Sample records for detector dynamic range
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Fast and High Dynamic Range Imaging with Superconducting Tunnel Junction Detectors
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Matsuo, Hiroshi
2014-08-01
We have demonstrated a combined test of the submillimeter-wave SIS photon detectors and GaAs-JFET cryogenic integrated circuits. A relatively large background photo-current can be read out by fast-reset integrating amplifiers. An integration time of 1 ms enables fast frame rate readout and large dynamic range imaging, with an expected dynamic range of 8,000 in 1 ms. Ultimate fast and high dynamic range performance of superconducting tunnel junction detectors (STJ) will be obtained when photon counting capabilities are employed. In the terahertz frequencies, when input photon rate of 100 MHz is measured, the photon bunching gives us enough timing resolution to be used as phase information of intensity fluctuation. Application of photon statistics will be a new tool in the terahertz frequency region. The design parameters of STJ terahertz photon counting detectors are discussed.
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High dynamic range CMOS-based mammography detector for FFDM and DBT
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Peters, Inge M.; Smit, Chiel; Miller, James J.; Lomako, Andrey
2016-03-01
Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT) requires excellent image quality in a dynamic mode at very low dose levels while Full Field Digital Mammography (FFDM) is a static imaging modality that requires high saturation dose levels. These opposing requirements can only be met by a dynamic detector with a high dynamic range. This paper will discuss a wafer-scale CMOS-based mammography detector with 49.5 μm pixels and a CsI scintillator. Excellent image quality is obtained for FFDM as well as DBT applications, comparing favorably with a-Se detectors that dominate the X-ray mammography market today. The typical dynamic range of a mammography detector is not high enough to accommodate both the low noise and the high saturation dose requirements for DBT and FFDM applications, respectively. An approach based on gain switching does not provide the signal-to-noise benefits in the low-dose DBT conditions. The solution to this is to add frame summing functionality to the detector. In one X-ray pulse several image frames will be acquired and summed. The requirements to implement this into a detector are low noise levels, high frame rates and low lag performance, all of which are unique characteristics of CMOS detectors. Results are presented to prove that excellent image quality is achieved, using a single detector for both DBT as well as FFDM dose conditions. This method of frame summing gave the opportunity to optimize the detector noise and saturation level for DBT applications, to achieve high DQE level at low dose, without compromising the FFDM performance.
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First full dynamic range calibration of the JUNGFRAU photon detector
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Redford, S.; Andrä, M.; Barten, R.; Bergamaschi, A.; Brückner, M.; Dinapoli, R.; Fröjdh, E.; Greiffenberg, D.; Lopez-Cuenca, C.; Mezza, D.; Mozzanica, A.; Ramilli, M.; Ruat, M.; Ruder, C.; Schmitt, B.; Shi, X.; Thattil, D.; Tinti, G.; Vetter, S.; Zhang, J.
2018-01-01
The JUNGFRAU detector is a charge integrating hybrid silicon pixel detector developed at the Paul Scherrer Institut for photon science applications, in particular for the upcoming free electron laser SwissFEL. With a high dynamic range, analogue readout, low noise and three automatically switching gains, JUNGFRAU promises excellent performance not only at XFELs but also at synchrotrons in areas such as protein crystallography, ptychography, pump-probe and time resolved measurements. To achieve its full potential, the detector must be calibrated on a pixel-by-pixel basis. This contribution presents the current status of the JUNGFRAU calibration project, in which a variety of input charge sources are used to parametrise the energy response of the detector across four orders of magnitude of dynamic range. Building on preliminary studies, the first full calibration procedure of a JUNGFRAU 0.5 Mpixel module is described. The calibration is validated using alternative sources of charge deposition, including laboratory experiments and measurements at ESRF and LCLS. The findings from these measurements are presented. Calibrated modules have already been used in proof-of-principle style protein crystallography experiments at the SLS. A first look at selected results is shown. Aspects such as the conversion of charge to number of photons, treatment of multi-size pixels and the origin of non-linear response are also discussed.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Staguhn, Johannes G.
