ocean <span class="hlt">currents</span>, their presence and relative abundance varies across latitudes and environmental seawater conditions (e.g. temperature, pH, salinity). While earlier studies have focused on temperature as the primary factor for determining the regional species composition of planktic foraminiferal communities, evidence has recently been presented that foraminiferal shell thickness varies with ocean pH, and it remains unclear whether ongoing ocean acidification will cause ecological shifts within this plankton group. The transition from the last glacial maximum (LGM; 19,000-23,000 years B.P.) to the late Holocene (0-5,000 years B.P.) was characterized by both <span class="hlt">warming</span> and acidification of the surface ocean, and thus provides an opportunity to study ecosystem shifts in response to these environmental changes. Here we provide new δ11B, Mg/Ca, and δ18O measurements from a suite of global sediment cores spanning this time range. We use these geochemical data to reconstruct ocean temperature, pH and salinity and pair the new data with previously published analyses of planktic foraminifera assemblages to study the respective effects of ocean <span class="hlt">warming</span> and acidification on the foraminiferal habitat. At most open-ocean sample locations, our proxies indicate <span class="hlt">warming</span> and acidification similar to previously published estimates, but in some marginal seas and coastal locations pH changes little between over the glacial termination. At face value, these observations suggest that <span class="hlt">warming</span> is generally more important for ecosystem changes than acidification, at least over the slow rates of <span class="hlt">warming</span> and ocean acidification in this time <span class="hlt">period</span>. While geochemical data collection is being completed, we aim to include these data in an ecological model of foraminiferal habitat preferences.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1392226','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1392226"><span>A zero-power <span class="hlt">warming</span> chamber for investigating plant responses to rising temperature</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Lewin, Keith F.; McMahon, Andrew M.; Ely, Kim S.</p> <p></p> <p>Advances in understanding and model representation of plant and ecosystem responses to rising temperature have typically required temperature manipulation of research plots, particularly when considering <span class="hlt">warming</span> scenarios that exceed <span class="hlt">current</span> climate envelopes. In remote or logistically challenging locations, passive <span class="hlt">warming</span> using solar radiation is often the only viable approach for temperature manipulation. But, <span class="hlt">current</span> passive <span class="hlt">warming</span> approaches are only able to elevate the mean daily air temperature by ~1.5 °C. Motivated by our need to understand temperature acclimation in the Arctic, where <span class="hlt">warming</span> has been markedly greater than the global average and where future <span class="hlt">warming</span> is projected to be ~2–3more » °C by the middle of the century; we have developed an alternative approach to passive <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Our zero-power <span class="hlt">warming</span> (ZPW) chamber requires no electrical power for fully autonomous operation. It uses a novel system of internal and external heat exchangers that allow differential actuation of pistons in coupled cylinders to control chamber venting. This enables the ZPW chamber venting to respond to the difference between the external and internal air temperatures, thereby increasing the potential for <span class="hlt">warming</span> and eliminating the risk of overheating. During the thaw season on the coastal tundra of northern Alaska our ZPW chamber was able to elevate the mean daily air temperature 2.6 °C above ambient, double the <span class="hlt">warming</span> achieved by an adjacent passively <span class="hlt">warmed</span> control chamber that lacked our hydraulic system. We describe the construction, evaluation and performance of our ZPW chamber and discuss the impact of potential artefacts associated with the design and its operation on the Arctic tundra. Our approach is highly flexible and tunable, enabling customization for use in many different environments where significantly greater temperature manipulation than that possible with existing passive <span class="hlt">warming</span> approaches is desired.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BGeo...14.4071L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BGeo...14.4071L"><span>A zero-power <span class="hlt">warming</span> chamber for investigating plant responses to rising temperature</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lewin, Keith F.; McMahon, Andrew M.; Ely, Kim S.; Serbin, Shawn P.; Rogers, Alistair</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Advances in understanding and model representation of plant and ecosystem responses to rising temperature have typically required temperature manipulation of research plots, particularly when considering <span class="hlt">warming</span> scenarios that exceed <span class="hlt">current</span> climate envelopes. In remote or logistically challenging locations, passive <span class="hlt">warming</span> using solar radiation is often the only viable approach for temperature manipulation. However, <span class="hlt">current</span> passive <span class="hlt">warming</span> approaches are only able to elevate the mean daily air temperature by ˜ 1.5 °C. Motivated by our need to understand temperature acclimation in the Arctic, where <span class="hlt">warming</span> has been markedly greater than the global average and where future <span class="hlt">warming</span> is projected to be ˜ 2-3 °C by the middle of the century; we have developed an alternative approach to passive <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Our zero-power <span class="hlt">warming</span> (ZPW) chamber requires no electrical power for fully autonomous operation. It uses a novel system of internal and external heat exchangers that allow differential actuation of pistons in coupled cylinders to control chamber venting. This enables the ZPW chamber venting to respond to the difference between the external and internal air temperatures, thereby increasing the potential for <span class="hlt">warming</span> and eliminating the risk of overheating. During the thaw season on the coastal tundra of northern Alaska our ZPW chamber was able to elevate the mean daily air temperature 2.6 °C above ambient, double the <span class="hlt">warming</span> achieved by an adjacent passively <span class="hlt">warmed</span> control chamber that lacked our hydraulic system. We describe the construction, evaluation and performance of our ZPW chamber and discuss the impact of potential artefacts associated with the design and its operation on the Arctic tundra. The approach we describe is highly flexible and tunable, enabling customization for use in many different environments where significantly greater temperature manipulation than that possible with existing passive <span class="hlt">warming</span> approaches is desired.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1392226-zero-power-warming-chamber-investigating-plant-responses-rising-temperature','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1392226-zero-power-warming-chamber-investigating-plant-responses-rising-temperature"><span>A zero-power <span class="hlt">warming</span> chamber for investigating plant responses to rising temperature</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Lewin, Keith F.; McMahon, Andrew M.; Ely, Kim S.; ...</p> <p>2017-09-19</p> <p>Advances in understanding and model representation of plant and ecosystem responses to rising temperature have typically required temperature manipulation of research plots, particularly when considering <span class="hlt">warming</span> scenarios that exceed <span class="hlt">current</span> climate envelopes. In remote or logistically challenging locations, passive <span class="hlt">warming</span> using solar radiation is often the only viable approach for temperature manipulation. But, <span class="hlt">current</span> passive <span class="hlt">warming</span> approaches are only able to elevate the mean daily air temperature by ~1.5 °C. Motivated by our need to understand temperature acclimation in the Arctic, where <span class="hlt">warming</span> has been markedly greater than the global average and where future <span class="hlt">warming</span> is projected to be ~2–3more » °C by the middle of the century; we have developed an alternative approach to passive <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Our zero-power <span class="hlt">warming</span> (ZPW) chamber requires no electrical power for fully autonomous operation. It uses a novel system of internal and external heat exchangers that allow differential actuation of pistons in coupled cylinders to control chamber venting. This enables the ZPW chamber venting to respond to the difference between the external and internal air temperatures, thereby increasing the potential for <span class="hlt">warming</span> and eliminating the risk of overheating. During the thaw season on the coastal tundra of northern Alaska our ZPW chamber was able to elevate the mean daily air temperature 2.6 °C above ambient, double the <span class="hlt">warming</span> achieved by an adjacent passively <span class="hlt">warmed</span> control chamber that lacked our hydraulic system. We describe the construction, evaluation and performance of our ZPW chamber and discuss the impact of potential artefacts associated with the design and its operation on the Arctic tundra. Our approach is highly flexible and tunable, enabling customization for use in many different environments where significantly greater temperature manipulation than that possible with existing passive <span class="hlt">warming</span> approaches is desired.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JOL....36..193Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JOL....36..193Z"><span>An aftereffect of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> on tropical Pacific decadal variability</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zheng, Jian; Liu, Qinyu; Wang, Chuanyang</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Studies have shown that global <span class="hlt">warming</span> over the past six decades can weaken the tropical Pacific Walker circulation and maintain the positive phase of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). Based on observations and model simulations, another aftereffect of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> on IPO is found. After removing linear trends (global <span class="hlt">warming</span> signals) from observations, however, the tropical Pacific climate still exhibited some obvious differences between two IPO negative phases. The boreal winter (DJF) equatorial central-eastern Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) was colder during the 1999-2014 <span class="hlt">period</span> (P2) than that during 1961-1976 (P1). This difference may have been a result of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> nonlinear modulation of precipitation; i.e., in the climatological rainy region, the core area of the tropical Indo-western Pacific <span class="hlt">warm</span> pool receives more precipitation through the "wet-get-wetter" mechanism. Positive precipitation anomalies in the <span class="hlt">warm</span> pool during P2 are much stronger than those during P1, even after subtracting the linear trend. Corresponding to the differences of precipitation, the Pacific Walker circulation is stronger in P2 than in P1. Consequent easterly winds over the equatorial Pacific led to a colder equatorial eastern-central Pacific during P2. Therefore, tropical Pacific climate differences between the two negative IPO phases are aftereffects of global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. These aftereffects are supported by the results of coupled climate model experiments, with and without global <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1439712-accelerated-increase-arctic-tropospheric-warming-events-surpassing-stratospheric-warming-events-during-winter-accelerated-increase-arctic-warming','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1439712-accelerated-increase-arctic-tropospheric-warming-events-surpassing-stratospheric-warming-events-during-winter-accelerated-increase-arctic-warming"><span>Accelerated increase in the Arctic tropospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> events surpassing stratospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> events during winter: Accelerated Increase in Arctic <span class="hlt">Warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wang, S. -Y. Simon; Lin, Yen-Heng; Lee, Ming-Ying</p> <p></p> <p>In January 2016, a robust reversal of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) took place associated with a rapid tropospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the Arctic region; this was followed by the occurrence of a classic sudden stratospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> in March-April. The succession of these two distinct Arctic <span class="hlt">warming</span> events provides a stimulating opportunity to examine their characteristics in terms of similarities and differences. Historical cases of these two types of Arctic <span class="hlt">warming</span> were identified and validated based upon tropical linkages with the Madden-Julian Oscillation and El Niño as well as those documented in previous studies. Our results indicate a recent and accelerated increasemore » in the tropospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> type versus a flat trend in stratospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> type. Given that tropospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> events occur twice as fast than the stratospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> type, the noted increase in the former implies further intensification in midlatitude winter weather extremes similar to those experienced in early 2016. Forced simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model suggest that the reduced Arctic sea ice contributes to the observed increase in the tropospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> events and associated impact on the anomalously cold Siberia.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22127162','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22127162"><span>Effect of regional climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> on the phenology of butterflies in boreal forests in Manitoba, Canada.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Westwood, A R; Blair, D</p> <p>2010-08-01</p> <p>We examined the effect of regional climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> on the phenology of butterfly species in boreal forest ecosystems in Manitoba, Canada. For the <span class="hlt">period</span> 1971-2004, the mean monthly temperatures in January, September, and December increased significantly, as did the mean temperatures for several concurrent monthly <span class="hlt">periods</span>. The mean annual temperature increased ≈ 0.05°C/yr over the study <span class="hlt">period</span>. The annual number of frost-free days and degree-day accumulations increased as well. We measured the response of 19 common butterfly species to these temperature changes with the date of first appearance, week of peak abundance, and the length of flight <span class="hlt">period</span> over the 33-yr <span class="hlt">period</span> of 1972-2004. Although adult butterfly response was variable for spring and summer months, 13 of 19 species showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in flight <span class="hlt">period</span> extending longer into the autumn. Flight <span class="hlt">period</span> extensions increased by 31.5 ± 13.9 (SD) d over the study <span class="hlt">period</span> for 13 butterfly species significantly affected by the <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend. The early autumn and winter months <span class="hlt">warmed</span> significantly, and butterflies seem to be responding to this <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend with a change in the length of certain life stages. Two species, Junonia coenia and Euphydryas phaeton, increased their northerly ranges by ≈ 150 and 70 km, respectively. Warmer autumns and winters may be providing opportunities for range extensions of more southerly butterfly species held at bay by past climatic conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA292114','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA292114"><span>Stochastic Modeling and Global <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Trend Extraction For Ocean Acoustic Travel Times.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1995-01-06</p> <p>consideration and that these models can not <span class="hlt">currently</span> be relied upon by themselves to predict global <span class="hlt">warming</span> . Experimental data is most certainly needed, not...only to measure global <span class="hlt">warming</span> itself, but to help improve the ocean model themselves. (AN)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/49483','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/49483"><span>Assessing Lebanon's wildfire potential in association with <span class="hlt">current</span> and future climatic conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>George H. Mitri; Mireille G. Jazi; David McWethy</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The increasing occurrence and extent of large-scale wildfires in the Mediterranean have been linked to extended <span class="hlt">periods</span> of <span class="hlt">warm</span> and dry weather. We set out to assess Lebanon's wildfire potential in association with <span class="hlt">current</span> and future climatic conditions. The Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI) was the primary climate variable used in our evaluation of climate/fire...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.U44A..02W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.U44A..02W"><span>Greenhouse gas release from arctic permafrost: positive feedback to climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> (Invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Walter Anthony, K. M.; Zimov, S. A.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>The release of carbon (C) in the form of greenhouse gases from thawing permafrost is one of the most likely and important positive feedbacks from the land to the atmosphere in a warmer world. Perennially frozen ground, known as permafrost, covers 20 percent of the Earth’s land surface. Recent accounting for C stored as far as 80m beneath the surface in permafrost (950 billion tons) more than doubles previous inventory estimates and is comparable to the <span class="hlt">current</span> atmospheric CO2 burden of 750 billion tons. Permafrost organic C accumulated over tens of thousands of years. In its frozen state this C is sequestered from the atmosphere, mitigating climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Long term borehole from Siberia and North America attest that permafrost is thawing. A third to half of permafrost is now within a degree to a degree and a half of thawing. In places where permafrost temperature crosses the critical 0°C threshold, ice melts causing thermokarst (ground surface collapse). Thermokarst features such as sink holes, pits, slope failure, mud flows, and the formation, expansion, and drainage of thaw lakes are widespread, up to 90% of the land area in some areas of the Arctic. Dating of features revealed that this process has been going on for the past 10,000 years, since the Earth entered the most recent interglacial <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span>. However, satellite records during the past 55 years suggest that permafrost thaw in some regions is accelerating. What will happen to the climate as the rest of the permafrost thaws? When permafrost thaws, organic C is made available to microbes, which rapidly degrade it, producing greenhouse gases such as CO2 and methane (CH4, 25 times the global <span class="hlt">warming</span> potential of CO2 over 100 years). A particularly important region for greenhouse gas emissions is the Siberian Yedoma Ice Complex (10^6 km2), a Pliestocene-aged permafrost type that contains roughly half of the Arctic’s permafrost C stock. Based on patterns of yedoma degradation during the present</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23731813','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23731813"><span>Experimental evaluation of reproductive response to climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> in an oviparous skink.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lu, Hongliang; Wang, Yong; Tang, Wenqi; DU, Weiguo</p> <p>2013-06-01</p> <p>The impact of climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> on organisms is increasingly being recognized. The experimental evaluation of phenotypically plastic responses to <span class="hlt">warming</span> is a critical step in understanding the biological effects and adaptive capacity of organisms to future climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Oviparous Scincella modesta live in deeply-shaded habitats and they require low optimal temperatures during embryonic development, which makes them suitable subjects for testing the effects of <span class="hlt">warming</span> on reproduction. We raised adult females and incubated their eggs under different thermal conditions that mimicked potential climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Female reproduction, embryonic development and hatchling traits were monitored to evaluate the reproductive response to <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Experimental <span class="hlt">warming</span> induced females to lay eggs earlier, but it did not affect the developmental stage of embryos at oviposition or the reproductive output. The high temperatures experienced by gravid females during <span class="hlt">warming</span> treatments reduced the incubation <span class="hlt">period</span> and increased embryonic mortality. The locomotor performance of hatchlings was not affected by the maternal thermal environment, but it was affected by the <span class="hlt">warming</span> treatment during embryonic development. Our results suggest that climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> might have a profound effect on fitness-relevant traits both at embryonic and post-embryonic stages in oviparous lizards. © 2012 Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd, ISZS and IOZ/CAS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70032682','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70032682"><span>The importance of <span class="hlt">warm</span> season <span class="hlt">warming</span> to western U.S. streamflow changes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Das, T.; Pierce, D.W.; Cayan, D.R.; Vano, J.A.; Lettenmaier, D.P.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Warm</span> season climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> will be a key driver of annual streamflow changes in four major river basins of the western U.S., as shown by hydrological model simulations using fixed precipitation and idealized seasonal temperature changes based on climate projections with SRES A2 forcing. <span class="hlt">Warm</span> season (April-September) <span class="hlt">warming</span> reduces streamflow throughout the year; streamflow declines both immediately and in the subsequent cool season. Cool season (October-March) <span class="hlt">warming</span>, by contrast, increases streamflow immediately, partially compensating for streamflow reductions during the subsequent <span class="hlt">warm</span> season. A uniform <span class="hlt">warm</span> season <span class="hlt">warming</span> of 3C drives a wide range of annual flow declines across the basins: 13.3%, 7.2%, 1.8%, and 3.6% in the Colorado, Columbia, Northern and Southern Sierra basins, respectively. The same <span class="hlt">warming</span> applied during the cool season gives annual declines of only 3.5%, 1.7%, 2.1%, and 3.1%, respectively. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JBIS...53..235M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JBIS...53..235M"><span><span class="hlt">Warming</span> Mars Using Artificial Super-Greenhouse Gases</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Marinova, M. M.; McKay, C. P.; Hashimoto, H.</p> <p></p> <p>Artificial super-greenhouse gases will be needed in terraforming Mars. They could be used to initiate <span class="hlt">warming</span> and also to supplement the greenhouse effect of a breathable oxygen/nitrogen atmosphere containing a limited amount of carbon dioxide. The leading super-greenhouse gas candidates are SF6 and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) such as CF4 and C2F6. The transmission spectra of C2F6, CF2Cl2, and CF3Cl were analyzed, and their specific absorption bands quantitatively assessed. A detailed band model was used to accurately calculate and compare the greenhouse <span class="hlt">warming</span> of Earth and Mars given different temperature profiles and concentrations of the gases. The results show that for the <span class="hlt">current</span> Mars, 0.1 Pa (10-6 atm) of a single super-greenhouse gas will result in a <span class="hlt">warming</span> of about 3 K. The synthesis of this amount of gas requires about 1020 J, equivalent to ~ 70 minutes of the total solar energy reaching Mars. Super-greenhouse gases are a viable method for <span class="hlt">warming</span> up a planet alone and are certainly practical in combination with other methods.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRG..121..249W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRG..121..249W"><span>Increased wintertime CO2 loss as a result of sustained tundra <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Webb, Elizabeth E.; Schuur, Edward A. G.; Natali, Susan M.; Oken, Kiva L.; Bracho, Rosvel; Krapek, John P.; Risk, David; Nickerson, Nick R.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Permafrost soils <span class="hlt">currently</span> store approximately 1672 Pg of carbon (C), but as high latitudes <span class="hlt">warm</span>, this temperature-protected C reservoir will become vulnerable to higher rates of decomposition. In recent decades, air temperatures in the high latitudes have <span class="hlt">warmed</span> more than any other region globally, particularly during the winter. Over the coming century, the arctic winter is also expected to experience the most <span class="hlt">warming</span> of any region or season, yet it is notably understudied. Here we present nonsummer season (NSS) CO2 flux data from the Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research project, an ecosystem <span class="hlt">warming</span> experiment of moist acidic tussock tundra in interior Alaska. Our goals were to quantify the relationship between environmental variables and winter CO2 production, account for subnivean photosynthesis and late fall plant C uptake in our estimate of NSS CO2 exchange, constrain NSS CO2 loss estimates using multiple methods of measuring winter CO2 flux, and quantify the effect of winter soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> on total NSS CO2 balance. We measured CO2 flux using four methods: two chamber techniques (the snow pit method and one where a chamber is left under the snow for the entire season), eddy covariance, and soda lime adsorption, and found that NSS CO2 loss varied up to fourfold, depending on the method used. CO2 production was dependent on soil temperature and day of season but atmospheric pressure and air temperature were also important in explaining CO2 diffusion out of the soil. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> stimulated both ecosystem respiration and productivity during the NSS and increased overall CO2 loss during this <span class="hlt">period</span> by 14% (this effect varied by year, ranging from 7 to 24%). When combined with the summertime CO2 fluxes from the same site, our results suggest that this subarctic tundra ecosystem is shifting away from its historical function as a C sink to a C source.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25640748','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25640748"><span>Design and performance of combined infrared canopy and belowground <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the B4<span class="hlt">WarmED</span> (Boreal Forest <span class="hlt">Warming</span> at an Ecotone in Danger) experiment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rich, Roy L; Stefanski, Artur; Montgomery, Rebecca A; Hobbie, Sarah E; Kimball, Bruce A; Reich, Peter B</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>Conducting manipulative climate change experiments in complex vegetation is challenging, given considerable temporal and spatial heterogeneity. One specific challenge involves <span class="hlt">warming</span> of both plants and soils to depth. We describe the design and performance of an open-air <span class="hlt">warming</span> experiment called Boreal Forest <span class="hlt">Warming</span> at an Ecotone in Danger (B4<span class="hlt">WarmED</span>) that addresses the potential for projected climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> to alter tree function, species composition, and ecosystem processes at the boreal-temperate ecotone. The experiment includes two forested sites in northern Minnesota, USA, with plots in both open (recently clear-cut) and closed canopy habitats, where seedlings of 11 tree species were planted into native ground vegetation. Treatments include three target levels of plant canopy and soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> (ambient, +1.7°C, +3.4°C). <span class="hlt">Warming</span> was achieved by independent feedback control of voltage input to aboveground infrared heaters and belowground buried resistance heating cables in each of 72-7.0 m(2) plots. The treatments emulated patterns of observed diurnal, seasonal, and annual temperatures but with superimposed <span class="hlt">warming</span>. For the 2009 to 2011 field seasons, we achieved temperature elevations near our targets with growing season overall mean differences (∆Tbelow ) of +1.84°C and +3.66°C at 10 cm soil depth and (∆T(above) ) of +1.82°C and +3.45°C for the plant canopies. We also achieved measured soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> to at least 1 m depth. Aboveground treatment stability and control were better during nighttime than daytime and in closed vs. open canopy sites in part due to calmer conditions. Heating efficacy in open canopy areas was reduced with increasing canopy complexity and size. Results of this study suggest the <span class="hlt">warming</span> approach is scalable: it should work well in small-statured vegetation such as grasslands, desert, agricultural crops, and tree saplings (<5 m tall). © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23422667','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23422667"><span>Increased ventilation of Antarctic deep water during the <span class="hlt">warm</span> mid-Pliocene.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhang, Zhongshi; Nisancioglu, Kerim H; Ninnemann, Ulysses S</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The mid-Pliocene <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span> is a recent <span class="hlt">warm</span> geological <span class="hlt">period</span> that shares similarities with predictions of future climate. It is generally held the mid-Pliocene Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation must have been stronger, to explain a weak Atlantic meridional δ(13)C gradient and large northern high-latitude <span class="hlt">warming</span>. However, climate models do not simulate such stronger Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, when forced with mid-Pliocene boundary conditions. Proxy reconstructions allow for an alternative scenario that the weak δ(13)C gradient can be explained by increased ventilation and reduced stratification in the Southern Ocean. Here this alternative scenario is supported by simulations with the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM-L), which simulate an intensified and slightly poleward shifted wind field off Antarctica, giving enhanced ventilation and reduced stratification in the Southern Ocean. Our findings challenge the prevailing theory and show how increased Southern Ocean ventilation can reconcile existing model-data discrepancies about Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation while explaining fundamental ocean features.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3586712','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3586712"><span>Increased ventilation of Antarctic deep water during the <span class="hlt">warm</span> mid-Pliocene</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zhang, Zhongshi; Nisancioglu, Kerim H.; Ninnemann, Ulysses S.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The mid-Pliocene <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span> is a recent <span class="hlt">warm</span> geological <span class="hlt">period</span> that shares similarities with predictions of future climate. It is generally held the mid-Pliocene Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation must have been stronger, to explain a weak Atlantic meridional δ13C gradient and large northern high-latitude <span class="hlt">warming</span>. However, climate models do not simulate such stronger Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, when forced with mid-Pliocene boundary conditions. Proxy reconstructions allow for an alternative scenario that the weak δ13C gradient can be explained by increased ventilation and reduced stratification in the Southern Ocean. Here this alternative scenario is supported by simulations with the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM-L), which simulate an intensified and slightly poleward shifted wind field off Antarctica, giving enhanced ventilation and reduced stratification in the Southern Ocean. Our findings challenge the prevailing theory and show how increased Southern Ocean ventilation can reconcile existing model-data discrepancies about Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation while explaining fundamental ocean features. PMID:23422667</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21078096','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21078096"><span>Predicted effects of climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> on the distribution of 50 stream fishes in Wisconsin, USA.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lyons, J; Stewart, J S; Mitro, M</p> <p>2010-11-01</p> <p>Summer air and stream water temperatures are expected to rise in the state of Wisconsin, U.S.A., over the next 50 years. To assess potential climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> effects on stream fishes, predictive models were developed for 50 common fish species using classification-tree analysis of 69 environmental variables in a geographic information system. Model accuracy was 56·0-93·5% in validation tests. Models were applied to all 86 898 km of stream in the state under four different climate scenarios: <span class="hlt">current</span> conditions, limited climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> (summer air temperatures increase 1° C and water 0·8° C), moderate <span class="hlt">warming</span> (air 3° C and water 2·4° C) and major <span class="hlt">warming</span> (air 5° C and water 4° C). With climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>, 23 fishes were predicted to decline in distribution (three to extirpation under the major <span class="hlt">warming</span> scenario), 23 to increase and four to have no change. Overall, declining species lost substantially more stream length than increasing species gained. All three cold-water and 16 cool-water fishes and four of 31 <span class="hlt">warm</span>-water fishes were predicted to decline, four <span class="hlt">warm</span>-water fishes to remain the same and 23 <span class="hlt">warm</span>-water fishes to increase in distribution. Species changes were predicted to be most dramatic in small streams in northern Wisconsin that <span class="hlt">currently</span> have cold to cool summer water temperatures and are dominated by cold-water and cool-water fishes, and least in larger and warmer streams and rivers in southern Wisconsin that are <span class="hlt">currently</span> dominated by <span class="hlt">warm</span>-water fishes. Results of this study suggest that even small increases in summer air and water temperatures owing to climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> will have major effects on the distribution of stream fishes in Wisconsin. © 2010 The Authors. Journal of Fish Biology © 2010 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23769238','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23769238"><span>A historical perspective of Global <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Potential from Municipal Solid Waste Management.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Habib, Komal; Schmidt, Jannick H; Christensen, Per</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>The Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) sector has developed considerably during the past century, paving the way for maximum resource (materials and energy) recovery and minimising environmental impacts such as global <span class="hlt">warming</span> associated with it. The <span class="hlt">current</span> study is assessing the historical development of MSWM in the municipality of Aalborg, Denmark throughout the <span class="hlt">period</span> of 1970 to 2010, and its implications regarding Global <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Potential (GWP(100)), using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. Historical data regarding MSW composition, and different treatment technologies such as incineration, recycling and composting has been used in order to perform the analysis. The LCA results show a continuous improvement in environmental performance of MSWM from 1970 to 2010 mainly due to the changes in treatment options, improved efficiency of various treatment technologies and increasing focus on recycling, resulting in a shift from net emission of 618 kg CO(2)-eq.tonne(-1) to net saving of 670 kg CO(2)-eq.tonne(-1) of MSWM. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5150659','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5150659"><span>Large differences in regional precipitation change between a first and second 2 K of global <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Good, Peter; Booth, Ben B. B.; Chadwick, Robin; Hawkins, Ed; Jonko, Alexandra; Lowe, Jason A.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>For adaptation and mitigation planning, stakeholders need reliable information about regional precipitation changes under different emissions scenarios and for different time <span class="hlt">periods</span>. A significant amount of <span class="hlt">current</span> planning effort assumes that each K of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> produces roughly the same regional climate change. Here using 25 climate models, we compare precipitation responses with three 2 K intervals of global ensemble mean <span class="hlt">warming</span>: a fast and a slower route to a first 2 K above pre-industrial levels, and the end-of-century difference between high-emission and mitigation scenarios. We show that, although the two routes to a first 2 K give very similar precipitation changes, a second 2 K produces quite a different response. In particular, the balance of physical mechanisms responsible for climate model uncertainty is different for a first and a second 2 K of <span class="hlt">warming</span>. The results are consistent with a significant influence from nonlinear physical mechanisms, but aerosol and land-use effects may be important regionally. PMID:27922014</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ClDy...42.3061B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ClDy...42.3061B"><span>Zonal structure and variability of the Western Pacific dynamic <span class="hlt">warm</span> pool edge in CMIP5</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brown, Jaclyn N.; Langlais, Clothilde; Maes, Christophe</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>The equatorial edge of the Western Pacific <span class="hlt">Warm</span> Pool is operationally identified by one isotherm ranging between 28° and 29 °C, chosen to align with the interannual variability of strong zonal salinity gradients and the convergence of zonal ocean <span class="hlt">currents</span>. The simulation of this edge is examined in 19 models from the World Climate Research Program Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), over the historical <span class="hlt">period</span> from 1950 to 2000. The dynamic <span class="hlt">warm</span> pool edge (DWPE), where the zonal <span class="hlt">currents</span> converge, is difficult to determine from limited observations and biased models. A new analysis technique is introduced where a proxy for DWPE is determined by the isotherm that most closely correlates with the movements of the strong salinity gradient. It can therefore be a different isotherm in each model. The DWPE is simulated much closer to observations than if a direct temperature-only comparison is made. Aspects of the DWPE remain difficult for coupled models to simulate including the mean longitude, the interannual excursions, and the zonal convergence of ocean <span class="hlt">currents</span>. Some models have only very weak salinity gradients trapped to the western side of the basin making it difficult to even identify a DWPE. The model's DWPE are generally 1-2 °C cooler than observed. In line with theory, the magnitude of the zonal migrations of the DWPE are strongly related to the amplitudes of the Nino3.4 SST index. Nevertheless, a better simulation of the mean location of the DWPE does not necessarily improve the amplitude of a model's ENSO. It is also found that in a few models (CSIROMk3.6, inmcm and inmcm4-esm) the <span class="hlt">warm</span> pool displacements result from a net heating or cooling rather than a zonal advection of <span class="hlt">warm</span> water. The simulation of the DWPE has implications for ENSO dynamics when considering ENSO paradigms such as the delayed action oscillator mechanism, the Advective-Reflective oscillator, and the zonal-advective feedback. These are also discussed in the context</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4796875','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4796875"><span>Nighttime <span class="hlt">warming</span> enhances drought resistance of plant communities in a temperate steppe</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Yang, Zhongling; Jiang, Lin; Su, Fanglong; Zhang, Qian; Xia, Jianyang; Wan, Shiqiang</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Drought events could have profound influence on plant community structure and ecosystem function, and have subsequent impacts on community stability, but we know little about how different climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> scenarios affect community resistance and resilience to drought. Combining a daytime and nighttime <span class="hlt">warming</span> experiment in the temperate steppe of north China with a natural drought event during the study <span class="hlt">period</span>, we tested how daytime and nighttime <span class="hlt">warming</span> influences drought resistance and resilience. Our results showed that the semi-arid steppe in north China was resistant to both daytime and nighttime <span class="hlt">warming</span>, but vulnerable to drought. Nighttime <span class="hlt">warming</span>, but not daytime <span class="hlt">warming</span>, enhanced community resistance to drought via stimulating carbon sequestration, whereas neither daytime nor nighttime <span class="hlt">warming</span> affected community resilience to drought. Large decline in plant community cover, primarily caused by the reduction in the cover of dominant and rare species rather than subordinate species during drought, did not preclude rapid ecosystem recovery. These findings suggest that nighttime <span class="hlt">warming</span> may facilitate ecosystem sustainability and highlight the need to assess the effects of climate extremes on ecosystem functions at finer temporal resolutions than based on diurnal mean temperature. PMID:26987482</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...623267Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...623267Y"><span>Nighttime <span class="hlt">warming</span> enhances drought resistance of plant communities in a temperate steppe</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yang, Zhongling; Jiang, Lin; Su, Fanglong; Zhang, Qian; Xia, Jianyang; Wan, Shiqiang</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>Drought events could have profound influence on plant community structure and ecosystem function, and have subsequent impacts on community stability, but we know little about how different climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> scenarios affect community resistance and resilience to drought. Combining a daytime and nighttime <span class="hlt">warming</span> experiment in the temperate steppe of north China with a natural drought event during the study <span class="hlt">period</span>, we tested how daytime and nighttime <span class="hlt">warming</span> influences drought resistance and resilience. Our results showed that the semi-arid steppe in north China was resistant to both daytime and nighttime <span class="hlt">warming</span>, but vulnerable to drought. Nighttime <span class="hlt">warming</span>, but not daytime <span class="hlt">warming</span>, enhanced community resistance to drought via stimulating carbon sequestration, whereas neither daytime nor nighttime <span class="hlt">warming</span> affected community resilience to drought. Large decline in plant community cover, primarily caused by the reduction in the cover of dominant and rare species rather than subordinate species during drought, did not preclude rapid ecosystem recovery. These findings suggest that nighttime <span class="hlt">warming</span> may facilitate ecosystem sustainability and highlight the need to assess the effects of climate extremes on ecosystem functions at finer temporal resolutions than based on diurnal mean temperature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5378077','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5378077"><span>Climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> and humans played different roles in triggering Late Quaternary extinctions in east and west Eurasia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wan, Xinru</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Climate change and humans are proposed as the two key drivers of total extinction of many large mammals in the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene, but disentangling their relative roles remains challenging owing to a lack of quantitative evaluation of human impact and climate-driven distribution changes on the extinctions of these large mammals in a continuous temporal–spatial dimension. Here, our analyses showed that temperature change had significant effects on mammoth (genus Mammuthus), rhinoceros (Rhinocerotidae), horse (Equidae) and deer (Cervidae). Rapid global <span class="hlt">warming</span> was the predominant factor driving the total extinction of mammoths and rhinos in frigid zones from the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. Humans showed significant, negative effects on extirpations of the four mammalian taxa, and were the predominant factor causing the extinction or major extirpations of rhinos and horses. Deer survived both rapid climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> and extensive human impacts. Our study indicates that both the <span class="hlt">current</span> rates of <span class="hlt">warming</span> and range shifts of species are much faster than those from the Late Pleistocene to Holocene. Our results provide new insight into the extinction of Late Quaternary megafauna by demonstrating taxon-, <span class="hlt">period</span>- and region-specific differences in extinction drivers of climate change and human disturbances, and some implications about the extinction risk of animals by recent and ongoing climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>. PMID:28330916</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5224792','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5224792"><span>Quantification of Local <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Trend: A Remote Sensing-Based Approach</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Rahaman, Khan Rubayet; Hassan, Quazi K.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Understanding the <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends at local level is critical; and, the development of relevant adaptation and mitigation policies at those levels are quite challenging. Here, our overall goal was to generate local <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend map at 1 km spatial resolution by using: (i) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-based 8-day composite surface temperature data; (ii) weather station-based yearly average air temperature data; and (iii) air temperature normal (i.e., 30 year average) data over the Canadian province of Alberta during the <span class="hlt">period</span> 1961–2010. Thus, we analysed the station-based air temperature data in generating relationships between air temperature normal and yearly average air temperature in order to facilitate the selection of year-specific MODIS-based surface temperature data. These MODIS data in conjunction with weather station-based air temperature normal data were then used to model local <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends. We observed that almost 88% areas of the province experienced <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends (i.e., up to 1.5°C). The study concluded that remote sensing technology could be useful for delineating generic trends associated with local <span class="hlt">warming</span>. PMID:28072857</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EaFut...4..472Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EaFut...4..472Y"><span>The global <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus: Slowdown or redistribution?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yan, Xiao-Hai; Boyer, Tim; Trenberth, Kevin; Karl, Thomas R.; Xie, Shang-Ping; Nieves, Veronica; Tung, Ka-Kit; Roemmich, Dean</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>Global mean surface temperatures (GMST) exhibited a smaller rate of <span class="hlt">warming</span> during 1998-2013, compared to the <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the latter half of the 20th Century. Although, not a "true" hiatus in the strict definition of the word, this has been termed the "global <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus" by IPCC (2013). There have been other <span class="hlt">periods</span> that have also been defined as the "hiatus" depending on the analysis. There are a number of uncertainties and knowledge gaps regarding the "hiatus." This report reviews these issues and also posits insights from a collective set of diverse information that helps us understand what we do and do not know. One salient insight is that the GMST phenomenon is a surface characteristic that does not represent a slowdown in <span class="hlt">warming</span> of the climate system but rather is an energy redistribution within the oceans. Improved understanding of the ocean distribution and redistribution of heat will help better monitor Earth's energy budget and its consequences. A review of recent scientific publications on the "hiatus" shows the difficulty and complexities in pinpointing the oceanic sink of the "missing heat" from the atmosphere and the upper layer of the oceans, which defines the "hiatus." Advances in "hiatus" research and outlooks (recommendations) are given in this report.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017A%26A...605A..15E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017A%26A...605A..15E"><span>Cold and <span class="hlt">warm</span> electrons at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Eriksson, A. I.; Engelhardt, I. A. D.; André, M.; Boström, R.; Edberg, N. J. T.; Johansson, F. L.; Odelstad, E.; Vigren, E.; Wahlund, J.-E.; Henri, P.; Lebreton, J.-P.; Miloch, W. J.; Paulsson, J. J. P.; Simon Wedlund, C.; Yang, L.; Karlsson, T.; Jarvinen, R.; Broiles, T.; Mandt, K.; Carr, C. M.; Galand, M.; Nilsson, H.; Norberg, C.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Context. Strong electron cooling on the neutral gas in cometary comae has been predicted for a long time, but actual measurements of low electron temperature are scarce. Aims: Our aim is to demonstrate the existence of cold electrons in the inner coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and show filamentation of this plasma. Methods: In situ measurements of plasma density, electron temperature and spacecraft potential were carried out by the Rosetta Langmuir probe instrument, LAP. We also performed analytical modelling of the expanding two-temperature electron gas. Results: LAP data acquired within a few hundred km from the nucleus are dominated by a <span class="hlt">warm</span> component with electron temperature typically 5-10 eV at all heliocentric distances covered (1.25 to 3.83 AU). A cold component, with temperature no higher than about 0.1 eV, appears in the data as short (few to few tens of seconds) pulses of high probe <span class="hlt">current</span>, indicating local enhancement of plasma density as well as a decrease in electron temperature. These pulses first appeared around 3 AU and were seen for longer <span class="hlt">periods</span> close to perihelion. The general pattern of pulse appearance follows that of neutral gas and plasma density. We have not identified any <span class="hlt">periods</span> with only cold electrons present. The electron flux to Rosetta was always dominated by higher energies, driving the spacecraft potential to order - 10 V. Conclusions: The <span class="hlt">warm</span> (5-10 eV) electron population observed throughout the mission is interpreted as electrons retaining the energy they obtained when released in the ionisation process. The sometimes observed cold populations with electron temperatures below 0.1 eV verify collisional cooling in the coma. The cold electrons were only observed together with the <span class="hlt">warm</span> population. The general appearance of the cold population appears to be consistent with a Haser-like model, implicitly supporting also the coupling of ions to the neutral gas. The expanding cold plasma is unstable, forming filaments that</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.468..959G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.468..959G"><span>Does <span class="hlt">warm</span> debris dust stem from asteroid belts?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Geiler, Fabian; Krivov, Alexander V.</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>Many debris discs reveal a two-component structure, with a cold outer and a <span class="hlt">warm</span> inner component. While the former are likely massive analogues of the Kuiper belt, the origin of the latter is still a matter of debate. In this work, we investigate whether the <span class="hlt">warm</span> dust may be a signature of asteroid belt analogues. In the scenario tested here, the <span class="hlt">current</span> two-belt architecture stems from an originally extended protoplanetary disc, in which planets have opened a gap separating it into the outer and inner discs which, after the gas dispersal, experience a steady-state collisional decay. This idea is explored with an analytic collisional evolution model for a sample of 225 debris discs from a Spitzer/IRS catalogue that are likely to possess a two-component structure. We find that the vast majority of systems (220 out of 225, or 98 per cent) are compatible with this scenario. For their progenitors, original protoplanetary discs, we find an average surface density slope of -0.93 ± 0.06 and an average initial mass of (3.3^{+0.4}_{-0.3})× 10^{-3} solar masses, both of which are in agreement with the values inferred from submillimetre surveys. However, dust production by short-<span class="hlt">period</span> comets and - more rarely - inward transport from the outer belts may be viable, and not mutually excluding, alternatives to the asteroid belt scenario. The remaining five discs (2 per cent of the sample: HIP 11486, HIP 23497, HIP 57971, HIP 85790, HIP 89770) harbour inner components that appear inconsistent with dust production in an 'asteroid belt.' <span class="hlt">Warm</span> dust in these systems must either be replenished from cometary sources or represent an aftermath of a recent rare event, such as a major collision or planetary system instability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27905442','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27905442"><span>Quantifying global soil carbon losses in response to <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Crowther, T W; Todd-Brown, K E O; Rowe, C W; Wieder, W R; Carey, J C; Machmuller, M B; Snoek, B L; Fang, S; Zhou, G; Allison, S D; Blair, J M; Bridgham, S D; Burton, A J; Carrillo, Y; Reich, P B; Clark, J S; Classen, A T; Dijkstra, F A; Elberling, B; Emmett, B A; Estiarte, M; Frey, S D; Guo, J; Harte, J; Jiang, L; Johnson, B R; Kröel-Dulay, G; Larsen, K S; Laudon, H; Lavallee, J M; Luo, Y; Lupascu, M; Ma, L N; Marhan, S; Michelsen, A; Mohan, J; Niu, S; Pendall, E; Peñuelas, J; Pfeifer-Meister, L; Poll, C; Reinsch, S; Reynolds, L L; Schmidt, I K; Sistla, S; Sokol, N W; Templer, P H; Treseder, K K; Welker, J M; Bradford, M A</p> <p>2016-11-30</p> <p>The majority of the Earth's terrestrial carbon is stored in the soil. If anthropogenic <span class="hlt">warming</span> stimulates the loss of this carbon to the atmosphere, it could drive further planetary <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Despite evidence that <span class="hlt">warming</span> enhances carbon fluxes to and from the soil, the net global balance between these responses remains uncertain. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of <span class="hlt">warming</span>-induced changes in soil carbon stocks by assembling data from 49 field experiments located across North America, Europe and Asia. We find that the effects of <span class="hlt">warming</span> are contingent on the size of the initial soil carbon stock, with considerable losses occurring in high-latitude areas. By extrapolating this empirical relationship to the global scale, we provide estimates of soil carbon sensitivity to <span class="hlt">warming</span> that may help to constrain Earth system model projections. Our empirical relationship suggests that global soil carbon stocks in the upper soil horizons will fall by 30 ± 30 petagrams of carbon to 203 ± 161 petagrams of carbon under one degree of <span class="hlt">warming</span>, depending on the rate at which the effects of <span class="hlt">warming</span> are realized. Under the conservative assumption that the response of soil carbon to <span class="hlt">warming</span> occurs within a year, a business-as-usual climate scenario would drive the loss of 55 ± 50 petagrams of carbon from the upper soil horizons by 2050. This value is around 12-17 per cent of the expected anthropogenic emissions over this <span class="hlt">period</span>. Despite the considerable uncertainty in our estimates, the direction of the global soil carbon response is consistent across all scenarios. This provides strong empirical support for the idea that rising temperatures will stimulate the net loss of soil carbon to the atmosphere, driving a positive land carbon-climate feedback that could accelerate climate change.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.540..104C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.540..104C"><span>Quantifying global soil carbon losses in response to <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Crowther, T. W.; Todd-Brown, K. E. O.; Rowe, C. W.; Wieder, W. R.; Carey, J. C.; Machmuller, M. B.; Snoek, B. L.; Fang, S.; Zhou, G.; Allison, S. D.; Blair, J. M.; Bridgham, S. D.; Burton, A. J.; Carrillo, Y.; Reich, P. B.; Clark, J. S.; Classen, A. T.; Dijkstra, F. A.; Elberling, B.; Emmett, B. A.; Estiarte, M.; Frey, S. D.; Guo, J.; Harte, J.; Jiang, L.; Johnson, B. R.; Kröel-Dulay, G.; Larsen, K. S.; Laudon, H.; Lavallee, J. M.; Luo, Y.; Lupascu, M.; Ma, L. N.; Marhan, S.; Michelsen, A.; Mohan, J.; Niu, S.; Pendall, E.; Peñuelas, J.; Pfeifer-Meister, L.; Poll, C.; Reinsch, S.; Reynolds, L. L.; Schmidt, I. K.; Sistla, S.; Sokol, N. W.; Templer, P. H.; Treseder, K. K.; Welker, J. M.; Bradford, M. A.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The majority of the Earth’s terrestrial carbon is stored in the soil. If anthropogenic <span class="hlt">warming</span> stimulates the loss of this carbon to the atmosphere, it could drive further planetary <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Despite evidence that <span class="hlt">warming</span> enhances carbon fluxes to and from the soil, the net global balance between these responses remains uncertain. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of <span class="hlt">warming</span>-induced changes in soil carbon stocks by assembling data from 49 field experiments located across North America, Europe and Asia. We find that the effects of <span class="hlt">warming</span> are contingent on the size of the initial soil carbon stock, with considerable losses occurring in high-latitude areas. By extrapolating this empirical relationship to the global scale, we provide estimates of soil carbon sensitivity to <span class="hlt">warming</span> that may help to constrain Earth system model projections. Our empirical relationship suggests that global soil carbon stocks in the upper soil horizons will fall by 30 ± 30 petagrams of carbon to 203 ± 161 petagrams of carbon under one degree of <span class="hlt">warming</span>, depending on the rate at which the effects of <span class="hlt">warming</span> are realized. Under the conservative assumption that the response of soil carbon to <span class="hlt">warming</span> occurs within a year, a business-as-usual climate scenario would drive the loss of 55 ± 50 petagrams of carbon from the upper soil horizons by 2050. This value is around 12-17 per cent of the expected anthropogenic emissions over this <span class="hlt">period</span>. Despite the considerable uncertainty in our estimates, the direction of the global soil carbon response is consistent across all scenarios. This provides strong empirical support for the idea that rising temperatures will stimulate the net loss of soil carbon to the atmosphere, driving a positive land carbon-climate feedback that could accelerate climate change.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ThApC.128..193C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ThApC.128..193C"><span>Recent <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend in the coastal region of Qatar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cheng, Way Lee; Saleem, Ayman; Sadr, Reza</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The objective of this study was to analyze long-term temperature-related phenomena in the eastern portion of the Middle East, focusing on the coastal region of Qatar. Extreme temperature indices were examined, which were defined by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices, for Doha, Qatar; these indices were then compared with those from neighboring countries. The trends were calculated for a 30-year <span class="hlt">period</span> (1983-2012), using hourly data obtained from the National Climatic Data Center. The results showed spatially consistent <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends throughout the region. For Doha, 11 of the 12 indices studied showed significant <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends. In particular, the <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends were represented by an increase in the number of <span class="hlt">warm</span> days and nights and a decrease in the number of cool nights and days. The high-temperature extremes during the night have risen at more than twice the rate of their corresponding daytime extremes. The intensity and frequency of hot days have increased, and the minimum temperature indices exhibited a higher rate of <span class="hlt">warming</span>. The climatic changes in Doha are consistent with the region-wide heat-up in recent decades across the Middle East. However, the rapid economic expansion, increase of population since the 1990s, and urban effects in the region are thought to have intensified the rapidly <span class="hlt">warming</span> climate pattern observed in Doha since the turn of the century.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CSR...143..167I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CSR...143..167I"><span>Migration area of the Tsushima <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Current</span> Branches within the Sea of Japan: Implications from transport of 228Ra</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Inoue, M.; Shirotani, Y.; Furusawa, Y.; Fujimoto, K.; Kofuji, H.; Yoshida, K.; Nagao, S.; Yamamoto, M.; Hamajima, Y.; Honda, N.; Morimoto, A.; Takikawa, T.; Shiomoto, A.; Isoda, Y.; Minakawa, M.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>We investigated lateral profiles of 228Ra (half-life; 5.75 years) activity and 228Ra/226Ra (1600 years) activity ratio using 241 surface water samples collected in/around the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea (ECS) during June-October of 2009-2014. In the ECS, the 228Ra/226Ra ratio in the surface waters exhibited markedly wide variation (<0.05-3.5) in June, predominantly reflecting the mixing between the 228Ra-rich continental shelf water and the 228Ra-depleted Kuroshio <span class="hlt">Current</span> water. In July, the surface waters of the central Sea of Japan (135-138°E) became separated into three <span class="hlt">currents</span>: the Offshore Branch of the Tsushima <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Current</span> (OBTWC) (228Ra/226Ra =0.7-1.2) at 39-41°N, the Coastal Branch of the TWC (CBTWC) ( 0.7) on the southern side, and sub-Arctic <span class="hlt">Current</span> ( 0.7) on the northern side. From the central to northeastern Sea of Japan, the 228Ra/226Ra ratio at the surface (0.8-1.0) was within a range between that of the CBTWC and OBTWC. The fraction of continental shelf water in the CBTWC, OBTWC, and in their combined <span class="hlt">current</span> was estimated to be 11-16%, 8%, and 10-11%, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22321079','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22321079"><span>Effect of forced-air <span class="hlt">warming</span> on the performance of operating theatre laminar flow ventilation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dasari, K B; Albrecht, M; Harper, M</p> <p>2012-03-01</p> <p>Forced-air <span class="hlt">warming</span> exhaust may disrupt operating theatre airflows via formation of convection <span class="hlt">currents</span>, which depends upon differences in exhaust and operating room air temperatures. We investigated whether the floor-to-ceiling temperatures around a draped manikin in a laminar-flow theatre differed when using three types of <span class="hlt">warming</span> devices: a forced-air <span class="hlt">warming</span> blanket (Bair Hugger™); an over-body conductive blanket (Hot Dog™); and an under-body resistive mattress (Inditherm™). With forced-air <span class="hlt">warming</span>, mean (SD) temperatures were significantly elevated over the surgical site vs those measured with the conductive blanket (+2.73 (0.7) °C; p<0.001) or resistive mattress (+3.63 (0.7) °C; p<0.001). Air temperature differences were insignificant between devices at floor (p=0.339), knee (p=0.799) and head height levels (p=0.573). We conclude that forced-air <span class="hlt">warming</span> generates convection <span class="hlt">current</span> activity in the vicinity of the surgical site. The clinical concern is that these <span class="hlt">currents</span> may disrupt ventilation airflows intended to clear airborne contaminants from the surgical site. Anaesthesia © 2012 The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28832555','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28832555"><span>Impact of Soil <span class="hlt">Warming</span> on the Plant Metabolome of Icelandic Grasslands.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gargallo-Garriga, Albert; Ayala-Roque, Marta; Sardans, Jordi; Bartrons, Mireia; Granda, Victor; Sigurdsson, Bjarni D; Leblans, Niki I W; Oravec, Michal; Urban, Otmar; Janssens, Ivan A; Peñuelas, Josep</p> <p>2017-08-23</p> <p>Climate change is stronger at high than at temperate and tropical latitudes. The natural geothermal conditions in southern Iceland provide an opportunity to study the impact of <span class="hlt">warming</span> on plants, because of the geothermal bedrock channels that induce stable gradients of soil temperature. We studied two valleys, one where such gradients have been present for centuries (long-term treatment), and another where new gradients were created in 2008 after a shallow crustal earthquake (short-term treatment). We studied the impact of soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> (0 to +15 °C) on the foliar metabolomes of two common plant species of high northern latitudes: Agrostis capillaris , a monocotyledon grass; and Ranunculus acris , a dicotyledonous herb, and evaluated the dependence of shifts in their metabolomes on the length of the <span class="hlt">warming</span> treatment. The two species responded differently to <span class="hlt">warming</span>, depending on the length of exposure. The grass metabolome clearly shifted at the site of long-term <span class="hlt">warming</span>, but the herb metabolome did not. The main up-regulated compounds at the highest temperatures at the long-term site were saccharides and amino acids, both involved in heat-shock metabolic pathways. Moreover, some secondary metabolites, such as phenolic acids and terpenes, associated with a wide array of stresses, were also up-regulated. Most <span class="hlt">current</span> climatic models predict an increase in annual average temperature between 2-8 °C over land masses in the Arctic towards the end of this century. The metabolomes of A. capillaris and R. acris shifted abruptly and nonlinearly to soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> >5 °C above the control temperature for the coming decades. These results thus suggest that a slight <span class="hlt">warming</span> increase may not imply substantial changes in plant function, but if the temperature rises more than 5 °C, <span class="hlt">warming</span> may end up triggering metabolic pathways associated with heat stress in some plant species <span class="hlt">currently</span> dominant in this region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5618329','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5618329"><span>Impact of Soil <span class="hlt">Warming</span> on the Plant Metabolome of Icelandic Grasslands</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gargallo-Garriga, Albert; Ayala-Roque, Marta; Granda, Victor; Sigurdsson, Bjarni D.; Leblans, Niki I. W.; Oravec, Michal; Urban, Otmar; Janssens, Ivan A.