2018-05-01
Spectroscopic, cold, space-based mid-to-far-infrared (FIR) missions, such as the Origins Space Telescope, will require large (tens of kilopixels), ultra-sensitive FIR detector arrays with sufficient dynamic range and high-density multiplexing schemes for the readout, in order to optimize the scientific return while staying within a realistic cost range. Issues like power consumption of multiplexers and their readout are significantly more important for space missions than they are for ground-based or suborbital applications. In terms of the detectors and their configuration into large arrays, significant development efforts are needed even for both of the most mature candidate superconducting detector technologies, namely transition edge sensors and (microwave) kinetic inductance detectors. Here we explore both practical and fundamental limits for those technologies in order to lay out a realistic path forward for both technologies. We conclude that beyond the need to enhance the detector sensitivities and pixel numbers by about an order of magnitude over currently existing devices, improved concepts for larger dynamic range and multiplexing density will be needed in order to optimize the scientific return of future cold FIR space missions. Background-limited, very high spectral resolution instruments will require photon-counting detectors.
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Enhancing the Linear Dynamic Range in Multi-Channel Single Photon Detector beyond 7OD
Gudkov, Dmytro; Gudkov, George; Gorbovitski, Boris; Gorfinkel, Vera
2015-01-01
We present design, implementation, and characterization of a single photon detector based on 32-channel PMT sensor [model H7260-20, Hamamatsu]. The developed high speed electronics enables the photon counting with linear dynamic range (LDR) up to 108count/s per detector's channel. The experimental characterization and Monte-Carlo simulations showed that in the single photon counting mode the LDR of the PMT sensor is limited by (i) “photon” pulse width (current pulse) of 900ps and (ii) substantial decrease of amplitudes of current pulses for count rates exceeding 108 count/s. The multi-channel architecture of the detector and the developed firm/software allow further expansion of the dynamic range of the device by 32-fold by using appropriate beam shaping. The developed single photon counting detector was tested for the detection of fluorescence labeled microbeads in capillary flow. PMID:27087788
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Giewekemeyer, Klaus; Philipp, Hugh T.; Wilke, Robin N.; Aquila, Andrew; Osterhoff, Markus; Tate, Mark W.; Shanks, Katherine S.; Zozulya, Alexey V.; Salditt, Tim; Gruner, Sol M.; Mancuso, Adrian P.
2014-01-01
Coherent (X-ray) diffractive imaging (CDI) is an increasingly popular form of X-ray microscopy, mainly due to its potential to produce high-resolution images and the lack of an objective lens between the sample and its corresponding imaging detector. One challenge, however, is that very high dynamic range diffraction data must be collected to produce both quantitative and high-resolution images. In this work, hard X-ray ptychographic coherent diffractive imaging has been performed at the P10 beamline of the PETRA III synchrotron to demonstrate the potential of a very wide dynamic range imaging X-ray detector (the Mixed-Mode Pixel Array Detector, or MM-PAD). The detector is capable of single photon detection, detecting fluxes exceeding 1 × 108 8-keV photons pixel−1 s−1, and framing at 1 kHz. A ptychographic reconstruction was performed using a peak focal intensity on the order of 1 × 1010 photons µm−2 s−1 within an area of approximately 325 nm × 603 nm. This was done without need of a beam stop and with a very modest attenuation, while ‘still’ images of the empty beam far-field intensity were recorded without any attenuation. The treatment of the detector frames and CDI methodology for reconstruction of non-sensitive detector regions, partially also extending the active detector area, are described. PMID:25178008
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Giewekemeyer, Klaus; Philipp, Hugh T; Wilke, Robin N; Aquila, Andrew; Osterhoff, Markus; Tate, Mark W; Shanks, Katherine S; Zozulya, Alexey V; Salditt, Tim; Gruner, Sol M; Mancuso, Adrian P
2014-09-01
Coherent (X-ray) diffractive imaging (CDI) is an increasingly popular form of X-ray microscopy, mainly due to its potential to produce high-resolution images and the lack of an objective lens between the sample and its corresponding imaging detector. One challenge, however, is that very high dynamic range diffraction data must be collected to produce both quantitative and high-resolution images. In this work, hard X-ray ptychographic coherent diffractive imaging has been performed at the P10 beamline of the PETRA III synchrotron to demonstrate the potential of a very wide dynamic range imaging X-ray detector (the Mixed-Mode Pixel Array Detector, or MM-PAD). The detector is capable of single photon detection, detecting fluxes exceeding 1 × 10(8) 8-keV photons pixel(-1) s(-1), and framing at 1 kHz. A ptychographic reconstruction was performed using a peak focal intensity on the order of 1 × 10(10) photons µm(-2) s(-1) within an area of approximately 325 nm × 603 nm. This was done without need of a beam stop and with a very modest attenuation, while `still' images of the empty beam far-field intensity were recorded without any attenuation. The treatment of the detector frames and CDI methodology for reconstruction of non-sensitive detector regions, partially also extending the active detector area, are described.
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Cooper, Virgil N; Oshiro, Thomas; Cagnon, Christopher H; Bassett, Lawrence W; McLeod-Stockmann, Tyler M; Bezrukiy, Nikita V
2003-10-01
Digital detectors in mammography have wide dynamic range in addition to the benefit of decoupled acquisition and display. How wide the dynamic range is and how it compares to film-screen systems in the clinical x-ray exposure domain are unclear. In this work, we compare the effective dynamic ranges of film-screen and flat panel mammography systems, along with the dynamic ranges of their component image receptors in the clinical x-ray exposure domain. An ACR mammography phantom was imaged using variable mAs (exposure) values for both systems. The dynamic range of the contrast-limited film-screen system was defined as that ratio of mAs (exposure) values for a 26 kVp Mo/Mo (HVL=0.34 mm Al) beam that yielded passing phantom scores. The same approach was done for the noise-limited digital system. Data from three independent observers delineated a useful phantom background optical density range of 1.27 to 2.63, which corresponded to a dynamic range of 2.3 +/- 0.53. The digital system had a dynamic range of 9.9 +/- 1.8, which was wider than the film-screen system (p<0.02). The dynamic range of the film-screen system was limited by the dynamic range of the film. The digital detector, on the other hand, had an estimated dynamic range of 42, which was wider than the dynamic range of the digital system in its entirety by a factor of 4. The generator/tube combination was the limiting factor in determining the digital system's dynamic range.
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Development of a High Dynamic Range Pixel Array Detector for Synchrotrons and XFELs
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Weiss, Joel Todd
Advances in synchrotron radiation light source technology have opened new lines of inquiry in material science, biology, and everything in between. However, x-ray detector capabilities must advance in concert with light source technology to fully realize experimental possibilities. X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) place particularly large demands on the capabilities of detectors, and developments towards diffraction-limited storage ring sources also necessitate detectors capable of measuring very high flux [1-3]. The detector described herein builds on the Mixed Mode Pixel Array Detector (MM-PAD) framework, developed previously by our group to perform high dynamic range imaging, and the Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector (AGIPD) developed for the European XFEL by a collaboration between Deustsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), the Paul-Scherrer-Institute (PSI), the University of Hamburg, and the University of Bonn, led by Heinz Graafsma [4, 5]. The feasibility of combining adaptive gain with charge removal techniques to increase dynamic range in XFEL experiments is assessed by simulating XFEL scatter with a pulsed infrared laser. The strategy is incorporated into pixel prototypes which are evaluated with direct current injection to simulate very high incident x-ray flux. A fully functional 16x16 pixel hybrid integrating x-ray detector featuring several different pixel architectures based on the prototypes was developed. This dissertation describes its operation and characterization. To extend dynamic range, charge is removed from the integration node of the front-end amplifier without interrupting integration. The number of times this process occurs is recorded by a digital counter in the pixel. The parameter limiting full well is thereby shifted from the size of an integration capacitor to the depth of a digital counter. The result is similar to that achieved by counting pixel array detectors, but the integrators presented here are designed to tolerate a
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High Dynamic Range Pixel Array Detector for Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy.
Tate, Mark W; Purohit, Prafull; Chamberlain, Darol; Nguyen, Kayla X; Hovden, Robert; Chang, Celesta S; Deb, Pratiti; Turgut, Emrah; Heron, John T; Schlom, Darrell G; Ralph, Daniel C; Fuchs, Gregory D; Shanks, Katherine S; Philipp, Hugh T; Muller, David A; Gruner, Sol M
2016-02-01
We describe a hybrid pixel array detector (electron microscope pixel array detector, or EMPAD) adapted for use in electron microscope applications, especially as a universal detector for scanning transmission electron microscopy. The 128×128 pixel detector consists of a 500 µm thick silicon diode array bump-bonded pixel-by-pixel to an application-specific integrated circuit. The in-pixel circuitry provides a 1,000,000:1 dynamic range within a single frame, allowing the direct electron beam to be imaged while still maintaining single electron sensitivity. A 1.1 kHz framing rate enables rapid data collection and minimizes sample drift distortions while scanning. By capturing the entire unsaturated diffraction pattern in scanning mode, one can simultaneously capture bright field, dark field, and phase contrast information, as well as being able to analyze the full scattering distribution, allowing true center of mass imaging. The scattering is recorded on an absolute scale, so that information such as local sample thickness can be directly determined. This paper describes the detector architecture, data acquisition system, and preliminary results from experiments with 80-200 keV electron beams.