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Climate change is stronger at high than at temperate and tropical latitudes. The natural geothermal conditions in southern Iceland provide an opportunity to study the impact of <span class="hlt">warming</span> on plants, because of the geothermal bedrock channels that induce stable gradients of soil temperature. We studied two valleys, one where such gradients have been present for centuries (long-term treatment), and another where new gradients were created in 2008 after a shallow crustal earthquake (short-term treatment). We studied the impact of soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> (0 to +15 °C) on the foliar metabolomes of two common plant species of high northern latitudes: Agrostis capillaris, a monocotyledon grass; and Ranunculus acris, a dicotyledonous herb, and evaluated the dependence of shifts in their metabolomes on the length of the <span class="hlt">warming</span> treatment. The two species responded differently to <span class="hlt">warming</span>, depending on the length of exposure. The grass metabolome clearly shifted at the site of long-term <span class="hlt">warming</span>, but the herb metabolome did not. The main up-regulated compounds at the highest temperatures at the long-term site were saccharides and amino acids, both involved in heat-shock metabolic pathways. Moreover, some secondary metabolites, such as phenolic acids and terpenes, associated with a wide array of stresses, were also up-regulated. Most <span class="hlt">current</span> climatic models predict an increase in annual average temperature between 2–8 °C over land masses in the Arctic towards the end of this century. The metabolomes of A. capillaris and R. acris shifted abruptly and nonlinearly to soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> >5 °C above the control temperature for the coming decades. These results thus suggest that a slight <span class="hlt">warming</span> increase may not imply substantial changes in plant function, but if the temperature rises more than 5 °C, <span class="hlt">warming</span> may end up triggering metabolic pathways associated with heat stress in some plant species <span class="hlt">currently</span> dominant in this region. PMID:28832555</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCC...8..296T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCC...8..296T"><span>Cumulative carbon emissions budgets consistent with 1.5 °C global <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tokarska, Katarzyna B.; Gillett, Nathan P.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The Paris Agreement1 commits ratifying parties to pursue efforts to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5 °C relative to pre-industrial levels. Carbon budgets2-5 consistent with remaining below 1.5 °C <span class="hlt">warming</span>, reported in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5)2,6,8, are directly based on Earth system model (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5)7 responses, which, on average, <span class="hlt">warm</span> more than observations in response to historical CO2 emissions and other forcings8,9. These models indicate a median remaining budget of 55 PgC (ref. 10, base <span class="hlt">period</span>: year 1870) left to emit from January 2016, the equivalent to approximately five years of emissions at the 2015 rate11,12. Here we calculate <span class="hlt">warming</span> and carbon budgets relative to the decade 2006-2015, which eliminates model-observation differences in the climate-carbon response over the historical <span class="hlt">period</span>9, and increases the median remaining carbon budget to 208 PgC (33-66% range of 130-255 PgC) from January 2016 (with mean <span class="hlt">warming</span> of 0.89 °C for 2006-2015 relative to 1861-188013-18). There is little sensitivity to the observational data set used to infer <span class="hlt">warming</span> that has occurred, and no significant dependence on the choice of emissions scenario. Thus, although limiting median projected global <span class="hlt">warming</span> to below 1.5 °C is undoubtedly challenging19-21, our results indicate it is not impossible, as might be inferred from the IPCC AR5 carbon budgets2,8.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26634901','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26634901"><span>Passive heating following the prematch <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up in soccer: examining the time-course of changes in muscle temperature and contractile function.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Marshall, Paul W M; Cross, Rebecca; Lovell, Ric</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>This study examined changes in muscle temperature, electrically evoked muscle contractile properties, and voluntary power before and after a soccer specific active <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up and subsequent rest <span class="hlt">period</span>. Ten amateur soccer players performed two experimental sessions that involved performance of a modified FIFA 11+ soccer specific <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up, followed by a 12.5-min rest <span class="hlt">period</span> where participants were required to wear either normal clothing or a passive electrical heating garment was applied to the upper thigh muscles. Assessments around the <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up and cool-down included measures of maximal torque, rate of torque development, muscle temperature (Tm), and electrically evoked measures of quadriceps contractile function. Tm was increased after the <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up by 3.2 ± 0.7°C (P < 0.001). Voluntary and evoked rates of torque development increased after the <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up between 20% and 30% (P < 0.05), despite declines in both maximal voluntary torque and voluntary activation (P < 0.05). Application of a passive heating garment in the cool-down <span class="hlt">period</span> after the <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up did not effect variables measured. While Tm was reduced by 1.4 ± 0.4°C after the rest <span class="hlt">period</span> (P < 0.001), this value was still higher than pre <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up levels. Voluntary and evoked rate of torque development remained elevated from pre <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up levels at the end of the cool-down (P < 0.05). The soccer specific <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up elevated muscle temperature by 3.2°C and was associated with concomitant increases of between 20% and 30% in voluntary rate of torque development, which seems explained by elevations in rate-dependent measures of intrinsic muscle contractile function. Application of a passive heating garment did not attenuate declines in muscle temperature during a 12.5-min rest <span class="hlt">period</span>. © 2015 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley <span class="hlt">Periodicals</span>, Inc. on behalf of the American Physiological Society and The Physiological Society.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.8223S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.8223S"><span><span class="hlt">Warm</span> & wet or <span class="hlt">warm</span> & dry? - A tree-ring based drought reconstruction from the European lowlands with emphasis on the medieval climate anomaly</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Scharnweber, Tobias; Heinrich, Ingo; van der Maaten, Ernst; Heußner, Karl-Uwe; Wilmking, Martin</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Recent advances in reconstructing natural drought variability in Europe, such as the 'Old world drought atlas' (Cook et al., 2015), have sharpened our picture of historical hydroclimatic variability. However, our knowledge lacks high spatial resolution, especially for the northern non-arid regions. For example, it is still under debate if the so called medieval climate anomaly (MCA; ~950-1300 AD), a <span class="hlt">period</span> of <span class="hlt">warm</span> temperatures comparable to the contemporary <span class="hlt">warm</span> phase, was likewise accompanied by increased drought occurrence, or, on the contrary, was rather wet (e.g. Kress et al., 2014). Here, we present a new millennial long drought reconstruction based on a unique dataset of tree rings from historical and modern beech wood from the northeastern European lowlands. Beech has a stable and strong regional summer drought signal over the calibration <span class="hlt">period</span> of instrumental data (r>0.7 with drought index PDSI over 1900-2010) which, in contrast to other species such as oak, is consistent irrespective of the site/soil conditions the trees grew in. It can be assumed that during medieval times beech wood was available locally and not traded long distances. This strongly reduces the possibility that the new reconstruction mixes different signals of the possibly high spatial variability of precipitation. The extremely high replication of our chronology for the <span class="hlt">period</span> 1000-1300 AD (peak in town foundations in NE-Germany) with more than 600 series enables a direct comparison with the well replicated recent <span class="hlt">period</span> 1800-2010. In contrast to the results of Kress et al. (2014) for the Swiss Alps, but in accordance with the 'Old world drought atlas', our first results point at a rather dry and <span class="hlt">warm</span> MCA in NE-Germany. In addition they support the observation that the hydroclimate of the twentieth century was highly variable compared with the last millennium. References Cook ER, Seager R, Kushnir Y, et al. (2015) Old World megadroughts and pluvials during the Common Era. Science</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19195402','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19195402"><span>Distribution of a pelagic tunicate, Salpa fusiformis in <span class="hlt">warm</span> surface <span class="hlt">current</span> of the eastern Korean waters and its impingement on cooling water intakes of Uljin nuclear power plant.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chae, Jinho; Choi, Hyun Woo; Lee, Woo Jin; Kim, Dongsung; Lee, Jae Hac</p> <p>2008-07-01</p> <p>Impingement of a large amount of gelatinous plankton, Salpa fusiformis on the seawater intake system-screens in a nuclear power plant at Uljin was firstly recorded on 18th June 2003. Whole amount of the clogged animals was estimated were presumptively at 295 tons and the shortage of cooling seawater supply by the animal clogging caused 38% of decrease in generation capability of the power plant. Zooplankton collection with a multiple towing net during the day and at night from 5 to 6 June 2003 included various gelatinous zooplanktons known to be <span class="hlt">warm</span> water species such as salps and siphonophores. Comparatively larger species, Salpa fusiformis occupied 25.4% in individual density among the gelatinous plankton and showed surface distribution in the depth shallower than thermocline, performing little diel vertical migration. Temperature, salinity and satellite data also showed <span class="hlt">warm</span> surface <span class="hlt">current</span> predominated over the southern coastal region near the power plant in June. The results suggested that <span class="hlt">warm</span> surface <span class="hlt">current</span> occasionally extended into the neritic region may transfer S. fusiformis, to the waters off the power plant. The environmental factors and their relation to ecobiology of the large quantity of salpa population that are being sucked into the intake channel of the power plant are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC13A1193H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC13A1193H"><span>Who decides who has won the bet? Total and Anthropogenic <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Indices</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Haustein, K.; Allen, M. R.; Otto, F. E. L.; Schmidt, A.; Frame, D. J.; Forster, P.; Matthews, D.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>An extension of the idea of betting markets as a means of revealing opinions about future climate are climate policies indexed to geophysical indicators: for example, to ensure net zero global carbon dioxide emissions by the time anthropogenic <span class="hlt">warming</span> reaches 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial, given about 1 degree of <span class="hlt">warming</span> already, emissions must fall, on average, by 20% of their <span class="hlt">current</span> value for every tenth of a degree of anthropogenic <span class="hlt">warming</span> from now on. In principle, policies conditioned on some measure of attributable <span class="hlt">warming</span> are robust to uncertainty in the global climate response: the risk of a higher or lower response than expected is borne by those affected by climate change mitigation policy rather than those affected by climate change impacts, as is the case with emission targets for specific years based on "<span class="hlt">current</span> understanding" of the response. To implement any indexed policy, or to agree payout terms for any bet on future climate, requires consensus on the definition of the index: how is it calculated, and who is responsible for releasing it? The global mean surface temperature of the <span class="hlt">current</span> decade relative to pre-industrial may vary by 0.1 degree or more depending on precisely what is measured, what is defined as pre-industrial, and the treatment of regions with sparse data coverage in earlier years. Indices defined using different conventions, however, are all expected to evolve very similarly over the coming decades, so agreeing on a conservative, traceable index such as HadCRUT is more important than debating the "true" global temperature. A more important question is whether indexed policies and betting markets should focus on total <span class="hlt">warming</span>, including natural and anthropogenic drivers and internal variability, or an Anthropogenic <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Index (AWI) representing an unbiased estimate of <span class="hlt">warming</span> attributable to human influence to date. We propose a simple AWI based solely on observed temperatures and global natural and anthropogenic forcing</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/55374','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/55374"><span>Accelerating net terrestrial carbon uptake during the <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus due to reduced respiration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Ashley Ballantyne; William Smith; William Anderegg; Pekka Kauppi; Jorge Sarmiento; Pieter Tans; Elena Shevliakova; Yude Pan; Benjamin Poulter; Alessandro Anav; Pierre Friedlingstein; Richard Houghton; Steven Running</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The recent '<span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus' presents an excellent opportunity to investigate climate sensitivity of carbon cycle processes. Here we combine satellite and atmospheric observations to show that the rate of net biome productivity (NBP) has significantly accelerated from-0.007 ± 0.065 PgC yr-2 over the <span class="hlt">warming</span> <span class="hlt">period</span> (1982 to 1998) to 0.119...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010069260','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010069260"><span><span class="hlt">Warm</span>-Core Intensification Through Horizontal Eddy Heat Transports into the Eye</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Braun, Scott A.; Montgomery, Michael T.; Fulton, John; Nolan, David S.; Starr, David OC (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>A simulation of Hurricane Bob (1991) using the PSU/NCAR MM5 mesoscale model with a finest mesh spacing of 1.3 km is used to diagnose the heat budget of the hurricane. Heat budget terms, including latent and radiative heating, boundary layer forcing, and advection terms were output directly from the model for a 6-h <span class="hlt">period</span> with 2-min frequency. Previous studies of <span class="hlt">warm</span> core formation have emphasized the <span class="hlt">warming</span> associated with gentle subsidence within the eye. The simulation of Hurricane Bob confirms subsidence <span class="hlt">warming</span> as a major factor for eye <span class="hlt">warming</span>, but also shows a significant contribution from horizontal advective terms. When averaged over the area of the eye, subsidence is found to strongly <span class="hlt">warm</span> the mid-troposphere (2-9 km) while horizontal advection <span class="hlt">warms</span> the mid to upper troposphere (5-13 km) with about equal magnitude. Partitioning of the horizontal advective terms into azimuthal mean and eddy components shows that the mean radial circulation does not, as expected, generally contribute to this <span class="hlt">warming</span>, but that it is produced almost entirely by the horizontal eddy transport of heat into the eye. A further breakdown of the eddy components into azimuthal wave numbers 1, 2, and higher indicates that the <span class="hlt">warming</span> is dominated by wave number 1 asymmetries, with smaller coming from higher wave numbers. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> by horizontal eddy transport is consistent with idealized modeling of vortex Rossby waves and work is in progress to identify and clarify the role of vortex Rossby waves in <span class="hlt">warm</span>-core intensification in both the full-physics model and idealized models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25866139','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25866139"><span><span class="hlt">Warming</span> of intravenous and irrigation fluids for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Campbell, Gillian; Alderson, Phil; Smith, Andrew F; Warttig, Sheryl</p> <p>2015-04-13</p> <p>Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (a drop in core temperature to below 36°C) occurs because of interference with normal temperature regulation by anaesthetic drugs, exposure of skin for prolonged <span class="hlt">periods</span> and receipt of large volumes of intravenous and irrigation fluids. If the temperature of these fluids is below core body temperature, they can cause significant heat loss. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> intravenous and irrigation fluids to core body temperature or above might prevent some of this heat loss and subsequent hypothermia. To estimate the effectiveness of preoperative or intraoperative <span class="hlt">warming</span>, or both, of intravenous and irrigation fluids in preventing perioperative hypothermia and its complications during surgery in adults. We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (2014, Issue 2), MEDLINE Ovid SP (1956 to 4 February 2014), EMBASE Ovid SP (1982 to 4 February 2014), the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Science (1950 to 4 February 2014), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) EBSCOhost (1980 to 4 February 2014) and reference lists of identified articles. We also searched the <span class="hlt">Current</span> Controlled Trials website and ClinicalTrials.gov. We included randomized controlled trials or quasi-randomized controlled trials comparing fluid <span class="hlt">warming</span> methods versus standard care or versus other <span class="hlt">warming</span> methods used to maintain normothermia. Two review authors independently extracted data from eligible trials and settled disputes with a third review author. We contacted study authors to ask for additional details when needed. We collected data on adverse events only if they were reported in the trials. We included in this review 24 studies with a total of 1250 participants. The trials included various numbers and types of participants. Investigators used a range of methods to <span class="hlt">warm</span> fluids to temperatures between 37°C and 41°C. We found that evidence was of moderate quality because descriptions of trial design were</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28349795','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28349795"><span>Effect of active <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up duration on morning short-term maximal performance during Ramadan.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Baklouti, Hana; Chtourou, Hamdi; Aloui, Asma; Chaouachi, Anis; Souissi, Nizar</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Purpose To examine the effect of active <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up duration on short-term maximal performance assessed during Ramadan in the morning. Methods Twelve healthy active men performed four Wingate tests for measurement of peak power and mean power before and during Ramadan at 09:00 a.m. The tests were performed on separate days, after either a 5-min or a 15-min <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up. The <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up consisted in pedaling at 50% of the power output obtained at the last stage of a submaximal multistage cycling test. Oral temperature was measured at rest and after <span class="hlt">warming</span>-up. Furthermore, ratings of perceived exertion were obtained immediately after the Wingate test. Results Oral temperature was higher after the 15-min <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up than the 5-min <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up throughout the study. Moreover, peak power and mean power were higher after the 15-min <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up than the 5-min <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up before Ramadan. However, during Ramadan, there was no significant difference between the two <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up durations. In addition, ratings of perceived exertion were higher after the 15-min <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up than the 5-min <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up only during Ramadan. Conclusions There is no need to prolong the <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up <span class="hlt">period</span> before short-term maximal exercise performed during Ramadan in the morning.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25676856','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25676856"><span>Effect of active <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up duration on morning short-term maximal performance during Ramadan.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Baklouti, Hana; Chtourou, Hamdi; Aloui, Asma; Chaouachi, Anis; Souissi, Nizar</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>To examine the effect of active <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up duration on short-term maximal performance assessed during Ramadan in the morning. Twelve healthy active men performed four Wingate tests for measurement of peak power and mean power before and during Ramadan at 09:00 a.m. The tests were performed on separate days, after either a 5-min or a 15-min <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up. The <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up consisted in pedaling at 50% of the power output obtained at the last stage of a submaximal multistage cycling test. Oral temperature was measured at rest and after <span class="hlt">warming</span>-up. Furthermore, ratings of perceived exertion were obtained immediately after the Wingate test. Oral temperature was higher after the 15-min <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up than the 5-min <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up throughout the study. Moreover, peak power and mean power were higher after the 15-min <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up than the 5-min <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up before Ramadan. However, during Ramadan, there was no significant difference between the two <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up durations. In addition, ratings of perceived exertion were higher after the 15-min <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up than the 5-min <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up only during Ramadan. There is no need to prolong the <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up <span class="hlt">period</span> before short-term maximal exercise performed during Ramadan in the morning.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4326401','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4326401"><span>Effect of active <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up duration on morning short-term maximal performance during Ramadan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Baklouti, Hana; Chtourou, Hamdi; Aloui, Asma; Chaouachi, Anis; Souissi, Nizar</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Purpose To examine the effect of active <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up duration on short-term maximal performance assessed during Ramadan in the morning. Methods Twelve healthy active men performed four Wingate tests for measurement of peak power and mean power before and during Ramadan at 09:00 a.m. The tests were performed on separate days, after either a 5-min or a 15-min <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up. The <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up consisted in pedaling at 50% of the power output obtained at the last stage of a submaximal multistage cycling test. Oral temperature was measured at rest and after <span class="hlt">warming</span>-up. Furthermore, ratings of perceived exertion were obtained immediately after the Wingate test. Results Oral temperature was higher after the 15-min <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up than the 5-min <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up throughout the study. Moreover, peak power and mean power were higher after the 15-min <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up than the 5-min <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up before Ramadan. However, during Ramadan, there was no significant difference between the two <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up durations. In addition, ratings of perceived exertion were higher after the 15-min <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up than the 5-min <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up only during Ramadan. Conclusions There is no need to prolong the <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up <span class="hlt">period</span> before short-term maximal exercise performed during Ramadan in the morning. PMID:25676856</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29636418','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29636418"><span>Spider toxin inhibits gating pore <span class="hlt">currents</span> underlying <span class="hlt">periodic</span> paralysis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Männikkö, Roope; Shenkarev, Zakhar O; Thor, Michael G; Berkut, Antonina A; Myshkin, Mikhail Yu; Paramonov, Alexander S; Kulbatskii, Dmitrii S; Kuzmin, Dmitry A; Sampedro Castañeda, Marisol; King, Louise; Wilson, Emma R; Lyukmanova, Ekaterina N; Kirpichnikov, Mikhail P; Schorge, Stephanie; Bosmans, Frank; Hanna, Michael G; Kullmann, Dimitri M; Vassilevski, Alexander A</p> <p>2018-04-24</p> <p>Gating pore <span class="hlt">currents</span> through the voltage-sensing domains (VSDs) of the skeletal muscle voltage-gated sodium channel Na V 1.4 underlie hypokalemic <span class="hlt">periodic</span> paralysis (HypoPP) type 2. Gating modifier toxins target ion channels by modifying the function of the VSDs. We tested the hypothesis that these toxins could function as blockers of the pathogenic gating pore <span class="hlt">currents</span>. We report that a crab spider toxin Hm-3 from Heriaeus melloteei can inhibit gating pore <span class="hlt">currents</span> due to mutations affecting the second arginine residue in the S4 helix of VSD-I that we have found in patients with HypoPP and describe here. NMR studies show that Hm-3 partitions into micelles through a hydrophobic cluster formed by aromatic residues and reveal complex formation with VSD-I through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions with the S3b helix and the S3-S4 extracellular loop. Our data identify VSD-I as a specific binding site for neurotoxins on sodium channels. Gating modifier toxins may constitute useful hits for the treatment of HypoPP. Copyright © 2018 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPO24B2959C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPO24B2959C"><span>Effect of mesoscale eddies on the Taiwan Strait <span class="hlt">Current</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chang, Y. L.; Miyazawa, Y.; Guo, X.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>This study shows that mesoscale eddies can alter the Taiwan Strait <span class="hlt">current</span>. The 20-year data-assimilated Japan Coastal Ocean Predictability Experiment 2 (JCOPE2) reanalysis data are analyzed, and the results are confirmed with idealized experiments. The leading wind-forced seasonal cycle is excluded to focus on the effect of the eddy. The <span class="hlt">warm</span> eddy southwest of Taiwan is shown to generate a northward flow, whereas the cold eddy produces a southward <span class="hlt">current</span>. The effect of the eddy penetrates onto the shelf through the Joint Effect of Baroclinicity and Relief (JEBAR). The cross-isobath fluxes lead to shelfward convergence and divergence, setting up the modulation of the sea level slope. The resulting along-strait <span class="hlt">current</span> anomaly eventually affects a wide area of the Taiwan Strait. The stronger eddy leads to larger modification of the cross-shelf flows and sea level slope, producing a greater transport anomaly. The composite Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) serves as an indicator to show the change in Chl-a concentration in the strait in response to the eddy-induced <span class="hlt">current</span>. During the <span class="hlt">warm</span> eddy <span class="hlt">period</span>, the <span class="hlt">current</span> carries the southern water of lower concentration northward, reducing Chl-a concentration in the strait. In contrast, Chl-a is enhanced because the cold eddy-induced southward <span class="hlt">current</span> carries the northern water of higher concentration southward into the strait.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JGRD..107.4410J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JGRD..107.4410J"><span>Control of fossil-fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jacobson, Mark Z.</p> <p>2002-10-01</p> <p>Under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, no control of black carbon (BC) was considered. Here, it is found, through simulations in which 12 identifiable effects of aerosol particles on climate are treated, that any emission reduction of fossil-fuel (f.f.) particulate BC plus associated organic matter (OM) may slow global <span class="hlt">warming</span> more than may any emission reduction of CO2 or CH4 for a specific <span class="hlt">period</span>. When all f.f. BC + OM and anthropogenic CO2 and CH4 emissions are eliminated together, the <span class="hlt">period</span> is 25-100 years. It is also estimated that historical net global <span class="hlt">warming</span> can be attributed roughly to greenhouse gas plus f.f. BC + OM <span class="hlt">warming</span> minus substantial cooling by other particles. Eliminating all f.f. BC + OM could eliminate 20-45% of net <span class="hlt">warming</span> (8-18% of total <span class="hlt">warming</span> before cooling is subtracted out) within 3-5 years if no other change occurred. Reducing CO2 emissions by a third would have the same effect, but after 50-200 years. Finally, diesel cars emitting continuously under the most recent U.S. and E.U. particulate standards (0.08 g/mi; 0.05 g/km) may <span class="hlt">warm</span> climate per distance driven over the next 100+ years more than equivalent gasoline cars. Thus, fuel and carbon tax laws that favor diesel appear to promote global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Toughening vehicle particulate emission standards by a factor of 8 (0.01 g/mi; 0.006 g/km) does not change this conclusion, although it shortens the <span class="hlt">period</span> over which diesel cars <span class="hlt">warm</span> to 13-54 years. Although control of BC + OM can slow <span class="hlt">warming</span>, control of greenhouse gases is necessary to stop <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Reducing BC + OM will not only slow global <span class="hlt">warming</span> but also improve human health.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvB..93s5315A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvB..93s5315A"><span><span class="hlt">Current</span>-driven plasmonic boom instability in three-dimensional gated <span class="hlt">periodic</span> ballistic nanostructures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Aizin, G. R.; Mikalopas, J.; Shur, M.</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>An alternative approach of using a distributed transmission line analogy for solving transport equations for ballistic nanostructures is applied for solving the three-dimensional problem of electron transport in gated ballistic nanostructures with <span class="hlt">periodically</span> changing width. The structures with varying width allow for modulation of the electron drift velocity while keeping the plasma velocity constant. We predict that in such structures biased by a constant <span class="hlt">current</span>, a <span class="hlt">periodic</span> modulation of the electron drift velocity due to the varying width results in the instability of the plasma waves if the electron drift velocity to plasma wave velocity ratio changes from below to above unity. The physics of such instability is similar to that of the sonic boom, but, in the <span class="hlt">periodically</span> modulated structures, this analog of the sonic boom is repeated many times leading to a larger increment of the instability. The constant plasma velocity in the sections of different width leads to resonant excitation of the unstable plasma modes with varying bias <span class="hlt">current</span>. This effect (that we refer to as the superplasmonic boom condition) results in a strong enhancement of the instability. The predicted instability involves the oscillating dipole charge carried by the plasma waves. The plasmons can be efficiently coupled to the terahertz electromagnetic radiation due to the <span class="hlt">periodic</span> geometry of the gated structure. Our estimates show that the analyzed instability should enable powerful tunable terahertz electronic sources.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920019787&hterms=ammonia+effects&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dammonia%2Beffects','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920019787&hterms=ammonia+effects&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dammonia%2Beffects"><span>Was early Mars <span class="hlt">warmed</span> by ammonia?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kasting, J. F.; Brown, L. L.; Acord, J. M.; Pollack, J. B.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Runoff channels and valley networks present on ancient, heavily cratered Martian terrain suggests that the climate of Mars was originally <span class="hlt">warm</span> and wet. One explanation for the formation of these channels is that the surface was <span class="hlt">warmed</span> by the greenhouse effect of a dense, CO2 atmosphere. However, recent work shows that this theory is not consistent for the early <span class="hlt">period</span> of the solar system. One way to increase the surface temperature predicted is to assume that other greenhouse gases were present in Mars' atmosphere in addition to CO2 and H2O. This possible gas is ammonia, NH3. If ammonia was present in sufficient quantities, it could have raised the surface temperature to 273 K. An adequate source would have been volcanic outgassing if the NH3 produced was shielded from photolysis by an ultraviolet light absorber.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20622611','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20622611"><span>Preventing hypothermia: comparison of <span class="hlt">current</span> devices used by the US Army in an in vitro <span class="hlt">warmed</span> fluid model.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Allen, Paul B; Salyer, Steven W; Dubick, Michael A; Holcomb, John B; Blackbourne, Lorne H</p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to develop an in vitro torso model constructed with fluid bags and to determine whether this model could be used to differentiate between the heat prevention performance of devices with active chemical or radiant forced-air heating systems compared with passive heat loss prevention devices. We tested three active (Hypothermia Prevention Management Kit [HPMK], Ready-Heat, and Bair Hugger) and five passive (wool, space blankets, Blizzard blankets, human remains pouch, and Hot Pocket) hypothermia prevention products. Active <span class="hlt">warming</span> devices included products with chemically or electrically heated systems. Both groups were tested on a fluid model <span class="hlt">warmed</span> to 37 degrees C versus a control with no <span class="hlt">warming</span> device. Core temperatures were recorded every 5 minutes for 120 minutes in total. Products that prevent heat loss with an actively heated element performed better than most passive prevention methods. The original HPMK achieved and maintained significantly higher temperatures than all other methods and the controls at 120 minutes (p < 0.05). None of the devices with an actively heated element achieved the sustained 44 degrees C that could damage human tissue if left in place for 6 hours. The best passive methods of heat loss prevention were the Hot Pocket and Blizzard blanket, which performed the same as two of the three active heating methods tested at 120 minutes. Our in vitro fluid bag "torso" model seemed sensitive to detect heat loss in the evaluation of several active or passive <span class="hlt">warming</span> devices. All active and most passive devices were better than wool blankets. Under conditions near room temperature, passive <span class="hlt">warming</span> methods (Blizzard blanket or the Hot Pocket) were as effective as active <span class="hlt">warming</span> devices other than the original HPMK. Further studies are necessary to determine how these data can translate to field conditions in preventing heat loss in combat casualties.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1222411-impacts-climate-extremes-gross-primary-production-under-global-warming','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1222411-impacts-climate-extremes-gross-primary-production-under-global-warming"><span>Impacts of climate extremes on gross primary production under global <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Williams, I. N.; Torn, M. S.; Riley, W. J.; ...</p> <p>2014-09-24</p> <p>The impacts of historical droughts and heat-waves on ecosystems are often considered indicative of future global <span class="hlt">warming</span> impacts, under the assumption that water stress sets in above a fixed high temperature threshold. Historical and future (RCP8.5) Earth system model (ESM) climate projections were analyzed in this study to illustrate changes in the temperatures for onset of water stress under global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. The ESMs examined here predict sharp declines in gross primary production (GPP) at <span class="hlt">warm</span> temperature extremes in historical climates, similar to the observed correlations between GPP and temperature during historical heat-waves and droughts. However, soil moisture increases at themore » <span class="hlt">warm</span> end of the temperature range, and the temperature at which soil moisture declines with temperature shifts to a higher temperature. The temperature for onset of water stress thus increases under global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and is associated with a shift in the temperature for maximum GPP to warmer temperatures. Despite the shift in this local temperature optimum, the impacts of <span class="hlt">warm</span> extremes on GPP are approximately invariant when extremes are defined relative to the optimal temperature within each climate <span class="hlt">period</span>. The GPP sensitivity to these relative temperature extremes therefore remains similar between future and present climates, suggesting that the heat- and drought-induced GPP reductions seen recently can be expected to be similar in the future, and may be underestimates of future impacts given model projections of increased frequency and persistence of heat-waves and droughts. The local temperature optimum can be understood as the temperature at which the combination of water stress and light limitations is minimized, and this concept gives insights into how GPP responds to climate extremes in both historical and future climate <span class="hlt">periods</span>. Both cold (temperature and light-limited) and <span class="hlt">warm</span> (water-limited) relative temperature extremes become more persistent in future climate</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1222411-impacts-climate-extremes-gross-primary-production-under-global-warming','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1222411-impacts-climate-extremes-gross-primary-production-under-global-warming"><span>Impacts of climate extremes on gross primary production under global <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Williams, I. N.; Torn, M. S.; Riley, W. J.</p> <p></p> <p>The impacts of historical droughts and heat-waves on ecosystems are often considered indicative of future global <span class="hlt">warming</span> impacts, under the assumption that water stress sets in above a fixed high temperature threshold. Historical and future (RCP8.5) Earth system model (ESM) climate projections were analyzed in this study to illustrate changes in the temperatures for onset of water stress under global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. The ESMs examined here predict sharp declines in gross primary production (GPP) at <span class="hlt">warm</span> temperature extremes in historical climates, similar to the observed correlations between GPP and temperature during historical heat-waves and droughts. However, soil moisture increases at themore » <span class="hlt">warm</span> end of the temperature range, and the temperature at which soil moisture declines with temperature shifts to a higher temperature. The temperature for onset of water stress thus increases under global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and is associated with a shift in the temperature for maximum GPP to warmer temperatures. Despite the shift in this local temperature optimum, the impacts of <span class="hlt">warm</span> extremes on GPP are approximately invariant when extremes are defined relative to the optimal temperature within each climate <span class="hlt">period</span>. The GPP sensitivity to these relative temperature extremes therefore remains similar between future and present climates, suggesting that the heat- and drought-induced GPP reductions seen recently can be expected to be similar in the future, and may be underestimates of future impacts given model projections of increased frequency and persistence of heat-waves and droughts. The local temperature optimum can be understood as the temperature at which the combination of water stress and light limitations is minimized, and this concept gives insights into how GPP responds to climate extremes in both historical and future climate <span class="hlt">periods</span>. Both cold (temperature and light-limited) and <span class="hlt">warm</span> (water-limited) relative temperature extremes become more persistent in future climate</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005GPC....49..187O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005GPC....49..187O"><span>The recent <span class="hlt">warming</span> of permafrost in Alaska</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Osterkamp, T. E.</p> <p>2005-12-01</p> <p>This paper reports results of an experiment initiated in 1977 to determine the effects of climate on permafrost in Alaska. Permafrost observatories with boreholes were established along a north-south transect of Alaska in undisturbed permafrost terrain. The analysis and interpretation of annual temperature measurements in the boreholes and daily temperature measurements of the air, ground and permafrost surfaces made with automated temperature loggers are reported. Permafrost temperatures <span class="hlt">warmed</span> along this transect coincident with a statewide <span class="hlt">warming</span> of air temperatures that began in 1977. At two sites on the Arctic Coastal Plain, the <span class="hlt">warming</span> was seasonal, greatest during "winter" months (October through May) and least during "summer" months (June through September). Permafrost temperatures peaked in the early 1980s and then decreased in response to slightly cooler air temperatures and thinner snow covers. Arctic sites began <span class="hlt">warming</span> again typically about 1986 and Interior Alaska sites about 1988. Gulkana, the southernmost site, has been <span class="hlt">warming</span> slowly since it was drilled in 1983. Air temperatures were relatively <span class="hlt">warm</span> and snow covers were thicker-than-normal from the late 1980s into the late 1990s allowing permafrost temperatures to continue to <span class="hlt">warm</span>. Temperatures at some sites leveled off or cooled slightly at the turn of the century. Two sites (Yukon River Bridge and Livengood) cooled during the <span class="hlt">period</span> of observations. The magnitude of the total <span class="hlt">warming</span> at the surface of the permafrost (through 2003) was 3 to 4 °C for the Arctic Coastal Plain, 1 to 2 °C for the Brooks Range including its northern and southern foothills, and 0.3 to 1 °C south of the Yukon River. While the data are sparse, permafrost is <span class="hlt">warming</span> throughout the region north of the Brooks Range, southward along the transect from the Brooks Range to the Chugach Mountains (except for Yukon River and Livengood), in Interior Alaska throughout the Tanana River region, and in the region south of the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24115181','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24115181"><span>The seasonal timing of <span class="hlt">warming</span> that controls onset of the growing season.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Clark, James S; Melillo, Jerry; Mohan, Jacqueline; Salk, Carl</p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>Forecasting how global <span class="hlt">warming</span> will affect onset of the growing season is essential for predicting terrestrial productivity, but suffers from conflicting evidence. We show that accurate estimates require ways to connect discrete observations of changing tree status (e.g., pre- vs. post budbreak) with continuous responses to fluctuating temperatures. By coherently synthesizing discrete observations with continuous responses to temperature variation, we accurately quantify how increasing temperature variation accelerates onset of growth. Application to <span class="hlt">warming</span> experiments at two latitudes demonstrates that maximum responses to <span class="hlt">warming</span> are concentrated in late winter, weeks ahead of the main budbreak <span class="hlt">period</span>. Given that <span class="hlt">warming</span> will not occur uniformly over the year, knowledge of when temperature variation has the most impact can guide prediction. Responses are large and heterogeneous, yet predictable. The approach has immediate application to forecasting effects of <span class="hlt">warming</span> on growing season length, requiring only information that is readily available from weather stations and generated in climate models. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1057945-assessment-boreal-forest-historical-dynamics-yukon-river-basin-relative-roles-warming-fire-regime-change','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1057945-assessment-boreal-forest-historical-dynamics-yukon-river-basin-relative-roles-warming-fire-regime-change"><span>Assessment of boreal forest historical C dynamics in Yukon River Basin: relative roles of <span class="hlt">warming</span> and fire regime change</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Yuan, Fengming; Yi, Shuhua; McGuire, A. David</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Carbon (C) dynamics of boreal forest ecosystems have substantial implications for efforts to mitigate the rise of atmospheric CO2 and may be substantially influenced by <span class="hlt">warming</span> and changing wildfire regimes. In this study we applied a large-scale ecosystem model that included dynamics of organic soil horizons and soil organic matter characteristics of multiple pools to assess forest C stock changes of the Yukon River Basin (YRB) in Alaska, USA, and Canada from 1960 through 2006, a <span class="hlt">period</span> characterized by substantial climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> and increases in wildfire. The model was calibrated for major forests with data from long-term research sites andmore » evaluated using a forest inventory database. The regional assessment indicates that forest vegetation C storage increased by 46 Tg C, but that total soil C storage did not change appreciably during this <span class="hlt">period</span>. However, further analysis suggests that C has been continuously lost from the mineral soil horizon since <span class="hlt">warming</span> began in the 1970s, but has increased in the amorphous organic soil horizon. Based on a factorial experiment, soil C stocks would have increased by 158 Tg C if the YRB had not undergone <span class="hlt">warming</span> and changes in fire regime. The analysis also identified that <span class="hlt">warming</span> and changes in fire regime were approximately equivalent in their effects on soil C storage, and interactions between these two suggests that the loss of organic horizon thickness associated with increases in wildfire made deeper soil C stocks more vulnerable to loss via decomposition. Subbasin analyses indicate that C stock changes were primarily sensitive to the fraction of burned forest area within each subbasin and that boreal forest ecosystems in the YRB are <span class="hlt">currently</span> transitioning from being sinks to sources at ;0.7% annual area burned. We conclude that it is important for international mitigation efforts focused on controlling atmospheric CO2 to consider how climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> and changes in fire regime may concurrently affect the CO2</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CorRe..36..131R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CorRe..36..131R"><span>Thermosensitive <span class="hlt">period</span> of sex determination in the coral-reef damselfish Acanthochromis polyacanthus and the implications of projected ocean <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rodgers, G. G.; Donelson, J. M.; Munday, P. L.</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>Higher temperatures associated with climate change have the potential to significantly alter the population sex ratio of species with temperature-dependent sex determination. Whether or not elevated temperature affects sex determination depends on both the absolute temperature experienced and the stage of development at which the thermal conditions occur. We explored the importance of exposure timing during early development in the coral reef fish, Acanthochromis polyacanthus, by increasing water temperature 1.5 or 3 °C above the summer average (28.5 °C) at different stages of development. We also measured the effect of treatment temperature on fish size and condition, in order to gauge how the thermal threshold for sex-ratio bias may compare with other commonly considered physiological metrics. Increasing grow-out temperature from 28.5 to 30 °C had no effect on the sex ratio of offspring, whereas an increase to 31.5 °C (+3 °C) produced a strong male bias (average 90%). The thermosensitive <span class="hlt">period</span> for this species lasted between 25 and 60 d post hatching, with the bias in sex ratio greater the earlier that fish experienced <span class="hlt">warm</span> conditions. Temperatures high enough to bias the sex ratio are likely to be seen first during late summer (January and February) and would affect clutches produced late in the breeding season. There was no change to fish condition in response to temperature; however, the two higher temperature treatments produced significantly smaller fish at sampling. Clutches produced early in the season could buffer the population from a skewed sex ratio, as their development will remain below the thermal threshold; however, continued ocean <span class="hlt">warming</span> could mean that clutches produced earlier in the breeding season would also be affected in the longer term. A skewed sex ratio could be detrimental to population viability by reducing the number of females in the breeding population.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4700692','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4700692"><span>The effects of <span class="hlt">warmed</span> intravenous fluids, combined <span class="hlt">warming</span> (<span class="hlt">warmed</span> intravenous fluids with humid-<span class="hlt">warm</span> oxygen), and pethidine on the severity of shivering in general anesthesia patients in the recovery room</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Nasiri, Ahmad; Akbari, Ayob; Sharifzade, GholamReza; Derakhshan, Pooya</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Background: Shivering is a common complication of general and epidural anesthesia. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> methods and many drugs are used for control of shivering in the recovery room. The present study is a randomized clinical trial aimed to investigate the effects of two interventions in comparison with pethidine which is the routine treatment on shivering in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with general anesthesia. Materials and Methods: Eighty-seven patients undergoing abdominal surgery by general anesthesia were randomly assigned to three groups (two intervention groups in comparison with pethidine as routine). Patients in <span class="hlt">warmed</span> intravenous fluids group received pre-<span class="hlt">warmed</span> Ringer serum (38°C), patients in combined <span class="hlt">warming</span> group received pre-<span class="hlt">warmed</span> Ringer serum (38°C) accompanied by humid-<span class="hlt">warm</span> oxygen, and patients in pethidine group received intravenous pethidine routinely. The elapsed time of shivering and some hemodynamic parameters of the participants were assessed for 20 min postoperatively in the recovery room. Then the collected data were analyzed by software SPSS (v. 16) with the significance level being P < 0.05. Results: The mean of elapsed time in the <span class="hlt">warmed</span> intravenous serum group, the combined <span class="hlt">warming</span> group, and the pethidine group were 7 (1.5) min, 6 (1.5) min, and 2.8 (0.7) min, respectively, which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The body temperatures in both combined <span class="hlt">warming</span> and pethidine groups were increased significantly (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Combined <span class="hlt">warming</span> can be effective in controlling postoperative shivering and body temperature increase. PMID:26793258</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70196987','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70196987"><span>Influences of spawning timing, water temperature, and climatic <span class="hlt">warming</span> on early life history phenology in western Alaska sockeye salmon</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Sparks, Morgan M.; Falke, Jeffrey A.; Quinn, Thomas P.; Adkison, Milo D.; Schindler, Daniel E.; Bartz, Krista K.; Young, Daniel B.; Westley, Peter A. H.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>We applied an empirical model to predict hatching and emergence timing for 25 western Alaska sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations in four lake-nursery systems to explore <span class="hlt">current</span> patterns and potential responses of early life history phenology to <span class="hlt">warming</span> water temperatures. Given experienced temperature regimes during development, we predicted hatching to occur in as few as 58 d to as many as 260 d depending on spawning timing and temperature. For a focal lake spawning population, our climate-lake temperature model predicted a water temperature increase of 0.7 to 1.4 °C from 2015 to 2099 during the incubation <span class="hlt">period</span>, which translated to a 16 d to 30 d earlier hatching timing. The most extreme scenarios of <span class="hlt">warming</span> advanced development by approximately a week earlier than historical minima and thus climatic <span class="hlt">warming</span> may lead to only modest shifts in phenology during the early life history stage of this population. The marked variation in the predicted timing of hatching and emergence among populations in close proximity on the landscape may serve to buffer this metapopulation from climate change.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20120016994&hterms=atlantic+meridional+overturning+circulation&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Datlantic%2Bmeridional%2Boverturning%2Bcirculation','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20120016994&hterms=atlantic+meridional+overturning+circulation&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Datlantic%2Bmeridional%2Boverturning%2Bcirculation"><span><span class="hlt">Warm</span> and Saline Events Embedded in the Meridional Circulation of the Northern North Atlantic</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hakkinen, Sirpa; Rhines, Peter B.; Worthen, Denise L.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Ocean state estimates from 1958 to 2005 from the Simple Ocean Assimilation System (SODA) system are analyzed to understand circulation between subtropical and subpolar Atlantic and their connection with atmospheric forcing. This analysis shows three <span class="hlt">periods</span> (1960s, around 1980, and 2000s) with enhanced <span class="hlt">warm</span>, saline waters reaching high latitudes, alternating with freshwater events originating at high latitudes. It complements surface drifter and altimetry data showing the subtropical -subpolar exchange leading to a significant temperature and salinity increase in the northeast Atlantic after 2001. The <span class="hlt">warm</span> water limb of the Atlantic meridional overturning cell represented by SODA expanded in density/salinity space during these <span class="hlt">warm</span> events. Tracer simulations using SODA velocities also show decadal variation of the Gulf Stream waters reaching the subpolar gyre and Nordic seas. The negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation index, usually invoked in such variability, fails to predict the <span class="hlt">warming</span> and salinization in the early 2000s, with salinities not seen since the 1960s. Wind stress curl variability provided a linkage to this subtropical/subpolar gyre exchange as illustrated using an idealized two ]layer circulation model. The ocean response to the modulation of the climatological wind stress curl pattern was found to be such that the northward penetration of subtropical tracers is enhanced when amplitude of the wind stress curl is weaker than normal. In this case both the subtropical and subpolar gyres weaken and the subpolar density surfaces relax; hence, the polar front moves westward, opening an enhanced northward access of the subtropical waters in the eastern boundary <span class="hlt">current</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22776105','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22776105"><span>Climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> and the decline of Taxus airborne pollen in urban pollen rain (Emilia Romagna, northern Italy).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mercuri, A M; Torri, P; Casini, E; Olmi, L</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Woody plant performance in a changing global environment has always been at the centre of palaeoenvironmental and long-term climate reconstructions carried out by means of pollen analysis. In Mediterranean regions, Taxus constitutes the highest percentage in past pollen diagrams from cold or cool <span class="hlt">periods</span>, and therefore it is generally considered a good index to infer climate features from past records. However, a comparison of these inferences with the true <span class="hlt">current</span> trends in pollen production has not been attemped until now. This study reports the decline of airborne pollen of Taxus observed in Emilia Romagna, a region of northern Italy, during the <span class="hlt">period</span> 1990-2007. Phenological observations on four male specimens and microscopic examination of fresh pollen were made in order to check Taxus flowering time and pollen morphology. Airborne pollen was monitored through continuous sampling with a Hirst volumetric sampler. In the 18-year long <span class="hlt">period</span> of investigation, Taxus pollen production has decreased, while total woody pollen abundance in air has increased. The trend of the Taxus pollen season shows a delay at the beginning, a shortening of the pollen <span class="hlt">period</span>, and an advance of the end of the pollen season. This was interpreted as a response to climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>. In particular, Taxus follows the behaviour of winter-flowering plants, and therefore earlier pollination is favoured at low autumn temperatures, while late pollination occurs more often, most likely after <span class="hlt">warm</span> autumn temperatures. © 2012 German Botanical Society and The Royal Botanical Society of the Netherlands.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AGUFMGC22B..09J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AGUFMGC22B..09J"><span>Control of Fossil-Fuel Particulate Black Carbon and Organic Matter, the Most Effective Method of Slowing Global <span class="hlt">Warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jacobson, M. Z.</p> <p>2001-12-01</p> <p>Under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, no control of black carbon (BC) was considered. Here, it is found, through simulations in which seven new particles feedbacks to climate are identified, that any emission reduction of fossil-fuel (f.f.) particulate BC plus associated organic matter (OM) will slow global <span class="hlt">warming</span> more than will any emission reduction of CO2 or CH4 for a definite time <span class="hlt">period</span>. When all f.f. BC+OM and anthropogenic CO2 and CH4 emissions are eliminated together, that <span class="hlt">period</span> is 20-90 years. It is also found that historical net global <span class="hlt">warming</span> can be attributed roughly to greenhouse-gas plus f.f. BC+OM <span class="hlt">warming</span> minus anthropogenic sulfate cooling. Eliminating all f.f. BC+OM could eliminate more than 40 percent of such net <span class="hlt">warming</span> within three years if no other changes occurred. Reducing CO2 emissions by a third would have the same effect, but after 50-200 years. Finally, diesel cars <span class="hlt">warm</span> climate more than do equivalent gasoline cars; thus, fuel- and carbon-tax laws that favor diesel promote global <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28330916','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28330916"><span>Climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> and humans played different roles in triggering Late Quaternary extinctions in east and west Eurasia.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wan, Xinru; Zhang, Zhibin</p> <p>2017-03-29</p> <p>Climate change and humans are proposed as the two key drivers of total extinction of many large mammals in the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene, but disentangling their relative roles remains challenging owing to a lack of quantitative evaluation of human impact and climate-driven distribution changes on the extinctions of these large mammals in a continuous temporal-spatial dimension. Here, our analyses showed that temperature change had significant effects on mammoth (genus Mammuthus ), rhinoceros (Rhinocerotidae), horse (Equidae) and deer (Cervidae). Rapid global <span class="hlt">warming</span> was the predominant factor driving the total extinction of mammoths and rhinos in frigid zones from the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. Humans showed significant, negative effects on extirpations of the four mammalian taxa, and were the predominant factor causing the extinction or major extirpations of rhinos and horses. Deer survived both rapid climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> and extensive human impacts. Our study indicates that both the <span class="hlt">current</span> rates of <span class="hlt">warming</span> and range shifts of species are much faster than those from the Late Pleistocene to Holocene. Our results provide new insight into the extinction of Late Quaternary megafauna by demonstrating taxon-, <span class="hlt">period</span>- and region-specific differences in extinction drivers of climate change and human disturbances, and some implications about the extinction risk of animals by recent and ongoing climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>. © 2017 The Author(s).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24386125','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24386125"><span>Controlled soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> powered by alternative energy for remote field sites.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Johnstone, Jill F; Henkelman, Jonathan; Allen, Kirsten; Helgason, Warren; Bedard-Haughn, Angela</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Experiments using controlled manipulation of climate variables in the field are critical for developing and testing mechanistic models of ecosystem responses to climate change. Despite rapid changes in climate observed in many high latitude and high altitude environments, controlled manipulations in these remote regions have largely been limited to passive experimental methods with variable effects on environmental factors. In this study, we tested a method of controlled soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> suitable for remote field locations that can be powered using alternative energy sources. The design was tested in high latitude, alpine tundra of southern Yukon Territory, Canada, in 2010 and 2011. Electrical <span class="hlt">warming</span> probes were inserted vertically in the near-surface soil and powered with photovoltaics attached to a monitoring and control system. The <span class="hlt">warming</span> manipulation achieved a stable target <span class="hlt">warming</span> of 1.3 to 2 °C in 1 m(2) plots while minimizing disturbance to soil and vegetation. Active control of power output in the <span class="hlt">warming</span> plots allowed the treatment to closely match spatial and temporal variations in soil temperature while optimizing system performance during <span class="hlt">periods</span> of low power supply. Active soil heating with vertical electric probes powered by alternative energy is a viable option for remote sites and presents a low-disturbance option for soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> experiments. This active heating design provides a valuable tool for examining the impacts of soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> on ecosystem processes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70037586','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70037586"><span>Predicted effects of climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> on the distribution of 50 stream fishes in Wisconsin, U.S.A.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Lyons, J.; Stewart, J.S.; Mitro, M.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Summer air and stream water temperatures are expected to rise in the state of Wisconsin, U.S.A., over the next 50 years. To assess potential climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> effects on stream fishes, predictive models were developed for 50 common fish species using classification-tree analysis of 69 environmental variables in a geographic information system. Model accuracy was 56.0-93.5% in validation tests. Models were applied to all 86 898 km of stream in the state under four different climate scenarios: <span class="hlt">current</span> conditions, limited climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> (summer air temperatures increase 1?? C and water 0.8?? C), moderate <span class="hlt">warming</span> (air 3?? C and water 2.4?? C) and major <span class="hlt">warming</span> (air 5?? C and water 4?? C). With climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>, 23 fishes were predicted to decline in distribution (three to extirpation under the major <span class="hlt">warming</span> scenario), 23 to increase and four to have no change. Overall, declining species lost substantially more stream length than increasing species gained. All three cold-water and 16 cool-water fishes and four of 31 <span class="hlt">warm</span>-water fishes were predicted to decline, four <span class="hlt">warm</span>-water fishes to remain the same and 23 <span class="hlt">warm</span>-water fishes to increase in distribution. Species changes were predicted to be most dramatic in small streams in northern Wisconsin that <span class="hlt">currently</span> have cold to cool summer water temperatures and are dominated by cold-water and cool-water fishes, and least in larger and warmer streams and rivers in southern Wisconsin that are <span class="hlt">currently</span> dominated by <span class="hlt">warm</span>-water fishes. Results of this study suggest that even small increases in summer air and water temperatures owing to climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> will have major effects on the distribution of stream fishes in Wisconsin. ?? 2010 The Authors. Journal of Fish Biology ?? 2010 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02763.x/full','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02763.x/full"><span>Predicted effects of climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> on the distribution of 50 stream fishes in Wisconsin, U.S.A.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Stewart, Jana S.; Lyons, John D.; Matt Mitro,</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Summer air and stream water temperatures are expected to rise in the state of Wisconsin, U.S.A., over the next 50 years. To assess potential climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> effects on stream fishes, predictive models were developed for 50 common fish species using classification-tree analysis of 69 environmental variables in a geographic information system. Model accuracy was 56·0–93·5% in validation tests. Models were applied to all 86 898 km of stream in the state under four different climate scenarios: <span class="hlt">current</span> conditions, limited climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> (summer air temperatures increase 1° C and water 0·8° C), moderate <span class="hlt">warming</span> (air 3° C and water 2·4° C) and major <span class="hlt">warming</span> (air 5° C and water 4° C). With climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>, 23 fishes were predicted to decline in distribution (three to extirpation under the major <span class="hlt">warming</span> scenario), 23 to increase and four to have no change. Overall, declining species lost substantially more stream length than increasing species gained. All three cold-water and 16 cool-water fishes and four of 31 <span class="hlt">warm</span>-water fishes were predicted to decline, four <span class="hlt">warm</span>-water fishes to remain the same and 23 <span class="hlt">warm</span>-water fishes to increase in distribution. Species changes were predicted to be most dramatic in small streams in northern Wisconsin that <span class="hlt">currently</span> have cold to cool summer water temperatures and are dominated by cold-water and cool-water fishes, and least in larger and warmer streams and rivers in southern Wisconsin that are <span class="hlt">currently</span> dominated by <span class="hlt">warm</span>-water fishes. Results of this study suggest that even small increases in summer air and water temperatures owing to climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> will have major effects on the distribution of stream fishes in Wisconsin.