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Dynamic range considerations for EUV MAMA detectors. [Extreme UV Multianode Microchannel Array
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Illing, Rainer M. E.; Bybee, Richard L.; Timothy, J. G.
1990-01-01
The multianode microchannel array (MAMA) has been chosen as the detector for two instruments on the ESA/NASA Solar Heliospheric Observatory. The response of the MAMA to the two extreme types of solar spectra, disk and corona, have been modeled with a view toward evaluating dynamic range effects present. The method of MAMA operation is discussed, with emphasis given to modeling the effect of electron cloud charge spreading to several detector anodes and amplifiers (n-fold events). Representative synthetic EUV spectra have been created. The detector response to these spectra is modeled by dissecting the input photon radiation field across the detector array into contributions to the various amplifier channels. The results of this dissection are shown for spectral regions across the entire wavelength region of interest. These results are used to identify regions in which total array photon counting rate or individual amplifier rate may exceed the design limits. This allows the design or operational modes to be tailored to eliminate the problem areas.
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Shirasaka, Takashi; Funama, Yoshinori; Hayashi, Mutsukazu; Awamoto, Shinichi; Kondo, Masatoshi; Nakamura, Yasuhiko; Hatakenaka, Masamitsu; Honda, Hiroshi
2012-01-01
Our purpose in this study was to assess the radiation dose reduction and the actual exposed scan length of over-range areas using a spiral dynamic z-collimator at different beam pitches and detector coverage. Using glass rod dosimeters, we measured the unilateral over-range scan dose between the beginning of the planned scan range and the beginning of the actual exposed scan range. Scanning was performed at detector coverage of 80.0 and 40.0 mm, with and without the spiral dynamic z-collimator. The dose-saving ratio was calculated as the ratio of the unnecessary over-range dose, with and without the spiral dynamic z-collimator. In 80.0 mm detector coverage without the spiral dynamic z-collimator, the actual exposed scan length for the over-range area was 108, 120, and 126 mm, corresponding to a beam pitch of 0.60, 0.80, and 0.99, respectively. With the spiral dynamic z-collimator, the actual exposed scan length for the over-range area was 48, 66, and 84 mm with a beam pitch of 0.60, 0.80, and 0.99, respectively. The dose-saving ratios with and without the spiral dynamic z-collimator for a beam pitch of 0.60, 0.80, and 0.99 were 35.07, 24.76, and 13.51%, respectively. With 40.0 mm detector coverage, the dose-saving ratios with and without the spiral dynamic z-collimator had the highest value of 27.23% with a low beam pitch of 0.60. The spiral dynamic z-collimator is important for a reduction in the unnecessary over-range dose and makes it possible to reduce the unnecessary dose by means of a lower beam pitch.
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Smith, Peter D [Santa Fe, NM; Claytor, Thomas N [White Rock, NM; Berry, Phillip C [Albuquerque, NM; Hills, Charles R [Los Alamos, NM
2010-10-12
An x-ray detector is disclosed that has had all unnecessary material removed from the x-ray beam path, and all of the remaining material in the beam path made as light and as low in atomic number as possible. The resulting detector is essentially transparent to x-rays and, thus, has greatly reduced internal scatter. The result of this is that x-ray attenuation data measured for the object under examination are much more accurate and have an increased dynamic range. The benefits of this improvement are that beam hardening corrections can be made accurately, that computed tomography reconstructions can be used for quantitative determination of material properties including density and atomic number, and that lower exposures may be possible as a result of the increased dynamic range.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Xin; Liang, Ji; Zhang, Hongxiang; Yang, Xing; Zhang, Hao; Pang, Wei; Zhang, Menglun
2017-06-01
This paper reports an uncooled infrared (IR) detector based on a micromachined piezoelectric resonator operating in resonant and resistive dual-modes. The two sensing modes achieved IR responsivities of 2.5 Hz/nW and 900 μdB/nW, respectively. Compared with the single mode operation, the dual-mode measurement improves the limit of detection by two orders of magnitude and meanwhile maintains high linearity and responsivity in a higher IR intensity range. A combination of the two sensing modes compensates for its own shortcomings and provides a much larger dynamic range, and thus, a wider application field of the proposed detector is realized.