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B32A..08J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B32A..08J"><span>The Spatial and Temporal Distribution of SST in the Yellow Sea and the Evolution of the Yellow Sea <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Current</span> During the Holocene</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jia, Y.; Xiao, X.; Yu, M.; Yuan, Z. N.; Zhang, H.; Zhao, M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The Yellow Sea (YS) environment is influenced by both continental and oceanic forcing. The Yellow Sea <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Current</span> (YSWC) is the most significantly hydrological characteristics of the YS in winter, which is a conduit by which the deep Pacific Ocean influences the YS. Paleo-environmental records are essential for understanding the evolution of the YS environment, especially the spatial distribution of the sea surface temperature (SST) records which can be used to interpret the controlling factors of the YSWC. Previous studies mostly focused on the temporal variation but studies on both temporal and spatial environmental evolution are rather sparse. We used Uk37 temperature records in 9 cores located the north of 35°N in YS to reconstruct the spatial/temporal variations of the SST during the Holocene and further to understand the main natural factors that influenced the evolution of the YS environment and <span class="hlt">current</span> system. All the SST records in 9 sediment cores displayed the similar trend during the Holocene, showing a regional response to marine environmental variability in the east China Seas influenced by the YSWC. To reconstruct the historical westward shift of the YSWC relative to the bathymetric trough of the YS, we compared SST records of the cores located in the west and east side of the axis of the modern YSWC. The obvious westward shift of the YSWC was observed during the <span class="hlt">periods</span> of 4500-5000aBP, 2800-3400aBP and 1600-0aBP, especially 1000-0aBP, indicating by the distinctly gradual temperature gradients. The comparison of the East Asian Winter Monsoon(EAWM) and the Kuroshio <span class="hlt">current</span> intensity records with the SST records revealed that the westward shift of the YSWC might be controlled by the Kuroshio intensity. Our findings have important implications for understanding the mechanisms of the variability of the YSWC.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740009835','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740009835"><span>Evaluation of wet tantalum capacitors after exposure to extended <span class="hlt">periods</span> of ripple <span class="hlt">current</span>, volume 1</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Watson, G. W.; Lasharr, J. C.; Shumaker, M. J.</p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>The application of tantalum capacitors in the Viking Lander includes both dc voltage and ripple <span class="hlt">current</span> electrical stress, high temperature during nonoperating times (sterilization), and high vibration and shock loads. The capacitors must survive these severe environments without any degradation if reliable performance is to be achieved. A test program was established to evaluate both wet-slug tantalum and wet-foil capacitors under conditions accurately duplicating actual Viking applications. Test results of the electrical performance characteristics during extended <span class="hlt">periods</span> of ripple <span class="hlt">current</span>, the characteristics of the internal silver migration as a function for extended <span class="hlt">periods</span> of ripple <span class="hlt">current</span>, and the existence of any memory characteristics are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750008679','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750008679"><span>Evaluation of wet tantalum capacitors after exposure to extended <span class="hlt">periods</span> of ripple <span class="hlt">current</span>, volume 2</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ward, C. M.</p> <p>1975-01-01</p> <p>The application of tantalum capacitors in the Viking Lander includes dc voltage and ripple <span class="hlt">current</span> electrical stress, high temperature during nonoperating times (sterilization), and high vibration and shock loads. The capacitors must survive these severe environments without any degradation if reliable performance is to be achieved. A test program was established to evaluate both wet-slug tantalum and wet-foil capacitors under conditions accurately duplicating actual Viking applications. Test results of the electrical performance characteristics during extended <span class="hlt">periods</span> of ripple <span class="hlt">current</span>, the characteristics of the internal silver migration as a function of extended <span class="hlt">periods</span> of ripple <span class="hlt">current</span>, and the existence of any memory characteristics are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMPP31D1895P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMPP31D1895P"><span>Southern ocean winds during past (and future) <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">periods</span> and their affect on Agulhas Leakage and the Atlantic Merdional Overturning Circulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Patel, N. P.; Deconto, R. M.; Condron, A.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The leakage of Agulhas <span class="hlt">Current</span> water into the South Atlantic is now thought to be a major player in global climate change. The volume of Agulhas Leakage is linked to the strength and position of southern westerlies. Past changes in the westerly winds over the southern ocean have been noted on glacial-interglacial timescales, in response to both Northern Hemispheric conditions and more proximal changes in Antarctic ice volume. Over recent decades, a southward shift in the southern ocean westerlies has been observed and is expected to continue with projected climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>. The resulting increase in Agulhas Leakage is thought to allow more <span class="hlt">warm</span>, salty water from the Indian Ocean into the Atlantic, with the potential to impact the Atlantic Meridional Overturning circulation (AMOC). Some climate models have predicted global <span class="hlt">warming</span> will result in a slowdown and weakening of the AMOC. A strengthening of the Agulhas Leakage therefore has the potential to counteract that slowdown. Much of the Agulhas leakage is carried in small eddies rotating off the main flow south of Cape Horn. High ocean model resolution (< 1/2°) is therefore required to simulate their response to the overlying wind field. However the majority of previous model studies have been too coarse in resolution to quantify the link between the Agulhas Leakage the AMOC. Here we run a series of global high-resolution ocean model (1/6°) experiments using the MITgcm to test the effect of a shift in the southern hemisphere westerlies on the Agulhas Leakage. A prescribed perturbation of the winds near South Africa shows a significant increase in Agulhas eddies into the Atlantic. Following this, we have conducted longer simulations with the winds over the Southern Ocean perturbed to reflect both past and possible future shifts in the wind field to quantify changes in North Atlantic Deep Water formation and the overall response of the AMOC to this perturbation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PolSc...9..249N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PolSc...9..249N"><span>Copepod community succession during <span class="hlt">warm</span> season in Lagoon Notoro-ko, northeastern Hokkaido, Japan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nakagawa, Yoshizumi; Ichikawa, Hideaki; Kitamura, Mitsuaki; Nishino, Yasuto; Taniguchi, Akira</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>Lagoon Notoro-ko, located on the northeastern coast of Hokkaido, Japan, and connected to the Okhotsk Sea by a human-made channel, is strongly influenced by local hydrography, as water masses in the lagoon are seasonally influenced by the Soya <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Current</span> and the East Sakhalin <span class="hlt">Current</span>. We here report on the succession of copepod communities during the <span class="hlt">warm</span> season in relation to water mass exchange. Copepods were categorized into four seasonal communities (spring/early-summer, mid-summer, late-summer/fall, and early-winter) via a cluster analysis based on Bray-Curtis similarities. Spring/early-summer and early-winter communities were characterized by the temperate-boreal calanoid Pseudocalanus newmani, comprising 34.9%-77.6% of the total abundance of copepods during times of low temperature/salinity, as influenced by the prevailing East Sakhalin <span class="hlt">Current</span>. Late-summer/fall communities were characterized by the neritic <span class="hlt">warm</span>-water calanoid Paracalanus parvus s.l., comprising 63.9%-96.3% of the total abundance, as influenced by the Soya <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Current</span>. Mid-summer communities comprised approximately equal abundances of P. parvus, Eurytemora herdmani, Scolecithricella minor, and Centropages abdominalis (12.8%-28.2%); this community is transitional between those of the spring/early-summer and late-summer/fall. Copepod community succession in Lagoon Notoro-ko can be largely explained by seasonal changes in water masses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3519877','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3519877"><span>Functioning of a Shallow-Water Sediment System during Experimental <span class="hlt">Warming</span> and Nutrient Enrichment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Alsterberg, Christian; Sundbäck, Kristina; Hulth, Stefan</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Effects of <span class="hlt">warming</span> and nutrient enrichment on intact unvegetated shallow-water sediment were investigated for 5 weeks in the autumn under simulated natural field conditions, with a main focus on trophic state and benthic nitrogen cycling. In a flow-through system, sediment was exposed to either seawater at ambient temperature or seawater heated 4°C above ambient, with either natural or nutrient enriched water. Sediment–water fluxes of oxygen and inorganic nutrients, nitrogen mineralization, and denitrification were measured. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> resulted in an earlier shift to net heterotrophy due to increased community respiration; primary production was not affected by temperature but (slightly) by nutrient enrichment. The heterotrophic state was, however, not further strengthened by <span class="hlt">warming</span>, but was rather weakened, probably because increased mineralization induced a shortage of labile organic matter. Climate-related <span class="hlt">warming</span> of seawater during autumn could therefore, in contrast to previous predictions, induce shorter but more intensive heterotrophic <span class="hlt">periods</span> in shallow-water sediments, followed by longer autotrophic <span class="hlt">periods</span>. Increased nitrogen mineralization and subsequent effluxes of ammonium during <span class="hlt">warming</span> suggested a preferential response of organisms driving nitrogen mineralization when compared to sinks of ammonium such as nitrification and algal assimilation. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> and nutrient enrichment resulted in non-additive effects on nitrogen mineralization and denitrification (synergism), as well as on benthic fluxes of phosphate (antagonism). The mode of interaction appears to be related to the trophic level of the organisms that are the main drivers of the affected processes. Despite the weak response of benthic microalgae to both <span class="hlt">warming</span> and nutrient enrichment, the assimilation of nitrogen by microalgae was similar in magnitude to rates of nitrogen mineralization. This implies a sustained filter function and retention capacity of nutrients by the sediment. PMID</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED283791.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED283791.pdf"><span>The Effect of Arousal and Focused Attention on <span class="hlt">Warm</span>-Up Decrement.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Anshel, Mark H.; Wrisberg, Craig A.</p> <p></p> <p>The resumption of skilled performance following a <span class="hlt">period</span> of no practice is often characterized by motor activity of a lower quality than that demonstrated prior to the rest <span class="hlt">period</span>. This phenomenon, termed <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up decrement, is usually brief, lasting for only a few trials or minutes of postrest practice. This study attempted to determine the effect…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.3806W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.3806W"><span>Accelerated increase in the Arctic tropospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> events surpassing stratospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> events during winter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, S.-Y. Simon; Lin, Yen-Heng; Lee, Ming-Ying; Yoon, Jin-Ho; Meyer, Jonathan D. D.; Rasch, Philip J.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>In January 2016, a robust reversal of the Arctic Oscillation took place associated with a rapid tropospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the Arctic region; this was followed by the occurrence of a classic sudden stratospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> in March. The succession of these two distinct Arctic <span class="hlt">warming</span> events provides a stimulating opportunity to examine their characteristics in terms of similarities and differences. Historical cases of these two types of Arctic <span class="hlt">warming</span> were identified and validated based upon tropical linkages with the Madden-Julian Oscillation and El Niño as documented in previous studies. The analysis indicates a recent and seemingly accelerated increase in the tropospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> type versus a flat trend in stratospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> type. The shorter duration and more rapid transition of tropospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> events may connect to the documented increase in midlatitude weather extremes, more so than the route of stratospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> type. Forced simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model suggest that the reduced Arctic sea ice contributes to the observed increase in the tropospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> events and associated remarkable strengthening of the cold Siberian high manifest in 2016.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2004/114/','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2004/114/"><span>Bracketing mid-pliocene sea surface temperature: maximum and minimum possible <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Dowsett, Harry</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>Estimates of sea surface temperature (SST) from ocean cores reveal a <span class="hlt">warm</span> phase of the Pliocene between about 3.3 and 3.0 Mega-annums (Ma). Pollen records from land based cores and sections, although not as well dated, also show evidence for a warmer climate at about the same time. Increased greenhouse forcing and altered ocean heat transport is the leading candidates for the underlying cause of Pliocene global warmth. However, despite being a <span class="hlt">period</span> of global warmth, there exists considerable variability within this interval. Two new SST reconstructions have been created to provide a climatological error bar for <span class="hlt">warm</span> peak phases of the Pliocene. These data represent the maximum and minimum possible <span class="hlt">warming</span> recorded within the 3.3 to 3.0 Ma interval.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28284225','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28284225"><span>How does the dengue vector mosquito Aedes albopictus respond to global <span class="hlt">warming</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jia, Pengfei; Chen, Xiang; Chen, Jin; Lu, Liang; Liu, Qiyong; Tan, Xiaoyue</p> <p>2017-03-11</p> <p>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> has a marked influence on the life cycle of epidemic vectors as well as their interactions with human beings. The Aedes albopictus mosquito as the vector of dengue fever surged exponentially in the last decade, raising ecological and epistemological concerns of how climate change altered its growth rate and population dynamics. As the global <span class="hlt">warming</span> pattern is considerably uneven across four seasons, with a confirmed stronger effect in winter, an emerging need arises as to exploring how the seasonal <span class="hlt">warming</span> effects influence the annual development of Ae. albopictus. The model consolidates a 35-year climate dataset and designs fifteen <span class="hlt">warming</span> patterns that increase the temperature of selected seasons. Based on a recently developed mechanistic population model of Ae. albopictus, the model simulates the thermal reaction of blood-fed adults by systematically increasing the temperature from 0.5 to 5 °C at an interval of 0.5 °C in each <span class="hlt">warming</span> pattern. The results show the <span class="hlt">warming</span> effects are different across seasons. The <span class="hlt">warming</span> effects in spring and winter facilitate the development of the species by shortening the diapause <span class="hlt">period</span>. The <span class="hlt">warming</span> effect in summer is primarily negative by inhibiting mosquito development. The <span class="hlt">warming</span> effect in autumn is considerably mixed. However, these <span class="hlt">warming</span> effects cannot carry over to the following year, possibly due to the fact that under the extreme weather in winter the mosquito fully ceases from development and survives in terms of diapause eggs. As the historical pattern of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> manifests seasonal fluctuations, this study provides corroborating and previously ignored evidence of how such seasonality affects the mosquito development. Understanding this short-term temperature-driven mechanism as one chain of the transmission events is critical to refining the thermal reaction norms of the epidemic vector under global <span class="hlt">warming</span> as well as developing effective mosquito prevention and control strategies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5344906','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5344906"><span>Hyperpolarization-Activated <span class="hlt">Current</span> Induces <span class="hlt">Period</span>-Doubling Cascades and Chaos in a Cold Thermoreceptor Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Xu, Kesheng; Maidana, Jean P.; Caviedes, Mauricio; Quero, Daniel; Aguirre, Pablo; Orio, Patricio</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>In this article, we describe and analyze the chaotic behavior of a conductance-based neuronal bursting model. This is a model with a reduced number of variables, yet it retains biophysical plausibility. Inspired by the activity of cold thermoreceptors, the model contains a persistent Sodium <span class="hlt">current</span>, a Calcium-activated Potassium <span class="hlt">current</span> and a hyperpolarization-activated <span class="hlt">current</span> (Ih) that drive a slow subthreshold oscillation. Driven by this oscillation, a fast subsystem (fast Sodium and Potassium <span class="hlt">currents</span>) fires action potentials in a <span class="hlt">periodic</span> fashion. Depending on the parameters, this model can generate a variety of firing patterns that includes bursting, regular tonic and polymodal firing. Here we show that the transitions between different firing patterns are often accompanied by a range of chaotic firing, as suggested by an irregular, non-<span class="hlt">periodic</span> firing pattern. To confirm this, we measure the maximum Lyapunov exponent of the voltage trajectories, and the Lyapunov exponent and Lempel-Ziv's complexity of the ISI time series. The four-variable slow system (without spiking) also generates chaotic behavior, and bifurcation analysis shows that this is often originated by <span class="hlt">period</span> doubling cascades. Either with or without spikes, chaos is no longer generated when the Ih is removed from the system. As the model is biologically plausible with biophysically meaningful parameters, we propose it as a useful tool to understand chaotic dynamics in neurons. PMID:28344550</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140017656','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140017656"><span>Evaluating the Dominant Components of <span class="hlt">Warming</span> in Pliocene Climate Simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hill, D. J.; Haywood, A. M.; Lunt, D. J.; Hunter, S. J.; Bragg, F. J.; Contoux, C.; Stepanek, C.; Sohl, L.; Rosenbloom, N. A.; Chan, W.-L.; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20140017656'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20140017656_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20140017656_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20140017656_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20140017656_hide"></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP) is the first coordinated climate model comparison for a warmer palaeoclimate with atmospheric CO2 significantly higher than pre-industrial concentrations. The simulations of the mid-Pliocene <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span> show global <span class="hlt">warming</span> of between 1.8 and 3.6 C above pre-industrial surface air temperatures, with significant polar amplification. Here we perform energy balance calculations on all eight of the coupled ocean-atmosphere simulations within PlioMIP Experiment 2 to evaluate the causes of the increased temperatures and differences between the models. In the tropics simulated <span class="hlt">warming</span> is dominated by greenhouse gas increases, with the cloud component of planetary albedo enhancing the <span class="hlt">warming</span> in most of the models, but by widely varying amounts. The responses to mid-Pliocene climate forcing in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes are substantially different between the climate models, with the only consistent response being a <span class="hlt">warming</span> due to increased greenhouse gases. In the high latitudes all the energy balance components become important, but the dominant <span class="hlt">warming</span> influence comes from the clear sky albedo, only partially offset by the increases in the cooling impact of cloud albedo. This demonstrates the importance of specified ice sheet and high latitude vegetation boundary conditions and simulated sea ice and snow albedo feedbacks. The largest components in the overall uncertainty are associated with clouds in the tropics and polar clear sky albedo, particularly in sea ice regions. These simulations show that albedo feedbacks, particularly those of sea ice and ice sheets, provide the most significant enhancements to high latitude <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the Pliocene.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19141198','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19141198"><span>[The innovation of <span class="hlt">warm</span> disease theory in the Ming Dynasty before Wen yi lun On Pestilence].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhang, Zhi-bin</p> <p>2008-10-01</p> <p>Some doctors of the Ming dynasty raised subversive doubts against the traditional viewpoints of "exogenous cold disease is <span class="hlt">warm</span>-heat" before the emergence of Wen yi lun (On Pestilence), holding that <span class="hlt">warm</span>-heat disease "is contracted in different seasons instead of being transformed from cold to <span class="hlt">warm</span> and/or heat". The conception of the separation of <span class="hlt">warm</span>-heat disease and exogenous cold disease had changed from obscure to clear. As the idea became clear, the recognition on the new affection of <span class="hlt">warm</span>, heat, summer-heat, pestilent pathogen was formed, and the idea that the pathogens of summer-heat and <span class="hlt">warm</span> entered the human body through the mouth and nostrils was put forward. The six-channel syndrome differentiation of <span class="hlt">warm</span> disease and the five sweat-resolving methods in pestilence raised by the doctors of this <span class="hlt">period</span> are the aspects of the differential diagnosis of syndrome and treatment in <span class="hlt">warm</span> diseases, and deserve to be paid attention to.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23387112','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23387112"><span>Assessment of boreal forest historical C dynamics in the Yukon River Basin: relative roles of <span class="hlt">warming</span> and fire regime change.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yuan, F M; Yi, S H; McGuire, A D; Johnson, K D; Liang, J; Harden, J W; Kasischke, E S; Kurz, W A</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Carbon (C) dynamics of boreal forest ecosystems have substantial implications for efforts to mitigate the rise of atmospheric CO2 and may be substantially influenced by <span class="hlt">warming</span> and changing wildfire regimes. In this study we applied a large-scale ecosystem model that included dynamics of organic soil horizons and soil organic matter characteristics of multiple pools to assess forest C stock changes of the Yukon River Basin (YRB) in Alaska, USA, and Canada from 1960 through 2006, a <span class="hlt">period</span> characterized by substantial climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> and increases in wildfire. The model was calibrated for major forests with data from long-term research sites and evaluated using a forest inventory database. The regional assessment indicates that forest vegetation C storage increased by 46 Tg C, but that total soil C storage did not change appreciably during this <span class="hlt">period</span>. However, further analysis suggests that C has been continuously lost from the mineral soil horizon since <span class="hlt">warming</span> began in the 1970s, but has increased in the amorphous organic soil horizon. Based on a factorial experiment, soil C stocks would have increased by 158 Tg C if the YRB had not undergone <span class="hlt">warming</span> and changes in fire regime. The analysis also identified that <span class="hlt">warming</span> and changes in fire regime were approximately equivalent in their effects on soil C storage, and interactions between these two suggests that the loss of organic horizon thickness associated with increases in wildfire made deeper soil C stocks more vulnerable to loss via decomposition. Subbasin analyses indicate that C stock changes were primarily sensitive to the fraction of burned forest area within each subbasin and that boreal forest ecosystems in the YRB are <span class="hlt">currently</span> transitioning from being sinks to sources at -0.7% annual area burned. We conclude that it is important for international mitigation efforts focused on controlling atmospheric CO2 to consider how climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> and changes in fire regime may concurrently affect the CO2 sink</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70118262','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70118262"><span>Assessment of boreal forest historical C dynamics in the Yukon River Basin: relative roles of <span class="hlt">warming</span> and fire regime change</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Yuan, F.M.; Yi, S.H.; McGuire, A.D.; Johnson, K.D.; Liang, J.; Harden, J.W.; Kasischke, E.S.; Kurz, W.A.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Carbon (C) dynamics of boreal forest ecosystems have substantial implications for efforts to mitigate the rise of atmospheric CO2 and may be substantially influenced by <span class="hlt">warming</span> and changing wildfire regimes. In this study we applied a large-scale ecosystem model that included dynamics of organic soil horizons and soil organic matter characteristics of multiple pools to assess forest C stock changes of the Yukon River Basin (YRB) in Alaska, USA, and Canada from 1960 through 2006, a <span class="hlt">period</span> characterized by substantial climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> and increases in wildfire. The model was calibrated for major forests with data from long-term research sites and evaluated using a forest inventory database. The regional assessment indicates that forest vegetation C storage increased by 46 Tg C, but that total soil C storage did not change appreciably during this <span class="hlt">period</span>. However, further analysis suggests that C has been continuously lost from the mineral soil horizon since <span class="hlt">warming</span> began in the 1970s, but has increased in the amorphous organic soil horizon. Based on a factorial experiment, soil C stocks would have increased by 158 Tg C if the YRB had not undergone <span class="hlt">warming</span> and changes in fire regime. The analysis also identified that <span class="hlt">warming</span> and changes in fire regime were approximately equivalent in their effects on soil C storage, and interactions between these two suggests that the loss of organic horizon thickness associated with increases in wildfire made deeper soil C stocks more vulnerable to loss via decomposition. Subbasin analyses indicate that C stock changes were primarily sensitive to the fraction of burned forest area within each subbasin and that boreal forest ecosystems in the YRB are <span class="hlt">currently</span> transitioning from being sinks to sources at ∼0.7% annual area burned. We conclude that it is important for international mitigation efforts focused on controlling atmospheric CO2 to consider how climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> and changes in fire regime may concurrently affect the CO2 sink</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12744717','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12744717"><span><span class="hlt">Warm</span> up I: potential mechanisms and the effects of passive <span class="hlt">warm</span> up on exercise performance.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bishop, David</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Despite limited scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness, <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up routines prior to exercise are a well-accepted practice. The majority of the effects of <span class="hlt">warm</span> up have been attributed to temperature-related mechanisms (e.g. decreased stiffness, increased nerve-conduction rate, altered force-velocity relationship, increased anaerobic energy provision and increased thermoregulatory strain), although non-temperature-related mechanisms have also been proposed (e.g. effects of acidaemia, elevation of baseline oxygen consumption (.VO(2)) and increased postactivation potentiation). It has also been hypothesised that <span class="hlt">warm</span> up may have a number of psychological effects (e.g. increased preparedness). <span class="hlt">Warm</span>-up techniques can be broadly classified into two major categories: passive <span class="hlt">warm</span> up or active <span class="hlt">warm</span> up. Passive <span class="hlt">warm</span> up involves raising muscle or core temperature by some external means, while active <span class="hlt">warm</span> up utilises exercise. Passive heating allows one to obtain the increase in muscle or core temperature achieved by active <span class="hlt">warm</span> up without depleting energy substrates. Passive <span class="hlt">warm</span> up, although not practical for most athletes, also allows one to test the hypothesis that many of the performance changes associated with active <span class="hlt">warm</span> up can be largely attributed to temperature-related mechanisms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.6014B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.6014B"><span><span class="hlt">Warming</span>: mechanism and latitude dependence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Barkin, Yury</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>, on a bottom of ocean and on a surface of the Earth. In accordance with our geodynamical model mentioned redistribution of <span class="hlt">warmed</span> mass also has forced character. It is organized and controlled by gravitational cyclic action of the external celestial bodies on core-mantle system. N/S inversion of the natural processes. Reliable an attribute of influence of oscillations of the core on a variation of natural processes is their property of inversion when, for example, activity of process accrues in northern hemisphere and decreases in a southern hemisphere. Such contrast secular changes in northern and southern (N/S) hemispheres have been predicted on the base of geodynamic model [1] and revealed according to observations: from gravimetry measurements of a gravity; in determination of a secular trend of a sea level, as global, and in northern and southern hemispheres; in redistribution of air masses; in geodetic measurements of changes of average radiuses of northern and southern hemispheres; in contrast changes of physical fields, for example, streams of heat, <span class="hlt">currents</span> and circulation at ocean and an atmosphere, etc. [5]. The geodynamic mechanism [1] also unequivocally specifies, that the secular trend in global climatic characteristics of the Earth, and also inversion and asymmetric tendencies of change of a climate, in its northern and southern hemispheres in present <span class="hlt">period</span> should be observed. The hemispherical asymmetry of global heat flows. In the paper [6] authors have shown that the mean heat flow of the Southern Hemisphere is 99.3 mW/m2, significantly higher than that of the Northern Hemisphere (74.0 mW/m2). The mantle heat loss from the Southern Hemisphere is 22.1 × 1012 W, as twice as that from the Northern Hemisphere (10.8 × 1012 W). The authors believe that this hemispherical asymmetry of global heat loss is originated by the asymmetry of geographic distribution of continents and oceans. In accordance with our geodynamical model discussed assymmetry of heat</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28482991','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28482991"><span>Efficacy of <span class="hlt">Warm</span> Showers on Postpartum Fatigue Among Vaginal-Birth Taiwanese Women: A Quasi-Experimental Design.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hsieh, Ching-Hsing; Chen, Chien-Lan; Chung, Feng-Fang; Lin, Su-Ying</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Postpartum fatigue is one of the most common complaints among women following childbirth. As a postpartum ritual practice, Taiwanese women refrain from taking showers while "doing the month." However, <span class="hlt">warm</span> showers are the systemic application of moist heat, and they maintain physical hygiene, stimulate blood circulation, mitigate discomfort, and provide relaxation. As Taiwanese society becomes increasingly receptive to scientific and contemporary health care practice, more and more women choose to take <span class="hlt">warm</span> showers after childbirth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of <span class="hlt">warm</span> showers on postpartum fatigue among vaginal-birth women in Taiwan. This was a two-group quasi-experimental design. Women took showers in <span class="hlt">warm</span> water with temperatures ranging between 40 °C and 43 °C for approximately 20 minutes. Postpartum women's fatigue is measured using the 10-item Postpartum Fatigue Scale (PFS). The intervention effect was analyzed using a generalized estimating equation (GEE) model. The study population consisted of 358 vaginal-birth postpartum Taiwanese women aged 20-43 years. Postpartum women who took <span class="hlt">warm</span> showers showed improvements from their pretest to posttest mean scores of postpartum fatigue compared to postpartum women who did not take <span class="hlt">warm</span> showers. <span class="hlt">Warm</span> showers helped to reduce postpartum fatigue among vaginal-birth women during the study <span class="hlt">period</span>. Nurses have the unique opportunity to provide the intervention to Taiwanese women who have vaginal birth to help them relieve postpartum fatigue with <span class="hlt">warm</span> showers while "doing the month" without the taboo of no-showering customary practices in the early postpartum <span class="hlt">period</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5209705','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5209705"><span>Major cause of unprecedented Arctic <span class="hlt">warming</span> in January 2016: Critical role of an Atlantic windstorm</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kim, Baek-Min; Hong, Ja-Young; Jun, Sang-Yoon; Zhang, Xiangdong; Kwon, Hataek; Kim, Seong-Joong; Kim, Joo-Hong; Kim, Sang-Woo; Kim, Hyun-Kyung</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>In January 2016, the Arctic experienced an extremely anomalous <span class="hlt">warming</span> event after an extraordinary increase in air temperature at the end of 2015. During this event, a strong intrusion of <span class="hlt">warm</span> and moist air and an increase in downward longwave radiation, as well as a loss of sea ice in the Barents and Kara seas, were observed. Observational analyses revealed that the abrupt <span class="hlt">warming</span> was triggered by the entry of a strong Atlantic windstorm into the Arctic in late December 2015, which brought enormous moist and <span class="hlt">warm</span> air masses to the Arctic. Although the storm terminated at the eastern coast of Greenland in late December, it was followed by a prolonged blocking <span class="hlt">period</span> in early 2016 that sustained the extreme Arctic <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Numerical experiments indicate that the <span class="hlt">warming</span> effect of sea ice loss and associated upward turbulent heat fluxes are relatively minor in this event. This result suggests the importance of the synoptically driven <span class="hlt">warm</span> and moist air intrusion into the Arctic as a primary contributing factor of this extreme Arctic <span class="hlt">warming</span> event. PMID:28051170</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMED51C0816I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMED51C0816I"><span>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> /climate change: Involving students using local example.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Isiorho, S. A.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">current</span> political climate has made it apparent that the general public does not believe in global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Also, there appears to be some confusion between global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and climate change; global <span class="hlt">warming</span> is one aspect of climate change. Most scientists believe there is climate change and global <span class="hlt">warming</span>, although, there is still doubt among students on global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Some upper level undergraduate students are required to conduct water level/temperature measurements as part of their course grade. In addition to students having their individual projects, the various classes also utilize a well field within a wetland on campus to conduct group projects. Twelve wells in the well field on campus are used regularly by students to measure the depth of groundwater, the temperature of the waters and other basic water chemistry parameters like pH, conductivity and total dissolved solid (TDS) as part of the class group project. The data collected by each class is added to data from previous classes. Students work together as a group to interpret the data. More than 100 students have participated in this venture for more than 10 years of the four upper level courses: hydrogeology, environmental and urban geology, environmental conservation and wetlands. The temperature trend shows the seasonal variation as one would expect, but it also shows an upward trend (<span class="hlt">warming</span>). These data demonstrate a change in climate and <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Thus, the students participated in data collection, learn to write report and present their result to their peers in the classrooms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC23J..03S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC23J..03S"><span>Are Sierran Lakes <span class="hlt">Warming</span> as a Result of Climate Change? The Effects of Climate <span class="hlt">Warming</span> and Variation in Precipitation on Water Temperature in a Snowmelt-Dominated Lake</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sadro, S.; Melack, J. M.; Sickman, J. O.; Skeen, K.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Water temperature regulates a broad range of fundamental ecosystem processes in lakes. While climate can be an important factor regulating lake temperatures, heterogeneity in the <span class="hlt">warming</span> response of lakes is large, and variation in precipitation is rarely considered. We analyzed three decades of climate and water temperature data from a high-elevation catchment in the southern Sierra Nevada of California to illustrate the magnitude of <span class="hlt">warming</span> taking place during different seasons and the role of precipitation in regulating lake temperatures. Significant climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends were evident during all seasons except spring. Nighttime rates of climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> were approximately 25% higher than daytime rates. Spatial patterns in <span class="hlt">warming</span> were elevation dependent, with rates of temperature increase higher at sites above 2800 m.a.s.l. than below. Although interannual variation in snow deposition was high, the frequency and severity of recent droughts has contributed to a significant 3.4 mm year -1 decline in snow water equivalent over the last century. Snow accumulation, more than any other climate factor, regulated lake temperature; 94% of variation in summer lake temperature was regulated by precipitation as snow. For every 100 mm decrease in snow water equivalent there was a 0.62 ° increase in lake temperature. Drought years amplify <span class="hlt">warming</span> in lakes by reducing the role of cold spring meltwaters in lake energy budgets and prolonging the ice-free <span class="hlt">period</span> during which lakes <span class="hlt">warm</span>. The combination of declining winter snowpack and <span class="hlt">warming</span> air temperatures has the capacity to amplify the effect of climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> on lake temperatures during drought years. Interactions among climatic factors need to be considered when evaluating ecosystem level effects, especially in mountain regions. For mountain lakes already affected by drought, continued climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> during spring and autumn has the greatest potential to impact mean lake temperatures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.B23D1608F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.B23D1608F"><span><span class="hlt">Warming</span>-Induced Changes to the Molecular Composition of Soil Organic Matter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Feng, X.; Simpson, M. J.; Simpson, A. J.; Wilson, K. P.; Williams, D.</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>Soil organic matter (SOM) contains two times more carbon than the atmosphere and the potential changes to SOM quantity and quality with global <span class="hlt">warming</span> are a major concern. It is commonly believed that global <span class="hlt">warming</span> will accelerate the decomposition of labile SOM compounds while refractory SOM constituents will remain stable. However, experimental evidence of molecular-level changes to SOM composition with global <span class="hlt">warming</span> is <span class="hlt">currently</span> lacking. Here we employ SOM biomarkers and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study SOM composition and degradation in a soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> experiment in southern Ontario, Canada. The soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> experiment consisted of a control and a treatment plot in a mixed forest that had a temperature difference of about 5 degrees C for 14 months. Before soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> the control and treatment plots had the same organic carbon (OC) content and SOM composition. Soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> significantly increased soil OC content and the abundance of cutin-derived carbon originating from leaf tissues and decreased carbohydrates that are regarded as easily degradable. Lignin components, which are believed to be part of the stable and slowly-cycling SOM, were observed to be in an advanced stage of degradation. This observation is corroborated by increases in fungal biomass in the <span class="hlt">warmed</span> soil because fungi are considered the primary decomposer of lignin in the soil environment. An NMR study of SOM in the <span class="hlt">warmed</span> and control plots indicates that alkyl carbon, mainly originating from plant cuticles in the soil, increased in the <span class="hlt">warmed</span> soil while O-alkyl carbon, primarily occurring in carbohydrates, decreased. Aromatic and phenolic carbon regions, which include the main structures found in lignin, decreased in the <span class="hlt">warmed</span> soil. These data collectively suggest that there is a great potential for lignin degradation with soil <span class="hlt">warming</span>, and that the refractory (aromatic) soil carbon storage may be reduced as a result of increased fungal growth in a warmer climate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24133849','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24133849"><span>Forced-air <span class="hlt">warming</span> design: evaluation of intake filtration, internal microbial buildup, and airborne-contamination emissions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Reed, Mike; Kimberger, Oliver; McGovern, Paul D; Albrecht, Mark C</p> <p>2013-08-01</p> <p>Forced-air <span class="hlt">warming</span> devices are effective for the prevention of surgical hypothermia. However, these devices intake nonsterile floor-level air, and it is unknown whether they have adequate filtration measures to prevent the internal buildup or emission of microbial contaminants. We rated the intake filtration efficiency of a popular <span class="hlt">current</span>-generation forced-air <span class="hlt">warming</span> device (Bair Hugger model 750, Arizant Healthcare) using a monodisperse sodium chloride aerosol in the laboratory. We further sampled 23 forced-air <span class="hlt">warming</span> devices (same model) in daily hospital use for internal microbial buildup and airborne-contamination emissions via swabbing and particle counting. Laboratory testing found the intake filter to be 63.8% efficient. Swabbing detected microorganisms within 100% of the forced-air <span class="hlt">warming</span> blowers sampled, with isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci, mold, and micrococci identified. Particle counting showed 96% of forced-air <span class="hlt">warming</span> blowers to be emitting significant levels of internally generated airborne contaminants out of the hose end. These findings highlight the need for upgraded intake filtration, preferably high-efficiency particulate air filtration (99.97% efficient), on <span class="hlt">current</span>-generation forced-air <span class="hlt">warming</span> devices to reduce contamination buildup and emission risks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29219964','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29219964"><span>Greater future global <span class="hlt">warming</span> inferred from Earth's recent energy budget.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Brown, Patrick T; Caldeira, Ken</p> <p>2017-12-06</p> <p>Climate models provide the principal means of projecting global <span class="hlt">warming</span> over the remainder of the twenty-first century but modelled estimates of <span class="hlt">warming</span> vary by a factor of approximately two even under the same radiative forcing scenarios. Across-model relationships between <span class="hlt">currently</span> observable attributes of the climate system and the simulated magnitude of future <span class="hlt">warming</span> have the potential to inform projections. Here we show that robust across-model relationships exist between the global spatial patterns of several fundamental attributes of Earth's top-of-atmosphere energy budget and the magnitude of projected global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. When we constrain the model projections with observations, we obtain greater means and narrower ranges of future global <span class="hlt">warming</span> across the major radiative forcing scenarios, in general. In particular, we find that the observationally informed <span class="hlt">warming</span> projection for the end of the twenty-first century for the steepest radiative forcing scenario is about 15 per cent warmer (+0.5 degrees Celsius) with a reduction of about a third in the two-standard-deviation spread (-1.2 degrees Celsius) relative to the raw model projections reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Our results suggest that achieving any given global temperature stabilization target will require steeper greenhouse gas emissions reductions than previously calculated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1439712-accelerated-increase-arctic-tropospheric-warming-events-surpassing-stratosphericwarming-events-during-winter','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1439712-accelerated-increase-arctic-tropospheric-warming-events-surpassing-stratosphericwarming-events-during-winter"><span>Accelerated Increase in the Arctic Tropospheric <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Events Surpassing Stratospheric<span class="hlt">Warming</span> Events During Winter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wang, Simon; Lin, Yen-Heng; Lee, Ming-Ying</p> <p>2017-04-22</p> <p>In January 2016, a robust reversal of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) took place associated with a rapid tropospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the Arctic region; this was followed by the occurrence of a classic sudden stratospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> in March-April. The succession of these two distinct Arctic <span class="hlt">warming</span> events provides a stimulating opportunity to examine their characteristics in terms of similarities and differences. Historical cases of these two types of Arctic <span class="hlt">warming</span> were identified and validated based upon tropical linkages with the Madden-Julian Oscillation and El Niño as well as those documented in previous studies. Our results indicate a recent and accelerated increasemore » in the tropospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> type versus a flat trend in stratospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> type. Given that tropospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> events occur twice as fast than the stratospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> type, the noted increase in the former implies further intensification in midlatitude winter weather extremes similar to those experienced in early 2016. Forced simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model suggest that the reduced Arctic sea ice contributes to the observed increase in the tropospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> events and associated impact on the anomalously cold Siberia.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15229669','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15229669"><span>[Treatment of patients with neuromuscular disease in a <span class="hlt">warm</span> climate].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dahl, Arve; Skjeldal, Ola H; Simensen, Andreas; Dalen, Håkon E; Bråthen, Tone; Ahlvin, Petra; Svendsby, Ellen Kathrine; Sveinall, Anne; Fredriksen, Per Morten</p> <p>2004-07-01</p> <p>Several patient groups request treatment in a <span class="hlt">warm</span> climate, in spite of the fact that the effects of such treatment are undocumented. 47 children and 40 adults with neuromuscular diseases were recruited, stratified according to sex, use or non-use of electric wheelchair, primary myopathy or hereditary neuropathy, and randomised into two adult and two children groups. The patients were treated in a rehabilitation centre, either on Lanzarote or in Norway. All patients were monitored with physical tests and questionnaires at the start of the study, at the end of the treatment <span class="hlt">period</span>, after three months (all groups) and after six months (adults only). No significant differences in effect between the groups were found. In the <span class="hlt">warm</span> climate, the adult patient group showed a statistically significant improvement regarding pain, quality of life, depression, and results of physical tests at the end of treatment. After three months, the improvement in physical tests was still present. Among adult patients treated in Norway, improvement in physical tests was statistically significant after three months, but not at the end of the treatment <span class="hlt">period</span>. This study did not show a statistically significant difference between patients with various neuromuscular diseases treated in a <span class="hlt">warm</span> climate compared to similar patients treated in Norway.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA343913','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA343913"><span>JPRS Report, Environmental Issues, Japan: Response Strategies for Global <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Studied</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1990-06-12</p> <p>views <span class="hlt">currently</span> held both inside and outside of Japan. To cope with the global <span class="hlt">warming</span> problem, considerations of more specific issues are needed...assessment of our common and needed efforts which are necessary in order to assess and deal with the issue of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> more effectively....Advisory Committee on climate change. This volume contains summaries of the reports given by the members of the subgroups. Interest in the global</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15206831','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15206831"><span><span class="hlt">Warm</span> partner contact is related to lower cardiovascular reactivity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Grewen, Karen M; Anderson, Bobbi J; Girdler, Susan S; Light, Kathleen C</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>The authors investigated the relationship between brief <span class="hlt">warm</span> social and physical contact among cohabitating couples and blood pressure (BP) reactivity to stress in a sample of healthy adults (66 African American, 117 Caucasian; 74 women, 109 men). Prior to stress, the <span class="hlt">warm</span> contact group underwent a 10-minute <span class="hlt">period</span> of handholding while viewing a romantic video. Followed by a 20-second hug with their partner, while the no contact group rested quietly for 10 minutes and 20 seconds. In response to a public speaking task, individuals receiving prestress partner contact demonstrated lower systolic BP diastolic BP, and heart rate increases compared with the no contact group. The effects of <span class="hlt">warm</span> contact were comparable for men and women and were greater for African Americans compared with Caucasians. These findings suggest that affectionate relationships with a supportive partner may contribute to lower reactivity to stressful life events and may partially mediate the benefit of marital support on better cardiovascular health.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy...48.3247F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy...48.3247F"><span>Evaluating Arctic <span class="hlt">warming</span> mechanisms in CMIP5 models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Franzke, Christian L. E.; Lee, Sukyoung; Feldstein, Steven B.</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Arctic <span class="hlt">warming</span> is one of the most striking signals of global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. The Arctic is one of the fastest <span class="hlt">warming</span> regions on Earth and constitutes, thus, a good test bed to evaluate the ability of climate models to reproduce the physics and dynamics involved in Arctic <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Different physical and dynamical mechanisms have been proposed to explain Arctic amplification. These mechanisms include the surface albedo feedback and poleward sensible and latent heat transport processes. During the winter season when Arctic amplification is most pronounced, the first mechanism relies on an enhancement in upward surface heat flux, while the second mechanism does not. In these mechanisms, it has been proposed that downward infrared radiation (IR) plays a role to a varying degree. Here, we show that the <span class="hlt">current</span> generation of CMIP5 climate models all reproduce Arctic <span class="hlt">warming</span> and there are high pattern correlations—typically greater than 0.9—between the surface air temperature (SAT) trend and the downward IR trend. However, we find that there are two groups of CMIP5 models: one with small pattern correlations between the Arctic SAT trend and the surface vertical heat flux trend (Group 1), and the other with large correlations (Group 2) between the same two variables. The Group 1 models exhibit higher pattern correlations between Arctic SAT and 500 hPa geopotential height trends, than do the Group 2 models. These findings suggest that Arctic <span class="hlt">warming</span> in Group 1 models is more closely related to changes in the large-scale atmospheric circulation, whereas in Group 2, the albedo feedback effect plays a more important role. Interestingly, while Group 1 models have a <span class="hlt">warm</span> or weak bias in their Arctic SAT, Group 2 models show large cold biases. This stark difference in model bias leads us to hypothesize that for a given model, the dominant Arctic <span class="hlt">warming</span> mechanism and trend may be dependent on the bias of the model mean state.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSHI14A1761S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSHI14A1761S"><span>Countering Ice Ages: Re-directing Public Concern from Global <span class="hlt">Warming</span> (GW) to Global Cooling (GC)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Singer, S. F.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>I present here three arguments in favor of such a drastic shift - which involves also a shift in <span class="hlt">current</span> policies, such as mitigation of the greenhouse (GH) gas carbon dioxide. 1. Historical evidence shows that cooling, even on a regional or local scale, is much more damaging than <span class="hlt">warming</span>. The key threat is to agriculture, leading to failure of harvests, followed by famine, starvation, disease, and mass deaths. 2. Also, GC is reasonably sure, while GW is iffy. The evidence from deep-sea sediment cores and ice cores shows some 17 (Milankovitch-style) glaciations in the past 2 million years, each typically lasting 100,000 years, interrupted by <span class="hlt">warm</span> inter-glacials, typically around 10,000-yr duration. The most recent glaciation ended rather suddenly about 12,000 years ago. We are now in the <span class="hlt">warm</span> Holocene, which is expected to end soon. Most of humanity may not survive the next, inevitable glaciation. We need to consider also the <span class="hlt">warming</span>-cooling (Dansgaard-Oeschger-Bond - DOB) cycles, which seem solar-controlled and have a <span class="hlt">period</span> of approx 1000-1500 years; its most recent cooling phase, the "Little Ice Age" (LIA), ended about 200 years ago. For details, see Unstoppable Global <span class="hlt">Warming</span>: Every 1500 years by Singer &Avery [2007]. 3. Available technology seems adequate to assure human survival - at least in industrialized nations. The main threat is warfare, driven by competition for food and other essential resources. With nuclear weapons and delivery systems widely dispersed, the outcome of future wars is difficult to predict. Using geo-engineering to overcome a future cooling looks promising for both types of ice ages - with relatively low cost and low risk to the physical and biological environment. I will describe how to neutralize the "trigger" of major glaciations, and propose a particular greenhouse scheme that may counter the cooling phase of DOB cycles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20030112997&hterms=coma&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dcoma','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20030112997&hterms=coma&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dcoma"><span>A Massive <span class="hlt">Warm</span> Baryonic Halo in the Coma Cluster</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bonamente, Massimiliano; Joy, Marshall K.; Lieu, Richard</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Several deep PSPC observations of the Coma Cluster reveal a very large scale halo of soft X-ray emission, substantially in excess of the well-known radiation from the hot intracluster medium. The excess emission, previously reported in the central region of the cluster using lower sensitivity Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) and ROSAT data, is now evident out to a radius of 2.6 Mpc, demonstrating that the soft excess radiation from clusters is a phenomenon of cosmological significance. The X-ray spectrum at these large radii cannot be modeled nonthermally but is consistent with the original scenario of thermal emission from <span class="hlt">warm</span> gas at approx. 10(exp 6) K. The mass of the <span class="hlt">warm</span> gas is on par with that of the hot X-ray-emitting plasma and significantly more massive if the <span class="hlt">warm</span> gas resides in low-density filamentary structures. Thus, the data lend vital support to <span class="hlt">current</span> theories of cosmic evolution, which predict that at low redshift approx. 30%-40% of the baryons reside in <span class="hlt">warm</span> filaments converging at clusters of galaxies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMPP33B1240P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMPP33B1240P"><span>Pliocene <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> Upwelling in the Southern Benguela Region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Petrick, B. F.; McClymont, E.; Felder, S.; Leng, M. J.; Rosell Mele, A.; Rueda, G.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The mid-Pliocene has been proposed as a possible analogue for understanding future climate change and testing climate models. Previous work has shown that during the Pliocene the major upwelling systems were relatively <span class="hlt">warm</span>, and thus either inactive, contracted, or upwelling warmer waters than present. Here we examine evidence from a core site located on the margins of the modern Benguela upwelling system, to test whether the upwelling cells had migrated or contracted relative to present during the Pliocene. We applied several organic geochemistry proxies and foraminiferal analyses to reconstruct the Pliocene history of ODP site 1087 (31º28'S, 15º19'E, 1374m water depth), including the UK37' index and TEX86 index (for reconstructing sea surface temperatures), chlorins (for estimating primary productivity) and planktonic foraminifera assemblages (for inferring water mass changes). These proxies show that between 3.5 and 3.0 Ma the southern Benguela region was significantly cooler than the northern Benguela region, the latter where the main upwelling cells are found today. Coupled with higher primary production, a shift in planktonic foraminifera assemblage, and an offset between the UK37' index and TEX86 index, we infer that more extensive upwelling was present in the southern Benguela region during the Pliocene. We infer that the main Benguela upwelling cells had shifted southward relative to today, as a result of changes in the local wind field. We find evidence for pronounced cooling and a shift in the planktonic foraminifera assemblage during the M2 and KM2 glacial stages, showing a sensitivity of Benguela upwelling to these short-lived climate events.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.H11P..03W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.H11P..03W"><span>Contribution of anthropogenic <span class="hlt">warming</span> to California drought during 2012-2015</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Williams, P.; Seager, R.; Abatzoglou, J. T.; Cook, B.; Smerdon, J. E.; Cook, E. R.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>California is <span class="hlt">currently</span> in its fourth year of a drought that has caused record-breaking rates of ground-water extraction, fallowed agricultural fields, changes to water-use policy, dangrously low lake levels, and ecological disturbances such as large wildfires and bark-beetle outbreaks. A common and important question is: to what degree can the severity of this drought in California, or of any drought globally, be blamed on human-caused global <span class="hlt">warming</span>? Here we present the most comprehensive accounting of the natural and anthropogenic contributions to drought variability to date, and we provide an in-depth evaluation of the recent extreme drought in California. A suite of climate datasets and multiple representations of atmospheric moisture demand are used to calculate many estimates of the self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index, a proxy for near-surface soil moisture, across California from 1901-2014 at high spatial resolution. Based on the ensemble of calculations, California drought conditions were record-breaking in 2014, but probably not record-breaking in 2012-2014, contrary to prior findings. Regionally, the 2012-2014 drought was record-breaking in the agriculturally important southern Central Valley and highly populated coastal areas. Contributions of individual climate variables to recent drought are also examined, including the temperature component associated with anthropogenic <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Precipitation is the primary driver of drought variability but anthropogenic <span class="hlt">warming</span> is estimated to have accounted for 8-27% of the observed drought anomaly in 2012-2014 and 5-18% in 2014. Analyses will be updated through 2015 for this presentation. Although natural climate variability has often masked the background effects of <span class="hlt">warming</span> on drought, the background effect is becoming increasingly detectable and important, particularly by increased the overall likelihood of extreme California droughts. The dramatic effects of the <span class="hlt">current</span> drought in California, combined</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AnGeo..27.1097H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AnGeo..27.1097H"><span>Dendroclimatic transfer functions revisited: Little Ice Age and Medieval <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> summer temperatures reconstructed using artificial neural networks and linear algorithms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Helama, S.; Makarenko, N. G.; Karimova, L. M.; Kruglun, O. A.; Timonen, M.; Holopainen, J.; Meriläinen, J.; Eronen, M.</p> <p>2009-03-01</p> <p>Tree-rings tell of past climates. To do so, tree-ring chronologies comprising numerous climate-sensitive living-tree and subfossil time-series need to be "transferred" into palaeoclimate estimates using transfer functions. The purpose of this study is to compare different types of transfer functions, especially linear and nonlinear algorithms. Accordingly, multiple linear regression (MLR), linear scaling (LSC) and artificial neural networks (ANN, nonlinear algorithm) were compared. Transfer functions were built using a regional tree-ring chronology and instrumental temperature observations from Lapland (northern Finland and Sweden). In addition, conventional MLR was compared with a hybrid model whereby climate was reconstructed separately for short- and long-<span class="hlt">period</span> timescales prior to combining the bands of timescales into a single hybrid model. The fidelity of the different reconstructions was validated against instrumental climate data. The reconstructions by MLR and ANN showed reliable reconstruction capabilities over the instrumental <span class="hlt">period</span> (AD 1802-1998). LCS failed to reach reasonable verification statistics and did not qualify as a reliable reconstruction: this was due mainly to exaggeration of the low-frequency climatic variance. Over this instrumental <span class="hlt">period</span>, the reconstructed low-frequency amplitudes of climate variability were rather similar by MLR and ANN. Notably greater differences between the models were found over the actual reconstruction <span class="hlt">period</span> (AD 802-1801). A marked temperature decline, as reconstructed by MLR, from the Medieval <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Period</span> (AD 931-1180) to the Little Ice Age (AD 1601-1850), was evident in all the models. This decline was approx. 0.5°C as reconstructed by MLR. Different ANN based palaeotemperatures showed simultaneous cooling of 0.2 to 0.5°C, depending on algorithm. The hybrid MLR did not seem to provide further benefit above conventional MLR in our sample. The robustness of the conventional MLR over the calibration</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....1710467P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....1710467P"><span>Dominance of climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> effects on recent drying trends over wet monsoon regions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Park, Chang-Eui; Jeong, Su-Jong; Ho, Chang-Hoi; Park, Hoonyoung; Piao, Shilong; Kim, Jinwon; Feng, Song</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Understanding changes in background dryness over land is key information for adapting to climate change because of its critical socioeconomic consequences. However, causes of continental dryness changes remain uncertain because various climate parameters control dryness. Here, we verify dominant climate variables determining dryness trends over continental eastern Asia, which is characterized by diverse hydroclimate regimes ranging from arid to humid, by quantifying the relative effects of changes in precipitation, solar radiation, wind speed, surface air temperature, and relative humidity on trends in the aridity index based on observed data from 189 weather stations for the <span class="hlt">period</span> of 1961-2010. Before the early 1980s (1961-1983), change in precipitation is a primary condition for determining aridity trends. In the later <span class="hlt">period</span> (1984-2010), the dominant climate parameter for aridity trends varies according to the hydroclimate regime. Drying trends in arid regions are mostly explained by reduced precipitation. In contrast, the increase in potential evapotranspiration due to increased atmospheric water-holding capacity, a secondary impact of <span class="hlt">warming</span>, works to increase aridity over the humid monsoon region despite an enhanced water supply and relatively less <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Our results show significant drying effects of <span class="hlt">warming</span> over the humid monsoon region in recent decades; this also supports the drying trends over <span class="hlt">warm</span> and water-sufficient regions in future climate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992BAMS...73.1563M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992BAMS...73.1563M"><span>Global <span class="hlt">Warming</span>: A Reduced Threat?.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Michaels, Patrick J.; Stooksbury, David E.</p> <p>1992-10-01</p> <p>One popular and apocalyptic vision of the world influenced by increasing concentrations of infrared-absorbing trace gases is that of ecological disaster brought about by rapidly rising temperatures, sea level, and evaporation rates. This vision developed from a suite of climate models that have since considerably changed in both their dynamics and their estimates of prospective <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Observed temperatures indicate that much more <span class="hlt">warming</span> should already have taken place than predicted by earlier models in the Northern Hemisphere, and that night, rather than day, readings in that hemisphere show a relative <span class="hlt">warming</span>. A high-latitude polar-night <span class="hlt">warming</span> or a general night <span class="hlt">warming</span> could be either benign or beneficial. A large number of plant species show both increased growth and greater water-use efficiency under enhanced carbon dioxide.An extensive body of evidence now indicates that anthropo-generated sulfate emissions are mitigating some of the <span class="hlt">warming</span>, and that increased cloudiness as a result of these emissions will further enhance night, rather than day, <span class="hlt">warming</span>. The sulfate emissions, though, are not sufficient to explain all of the night <span class="hlt">warming</span>. However, the sensitivity of climate to anthropogenerated aerosols, and the general lack of previously predicted <span class="hlt">warming</span>, could drastically alter the debate on global <span class="hlt">warming</span> in favor of less expensive policies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy..tmp....9W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy..tmp....9W"><span>Wet-to-dry shift over Southwest China in 1994 tied to the <span class="hlt">warming</span> of tropical <span class="hlt">warm</span> pool</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Lin; Huang, Gang; Chen, Wen; Zhou, Wen; Wang, Weiqiang</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The autumn climate in Southwest China (SWC) experienced a notable wet-to-dry shift in 1994. Associated with this change in precipitation, decadal signatures of large-scale atmospheric circulation and SST identify a likely dynamical origin: the tropical <span class="hlt">warm</span> pool (TWP) consisting of tropical northwest Pacific (TNWP, 3°S-12°N and 110°E-150°E) sector and tropical east Indian Ocean (TEI, 10°S-3°N and 80°E-110°E) sector. A cold-to-<span class="hlt">warm</span> phase switch of TWP SST occurred in 1994, coinciding exactly with the timing of the regime transition of SWC precipitation. During post-1994 <span class="hlt">period</span>, <span class="hlt">warm</span> states in the TNWP and TEI sectors plays in a synergistic fashion to invoke dry decades in SWC. On the one side, <span class="hlt">warm</span> SST over the TNWP sector excites an anomalous cyclone centered on the South China Sea directed opposite to the climatological moisture transport and strengthened zonal wind to its west accompanied by a weakening of the poleward flux; on the other side, <span class="hlt">warm</span> SST over the TEI sector acts to intensify inflow into TEI with less concurrent transfer of moisture to SWC and to steer moisture to the northern Arabic Sea and away from the SWC-oriented track. Meanwhile, the troposphere over SWC is capped by subsidence, which is jointly contributed by TNWP and TEI. It then follows a reduced moisture supply, suppressed convective activity, and anomalous divergence in SWC, bringing a precipitation deficit there. In contrast, cold TWP SST during 1961-1994 favors wet conditions in SWC, given a perfectly symmetrical circulation pattern. Further, the dominant role of TWP is confirmed, because the modeled response to TWP SST forcing alone bears a great resemblance to the observed evidence. Finally, it is also found that the teleconnected influence induced by TWP is stronger in southern SWC than in northern SWC, which explains the south-north gradient of interdecadal signal of SWC precipitation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27191695','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27191695"><span><span class="hlt">Warm</span>-up Practices in Elite Boxing Athletes: Impact on Power Output.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cunniffe, Brian; Ellison, Mark; Loosemore, Mike; Cardinale, Marco</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Cunniffe, B, Ellison, M, Loosemore, M, and Cardinale, M. <span class="hlt">Warm</span>-up practices in elite boxing athletes: Iimpact on power output. J Strength Cond Res 31(1): 95-105, 2017-This study evaluated the performance impact of routine <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up strategies in elite Olympic amateur boxing athletes and physiological implications of the time gap (GAP) between <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up and boxing activity. Six male boxers were assessed while performing standardized prefight <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up routines. Core and skin temperature measurements (Tcore and Tskin), heart rate, and upper- and lower-body power output (PO) were assessed before and after <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up, during a 25-minutes GAP and after 3 × 2 minutes rounds of sparring. Reflected temperature (Tc) was also determined using high-resolution thermal images at fixed time-points to explore avenues for heat loss. Despite individual differences in <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up duration (range 7.4-18.5 minutes), increases in Tcore and Tskin occurred (p ≤ 0.05). Corresponding increases (4.8%; p ≤ 0.05) in countermovement jump (CMJ) height and upward-rightward shifts in upper-body force-velocity and power-velocity curves were observed. Athletes remained inactive during the 25-minutes GAP with a gradual and significant increase in Tc occurring by the end of GAP suggesting the likelihood of heat loss. Decreases in CMJ height and upper-body PO were observed after 15 minutes and 25 minutes GAP (p ≤ 0.05). By the end of GAP <span class="hlt">period</span>, all performance variables had returned to pre-<span class="hlt">warm</span>-up values. Results suggest routine <span class="hlt">warm</span>-ups undertaken by elite boxers have acute effects on power-generating capacity. Gradual decreases in performance variables are evident with inactivity and seem related to alterations in body temperature. Considering the constraints of major competitions and time spent in air conditioned holding areas before fights, practitioners should be aware of the potential of nullifying the <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up effects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27207568','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27207568"><span>Soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> opens the nitrogen cycle at the alpine treeline.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dawes, Melissa A; Schleppi, Patrick; Hättenschwiler, Stephan; Rixen, Christian; Hagedorn, Frank</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> may alter ecosystem nitrogen (N) cycling by accelerating N transformations in the soil, and changes may be especially pronounced in cold regions characterized by N-poor ecosystems. We investigated N dynamics across the plant-soil continuum during 6 years of experimental soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> (2007-2012; +4 °C) at a Swiss high-elevation treeline site (Stillberg, Davos; 2180 m a.s.l.) featuring Larix decidua and Pinus uncinata. In the soil, we observed considerable increases in the NH4+ pool size in the first years of <span class="hlt">warming</span> (by >50%), but this effect declined over time. In contrast, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations in soil solutions from the organic layer increased under <span class="hlt">warming</span>, especially in later years (maximum of +45% in 2012), suggesting enhanced DON leaching from the main rooting zone. Throughout the experimental <span class="hlt">period</span>, foliar N concentrations showed species-specific but small <span class="hlt">warming</span> effects, whereas δ 15 N values showed a sustained increase in <span class="hlt">warmed</span> plots that was consistent for all species analysed. The estimated total plant N pool size at the end of the study was greater (+17%) in <span class="hlt">warmed</span> plots with Pinus but not in those containing Larix, with responses driven by trees. Irrespective of plot tree species identity, <span class="hlt">warming</span> led to an enhanced N pool size of Vaccinium dwarf shrubs, no change in that of Empetrum hermaphroditum (dwarf shrub) and forbs, and a reduction in that of grasses, nonvascular plants, and fine roots. In combination, higher foliar δ 15 N values and the transient response in soil inorganic N indicate a persistent increase in plant-available N and greater cumulative plant N uptake in warmer soils. Overall, greater N availability and increased DON concentrations suggest an opening of the N cycle with global <span class="hlt">warming</span>, which might contribute to growth stimulation of some plant species while simultaneously leading to greater N losses from treeline ecosystems and possibly other cold biomes. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28841537','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28841537"><span>Effect of static and dynamic muscle stretching as part of <span class="hlt">warm</span> up procedures on knee joint proprioception and strength.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Walsh, Gregory S</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The importance of <span class="hlt">warm</span> up procedures prior to athletic performance is well established. A common component of such procedures is muscle stretching. There is conflicting evidence regarding the effect of static stretching (SS) as part of <span class="hlt">warm</span> up procedures on knee joint position sense (KJPS) and the effect of dynamic stretching (DS) on KJPS is <span class="hlt">currently</span> unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dynamic and static stretching as part <span class="hlt">warm</span> up procedures on KJPS and knee extension and flexion strength. This study had a randomised cross-over design and ten healthy adults (20±1years) attended 3 visits during which baseline KJPS, at target angles of 20° and 45°, and knee extension and flexion strength tests were followed by 15min of cycling and either a rest <span class="hlt">period</span> (CON), SS, or DS and repeat KJPS and strength tests. All participants performed all conditions, one condition per visit. There were <span class="hlt">warm</span> up×stretching type interactions for KJPS at 20° (p=0.024) and 45° (p=0.018), and knee flexion (p=0.002) and extension (p<0.001) strength. The SS and DS improved KJPS but CON condition did not and SS decreased strength. No change in strength was present for DS or CON. Both SS and DS improve KJPS as part of pre-exercise <span class="hlt">warm</span> up procedures. However, the negative impact of SS on muscle strength limits the utility of SS before athletic performance. If stretching is to be performed as part of a <span class="hlt">warm</span> up, DS should be favoured over SS. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy..tmp.2367W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy..tmp.2367W"><span>Changes in ENSO amplitude under climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> and cooling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Yingying; Luo, Yiyong; Lu, Jian; Liu, Fukai</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The response of ENSO amplitude to climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> and cooling is investigated using the Community Earth System Model (CESM), in which the <span class="hlt">warming</span> and cooling scenarios are designed by adding heat fluxes of equal amplitude but opposite sign onto the ocean surface, respectively. Results show that the <span class="hlt">warming</span> induces an increase of the ENSO amplitude but the cooling gives rise to a decrease of the ENSO amplitude, and these changes are robust in statistics. A mixed layer heat budget analysis finds that the increasing (decreasing) SST tendency under climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> (cooling) is mainly due to an enhancement (weakening) of dynamical feedback processes over the equatorial Pacific, including zonal advective (ZA) feedback, meridional advective (MA) feedback, thermocline (TH) feedback, and Ekman (EK) feedback. As the climate <span class="hlt">warms</span>, a wind anomaly of the same magnitude across the equatorial Pacific can induce a stronger zonal <span class="hlt">current</span> change in the east (i.e., a stronger ZA feedback), which in turn produces a greater weakening of upwelling (i.e., a stronger EK feedback) and thus a larger thermocline change (i.e., a stronger TH feedback). In response to the climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>, in addition, the MA feedback is also strengthened due to an enhancement of the meridional SST gradient around the equator resulting from a weakening of the subtropical cells (STCs). It should be noted that the weakened STCs itself has a negative contribution to the change of the MA feedback which, however, appears to be secondary. And vice versa for the cooling case. Bjerknes linear stability (BJ) index is also evaluated for the linear stability of ENSO, with remarkably larger (smaller) BJ index found for the <span class="hlt">warming</span> (cooling) case.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/361682-establishing-native-warm-season-grasses-eastern-kentucky-strip-mines','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/361682-establishing-native-warm-season-grasses-eastern-kentucky-strip-mines"><span>Establishing native <span class="hlt">warm</span> season grasses on Eastern Kentucky strip mines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Barnes, T.G.; Larkin, J.L.; Arnett, M.B.</p> <p>1998-12-31</p> <p>The authors evaluated various methods of establishing native <span class="hlt">warm</span> season grasses on two reclaimed Eastern Kentucky mines from 1994--1997. Most <span class="hlt">current</span> reclamation practices incorporate the use of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and other cool-season grasses/legumes that provide little wildlife habitats. The use of native <span class="hlt">warm</span> season grasses will likely improve wildlife habitat on reclaimed strip mines. Objectives of this study were to compare the feasibility of establishing these grasses during fall, winter, or spring using a native rangeland seeder or hydroseeding; a fertilizer application at planting; or cold-moist stratification prior to hydroseeding. Vegetative cover, bare ground, species richness, and biomassmore » samples were collected at the end of each growing season. Native <span class="hlt">warm</span> season grass plantings had higher plant species richness compared to cool-season reclamation mixtures. There was no difference in establishment of native <span class="hlt">warm</span> season grasses as a result of fertilization or seeding technique. Winter native <span class="hlt">warm</span> season grass plantings were failures and cold-moist stratification did not increase plant establishment during any season. As a result of a drought during 1997, both cool-season and <span class="hlt">warm</span> season plantings were failures. Cool-season reclamation mixtures had significantly more vegetative cover and biomass compared to native <span class="hlt">warm</span> season grass mixtures and the native <span class="hlt">warm</span> season grass plantings did not meet vegetative cover requirements for bond release. Forbs and legumes that established well included pale purple coneflower (Echinacea pallida), lance-leaf coreopsis (Coreopsis lanceolata), round-headed lespedeza (Lespedeza capitata), partridge pea (Cassia fasiculata), black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta), butterfly milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa), and bergamot (Monarda fistulosa). Results from two demonstration plots next to research plots indicate it is possible to establish native <span class="hlt">warm</span> season grasses on Eastern Kentucky strip mines for wildlife</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28380260','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28380260"><span>A numerical study of the acoustic radiation due to eddy <span class="hlt">current</span>-cryostat interactions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Yaohui; Liu, Feng; Zhou, Xiaorong; Li, Yu; Crozier, Stuart</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>To investigate the acoustic radiation due to eddy <span class="hlt">current</span>-cryostat interactions and perform a qualitative analysis on noise reduction methods. In order to evaluate the sound pressure level (SPL) of the eddy <span class="hlt">current</span> induced <span class="hlt">warm</span> bore wall vibration, a Finite Element (FE) model was created to simulate the noises from both the <span class="hlt">warm</span> bore wall vibration and the gradient coil assembly. For the SPL reduction of the <span class="hlt">warm</span> bore wall vibration, we first improved the active shielding of the gradient coil, thus reducing the eddy <span class="hlt">current</span> on the <span class="hlt">warm</span> bore wall. A damping treatment was then applied to the <span class="hlt">warm</span> bore wall to control the acoustic radiation. Initial simulations show that the SPL of the <span class="hlt">warm</span> bore wall is higher than that of the gradient assembly with typical design shielding ratios at many frequencies. Subsequent simulation results of eddy <span class="hlt">current</span> control and damping treatment application show that the average SPL reduction of the <span class="hlt">warm</span> bore wall can be as high as 9.6 dB, and even higher in some frequency bands. Combining eddy <span class="hlt">current</span> control and suggested damping scheme, the noise level in a MRI system can be effectively reduced. © 2017 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy...48..649L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy...48..649L"><span>Moisture increase in response to high-altitude <span class="hlt">warming</span> evidenced by tree-rings on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Jinbao; Shi, Jiangfeng; Zhang, David D.; Yang, Bao; Fang, Keyan; Yue, Pak Hong</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Rapid <span class="hlt">warming</span> has been observed in the high-altitude areas around the globe, but the implications on moisture change are not fully understood. Here we use tree-rings to reveal common moisture change on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) during the past five centuries, and show that regional moisture change in late spring to early summer (April-June) is closely related to large-scale temperature anomaly over the TP, with increased moisture coincident with <span class="hlt">periods</span> of high temperature. The most recent pluvial during the 1990s-2000s is likely the wettest for the past five centuries, which coincides with the warmest <span class="hlt">period</span> on the TP during the past millennium. Dynamic analysis reveals that vertical air convection is enhanced in response to anomalous TP surface <span class="hlt">warming</span>, leading to an increase in lower-tropospheric humidity and effective precipitation over the southeastern TP. The coherent <span class="hlt">warm</span>-wet relationship identified in both tree-rings and dynamic analysis implies a generally wetter condition on the southeastern TP under future <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170008489&hterms=smith&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAuthor-Name%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dsmith','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170008489&hterms=smith&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAuthor-Name%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dsmith"><span>Accelerating Net Terrestrial Carbon Uptake During the <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Hiatus Due to Reduced Respiration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ballantyne, Ashley; Smith, William; Anderegg, William; Kauppi, Pekka; Sarmiento, Jorge; Tans, Pieter; Shevliakova, Elena; Pan, Yude; Poulter, Benjamin; Anav, Alessandro; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20170008489'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20170008489_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20170008489_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20170008489_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20170008489_hide"></p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The recent <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus presents an excellent opportunity to investigate climate sensitivity of carbon cycle processes. Here we combine satellite and atmospheric observations to show that the rate of net biome productivity (NBP) has significantly accelerated from - 0.007 +/- 0.065 PgC yr(exp -2) over the <span class="hlt">warming</span> <span class="hlt">period</span> (1982 to 1998) to 0.119 +/- 0.071 PgC yr(exp -2) over the <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus (19982012). This acceleration in NBP is not due to increased primary productivity, but rather reduced respiration that is correlated (r = 0.58; P = 0.0007) and sensitive ( y = 4.05 to 9.40 PgC yr(exp -1) per C) to land temperatures. Global land models do not fully capture this apparent reduced respiration over the <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus; however, an empirical model including soil temperature and moisture observations better captures the reduced respiration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCC...7..148B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCC...7..148B"><span>Accelerating net terrestrial carbon uptake during the <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus due to reduced respiration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ballantyne, Ashley; Smith, William; Anderegg, William; Kauppi, Pekka; Sarmiento, Jorge; Tans, Pieter; Shevliakova, Elena; Pan, Yude; Poulter, Benjamin; Anav, Alessandro; Friedlingstein, Pierre; Houghton, Richard; Running, Steven</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The recent `<span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus' presents an excellent opportunity to investigate climate sensitivity of carbon cycle processes. Here we combine satellite and atmospheric observations to show that the rate of net biome productivity (NBP) has significantly accelerated from -0.007 +/- 0.065 PgC yr-2 over the <span class="hlt">warming</span> <span class="hlt">period</span> (1982 to 1998) to 0.119 +/- 0.071 PgC yr-2 over the <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus (1998-2012). This acceleration in NBP is not due to increased primary productivity, but rather reduced respiration that is correlated (r = 0.58 P = 0.0007) and sensitive (γ = 4.05 to 9.40 PgC yr-1 per °C) to land temperatures. Global land models do not fully capture this apparent reduced respiration over the <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus; however, an empirical model including soil temperature and moisture observations better captures the reduced respiration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990018501','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990018501"><span>Global <span class="hlt">Warming</span> on Triton</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Elliot, J. L.; Hammel, H. B.; Wasserman, L. H.; Franz, O. G.; McDonald, S. W.; Person, M. J.; Olkin, C. B.; Dunham, E. J.; Spencer, J. R.; Stansberry, J. A.; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_19990018501'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_19990018501_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_19990018501_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_19990018501_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_19990018501_hide"></p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>Triton, Neptune's largest moon, has been predicted to undergo significant seasonal changes that would reveal themselves as changes in its mean frost temperature. But whether this temperature should at the present time be increasing, decreasing or constant depends on a number of parameters (such as the thermal properties of the surface, and frost migration patterns) that are unknown. Here we report observations of a recent stellar occultation by Triton which, when combined with earlier results, show that Triton has undergone a <span class="hlt">period</span> of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> since 1989. Our most conservative estimates of the rate of temperature and surface-pressure increase during this <span class="hlt">period</span> imply that the atmosphere is doubling in bulk every 10 years, significantly faster than predicted by any published frost model for Triton. Our result suggests that permanent polar caps on Triton play a c dominant role in regulating seasonal atmospheric changes. Similar processes should also be active on Pluto.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.9947L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.9947L"><span>Australia's Unprecedented Future Temperature Extremes Under Paris Limits to <span class="hlt">Warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lewis, Sophie C.; King, Andrew D.; Mitchell, Daniel M.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Record-breaking temperatures can detrimentally impact ecosystems, infrastructure, and human health. Previous studies show that climate change has influenced some observed extremes, which are expected to become more frequent under enhanced future <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Understanding the magnitude, as a well as frequency, of such future extremes is critical for limiting detrimental impacts. We focus on temperature changes in Australian regions, including over a major coral reef-building area, and assess the potential magnitude of future extreme temperatures under Paris Agreement global <span class="hlt">warming</span> targets (1.5°C and 2°C). Under these limits to global mean <span class="hlt">warming</span>, we determine a set of projected high-magnitude unprecedented Australian temperature extremes. These include extremes unexpected based on observational temperatures, including <span class="hlt">current</span> record-breaking events. For example, while the difference in global-average <span class="hlt">warming</span> during the hottest Australian summer and the 2°C Paris target is 1.1°C, extremes of 2.4°C above the observed summer record are simulated. This example represents a more than doubling of the magnitude of extremes, compared with global mean change, and such temperatures are unexpected based on the observed record alone. Projected extremes do not necessarily scale linearly with mean global <span class="hlt">warming</span>, and this effect demonstrates the significant potential benefits of limiting <span class="hlt">warming</span> to 1.5°C, compared to 2°C or warmer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25249142','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25249142"><span>Preoperative <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up the key to improved resident technique: a randomized study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Moran-Atkin, Erin; Abdalla, Gamal; Chen, Grace; Magnuson, Thomas H; Lidor, Anne O; Schweitzer, Michael A; Steele, Kimberley E</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>The ACGME has required that a skills lab be incorporated into the surgical residency curriculum. While the value of <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up is generally accepted in other areas requiring complex motor skills, there is little evidence to support the benefits of <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up prior to performing surgery. We are conducting this study in an attempt to identify whether a <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up <span class="hlt">period</span> prior to operating impacts operative technique. All general surgery residents and MIS fellows were included in this IRB-approved randomized study. Participants were randomized to either <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up or no <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up groups. Participants randomized to the <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up group completed a 10 min practice session in the simulation lab within 1 h of starting the case, using an FLS training box. At the conclusion of the operation, the participant was evaluated by the attending surgeon using the validated global rating scales of Reznick and Vassiliou. The attending surgeons were blinded to the use of pre-procedure <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up. The results of the questionnaire were analyzed using student's t test with p < 0.05 for significance. Pilot data were obtained after completing 40 cases that were randomized to <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up (19) or no <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up (21). There was a statistically significant improvement in depth perception (p = 0.02), bimanual dexterity (p = 0.01), and efficiency of movements (p = 0.03) for those randomized to <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up. There was statistical improvement when we preformed a composite scoring of the attending evaluations for each of the Reznick (p = 0.008) and the Vassiliou (p = 0.01) global rating scales. Preoperative <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up significantly improves depth perception, bimanual dexterity, and efficiency of movements, as well as improvement in composite scores as judged by the attending surgeon. The lack of self-perceived improvement by the residents may be a reflection of the high standards and intense self-critique that is common among surgical trainees. We believe that our findings, while preliminary, reflect that surgical performance can be</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Metabolism+AND+article&pg=5&id=EJ925234','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Metabolism+AND+article&pg=5&id=EJ925234"><span>Active Movement <span class="hlt">Warm</span>-Up Routines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Walter, Teri; Quint, Ashleigh; Fischer, Kim; Kiger, Joy</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>This article presents <span class="hlt">warm</span>-ups that are designed to physiologically and psychologically prepare students for vigorous physical activity. An active movement <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up routine is made up of three parts: (1) active <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up movement exercises, (2) general preparation, and (3) the energy system. These <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up routines can be used with all grade levels…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28511496','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28511496"><span>Effect of Passive, Active and Combined <span class="hlt">Warm</span> up on Lower Limb Muscle Performance and Dynamic Stability in Recreational Sports Players.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gogte, Kedar; Srivastav, Prateek; Miyaru, Ganesh Balthillaya</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Warm</span> up is an activity that is done before a sports activity. The <span class="hlt">warm</span> up can be done actively and passively. The preferred mode is active <span class="hlt">warm</span> up in athletes. There are inconclusive effects of passive <span class="hlt">warm</span> up compared with an active <span class="hlt">warm</span> up on short term muscle performance. The cumulative effect of passive and active <span class="hlt">warm</span> up on muscle performance and dynamic stability is not known. To find out the effects of passive, active and combined <span class="hlt">warm</span> up on lower limb muscle performance and dynamic stability in recreational sports players. A randomized crossover study was done on 19 recreational lower limb dominant sports players. Three different <span class="hlt">warm</span> ups were included in the study passive, active and combined. Active <span class="hlt">warm</span> up included series of activities like cycling, leg press, jump squats, squat jumps while passive <span class="hlt">warm</span> up included application of moist heat for a <span class="hlt">period</span> of 20 minutes on lower limb muscles. Combined <span class="hlt">warm</span> up included both passive and active <span class="hlt">warm</span> up. Six different sequences were made from these three <span class="hlt">warm</span> ups. Subjects were screened and allotted into different groups based on the six <span class="hlt">warm</span> up sequences after sequence randomization with 48 hours wash out <span class="hlt">period</span>. After every <span class="hlt">warm</span> up session Vertical Jump Test (VJT) and Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) was performed and results were recorded. Study duration was one year and six months. There was no difference noticed in both the outcome measures. Mean and SD values for passive, active and combined <span class="hlt">warm</span> up are 47.62±9.64, 48.50±10.16 and 48.87±10.70 respectively in Vertical Jump Test (VJT) and 85.43±8.61, 85.17±8.60 and 85.17±8.38 respectively for SEBT. The p-value for mean difference between passive-active, active-combined, combined-passive are 0.67, 1.00, 0.51 respectively, for VJT and 1.00, 1.00, 1.00 respectively for SEBT. All <span class="hlt">warm</span> ups are equally effective in short term sports performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5427422','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5427422"><span>Effect of Passive, Active and Combined <span class="hlt">Warm</span> up on Lower Limb Muscle Performance and Dynamic Stability in Recreational Sports Players</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gogte, Kedar; Miyaru, Ganesh Balthillaya</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Introduction <span class="hlt">Warm</span> up is an activity that is done before a sports activity. The <span class="hlt">warm</span> up can be done actively and passively. The preferred mode is active <span class="hlt">warm</span> up in athletes. There are inconclusive effects of passive <span class="hlt">warm</span> up compared with an active <span class="hlt">warm</span> up on short term muscle performance. The cumulative effect of passive and active <span class="hlt">warm</span> up on muscle performance and dynamic stability is not known. Aim To find out the effects of passive, active and combined <span class="hlt">warm</span> up on lower limb muscle performance and dynamic stability in recreational sports players. Materials and Methods A randomized crossover study was done on 19 recreational lower limb dominant sports players. Three different <span class="hlt">warm</span> ups were included in the study passive, active and combined. Active <span class="hlt">warm</span> up included series of activities like cycling, leg press, jump squats, squat jumps while passive <span class="hlt">warm</span> up included application of moist heat for a <span class="hlt">period</span> of 20 minutes on lower limb muscles. Combined <span class="hlt">warm</span> up included both passive and active <span class="hlt">warm</span> up. Six different sequences were made from these three <span class="hlt">warm</span> ups. Subjects were screened and allotted into different groups based on the six <span class="hlt">warm</span> up sequences after sequence randomization with 48 hours wash out <span class="hlt">period</span>. After every <span class="hlt">warm</span> up session Vertical Jump Test (VJT) and Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) was performed and results were recorded. Study duration was one year and six months. Results There was no difference noticed in both the outcome measures. Mean and SD values for passive, active and combined <span class="hlt">warm</span> up are 47.62±9.64, 48.50±10.16 and 48.87±10.70 respectively in Vertical Jump Test (VJT) and 85.43±8.61, 85.17±8.60 and 85.17±8.38 respectively for SEBT. The p-value for mean difference between passive-active, active-combined, combined-passive are 0.67, 1.00, 0.51 respectively, for VJT and 1.00, 1.00, 1.00 respectively for SEBT. Conclusion All <span class="hlt">warm</span> ups are equally effective in short term sports performance. PMID:28511496</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1910143H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1910143H"><span>Oligocene sea water temperatures offshore Wilkes Land (Antarctica) indicate <span class="hlt">warm</span> and stable glacial-interglacial variation and show no 'late Oligocene <span class="hlt">warming</span>'</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hartman, Julian; Bijl, Peter; Peterse, Francien; Schouten, Stefan; Salabarnada, Ariadna; Bohaty, Steven; Escutia, Carlota; Brinkhuis, Henk; Sangiorgi, Francesca</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>At present, <span class="hlt">warming</span> of the waters below the Antarctic ice shelves is a major contributor to the instability of the Antarctic cryosphere. In order to get insight into future melt behavior of the Antarctic ice sheet, it is important to look at past <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">periods</span> that can serve as an analogue for the future. The Oligocene ( 34-23 Ma) is a <span class="hlt">period</span> within the range of CO2 concentrations predicted by the latest IPCC report for the coming century and is characterized by a very dynamic Antarctic ice sheet, as suggested by benthic δ18O records from ice-distal sites. We suspect that, like today, environmental changes in the Southern Ocean are in part responsible for this dynamicity. To gain more insight into this, we have reconstructed sea water temperatures (SWT) based on Thaumarchaeotal lipids (TEX86) for the Oligocene record obtained from the ice-proximal Site U1356 (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program), offshore Wilkes Land. Part of our record shows a strong coupling between the lithology and SWT, which we attribute to glacial-interglacial variation. Our data shows that both glacial and interglacial temperatures are relatively <span class="hlt">warm</span> throughout the Oligocene: 14°C and 18°C respectively, which is consistent with previously published estimates based on UK'37 and clumped isotopes for the early Oligocene. Our SST records show only a minor decline between 30 and 24 Ma, and thus show no evidence for a 'late Oligocene <span class="hlt">warming</span>' as was suggested based on benthic δ18O records from low latitudes. Instead, the discrepancy between our SST trend and the δ18O trend suggests that the late-Oligocene benthic δ18O decrease is likely related to a decline in ice volume. After 24 Ma, however, glacial-interglacial temperature variation appears to increase. In particular, some large temperature drops occur, one of which can be related to the Mi-1 event and a major expansion of the Antarctic ice sheet.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GPC...100..295S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GPC...100..295S"><span><span class="hlt">Warming</span> and wetting signals emerging from analysis of changes in climate extreme indices over South America</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Skansi, María de los Milagros; Brunet, Manola; Sigró, Javier; Aguilar, Enric; Arevalo Groening, Juan Andrés; Bentancur, Oscar J.; Castellón Geier, Yaruska Rosa; Correa Amaya, Ruth Leonor; Jácome, Homero; Malheiros Ramos, Andrea; Oria Rojas, Clara; Pasten, Alejandro Max; Sallons Mitro, Sukarni; Villaroel Jiménez, Claudia; Martínez, Rodney; Alexander, Lisa V.; Jones, P. D.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Here we show and discuss the results of an assessment of changes in both area-averaged and station-based climate extreme indices over South America (SA) for the 1950-2010 and 1969-2009 <span class="hlt">periods</span> using high-quality daily maximum and minimum temperature and precipitation series. A weeklong regional workshop in Guayaquil (Ecuador) provided the opportunity to extend the <span class="hlt">current</span> picture of changes in climate extreme indices over SA. Our results provide evidence of <span class="hlt">warming</span> and wetting across the whole SA since the mid-20th century onwards. Nighttime (minimum) temperature indices show the largest rates of <span class="hlt">warming</span> (e.g. for tropical nights, cold and <span class="hlt">warm</span> nights), while daytime (maximum) temperature indices also point to <span class="hlt">warming</span> (e.g. for cold days, summer days, the annual lowest daytime temperature), but at lower rates than for minimums. Both tails of night-time temperatures have <span class="hlt">warmed</span> by a similar magnitude, with cold days (the annual lowest nighttime and daytime temperatures) seeing reductions (increases). Trends are strong and moderate (moderate to weak) for regional-averaged (local) indices, most of them pointing to a less cold SA during the day and warmer night-time temperatures. Regionally-averaged precipitation indices show clear wetting and a signature of intensified heavy rain events over the eastern part of the continent. The annual amounts of rainfall are rising strongly over south-east SA (26.41 mm/decade) and Amazonia (16.09 mm/decade), but north-east Brazil and the western part of SA have experienced non-significant decreases. Very wet and extremely days, the annual maximum 5-day and 1-day precipitation show the largest upward trends, indicating an intensified rainfall signal for SA, particularly over Amazonia and south-east SA. Local trends for precipitation extreme indices are in general less coherent spatially, but with more general spatially coherent upward trends in extremely wet days over all SA.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMGC43B0712L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMGC43B0712L"><span>West African <span class="hlt">warming</span>: Investigating Temperature Trends and their relation between Precipitation Trends over West African Sahel.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>LY, M., Jr.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>It is now admitted that the West African region faces a lot of constraints due to the comprehensiveness of the high climate variability and potential climate change. This is mainly due to the lack of a large number of datasets and long-term records as summarized in the in the IPCC reports. This paper aims to provide improved knowledge and evidence on <span class="hlt">current</span> and future climate conditions, for better manage climate variability over seasons and from year to year and strengthen the capacity to adapt to future climate change. In this regards, we analyse the evolution of some extreme temperature and precipitation indices over a large area of West Africa. Prior results show a general <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend at individual stations throughout the region during the <span class="hlt">period</span> from 1960 to 2010, namely negative trends in the number of cool nights, and positive trends in the number of <span class="hlt">warm</span> days and length of <span class="hlt">warm</span> spells. Trends in rainfall-related indices are not as uniform as the ones in temperatures, rather they display marked multi-decadal variability, as expected. To refine analyses of temperature variations and their relation to precipitation we investigated on cluster analysis aimed at distinguishing different sub-regions, such as continental and coastal, and relevant seasons, such as wet, dry/cold and dry <span class="hlt">warm</span>. This will contribute to significantly lower uncertainties by developing better and more tailored temperature and precipitation trends to inform the user communities on climate related risks, as well as enhance their resilience to food insecurity and other climate related disasters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4519735','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4519735"><span>The role of dynamically induced variability in the recent <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend slowdown over the Northern Hemisphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Guan, Xiaodan; Huang, Jianping; Guo, Ruixia; Lin, Pu</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Since the slowing of the trend of increasing surface air temperature (SAT) in the late 1990 s, intense interest and debate have arisen concerning the contribution of human activities to the <span class="hlt">warming</span> observed in previous decades. Although several explanations have been proposed for the <span class="hlt">warming</span>-trend slowdown (WTS), none has been generally accepted. We investigate the WTS using a recently developed methodology that can successfully identify and separate the dynamically induced and radiatively forced SAT changes from raw SAT data. The dynamically induced SAT changes exhibited an obvious cooling effect relative to the <span class="hlt">warming</span> effect of the adjusted SAT in the hiatus process. A correlation analysis suggests that the changes are dominated primarily by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). Our results confirm that dynamically induced variability caused the WTS. The radiatively forced SAT changes are determined mainly by anthropogenic forcing, indicating the <span class="hlt">warming</span> influence of greenhouse gases (GHGs), which reached levels of 400 ppm during the hiatus <span class="hlt">period</span>. Therefore, the global SAT will not remain permanently neutral. The increased radiatively forced SAT will be amplified by increased dynamically induced SAT when the natural mode returns to a <span class="hlt">warming</span> phase in the next <span class="hlt">period</span>. PMID:26223491</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1259901-identifying-sensitive-ranges-global-warming-precipitation-change-dependence-convective-parameters','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1259901-identifying-sensitive-ranges-global-warming-precipitation-change-dependence-convective-parameters"><span>Identifying sensitive ranges in global <span class="hlt">warming</span> precipitation change dependence on convective parameters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Bernstein, Diana N.; Neelin, J. David</p> <p>2016-04-28</p> <p>A branch-run perturbed-physics ensemble in the Community Earth System Model estimates impacts of parameters in the deep convection scheme on <span class="hlt">current</span> hydroclimate and on end-of-century precipitation change projections under global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Regional precipitation change patterns prove highly sensitive to these parameters, especially in the tropics with local changes exceeding 3mm/d, comparable to the magnitude of the predicted change and to differences in global <span class="hlt">warming</span> predictions among the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 models. This sensitivity is distributed nonlinearly across the feasible parameter range, notably in the low-entrainment range of the parameter for turbulent entrainment in the deep convection scheme.more » This suggests that a useful target for parameter sensitivity studies is to identify such disproportionately sensitive dangerous ranges. Here, the low-entrainment range is used to illustrate the reduction in global <span class="hlt">warming</span> regional precipitation sensitivity that could occur if this dangerous range can be excluded based on evidence from <span class="hlt">current</span> climate.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1259901-identifying-sensitive-ranges-global-warming-precipitation-change-dependence-convective-parameters','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1259901-identifying-sensitive-ranges-global-warming-precipitation-change-dependence-convective-parameters"><span>Identifying sensitive ranges in global <span class="hlt">warming</span> precipitation change dependence on convective parameters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Bernstein, Diana N.; Neelin, J. David</p> <p></p> <p>A branch-run perturbed-physics ensemble in the Community Earth System Model estimates impacts of parameters in the deep convection scheme on <span class="hlt">current</span> hydroclimate and on end-of-century precipitation change projections under global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Regional precipitation change patterns prove highly sensitive to these parameters, especially in the tropics with local changes exceeding 3mm/d, comparable to the magnitude of the predicted change and to differences in global <span class="hlt">warming</span> predictions among the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 models. This sensitivity is distributed nonlinearly across the feasible parameter range, notably in the low-entrainment range of the parameter for turbulent entrainment in the deep convection scheme.more » This suggests that a useful target for parameter sensitivity studies is to identify such disproportionately sensitive dangerous ranges. Here, the low-entrainment range is used to illustrate the reduction in global <span class="hlt">warming</span> regional precipitation sensitivity that could occur if this dangerous range can be excluded based on evidence from <span class="hlt">current</span> climate.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12793676','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12793676"><span>Potential impacts of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> on water resources in southern California.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Beuhler, M</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> will have a significant impact on water resources within the 20 to 90-year planning <span class="hlt">period</span> of many water projects. Arid and semi-arid regions such as Southern California are especially vulnerable to anticipated negative impacts of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> on water resources. Long-range water facility planning must consider global climate change in the recommended mix of new facilities needed to meet future water requirements. The generally accepted impacts of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> include temperature, rising sea levels, more frequent and severe floods and droughts, and a shift from snowfall to rain. Precipitation changes are more difficult to predict. For Southern California, these impacts will be especially severe on surface water supplies. Additionally, rising sea levels will exacerbate salt-water intrusion into freshwater and impact the quality of surface water supplies. Integrated water resources planning is emerging as a tool to develop water supplies and demand management strategies that are less vulnerable to the impacts of global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. These tools include water conservation, conjunctive use of surface and groundwater and desalination of brackish water and possibly seawater. Additionally, planning for future water needs should include explicit consideration of the potential range of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> impacts through techniques such as scenario planning.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22012261','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22012261"><span>Changes in plant community composition lag behind climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> in lowland forests.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bertrand, Romain; Lenoir, Jonathan; Piedallu, Christian; Riofrío-Dillon, Gabriela; de Ruffray, Patrice; Vidal, Claude; Pierrat, Jean-Claude; Gégout, Jean-Claude</p> <p>2011-10-19</p> <p>Climate change is driving latitudinal and altitudinal shifts in species distribution worldwide, leading to novel species assemblages. Lags between these biotic responses and contemporary climate changes have been reported for plants and animals. Theoretically, the magnitude of these lags should be greatest in lowland areas, where the velocity of climate change is expected to be much greater than that in highland areas. We compared temperature trends to temperatures reconstructed from plant assemblages (observed in 76,634 surveys) over a 44-year <span class="hlt">period</span> in France (1965-2008). Here we report that forest plant communities had responded to 0.54 °C of the effective increase of 1.07 °C in highland areas (500-2,600 m above sea level), while they had responded to only 0.02 °C of the 1.11 °C <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend in lowland areas. There was a larger temperature lag (by 3.1 times) between the climate and plant community composition in lowland forests than in highland forests. The explanation of such disparity lies in the following properties of lowland, as compared to highland, forests: the higher proportion of species with greater ability for local persistence as the climate <span class="hlt">warms</span>, the reduced opportunity for short-distance escapes, and the greater habitat fragmentation. Although mountains are <span class="hlt">currently</span> considered to be among the ecosystems most threatened by climate change (owing to mountaintop extinction), the <span class="hlt">current</span> inertia of plant communities in lowland forests should also be noted, as it could lead to lowland biotic attrition. ©2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.552...45B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.552...45B"><span>Greater future global <span class="hlt">warming</span> inferred from Earth’s recent energy budget</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brown, Patrick T.; Caldeira, Ken</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Climate models provide the principal means of projecting global <span class="hlt">warming</span> over the remainder of the twenty-first century but modelled estimates of <span class="hlt">warming</span> vary by a factor of approximately two even under the same radiative forcing scenarios. Across-model relationships between <span class="hlt">currently</span> observable attributes of the climate system and the simulated magnitude of future <span class="hlt">warming</span> have the potential to inform projections. Here we show that robust across-model relationships exist between the global spatial patterns of several fundamental attributes of Earth’s top-of-atmosphere energy budget and the magnitude of projected global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. When we constrain the model projections with observations, we obtain greater means and narrower ranges of future global <span class="hlt">warming</span> across the major radiative forcing scenarios, in general. In particular, we find that the observationally informed <span class="hlt">warming</span> projection for the end of the twenty-first century for the steepest radiative forcing scenario is about 15 per cent warmer (+0.5 degrees Celsius) with a reduction of about a third in the two-standard-deviation spread (-1.2 degrees Celsius) relative to the raw model projections reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Our results suggest that achieving any given global temperature stabilization target will require steeper greenhouse gas emissions reductions than previously calculated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1396127-continuously-amplified-warming-alaskan-arctic-implications-estimating-global-warming-hiatus-spatial-coverage-bias-trend','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1396127-continuously-amplified-warming-alaskan-arctic-implications-estimating-global-warming-hiatus-spatial-coverage-bias-trend"><span>Continuously amplified <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the Alaskan Arctic: Implications for estimating global <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus: SPATIAL COVERAGE AND BIAS IN TREND</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Wang, Kang; Zhang, Tingjun; Zhang, Xiangdong; ...</p> <p>2017-09-13</p> <p>Historically, in-situ measurements have been notoriously sparse over the Arctic. As a consequence, the existing gridded data of Surface Air Temperature (SAT) may have large biases in estimating the <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend in this region. Using data from an expanded monitoring network with 31 stations in the Alaskan Arctic, we demonstrate that the SAT has increased by 2.19 °C in this region, or at a rate of 0.23 °C/decade during 1921-2015. Mean- while, we found that the SAT <span class="hlt">warmed</span> at 0.71 °C/decade over 1998-2015, which is two to three times faster than the rate established from the gridded datasets. Focusing onmore » the "hiatus" <span class="hlt">period</span> 1998-2012 as identied by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, the SAT has increased at 0.45 °C/decade, which captures more than 90% of the regional trend for 1951- 2012. We suggest that sparse in-situ measurements are responsible for underestimation of the SAT change in the gridded datasets. It is likely that enhanced climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> may also have happened in the other regions of the Arctic since the late 1990s but left undetected because of incomplete observational coverage.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1396127-continuously-amplified-warming-alaskan-arctic-implications-estimating-global-warming-hiatus-spatial-coverage-bias-trend','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1396127-continuously-amplified-warming-alaskan-arctic-implications-estimating-global-warming-hiatus-spatial-coverage-bias-trend"><span>Continuously amplified <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the Alaskan Arctic: Implications for estimating global <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus: SPATIAL COVERAGE AND BIAS IN TREND</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wang, Kang; Zhang, Tingjun; Zhang, Xiangdong</p> <p></p> <p>Historically, in-situ measurements have been notoriously sparse over the Arctic. As a consequence, the existing gridded data of Surface Air Temperature (SAT) may have large biases in estimating the <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend in this region. Using data from an expanded monitoring network with 31 stations in the Alaskan Arctic, we demonstrate that the SAT has increased by 2.19 °C in this region, or at a rate of 0.23 °C/decade during 1921-2015. Mean- while, we found that the SAT <span class="hlt">warmed</span> at 0.71 °C/decade over 1998-2015, which is two to three times faster than the rate established from the gridded datasets. Focusing onmore » the "hiatus" <span class="hlt">period</span> 1998-2012 as identied by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, the SAT has increased at 0.45 °C/decade, which captures more than 90% of the regional trend for 1951- 2012. We suggest that sparse in-situ measurements are responsible for underestimation of the SAT change in the gridded datasets. It is likely that enhanced climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> may also have happened in the other regions of the Arctic since the late 1990s but left undetected because of incomplete observational coverage.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100009654','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100009654"><span>Liquid Cooling/<span class="hlt">Warming</span> Garment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Koscheyev, Victor S.; Leon, Gloria R.; Dancisak, Michael J.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The NASA liquid cooling/ventilating garment (LCVG) <span class="hlt">currently</span> in use was developed over 40 years ago. With the commencement of a greater number of extra-vehicular activity (EVA) procedures with the construction of the International Space Station, problems of astronaut comfort, as well as the reduction of the consumption of energy, became more salient. A shortened liquid cooling/<span class="hlt">warming</span> garment (SLCWG) has been developed based on physiological principles comparing the efficacy of heat transfer of different body zones; the capability of blood to deliver heat; individual muscle and fat body composition as a basis for individual thermal profiles to customize the zonal sections of the garment; and the development of shunts to minimize or redirect the cooling/<span class="hlt">warming</span> loop for different environmental conditions, physical activity levels, and emergency situations. The SLCWG has been designed and completed, based on extensive testing in rest, exercise, and antiorthostatic conditions. It is more energy efficient than the LCVG <span class="hlt">currently</span> used by NASA. The total length of tubing in the SLCWG is approximately 35 percent less and the weight decreased by 20 percent compared to the LCVG. The novel features of the innovation are: 1. The efficiency of the SLCWG to maintain thermal status under extreme changes in body surface temperatures while using significantly less tubing than the LCVG. 2. The construction of the garment based on physiological principles of heat transfer. 3. The identification of the body areas that are most efficient in heat transfer. 4. The inclusion of a hood as part of the garment. 5. The lesser consumption of energy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4682959','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4682959"><span><span class="hlt">Warming</span> Ocean Conditions Relate to Increased Trophic Requirements of Threatened and Endangered Salmon</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Daly, Elizabeth A.; Brodeur, Richard D.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The trophic habits, size and condition of yearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) caught early in their marine residence were examined during 19 survey years (1981–1985; 1998–2011). Juvenile salmon consumed distinct highly piscivorous diets in cold and <span class="hlt">warm</span> ocean regimes with major differences between ocean regimes driven by changes in consumption of juvenile rockfishes, followed by several other fish prey, adult euphausiids and decapod larvae. Notable, Chinook salmon consumed 30% more food in the <span class="hlt">warm</span> versus cold ocean regime in both May and June. Additionally, there were about 30% fewer empty stomachs in the <span class="hlt">warm</span> ocean regime in May, and 10% fewer in <span class="hlt">warm</span> June <span class="hlt">periods</span>. The total prey energy density consumed during the warmer ocean regime was also significantly higher than in cold. Chinook salmon had lower condition factor and were smaller in fork length during the <span class="hlt">warm</span> ocean regime, and were longer and heavier for their size during the cold ocean regime. The significant increase in foraging during the <span class="hlt">warm</span> ocean regime occurred concurrently with lower available prey biomass. Adult return rates of juvenile Chinook salmon that entered the ocean during a <span class="hlt">warm</span> ocean regime were lower. Notably, our long term data set contradicts the long held assertion that juvenile salmon eat less in a <span class="hlt">warm</span> ocean regime when low growth and survival is observed, and when available prey are reduced. Comparing diet changes between decades under variable ocean conditions may assist us in understanding the effects of projected <span class="hlt">warming</span> ocean regimes on juvenile Chinook salmon and their survival in the ocean environment. Bioenergetically, the salmon appear to require more food resources during <span class="hlt">warm</span> ocean regimes. PMID:26675673</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26675673','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26675673"><span><span class="hlt">Warming</span> Ocean Conditions Relate to Increased Trophic Requirements of Threatened and Endangered Salmon.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Daly, Elizabeth A; Brodeur, Richard D</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The trophic habits, size and condition of yearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) caught early in their marine residence were examined during 19 survey years (1981-1985; 1998-2011). Juvenile salmon consumed distinct highly piscivorous diets in cold and <span class="hlt">warm</span> ocean regimes with major differences between ocean regimes driven by changes in consumption of juvenile rockfishes, followed by several other fish prey, adult euphausiids and decapod larvae. Notable, Chinook salmon consumed 30% more food in the <span class="hlt">warm</span> versus cold ocean regime in both May and June. Additionally, there were about 30% fewer empty stomachs in the <span class="hlt">warm</span> ocean regime in May, and 10% fewer in <span class="hlt">warm</span> June <span class="hlt">periods</span>. The total prey energy density consumed during the warmer ocean regime was also significantly higher than in cold. Chinook salmon had lower condition factor and were smaller in fork length during the <span class="hlt">warm</span> ocean regime, and were longer and heavier for their size during the cold ocean regime. The significant increase in foraging during the <span class="hlt">warm</span> ocean regime occurred concurrently with lower available prey biomass. Adult return rates of juvenile Chinook salmon that entered the ocean during a <span class="hlt">warm</span> ocean regime were lower. Notably, our long term data set contradicts the long held assertion that juvenile salmon eat less in a <span class="hlt">warm</span> ocean regime when low growth and survival is observed, and when available prey are reduced. Comparing diet changes between decades under variable ocean conditions may assist us in understanding the effects of projected <span class="hlt">warming</span> ocean regimes on juvenile Chinook salmon and their survival in the ocean environment. Bioenergetically, the salmon appear to require more food resources during <span class="hlt">warm</span> ocean regimes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24312322','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24312322"><span>Understanding the causes of recent <span class="hlt">warming</span> of mediterranean waters. How much could be attributed to climate change?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Macias, Diego; Garcia-Gorriz, Elisa; Stips, Adolf</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>During the past two decades, Mediterranean waters have been <span class="hlt">warming</span> at a rather high rate resulting in scientific and social concern. This <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend is observed in satellite data, field data and model simulations, and affects both surface and deep waters throughout the Mediterranean basin. However, the <span class="hlt">warming</span> rate is regionally different and seems to change with time, which has led to the question of what causes underlie the observed trends. Here, we analyze available satellite information on sea surface temperature (SST) from the last 25 years using spectral techniques and find that more than half of the <span class="hlt">warming</span> tendency during this <span class="hlt">period</span> is due to a non-linear, wave-like tendency. Using a state of the art hydrodynamic model, we perform a hindcast simulation and obtain the simulated SST evolution of the Mediterranean basin for the last 52 years. These SST results show a clear sinusoidal tendency that follows the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) during the simulation <span class="hlt">period</span>. Our results reveal that 58% of recent <span class="hlt">warming</span> in Mediterranean waters could be attributed to this AMO-like oscillation, being anthropogenic-induced climate change only responsible for 42% of total trend. The observed acceleration of water <span class="hlt">warming</span> during the 1990s therefore appears to be caused by a superimposition of anthropogenic-induced <span class="hlt">warming</span> with the positive phase of the AMO, while the recent slowdown of this tendency is likely due to a shift in the AMO phase. It has been proposed that this change in the AMO phase will mask the effect of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the forthcoming decades, and our results indicate that the same could also be applicable to the Mediterranean Sea. Henceforth, natural multidecadal temperature oscillations should be taken into account to avoid underestimation of the anthropogenic-induced <span class="hlt">warming</span> of the Mediterranean basin in the future.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/34325','DOTNTL'); return false;" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/34325"><span><span class="hlt">Warm</span> Mix Asphalt</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do">DOT National Transportation Integrated Search</a></p> <p></p> <p>2009-04-17</p> <p>State of Alaska State of Alaska - <span class="hlt">Warm</span> Mix Project <span class="hlt">Warm</span> Mix Project: Location - Petersburg, Alaska which is Petersburg, Alaska which is located in the heart of Southeast Alaska located in the heart of Southeast Alaska's Inside Passage at the tip of M...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..107a2028G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..107a2028G"><span>Water runoff vs modern climatic <span class="hlt">warming</span> in mountainous cryolithic zone in North-East Russia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Glotov, V. E.; Glotova, L. P.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The article presents the results of studying the effects of <span class="hlt">current</span> climatic <span class="hlt">warming</span> for both surface and subsurface water runoffs in North-East Russia, where the Main Watershed of the Earth separates it into the Arctic and Pacific continental slopes. The process of climatic <span class="hlt">warming</span> is testified by continuous weather records during 80-100 years and longer <span class="hlt">periods</span>. Over the Arctic slope and in the northern areas of the Pacific slope, climatic <span class="hlt">warming</span> results in a decline in a total runoff of rivers whereas the ground-water recharge becomes greater in winter low-level conditions. In the southern Pacific slope and in the Sea of Okhotsk basin, the effect of climatic <span class="hlt">warming</span> is an overall increase in total runoff including its subsurface constituents. We believe these peculiar characters of river runoff there to be related to the cryolithic zone environments. Over the Arctic slope and the northern Pacific slope, where cryolithic zone is continuous, the total runoff has its subsurface constituent as basically resulting from discharge of ground waters hosted in seasonally thawing rocks. Warmer climatic conditions favor growth of vegetation that needs more water for the processes of evapotranspiration and evaporation from rocky surfaces in summer seasons. In the Sea of Okhotsk basin, where the cryolithic zone is discontinuous, not only ground waters in seasonally thawing layers, but also continuous taliks and subpermafrost waters participate in processes of river recharges. As a result, a greater biological productivity of vegetation cover does not have any effect on ground-water supply and river recharge processes. If a steady climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> is provided, a continuous cryolithic zone can presumably degrade into a discontinuous and then into an island-type permafrost layer. Under such a scenario, there will be a general increase in the total runoff and its subsurface constituent. From geoecological viewpoints, a greater runoff will have quite positive effects, whereas some</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ChJOL..27..147C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ChJOL..27..147C"><span>The Holocene <span class="hlt">warm</span>-humid phases in the North China Plain as recorded by multi-proxy records</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cui, Jianxin; Zhou, Shangzhe; Chang, Hong</p> <p>2009-02-01</p> <p>The grain size and palinology of sediment and the frequency of 14C dada provide an integrated reconstruction of the Holocene <span class="hlt">warm</span>-humid phases of the North China Plain. Two clear intense and long-lasting <span class="hlt">warm</span>-humid phases were identified by comprehensive research in this region. The first phase was dated back to the early Holocene (9 000-7 000 a BP), and the second was centered at 5 000-3 000 a BP. The <span class="hlt">warm</span>-humid episode between 9 000 and 7 000 a BP was also recognized at other sites showing global climatic trends rather than local events. Compared with the concern to the <span class="hlt">warm</span>-humid phase of the early Holocene, the second one was not paid enough attention in the last few decades. The compilation of the Holocene paleoclimate data suggests that perhaps the second <span class="hlt">warm</span>-humid phase was pervasive in monsoon region of China. In perspective of environmental archaeology, much attention should be devoted to it, because the flourish and adaptation of the Neolithic cultures and the building up of the first state seem to corresponding to the general <span class="hlt">warm</span>-humid climatic conditions of this <span class="hlt">period</span>. In addition, a <span class="hlt">warm</span>-humid interval at 7 200-6 500 a BP was recognized by the grain size data from three sites. However, this <span class="hlt">warm</span>-humid event was not shown in pollen assemblage and temporal distribution of 14C data. Perhaps, the resolution for climatic reconstruction from pollen and temporal distribution of 14C data cited here is relatively low and small-amplitude and short-<span class="hlt">period</span> climatic events cannot be well reflected by the data. Due to the difference in locality and elevation of sampling site, as well as in resolution of proxy records, it is difficult to make precise correlation. Further work is needed in the future.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004GBioC..18.3003S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004GBioC..18.3003S"><span>Response of ocean ecosystems to climate <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sarmiento, J. L.; Slater, R.; Barber, R.; Bopp, L.; Doney, S. C.; Hirst, A. C.; Kleypas, J.; Matear, R.; Mikolajewicz, U.; Monfray, P.; Soldatov, V.; Spall, S. A.; Stouffer, R.</p> <p>2004-09-01</p> <p> a global increase in primary production of 0.7% at the low end to 8.1% at the high end, with very large regional differences. The main cause of both the response to <span class="hlt">warming</span> and the variation between algorithms is the temperature sensitivity of the primary production algorithms. We also show results for the <span class="hlt">period</span> between the industrial revolution and 2050 and 2090.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AGUFM.P22A0533J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AGUFM.P22A0533J"><span>Was Early Mars <span class="hlt">Warmed</span> by CH4?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Justh, H. L.; Kasting, J. F.</p> <p>2001-12-01</p> <p>Images from the Mariner, Viking and Mars Global Surveyor missions have shown geologic features on the Martian surface that seem to indicate an earlier <span class="hlt">period</span> of hydrologic activity. Many researchers have suggested that the early Martian climate was more Earth-like with a Ts of 273 K or higher. The presence of liquid water would require a greenhouse effect much larger than needed at present since S0 is 25% lower 3.8 billion years ago when the channels are thought to have formed. Research into the effects of CO2 clouds upon the climate of early Mars have yielded results that would not effectively <span class="hlt">warm</span> the surface to the temperature needed to account for the presence of liquid water. Forget and Pierrehumbert (Science, 1997) showed that large crystals of CO2 ice in clouds that form in the upper troposphere would produce a strong <span class="hlt">warming</span> effect. Obtaining mean surface temperatures above 273 K would require 100% cloud cover, a condition that is unrealistic for early Mars. It has also been shown that any reduction in cloud cover makes it difficult to achieve <span class="hlt">warm</span> Martian surface temperatures except at high pressures. CO2 clouds could also cool the Martian surface if they were low and optically thick. CO2 ice may be hard to nucleate, leading to the formation of very large particles (Glandorf, private communication). CH4 has been suggested as an important greenhouse gas on the early Earth. This has led us to look at CH4 as a potential solution to the early Mars climate issue. To investigate the possible <span class="hlt">warming</span> effect of CH4, we utilized a modified, one-dimensional, radiative-convective climate model that has been used in previous studies of the early Martian climate. New calculations of the effects of CH4 upon the early Martian climate will be presented. The use of CH4 to <span class="hlt">warm</span> the surface of early Mars does not necessarily imply the presence of life on Mars. Abiotic sources of CH4, such as serpentinization of ultramafic rocks, could supply the concentrations needed to <span class="hlt">warm</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/30963','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/30963"><span>FVS and global <span class="hlt">Warming</span>: A prospectus for future development</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Nicholas L. Crookston; Gerald E. Rehfeldt; Dennis E. Ferguson; Marcus Warwell</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Climate change-global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and changes in precipitation-will cause changes in tree growth rates, mortality rates, the distribution of tree species, competition, and species interactions. An implicit assumption in FVS is that site quality will remain the same as it was during the time <span class="hlt">period</span> observations used to calibrate the component models were made and that the...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004GeoRL..3115207B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004GeoRL..3115207B"><span>El Niño suppresses Antarctic <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bertler, Nancy A. N.; Barrett, Peter J.; Mayewski, Paul A.; Fogt, Ryan L.; Kreutz, Karl J.; Shulmeister, James</p> <p>2004-08-01</p> <p>Here we present new isotope records derived from snow samples from the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica and re-analysis data of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ERA-40) to explain the connection between the <span class="hlt">warming</span> of the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean [Jacka and Budd, 1998; Jacobs et al., 2002] and the <span class="hlt">current</span> cooling of the terrestrial Ross Sea region [Doran et al., 2002a]. Our analysis confirms previous findings that the <span class="hlt">warming</span> is linked to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) [Kwok and Comiso, 2002a, 2002b; Carleton, 2003; Ribera and Mann, 2003; Turner, 2004], and provides new evidence that the terrestrial cooling is caused by a simultaneous ENSO driven change in atmospheric circulation, sourced in the Amundsen Sea and West Antarctica.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatCC...4..143Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatCC...4..143Z"><span>How <span class="hlt">warm</span> days increase belief in global <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zaval, Lisa; Keenan, Elizabeth A.; Johnson, Eric J.; Weber, Elke U.</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p>Climate change judgements can depend on whether today seems warmer or colder than usual, termed the local <span class="hlt">warming</span> effect. Although previous research has demonstrated that this effect occurs, studies have yet to explain why or how temperature abnormalities influence global <span class="hlt">warming</span> attitudes. A better understanding of the underlying psychology of this effect can help explain the public's reaction to climate change and inform approaches used to communicate the phenomenon. Across five studies, we find evidence of attribute substitution, whereby individuals use less relevant but available information (for example, today's temperature) in place of more diagnostic but less accessible information (for example, global climate change patterns) when making judgements. Moreover, we rule out alternative hypotheses involving climate change labelling and lay mental models. Ultimately, we show that present temperature abnormalities are given undue weight and lead to an overestimation of the frequency of similar past events, thereby increasing belief in and concern for global <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26437599','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26437599"><span>Competition between global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and an abrupt collapse of the AMOC in Earth's energy imbalance.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Drijfhout, Sybren</p> <p>2015-10-06</p> <p>A collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) leads to global cooling through fast feedbacks that selectively amplify the response in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). How such cooling competes with global <span class="hlt">warming</span> has long been a topic for speculation, but was never addressed using a climate model. Here it is shown that global cooling due to a collapsing AMOC obliterates global <span class="hlt">warming</span> for a <span class="hlt">period</span> of 15-20 years. Thereafter, the global mean temperature trend is reversed and becomes similar to a simulation without an AMOC collapse. The resulting surface <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus lasts for 40-50 years. Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and AMOC-induced NH cooling are governed by similar feedbacks, giving rise to a global net radiative imbalance of similar sign, although the former is associated with surface <span class="hlt">warming</span>, the latter with cooling. Their footprints in outgoing longwave and absorbed shortwave radiation are very distinct, making attribution possible.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy...50.1373Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy...50.1373Z"><span>On the influence of simulated SST <span class="hlt">warming</span> on rainfall projections in the Indo-Pacific domain: an AGCM study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Huqiang; Zhao, Y.; Moise, A.; Ye, H.; Colman, R.; Roff, G.; Zhao, M.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Significant uncertainty exists in regional climate change projections, particularly for rainfall and other hydro-climate variables. In this study, we conduct a series of Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) experiments with different future sea surface temperature (SST) <span class="hlt">warming</span> simulated by a range of coupled climate models. They allow us to assess the extent to which uncertainty from <span class="hlt">current</span> coupled climate model rainfall projections can be attributed to their simulated SST <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Nine CMIP5 model-simulated global SST <span class="hlt">warming</span> anomalies have been super-imposed onto the <span class="hlt">current</span> SSTs simulated by the Australian climate model ACCESS1.3. The ACCESS1.3 SST-forced experiments closely reproduce rainfall means and interannual variations as in its own fully coupled experiments. Although different global SST <span class="hlt">warming</span> intensities explain well the inter-model difference in global mean precipitation changes, at regional scales the SST influence vary significantly. SST <span class="hlt">warming</span> explains about 20-25% of the patterns of precipitation changes in each of the four/five models in its rainfall projections over the oceans in the Indo-Pacific domain, but there are also a couple of models in which different SST <span class="hlt">warming</span> explains little of their precipitation pattern changes. The influence is weaker again for rainfall changes over land. Roughly similar levels of contribution can be attributed to different atmospheric responses to SST <span class="hlt">warming</span> in these models. The weak SST influence in our study could be due to the experimental setup applied: superimposing different SST <span class="hlt">warming</span> anomalies onto the same SSTs simulated for <span class="hlt">current</span> climate by ACCESS1.3 rather than directly using model-simulated past and future SSTs. Similar modelling and analysis from other modelling groups with more carefully designed experiments are needed to tease out uncertainties caused by different SST <span class="hlt">warming</span> patterns, different SST mean biases and different model physical/dynamical responses to the same underlying</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1020507.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1020507.pdf"><span>Presenting Global <span class="hlt">Warming</span> and Evolution as Public Health Issues to Encourage Acceptance of Scientific Evidence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Stover, Shawn K.; McArthur, Laurence B.; Mabry, Michelle L.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Although evidence supporting anthropogenic global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and evolution by natural selection is considerable, the public does not embrace these concepts. The <span class="hlt">current</span> study explores the hypothesis that individuals will become more receptive to scientific viewpoints if evidence for evolution and implications of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> are presented as issues…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5879669','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5879669"><span>Climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> enhances snow avalanche risk in the Western Himalayas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ballesteros-Cánovas, J. A.; Trappmann, D.; Madrigal-González, J.; Eckert, N.; Stoffel, M.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Ongoing climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> has been demonstrated to impact the cryosphere in the Indian Himalayas, with substantial consequences for the risk of disasters, human well-being, and terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we present evidence that the <span class="hlt">warming</span> observed in recent decades has been accompanied by increased snow avalanche frequency in the Western Indian Himalayas. Using dendrogeomorphic techniques, we reconstruct the longest time series (150 y) of the occurrence and runout distances of snow avalanches that is <span class="hlt">currently</span> available for the Himalayas. We apply a generalized linear autoregressive moving average model to demonstrate linkages between climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> and the observed increase in the incidence of snow avalanches. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> air temperatures in winter and early spring have indeed favored the wetting of snow and the formation of wet snow avalanches, which are now able to reach down to subalpine slopes, where they have high potential to cause damage. These findings contradict the intuitive notion that <span class="hlt">warming</span> results in less snow, and thus lower avalanche activity, and have major implications for the Western Himalayan region, an area where human pressure is constantly increasing. Specifically, increasing traffic on a steadily expanding road network is calling for an immediate design of risk mitigation strategies and disaster risk policies to enhance climate change adaption in the wider study region. PMID:29535224</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AAS...23110404S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AAS...23110404S"><span>Looking for transiting <span class="hlt">warm</span> Jupiters - win some, lose some</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shporer, Avi; Zhou, George; Vanderburg, Andrew; Fulton, Benjamin; Bieryla, Allyson; Ciardi, David; Collins, Karen; Espinoza, Néstor; Isaacson, Howard; Morton, Timothy; Torres, Guillermo; Armstrong, James; Bayliss, Daniel; Bento, Joao; Berlind, Perry; Bouchy, Francois; Calkins, Mike; Cameron, Andrew; Cochran, William; Colon, Knicole; Crossfield, Ian; Dragomir, Diana; Esquerdo, Gil; Howard, Andrew; Howell, Steve; Kielkopf, John; Latham, David; Murgas, Felipe; Sefako, Ramotholo; Sinukoff, Evan; Siverd, Robert; Udry, Stephane; TECH</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>We have initiated a project to discover transiting <span class="hlt">warm</span> Jupiters - gas giant planets receiving stellar irradiation below 108 erg s-1 cm-2, corresponding to orbital <span class="hlt">periods</span> beyond about 10 days around Sun-like stars, through follow-up of transiting candidates identified by K2 and other transit surveys. Our goals are to (1) investigate the inflated gas giants conundrum, (2) study the mystery of hot Jupiters orbital evolution, and (3) identify targets for extending exoplanet atmosphere and stellar obliquity studies beyond the hot Jupiters class. This project has so far resulted in the discovery of two new transiting <span class="hlt">warm</span> Jupiters (K2-114b and K2-115b), and the identification of three statistically validated planets as low-mass stars.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMPP13A1862Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMPP13A1862Z"><span>Causes of strong ocean heating during glacial <span class="hlt">periods</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zimov, N.; Zimov, S. A.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>During the last deglaciation <span class="hlt">period</span>, the strongest climate changes occurred across the North Atlantic regions. Analyses of borehole temperatures from the Greenland ice sheet have yielded air temperature change estimates of 25°C over the deglaciation <span class="hlt">period</span> (Dahl-Jensen et al. 1998). Such huge temperature changes cannot <span class="hlt">currently</span> be explained in the frames of modern knowledge about climate. We propose that glacial-interglacial cycles are connected with gradual <span class="hlt">warming</span> of ocean interior waters over the course of glaciations and quick transport of accumulated heat from ocean to the atmosphere during the deglaciation <span class="hlt">periods</span>. Modern day ocean circulation is dominated by thermal convection with cold waters subsiding in the Northern Atlantic and filling up the ocean interior with cold and heavy water. However during the glaciation thermal circulation stopped and ocean circulation was driven by 'haline pumps' -Red and Mediterranean seas connected with ocean with only narrow but deep straights acts as evaporative basins, separating ocean water into fresh water which returns to the ocean surface (precipitation) and <span class="hlt">warm</span> but salty, and therefore heavy, water which flows down to the ocean floor. This haline pump is stratifying the ocean, allowing warmer water locate under the colder water and thus stopping thermal convection in the ocean. Additional ocean interior <span class="hlt">warming</span> is driven by geothermal heat flux and decomposition of organic rain. To test the hypothesis we present simple ocean box model that describes thermohaline circulation in the World Ocean. The first box is the Red and Mediterranean sea, the second is united high-latitude seas, the third is the ocean surface, and the fourth the ocean interior. The volume of these water masses and straight cross-sections are taken to be close to real values. We have accepted that the exchange of water between boxes is proportional to the difference in water density in these boxes, Sun energy inputs to the ocean and sea surface</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H23L..07H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H23L..07H"><span>Anthropogenic <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Impacts on Today's Sierra Nevada Snowpack and Flood Severity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Huang, X.; Hall, A. D.; Berg, N.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Focusing on this recent extreme wet year over California, this study investigates the <span class="hlt">warming</span> impacts on the snowpack and the flood severity over the Sierra Nevada (SN), where the majority of the precipitation occurs during the winter season and early spring. One of our goals is to quantify anthropogenic <span class="hlt">warming</span> impacts on the snow water equivalent (SWE) including recent historical <span class="hlt">warming</span> and prescribed future projected <span class="hlt">warming</span> scenarios; This work also explores to what extent flooding risk has increased under those <span class="hlt">warming</span> cases. With a good representation of the historical precipitation and snowpack over the Sierra Nevada from the historical reference run at 9km (using WRF), the results from the offline Noah-MP simulations with perturbed near-surface temperatures reveal magnificent impacts of <span class="hlt">warming</span> to the loss of the average snowpack. The reduction of the SWE under <span class="hlt">warming</span> mainly results from the decreased rain-to-snow conversion with a weaker effect from increased snowmelt. Compared to the natural case, the past industrial <span class="hlt">warming</span> decreased the maximum SWE by about one-fifth averaged over the study area. Future continuing <span class="hlt">warming</span> can result in around one-third reduction of <span class="hlt">current</span> maximum SWE under RCP4.5 emissions scenario, and the loss can reach to two-thirds under RCP8.5 as a "business-as-usual" condition. The impact of past <span class="hlt">warming</span> is particularly outstanding over the North SN region where precipitation dominates and over the middle elevation regions where the snow mainly distributes. In the future, the <span class="hlt">warming</span> impact on SWE progresses to higher regions, and so to the south and east. Under the business-as-usual scenario, the projected mid-elevation snowpack almost disappears by April 1st with even high-elevation snow reduced by about half. Along with the loss of the snowpack, as the temperature <span class="hlt">warms</span>, floods can also intensify with increased early season runoff especially under heavy-rainy days caused by the weakened rain-to-snow processes and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27504632','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27504632"><span>Modelling Vulnerability and Range Shifts in Ant Communities Responding to Future Global <span class="hlt">Warming</span> in Temperate Forests.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kwon, Tae-Sung; Li, Fengqing; Kim, Sung-Soo; Chun, Jung Hwa; Park, Young-Seuk</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> is likely leading to species' distributional shifts, resulting in changes in local community compositions and diversity patterns. In this study, we applied species distribution models to evaluate the potential impacts of temperature increase on ant communities in Korean temperate forests, by testing hypotheses that 1) the risk of extinction of forest ant species would increase over time, and 2) the changes in species distribution ranges could drive upward movements of ant communities and further alter patterns of species richness. We sampled ant communities at 335 evenly distributed sites across South Korea and modelled the future distribution range for each species using generalized additive models. To account for spatial autocorrelation, autocovariate regressions were conducted prior to generalized additive models. Among 29 common ant species, 12 species were estimated to shrink their suitable geographic areas, whereas five species would benefit from future global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Species richness was highest at low altitudes in the <span class="hlt">current</span> <span class="hlt">period</span>, and it was projected to be highest at the mid-altitudes in the 2080s, resulting in an upward movement of 4.9 m yr-1. This altered the altitudinal pattern of species richness from a monotonic-decrease curve (common in temperate regions) to a bell-shaped curve (common in tropical regions). Overall, ant communities in temperate forests are vulnerable to the on-going global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and their altitudinal movements are similar to other faunal communities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23345448','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23345448"><span>Using data to attribute episodes of <span class="hlt">warming</span> and cooling in instrumental records.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tung, Ka-Kit; Zhou, Jiansong</p> <p>2013-02-05</p> <p>The observed global-<span class="hlt">warming</span> rate has been nonuniform, and the cause of each episode of slowing in the expected <span class="hlt">warming</span> rate is the subject of intense debate. To explain this, nonrecurrent events have commonly been invoked for each episode separately. After reviewing evidence in both the latest global data (HadCRUT4) and the longest instrumental record, Central England Temperature, a revised picture is emerging that gives a consistent attribution for each multidecadal episode of <span class="hlt">warming</span> and cooling in recent history, and suggests that the anthropogenic global <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends might have been overestimated by a factor of two in the second half of the 20th century. A recurrent multidecadal oscillation is found to extend to the preindustrial era in the 353-y Central England Temperature and is likely an internal variability related to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), possibly caused by the thermohaline circulation variability. The perspective of a long record helps in quantifying the contribution from internal variability, especially one with a <span class="hlt">period</span> so long that it is often confused with secular trends in shorter records. Solar contribution is found to be minimal for the second half of the 20th century and less than 10% for the first half. The underlying net anthropogenic <span class="hlt">warming</span> rate in the industrial era is found to have been steady since 1910 at 0.07-0.08 °C/decade, with superimposed AMO-related ups and downs that included the early 20th century <span class="hlt">warming</span>, the cooling of the 1960s and 1970s, the accelerated <span class="hlt">warming</span> of the 1980s and 1990s, and the recent slowing of the <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates. Quantitatively, the recurrent multidecadal internal variability, often underestimated in attribution studies, accounts for 40% of the observed recent 50-y <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3568361','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3568361"><span>Using data to attribute episodes of <span class="hlt">warming</span> and cooling in instrumental records</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Tung, Ka-Kit; Zhou, Jiansong</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The observed global-<span class="hlt">warming</span> rate has been nonuniform, and the cause of each episode of slowing in the expected <span class="hlt">warming</span> rate is the subject of intense debate. To explain this, nonrecurrent events have commonly been invoked for each episode separately. After reviewing evidence in both the latest global data (HadCRUT4) and the longest instrumental record, Central England Temperature, a revised picture is emerging that gives a consistent attribution for each multidecadal episode of <span class="hlt">warming</span> and cooling in recent history, and suggests that the anthropogenic global <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends might have been overestimated by a factor of two in the second half of the 20th century. A recurrent multidecadal oscillation is found to extend to the preindustrial era in the 353-y Central England Temperature and is likely an internal variability related to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), possibly caused by the thermohaline circulation variability. The perspective of a long record helps in quantifying the contribution from internal variability, especially one with a <span class="hlt">period</span> so long that it is often confused with secular trends in shorter records. Solar contribution is found to be minimal for the second half of the 20th century and less than 10% for the first half. The underlying net anthropogenic <span class="hlt">warming</span> rate in the industrial era is found to have been steady since 1910 at 0.07–0.08 °C/decade, with superimposed AMO-related ups and downs that included the early 20th century <span class="hlt">warming</span>, the cooling of the 1960s and 1970s, the accelerated <span class="hlt">warming</span> of the 1980s and 1990s, and the recent slowing of the <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates. Quantitatively, the recurrent multidecadal internal variability, often underestimated in attribution studies, accounts for 40% of the observed recent 50-y <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend. PMID:23345448</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=global+AND+warming&id=EJ1047091','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=global+AND+warming&id=EJ1047091"><span>Carbon Dioxide and Global <span class="hlt">Warming</span>: A Failed Experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Ribeiro, Carla</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> is a <span class="hlt">current</span> environmental issue that has been linked to an increase in anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. To raise awareness of the problem, various simple experiments have been proposed to demonstrate the effect of carbon dioxide on the planet's temperature. This article describes a similar experiment, which…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMGC31A1021C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMGC31A1021C"><span>Tectonic imprints upon inferences of eustatic sea level history: the Pliocene <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span> and the Orangeburg Scarp</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chandan, D.; Peltier, W. R.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The issue of tectonic contamination of geological inferences of relative sea level history is an important one. The issue arises on timescales that range from the 21-26 kyrs that have passed since the Last Glacial Maximum, to the most recent time when <span class="hlt">periods</span> as <span class="hlt">warm</span> as the present are expected to have existed, such as the mid-Pliocene. The coral based record from Barbados, for example, is known to be contaminated by continuing tectonic uplift of the island at a rate of approximately 0.34 mm/yr. For the Pliocene <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span> at ~3 Myr, records from geological sites, such as the Orangeburg Scarp in North Carolina, have played a prominent role in arguments underpinning the design of the ongoing international PlioMIP program. In connection with the latter site, Rowley et al (2013) have recently argued that this record is contaminated by a tectonic imprint sufficiently strong to suggest that the usual inferences of Pliocene eustatic sea level based upon it (eg. Miller et al, 2012) must be seen as highly suspect. Here we employ a tomographically constrained model of the mantle convection process to revisit the issue of the tectonic imprint on relative sea level at the Orangeburg site, as well as other similar locations. Our analysis is based upon the inferred time dependence of dynamic topography forced by the mantle's internal density heterogeneities delivered by the S20RTS seismic tomography model. We begin by comparing the static, present day dynamic topography predicted by the (linear) internal loading theory based on the formalism of Pari and Peltier (2000) with that predicted using using a full three dimensional version of the nonlinear time-dependent mantle convection model of Shahnas and Peltier (2010, 2011). We demonstrate first that these two methodologies produce extremely similar results for the static field. We then proceed to run the nonlinear convection model in data assimilation mode while continuously nudging the internal density field back towards the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.P11E..06R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.P11E..06R"><span>Can cirrus clouds <span class="hlt">warm</span> early Mars?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ramirez, R. M.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The presence of the ancient valley networks on Mars indicates a climate 3.8 Ga that was <span class="hlt">warm</span> enough to allow substantial liquid water to flow on the martian surface for extended <span class="hlt">periods</span> of time. However, the origin of these enigmatic features is hotly debated and discussion of their formation has been focused on how <span class="hlt">warm</span> such a climate may have been and for how long. Recent <span class="hlt">warm</span> and wet solutions using single-column radiative convective models involve supplementing CO2-H2O atmospheres with other greenhouse gases, such as H2 (i.e. Ramirez et al., 2014; Batalha et al., 2015). An interesting recent proposal, using the CAM 3-D General Circulation model, argues that global cirrus cloud decks in CO2-H2O atmospheres with at least 0.25 bar of CO2 , consisting of 10-micron (and larger) sized particles, could have generated the above-freezing temperatures required to explain the early martian surface geology (Urata and Toon, 2013). Here, we use our single-column radiative convective climate model to check these 3-D results and analyze the likelihood that such <span class="hlt">warm</span> atmospheres, with mean surface pressures of up to 3 bar, could have supported cirrus cloud decks at full and fractional cloud cover for sufficiently long durations to form the ancient valleys. Our results indicate that cirrus cloud decks could have provided the mean surface temperatures required, but only if cloud cover approaches 100%, in agreement with Urata and Toon (2013). However, even should cirrus cloud coverage approach 100%, we show that such atmospheres are likely to have been too short-lived to produce the volumes of water required to carve the ancient valleys. At more realistic early Mars cloud fractions (~50%, Forget et al., 2013), cirrus clouds do not provide the required <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Batalha, N., Domagal-Goldman, S. D., Ramirez, R.M., & Kasting, J. F., 2015. Icarus, 258, 337-349. Forget, F., Wordsworth, R., Millour, E., Madeleine, J. B., Kerber, L., Leconte, J., ... & Haberle, R. M., 2013. Icarus, 222</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ERL.....9l4002R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ERL.....9l4002R"><span>Maximum <span class="hlt">warming</span> occurs about one decade after a carbon dioxide emission</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ricke, Katharine L.; Caldeira, Ken</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>It is known that carbon dioxide emissions cause the Earth to <span class="hlt">warm</span>, but no previous study has focused on examining how long it takes to reach maximum <span class="hlt">warming</span> following a particular CO2 emission. Using conjoined results of carbon-cycle and physical-climate model intercomparison projects (Taylor et al 2012, Joos et al 2013), we find the median time between an emission and maximum <span class="hlt">warming</span> is 10.1 years, with a 90% probability range of 6.6-30.7 years. We evaluate uncertainties in timing and amount of <span class="hlt">warming</span>, partitioning them into three contributing factors: carbon cycle, climate sensitivity and ocean thermal inertia. If uncertainty in any one factor is reduced to zero without reducing uncertainty in the other factors, the majority of overall uncertainty remains. Thus, narrowing uncertainty in century-scale <span class="hlt">warming</span> depends on narrowing uncertainty in all contributing factors. Our results indicate that benefit from avoided climate damage from avoided CO2 emissions will be manifested within the lifetimes of people who acted to avoid that emission. While such avoidance could be expected to benefit future generations, there is potential for emissions avoidance to provide substantial benefit to <span class="hlt">current</span> generations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70027795','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70027795"><span>Role of land-surface changes in arctic summer <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Chapin, F. S.; Sturm, M.; Serreze, Mark C.; McFadden, J.P.; Key, J.R.; Lloyd, A.H.; McGuire, A.D.; Rupp, T.S.; Lynch, A.H.; Schimel, Joshua P.; Beringer, J.; Chapman, W.L.; Epstein, H.E.; Euskirchen, E.S.; Hinzman, L.D.; Jia, G.; Ping, C.-L.; Tape, K.D.; Thompson, C.D.C.; Walker, D.A.; Welker, J.M.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>A major challenge in predicting Earth's future climate state is to understand feedbacks that alter greenhouse-gas forcing. Here we synthesize field data from arctic Alaska, showing that terrestrial changes in summer albedo contribute substantially to recent high-latitude <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends. Pronounced terrestrial summer <span class="hlt">warming</span> in arctic Alaska correlates with a lengthening of the snow-free season that has increased atmospheric heating locally by about 3 watts per square meter per decade (similar in magnitude to the regional heating expected over multiple decades from a doubling of atmospheric CO2). The continuation of <span class="hlt">current</span> trends in shrub and tree expansion could further amplify this atmospheric heating by two to seven times.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016CSR...123....9K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016CSR...123....9K"><span>Generation of <span class="hlt">periodic</span> intrusions at Suruga Bay when the Kuroshio follows a large meandering path</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Katsumata, Takaaki</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>We measured the vertical profiles of <span class="hlt">currents</span> at the eastern mouth of the Suruga Bay using a moored acoustic Doppler <span class="hlt">current</span> profiler (ADCP). <span class="hlt">Currents</span> vertical profiles were found to be mostly barotropic in structure when intrusions occurred at the eastern mouth of the bay. <span class="hlt">Warm</span>-water intrusions at the Suruga Bay and sea level elevations at the bay and at islands on the Izu Ridge located off the bay have the same <span class="hlt">period</span> of 26 days. The temporal variation in the sea levels occurs in response to Kuroshio frontal waves, and the two phases are consistent. The sea level rise propagates from Hachijo Island to the Suruga Bay via Miyake Island and Kozu Island, i.e., from off the Suruga Bay to in or near the bay. The perturbation of the sea level along the Izu Ridge occurs as waves with a <span class="hlt">period</span> of 26 days, a wavelength of 500 km, and a phase speed of 23 cm/sec. The propagated waves and those of the Kuroshio frontal waves have the same features. This means that the <span class="hlt">periodic</span> inflows at the eastern mouth of the Suruga Bay are caused by the passage of Kuroshio frontal waves off the bay.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29507884','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29507884"><span>Climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> drives local extinction: Evidence from observation and experimentation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Panetta, Anne Marie; Stanton, Maureen L; Harte, John</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Despite increasing concern about elevated extinction risk as global temperatures rise, it is difficult to confirm causal links between climate change and extinction. By coupling 25 years of in situ climate manipulation with experimental seed introductions and both historical and <span class="hlt">current</span> plant surveys, we identify causal, mechanistic links between climate change and the local extinction of a widespread mountain plant ( Androsace septentrionalis ). Climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> causes precipitous declines in population size by reducing fecundity and survival across multiple life stages. Climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> also purges belowground seed banks, limiting the potential for the future recovery of at-risk populations under ameliorated conditions. Bolstered by previous reports of plant community shifts in this experiment and in other habitats, our findings not only support the hypothesis that climate change can drive local extinction but also foreshadow potentially widespread species losses in subalpine meadows as climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> continues.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3407111','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3407111"><span>Specificity Responses of Grasshoppers in Temperate Grasslands to Diel Asymmetric <span class="hlt">Warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wu, Tingjuan; Hao, Shuguang; Sun, Osbert Jianxin; Kang, Le</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Background Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> is characterized by not only an increase in the daily mean temperature, but also a diel asymmetric pattern. However, most of the <span class="hlt">current</span> studies on climate change have only concerned with the mean values of the <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend. Although many studies have been conducted concerning the responses of insects to climate change, studies that address the issue of diel asymmetric <span class="hlt">warming</span> under field conditions are not found in the literature. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted a field climate manipulative experiment and investigated developmental and demographic responses to diel asymmetric <span class="hlt">warming</span> in three grasshopper species (an early-season species Dasyhippus barbipes, a mid-season species Oedaleus asiaticus, and a late-season species Chorthippus fallax). It was found that <span class="hlt">warming</span> generally advanced the development of eggs and nymphs, but had no apparent impacts on the hatching rate of eggs, the emergence rate of nymphs and the survival and fecundity of adults in all the three species. Nighttime <span class="hlt">warming</span> was more effective in advancing egg development than the daytime <span class="hlt">warming</span>. The emergence time of adults was differentially advanced by <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the three species; it was advanced by 5.64 days in C. fallax, 3.55 days in O. asiaticus, and 1.96 days in D. barbipes. This phenological advancement was associated with increases in the effective GDDs accumulation. Conclusions/Significance Results in this study indicate that the responses of the three grasshopper species to <span class="hlt">warming</span> are influenced by several factors, including species traits, developmental stage, and the thermal sensitivity of the species. Moreover, species with diapausing eggs are less responsive to changes in temperature regimes, suggesting that development of diapausing eggs is a protective mechanism in early-season grasshopper for avoiding the risk of pre-winter hatching. Our results highlight the need to consider the complex relationships between climate change and</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.3285N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.3285N"><span>Global Changes in Drought Conditions Under Different Levels of <span class="hlt">Warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Naumann, G.; Alfieri, L.; Wyser, K.; Mentaschi, L.; Betts, R. A.; Carrao, H.; Spinoni, J.; Vogt, J.; Feyen, L.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Higher evaporative demands and more frequent and persistent dry spells associated with rising temperatures suggest that drought conditions could worsen in many regions of the world. In this study, we assess how drought conditions may develop across the globe for 1.5, 2, and 3°C <span class="hlt">warming</span> compared to preindustrial temperatures. Results show that two thirds of global population will experience a progressive increase in drought conditions with <span class="hlt">warming</span>. For drying areas, drought durations are projected to rise at rapidly increasing rates with <span class="hlt">warming</span>, averaged globally from 2.0 month/°C below 1.5°C to 4.2 month/°C when approaching 3°C. Drought magnitudes could double for 30% of global landmass under stringent mitigation. If contemporary <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates continue, water supply-demand deficits could become fivefold in size for most of Africa, Australia, southern Europe, southern and central states of the United States, Central America, the Caribbean, north-west China, and parts of Southern America. In approximately 20% of the global land surface, drought magnitude will halve with <span class="hlt">warming</span> of 1.5°C and higher levels, mainly most land areas north of latitude 55°N, but also parts of South America and Eastern and South-eastern Asia. A progressive and significant increase in frequency of droughts is projected with <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the Mediterranean basin, most of Africa, West and Southern Asia, Central America, and Oceania, where droughts are projected to happen 5 to 10 times more frequent even under ambitious mitigation targets and <span class="hlt">current</span> 100-year events could occur every two to five years under 3°C of <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.3486N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.3486N"><span><span class="hlt">Periodic</span> cycle of stretching and breaking of the head of gravity <span class="hlt">currents</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nogueira, H. I. S.; Adduce, C.; Alves, E.; Franca, M. J.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p> interface layer. Entrainment follows a decaying trend along the <span class="hlt">current</span> development whereas <span class="hlt">periodic</span> division of the head seems to be kept. The division of the head is related to mass ejections directing upstream with a clear signature in the <span class="hlt">current</span>-depth time and spatial evolution maps. Initial density of the released saline <span class="hlt">current</span> seems to be related to the <span class="hlt">period</span> of the cyclic division of the head and the amplitude of the mentioned mass ejections; averaged <span class="hlt">periods</span> of the occurrence of the divisions are 3.40, 1.63, 1.07 and 0.91 s respectively for initial densities of the salt-water mixture corresponding to 1015, 1030, 1045 and 1060 kg/m3. Research supported by Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology through the research project PTDC/ECM/099752/2008 and the PhD grant SFRH/BD/48705/2008.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EPJB...89..262Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EPJB...89..262Z"><span>Skyrmion dynamics in a chiral magnet driven by <span class="hlt">periodically</span> varying spin <span class="hlt">currents</span>*</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhu, Rui; Zhang, Yin-Yan</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>In this work, we investigated the spin dynamics in a slab of chiral magnets induced by an alternating (ac) spin <span class="hlt">current</span>. <span class="hlt">Periodic</span> trajectories of the skyrmion in real space are discovered under the ac <span class="hlt">current</span> as a result of the Magnus and viscous forces, which originate from the Gilbert damping, the spin transfer torque, and the β-nonadiabatic torque effects. The results are obtained by numerically solving the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation and can be explained by the Thiele equation characterizing the skyrmion core motion. Supplementary material in the form of one avi file available from the Journal web page at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2016-70467-9</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3813327','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3813327"><span>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> triggers the loss of a key Arctic refugium</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Rühland, K. M.; Paterson, A. M.; Keller, W.; Michelutti, N.; Smol, J. P.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>We document the rapid transformation of one of the Earth's last remaining Arctic refugia, a change that is being driven by global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. In stark contrast to the amplified <span class="hlt">warming</span> observed throughout much of the Arctic, the Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL) of subarctic Canada has maintained cool temperatures, largely due to the counteracting effects of persistent sea ice. However, since the mid-1990s, climate of the HBL has passed a tipping point, the pace and magnitude of which is exceptional even by Arctic standards, exceeding the range of regional long-term variability. Using high-resolution, palaeolimnological records of algal remains in dated lake sediment cores, we report that, within this short <span class="hlt">period</span> of intense <span class="hlt">warming</span>, striking biological changes have occurred in the region's freshwater ecosystems. The delayed and intense <span class="hlt">warming</span> in this remote region provides a natural observatory for testing ecosystem resilience under a rapidly changing climate, in the absence of direct anthropogenic influences. The environmental repercussions of this climate change are of global significance, influencing the huge store of carbon in the region's extensive peatlands, the world's southern-most polar bear population that depends upon Hudson Bay sea ice and permafrost for survival, and native communities who rely on this landscape for sustenance. PMID:24107529</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24107529','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24107529"><span>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> triggers the loss of a key Arctic refugium.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rühland, K M; Paterson, A M; Keller, W; Michelutti, N; Smol, J P</p> <p>2013-12-07</p> <p>We document the rapid transformation of one of the Earth's last remaining Arctic refugia, a change that is being driven by global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. In stark contrast to the amplified <span class="hlt">warming</span> observed throughout much of the Arctic, the Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL) of subarctic Canada has maintained cool temperatures, largely due to the counteracting effects of persistent sea ice. However, since the mid-1990s, climate of the HBL has passed a tipping point, the pace and magnitude of which is exceptional even by Arctic standards, exceeding the range of regional long-term variability. Using high-resolution, palaeolimnological records of algal remains in dated lake sediment cores, we report that, within this short <span class="hlt">period</span> of intense <span class="hlt">warming</span>, striking biological changes have occurred in the region's freshwater ecosystems. The delayed and intense <span class="hlt">warming</span> in this remote region provides a natural observatory for testing ecosystem resilience under a rapidly changing climate, in the absence of direct anthropogenic influences. The environmental repercussions of this climate change are of global significance, influencing the huge store of carbon in the region's extensive peatlands, the world's southern-most polar bear population that depends upon Hudson Bay sea ice and permafrost for survival, and native communities who rely on this landscape for sustenance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19739556','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19739556"><span>Accelerated <span class="hlt">warming</span> and emergent trends in fisheries biomass yields of the world's large marine ecosystems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sherman, Kenneth; Belkin, Igor M; Friedland, Kevin D; O'Reilly, John; Hyde, Kimberly</p> <p>2009-06-01</p> <p>Information on the effects of global climate change on trends in global fisheries biomass yields has been limited in spatial and temporal scale. Results are presented of a global study of the impact of sea surface temperature (SST) changes over the last 25 years on the fisheries yields of 63 large marine ecosystems (LMEs) that annually produce 80% of the world's marine fisheries catches. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> trends were observed in 61 LMEs around the globe. In 18 of the LMEs, rates of SST <span class="hlt">warming</span> were two to four times faster during the past 25 years than the globally averaged rates of SST <span class="hlt">warming</span> reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2007. Effects of <span class="hlt">warming</span> on fisheries biomass yields were greatest in the fast-<span class="hlt">warming</span> northern Northeast Atlantic LMEs, where increasing trends in fisheries biomass yields were related to zooplankton biomass increases. In contrast, fisheries biomass yields of LMEs in the fast-<span class="hlt">warming</span>, more southerly reaches of the Northeast Atlantic were declining in response to decreases in zooplankton abundance. The LMEs around the margins of the Indian Ocean, where SSTs were among the world's slowest <span class="hlt">warming</span>, revealed a consistent pattern of fisheries biomass increases during the past 25 years, driven principally by human need for food security from fisheries resources. As a precautionary approach toward more sustainable fisheries utilization, management measures to limit the total allowable catch through a cap-and-sustain approach are suggested for the developing nations recently fishing heavily on resources of the Agulhas <span class="hlt">Current</span>, Somali <span class="hlt">Current</span>, Arabian Sea, and Bay of Bengal LMEs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20160008717&hterms=spices&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dspices','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20160008717&hterms=spices&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dspices"><span><span class="hlt">Warming</span> of the Global Ocean: Spatial Structure and Water-Mass Trends</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hakkinen, Sirpa; Rhines, Peter B.; Worthen, Denise L.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>This study investigates the multidecadal <span class="hlt">warming</span> and interannual-to-decadal heat content changes in the upper ocean (0-700 m), focusing on vertical and horizontal patterns of variability. These results support a nearly monotonic <span class="hlt">warming</span> over much of the World Ocean, with a shift toward Southern Hemisphere <span class="hlt">warming</span> during the well-observed past decade. This is based on objectively analyzed gridded observational datasets and on a modeled state estimate. Besides the surface <span class="hlt">warming</span>, a <span class="hlt">warming</span> climate also has a subsurface effect manifesting as a strong deepening of the midthermocline isopycnals, which can be diagnosed directly from hydrographic data. This deepening appears to be a result of heat entering via subduction and spreading laterally from the high-latitude ventilation regions of subtropical mode waters. The basin-average multidecadal <span class="hlt">warming</span> mainly expands the subtropical mode water volume, with weak changes in the temperature-salinity (u-S) relationship (known as ''spice'' variability). However, the spice contribution to the heat content can be locally large, for example in Southern Hemisphere. Multidecadal isopycnal sinking has been strongest over the southern basins and weaker elsewhere with the exception of the Gulf Stream/North Atlantic <span class="hlt">Current</span>/subtropical recirculation gyre. At interannual to decadal time scales, wind-driven sinking and shoaling of density surfaces still dominate ocean heat content changes, while the contribution from temperature changes along density surfaces tends to decrease as time scales shorten.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRA..120.7552H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRA..120.7552H"><span>Field-aligned <span class="hlt">currents</span> in Saturn's northern nightside magnetosphere: Evidence for interhemispheric <span class="hlt">current</span> flow associated with planetary <span class="hlt">period</span> oscillations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hunt, G. J.; Cowley, S. W. H.; Provan, G.; Bunce, E. J.; Alexeev, I. I.; Belenkaya, E. S.; Kalegaev, V. V.; Dougherty, M. K.; Coates, A. J.</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>We investigate the magnetic perturbations associated with field-aligned <span class="hlt">currents</span> observed on 34 Cassini passes over the premidnight northern auroral region during 2008. These are found to be significantly modulated not only by the northern planetary-<span class="hlt">period</span> oscillation (PPO) system, similar to the southern <span class="hlt">currents</span> by the southern PPO system found previously, but also by the southern PPO system as well, thus providing the first clear evidence of PPO-related interhemispheric <span class="hlt">current</span> flow. The principal field-aligned <span class="hlt">currents</span> of the two PPO systems are found to be co-located in northern ionospheric colatitude, together with the <span class="hlt">currents</span> of the PPO-independent (subcorotation) system, located between the vicinity of the open-closed field boundary and field lines mapping to ~9 Saturn radius (Rs) in the equatorial plane. All three systems are of comparable magnitude, ~3 MA in each PPO half-cycle. Smaller PPO-related field-aligned <span class="hlt">currents</span> of opposite polarity also flow in the interior region, mapping between ~6 and ~9 Rs in the equatorial plane, carrying a <span class="hlt">current</span> of ~ ±2 MA per half-cycle, which significantly reduce the oscillation amplitudes in the interior region. Within this interior region the amplitudes of the northern and southern oscillations are found to fall continuously with distance along the field lines from the corresponding hemisphere, thus showing the presence of cross-field <span class="hlt">currents</span>, with the southern oscillations being dominant in the south, and modestly lower in amplitude than the northern oscillations in the north. As in previous studies, no oscillations related to the opposite hemisphere are found on open field lines in either hemisphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=calisthenics&pg=3&id=EJ163652','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=calisthenics&pg=3&id=EJ163652"><span><span class="hlt">Warm</span> Up to a Good Sound</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Tovey, David C.</p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>Most choral directors in schools today have been exposed to a variety of <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up procedures. Yet, many do not use the <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up time effectively as possible. Considers the factors appropriate to a <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up exercise and three basic <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up categories. (Author/RK)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26750759','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26750759"><span>Future <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Patterns Linked to Today's Climate Variability.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dai, Aiguo</p> <p>2016-01-11</p> <p>The reliability of model projections of greenhouse gas (GHG)-induced future climate change is often assessed based on models' ability to simulate the <span class="hlt">current</span> climate, but there has been little evidence that connects the two. In fact, this practice has been questioned because the GHG-induced future climate change may involve additional physical processes that are not important for the <span class="hlt">current</span> climate. Here I show that the spatial patterns of the GHG-induced future <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the 21(st) century is highly correlated with the patterns of the year-to-year variations of surface air temperature for today's climate, with areas of larger variations during 1950-1979 having more GHG-induced <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the 21(st) century in all climate models. Such a relationship also exists in other climate fields such as atmospheric water vapor, and it is evident in observed temperatures from 1950-2010. The results suggest that many physical processes may work similarly in producing the year-to-year climate variations in the <span class="hlt">current</span> climate and the GHG-induced long-term changes in the 21(st) century in models and in the real world. They support the notion that models that simulate present-day climate variability better are likely to make more reliable predictions of future climate change.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22178305','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22178305"><span>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and hepatotoxin production by cyanobacteria: what can we learn from experiments?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>El-Shehawy, Rehab; Gorokhova, Elena; Fernández-Piñas, Francisca; del Campo, Francisca F</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>Global temperature is expected to rise throughout this century, and blooms of cyanobacteria in lakes and estuaries are predicted to increase with the <span class="hlt">current</span> level of global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. The potential environmental, economic and sanitation repercussions of these blooms have attracted considerable attention among the world's scientific communities, water management agencies and general public. Of particular concern is the worldwide occurrence of hepatotoxic cyanobacteria posing a serious threat to global public health. Here, we highlight plausible effects of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> on physiological and molecular changes in these cyanobacteria and resulting effects on hepatotoxin production. We also emphasize the importance of understanding the natural biological function(s) of hepatotoxins, various mechanisms governing their synthesis, and climate-driven changes in food-web interactions, if we are to predict consequences of the <span class="hlt">current</span> and projected levels of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> for production and accumulation of hepatotoxins in aquatic ecosystems. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150019930&hterms=biome&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dbiome','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150019930&hterms=biome&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dbiome"><span>Challenges in Quantifying Pliocene Terrestrial <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Revealed by Data-Model Discord</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Salzmann, Ulrich; Dolan, Aisling M.; Haywood, Alan M.; Chan, Wing-Le; Voss, Jochen; Hill, Daniel J.; Abe-Ouchi, Ayako; Otto-Bliesner, Bette; Bragg, Frances J.; Chandler, Mark A.; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20150019930'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20150019930_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20150019930_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20150019930_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20150019930_hide"></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Comparing simulations of key <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">periods</span> in Earth history with contemporaneous geological proxy data is a useful approach for evaluating the ability of climate models to simulate <span class="hlt">warm</span>, high-CO2 climates that are unprecedented in the more recent past. Here we use a global data set of confidence-assessed, proxy-based temperature estimates and biome reconstructions to assess the ability of eight models to simulate <span class="hlt">warm</span> terrestrial climates of the Pliocene epoch. The Late Pliocene, 3.6-2.6 million years ago, is an accessible geological interval to understand climate processes of a warmer world4. We show that model-predicted surface air temperatures reveal a substantial cold bias in the Northern Hemisphere. Particularly strong data-model mismatches in mean annual temperatures (up to 18 C) exist in northern Russia. Our model sensitivity tests identify insufficient temporal constraints hampering the accurate configuration of model boundary conditions as an important factor impacting on data- model discrepancies. We conclude that to allow a more robust evaluation of the ability of present climate models to predict <span class="hlt">warm</span> climates, future Pliocene data-model comparison studies should focus on orbitally defined time slices.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCC...7..652M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCC...7..652M"><span>Committed <span class="hlt">warming</span> inferred from observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mauritsen, Thorsten; Pincus, Robert</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Due to the lifetime of CO2, the thermal inertia of the oceans, and the temporary impacts of short-lived aerosols and reactive greenhouse gases, the Earth’s climate is not equilibrated with anthropogenic forcing. As a result, even if fossil-fuel emissions were to suddenly cease, some level of committed <span class="hlt">warming</span> is expected due to past emissions as studied previously using climate models. Here, we provide an observational-based quantification of this committed <span class="hlt">warming</span> using the instrument record of global-mean <span class="hlt">warming</span>, recently improved estimates of Earth’s energy imbalance, and estimates of radiative forcing from the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Compared with pre-industrial levels, we find a committed <span class="hlt">warming</span> of 1.5 K (0.9-3.6, 5th-95th percentile) at equilibrium, and of 1.3 K (0.9-2.3) within this century. However, when assuming that ocean carbon uptake cancels remnant greenhouse gas-induced <span class="hlt">warming</span> on centennial timescales, committed <span class="hlt">warming</span> is reduced to 1.1 K (0.7-1.8). In the latter case there is a 13% risk that committed <span class="hlt">warming</span> already exceeds the 1.5 K target set in Paris. Regular updates of these observationally constrained committed <span class="hlt">warming</span> estimates, although simplistic, can provide transparent guidance as uncertainty regarding transient climate sensitivity inevitably narrows and the understanding of the limitations of the framework is advanced.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27426229','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27426229"><span>Contrasting effects of summer and winter <span class="hlt">warming</span> on body mass explain population dynamics in a food-limited Arctic herbivore.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Albon, Steve D; Irvine, R Justin; Halvorsen, Odd; Langvatn, Rolf; Loe, Leif E; Ropstad, Erik; Veiberg, Vebjørn; van der Wal, René; Bjørkvoll, Eirin M; Duff, Elizabeth I; Hansen, Brage B; Lee, Aline M; Tveraa, Torkild; Stien, Audun</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The cumulative effects of climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> on herbivore vital rates and population dynamics are hard to predict, given that the expected effects differ between seasons. In the Arctic, warmer summers enhance plant growth which should lead to heavier and more fertile individuals in the autumn. Conversely, <span class="hlt">warm</span> spells in winter with rainfall (rain-on-snow) can cause 'icing', restricting access to forage, resulting in starvation, lower survival and fecundity. As body condition is a 'barometer' of energy demands relative to energy intake, we explored the causes and consequences of variation in body mass of wild female Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) from 1994 to 2015, a <span class="hlt">period</span> of marked climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Late winter (April) body mass explained 88% of the between-year variation in population growth rate, because it strongly influenced reproductive loss, and hence subsequent fecundity (92%), as well as survival (94%) and recruitment (93%). Autumn (October) body mass affected ovulation rates but did not affect fecundity. April body mass showed no long-term trend (coefficient of variation, CV = 8.8%) and was higher following <span class="hlt">warm</span> autumn (October) weather, reflecting delays in winter onset, but most strongly, and negatively, related to 'rain-on-snow' events. October body mass (CV = 2.5%) increased over the study due to higher plant productivity in the increasingly <span class="hlt">warm</span> summers. Density-dependent mass change suggested competition for resources in both winter and summer but was less pronounced in recent years, despite an increasing population size. While continued climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> is expected to increase the carrying capacity of the high Arctic tundra, it is also likely to cause more frequent icing events. Our analyses suggest that these contrasting effects may cause larger seasonal fluctuations in body mass and vital rates. Overall our findings provide an important 'missing' mechanistic link in the <span class="hlt">current</span> understanding of the population biology of a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29105912','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29105912"><span>How much do direct livestock emissions actually contribute to global <span class="hlt">warming</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Reisinger, Andy; Clark, Harry</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Agriculture directly contributes about 10%-12% of <span class="hlt">current</span> global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, mostly from livestock. However, such percentage estimates are based on global <span class="hlt">warming</span> potentials (GWPs), which do not measure the actual <span class="hlt">warming</span> caused by emissions and ignore the fact that methane does not accumulate in the atmosphere in the same way as CO 2 . Here, we employ a simple carbon cycle-climate model, historical estimates and future projections of livestock emissions to infer the fraction of actual <span class="hlt">warming</span> that is attributable to direct livestock non-CO 2 emissions now and in future, and to CO 2 from pasture conversions, without relying on GWPs. We find that direct livestock non-CO 2 emissions caused about 19% of the total modelled <span class="hlt">warming</span> of 0.81°C from all anthropogenic sources in 2010. CO 2 from pasture conversions contributed at least another 0.03°C, bringing the <span class="hlt">warming</span> directly attributable to livestock to 23% of the total <span class="hlt">warming</span> in 2010. The significance of direct livestock emissions to future <span class="hlt">warming</span> depends strongly on global actions to reduce emissions from other sectors. Direct non-CO 2 livestock emissions would contribute only about 5% of the <span class="hlt">warming</span> in 2100 if emissions from other sectors increase unabated, but could constitute as much as 18% (0.27°C) of the <span class="hlt">warming</span> in 2100 if global CO 2 emissions from other sectors are reduced to near or below zero by 2100, consistent with the goal of limiting <span class="hlt">warming</span> to well below 2°C. These estimates constitute a lower bound since indirect emissions linked to livestock feed production and supply chains were not included. Our estimates demonstrate that expanding the mitigation potential and realizing substantial reductions of direct livestock non-CO 2 emissions through demand and supply side measures can make an important contribution to achieve the stringent mitigation goals set out in the Paris Agreement, including by increasing the carbon budget consistent with the 1.5°C goal. © 2017 John</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020021570&hterms=nolan&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dnolan','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020021570&hterms=nolan&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dnolan"><span><span class="hlt">Warm</span>-Core Intensification of a Hurricane Through Horizontal Eddy Heat Transports Inside the Eye</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Braun, Scott A.; Montgomery, Michael T.; Fulton, John; Nolan, David S.</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>A simulation of Hurricane Bob (1991) using the PSU/NCAR MM5 mesoscale model with a finest mesh spacing of 1.3 km is used to diagnose the heat budget of the hurricane. Heat budget terms, including latent and radiative heating, boundary layer forcing, and advection terms were output directly from the model for a 6-h <span class="hlt">period</span> with 2-min frequency. Previous studies of <span class="hlt">warm</span> core formation have emphasized the <span class="hlt">warming</span> associated with gentle subsidence within the eye. The simulation of Hurricane Bob also identifies subsidence <span class="hlt">warming</span> as a major factor for eye <span class="hlt">warming</span>, but also shows a significant contribution from horizontal advective terms. When averaged over the area of the eye, excluding the eyewall (at least in an azimuthal mean sense), subsidence is found to strongly <span class="hlt">warm</span> the mid-troposphere (2-9 km) while horizontal advection <span class="hlt">warms</span> the mid to upper troposphere (5-13 km) with about equal magnitude. Partitioning of the horizontal advective terms into azimuthal mean and eddy components shows that the mean radial circulation cannot, as expected, generally contribute to this <span class="hlt">warming</span>, but that it is produced almost entirely by the horizontal eddy transport of heat into the eye. A further breakdown of the eddy components into azimuthal wave numbers 1, 2, and higher indicates that the <span class="hlt">warming</span> is dominated by wave number 1 asymmetries, with smaller contributions coming from higher wave numbers. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> by horizontal eddy transport is consistent with idealized modeling of vortex Rossby waves and work is in progress to identify and clarify the role of vortex Rossby waves in <span class="hlt">warm</span>-core intensification in both the full-physics model and idealized models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2664360','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2664360"><span><span class="hlt">Periodic</span> temperature-associated drought/flood drives locust plagues in China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zhang, Zhibin; Cazelles, Bernard; Tian, Huidong; Christian Stige, Leif; Bräuning, Achim; Stenseth, Nils Chr.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> is <span class="hlt">currently</span> of great concern. Yet the ecological effects of low-frequency climate variations remain largely unknown. Recent analyses of interdecadal variability in population abundance of the Oriental migratory locust (Locusta migratoria manilensis) in China have revealed negative associations with temperature and positive associations with Yangtze drought and flood frequencies during the past millennium (AD 957–1956). In order to shed new light on the causal relationships between locust abundance, floods, droughts and temperature in ancient China, we used wavelet analysis to explore how the coherencies between the different variables at different frequencies have been changed during the past millennium. We find consistent in-phase coherencies between locusts and drought/flood frequencies, and out-of-phase coherencies between locusts and temperature and between drought/flood and temperature at <span class="hlt">period</span> components of 160–170 years. Similar results are obtained when historical data of drought/flood frequencies of the Yangtze Delta region are used, despite flood data showing a weak and somewhat inconsistent association with other factors. We suggest that previously unreported <span class="hlt">periodic</span> cooling of 160–170-year intervals dominate climatic variability in China through the past millennium, the cooling events promoting locust plagues by enhancing temperature-associated drought/flood events. Our results signify a rare example of possible benign effects of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> on the regional risk of natural disasters such as flood/drought events and outbreaks of pest insects. PMID:19033144</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23720306','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23720306"><span>Asynchronous marine-terrestrial signals of the last deglacial <span class="hlt">warming</span> in East Asia associated with low- and high-latitude climate changes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xu, Deke; Lu, Houyuan; Wu, Naiqin; Liu, Zhenxia; Li, Tiegang; Shen, Caiming; Wang, Luo</p> <p>2013-06-11</p> <p>A high-resolution multiproxy record, including pollen, foraminifera, and alkenone paleothermometry, obtained from a single core (DG9603) from the Okinawa Trough, East China Sea (ECS), provided unambiguous evidence for asynchronous climate change between the land and ocean over the past 40 ka. On land, the deglacial stage was characterized by rapid <span class="hlt">warming</span>, as reflected by paleovegetation, and it began ca. 15 kaBP, consistent with the timing of the last deglacial <span class="hlt">warming</span> in Greenland. However, sea surface temperature estimates from foraminifera and alkenone paleothermometry increased around 20-19 kaBP, as in the Western Pacific <span class="hlt">Warm</span> Pool (WPWP). Sea surface temperatures in the Okinawa Trough were influenced mainly by heat transport from the tropical western Pacific Ocean by the Kuroshio <span class="hlt">Current</span>, but the epicontinental vegetation of the ECS was influenced by atmospheric circulation linked to the northern high-latitude climate. Asynchronous terrestrial and marine signals of the last deglacial <span class="hlt">warming</span> in East Asia were thus clearly related to ocean <span class="hlt">currents</span> and atmospheric circulation. We argue that (i) early <span class="hlt">warming</span> seawater of the WPWP, driven by low-latitude insolation and trade winds, moved northward via the Kuroshio <span class="hlt">Current</span> and triggered marine <span class="hlt">warming</span> along the ECS around 20-19 kaBP similar to that in the WPWP, and (ii) an almost complete shutdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation ca. 18-15 kaBP was associated with cold Heinrich stadial-1 and delayed terrestrial <span class="hlt">warming</span> during the last deglacial <span class="hlt">warming</span> until ca. 15 kaBP at northern high latitudes, and hence in East Asia. Terrestrial deglacial <span class="hlt">warming</span> therefore lagged behind marine changes by ca. 3-4 ka.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3683759','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3683759"><span>Asynchronous marine-terrestrial signals of the last deglacial <span class="hlt">warming</span> in East Asia associated with low- and high-latitude climate changes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Xu, Deke; Lu, Houyuan; Wu, Naiqin; Liu, Zhenxia; Li, Tiegang; Shen, Caiming; Wang, Luo</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>A high-resolution multiproxy record, including pollen, foraminifera, and alkenone paleothermometry, obtained from a single core (DG9603) from the Okinawa Trough, East China Sea (ECS), provided unambiguous evidence for asynchronous climate change between the land and ocean over the past 40 ka. On land, the deglacial stage was characterized by rapid <span class="hlt">warming</span>, as reflected by paleovegetation, and it began ca. 15 kaBP, consistent with the timing of the last deglacial <span class="hlt">warming</span> in Greenland. However, sea surface temperature estimates from foraminifera and alkenone paleothermometry increased around 20–19 kaBP, as in the Western Pacific <span class="hlt">Warm</span> Pool (WPWP). Sea surface temperatures in the Okinawa Trough were influenced mainly by heat transport from the tropical western Pacific Ocean by the Kuroshio <span class="hlt">Current</span>, but the epicontinental vegetation of the ECS was influenced by atmospheric circulation linked to the northern high-latitude climate. Asynchronous terrestrial and marine signals of the last deglacial <span class="hlt">warming</span> in East Asia were thus clearly related to ocean <span class="hlt">currents</span> and atmospheric circulation. We argue that (i) early <span class="hlt">warming</span> seawater of the WPWP, driven by low-latitude insolation and trade winds, moved northward via the Kuroshio <span class="hlt">Current</span> and triggered marine <span class="hlt">warming</span> along the ECS around 20–19 kaBP similar to that in the WPWP, and (ii) an almost complete shutdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation ca. 18–15 kaBP was associated with cold Heinrich stadial-1 and delayed terrestrial <span class="hlt">warming</span> during the last deglacial <span class="hlt">warming</span> until ca. 15 kaBP at northern high latitudes, and hence in East Asia. Terrestrial deglacial <span class="hlt">warming</span> therefore lagged behind marine changes by ca. 3–4 ka. PMID:23720306</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC51E0838S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC51E0838S"><span>Recent Global <span class="hlt">Warming</span> As Depicted by AIRS, GISSTEMP, and MERRA-2</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Susskind, J.; Iredell, L. F.; Lee, J. N.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>We observed anomalously <span class="hlt">warm</span> global mean surface temperatures since 2015. The year 2016 represents the warmest annual mean surface skin and surface air temperatures in the AIRS observational <span class="hlt">period</span>, September 2002 through August 2017. Additionally, AIRS monthly mean surface skin temperature, from January 2016 through September 2016, and November 2016, were the warmest observed for each month of the year. Continuing this trend, the AIRS global surface temperatures of 2017 February and April show the second greatest positive anomalies from average. This recent <span class="hlt">warming</span> is particularly significant over the Arctic where the snow and sea ice melt is closely tied to the spring and summer surface temperatures. In this paper, we show the global distribution of surface temperature anomalies as observed by AIRS over the <span class="hlt">period</span> September 2002 through August 2017 and compare them with those from the GISSTEMP and MERRA-2 surface temperatures. The spatial patterns of <span class="hlt">warm</span> and cold anomalies for a given month show reasonably good agreement in all three data set. AIRS anomalies, which do not have the benefit of in-situ measurements, are in almost perfect agreement with those of MERRA-2, which does use in-situ surface measurements. GISSTEMP anomaly patterns for the most part look similar to those of AIRS and MERRA-2, but are more spread out spatially, and consequently are also weaker.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.1164O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.1164O"><span><span class="hlt">Warm</span> ocean surface led to ice margin retreat in central-eastern Baffin Bay during the Younger Dryas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Oksman, Mimmi; Weckström, Kaarina; Miettinen, Arto; Juggins, Stephen; Divine, Dmitry; Jackson, Rebecca; Korsgaard, Niels J.; Telford, Richard; Kucera, Michal</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The Greenland ice sheet stability is linked to fast-flowing ice streams that are influenced by sea surface temperatures (SSTs) at their front. One of the largest ice streams in West Greenland is the Jakobshavn Isbræ, which has been shown to have collapsed at ca. 12.2 kyr BP in the middle of the Younger Dryas (YD) cold <span class="hlt">period</span> (12.9-11.7 kyr BP). The cause for this collapse is still unknown yet hypotheses, such as <span class="hlt">warm</span> Atlantic water inflow, have been put forward to explain it. Here we present the first diatom-based high-resolution reconstruction of sea surface conditions in the central-eastern Baffin Bay between 14.0 and 10.2 kyr BP. The sea surface temperatures reveal warmer conditions beginning at ca. 13.4 kyr BP and leading to intensive calving and iceberg discharge from Jakobshavn Isbræ visible as increased sedimentation rates and deposition of coarse-grained material in our sediment stratigraphy. The <span class="hlt">warm</span> YD ocean surface conditions in Baffin Bay are out of phase with the δ18O record from the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) and other SST records from northern North-Atlantic. We show that the ocean has had significant interactions with the Greenland ice sheet in the past and emphasize its importance under the <span class="hlt">current</span> <span class="hlt">warming</span> of the North Atlantic.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70023575','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70023575"><span>Sources of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> in upper ocean temperature during El Niño</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>White, Warren B.; Cayan, Daniel R.; Dettinger, Mike; Auad, Guillermo</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>Global average sea surface temperature (SST) from 40°S to 60°N fluctuates ±0.3°C on interannual <span class="hlt">period</span> scales, with global <span class="hlt">warming</span> (cooling) during El Niño (La Niña). About 90% of the global <span class="hlt">warming</span> during El Niño occurs in the tropical global ocean from 20°S to 20°N, half because of large SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific associated with El Niño and the other half because of <span class="hlt">warm</span> SST anomalies occurring over ∼80% of the tropical global ocean. From examination of National Centers for Environmental Prediction [Kalnay et al., 1996] and Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set [Woodruff et al., 1993] reanalyses, tropical global <span class="hlt">warming</span> during El Niño is associated with higher troposphere moisture content and cloud cover, with reduced trade wind intensity occurring during the onset phase of El Niño. During this onset phase the tropical global average diabatic heat storage tendency in the layer above the main pycnocline is 1–3 W m−2above normal. Its principal source is a reduction in the poleward Ekman heat flux out of the tropical ocean of 2–5 W m−2. Subsequently, peak tropical global <span class="hlt">warming</span> during El Niño is dissipated by an increase in the flux of latent heat to the troposphere of 2–5 W m−2, with reduced shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes in response to increased cloud cover tending to cancel each other. In the extratropical global ocean the reduction in poleward Ekman heat flux out of the tropics during the onset of El Niño tends to be balanced by reduction in the flux of latent heat to the troposphere. Thus global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and cooling during Earth's internal mode of interannual climate variability arise from fluctuations in the global hydrological balance, not the global radiation balance. Since it occurs in the absence of extraterrestrial and anthropogenic forcing, global <span class="hlt">warming</span> on decadal, interdecadal, and centennial <span class="hlt">period</span> scales may also occur in association with Earth's internal modes of climate variability on those scales.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26312542','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26312542"><span><span class="hlt">Current</span> treatment recommendations and considerations for cryopyrin-associated <span class="hlt">periodic</span> syndrome.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Koné-Paut, Isabelle; Galeotti, Caroline</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Cryopyrin-associated <span class="hlt">periodic</span> syndrome (CAPS) encompasses a spectrum of three phenotypes of increasing severity. The syndrome is due to dominant mutations in NLRP3, which encodes a key component of the innate immunity that regulates the secretion of IL-1β. CAPS manifests as systemic inflammation, which compromises quality of life and leads to serious complications and handicap. Anti-IL-1 drugs have shown remarkable efficacy in treating CAPS symptoms and have significantly changed patients' lives. They have acceptable safety profiles but do have some differences. We review three drugs that are <span class="hlt">currently</span> marketed for CAPS, give additional information for the practical use of these drugs, and provide some recommendations for management.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1222385-feedback-attribution-land-sea-warming-contrast-global-warming-simulation-ncar-ccsm4','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1222385-feedback-attribution-land-sea-warming-contrast-global-warming-simulation-ncar-ccsm4"><span>Feedback attribution of the land-sea <span class="hlt">warming</span> contrast in a global <span class="hlt">warming</span> simulation of the NCAR CCSM4</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Sejas, Sergio A.; Albert, Oriene S.; Cai, Ming; ...</p> <p>2014-12-02</p> <p>One of the salient features in both observations and climate simulations is a stronger land <span class="hlt">warming</span> than sea. This paper provides a quantitative understanding of the main processes that contribute to the land-sea <span class="hlt">warming</span> asymmetry in a global <span class="hlt">warming</span> simulation of the NCAR CCSM4. The CO 2 forcing alone <span class="hlt">warms</span> the surface nearly the same for both land and sea, suggesting that feedbacks are responsible for the <span class="hlt">warming</span> contrast. Our analysis on one hand confirms that the principal contributor to the above-unity land-to-sea <span class="hlt">warming</span> ratio is the evaporation feedback; on the other hand the results indicate that the sensible heatmore » flux feedback has the largest land-sea <span class="hlt">warming</span> difference that favors a greater ocean than land <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Furthermore, the results uniquely highlight the importance of other feedbacks in establishing the above-unity land-to-sea <span class="hlt">warming</span> ratio. Particularly, the SW cloud feedback and the ocean heat storage in the transient response are key contributors to the greater <span class="hlt">warming</span> over land than sea.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1222385-feedback-attribution-land-sea-warming-contrast-global-warming-simulation-ncar-ccsm4','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1222385-feedback-attribution-land-sea-warming-contrast-global-warming-simulation-ncar-ccsm4"><span>Feedback attribution of the land-sea <span class="hlt">warming</span> contrast in a global <span class="hlt">warming</span> simulation of the NCAR CCSM4</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sejas, Sergio A.; Albert, Oriene S.; Cai, Ming</p> <p></p> <p>One of the salient features in both observations and climate simulations is a stronger land <span class="hlt">warming</span> than sea. This paper provides a quantitative understanding of the main processes that contribute to the land-sea <span class="hlt">warming</span> asymmetry in a global <span class="hlt">warming</span> simulation of the NCAR CCSM4. The CO 2 forcing alone <span class="hlt">warms</span> the surface nearly the same for both land and sea, suggesting that feedbacks are responsible for the <span class="hlt">warming</span> contrast. Our analysis on one hand confirms that the principal contributor to the above-unity land-to-sea <span class="hlt">warming</span> ratio is the evaporation feedback; on the other hand the results indicate that the sensible heatmore » flux feedback has the largest land-sea <span class="hlt">warming</span> difference that favors a greater ocean than land <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Furthermore, the results uniquely highlight the importance of other feedbacks in establishing the above-unity land-to-sea <span class="hlt">warming</span> ratio. Particularly, the SW cloud feedback and the ocean heat storage in the transient response are key contributors to the greater <span class="hlt">warming</span> over land than sea.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5244398','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5244398"><span>Ocean <span class="hlt">warming</span> and acidification synergistically increase coral mortality</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Prada, F.; Caroselli, E.; Mengoli, S.; Brizi, L.; Fantazzini, P.; Capaccioni, B.; Pasquini, L.; Fabricius, K. E.; Dubinsky, Z.; Falini, G.; Goffredo, S.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Organisms that accumulate calcium carbonate structures are particularly vulnerable to ocean <span class="hlt">warming</span> (OW) and ocean acidification (OA), potentially reducing the socioeconomic benefits of ecosystems reliant on these taxa. Since rising atmospheric CO2 is responsible for global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and increasing ocean acidity, to correctly predict how OW and OA will affect marine organisms, their possible interactive effects must be assessed. Here we investigate, in the field, the combined temperature (range: 16–26 °C) and acidification (range: pHTS 8.1–7.4) effects on mortality and growth of Mediterranean coral species transplanted, in different seasonal <span class="hlt">periods</span>, along a natural pH gradient generated by a CO2 vent. We show a synergistic adverse effect on mortality rates (up to 60%), for solitary and colonial, symbiotic and asymbiotic corals, suggesting that high seawater temperatures may have increased their metabolic rates which, in conjunction with decreasing pH, could have led to rapid deterioration of cellular processes and performance. The net calcification rate of the symbiotic species was not affected by decreasing pH, regardless of temperature, while in the two asymbiotic species it was negatively affected by increasing acidification and temperature, suggesting that symbiotic corals may be more tolerant to increasing <span class="hlt">warming</span> and acidifying conditions compared to asymbiotic ones. PMID:28102293</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PalOc..24.2207B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PalOc..24.2207B"><span>Coupled greenhouse <span class="hlt">warming</span> and deep-sea acidification in the middle Eocene</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bohaty, Steven M.; Zachos, James C.; Florindo, Fabio; Delaney, Margaret L.</p> <p>2009-06-01</p> <p>The Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO) is an enigmatic <span class="hlt">warming</span> event that represents an abrupt reversal in long-term cooling through the Eocene. In order to further assess the timing and nature of this event, we have assembled stable isotope and calcium carbonate concentration records from multiple Deep Sea Drilling Project and Ocean Drilling Program sites for the time interval between ˜43 and 38 Ma. Revised stratigraphy at several sites and compilation of δ18O records place peak <span class="hlt">warming</span> during the MECO event at 40.0 Ma (Chron C18n.2n). The identification of the δ18O excursion at sites in different geographic regions indicates that the climatic effects of this event were globally extensive. The total duration of the MECO event is estimated at ˜500 ka, with peak <span class="hlt">warming</span> lasting <100 ka. Assuming minimal glaciation in the late middle Eocene, ˜4°-6°C total <span class="hlt">warming</span> of both surface and deep waters is estimated during the MECO at the study sites. The interval of peak <span class="hlt">warming</span> at ˜40.0 Ma also coincided with a worldwide decline in carbonate accumulation at sites below 3000 m depth, reflecting a temporary shoaling of the calcite compensation depth. The synchroneity of deep-water acidification and globally extensive <span class="hlt">warming</span> makes a persuasive argument that the MECO event was linked to a transient increase in atmospheric pCO2. The results of this study confirm previous reports of significant climatic instability during the middle Eocene. Furthermore, the direct link between <span class="hlt">warming</span> and changes in the carbonate chemistry of the deep ocean provides strong evidence that changes in greenhouse gas concentrations exerted a primary control on short-term climate variability during this critical <span class="hlt">period</span> of Eocene climate evolution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25532432','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25532432"><span>Core temperature changes and sprint performance of elite female soccer players after a 15-minute <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up in a hot-humid environment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Somboonwong, Juraiporn; Chutimakul, Ladawan; Sanguanrungsirikul, Sompol</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Warm</span>-up session should be modified according to the environmental conditions. However, there is limited evidence regarding the proper soccer <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up time for female players in the heat. The purpose of this study was to examine the rise in core body temperature and the sprint performance after a 15-minute <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up in a hot-humid environment using female soccer players during the different phases of their menstrual cycle. Thirteen eumenorrheic national female soccer players (aged 18.8 ± 1.3 years, (Equation is included in full-text article.)53.05 ± 6.66 ml·kg·min) performed a 15-minute <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up protocol at an ambient temperature of 32.5 ± 1.6° C with a relative humidity of 53.6 ± 10.2% during their early follicular and midluteal phases of their cycle. The <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up protocol is composed of jogging, skipping by moving the legs in various directions, and sprinting alternated with jogging, followed by a 45-minute recovery <span class="hlt">period</span>. Rectal temperatures were recorded during the rest <span class="hlt">period</span> and every 5 minutes throughout the <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up and recovery phases of the study. Heart rate was monitored at rest and every 5 minutes during the <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up. Forty-yard sprint time was assessed immediately after the completion of <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up, which was later compared with the time at baseline. The value for the baseline was obtained at least 2 days before the experiment. During the early follicular and midluteal phases, the rectal temperatures obtained at the end of the <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up <span class="hlt">period</span> were significantly (p < 0.05) higher by 1.26° C (95% confidence interval [CI] = +0.46 to +2.06° C) and 1.18° C (95% CI = +0.53 to +1.83° C), whereas the heart rates increased to 153.67 ± 20.34 and 158.38 ± 15.19 b·min, respectively. After 20 minutes of the recovery <span class="hlt">period</span>, the rectal temperature decreased by approximately 50%. The sprint times were significantly (p < 0.05) faster post-<span class="hlt">warm</span>-up during both the early follicular (5.52 seconds; 95% CI = 5.43-5.60 seconds) and midluteal phases (5.51 seconds; 95% CI</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5833995','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5833995"><span>Climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> drives local extinction: Evidence from observation and experimentation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Panetta, Anne Marie; Stanton, Maureen L.; Harte, John</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Despite increasing concern about elevated extinction risk as global temperatures rise, it is difficult to confirm causal links between climate change and extinction. By coupling 25 years of in situ climate manipulation with experimental seed introductions and both historical and <span class="hlt">current</span> plant surveys, we identify causal, mechanistic links between climate change and the local extinction of a widespread mountain plant (Androsace septentrionalis). Climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> causes precipitous declines in population size by reducing fecundity and survival across multiple life stages. Climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> also purges belowground seed banks, limiting the potential for the future recovery of at-risk populations under ameliorated conditions. Bolstered by previous reports of plant community shifts in this experiment and in other habitats, our findings not only support the hypothesis that climate change can drive local extinction but also foreshadow potentially widespread species losses in subalpine meadows as climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> continues. PMID:29507884</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.B23G0534H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.B23G0534H"><span>Effects of open-field experimental <span class="hlt">warming</span> on the growth of two-year-old Pinus densiflora and Abies holophylla seedlings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Han, S.; Son, Y.; Lee, S.; Jo, W.; Yoon, T.; Park, C.; Ko, S.; Kim, J.; Han, S.; Jung, Y.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Temperature increase due to climate change is expected to affect tree growth and distribution [Way and Oren, 2010]. The responses of trees to <span class="hlt">warming</span> vary with tree species, ontogenic stages, tree life forms, and biomes. Especially, seedling stage is a vulnerable <span class="hlt">period</span> for tree survival and competition [Saxe et al., 2007] and thus research on effects of temperature increase on seedling stage is needed. We aimed to examine the responses of coniferous seedlings to future temperature increase by conducting an open-field <span class="hlt">warming</span> experiment. An experimental <span class="hlt">warming</span> set-up using infra-red heater was built in 2011 and the temperature in <span class="hlt">warming</span> plots has been regulated to 3°C higher than that of control plots constantly. The seeds of Pinus densiflora and Abies holophylla were planted in each 1 m × 1 m plot (n=3) in April, 2012. Seedling growth, root collar diameter (RCD) and height of 45 individuals of each plot were measured in June and July, 2012. The survival rate of seedlings was also measured. Survival rate of P. densiflora was lower in <span class="hlt">warming</span> plots (93.3%) than in control plots (100.0%, p<0.05) and that of A. holophylla was also decreased in <span class="hlt">warming</span> plots (79.3%) than in control plots (97.0%, p<0.01). RCD and height of P. densiflora seedlings were not significantly different between control and <span class="hlt">warming</span> plots, however, height of A. holophylla was significantly higher in <span class="hlt">warming</span> plots in June and July (p<0.01). Comparatively, RCD of A. holophylla was only higher in control plots in June. While there is still a lack of case studies on the growth of seedlings under experimental <span class="hlt">warming</span>, a few studies reported increased seedling growth [Yin et al., 2008] or and no difference [Han et al., 2009] in <span class="hlt">warming</span> plots. Different responses of seedling growth between two species of the <span class="hlt">current</span> study might be derived from species-specific acclimation to temperature increase and/or other limiting factors [Way and Oren, 2010]. This result is, to our knowledge, unprecedented and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28861462','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28861462"><span>Nonlinear climate sensitivity and its implications for future greenhouse <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Friedrich, Tobias; Timmermann, Axel; Tigchelaar, Michelle; Elison Timm, Oliver; Ganopolski, Andrey</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>Global mean surface temperatures are rising in response to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. The magnitude of this <span class="hlt">warming</span> at equilibrium for a given radiative forcing-referred to as specific equilibrium climate sensitivity ( S )-is still subject to uncertainties. We estimate global mean temperature variations and S using a 784,000-year-long field reconstruction of sea surface temperatures and a transient paleoclimate model simulation. Our results reveal that S is strongly dependent on the climate background state, with significantly larger values attained during <span class="hlt">warm</span> phases. Using the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 for future greenhouse radiative forcing, we find that the range of paleo-based estimates of Earth's future <span class="hlt">warming</span> by 2100 CE overlaps with the upper range of climate simulations conducted as part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Furthermore, we find that within the 21st century, global mean temperatures will very likely exceed maximum levels reconstructed for the last 784,000 years. On the basis of temperature data from eight glacial cycles, our results provide an independent validation of the magnitude of <span class="hlt">current</span> CMIP5 <span class="hlt">warming</span> projections.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5569956','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5569956"><span>Nonlinear climate sensitivity and its implications for future greenhouse <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Friedrich, Tobias; Timmermann, Axel; Tigchelaar, Michelle; Elison Timm, Oliver; Ganopolski, Andrey</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Global mean surface temperatures are rising in response to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. The magnitude of this <span class="hlt">warming</span> at equilibrium for a given radiative forcing—referred to as specific equilibrium climate sensitivity (S)—is still subject to uncertainties. We estimate global mean temperature variations and S using a 784,000-year-long field reconstruction of sea surface temperatures and a transient paleoclimate model simulation. Our results reveal that S is strongly dependent on the climate background state, with significantly larger values attained during <span class="hlt">warm</span> phases. Using the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 for future greenhouse radiative forcing, we find that the range of paleo-based estimates of Earth’s future <span class="hlt">warming</span> by 2100 CE overlaps with the upper range of climate simulations conducted as part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Furthermore, we find that within the 21st century, global mean temperatures will very likely exceed maximum levels reconstructed for the last 784,000 years. On the basis of temperature data from eight glacial cycles, our results provide an independent validation of the magnitude of <span class="hlt">current</span> CMIP5 <span class="hlt">warming</span> projections. PMID:28861462</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3885877','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3885877"><span>500-year climate cycles stacking of recent centennial <span class="hlt">warming</span> documented in an East Asian pollen record</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Xu, Deke; Lu, Houyuan; Chu, Guoqiang; Wu, Naiqin; Shen, Caiming; Wang, Can; Mao, Limi</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Here we presented a high-resolution 5350-year pollen record from a maar annually laminated lake in East Asia (EA). Pollen record reflected the dynamics of vertical vegetation zones and temperature change. Spectral analysis on pollen percentages/concentrations of Pinus and Quercus, and a temperature proxy, revealed ~500-year quasi-<span class="hlt">periodic</span> cold-<span class="hlt">warm</span> fluctuations during the past 5350 years. This ~500-year cyclic climate change occurred in EA during the mid-late Holocene and even the last 150 years dominated by anthropogenic forcing. It was almost in phase with a ~500-year <span class="hlt">periodic</span> change in solar activity and Greenland temperature change, suggesting that ~500-year small variations in solar output played a prominent role in the mid-late Holocene climate dynamics in EA, linked to high latitude climate system. Its last <span class="hlt">warm</span> phase might terminate in the next several decades to enter another ~250-year cool phase, and thus this future centennial cyclic temperature minimum could partially slow down man-made global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. PMID:24402348</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=new+AND+york+AND+magazine&pg=5&id=ED072637','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=new+AND+york+AND+magazine&pg=5&id=ED072637"><span><span class="hlt">Current</span> Film <span class="hlt">Periodicals</span> in English. Revised Edition.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Reilly, Adam, Comp.</p> <p></p> <p>This bibliography of about 200 <span class="hlt">periodicals</span> dealing with film covers several types of magazine: scholarly journals on film aesthetics, like "The Film Journal"; news notes for movie fans, like "Film Nut News"; magazines which cover films as well as the other arts, like "Cue" and "After Dark"; film education <span class="hlt">periodicals</span>, like "Media and Methods";…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27901341','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27901341"><span>The efficacy and characteristics of <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up and re-<span class="hlt">warm</span>-up practices in soccer players: a systematic review.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hammami, Amri; Zois, James; Slimani, Maamer; Russel, Mark; Bouhlel, Ezdine</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>This review aimed 1) to evaluate the <span class="hlt">current</span> research that examines the efficacy of <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up (WU) and re-<span class="hlt">warm</span>-up (RWU) on physical performance; and 2) to highlight the WU and RWU characteristics that optimise subsequent performance in soccer players. A computerized search was performed in the PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar (from 1995 to December 2015) for English-language, peer-reviewed investigations using the terms "soccer" OR "football" AND "<span class="hlt">warm</span>-up" OR "stretching" OR "post-activation potentiation" OR "pre-activity" OR "re-<span class="hlt">warm</span>-up" AND "performance" OR "jump" OR "sprint" OR "running". Twenty seven articles were retrieved. Particularly, 22 articles examined the effects of WU on soccer performance and 5 articles focused on the effects of RWU. Clear evidence exists supporting the inclusion of dynamic stretching or postactivation potentiation-based exercises within a WU as acute performance enhancements were reported (pooled estimate changes of +3.46% and +4.21%, respectively). The FIFA 11+ WU also significantly increases strength, jump, speed and explosive performances (changes from 1% to 20%). At half-time, active RWU protocols including postactivation potentiation practices and multidirectional speed drills attenuate temperature and performance reductions induced by habitual practice. The data obtained in the present review showed that the level of play did not moderate the effectiveness of WU and RWU on soccer performance. This review demonstrated that a static stretching WU reduced acute subsequent performance, while WU activities that include dynamic stretching, PAP-based exercises, and the FIFA 11+ can elicit positive effects in soccer players. The efficacy of an active RWU during half-time is also justified.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC53E0943L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC53E0943L"><span>Agro-climate Projections for a <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Alaska</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lader, R.; Walsh, J. E.; Bhatt, U. S.; Bieniek, P.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>In the context of greenhouse <span class="hlt">warming</span>, agro-meteorological indices suggest widespread disruption to <span class="hlt">current</span> food supply chains during the coming decades. Much of the western United States is projected to have more dry days, and the southern states are likely to experience greater plant heat stress. Considering these difficulties, it could become necessary for more northerly locations, including Alaska, to increase agricultural production to support local communities and offset supply shortages. This study employs multiple dynamically downscaled regional climate model simulations from the CMIP5 to investigate projected changes to agro-climate conditions across Alaska. The metric used here, the start-of-field operations index (SFO), identifies the date during which the sum of daily average temperature, starting from January 1st and excluding negative values, exceeds 200 ˚C. Using the <span class="hlt">current</span> trajectory of greenhouse radiative forcing, RCP 8.5, this study indicates a doubling to 71,960 km2 of Alaska land area that meets the required thermal accumulation for crop production when comparing a historical <span class="hlt">period</span> (1981-2010) to the future (2071-2100). The SFO shows a correlation coefficient of 0.91 with the independently produced green-up index for Fairbanks from 1981-2010. Among the land areas that <span class="hlt">currently</span> reach the necessary thermal accumulation, there is a projected increase in growing season length (63-82 days), earlier date of last spring frost (28-48 days), and later date of first autumn frost (24-47 days) across the five USDA Census of Agriculture areas for Alaska. Both an average statewide decrease of annual frost days (71 fewer), and an increase in days with extreme warmth (28 more) are also projected.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13b4005C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13b4005C"><span>Irrigation enhances local <span class="hlt">warming</span> with greater nocturnal <span class="hlt">warming</span> effects than daytime cooling effects</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chen, Xing; Jeong, Su-Jong</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>To meet the growing demand for food, land is being managed to be more productive using agricultural intensification practices, such as the use of irrigation. Understanding the specific environmental impacts of irrigation is a critical part of using it as a sustainable way to provide food security. However, our knowledge of irrigation effects on climate is still limited to daytime effects. This is a critical issue to define the effects of irrigation on <span class="hlt">warming</span> related to greenhouse gases (GHGs). This study shows that irrigation led to an increasing temperature (0.002 °C year-1) by enhancing nighttime <span class="hlt">warming</span> (0.009 °C year-1) more than daytime cooling (-0.007 °C year-1) during the dry season from 1961-2004 over the North China Plain (NCP), which is one of largest irrigated areas in the world. By implementing irrigation processes in regional climate model simulations, the consistent <span class="hlt">warming</span> effect of irrigation on nighttime temperatures over the NCP was shown to match observations. The intensive nocturnal <span class="hlt">warming</span> is attributed to energy storage in the wetter soil during the daytime, which contributed to the nighttime surface <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Our results suggest that irrigation could locally amplify the <span class="hlt">warming</span> related to GHGs, and this effect should be taken into account in future climate change projections.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27357792','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27357792"><span>Paris Agreement climate proposals need a boost to keep <span class="hlt">warming</span> well below 2 °C.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rogelj, Joeri; den Elzen, Michel; Höhne, Niklas; Fransen, Taryn; Fekete, Hanna; Winkler, Harald; Schaeffer, Roberto; Sha, Fu; Riahi, Keywan; Meinshausen, Malte</p> <p>2016-06-30</p> <p>The Paris climate agreement aims at holding global <span class="hlt">warming</span> to well below 2 degrees Celsius and to "pursue efforts" to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius. To accomplish this, countries have submitted Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) outlining their post-2020 climate action. Here we assess the effect of <span class="hlt">current</span> INDCs on reducing aggregate greenhouse gas emissions, its implications for achieving the temperature objective of the Paris climate agreement, and potential options for overachievement. The INDCs collectively lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to where <span class="hlt">current</span> policies stand, but still imply a median <span class="hlt">warming</span> of 2.6-3.1 degrees Celsius by 2100. More can be achieved, because the agreement stipulates that targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions are strengthened over time, both in ambition and scope. Substantial enhancement or over-delivery on <span class="hlt">current</span> INDCs by additional national, sub-national and non-state actions is required to maintain a reasonable chance of meeting the target of keeping <span class="hlt">warming</span> well below 2 degrees Celsius.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6108B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6108B"><span>Heat waves according to <span class="hlt">warm</span> spell duration index in Slovakia during 1901-2016</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bochníček, Oliver; Faško, Pavel; Markovič, Ladislav</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>A heat wave is a prolonged <span class="hlt">period</span> of extremely high temperatures for a particular region. However, there exist no universal definitions for a heat wave as it is relative to a specific area and to a certain time of year. In fact, average temperatures in one region may be considered heat wave conditions in another. For instance, an average day in the Mediterranean would be regarded as heat wave conditions in Northern Europe. We have known that World Meteorological Organization definition of a heatwave which is "when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C, the normal <span class="hlt">period</span> being 1961-1990". This rule has been accepted in contribution Heat waves and <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">periods</span> in Slovakia (Oliver Bochníček - Pavol Fa\\vsko - Ladislav Markovič) published (presented) in EGU 2016. To move on we have tried another criterion for heat waves evaluation (according to <span class="hlt">warm</span> spell duration index, WSDI) and <span class="hlt">period</span> since 1901 (1951) to 2016. Important for many sectors (hydrology, agriculture, transportation and tourism) is, that heat waves have been expected during the whole year and <span class="hlt">period</span>, that is why it can have various impacts. Heat waves occurrence gave us interesting results especially after the 1990.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3861316','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3861316"><span>Northern Hemisphere Glaciation during the Globally <span class="hlt">Warm</span> Early Late Pliocene</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>De Schepper, Stijn; Groeneveld, Jeroen; Naafs, B. David A; Van Renterghem, Cédéric; Hennissen, Jan; Head, Martin J.; Louwye, Stephen; Fabian, Karl</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The early Late Pliocene (3.6 to ∼3.0 million years ago) is the last extended interval in Earth's history when atmospheric CO2 concentrations were comparable to today's and global climate was warmer. Yet a severe global glaciation during marine isotope stage (MIS) M2 interrupted this phase of global warmth ∼3.30 million years ago, and is seen as a premature attempt of the climate system to establish an ice-age world. Here we propose a conceptual model for the glaciation and deglaciation of MIS M2 based on geochemical and palynological records from five marine sediment cores along a Caribbean to eastern North Atlantic transect. Our records show that increased Pacific-to-Atlantic flow via the Central American Seaway weakened the North Atlantic <span class="hlt">Current</span> and attendant northward heat transport prior to MIS M2. The consequent cooling of the northern high latitude oceans permitted expansion of the continental ice sheets during MIS M2, despite near-modern atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Sea level drop during this glaciation halted the inflow of Pacific water to the Atlantic via the Central American Seaway, allowing the build-up of a Caribbean <span class="hlt">Warm</span> Pool. Once this <span class="hlt">warm</span> pool was large enough, the Gulf Stream–North Atlantic <span class="hlt">Current</span> system was reinvigorated, leading to significant northward heat transport that terminated the glaciation. Before and after MIS M2, heat transport via the North Atlantic <span class="hlt">Current</span> was crucial in maintaining <span class="hlt">warm</span> climates comparable to those predicted for the end of this century. PMID:24349081</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21540386','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21540386"><span>Climate variability and dengue fever in <span class="hlt">warm</span> and humid Mexico.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Colón-González, Felipe J; Lake, Iain R; Bentham, Graham</p> <p>2011-05-01</p> <p>Multiple linear regression models were fitted to look for associations between changes in the incidence rate of dengue fever and climate variability in the <span class="hlt">warm</span> and humid region of Mexico. Data were collected for 12 Mexican provinces over a 23-year <span class="hlt">period</span> (January 1985 to December 2007). Our results show that the incidence rate or risk of infection is higher during El Niño events and in the <span class="hlt">warm</span> and wet season. We provide evidence to show that dengue fever incidence was positively associated with the strength of El Niño and the minimum temperature, especially during the cool and dry season. Our study complements the understanding of dengue fever dynamics in the region and may be useful for the development of early warning systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B12B..05G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B12B..05G"><span>Peatland Microbial Carbon Use Under <span class="hlt">Warming</span> using Isotopic Fractionation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gutknecht, J.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Peatlands are a critical natural resource, especially in their role as carbon sinks. Most of the world's peatlands are located in Northern ecosystems where the climate is changing at a rapid pace, and there is great interest and concern with how climate change will influence them. Although studies regarding the response of peatlands to climate change have emerged, the microbial mediation of C cycling in these systems is still less well understood. In this study, 13CPLFA analysis was used to characterize the microbial community and it's carbon use at the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Climatic and Environmental Change (SPRUCE) Project. The SPRUCE project is an extensive study of the response of peatlands to climatic manipulation in the Marcell Experimental Forest in northern Minnesota. Heating rods were installed in peatland plots where peat is being <span class="hlt">warmed</span> at several levels including ambient, +2.5, +4.5, +6.75, and +9 degrees Celsius, at a depth of 3 meters, beginning July of 2014. Samples were taken June 2014, September 2014, and June 2015, throughout the depth profile. We found very high microbial, and especially fungal growth at shallow depths, owing in part to the influence of fungal-like lipids present in Sphagnum stems, and in part to dense mycorrhizal colonization in shrub and tree species. Isotopic data shows that microbial biomass has an enriched δ13C lower in the peat profile, indicating as expected that microbes at depth utilize older carbon or carbon more enriched in 13C. The increase over depth in the δ13C signature may also reflect the increased dominance of pre-industrial carbon that is more enriched in 13C. In this early <span class="hlt">period</span> of <span class="hlt">warming</span> we did not see clear effects of <span class="hlt">warming</span>, either due to the highly heterogeneous microbial growth across the bog, or to the short term deep <span class="hlt">warming</span> only. We expect that with the initiation of aboveground <span class="hlt">warming</span> in July 2016, <span class="hlt">warming</span> will begin to show stronger effects on microbial C cycling.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22914090','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22914090"><span>Recent Antarctic Peninsula <span class="hlt">warming</span> relative to Holocene climate and ice-shelf history.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mulvaney, Robert; Abram, Nerilie J; Hindmarsh, Richard C A; Arrowsmith, Carol; Fleet, Louise; Triest, Jack; Sime, Louise C; Alemany, Olivier; Foord, Susan</p> <p>2012-09-06</p> <p>Rapid <span class="hlt">warming</span> over the past 50 years on the Antarctic Peninsula is associated with the collapse of a number of ice shelves and accelerating glacier mass loss. In contrast, <span class="hlt">warming</span> has been comparatively modest over West Antarctica and significant changes have not been observed over most of East Antarctica, suggesting that the ice-core palaeoclimate records available from these areas may not be representative of the climate history of the Antarctic Peninsula. Here we show that the Antarctic Peninsula experienced an early-Holocene <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span> followed by stable temperatures, from about 9,200 to 2,500 years ago, that were similar to modern-day levels. Our temperature estimates are based on an ice-core record of deuterium variations from James Ross Island, off the northeastern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. We find that the late-Holocene development of ice shelves near James Ross Island was coincident with pronounced cooling from 2,500 to 600 years ago. This cooling was part of a millennial-scale climate excursion with opposing anomalies on the eastern and western sides of the Antarctic Peninsula. Although <span class="hlt">warming</span> of the northeastern Antarctic Peninsula began around 600 years ago, the high rate of <span class="hlt">warming</span> over the past century is unusual (but not unprecedented) in the context of natural climate variability over the past two millennia. The connection shown here between past temperature and ice-shelf stability suggests that <span class="hlt">warming</span> for several centuries rendered ice shelves on the northeastern Antarctic Peninsula vulnerable to collapse. Continued <span class="hlt">warming</span> to temperatures that now exceed the stable conditions of most of the Holocene epoch is likely to cause ice-shelf instability to encroach farther southward along the Antarctic Peninsula.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3735827','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3735827"><span>EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT <span class="hlt">WARM</span>-UP PROGRAMS ON GOLF PERFORMANCE IN ELITE MALE GOLFERS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Macfarlane, Alison</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Background: The physical demands required of the body to execute a shot in golf are enormous. <span class="hlt">Current</span> evidence suggests that <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up involving static stretching is detrimental to immediate performance in golf as opposed to active dynamic stretching. However the effect of resistance exercises during <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up before golf on immediate performance is unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the effects of three different <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up programs on immediate golf performance. Methods: Fifteen elite male golfers completed three different <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up programs over three sessions on non-consecutive days. After each <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up program each participant hit ten maximal drives with the ball flight and swing analyzed with Flightscope® to record maximum club head speed (MCHS), maximal driving distance (MDD), driving accuracy (DA), smash factor (SF) and consistent ball strike (CBS). Results: Repeated measures ANOVA tests showed statistically significant difference within 3 of the 5 factors of performance (MDD, CBS and SF). Subsequently, a paired t-test then showed statistically significant (p<0.05) improvements occurred in each of these three factors in the group performing a combined active dynamic and functional resistance (FR) <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up as opposed to either the active dynamic (AD) <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up or the combined AD with weights <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up (WT). There were no statistically significant differences observed between the AD <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up and the WT <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up for any of the five performance factors and no statistical significant difference between any of the <span class="hlt">warm</span>-ups for maximum clubhead speed (MCHS) and driving accuracy (DA). Conclusion: Performing a combined AD and FR <span class="hlt">warm</span> up with Theraband® leads to significant increase in immediate performance of certain factors of the golf drive compared to performing an AD <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up by itself or a combined AD with WT <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up. No significant difference was observed between the three <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up groups when looking at immediate effect on driving accuracy or maximum</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..1212748V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..1212748V"><span>The palaeoclimatic significance of Eurasian Giant Salamanders (Cryptobranchidae: Zaissanurus, Andrias) - indications for elevated humidity in Central Asia during global <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">periods</span> (Eocene, late Oligocene <span class="hlt">warming</span>, Miocene Climate Optimum)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vasilyan, Davit; Böhme, Madelaine; Winklhofer, Michael</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>Cryptobranchids represent a group of large sized (up to 1.8 m) tailed amphibians known since the Middle Jurassic (Gao & Shubin 2003). Two species are living today in eastern Eurasia: Andrias davidianus (China) and A. japonicus (Japan). Cenozoic Eurasian fossil giant salamanders are known with two genera and two or three species from over 30 localities, ranging from the Late Eocene to the Early Pliocene (Böhme & Ilg 2003). The Late Eocene species Zaissanurus beliajevae is restricted to the Central Asian Zaissan Basin (SE-Kazakhstan, 50°N, 85°E), whereas the Late Oligocene to Early Pliocene species Andrias scheuchzeri is distributed from Central Europe to the Zaissan Basin. In the latter basin the species occur during two <span class="hlt">periods</span>; the latest Oligocene and the late Early to early Middle Miocene (Chkhikvadse 1982). Andrias scheuchzeri is osteological indistinguishable from both recent species, indicating a similar ecology (Westfahl 1958). To investigate the palaeoclimatic significance of giant salamanders we analyzed the climate within the present-day distribution area and at selected fossil localities with independent palaeoclimate record. Our results indicate that fossil and recent Andrias species occur in humid areas where the mean annual precipitation reach over 900 mm (900 - 1.300 mm). As a working hypothesis (assuming a similar ecology of Andrias and Zaissanurus) we interpret occurrences of both fossil Eurasian giant salamanders as indicative for humid palaeoclimatic conditions. Based on this assumption the Late Eocene, the latest Oligocene (late Oligocene <span class="hlt">warming</span>) and the late Early to early Middle Miocene (Miocene Climatic Optimum) of Central Asia (Zaissan Basin) are <span class="hlt">periods</span> of elevated humidity, suggesting a direct (positive) relationship between global climate and Central Asian humidity evolution. Böhme M., Ilg A. 2003: fosFARbase, www.wahre-staerke.com/ Chkhikvadze V.M. 1982. On the finding of fossil Cryptobranchidae in the USSR and Mongolia. Vertebrata</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4594299','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4594299"><span>Competition between global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and an abrupt collapse of the AMOC in Earth’s energy imbalance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Drijfhout, Sybren</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>A collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) leads to global cooling through fast feedbacks that selectively amplify the response in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). How such cooling competes with global <span class="hlt">warming</span> has long been a topic for speculation, but was never addressed using a climate model. Here it is shown that global cooling due to a collapsing AMOC obliterates global <span class="hlt">warming</span> for a <span class="hlt">period</span> of 15–20 years. Thereafter, the global mean temperature trend is reversed and becomes similar to a simulation without an AMOC collapse. The resulting surface <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus lasts for 40–50 years. Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and AMOC-induced NH cooling are governed by similar feedbacks, giving rise to a global net radiative imbalance of similar sign, although the former is associated with surface <span class="hlt">warming</span>, the latter with cooling. Their footprints in outgoing longwave and absorbed shortwave radiation are very distinct, making attribution possible. PMID:26437599</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27196048','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27196048"><span>Evidence of a Cooler Continental Climate in East China during the <span class="hlt">Warm</span> Early Cenozoic.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhang, Qian-Qian; Smith, Thierry; Yang, Jian; Li, Cheng-Sen</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The early Cenozoic was characterized by a very <span class="hlt">warm</span> climate especially during the Early Eocene. To understand climatic changes in eastern Asia, we reconstructed the Early Eocene vegetation and climate based on palynological data of a borehole from Wutu coal mine, East China and evaluated the climatic differences between eastern Asia and Central Europe. The Wutu palynological assemblages indicated a <span class="hlt">warm</span> temperate vegetation succession comprising mixed needle- and broad-leaved forests. Three <span class="hlt">periods</span> of vegetation succession over time were recognized. The changes of palynomorph relative abundance indicated that <span class="hlt">period</span> 1 was <span class="hlt">warm</span> and humid, <span class="hlt">period</span> 2 was relatively warmer and wetter, and <span class="hlt">period</span> 3 was cooler and drier again. The climatic parameters estimated by the coexistence approach (CA) suggested that the Early Eocene climate in Wutu was warmer and wetter. Mean annual temperature (MAT) was approximately 16°C and mean annual precipitation (MAP) was 800-1400 mm. Comparison of the Early Eocene climatic parameters of Wutu with those of 39 other fossil floras of different age in East China, reveals that 1) the climate became gradually cooler during the last 65 million years, with MAT dropping by 9.3°C. This cooling trend coincided with the ocean temperature changes but with weaker amplitude; 2) the Early Eocene climate was cooler in East China than in Central Europe; 3) the cooling trend in East China (MAT dropped by 6.9°C) was gentler than in Central Europe (MAT dropped by 13°C) during the last 45 million years.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4873231','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4873231"><span>Evidence of a Cooler Continental Climate in East China during the <span class="hlt">Warm</span> Early Cenozoic</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zhang, Qian-Qian; Smith, Thierry; Yang, Jian; Li, Cheng-Sen</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The early Cenozoic was characterized by a very <span class="hlt">warm</span> climate especially during the Early Eocene. To understand climatic changes in eastern Asia, we reconstructed the Early Eocene vegetation and climate based on palynological data of a borehole from Wutu coal mine, East China and evaluated the climatic differences between eastern Asia and Central Europe. The Wutu palynological assemblages indicated a <span class="hlt">warm</span> temperate vegetation succession comprising mixed needle- and broad-leaved forests. Three <span class="hlt">periods</span> of vegetation succession over time were recognized. The changes of palynomorph relative abundance indicated that <span class="hlt">period</span> 1 was <span class="hlt">warm</span> and humid, <span class="hlt">period</span> 2 was relatively warmer and wetter, and <span class="hlt">period</span> 3 was cooler and drier again. The climatic parameters estimated by the coexistence approach (CA) suggested that the Early Eocene climate in Wutu was warmer and wetter. Mean annual temperature (MAT) was approximately 16°C and mean annual precipitation (MAP) was 800–1400 mm. Comparison of the Early Eocene climatic parameters of Wutu with those of 39 other fossil floras of different age in East China, reveals that 1) the climate became gradually cooler during the last 65 million years, with MAT dropping by 9.3°C. This cooling trend coincided with the ocean temperature changes but with weaker amplitude; 2) the Early Eocene climate was cooler in East China than in Central Europe; 3) the cooling trend in East China (MAT dropped by 6.9°C) was gentler than in Central Europe (MAT dropped by 13°C) during the last 45 million years. PMID:27196048</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28470761','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28470761"><span>Phenological responses of Icelandic subarctic grasslands to short-term and long-term natural soil <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Leblans, Niki I W; Sigurdsson, Bjarni D; Vicca, Sara; Fu, Yongshuo; Penuelas, Josep; Janssens, Ivan A</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The phenology of vegetation, particularly the length of the growing season (LOS; i.e., the <span class="hlt">period</span> from greenup to senescence), is highly sensitive to climate change, which could imply potent feedbacks to the climate system, for example, by altering the ecosystem carbon (C) balance. In recent decades, the largest extensions of LOS have been reported at high northern latitudes, but further <span class="hlt">warming</span>-induced LOS extensions may be constrained by too short photoperiod or unfulfilled chilling requirements. Here, we studied subarctic grasslands, which cover a vast area and contain large C stocks, but for which LOS changes under further <span class="hlt">warming</span> are highly uncertain. We measured LOS extensions of Icelandic subarctic grasslands along natural geothermal soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> gradients of different age (short term, where the measurements started after 5 years of <span class="hlt">warming</span> and long term, i.e., <span class="hlt">warmed</span> since ≥50 years) using ground-level measurements of normalized difference vegetation index. We found that LOS linearly extended with on average 2.1 days per °C soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> up to the highest soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> levels (ca. +10°C) and that LOS had the potential to extend at least 1 month. This indicates that the <span class="hlt">warming</span> impact on LOS in these subarctic grasslands will likely not saturate in the near future. A similar response to short- and long-term <span class="hlt">warming</span> indicated a strong physiological control of the phenological response of the subarctic grasslands to <span class="hlt">warming</span> and suggested that genetic adaptations and community changes were likely of minor importance. We conclude that the <span class="hlt">warming</span>-driven extension of the LOSs of these subarctic grasslands did not saturate up to +10°C <span class="hlt">warming</span>, and hence that growing seasons of high-latitude grasslands are likely to continue lengthening with future <span class="hlt">warming</span> (unless genetic adaptations or species shifts do occur). This persistence of the <span class="hlt">warming</span>-induced extension of LOS has important implications for the C-sink potential of subarctic grasslands under climate</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ERL.....4c4011S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ERL.....4c4011S"><span>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> potential of pavements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Santero, Nicholas J.; Horvath, Arpad</p> <p>2009-09-01</p> <p>Pavements comprise an essential and vast infrastructure system supporting our transportation network, yet their impact on the environment is largely unquantified. Previous life-cycle assessments have only included a limited number of the applicable life-cycle components in their analysis. This research expands the <span class="hlt">current</span> view to include eight different components: materials extraction and production, transportation, onsite equipment, traffic delay, carbonation, lighting, albedo, and rolling resistance. Using global <span class="hlt">warming</span> potential as the environmental indicator, ranges of potential impact for each component are calculated and compared based on the information uncovered in the existing research. The relative impacts between components are found to be orders of magnitude different in some cases. Context-related factors, such as traffic level and location, are also important elements affecting the impacts of a given component. A strategic method for lowering the global <span class="hlt">warming</span> potential of a pavement is developed based on the concept that environmental performance is improved most effectively by focusing on components with high impact potentials. This system takes advantage of the fact that small changes in high-impact components will have more effect than large changes in low-impact components.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4978472','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4978472"><span>Modelling Vulnerability and Range Shifts in Ant Communities Responding to Future Global <span class="hlt">Warming</span> in Temperate Forests</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kim, Sung-Soo; Chun, Jung Hwa; Park, Young-Seuk</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> is likely leading to species’ distributional shifts, resulting in changes in local community compositions and diversity patterns. In this study, we applied species distribution models to evaluate the potential impacts of temperature increase on ant communities in Korean temperate forests, by testing hypotheses that 1) the risk of extinction of forest ant species would increase over time, and 2) the changes in species distribution ranges could drive upward movements of ant communities and further alter patterns of species richness. We sampled ant communities at 335 evenly distributed sites across South Korea and modelled the future distribution range for each species using generalized additive models. To account for spatial autocorrelation, autocovariate regressions were conducted prior to generalized additive models. Among 29 common ant species, 12 species were estimated to shrink their suitable geographic areas, whereas five species would benefit from future global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Species richness was highest at low altitudes in the <span class="hlt">current</span> <span class="hlt">period</span>, and it was projected to be highest at the mid-altitudes in the 2080s, resulting in an upward movement of 4.9 m yr−1. This altered the altitudinal pattern of species richness from a monotonic-decrease curve (common in temperate regions) to a bell-shaped curve (common in tropical regions). Overall, ant communities in temperate forests are vulnerable to the on-going global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and their altitudinal movements are similar to other faunal communities. PMID:27504632</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24178508','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24178508"><span><span class="hlt">Warm</span>-up and performance in competitive swimming.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Neiva, Henrique P; Marques, Mário C; Barbosa, Tiago M; Izquierdo, Mikel; Marinho, Daniel A</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Warm</span>-up before physical activity is commonly accepted to be fundamental, and any priming practices are usually thought to optimize performance. However, specifically in swimming, studies on the effects of <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up are scarce, which may be due to the swimming pool environment, which has a high temperature and humidity, and to the complexity of <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up procedures. The purpose of this study is to review and summarize the different studies on how <span class="hlt">warming</span> up affects swimming performance, and to develop recommendations for improving the efficiency of <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up before competition. Most of the main proposed effects of <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up, such as elevated core and muscular temperatures, increased blood flow and oxygen delivery to muscle cells and higher efficiency of muscle contractions, support the hypothesis that <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up enhances performance. However, while many researchers have reported improvements in performance after <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up, others have found no benefits to <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up. This lack of consensus emphasizes the need to evaluate the real effects of <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up and optimize its design. Little is known about the effectiveness of <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up in competitive swimming, and the variety of <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up methods and swimming events studied makes it difficult to compare the published conclusions about the role of <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up in swimming. Recent findings have shown that <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up has a positive effect on the swimmer's performance, especially for distances greater than 200 m. We recommend that swimmers <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up for a relatively moderate distance (between 1,000 and 1,500 m) with a proper intensity (a brief approach to race pace velocity) and recovery time sufficient to prevent the early onset of fatigue and to allow the restoration of energy reserves (8-20 min).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25146282','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25146282"><span>Climate. Varying planetary heat sink led to global-<span class="hlt">warming</span> slowdown and acceleration.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chen, Xianyao; Tung, Ka-Kit</p> <p>2014-08-22</p> <p>A vacillating global heat sink at intermediate ocean depths is associated with different climate regimes of surface <span class="hlt">warming</span> under anthropogenic forcing: The latter part of the 20th century saw rapid global <span class="hlt">warming</span> as more heat stayed near the surface. In the 21st century, surface <span class="hlt">warming</span> slowed as more heat moved into deeper oceans. In situ and reanalyzed data are used to trace the pathways of ocean heat uptake. In addition to the shallow La Niña-like patterns in the Pacific that were the previous focus, we found that the slowdown is mainly caused by heat transported to deeper layers in the Atlantic and the Southern oceans, initiated by a recurrent salinity anomaly in the subpolar North Atlantic. Cooling <span class="hlt">periods</span> associated with the latter deeper heat-sequestration mechanism historically lasted 20 to 35 years. Copyright © 2014, American Association for the Advancement of Science.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.1930R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.1930R"><span>Uncovering a New <span class="hlt">Current</span>: The Southwest MAdagascar Coastal <span class="hlt">Current</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ramanantsoa, Juliano D.; Penven, P.; Krug, M.; Gula, J.; Rouault, M.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Cruise data sets, satellite remote sensing observations, and model data analyses are combined to highlight the existence of a coastal surface poleward flow in the southwest of Madagascar: the Southwest MAdagascar Coastal <span class="hlt">Current</span> (SMACC). The SMACC is a relatively shallow (<300 m) and narrow (<100 km wide) <span class="hlt">warm</span> and salty coastal surface <span class="hlt">current</span>, which flows along the south western coast of Madagascar toward the south, opposite to the dominant winds. The <span class="hlt">warm</span> water surface signature of the SMACC extends from 22°S (upstream) to 26.4°S (downstream). The SMACC exhibits a seasonal variability: more intense in summer and reduced in winter. The average volume transport of its core is about 1.3 Sv with a mean summer maximum of 2.1 Sv. It is forced by a strong cyclonic wind stress curl associated with the bending of the trade winds along the southern tip of Madagascar. The SMACC directly influences the coastal upwelling regions south of Madagascar. Its existence is likely to influence local fisheries and larval transport patterns, as well as the connectivity with the Agulhas <span class="hlt">Current</span>, affecting the returning branch of the global overturning circulation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JMetR..31..117G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JMetR..31..117G"><span>Changes in aridity in response to the global <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Guan, Xiaodan; Huang, Jianping; Guo, Ruixia</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>The global <span class="hlt">warming</span> slowdown or <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus, began around the year 2000 and has persisted for nearly 15 years. Most studies have focused on the interpretation of the hiatus in temperature. In this study, changes in a global aridity index (AI) were analyzed by using a newly developed dynamical adjustment method that can successfully identify and separate dynamically induced and radiatively forced aridity changes in the raw data. The AI and Palmer Drought Severity Index produced a wetting zone over the mid-to-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere in recent decades. The dynamical adjustment analysis suggested that this wetting zone occurred in response to the global <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus. The dynamically induced AI (DAI) played a major role in the AI changes during the hiatus <span class="hlt">period</span>, and its relationships with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO) also indicated that different phases of the NAO, PDO, and AMO contributed to different performances of the DAI over the Northern Hemisphere. Although the aridity wetting over the mid-to-high latitudes may relieve long-term drying in certain regions, the hiatus is temporary, and so is the relief. Accelerated global <span class="hlt">warming</span> will return when the NAO, PDO, and AMO revert to their opposite phases in the future, and the wetting zone is likely to disappear.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4189960','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4189960"><span>Recent <span class="hlt">Warming</span> of Lake Kivu</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Katsev, Sergei; Aaberg, Arthur A.; Crowe, Sean A.; Hecky, Robert E.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Lake Kivu in East Africa has gained notoriety for its prodigious amounts of dissolved methane and dangers of limnic eruption. Being meromictic, it is also expected to accumulate heat due to rising regional air temperatures. To investigate the <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend and distinguish between atmospheric and geothermal heating sources, we compiled historical temperature data, performed measurements with logging instruments, and simulated heat propagation. We also performed isotopic analyses of water from the lake's main basin and isolated Kabuno Bay. The results reveal that the lake surface is <span class="hlt">warming</span> at the rate of 0.12°C per decade, which matches the <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates in other East African lakes. Temperatures increase throughout the entire water column. Though <span class="hlt">warming</span> is strongest near the surface, <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates in the deep waters cannot be accounted for solely by propagation of atmospheric heat at presently assumed rates of vertical mixing. Unless the transport rates are significantly higher than presently believed, this indicates significant contributions from subterranean heat sources. Temperature time series in the deep monimolimnion suggest evidence of convection. The progressive deepening of the depth of temperature minimum in the water column is expected to accelerate the <span class="hlt">warming</span> in deeper waters. The <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend, however, is unlikely to strongly affect the physical stability of the lake, which depends primarily on salinity gradient. PMID:25295730</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25295730','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25295730"><span>Recent <span class="hlt">warming</span> of lake Kivu.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Katsev, Sergei; Aaberg, Arthur A; Crowe, Sean A; Hecky, Robert E</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Lake Kivu in East Africa has gained notoriety for its prodigious amounts of dissolved methane and dangers of limnic eruption. Being meromictic, it is also expected to accumulate heat due to rising regional air temperatures. To investigate the <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend and distinguish between atmospheric and geothermal heating sources, we compiled historical temperature data, performed measurements with logging instruments, and simulated heat propagation. We also performed isotopic analyses of water from the lake's main basin and isolated Kabuno Bay. The results reveal that the lake surface is <span class="hlt">warming</span> at the rate of 0.12°C per decade, which matches the <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates in other East African lakes. Temperatures increase throughout the entire water column. Though <span class="hlt">warming</span> is strongest near the surface, <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates in the deep waters cannot be accounted for solely by propagation of atmospheric heat at presently assumed rates of vertical mixing. Unless the transport rates are significantly higher than presently believed, this indicates significant contributions from subterranean heat sources. Temperature time series in the deep monimolimnion suggest evidence of convection. The progressive deepening of the depth of temperature minimum in the water column is expected to accelerate the <span class="hlt">warming</span> in deeper waters. The <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend, however, is unlikely to strongly affect the physical stability of the lake, which depends primarily on salinity gradient.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PalOc..30.1425P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PalOc..30.1425P"><span>Tropical North Atlantic subsurface <span class="hlt">warming</span> events as a fingerprint for AMOC variability during Marine Isotope Stage 3</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Parker, Andrew O.; Schmidt, Matthew W.; Chang, Ping</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>The role of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) as the driver of Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) variability that characterized Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3) has long been hypothesized. Although there is ample proxy evidence suggesting that DO events were robust features of glacial climate, there is little data supporting a link with AMOC. Recently, modeling studies and subsurface temperature reconstructions have suggested that subsurface <span class="hlt">warming</span> across the tropical North Atlantic can be used to fingerprint a weakened AMOC during the deglacial because a reduction in the strength of the western boundary <span class="hlt">current</span> allows <span class="hlt">warm</span> salinity maximum water of the subtropical gyre to enter the deep tropics. To determine if AMOC variability played a role during the DO cycles of MIS 3, we present new, high-resolution Mg/Ca and δ18O records spanning 24-52 kyr from the near-surface dwelling planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber and the lower thermocline dwelling planktonic foraminifera Globorotalia truncatulinoides in Southern Caribbean core VM12-107 (11.33°N, 66.63°W, 1079 m depth). Our subsurface Mg/Ca record reveals abrupt increases in Mg/Ca ratios (the largest equal to a 4°C <span class="hlt">warming</span>) during the interstadial-stadial transition of most DO events during this <span class="hlt">period</span>. This change is consistent with reconstructions of subsurface <span class="hlt">warming</span> events associated with cold events across the deglacial using the same core. Additionally, our data support the conclusion reached by a recently published study from the Florida Straits that AMOC did not undergo significant reductions during Heinrich events 2 and 3. This record presents some of the first high-resolution marine sediment derived evidence for variable AMOC during MIS 3.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19682007','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19682007"><span>Are treelines advancing? A global meta-analysis of treeline response to climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Harsch, Melanie A; Hulme, Philip E; McGlone, Matt S; Duncan, Richard P</p> <p>2009-10-01</p> <p>Treelines are temperature sensitive transition zones that are expected to respond to climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> by advancing beyond their <span class="hlt">current</span> position. Response to climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> over the last century, however, has been mixed, with some treelines showing evidence of recruitment at higher altitudes and/or latitudes (advance) whereas others reveal no marked change in the upper limit of tree establishment. To explore this variation, we analysed a global dataset of 166 sites for which treeline dynamics had been recorded since 1900 AD. Advance was recorded at 52% of sites with only 1% reporting treeline recession. Treelines that experienced strong winter <span class="hlt">warming</span> were more likely to have advanced, and treelines with a diffuse form were more likely to have advanced than those with an abrupt or krummholz form. Diffuse treelines may be more responsive to <span class="hlt">warming</span> because they are more strongly growth limited, whereas other treeline forms may be subject to additional constraints.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ClDy...42..203D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ClDy...42..203D"><span>Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">warming</span> during 1958-2004 simulated by a climate system model and its mechanism</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dong, Lu; Zhou, Tianjun; Wu, Bo</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p> <span class="hlt">warming</span> via deeper thermocline in the western basin. The easterly anomalies also drive westward anomalous equatorial <span class="hlt">currents</span>, against the eastward climatology <span class="hlt">currents</span>, which is in favor of the SST <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the western basin via anomalous <span class="hlt">warm</span> advection. Therefore, both the atmospheric and oceanic processes are in favor of the IOD-like <span class="hlt">warming</span> pattern formation over the equator.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=65600&keyword=heat+AND+stress&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=65600&keyword=heat+AND+stress&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>COLD WATER PATCHES IN <span class="hlt">WARM</span> STREAMS: PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND THE INFLUENCE OF SHADING</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Discrete coldwater patches within the surface waters of summer-<span class="hlt">warm</span> streams afford potential thermal refuge for coldwater fishes during <span class="hlt">periods</span> of heat stress. This analysis focused on reach-scale heterogeneity in water temperatures as influenced by local influx of cooler subsur...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23102208','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23102208"><span>The administration of renoprotective agents extends <span class="hlt">warm</span> ischemia in a rat model.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cohen, Jacob; Dorai, Thambi; Ding, Cheng; Batinic-Haberle, Ines; Grasso, Michael</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>Extended <span class="hlt">warm</span> ischemia time during partial nephrectomy leads to considerable renal injury. Using a rat model of renal ischemia, we examined the ability of a unique renoprotective cocktail to ameliorate <span class="hlt">warm</span> ischemia-reperfusion injury and extend <span class="hlt">warm</span> ischemia time. A <span class="hlt">warm</span> renal ischemia model was developed using Sprague-Dawley rats, clamping the left renal artery for 40, 50, 60, and 70 minutes, followed by 48 hours of reperfusion. An improved renoprotective cocktail referred to as I-GPM (a mixture of specific renoprotective growth factors, porphyrins, and mitochondria-protecting amino acids) was administered -24 hours, 0 hours, and +24 hours after surgery. At 48 hours, both kidneys were harvested and examined with hematoxylin and eosin and <span class="hlt">periodic</span> acid-Schiff stains for the analysis of renal tubular necrosis. Creatinine, protein, and gene expression levels were also analyzed to evaluate several ischemia-specific and antioxidant response markers. I-GPM treated kidneys showed significant reversal of morphologic changes and a significant reduction in specific ischemic markers lipocalin-2, galectin-3, GRP-78, and HMGB1 compared with ischemic controls. These experiments also showed an upregulation of the stress response protein, heat shock protein (HSP)-70, as well as the phosphorylated active form of the transcription factor, heat shock factor (HSF)-1. In addition, quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed a robust upregulation of several antioxidant pathway response genes in I-GPM treated animals. By histopathologic and several molecular measures, our unique renoprotective cocktail mitigated ischemia-reperfusion injury. Our cocktail minimized oxidative stress in an ischemic kidney rat model while at the same time protecting the global parenchymal function during extended <span class="hlt">periods</span> of ischemia.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSME44E0899G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSME44E0899G"><span>Seabird Community Responses in the Northern California <span class="hlt">Current</span> to the 2014-2015 NE Pacific <span class="hlt">Warm</span> Anomaly</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gladics, A.; Suryan, R. M.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Previous <span class="hlt">warm</span> temperature anomalies in the NE Pacific, including the 1997-1998 El Niño, had profound impacts on seabird communities in the northern California <span class="hlt">Current</span>. Both physical forcing and biotic interactions impact seabirds from top-down effects of seabird predators to interactions between seabirds and their prey. We report on changes in diving seabird (common murre, Uria aalge, and pelagic and Brandt's cormorants, Phalacrocorax spp.) breeding population sizes, reproductive success, phenology, and diets at breeding colonies (1998-2015) and at-sea seabird distribution and abundance (2013-2015) along the Oregon coast. Breeding seabird responses varied by species and breeding site. In 2014, reproductive success was mostly consistent with recent prior years for all species. In 2015, however, common murres and pelagic cormorants suffered colony-wide reproductive failures, while Brandt's cormorants had the highest breeding success during our 8-yr time series. Breeding phenology in cormorants was delayed by 14 days in 2015 and the number of breeding pairs reduced compared to 2014. At-sea surveys revealed greater species diversity in 2015 compared to previous years, with sub-tropical and unusual migrant species observed in greater numbers. Overall, seabirds off Oregon appeared to suffer greater impacts from the 2014-2015 Pacific Ocean Anomalies during the 2015 breeding season.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5816784','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5816784"><span>Long-Term <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Shifts the Composition of Bacterial Communities in the Phyllosphere of Galium album in a Permanent Grassland Field-Experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Aydogan, Ebru L.; Moser, Gerald; Müller, Christoph; Kämpfer, Peter; Glaeser, Stefanie P.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> is <span class="hlt">currently</span> a much discussed topic with as yet largely unexplored consequences for agro-ecosystems. Little is known about the <span class="hlt">warming</span> effect on the bacterial microbiota inhabiting the plant surface (phyllosphere), which can have a strong impact on plant growth and health, as well as on plant diseases and colonization by human pathogens. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate surface <span class="hlt">warming</span> on the diversity and composition of the bacterial leaf microbiota of the herbaceous plant Galium album. Leaves were collected from four control and four surface <span class="hlt">warmed</span> (+2°C) plots located at the field site of the Environmental Monitoring and Climate Impact Research Station Linden in Germany over a 6-year <span class="hlt">period</span>. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> had no effect on the concentration of total number of cells attached to the leaf surface as counted by Sybr Green I staining after detachment, but changes in the diversity and phylogenetic composition of the bacterial leaf microbiota analyzed by bacterial 16S rRNA gene Illumina amplicon sequencing were observed. The bacterial phyllosphere microbiota were dominated by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> caused a significant higher relative abundance of members of the Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes, and a lower relative abundance of members of the Alphaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Plant beneficial bacteria like Sphingomonas spp. and Rhizobium spp. occurred in significantly lower relative abundance in leaf samples of <span class="hlt">warmed</span> plots. In contrast, several members of the Enterobacteriaceae, especially Enterobacter and Erwinia, and other potential plant or human pathogenic genera such as Acinetobacter and insect-associated Buchnera and Wolbachia spp. occurred in higher relative abundances in the phyllosphere samples from <span class="hlt">warmed</span> plots. This study showed for the first time the long-term impact of moderate (+2°C) surface <span class="hlt">warming</span> on the phyllosphere microbiota on plants. A reduction</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29487575','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29487575"><span>Long-Term <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Shifts the Composition of Bacterial Communities in the Phyllosphere of Galium album in a Permanent Grassland Field-Experiment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Aydogan, Ebru L; Moser, Gerald; Müller, Christoph; Kämpfer, Peter; Glaeser, Stefanie P</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> is <span class="hlt">currently</span> a much discussed topic with as yet largely unexplored consequences for agro-ecosystems. Little is known about the <span class="hlt">warming</span> effect on the bacterial microbiota inhabiting the plant surface (phyllosphere), which can have a strong impact on plant growth and health, as well as on plant diseases and colonization by human pathogens. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate surface <span class="hlt">warming</span> on the diversity and composition of the bacterial leaf microbiota of the herbaceous plant Galium album . Leaves were collected from four control and four surface <span class="hlt">warmed</span> (+2°C) plots located at the field site of the Environmental Monitoring and Climate Impact Research Station Linden in Germany over a 6-year <span class="hlt">period</span>. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> had no effect on the concentration of total number of cells attached to the leaf surface as counted by Sybr Green I staining after detachment, but changes in the diversity and phylogenetic composition of the bacterial leaf microbiota analyzed by bacterial 16S rRNA gene Illumina amplicon sequencing were observed. The bacterial phyllosphere microbiota were dominated by Proteobacteria , Bacteroidetes , and Actinobacteria . <span class="hlt">Warming</span> caused a significant higher relative abundance of members of the Gammaproteobacteria , Actinobacteria , and Firmicutes , and a lower relative abundance of members of the Alphaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes . Plant beneficial bacteria like Sphingomonas spp. and Rhizobium spp. occurred in significantly lower relative abundance in leaf samples of <span class="hlt">warmed</span> plots. In contrast, several members of the Enterobacteriaceae , especially Enterobacter and Erwinia , and other potential plant or human pathogenic genera such as Acinetobacter and insect-associated Buchnera and Wolbachia spp. occurred in higher relative abundances in the phyllosphere samples from <span class="hlt">warmed</span> plots. This study showed for the first time the long-term impact of moderate (+2°C) surface <span class="hlt">warming</span> on the phyllosphere microbiota on plants. A</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMOS53B1978W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMOS53B1978W"><span>Changes in South Pacific rainfall bands in a <span class="hlt">warming</span> climate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Widlansky, M. J.; Timmermann, A.; Stein, K.; McGregor, S.; Schneider, N.; England, M. H.; Lengaigne, M.; Cai, W.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>The South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) is the largest rainband in the Southern Hemisphere and provides most of the rainfall to Southwest Pacific island nations. In spite of various modeling efforts, it remains uncertain how the SPCZ will respond to greenhouse <span class="hlt">warming</span>. A multi-model ensemble average of 21st century climate change projections from the <span class="hlt">current</span>-generation of Coupled General Circulation Models (CGCMs) suggests a slightly wetter Southwest Pacific; however, inter-model uncertainty is greater than projected rainfall changes in the SPCZ region. Using a hierarchy of climate models we show that the uncertainty of SPCZ rainfall projections in the Southwest Pacific can be explained as a result of two competing mechanisms. Higher tropical sea surface temperatures (SST) lead to an overall increase of atmospheric moisture and rainfall while weaker SST gradients dynamically shift the SPCZ northeastward (see illustration) and promote summer drying in areas of the Southwest Pacific, similar to the response to strong El Niño events. Based on a multi-model ensemble of 55 greenhouse <span class="hlt">warming</span> experiments and for moderate tropical <span class="hlt">warming</span> of 2-3°C we estimate a 5% decrease of SPCZ rainfall, although uncertainty exceeds ±30% among CGCMs. For stronger tropical <span class="hlt">warming</span>, a tendency for a wetter SPCZ region is identified.; Illustration of the "warmest gets wetter" response to projected 21st century greenhouse <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Green shading depicts observed (1982-2009) rainfall during DJF (contour interval: 2 mm/day; starting at 1 mm/day). Blue (red) contours depict <span class="hlt">warming</span> less (more) than the tropical mean (42.5°N/S) 21st century multi-model trend (contour interval: 0.2°C; starting at ±0.1°C).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26535586','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26535586"><span>Conservation Planning for Coral Reefs Accounting for Climate <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Disturbances.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Magris, Rafael A; Heron, Scott F; Pressey, Robert L</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Incorporating <span class="hlt">warming</span> disturbances into the design of marine protected areas (MPAs) is fundamental to developing appropriate conservation actions that confer coral reef resilience. We propose an MPA design approach that includes spatially- and temporally-varying sea-surface temperature (SST) data, integrating both observed (1985-2009) and projected (2010-2099) time-series. We derived indices of acute (time under reduced ecosystem function following short-term events) and chronic thermal stress (rate of <span class="hlt">warming</span>) and combined them to delineate thermal-stress regimes. Coral reefs located on the Brazilian coast were used as a case study because they are considered a conservation priority in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. We show that all coral reef areas in Brazil have experienced and are projected to continue to experience chronic <span class="hlt">warming</span>, while acute events are expected to increase in frequency and intensity. We formulated quantitative conservation objectives for regimes of thermal stress. Based on these objectives, we then evaluated if/how they are achieved in existing Brazilian MPAs and identified priority areas where additional protection would reinforce resilience. Our results show that, although the <span class="hlt">current</span> system of MPAs incorporates locations within some of our thermal-stress regimes, historical and future thermal refugia along the central coast are completely unprotected. Our approach is applicable to other marine ecosystems and adds to previous marine planning for climate change in two ways: (i) by demonstrating how to spatially configure MPAs that meet conservation objectives for <span class="hlt">warming</span> disturbance using spatially- and temporally-explicit data; and (ii) by strategically allocating different forms of spatial management (MPA types) intended to mitigate <span class="hlt">warming</span> impacts and also enhance future resistance to climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4633137','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4633137"><span>Conservation Planning for Coral Reefs Accounting for Climate <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Disturbances</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Magris, Rafael A.; Heron, Scott F.; Pressey, Robert L.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Incorporating <span class="hlt">warming</span> disturbances into the design of marine protected areas (MPAs) is fundamental to developing appropriate conservation actions that confer coral reef resilience. We propose an MPA design approach that includes spatially- and temporally-varying sea-surface temperature (SST) data, integrating both observed (1985–2009) and projected (2010–2099) time-series. We derived indices of acute (time under reduced ecosystem function following short-term events) and chronic thermal stress (rate of <span class="hlt">warming</span>) and combined them to delineate thermal-stress regimes. Coral reefs located on the Brazilian coast were used as a case study because they are considered a conservation priority in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. We show that all coral reef areas in Brazil have experienced and are projected to continue to experience chronic <span class="hlt">warming</span>, while acute events are expected to increase in frequency and intensity. We formulated quantitative conservation objectives for regimes of thermal stress. Based on these objectives, we then evaluated if/how they are achieved in existing Brazilian MPAs and identified priority areas where additional protection would reinforce resilience. Our results show that, although the <span class="hlt">current</span> system of MPAs incorporates locations within some of our thermal-stress regimes, historical and future thermal refugia along the central coast are completely unprotected. Our approach is applicable to other marine ecosystems and adds to previous marine planning for climate change in two ways: (i) by demonstrating how to spatially configure MPAs that meet conservation objectives for <span class="hlt">warming</span> disturbance using spatially- and temporally-explicit data; and (ii) by strategically allocating different forms of spatial management (MPA types) intended to mitigate <span class="hlt">warming</span> impacts and also enhance future resistance to climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>. PMID:26535586</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26662380','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26662380"><span>Compensatory mechanisms mitigate the effect of <span class="hlt">warming</span> and drought on wood formation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Balducci, Lorena; Cuny, Henri E; Rathgeber, Cyrille B K; Deslauriers, Annie; Giovannelli, Alessio; Rossi, Sergio</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>Because of global <span class="hlt">warming</span>, high-latitude ecosystems are expected to experience increases in temperature and drought events. Wood formation will have to adjust to these new climatic constraints to maintain tree mechanical stability and long-distance water transport. The aim of this study is to understand the dynamic processes involved in wood formation under <span class="hlt">warming</span> and drought. Xylogenesis, gas exchange, water relations and wood anatomy of black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.] saplings were monitored during a greenhouse experiment where temperature was increased during daytime or night-time (+6 °C) combined with a drought <span class="hlt">period</span>. The kinetics of tracheid development expressed as rate and duration of the xylogenesis sub-processes were quantified using generalized additive models. Drought and <span class="hlt">warming</span> had a strong influence on cell production, but little effect on wood anatomy. The increase in cell production rate under warmer temperatures, and especially during the night-time <span class="hlt">warming</span> at the end of the growing season, resulted in wider tree-rings. However, the strong compensation between rates and durations of cell differentiation processes mitigates <span class="hlt">warming</span> and drought effects on tree-ring structure. Our results allowed quantification of how wood formation kinetics is regulated when water and heat stress increase, allowing trees to adapt to future environmental conditions. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1918753M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1918753M"><span>Does the recent <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus exist over northern Asia for winter wind chill temperature?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ma, Ying</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Wind chill temperature (WCT) describes the joint effect of wind velocity and air temperature on exposed body skin and could support policy makers in designing plans to reduce the risks of notably cold and windy weather. This study examined winter WCT over northern Asia during 1973-2013 by analyzing in situ station data. The winter WCT <span class="hlt">warming</span> rate over the Tibetan Plateau slowed during 1999-2013 (-0.04 °C/decade) compared with that during 1973-1998 (0.67 °C/decade). The winter WCT <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus has also been observed in the remainder of Northern Asia with trends of 1.11 °C/decade during 1973-1998 but -1.02 °C/decade during 1999-2013, except for the Far East of Russia (FE), where the winter WCT has continued to heat up during both the earlier <span class="hlt">period</span> of 1973-1998 (0.54 °C/decade) and the recent <span class="hlt">period</span> of 1999-2013 (0.75 °C/decade). The results indicate that the influence of temperature on winter WCT is greater than that of wind speed over northern Asia. Atmospheric circulation changes associated with air temperature and wind speed were analyzed to identify the causes for the <span class="hlt">warming</span> hiatus of winter WCT over northern Asia. The distributions of sea level pressure and 500 hPa height anomalies during 1999-2013 transported cold air from the high latitudes to middle latitudes, resulting in low air temperature over Northern Asia except for the Far East of Russia. Over the Tibetan Plateau, the increase in wind speed offset the increase in air temperature during 1999-2013. For the Far East, the southerly wind from the Western Pacific drove the temperature up during the 1999-2013 <span class="hlt">period</span> via <span class="hlt">warm</span> advection.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JCAP...05..029H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JCAP...05..029H"><span>G-<span class="hlt">warm</span> inflation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Herrera, Ramón</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">warm</span> inflationary universe in the context of Galileon model or G-model is studied. Under a general formalism we study the inflationary dynamics and the cosmological perturbations considering a coupling of the form G(phi,X)=g(phi) X. As a concrete example, we consider an exponential potential together with the cases in which the dissipation and Galilean coefficients are constants. Also, we study the weak regime given by the condition R<1+3gHdot phi, and the strong regime in which 1<R+3gHdot phi. Additionally, we obtain constraints on the parameters during the evolution of G-<span class="hlt">warm</span> inflation, assuming the condition for <span class="hlt">warm</span> inflation in which the temperature T>H, the conditions or the weak and strong regimes, together with the consistency relation r=r(ns) from Planck data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28948709','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28948709"><span>Phenological and distributional shifts in ichthyoplankton associated with recent <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the northeast Pacific Ocean.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Auth, Toby D; Daly, Elizabeth A; Brodeur, Richard D; Fisher, Jennifer L</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Understanding changes in the migratory and reproductive phenology of fish stocks in relation to climate change is critical for accurate ecosystem-based fisheries management. Relocation and changes in timing of reproduction can have dramatic effects upon the success of fish populations and throughout the food web. During anomalously <span class="hlt">warm</span> conditions (1-4°C above normal) in the northeast Pacific Ocean during 2015-2016, we documented shifts in timing and spawning location of several pelagic fish stocks based on larval fish samples. Total larval concentrations in the northern California <span class="hlt">Current</span> (NCC) during winter (January-March) 2015 and 2016 were the highest observed since annual collections first occurred in 1998, primarily due to increased abundances of Engraulis mordax (northern anchovy) and Sardinops sagax (Pacific sardine) larvae, which are normally summer spawning species in this region. Sardinops sagax and Merluccius productus (Pacific hake) exhibited an unprecedented early and northward spawning expansion during 2015-16. In addition, spawning duration was greatly increased for E. mordax, as the presence of larvae was observed throughout the majority of 2015-16, indicating prolonged and nearly continuous spawning of adults throughout the <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span>. Larvae from all three of these species have never before been collected in the NCC as early in the year. In addition, other southern species were collected in the NCC during this <span class="hlt">period</span>. This suggests that the spawning phenology and distribution of several ecologically and commercially important fish species dramatically and rapidly changed in response to the <span class="hlt">warming</span> conditions occurring in 2014-2016, and could be an indication of future conditions under projected climate change. Changes in spawning timing and poleward migration of fish populations due to warmer ocean conditions or global climate change will negatively impact areas that were historically dependent on these fish, and change the food web structure</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22591333','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22591333"><span>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> reduces plant reproductive output for temperate multi-inflorescence species on the Tibetan plateau.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Liu, Yinzhan; Mu, Junpeng; Niklas, Karl J; Li, Guoyong; Sun, Shucun</p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>• Temperature is projected to increase more during the winter than during the summer in cold regions. The effects of winter <span class="hlt">warming</span> on reproductive effort have not been examined for temperate plant species. • Here, we report the results of experimentally induced seasonal winter <span class="hlt">warming</span> (0.4 and 2.4°C increases in growing and nongrowing seasons, respectively, using <span class="hlt">warmed</span> and ambient open-top chambers in a Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow) for nine indeterminate-growing species producing multiple (single-flowered or multi-flowered) inflorescences and three determinate-growing species producing single inflorescences after a 3-yr <span class="hlt">period</span> of <span class="hlt">warming</span>. • <span class="hlt">Warming</span> reduced significantly flower number and seed production per plant for all nine multi-inflorescence species, but not for the three single-inflorescence species. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> had an insignificant effect on the fruit to flower number ratio, seed size and seed number per fruit among species. The reduction in seed production was largely attributable to the decline in flower number per plant. The flowering onset time was unaffected for nine of the 12 species. Therefore, the decline in flower production and seed production in response to winter <span class="hlt">warming</span> probably reflects a physiological response (e.g. metabolic changes associated with flower production). • Collectively, the data indicate that global <span class="hlt">warming</span> may reduce flower and seed production for temperate herbaceous species and will probably have a differential effect on single- vs multi-inflorescence species. © 2012 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2012 New Phytologist Trust.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070024434&hterms=warm&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dwarm','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070024434&hterms=warm&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dwarm"><span>The Remarkable 2003--2004 Winter and Other Recent <span class="hlt">Warm</span> Winters in the Arctic Stratosphere Since the Late 1990s</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Manney, Gloria L.; Kruger, Kirstin; Sabutis, Joseph L.; Sena, Sara Amina; Pawson, Steven</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>The 2003-2004 Arctic winter was remarkable in the approximately 50-year record of meteorological analyses. A major <span class="hlt">warming</span> beginning in early January 2004 led to nearly 2 months of vortex disruption with high-latitude easterlies in the middle to lower stratosphere. The upper stratospheric vortex broke up in late December, but began to recover by early January, and in February and March was the strongest since regular observations began in 1979. The lower stratospheric vortex broke up in late January. Comparison with 2 previous years, 1984-1985 and 1986-1987, with prolonged midwinter <span class="hlt">warming</span> <span class="hlt">periods</span> shows unique characteristics of the 2003-2004 <span class="hlt">warming</span> <span class="hlt">period</span>: The length of the vortex disruption, the strong and rapid recovery in the upper stratosphere, and the slow progression of the <span class="hlt">warming</span> from upper to lower stratosphere. January 2004 zonal mean winds in the middle and lower stratosphere were over 2 standard deviations below average. Examination of past variability shows that the recent frequency of major stratospheric <span class="hlt">warmings</span> (7 in the past 6 years) is unprecedented. Lower stratospheric temperatures were unusually high during 6 of the past 7 years, with 5 having much lower than usual potential for polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) formation and ozone loss (nearly none in 1998-1999, 2001-2002, and 2003-2004, and very little in 1997-1998 and 2000-2001). Middle and upper stratospheric temperatures, however, were unusually low during and after February. The pattern of 5 of the last 7 years with very low PSC potential would be expected to occur randomly once every 850 years. This cluster of <span class="hlt">warm</span> winters, immediately following a <span class="hlt">period</span> of unusually cold winters, may have important implications for possible changes in interannual variability and for determination and attribution of trends in stratospheric temperatures and ozone.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040172039','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040172039"><span>The Remarkable 2003-2004 Winter and Other Recent <span class="hlt">Warm</span> Winters in the Arctic Stratosphere Since the Late 1990s</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Manney, Gloria L.; Krueger, Kirstin; Sabutis, Joseph L.; Sena, Sara Amina; Pawson, Steven</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>The 2003-2004 Arctic winter was remarkable in the 40-year record of meteorological analyses. A major <span class="hlt">warming</span> beginning in early January 2004 led to nearly two months of vortex disruption with high-latitude easterlies in the middle to lower stratosphere. The upper stratospheric vortex broke up in late December, but began to recover by early January, and in February and March was the strongest since regular observations began in 1979. The lower stratospheric vortex broke up in late January. Comparison with two previous years, 1984-1985 and 1986-1987, with prolonged mid-winter <span class="hlt">warming</span> <span class="hlt">periods</span> shows unique characteristics of the 2003-2004 <span class="hlt">warming</span> <span class="hlt">period</span>: The length of the vortex disruption, the strong and rapid recovery in the upper stratosphere, and the slow progression of the <span class="hlt">warming</span> from upper to lower stratosphere. January 2004 zonal mean winds in the middle and lower stratosphere were over two standard deviations below average. Examination of past variability shows that the recent frequency of major stratospheric <span class="hlt">warmings</span> (seven in the past six years) is unprecedented. Lower stratospheric temperatures were unusually high during six of the past seven years, with five having much lower than usual potential for PSC formation and ozone loss (nearly none in 1998-1999, 2001-2002 and 2003-2004, and very little in 1997-1998 and 2000-2001). Middle and upper stratospheric temperatures, however, were unusually low during and after February. The pattern of five of the last seven years with very low PSC potential would be expected to occur randomly once every approximately 850 years. This cluster of <span class="hlt">warm</span> winters, immediately following a <span class="hlt">period</span> of unusually cold winters, may have important implications for possible changes in interannual variability and for determination and attribution of trends in stratospheric temperatures and ozone.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70193476','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70193476"><span>Grassland bird productivity in <span class="hlt">warm</span> season grass fields in southwest Wisconsin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Byers, Carolyn M.; Ribic, Christine; Sample, David W.; Dadisman, John D.; Guttery, Michael</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Surrogate grasslands established through federal set-aside programs, such as U.S. Department of Agriculture's Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), provide important habitat for grassland birds. <span class="hlt">Warm</span> season grass CRP fields as a group have the potential for providing a continuum of habitat structure for breeding birds, depending on how the fields are managed and their floristic composition. We studied the nesting activity of four obligate grassland bird species, Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna), Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), and Henslow's Sparrow (A. henslowii), in relation to vegetative composition and fire management in <span class="hlt">warm</span> season CRP fields in southwest Wisconsin during 2009–2011. Intraspecific variation in apparent nest density was related to the number of years since the field was burned. Apparent Grasshopper Sparrow nest density was highest in the breeding season immediately following spring burns, apparent Henslow's Sparrow nest density was highest 1 y post burn, and apparent Bobolink and Eastern Meadowlark nest densities were higher in post fire years one to three. Grasshopper Sparrow nest density was highest on sites with more diverse vegetation, specifically prairie forbs, and on sites with shorter less dense vegetation. Bobolink, Eastern Meadowlark, and Henslow's Sparrow apparent nest densities were higher on sites with deeper litter; litter was the vegetative component that was most affected by spring burns. Overall nest success was 0.487 for Bobolink (22 d nesting <span class="hlt">period</span>), 0.478 for Eastern Meadowlark (25 d nesting <span class="hlt">period</span>), 0.507 for Grasshopper Sparrow (22 d nesting <span class="hlt">period</span>), and 0.151 for Henslow's Sparrow (21 d nesting <span class="hlt">period</span>). The major nest predators were grassland-associated species: thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus), striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), milk snake (Lampropeltis triangulum), American badger (Taxidea taxus), and western fox snake (Elaphe vulpina). Overall</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21115512','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21115512"><span>Cumulative carbon emissions, emissions floors and short-term rates of <span class="hlt">warming</span>: implications for policy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bowerman, Niel H A; Frame, David J; Huntingford, Chris; Lowe, Jason A; Allen, Myles R</p> <p>2011-01-13</p> <p>A number of recent studies have found a strong link between peak human-induced global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and cumulative carbon emissions from the start of the industrial revolution, while the link to emissions over shorter <span class="hlt">periods</span> or in the years 2020 or 2050 is generally weaker. However, cumulative targets appear to conflict with the concept of a 'floor' in emissions caused by sectors such as food production. Here, we show that the introduction of emissions floors does not reduce the importance of cumulative emissions, but may make some <span class="hlt">warming</span> targets unachievable. For pathways that give a most likely <span class="hlt">warming</span> up to about 4°C, cumulative emissions from pre-industrial times to year 2200 correlate strongly with most likely resultant peak <span class="hlt">warming</span> regardless of the shape of emissions floors used, providing a more natural long-term policy horizon than 2050 or 2100. The maximum rate of CO(2)-induced <span class="hlt">warming</span>, which will affect the feasibility and cost of adapting to climate change, is not determined by cumulative emissions but is tightly aligned with peak rates of emissions. Hence, cumulative carbon emissions to 2200 and peak emission rates could provide a clear and simple framework for CO(2) mitigation policy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19407800','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19407800"><span><span class="hlt">Warming</span> caused by cumulative carbon emissions towards the trillionth tonne.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Allen, Myles R; Frame, David J; Huntingford, Chris; Jones, Chris D; Lowe, Jason A; Meinshausen, Malte; Meinshausen, Nicolai</p> <p>2009-04-30</p> <p>Global efforts to mitigate climate change are guided by projections of future temperatures. But the eventual equilibrium global mean temperature associated with a given stabilization level of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations remains uncertain, complicating the setting of stabilization targets to avoid potentially dangerous levels of global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Similar problems apply to the carbon cycle: observations <span class="hlt">currently</span> provide only a weak constraint on the response to future emissions. Here we use ensemble simulations of simple climate-carbon-cycle models constrained by observations and projections from more comprehensive models to simulate the temperature response to a broad range of carbon dioxide emission pathways. We find that the peak <span class="hlt">warming</span> caused by a given cumulative carbon dioxide emission is better constrained than the <span class="hlt">warming</span> response to a stabilization scenario. Furthermore, the relationship between cumulative emissions and peak <span class="hlt">warming</span> is remarkably insensitive to the emission pathway (timing of emissions or peak emission rate). Hence policy targets based on limiting cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide are likely to be more robust to scientific uncertainty than emission-rate or concentration targets. Total anthropogenic emissions of one trillion tonnes of carbon (3.67 trillion tonnes of CO(2)), about half of which has already been emitted since industrialization began, results in a most likely peak carbon-dioxide-induced <span class="hlt">warming</span> of 2 degrees C above pre-industrial temperatures, with a 5-95% confidence interval of 1.3-3.9 degrees C.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28526200','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28526200"><span>Nickel and ocean <span class="hlt">warming</span> affect scleractinian coral growth.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Biscéré, T; Lorrain, A; Rodolfo-Metalpa, R; Gilbert, A; Wright, A; Devissi, C; Peignon, C; Farman, R; Duvieilbourg, E; Payri, C; Houlbrèque, F</p> <p>2017-07-15</p> <p>The sensitivity of corals and their Symbiodinium to <span class="hlt">warming</span> has been extensively documented; however very few studies considered that anthropogenic inputs such as metal pollution have already an impact on many fringing reefs. Thus, today, nickel releases are common in coastal ecosystems. In this study, two major reef-building species Acropora muricata and Pocillopora damicornis were exposed in situ to ambient and moderate nickel concentrations on a short-term <span class="hlt">period</span> (1h) using benthic chamber experiments. Simultaneously, we tested in laboratory conditions the combined effects of a chronic exposure (8weeks) to moderate nickel concentrations and ocean <span class="hlt">warming</span> on A. muricata. The in situ experiment highlighted that nickel enrichment, at ambient temperature, stimulated by 27 to 47% the calcification rates of both species but not their photosynthetic performances. In contrast, an exposure to higher nickel concentration, in combination with elevated temperature simulated in aquaria, severely depressed by 30% the growth of A. muricata. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18447803','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18447803"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up intensity on oxygen transport during supramaximal exercise in horses.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mukai, Kazutaka; Hiraga, Atsushi; Eto, Daisuke; Takahashi, Toshiyuki; Hada, Tetsuro; Tsubone, Hirokazu; Jones, James H</p> <p>2008-05-01</p> <p>To determine whether <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up exercise at different intensities alters kinetics and total contribution of aerobic power to total metabolic power in subsequent supramaximal exercise in horses. 11 horses. Horses ran at a sprint until fatigued at 115% of maximal oxygen consumption rate (VO(2max)), beginning at 10 minutes following each of 3 <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up protocols: no warmup (NoWU), 1 minute at 70% VO(2max) (moderate-intensity <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up [MoWU]), or 1 minute at 115% VO(2max) (high-intensity <span class="hlt">warm</span>-up [HiWU]). Cardiopulmonary and blood gas variables were measured during exercise. The VO(2) was significantly higher in HiWU and MoWU than in NoWU throughout the sprint exercise <span class="hlt">period</span>. Blood lactate accumulation rate in the first 60 seconds was significantly lower in MoWU and HiWU than in NoWU. Specific cardiac output after 60 seconds of sprint exercise was not significantly different among the 3 protocols; however, the arterial mixed-venous oxygen concentration difference was significantly higher in HiWU than in NoWU primarily because of decreased mixed-venous saturation and tension. Run time to fatigue following MoWU was significantly greater than that with NoWU, and there was no difference in time to fatigue between MoWU and HiWU. HiWU and MoWU increased peak values for VO(2) and decreased blood lactate accumulation rate during the first minute of intense exercise, suggesting a greater use of aerobic than net anaerobic power during this <span class="hlt">period</span>.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.B11J..06B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.B11J..06B"><span>Observations of Urban Heat Island Mitigation in California Coastal Cities due to a Sea Breeze Induced Coastal-Cooling ``REVERSE-REACTION'' to Global <span class="hlt">Warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bornstein, R. D.; Lebassi, B.; Gonzalez, J.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>The study evaluated long-term (1948-2005) air temperatures at over 300 urban and rural sites in California (CA) during summer (June-August, JJA). The aggregate CA results showed asymmetric <span class="hlt">warming</span>, as daily min temperatures increased faster than daily max temperatures. The spatial distributions of daily max temperatures in the heavily urbanized South Coast and San Francisco Bay Area air basins, however, exhibited a complex pattern, with cooling at low-elevation (mainly urban) coastal-areas and <span class="hlt">warming</span> at (mainly rural) inland areas. Previous studies have suggested that cooling summer max temperatures in CA were due to increased irrigation, coastal upwelling, or cloud cover. The <span class="hlt">current</span> hypothesis, however, is that this temperature pattern arises from a “reverse-reaction” to greenhouse gas (GHG) induced global-<span class="hlt">warming</span>. In this hypothesis, the global <span class="hlt">warming</span> of inland areas resulted in an increased (cooling) sea breeze activity in coastal areas. That daytime summer coastal cooling was seen in coastal urban areas implies that urban heat island (UHI) <span class="hlt">warming</span> was weaker than the reverse-reaction sea breeze cooling; if there was no UHI effect, then the cooling would have been even stronger. Analysis of daytime summer max temperatures at four adjacent pairs of urban and rural sites near the inland cooling-<span class="hlt">warming</span> boundary, however, showed that the rural sites experienced cooling, while the urban sites showed <span class="hlt">warming</span> due to UHI development. The rate of heat island growth was estimated as the sum of each urban <span class="hlt">warming</span> rate and the absolute magnitude of the concurrent adjacent rural cooling rate. Values ranged from 0.12 to 0.55 K decade-1, and were proportional to changes in urban population and urban extent. As Sacramento, Modesto, Stockton, and San José have grown in aerial extent (21 to 59%) and population (40 to 118%), part of the observed increased JJA max values could be due to increased daytime UHI-intensity. Without UHI effects, the <span class="hlt">currently</span> observed JJA SFBA</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25729798','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25729798"><span>Innovative empirical approaches for inferring climate-<span class="hlt">warming</span> impacts on plants in remote areas.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>De Frenne, Pieter</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>The prediction of the effects of climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> on plant communities across the globe has become a major focus of ecology, evolution and biodiversity conservation. However, many of the frequently used empirical approaches for inferring how <span class="hlt">warming</span> affects vegetation have been criticized for decades. In addition, methods that require no electricity may be preferred because of constraints of active <span class="hlt">warming</span>, e.g. in remote areas. Efforts to overcome the limitations of earlier methods are <span class="hlt">currently</span> under development, but these approaches have yet to be systematically evaluated side by side. Here, an overview of the benefits and limitations of a selection of innovative empirical techniques to study temperature effects on plants is presented, with a focus on practicality in relatively remote areas without an electric power supply. I focus on methods for: ecosystem aboveground and belowground <span class="hlt">warming</span>; a fuller exploitation of spatial temperature variation; and long-term monitoring of plant ecological and microevolutionary changes in response to <span class="hlt">warming</span>. An evaluation of the described methodological set-ups in a synthetic framework along six axes (associated with the consistency of temperature differences, disturbance, costs, confounding factors, spatial scale and versatility) highlights their potential usefulness and power. Hence, further developments of new approaches to empirically assess <span class="hlt">warming</span> effects on plants can critically stimulate progress in climate-change biology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy..tmp..393D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy..tmp..393D"><span>A new mechanism for <span class="hlt">warm</span>-season precipitation response to global <span class="hlt">warming</span> based on convection-permitting simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dai, Aiguo; Rasmussen, Roy M.; Liu, Changhai; Ikeda, Kyoko; Prein, Andreas F.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Climate models project increasing precipitation intensity but decreasing frequency as greenhouse gases increase. However, the exact mechanism for the frequency decrease remains unclear. Here we investigate this by analyzing hourly data from regional climate change simulations with 4 km grid spacing covering most of North America using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. The model was forced with present and future boundary conditions, with the latter being derived by adding the CMIP5 19-model ensemble mean changes to the ERA-interim reanalysis. The model reproduces well the observed seasonal and spatial variations in precipitation frequency and histograms, and the dry interval between rain events over the contiguous US. Results show that overall precipitation frequency indeed decreases during the <span class="hlt">warm</span> season mainly due to fewer light-moderate precipitation (0.1 < P ≤ 2.0 mm/h) events, while heavy (2 < P ≤ 10 mm/h) to very heavy precipitation (P > 10 mm/h) events increase. Dry spells become longer and more frequent, together with a reduction in time-mean relative humidity (RH) in the lower troposphere during the <span class="hlt">warm</span> season. The increased dry hours and decreased RH lead to a reduction in overall precipitation frequency and also for light-moderate precipitation events, while water vapor-induced increases in precipitation intensity and the positive latent heating feedback in intense storms may be responsible for the large increase in intense precipitation. The size of intense storms increases while their number decreases in the future climate, which helps explain the increase in local frequency of heavy precipitation. The results generally support a new hypothesis for future <span class="hlt">warm</span>-season precipitation: each rainstorm removes ≥7% more moisture from the air per 1 K local <span class="hlt">warming</span>, and surface evaporation and moisture advection take slightly longer than <span class="hlt">currently</span> to replenish the depleted moisture before the next storm forms, leading to longer dry spells and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5441735','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5441735"><span>Quantifying the influence of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> on unprecedented extreme climate events</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Singh, Deepti; Horton, Daniel E.; Swain, Daniel L.; Touma, Danielle; Charland, Allison; Liu, Yunjie; Haugen, Matz; Tsiang, Michael; Rajaratnam, Bala</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Efforts to understand the influence of historical global <span class="hlt">warming</span> on individual extreme climate events have increased over the past decade. However, despite substantial progress, events that are unprecedented in the local observational record remain a persistent challenge. Leveraging observations and a large climate model ensemble, we quantify uncertainty in the influence of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> on the severity and probability of the historically hottest month, hottest day, driest year, and wettest 5-d <span class="hlt">period</span> for different areas of the globe. We find that historical <span class="hlt">warming</span> has increased the severity and probability of the hottest month and hottest day of the year at >80% of the available observational area. Our framework also suggests that the historical climate forcing has increased the probability of the driest year and wettest 5-d <span class="hlt">period</span> at 57% and 41% of the observed area, respectively, although we note important caveats. For the most protracted hot and dry events, the strongest and most widespread contributions of anthropogenic climate forcing occur in the tropics, including increases in probability of at least a factor of 4 for the hottest month and at least a factor of 2 for the driest year. We also demonstrate the ability of our framework to systematically evaluate the role of dynamic and thermodynamic factors such as atmospheric circulation patterns and atmospheric water vapor, and find extremely high statistical confidence that anthropogenic forcing increased the probability of record-low Arctic sea ice extent. PMID:28439005</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28439005','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28439005"><span>Quantifying the influence of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> on unprecedented extreme climate events.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Diffenbaugh, Noah S; Singh, Deepti; Mankin, Justin S; Horton, Daniel E; Swain, Daniel L; Touma, Danielle; Charland, Allison; Liu, Yunjie; Haugen, Matz; Tsiang, Michael; Rajaratnam, Bala</p> <p>2017-05-09</p> <p>Efforts to understand the influence of historical global <span class="hlt">warming</span> on individual extreme climate events have increased over the past decade. However, despite substantial progress, events that are unprecedented in the local observational record remain a persistent challenge. Leveraging observations and a large climate model ensemble, we quantify uncertainty in the influence of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> on the severity and probability of the historically hottest month, hottest day, driest year, and wettest 5-d <span class="hlt">period</span> for different areas of the globe. We find that historical <span class="hlt">warming</span> has increased the severity and probability of the hottest month and hottest day of the year at >80% of the available observational area. Our framework also suggests that the historical climate forcing has increased the probability of the driest year and wettest 5-d <span class="hlt">period</span> at 57% and 41% of the observed area, respectively, although we note important caveats. For the most protracted hot and dry events, the strongest and most widespread contributions of anthropogenic climate forcing occur in the tropics, including increases in probability of at least a factor of 4 for the hottest month and at least a factor of 2 for the driest year. We also demonstrate the ability of our framework to systematically evaluate the role of dynamic and thermodynamic factors such as atmospheric circulation patterns and atmospheric water vapor, and find extremely high statistical confidence that anthropogenic forcing increased the probability of record-low Arctic sea ice extent.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20180000172&hterms=Global+warming&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DGlobal%2Bwarming','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20180000172&hterms=Global+warming&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DGlobal%2Bwarming"><span>Quantifying the Influence of Global <span class="hlt">Warming</span> on Unprecedented Extreme Climate Events</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Diffenbaugh, Noah S.; Singh, Deepti; Mankin, Justin S.; Horton, Daniel E.; Swain, Daniel L.; Touma, Danielle; Charland, Allison; Liu, Yunjie; Haugen, Matz; Tsiang, Michael; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20180000172'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20180000172_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20180000172_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20180000172_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20180000172_hide"></p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Efforts to understand the influence of historical global <span class="hlt">warming</span> on individual extreme climate events have increased over the past decade. However, despite substantial progress, events that are unprecedented in the local observational record remain a persistent challenge. Leveraging observations and a large climate model ensemble, we quantify uncertainty in the influence of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> on the severity and probability of the historically hottest month, hottest day, driest year, and wettest 5-d <span class="hlt">period</span> for different areas of the globe. We find that historical <span class="hlt">warming</span> has increased the severity and probability of the hottest month and hottest day of the year at >80% of the available observational area. Our framework also suggests that the historical climate forcing has increased the probability of the driest year and wettest 5-d <span class="hlt">period</span> at 57% and 41% of the observed area, respectively, although we note important caveats. For the most protracted hot and dry events, the strongest and most widespread contributions of anthropogenic climate forcing occur in the tropics, including increases in probability of at least a factor of 4 for the hottest month and at least a factor of 2 for the driest year. We also demonstrate the ability of our framework to systematically evaluate the role of dynamic and thermodynamic factors such as atmospheric circulation patterns and atmospheric water vapor, and find extremely high statistical confidence that anthropogenic forcing increased the probability of record-low Arctic sea ice extent.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.H11E0910L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.H11E0910L"><span>Rapid <span class="hlt">warming</span> of the world's lakes: Interdecadal variability and long-term trends from 1910-2009 using in situ and remotely sensed data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lenters, J. D.; Read, J. S.; Sharma, S.; O'Reilly, C.; Hampton, S. E.; Gray, D.; McIntyre, P. B.; Hook, S. J.; Schneider, P.; Soylu, M. E.; Barabás, N.; Lofton, D. D.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Global and regional changes in climate have important implications for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Recent studies, for example, have revealed significant <span class="hlt">warming</span> of inland water bodies throughout the world. To better understand the global patterns, physical mechanisms, and ecological implications of lake <span class="hlt">warming</span>, an initiative known as the "Global Lake Temperature Collaboration" (GLTC) was started in 2010, with the objective of compiling and analyzing lake temperature data from numerous satellite and in situ records dating back at least 20-30 years. The GLTC project has now assembled data from over 300 lakes, with some in situ records extending back more than 100 years. Here, we present an analysis of the long-term <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends, interdecadal variability, and a direct comparison between in situ and remotely sensed lake surface temperature for the 3-month summer <span class="hlt">period</span> July-September (January-March for some lakes). The overall results show consistent, long-term trends of increasing summer-mean lake surface temperature across most but not all sites. Lakes with especially long records show accelerated <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the most recent two to three decades, with almost half of the lakes <span class="hlt">warming</span> at rates in excess of 0.5 °C per decade during the <span class="hlt">period</span> 1985-2009, and a few even exceeding 1.0 °C per decade. Both satellite and in situ data show a similar distribution of <span class="hlt">warming</span> trends, and a direct comparison at lake sites that have both types of data reveals a close correspondence in mean summer water temperature, interannual variability, and long-term trends. Finally, we examine standardized lake surface temperature anomalies across the full 100-year <span class="hlt">period</span> (1910-2009), and in conjunction with similar timeseries of air temperature. The results reveal a close correspondence between summer air temperature and lake surface temperature on interannual and interdecadal timescales, but with many lakes <span class="hlt">warming</span> more rapidly than the ambient air temperature over 25- to 100</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC43F1123D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC43F1123D"><span>Regional <span class="hlt">warming</span> of hot extremes accelerated by surface energy fluxes consistent with drying soils</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Donat, M.; Pitman, A.; Seneviratne, S. I.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Strong regional differences exist in how hot temperature extremes increase under global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Using an ensemble of coupled climate models, we examine the regional <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates of hot extremes relative to annual average <span class="hlt">warming</span> rates in the same regions. We identify hotspots of accelerated <span class="hlt">warming</span> of model-simulated hot extremes in Europe, North America, South America and Southeast China. These hotspots indicate where the <span class="hlt">warm</span> tail of a distribution of temperatures increases faster than the average and are robust across most CMIP5 models. Exploring the conditions on the specific day the hot extreme occurs demonstrates the hotspots are explained by changes in the surface energy fluxes consistent with drying soils. Furthermore, in these hotspot regions we find a relationship between the temperature - heat flux correlation under <span class="hlt">current</span> climate conditions and the magnitude of future projected changes in hot extremes, pointing to a potential emergent constraint for simulations of future hot extremes. However, the model-simulated accelerated <span class="hlt">warming</span> of hot extremes appears inconsistent with observations of the past 60 years, except over Europe. The simulated acceleration of hot extremes may therefore be unreliable, a result that necessitates a re-evaluation of how climate models resolve the relevant terrestrial processes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy..tmp...63M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy..tmp...63M"><span>The Little Ice Age was 1.0-1.5 °C cooler than <span class="hlt">current</span> <span class="hlt">warm</span> <span class="hlt">period</span> according to LOD and NAO</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mazzarella, Adriano; Scafetta, Nicola</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>We study the yearly values of the length of day (LOD, 1623-2016) and its link to the zonal index (ZI, 1873-2003), the Northern Atlantic oscillation index (NAO, 1659-2000) and the global sea surface temperature (SST, 1850-2016). LOD is herein assumed to be mostly the result of the overall circulations occurring within the ocean-atmospheric system. We find that LOD is negatively correlated with the global SST and with both the integral function of ZI and NAO, which are labeled as IZI and INAO. A first result is that LOD must be driven by a climatic change induced by an external (e.g. solar/astronomical) forcing since internal variability alone would have likely induced a positive correlation among the same variables because of the conservation of the Earth's angular momentum. A second result is that the high correlation among the variables implies that the LOD and INAO records can be adopted as global proxies to reconstruct past climate change. Tentative global SST reconstructions since the seventeenth century suggest that around 1700, that is during the coolest <span class="hlt">period</span> of the Little Ice Age (LIA), SST could have been about 1.0-1.5 °C cooler than the 1950-1980 <span class="hlt">period</span>. This estimated LIA cooling is greater than what some multiproxy global climate reconstructions suggested, but it is in good agreement with other more recent climate reconstructions including those based on borehole temperature data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMGC23C0950H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMGC23C0950H"><span>Regional patterns of the change in annual-mean tropical rainfall under global <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Huang, P.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Projection of the change in tropical rainfall under global <span class="hlt">warming</span> is a major challenge with great societal implications. The <span class="hlt">current</span> study analyzes the 18 models from the Coupled Models Intercomparison Project, and investigates the regional pattern of annual-mean rainfall change under global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. With surface <span class="hlt">warming</span>, the climatological ascending pumps up increased surface moisture and leads rainfall increase over the tropical convergence zone (wet-get-wetter effect), while the pattern of sea surface temperature (SST) increase induces ascending flow and then increasing rainfall over the equatorial Pacific and the northern Indian Ocean where the local oceanic <span class="hlt">warming</span> exceeds the tropical mean temperature increase (warmer-get-wetter effect). The background surface moisture and SST also can modify warmer-get-wetter effect: the former can influence the moisture change and contribute to the distribution of moist instability change, while the latter can suppress the role of instability change over the equatorial eastern Pacific due to the threshold effect of convection-SST relationship. The wet-get-wetter and modified warmer-get-wetter effects form a hook-like pattern of rainfall change over the tropical Pacific and an elliptic pattern over the northern Indian Ocean. The annual-mean rainfall pattern can be partly projected based on <span class="hlt">current</span> rainfall climatology, while it also has great uncertainties due to the uncertain change in SST pattern.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28977817','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28977817"><span>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and obesity: a systematic review.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>An, R; Ji, M; Zhang, S</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and the obesity epidemic are two unprecedented challenges mankind faces today. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO and Scopus for articles published until July 2017 that reported findings on the relationship between global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and the obesity epidemic. Fifty studies were identified. Topic-wise, articles were classified into four relationships - global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and the obesity epidemic are correlated because of common drivers (n = 21); global <span class="hlt">warming</span> influences the obesity epidemic (n = 13); the obesity epidemic influences global <span class="hlt">warming</span> (n = 13); and global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and the obesity epidemic influence each other (n = 3). We constructed a conceptual model linking global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and the obesity epidemic - the fossil fuel economy, population growth and industrialization impact land use and urbanization, motorized transportation and agricultural productivity and consequently influences global <span class="hlt">warming</span> by excess greenhouse gas emission and the obesity epidemic by nutrition transition and physical inactivity; global <span class="hlt">warming</span> also directly impacts obesity by food supply/price shock and adaptive thermogenesis, and the obesity epidemic impacts global <span class="hlt">warming</span> by the elevated energy consumption. Policies that endorse deployment of clean and sustainable energy sources, and urban designs that promote active lifestyles, are likely to alleviate the societal burden of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and obesity. © 2017 World Obesity Federation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5604550','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5604550"><span>Elevated CO2 and <span class="hlt">warming</span> effects on grassland plant mortality are determined by the timing of rainfall</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Newton, Paul C. D.; Porter, Meagan</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Abstract Background and aims Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> is expected to increase the mortality rate of established plants in water-limited systems because of its effect on evapotranspiration. The rising CO2 concentration ([CO2]), however, should have the opposite effect because it reduces plant transpiration, delaying the onset of drought. This potential for elevated [CO2] (eCO2) to modify the <span class="hlt">warming</span> effect on mortality should be related to prevailing moisture conditions. This study aimed to determine the impacts of <span class="hlt">warming</span> by 2 °C and eCO2 (550 μmol mol−1) on plant mortality in an Australian temperate grassland over a 6-year <span class="hlt">period</span> and to test how interannual variation in rainfall influenced treatment effects. Methods Analyses were based on results from a field experiment, TasFACE, in which grassland plots were exposed to a combination of eCO2 by free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) and <span class="hlt">warming</span> by infrared heaters. Using an annual census of established plants and detailed estimates of recruitment, annual mortality of all established plants was calculated. The influence of rainfall amount and timing on the relative impact of treatments on mortality in each year was analysed using multiple regression techniques. Key Results <span class="hlt">Warming</span> and eCO2 effects had an interactive influence on mortality which varied strongly from year to year and this variation was determined by temporal rainfall patterns. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> tended to increase density-adjusted mortality and eCO2 moderated that effect, but to a greater extent in years with fewer dry <span class="hlt">periods</span>. Conclusions These results show that eCO2 reduced the negative effect of <span class="hlt">warming</span> but this influence varied strongly with rainfall timing. Importantly, indices involving the amount of rainfall were not required to explain interannual variation in mortality or treatment effects on mortality. Therefore, predictions of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> effects on plant mortality will be reliant not only on other climate change factors, but also on the temporal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B13K..08D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B13K..08D"><span>Mechanisms of microbial destabilization of soil C shifts over decades of <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>DeAngelis, K.; Pold, G.; Chowdhury, P. R.; Schnabel, J.; Grandy, S.; Melillo, J. M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Microbes are major actors in regulating the earth's biogeochemical cycles, with temperature-sensitive microbial tradeoffs improving ecosystem biogeochemical models. Meanwhile, the Earth's climate is changing, with decades of <span class="hlt">warming</span> undercutting the ability of soil to store carbon. Our work explores trends of 26 years of experimental <span class="hlt">warming</span> in temperate deciduous forest soils, which is associated with cycles of soil carbon degradation punctuated by <span class="hlt">periods</span> of changes in soil microbial dynamics. Using a combination of biogeochemistry and molecular analytical methods, we explore the hypotheses that substrate availability, community structure, altered temperature sensitivity of microbial turnover-growth efficiency tradeoff, and microbial evolution are responsible for observations of accelerated degradation of soil carbon over time. Amplicon sequencing of microbial communities suggests a small role of changing microbial community composition over decades of <span class="hlt">warming</span>, but a sustained suppression of fungal biomass is accompanied by increased biomass of Actinobacteria, Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Planctomycetes. Substrate availability plays an important role in microbial dynamics, with depleted labile carbon in the first decade and depleted lignin in the second decade. Increased lignin-degrading enzyme activity supports the suggestion that lignin-like organic matter is an important substrate in chronically <span class="hlt">warmed</span> soils. Metatranscriptomics data support the suggestion that increased turnover is associated with long-term <span class="hlt">warming</span>, with metagenomic signals of increased carbohydrate-degrading enzymes in the organic horizon but decreased in the mineral soils. Finally, traits analysis of over 200 cultivated isolates of bacterial species from heated and control soils suggests an expanded ability for degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose but not chitin, supporting the hypothesis that long-term <span class="hlt">warming</span> is exerting evolutionary pressure on microbial</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PrOce.151..206E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PrOce.151..206E"><span>Spatial and temporal changes in the Barents Sea pelagic compartment during the recent <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Eriksen, Elena; Skjoldal, Hein Rune; Gjøsæter, Harald; Primicerio, Raul</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>The Barents Sea has experienced substantial <span class="hlt">warming</span> over the last few decades with expansion of relatively <span class="hlt">warm</span> Atlantic water and reduction in sea ice. Based on a review of relevant literature and additional analyses, we report changes in the pelagic compartment associated with this <span class="hlt">warming</span> using data from autumn surveys (acoustic capelin, 0-group fish, and ecosystem surveys). We estimated biomass for 25 components of the pelagic community, including macroplankton, 0-group fish, and juvenile and adult pelagic fish, were examined for spatial and temporal variation over the <span class="hlt">period</span> 1993-2013. The estimated total biomass of the investigated pelagic compartment, not including mesozooplankton, ranged between about 6 and 30 million tonnes wet weight with an average of 17 million tonnes over the 21-years <span class="hlt">period</span>. Krill was the dominant biomass component (63%), whereas pelagic fish (capelin, polar cod and herring) made up 26% and 0-group fish 11% of the biomass on average. The spatial distribution of biomass showed a broad-scale pattern reflecting differences in distribution of the main pelagic fishes (capelin in the north, polar cod in the east, and herring in the south) and transport of krill and 0-group fish with the Atlantic water flowing into the southern Barents Sea. Dividing the Barents Sea into six regions, the highest average biomass values were found in the Southwestern and South-Central subareas (about 4 million tonnes in each), with krill as the main component. Biomass was also high in the North-Central subarea (about 3 million tonnes) where capelin was the major contributor. The total estimated biomass of the pelagic compartment remained relatively stable during each of two main <span class="hlt">periods</span> (before and after 2004), but increased by a factor of two from around 11 million tonnes in the first to around 23 million tonnes in the last <span class="hlt">period</span>. The pronounced increase reflected the <span class="hlt">warming</span> between the relatively cold 1990s and the warmer 2000s and was driven mainly by an</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCC...8..421S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCC...8..421S"><span>Anthropogenic <span class="hlt">warming</span> exacerbates European soil moisture droughts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Samaniego, L.; Thober, S.; Kumar, R.; Wanders, N.; Rakovec, O.; Pan, M.; Zink, M.; Sheffield, J.; Wood, E. F.; Marx, A.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Anthropogenic <span class="hlt">warming</span> is anticipated to increase soil moisture drought in the future. However, projections are accompanied by large uncertainty due to varying estimates of future <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Here, using an ensemble of hydrological and land-surface models, forced with bias-corrected downscaled general circulation model output, we estimate the impacts of 1-3 K global mean temperature increases on soil moisture droughts in Europe. Compared to the 1.5 K Paris target, an increase of 3 K—which represents <span class="hlt">current</span> projected temperature change—is found to increase drought area by 40% (±24%), affecting up to 42% (±22%) more of the population. Furthermore, an event similar to the 2003 drought is shown to become twice as frequent; thus, due to their increased occurrence, events of this magnitude will no longer be classified as extreme. In the absence of effective mitigation, Europe will therefore face unprecedented increases in soil moisture drought, presenting new challenges for adaptation across the continent.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3083744','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3083744"><span>Climate Variability and Dengue Fever in <span class="hlt">Warm</span> and Humid Mexico</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Colón-González, Felipe J.; Lake, Iain R.; Bentham, Graham</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Multiple linear regression models were fitted to look for associations between changes in the incidence rate of dengue fever and climate variability in the <span class="hlt">warm</span> and humid region of Mexico. Data were collected for 12 Mexican provinces over a 23-year <span class="hlt">period</span> (January 1985 to December 2007). Our results show that the incidence rate or risk of infection is higher during El Niño events and in the <span class="hlt">warm</span> and wet season. We provide evidence to show that dengue fever incidence was positively associated with the strength of El Niño and the minimum temperature, especially during the cool and dry season. Our study complements the understanding of dengue fever dynamics in the region and may be useful for the development of early warning systems. PMID:21540386</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15558995','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15558995"><span><span class="hlt">Warming</span> by immersion or exercise affects initial cooling rate during subsequent cold water immersion.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Scott, Chris G; Ducharme, Michel B; Haman, François; Kenny, Glen P</p> <p>2004-11-01</p> <p>We examined the effect of prior heating, by exercise and <span class="hlt">warm</span>-water immersion, on core cooling rates in individuals rendered mildly hypothermic by immersion in cold water. There were seven male subjects who were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1) seated rest for 15 min (control); 2) cycling ergometry for 15 min at 70% Vo2 peak (active <span class="hlt">warming</span>); or 3) immersion in a circulated bath at 40 degrees C to an esophageal temperature (Tes) similar to that at the end of exercise (passive <span class="hlt">warming</span>). Subjects were then immersed in 7 degrees C water to a Tes of 34.5 degrees C. Initial Tes cooling rates (initial approximately 6 min cooling) differed significantly among the treatment conditions (0.074 +/- 0.045, 0.129 +/- 0.076, and 0.348 +/- 0.117 degrees C x min(-1) for control, active, and passive <span class="hlt">warming</span> conditions, respectively); however, secondary cooling rates (rates following initial approximately 6 min cooling to the end of immersion) were not different between treatments (average of 0.102 +/- 0.085 degrees C x min(-1)). Overall Tes cooling rates during the full immersion <span class="hlt">period</span> differed significantly and were 0.067 +/- 0.047, 0.085 +/- 0.045, and 0.209 +/- 0.131 degrees C x min(-1) for control, active, and passive <span class="hlt">warming</span>, respectively. These results suggest that prior <span class="hlt">warming</span> by both active and, to a greater extent, passive <span class="hlt">warming</span>, may predispose a person to greater heat loss and to experience a larger decline in core temperature when subsequently exposed to cold water. Thus, functional time and possibly survival time could be reduced when cold water immersion is preceded by whole-body passive <span class="hlt">warming</span>, and to a lesser degree by active <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23926903','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23926903"><span>The intrinsic growth rate as a predictor of population viability under climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Amarasekare, Priyanga; Coutinho, Renato M</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>1. Lately, there has been interest in using the intrinsic growth rate (rm) to predict the effects of climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> on ectotherm population viability. However, because rm is calculated using the Euler-Lotka equation, its reliability in predicting population persistence depends on whether ectotherm populations can achieve a stable age/stage distribution in thermally variable environments. Here, we investigate this issue using a mathematical framework that incorporates mechanistic descriptions of temperature effects on vital rates into a stage-structured population model that realistically captures the temperature-induced variability in developmental delays that characterize ectotherm life cycles. 2. We find that populations experiencing seasonal temperature variation converge to a stage distribution whose intra-annual pattern remains invariant across years. As a result, the mean annual per capita growth rate also remains constant between years. The key insight is the mechanism that allows populations converge to a stationary stage distribution. Temperature effects on the biochemical processes (e.g. enzyme kinetics, hormonal regulation) that underlie life-history traits (reproduction, development and mortality) exhibit well-defined thermodynamical properties (e.g. changes in entropy and enthalpy) that lead to predictable outcomes (e.g. reduction in reaction rates or hormonal action at temperature extremes). As a result, life-history traits exhibit a systematic and predictable response to seasonal temperature variation. This in turn leads to temporally predictable temperature responses of the stage distribution and the per capita growth rate. 3. When climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> causes an increase in the mean annual temperature and/or the amplitude of seasonal fluctuations, the population model predicts the mean annual per capita growth rate to decline to zero within 100 years when <span class="hlt">warming</span> is slow relative to the developmental <span class="hlt">period</span> of the organism (0.03-0.05°C per year) and to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988JCli....1..942M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988JCli....1..942M"><span>Authropogenic <span class="hlt">Warming</span> in North Alaska?.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Michaels, Patrick J.; Sappington, David E.; Stooksbury, David E.</p> <p>1988-09-01</p> <p>Using permafrost boreholes, Lachenbruch and Marshall recently reported evidence for a 2°-4°C <span class="hlt">warming</span> in North Alaska occurring at some undetermined time during the last century. Popular accounts suggest their findings are evidence for anthropogenic <span class="hlt">warming</span> caused by trace gases. Analyses of North Alaskan 1000-500 mb thickness onwards back to 1948 indicate that the <span class="hlt">warming</span> was prior to that date. Relatively sparse thermometric data for the early twentieth century from Jones et al. are too noisy to support any trend since the data record begins in 1910, or to apply to any subperiod of climatic significance. Any <span class="hlt">warming</span> detected from the permafrost record therefore occurred before the major emissions of thermally active trace gases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005RPPh...68.1343H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005RPPh...68.1343H"><span>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Houghton, John</p> <p>2005-06-01</p> <p>'Global <span class="hlt">warming</span>' is a phrase that refers to the effect on the climate of human activities, in particular the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) and large-scale deforestation, which cause emissions to the atmosphere of large amounts of 'greenhouse gases', of which the most important is carbon dioxide. Such gases absorb infrared radiation emitted by the Earth's surface and act as blankets over the surface keeping it warmer than it would otherwise be. Associated with this <span class="hlt">warming</span> are changes of climate. The basic science of the 'greenhouse effect' that leads to the <span class="hlt">warming</span> is well understood. More detailed understanding relies on numerical models of the climate that integrate the basic dynamical and physical equations describing the complete climate system. Many of the likely characteristics of the resulting changes in climate (such as more frequent heat waves, increases in rainfall, increase in frequency and intensity of many extreme climate events) can be identified. Substantial uncertainties remain in knowledge of some of the feedbacks within the climate system (that affect the overall magnitude of change) and in much of the detail of likely regional change. Because of its negative impacts on human communities (including for instance substantial sea-level rise) and on ecosystems, global <span class="hlt">warming</span> is the most important environmental problem the world faces. Adaptation to the inevitable impacts and mitigation to reduce their magnitude are both necessary. International action is being taken by the world's scientific and political communities. Because of the need for urgent action, the greatest challenge is to move rapidly to much increased energy efficiency and to non-fossil-fuel energy sources.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3961163','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3961163"><span>Ant-mediated seed dispersal in a <span class="hlt">warmed</span> world</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Patterson, Courtney M.; Rodriguez-Cabal, Mariano A.; Ribbons, Relena R.; Dunn, Robert R.; Sanders, Nathan J.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Climate change affects communities both directly and indirectly via changes in interspecific interactions. One such interaction that may be altered under climate change is the ant-plant seed dispersal mutualism common in deciduous forests of eastern North America. As climatic <span class="hlt">warming</span> alters the abundance and activity levels of ants, the potential exists for shifts in rates of ant-mediated seed dispersal. We used an experimental temperature manipulation at two sites in the eastern US (Harvard Forest in Massachusetts and Duke Forest in North Carolina) to examine the potential impacts of climatic <span class="hlt">warming</span> on overall rates of seed dispersal (using Asarum canadense seeds) as well as species-specific rates of seed dispersal at the Duke Forest site. We also examined the relationship between ant critical thermal maxima (CTmax) and the mean seed removal temperature for each ant species. We found that seed removal rates did not change as a result of experimental <span class="hlt">warming</span> at either study site, nor were there any changes in species-specific rates of seed dispersal. There was, however, a positive relationship between CTmax and mean seed removal temperature, whereby species with higher CTmax removed more seeds at hotter temperatures. The temperature at which seeds were removed was influenced by experimental <span class="hlt">warming</span> as well as diurnal and day-to-day fluctuations in temperature. Taken together, our results suggest that while temperature may play a role in regulating seed removal by ants, ant plant seed-dispersal mutualisms may be more robust to climate change than <span class="hlt">currently</span> assumed. PMID:24688863</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29808822','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29808822"><span>The effects of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> on allergic diseases.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chan, A W; Hon, K L; Leung, T F; Ho, M H; Rosa Duque, J S; Lee, T H</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> is a public health emergency. Substantial scientific evidence indicates an unequivocal rising trend in global surface temperature that has caused higher atmospheric levels of moisture retention leading to more frequent extreme weather conditions, shrinking ice volume, and gradually rising sea levels. The concomitant rise in the prevalence of allergic diseases is closely related to these environmental changes because <span class="hlt">warm</span> and moist environments favour the proliferation of common allergens such as pollens, dust mites, molds, and fungi. Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> also stresses ecosystems, further accelerating critical biodiversity loss. Excessive carbon dioxide, together with the <span class="hlt">warming</span> of seawater, promotes ocean acidification and oxygen depletion. This results in a progressive decline of phytoplankton and fish growth that in turn promotes the formation of larger oceanic dead zones, disrupting the food chain and biodiversity. Poor environmental biodiversity and a reduction in the microbiome spectrum are risk factors for allergic diseases in human populations. While climate change and the existence of an allergy epidemic are closely linked according to robust international research, efforts to mitigate these have encountered strong resistance because of vested economic and political concerns in different countries. International collaboration to establish legally binding regulations should be mandatory for forest protection and energy saving. Lifestyle and behavioural changes should also be advocated at the individual level by focusing on low carbon living; avoiding food wastage; and implementing the 4Rs: reduce, reuse, recycle, and replace principles. These lifestyle measures are entirely consistent with the <span class="hlt">current</span> recommendations for allergy prevention. Efforts to mitigate climate change, preserve biodiversity, and prevent chronic diseases are interdependent disciplines.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1379728','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1379728"><span>Half a degree additional <span class="hlt">warming</span>, prognosis and projected impacts (HAPPI): background and experimental design</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Mitchell, Daniel; AchutaRao, Krishna; Allen, Myles</p> <p></p> <p>The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has accepted the invitation from the UNFCCC to provide a special report on the impacts of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and on related global greenhouse-gas emission pathways. Many <span class="hlt">current</span> experiments in, for example, the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP), are not specifically designed for informing this report. Here, we document the design of the half a degree additional <span class="hlt">warming</span>, projections, prognosis and impacts (HAPPI) experiment. HAPPI provides a framework for the generation of climate data describing how the climate, and in particular extreme weather, might differ from the presentmore » day in worlds that are 1.5 and 2.0 °C warmer than pre-industrial conditions. Output from participating climate models includes variables frequently used by a range of impact models. The key challenge is to separate the impact of an additional approximately half degree of <span class="hlt">warming</span> from uncertainty in climate model responses and internal climate variability that dominate CMIP-style experiments under low-emission scenarios.Large ensembles of simulations (> 50 members) of atmosphere-only models for three time slices are proposed, each a decade in length: the first being the most recent observed 10-year <span class="hlt">period</span> (2006–2015), the second two being estimates of a similar decade but under 1.5 and 2 °C conditions a century in the future. We use the representative concentration pathway 2.6 (RCP2.6) to provide the model boundary conditions for the 1.5 °C scenario, and a weighted combination of RCP2.6 and RCP4.5 for the 2 °C scenario.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1379728-half-degree-additional-warming-prognosis-projected-impacts-happi-background-experimental-design','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1379728-half-degree-additional-warming-prognosis-projected-impacts-happi-background-experimental-design"><span>Half a degree additional <span class="hlt">warming</span>, prognosis and projected impacts (HAPPI): background and experimental design</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Mitchell, Daniel; AchutaRao, Krishna; Allen, Myles; ...</p> <p>2017-02-08</p> <p>The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has accepted the invitation from the UNFCCC to provide a special report on the impacts of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and on related global greenhouse-gas emission pathways. Many <span class="hlt">current</span> experiments in, for example, the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP), are not specifically designed for informing this report. Here, we document the design of the half a degree additional <span class="hlt">warming</span>, projections, prognosis and impacts (HAPPI) experiment. HAPPI provides a framework for the generation of climate data describing how the climate, and in particular extreme weather, might differ from the presentmore » day in worlds that are 1.5 and 2.0 °C warmer than pre-industrial conditions. Output from participating climate models includes variables frequently used by a range of impact models. The key challenge is to separate the impact of an additional approximately half degree of <span class="hlt">warming</span> from uncertainty in climate model responses and internal climate variability that dominate CMIP-style experiments under low-emission scenarios.Large ensembles of simulations (> 50 members) of atmosphere-only models for three time slices are proposed, each a decade in length: the first being the most recent observed 10-year <span class="hlt">period</span> (2006–2015), the second two being estimates of a similar decade but under 1.5 and 2 °C conditions a century in the future. We use the representative concentration pathway 2.6 (RCP2.6) to provide the model boundary conditions for the 1.5 °C scenario, and a weighted combination of RCP2.6 and RCP4.5 for the 2 °C scenario.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70040311','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70040311"><span>Passive thermal refugia provided <span class="hlt">warm</span> water for Florida manatees during the severe winter of 2009-2010</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Stith, B.M.; Slone, D.H.; de Wit, M.; Edwards, H.H.; Langtimm, C.A.; Swain, E.D.; Soderqvist, L.E.; Reid, J.P.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Haloclines induced by freshwater inflow over tidal water have been identified as an important mechanism for maintaining <span class="hlt">warm</span> water in passive thermal refugia (PTR) used by Florida manatees Trichechus manatus latirostris during winter in extreme southwestern Florida. Record-setting cold during winter 2009–2010 resulted in an unprecedented number of manatee deaths, adding to concerns that PTR may provide inadequate thermal protection during severe cold <span class="hlt">periods</span>. Hydrological data from 2009–2010 indicate that 2 canal systems in the Ten Thousand Islands (TTI) region acted as PTR and maintained <span class="hlt">warm</span> bottom-water temperatures, even during severe and prolonged cold <span class="hlt">periods</span>. Aerial survey counts of live and dead manatees in TTI during the winter of 2009–2010 suggest that these PTR were effective at preventing mass mortality from hypothermia, in contrast to the nearby Everglades region, which lacks similar artificial PTR and showed high manatee carcass counts. Hydrological data from winter 2008–2009 confirmed earlier findings that without haloclines these artificial PTR may become ineffective as <span class="hlt">warm</span>-water sites. Tidal pumping of groundwater appears to provide additional heat to bottom water during low tide cycles, but the associated thermal inversion is not observed unless salinity stratification is present. The finding that halocline-driven PTR can maintain <span class="hlt">warm</span> water even under extreme winter conditions suggests that they may have significant potential as <span class="hlt">warm</span>-water sites. However, availability and conflicting uses of freshwater and other management issues may make halocline-driven PTR unreliable or difficult to manage during winter.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5544199','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5544199"><span>Disentangling the effects of a century of eutrophication and climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> on freshwater lake fish assemblages</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hansen, Gretchen J. A.; Bethke, Bethany J.; Cross, Timothy K.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Eutrophication and climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> are profoundly affecting fish in many freshwater lakes. Understanding the specific effects of these stressors is critical for development of effective adaptation and remediation strategies for conserving fish populations in a changing environment. Ecological niche models that incorporated the individual effects of nutrient concentration and climate were developed for 25 species of fish sampled in standard gillnet surveys from 1,577 Minnesota lakes. Lake phosphorus concentrations and climates were hindcasted to a pre-disturbance <span class="hlt">period</span> of 1896–1925 using existing land use models and historical temperature data. Then historical fish assemblages were reconstructed using the ecological niche models. Substantial changes were noted when reconstructed fish assemblages were compared to those from the contemporary <span class="hlt">period</span> (1981–2010). Disentangling the sometimes opposing, sometimes compounding, effects of eutrophication and climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> was critical for understanding changes in fish assemblages. Reconstructed abundances of eutrophication-tolerant, warmwater taxa increased in prairie lakes that experienced significant eutrophication and climate <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Eutrophication-intolerant, warmwater taxa abundance increased in forest lakes where primarily climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> was the stressor. Coolwater fish declined in abundance in both ecoregions. Large changes in modeled abundance occurred when the effects of both climate and eutrophication operated in the same direction for some species. Conversely, the effects of climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> and eutrophication operated in opposing directions for other species and dampened net changes in abundance. Quantifying the specific effects of climate and eutrophication will allow water resource managers to better understand how lakes have changed and provide expectations for sustainable fish assemblages in the future. PMID:28777816</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23534206','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23534206"><span>Soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> effect on net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide during the transition from winter carbon source to spring carbon sink in a temperate urban lawn.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhou, Xiaoping; Wang, Xiaoke; Tong, Lei; Zhang, Hongxing; Lu, Fei; Zheng, Feixiang; Hou, Peiqiang; Song, Wenzhi; Ouyang, Zhiyun</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The significant <span class="hlt">warming</span> in urban environment caused by the combined effects of global <span class="hlt">warming</span> and heat island has stimulated widely development of urban vegetations. However, it is less known of the climate feedback of urban lawn in <span class="hlt">warmed</span> environment. Soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> effect on net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide during the transition <span class="hlt">period</span> from winter to spring was investigated in a temperate urban lawn in Beijing, China. The NEE (negative for uptake) under soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> treatment (temperature was about 5 degrees C higher than the ambient treatment as a control) was -0.71 micromol/(m2 x sec), the ecosytem was a CO2 sink under soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> treatment, the lawn ecosystem under the control was a CO2 source (0.13 micromol/(m2 x sec)), indicating that the lawn ecosystem would provide a negative feedback to global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. There was no significant effect of soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> on nocturnal NEE (i.e., ecosystem respiration), although the soil temperature sensitivity (Q10) of ecosystem respiration under soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> treatment was 3.86, much lower than that in the control (7.03). The CO2 uptake was significantly increased by soil <span class="hlt">warming</span> treatment that was attributed to about 100% increase of alpha (apparent quantum yield) and Amax (maximum rate of photosynthesis). Our results indicated that the response of photosynthesis in urban lawn is much more sensitive to global <span class="hlt">warming</span> than respiration in the transition <span class="hlt">period</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JASTP.163...14S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JASTP.163...14S"><span>On statistical irregularity of stratospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> occurrence during northern winters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Savenkova, Elena N.; Gavrilov, Nikolai M.; Pogoreltsev, Alexander I.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Statistical analysis of dates of <span class="hlt">warming</span> events observed during the years 1981-2016 at different stratospheric altitudes reveals their non-uniform distributions during northern winter months with maxima at the beginning of January, at the end of January - beginning of February and at the end of February. Climatology of zonal-mean zonal wind, deviations of temperature from its winter-averaged values, and planetary wave (PW) characteristics at high and middle northern latitudes in the altitude range from the ground up to 60 km is studied using the database of meteorological reanalysis MERRA. Climatological temperature deviations averaged over the 60-90°N latitudinal bands reveal cooler and warmer layers descending due to seasonal changes during the polar night. PW amplitudes and upward Eliassen-Palm fluxes averaged over 36 years have <span class="hlt">periodical</span> maxima with the main maximum at the beginning of January at altitudes 40-50 km. During the above-mentioned intervals of more frequent occurrence of stratospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> events, maxima of PW amplitudes and Eliassen-Palm fluxes, also minima of eastward winds in the high-latitude northern stratosphere have been found. Climatological intra-seasonal irregularities of stratospheric <span class="hlt">warming</span> dates could indicate reiterating phases of stratospheric vacillations in different years.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC34C..03R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC34C..03R"><span>A New Wave of Permafrost <span class="hlt">Warming</span> in the Alaskan Interior?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Romanovsky, V. E.; Nicolsky, D.; Cable, W.; Kholodov, A. L.; Panda, S. K.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The impact of climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> on permafrost and the potential of climate feedbacks resulting from permafrost thawing have recently received a great deal of attention. Ground temperatures are a primary indicator of permafrost stability. Many of the research sites in our permafrost network are located along the North American Arctic Permafrost-Ecological Transect that spans all permafrost zones in Alaska. Most of the sites in Alaska show substantial <span class="hlt">warming</span> of permafrost since the 1980s. The magnitude of <span class="hlt">warming</span> has varied with location, but was typically from 0.5 to 3°C. However, this <span class="hlt">warming</span> was not linear in time and not spatially uniform. In some regions this <span class="hlt">warming</span> even may be reversed and a slight recent cooling of permafrost has been observed recently at some locations. The Interior of Alaska is one of such regions where a slight permafrost cooling was observed starting in the late 1990s that has continued through the 2000s and in the beginning of the 2010s. The cooling has followed the substantial increase in permafrost temperatures documented for the Interior during the 1980s and 1990s. Permafrost temperatures at 15 m depth increased here by 0.3 to 0.6°C between 1983 and 1996. In most locations they reached their maximum in the second half of the 1990s. Since then, the permafrost temperatures started to decrease slowly and by 2013 this decrease at some locations was as much as 0.3°C at 15 m depth. There are some indications that the <span class="hlt">warming</span> trend in the Alaskan Interior permafrost resumed during the last four years. By 2016, new record highs for the entire <span class="hlt">period</span> of measurements of permafrost temperatures at 15 m depth were recorded at several locations. The latest observed permafrost <span class="hlt">warming</span> in the Interior was combined with higher than normal summer precipitations. This combination has triggered near-surface permafrost degradation in many locations with adverse consequences for the ground surface stability affecting ecosystems and infrastructure. In</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A51C0057Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A51C0057Y"><span>The Effect of Extratropical <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Amplification on the Future Tropical Precipitation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yoshimori, M.; Hamano, Y.; Abe-Ouchi, A.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The Arctic <span class="hlt">warms</span> much more than the rest of the world under relatively uniform radiative forcing. Recent observations verify this characteristics of global <span class="hlt">warming</span>. On the other hand, previous studies based on paleo-proxy data and paleo- and idealized numerical experiments have indicated that asymmetric <span class="hlt">warming</span> between the two hemispheres can impact on the distribution of tropical precipitation. It was suggested diagnostically that the Arctic <span class="hlt">warming</span> amplification may become responsible for a part of the future precipitation change in the tropics. In the <span class="hlt">current</span> study, we have conducted several sensitivity experiments that isolate the effect of remote <span class="hlt">warming</span> on the tropical precipitation using an atmospheric general circulation model with a mixture of prescribed and predicted mixed-layer sea surface conditions, depending of the region. Additional experiments including ocean dynamics will also be presented. In a standard equilibrium experiment of doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentration (2xCO2), the Northern Hemisphere mid-high latitude (40-90ºN) <span class="hlt">warms</span> by about 7ºC and precipitation change occurs mostly in the tropical Pacific (20ºS-20ºN). In the zonal average, the increase in precipitation is larger in the North than the South by about 0.5 mm/day and the peak latitude of precipitation shifted northward by about 1º. Sensitivity experiments were designed to amplify or suppress the Northern Hemisphere mid-high latitude <span class="hlt">warming</span> to different levels and to allow for the tropics to respond freely to those perturbations. The perturbations of the mid-high latitude <span class="hlt">warming</span> range from -5ºC to +7ºC from the standard 2xCO2 experiment, and precipitation change range from -160% to +160% relative to the difference between 2xCO2 and control experiments. The peak latitude of precipitation shifted northward from -1.5º to +2.5º, and it was verified that most of the change is contributed by the change in the Hadley circulation, rather than the change in the moisture amount</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OcDyn.tmp...56K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OcDyn.tmp...56K"><span>Role of cold water and beta-effect in the formation of the East Korean <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Current</span> in the East/Japan Sea: a numerical experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kim, Yong-Yub; Cho, Yang-Ki; Kim, Young Ho</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>The contributions of bottom cold water and planetary β-effect to the formation of the East Korean <span class="hlt">Warm</span> <span class="hlt">Current</span> (EKWC), the western boundary <span class="hlt">current</span> in the East/Japan Sea (EJS), were evaluated using an idealized three-dimensional numerical model. The model results suggest that the bottom cold water and, to a lesser extent, the planetary β-effect both contribute to the formation of the EKWC. The cold water functions as the bottom of the upper layer, to control the EKWC via conservation of potential vorticity. It is known that cold waters, such as the North Korean Cold Water and Korea Strait Bottom Cold Water often observed during summer along the southwestern coast of the EJS, originate from the winter convection in the northern area. Observational studies consistently show that the EKWC strengthens in summer when the cold water extends further south along the western boundary.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24523499','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24523499"><span>Differential impacts of ocean acidification and <span class="hlt">warming</span> on winter and summer progeny of a coastal squid (Loligo vulgaris).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rosa, Rui; Trübenbach, Katja; Pimentel, Marta S; Boavida-Portugal, Joana; Faleiro, Filipa; Baptista, Miguel; Dionísio, Gisela; Calado, Ricardo; Pörtner, Hans O; Repolho, Tiago</p> <p>2014-02-15</p> <p>Little is known about the capacity of early life stages to undergo hypercapnic and thermal acclimation under the future scenarios of ocean acidification and <span class="hlt">warming</span>. Here, we investigated a comprehensive set of biological responses to these climate change-related variables (2°C above winter and summer average spawning temperatures and ΔpH=0.5 units) during the early ontogeny of the squid Loligo vulgaris. Embryo survival rates ranged from 92% to 96% under present-day temperature (13-17°C) and pH (8.0) scenarios. Yet, ocean acidification (pH 7.5) and summer <span class="hlt">warming</span> (19°C) led to a significant drop in the survival rates of summer embryos (47%, P<0.05). The embryonic <span class="hlt">period</span> was shortened by increasing temperature in both pH treatments (P<0.05). Embryo growth rates increased significantly with temperature under present-day scenarios, but there was a significant trend reversal under future summer <span class="hlt">warming</span> conditions (P<0.05). Besides pronounced premature hatching, a higher percentage of abnormalities was found in summer embryos exposed to future <span class="hlt">warming</span> and lower pH (P<0.05). Under the hypercapnic scenario, oxygen consumption rates decreased significantly in late embryos and newly hatched paralarvae, especially in the summer <span class="hlt">period</span> (P<0.05). Concomitantly, there was a significant enhancement of the heat shock response (HSP70/HSC70) with <span class="hlt">warming</span> in both pH treatments and developmental stages. Upper thermal tolerance limits were positively influenced by acclimation temperature, and such thresholds were significantly higher in late embryos than in hatchlings under present-day conditions (P<0.05). In contrast, the upper thermal tolerance limits under hypercapnia were higher in hatchlings than in embryos. Thus, we show that the stressful abiotic conditions inside the embryo's capsules will be exacerbated under near-future ocean acidification and summer <span class="hlt">warming</span> scenarios. The occurrence of prolonged embryogenesis along with lowered thermal tolerance limits under such</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3385483','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3385483"><span><span class="hlt">Warming</span> alters community size structure and ecosystem functioning</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Dossena, Matteo; Yvon-Durocher, Gabriel; Grey, Jonathan; Montoya, José M.; Perkins, Daniel M.; Trimmer, Mark; Woodward, Guy</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Global <span class="hlt">warming</span> can affect all levels of biological complexity, though we <span class="hlt">currently</span> understand least about its potential impact on communities and ecosystems. At the ecosystem level, <span class="hlt">warming</span> has the capacity to alter the structure of communities and the rates of key ecosystem processes they mediate. Here we assessed the effects of a 4°C rise in temperature on the size structure and taxonomic composition of benthic communities in aquatic mesocosms, and the rates of detrital decomposition they mediated. <span class="hlt">Warming</span> had no effect on biodiversity, but altered community size structure in two ways. In spring, warmer systems exhibited steeper size spectra driven by declines in total community biomass and the proportion of large organisms. By contrast, in autumn, warmer systems had shallower size spectra driven by elevated total community biomass and a greater proportion of large organisms. Community-level shifts were mirrored by changes in decomposition rates. Temperature-corrected microbial and macrofaunal decomposition rates reflected the shifts in community structure and were strongly correlated with biomass across mesocosms. Our study demonstrates that the 4°C rise in temperature expected by the end of the century has the potential to alter the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems profoundly, as well as the intimate linkages between these levels of ecological organization. PMID:22496185</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CorRe..34.1207A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CorRe..34.1207A"><span>Demographic responses to <span class="hlt">warming</span>: reproductive maturity and sex influence vulnerability in an octocoral</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Arizmendi-Mejía, Rosana; Ledoux, Jean-Baptiste; Civit, Sergi; Antunes, Agostinho; Thanopoulou, Zoi; Garrabou, Joaquim; Linares, Cristina</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Ocean <span class="hlt">warming</span>, caused by climate change, is critically impacting marine coastal ecosystems. Benthic organisms, such as anthozoans, are increasingly submitted to high temperatures that cause massive mortalities in tropical and temperate seas. To broaden our understanding of their response to thermal stress, we tested the putative role of reproductive maturity and sex in the susceptibility of the Mediterranean red gorgonian, Paramuricea clavata, to high temperatures. We experimentally compared the response to thermal stress of sexually immature (i.e., juveniles) versus mature individuals (i.e., adults), and of males versus females. Colonies' response was firstly assessed by measuring the percentage of tissue area exhibiting necrosis. Then, the reproductive output (i.e., fertility, size, and number of gonads) of both sexes was characterized. When compared to juveniles, adults showed a significantly higher percentage of necrosis, suggesting that during the reproductive <span class="hlt">period</span> they are more vulnerable to high temperatures. Males and females showed a similar percentage of tissue damage and a significant decrease in their reproductive output. However, females' reproduction was more impacted, suggesting that females are more susceptible to thermal stress than males. A differential energy investment in reproduction may be the underlying cause of the observed responses. Adults invest a large proportion of their energy budget in reproduction; hence, they have fewer resources available to cope with stress, compared to juveniles. A similar situation seems to apply to females, with respect to males. Considering the <span class="hlt">current</span> ocean-<span class="hlt">warming</span> trend, our results imply that the long-term viability of shallow populations of long-lived anthozoans may be jeopardized in the future. This study reveals potential demographic consequences of <span class="hlt">warming</span> that go beyond its associated increment of mortality rates. Given the important ecological role of many anthozoan species, these results can help</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22676214-warm-inflation','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22676214-warm-inflation"><span>G-<span class="hlt">warm</span> inflation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Herrera, Ramón, E-mail: ramon.herrera@pucv.cl</p> <p></p> <p>A <span class="hlt">warm</span> inflationary universe in the context of Galileon model or G-model is studied. Under a general formalism we study the inflationary dynamics and the cosmological perturbations considering a coupling of the form G (φ, X )= g (φ) X . As a concrete example, we consider an exponential potential together with the cases in which the dissipation and Galilean coefficients are constants. Also, we study the weak regime given by the condition R <1+3 gH φ-dot , and the strong regime in which 1< R +3 gH φ-dot . Additionally, we obtain constraints on the parameters during the evolutionmore » of G-<span class="hlt">warm</span> inflation, assuming the condition for <span class="hlt">warm</span> inflation in which the temperature T > H , the conditions or the weak and strong regimes, together with the consistency relation r = r ( n {sub s} ) from Planck data.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.B51B0018W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.B51B0018W"><span>Climate <span class="hlt">Warming</span> Threatens Semi-arid Forests in Inner Asia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>WU, X.; Liu, H.; Qi, Z.; Li, X.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>A line of evidences reveal an increasing tree growth decline and tree mortality mainly attributable to climate <span class="hlt">warming</span> and the <span class="hlt">warming</span>-mediated changes in drought and other processes (such as fire and insect dynamics) in many parts of world tropical, temperate and boreal forests. However, the growth responses to climate change of the widely distributed semi-arid forests are unclear. Here, we synthetically investigate the tree growth patterns during past decades and its interannual response to climate variations in Inner Asia combining the ground truth field survey and samplings, remote sensing observations and climate data. We identified a pervasive tree growth decline since mid-1990s in semi-arid forests in Inner Asia. The widely observed tree growth decline is dominantly attributable to <span class="hlt">warming</span>-induced water stress during pre- and early growing season. Tree growth of semi-arid forests in Inner Asia is particularly susceptible to spring <span class="hlt">warming</span> and has been suffering a prolonged growth limitation in recent decades due to spring <span class="hlt">warming</span>-mediated water conditions. Additionally, we identified a much slower growth rate in younger trees and a lack of tree regeneration in these semi-arid forests. The widely observed forest growth reduction and lack of tree regeneration over semi-arid forests in Inner Asia could predictably exert great effects on forest structure, regionally/globally biophysical and biochemical processes and the feedbacks between biosphere and atmosphere. Notably, further increases in forest stress and tree mortality could be reasonably expected, especially in context of the increase frequency and severity of high temperature and heat waves and changes in forest disturbances, potentially driving the eventual regional loss of <span class="hlt">current</span> semi-arid forests. Given the potential risks of climate induced forest dieback, increased management attention to adaptation options for enhancing forest resistance and resilience to projected climate stress can be expected</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5584438','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5584438"><span>Disaggregating sorghum yield reductions under <span class="hlt">warming</span> scenarios exposes narrow genetic diversity in US breeding programs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Tack, Jesse; Lingenfelser, Jane; Jagadish, S. V. Krishna</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Historical adaptation of sorghum production to arid and semiarid conditions has provided promise regarding its sustained productivity under future <span class="hlt">warming</span> scenarios. Using Kansas field-trial sorghum data collected from 1985 to 2014 and spanning 408 hybrid cultivars, we show that sorghum productivity under increasing <span class="hlt">warming</span> scenarios breaks down. Through extensive regression modeling, we identify a temperature threshold of 33 °C, beyond which yields start to decline. We show that this decline is robust across both field-trial and on-farm data. Moderate and higher <span class="hlt">warming</span> scenarios of 2 °C and 4 °C resulted in roughly 17% and 44% yield reductions, respectively. The average reduction across <span class="hlt">warming</span> scenarios from 1 to 5 °C is 10% per degree Celsius. Breeding efforts over the last few decades have developed high-yielding cultivars with considerable variability in heat resilience, but even the most tolerant cultivars did not offer much resilience to <span class="hlt">warming</span> temperatures. This outcome points to two concerns regarding adaption to global <span class="hlt">warming</span>, the first being that adaptation will not be as simple as producers’ switching among <span class="hlt">currently</span> available cultivars and the second being that there is <span class="hlt">currently</span> narrow genetic diversity for heat resilience in US breeding programs. Using observed flowering dates and disaggregating heat-stress impacts, both pre- and postflowering stages were identified to be equally important for overall yields. These findings suggest the adaptation potential for sorghum under climate change would be greatly facilitated by introducing wider genetic diversity for heat resilience into ongoing breeding programs, and that there should be additional efforts to improve resilience during the preflowering phase. PMID:28808013</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA13155.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA13155.html"><span>Birth of a Loop <span class="hlt">Current</span> Eddy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-05-24</p> <p>The northern portion of the Gulf of Mexico Loop <span class="hlt">Current</span>, shown in red, appears about to detach a large ring of <span class="hlt">current</span>, creating a separate eddy. An eddy is a large, <span class="hlt">warm</span>, clockwise-spinning vortex of water -- the ocean version of a cyclone.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850045555&hterms=convection+currents&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dconvection%2Bcurrents','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850045555&hterms=convection+currents&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dconvection%2Bcurrents"><span>Rotary motions and convection as a means of regulating primary production in <span class="hlt">warm</span> core rings. [of ocean <span class="hlt">currents</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Yentsch, C. S.; Phinney, D. A.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>The term 'ring' is generally used in the case of a subdivision of ocean eddies. in the present investigation, it denotes mesoscale features which are spawned by the Gulf Stream. This investigation is concerned with the mechanism involved in the regulation of the growth of phytoplankton by the physical oceanographic features of rings. Gulf Stream rings were first observed by Parker (1971) and Fuglister (1972) as a result of extensive temperature measurements from ships in the Gulf Stream. Attention is given to changes in density boundaries associated with the rotation of rings, a synthetic model of a newly formed <span class="hlt">warm</span> core ring, convection-stabilization, the role of light, the influence of convective overturn in adding nutrients to surface waters of <span class="hlt">warm</span> core rings, and two major areas which require study.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JMetR..30..371Q','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JMetR..30..371Q"><span>TRMM-observed summer <span class="hlt">warm</span> rain over the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean: Characteristics and regional differences</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Qin, Fang; Fu, Yunfei</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>Based on the merged measurements from the TRMM Precipitation Radar and Visible and Infrared Scanner, refined characteristics (intensity, frequency, vertical structure, and diurnal variation) and regional differences of the <span class="hlt">warm</span> rain over the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean (40ffiS-40ffiN, 120ffiE-70ffiW) in boreal summer are investigated for the <span class="hlt">period</span> 1998-2012. The results reveal that three <span class="hlt">warm</span> rain types (phased, pure, and mixed) exist over these regions. The phased <span class="hlt">warm</span> rain, which occurs during the developing or declining stage of precipitation weather systems, is located over the central to western Intertropical Convergence Zone, South Pacific Convergence Zone, and Northwest Pacific. Its occurrence frequency peaks at midnight and minimizes during daytime with a 5.5-km maximum echo top. The frequency of this <span class="hlt">warm</span> rain type is about 2.2%, and it contributes to 40% of the regional total rainfall. The pure <span class="hlt">warm</span> rain is characterized by typical stable precipitation with an echo top lower than 4 km, and mostly occurs in Southeast Pacific. Although its frequency is less than 1.3%, this type of <span class="hlt">warm</span> rain accounts for 95% of the regional total rainfall. Its occurrence peaks before dawn and it usually disappears in the afternoon. For the mixed <span class="hlt">warm</span> rain, some may develop into deep convective precipitation, while most are similar to those of the pure type. The mixed <span class="hlt">warm</span> rain is mainly located over the ocean east of Hawaii. Its frequency is 1.2%, but this type of <span class="hlt">warm</span> rain could contribute to 80% of the regional total rainfall. The results also uncover that the mixed and pure types occur over the regions where SST ranges from 295 to 299 K, accompanied by relatively strong downdrafts at 500 hPa. Both the mixed and pure <span class="hlt">warm</span> rains happen in a more unstable atmosphere, compared with the phased <span class="hlt">warm</span> rain.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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