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A Wide Dynamic Range Tapped Linear Array Image Sensor
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Washkurak, William D.; Chamberlain, Savvas G.; Prince, N. Daryl
1988-08-01
Detectors for acousto-optic signal processing applications require fast transient response as well as wide dynamic range. There are two major choices of detectors: conductive or integration mode. Conductive mode detectors have an initial transient period before they reach then' i equilibrium state. The duration of 1 his period is dependent on light level as well as detector capacitance. At low light levels a conductive mode detector is very slow; response time is typically on the order of milliseconds. Generally. to obtain fast transient response an integrating mode detector is preferred. With integrating mode detectors. the dynamic range is determined by the charge storage capability of the tran-sport shift registers and the noise level of the image sensor. The conventional net hod used to improve dynamic range is to increase the shift register charge storage capability. To achieve a dynamic range of fifty thousand assuming two hundred noise equivalent electrons, a charge storage capability of ten million electrons would be required. In order to accommodate this amount of charge. unrealistic shift registers widths would be required. Therefore, with an integrating mode detector it is difficult to achieve a dynamic range of over four orders of magnitude of input light intensity. Another alternative is to solve the problem at the photodetector aml not the shift, register. DALSA's wide dynamic range detector utilizes an optimized, ion implant doped, profiled MOSFET photodetector specifically designed for wide dynamic range. When this new detector operates at high speed and at low light levels the photons are collected and stored in an integrating fashion. However. at bright light levels where transient periods are short, the detector switches into a conductive mode. The light intensity is logarithmically compressed into small charge packets, easily carried by the CCD shift register. As a result of the logarithmic conversion, dynamic ranges of over six orders of
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shrestha, Sumeet; Kamehama, Hiroki; Kawahito, Shoji; Yasutomi, Keita; Kagawa, Keiichiro; Takeda, Ayaki; Tsuru, Takeshi Go; Arai, Yasuo
2015-08-01
This paper presents a low-noise wide-dynamic-range pixel design for a high-energy particle detector in astronomical applications. A silicon on insulator (SOI) based detector is used for the detection of wide energy range of high energy particles (mainly for X-ray). The sensor has a thin layer of SOI CMOS readout circuitry and a thick layer of high-resistivity detector vertically stacked in a single chip. Pixel circuits are divided into two parts; signal sensing circuit and event detection circuit. The event detection circuit consisting of a comparator and logic circuits which detect the incidence of high energy particle categorizes the incident photon it into two energy groups using an appropriate energy threshold and generate a two-bit code for an event and energy level. The code for energy level is then used for selection of the gain of the in-pixel amplifier for the detected signal, providing a function of high-dynamic-range signal measurement. The two-bit code for the event and energy level is scanned in the event scanning block and the signals from the hit pixels only are read out. The variable-gain in-pixel amplifier uses a continuous integrator and integration-time control for the variable gain. The proposed design allows the small signal detection and wide dynamic range due to the adaptive gain technique and capability of correlated double sampling (CDS) technique of kTC noise canceling of the charge detector.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yin, Jun; LZ Collaboration
2015-10-01
The electronics of the LZ experiment, the 7-ton dark matter detector to be installed at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF), is designed to provide a 70% efficiency for events that produce three photoelectrons in the photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). This corresponds approximately to the lowest energy threshold achievable in such a detector, and drives the noise specifications for the front end. The upper limit of the LZ dynamic range is defined by the electroluminescence (S2) signals. The low-energy channels of the LZ amplifiers provide the dynamic range required for the tritium and krypton calibrations. The high-energy channels provide the dynamic range required to measure the activated Xe lines. S2 signals induced by alpha particles from radon decay will saturate one or more channels of the top PMT array but techniques are being developed to recover the information lost due to saturation. This work was supported by the Department of Energy, Grant DE-SC0006605.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Di Sieno, L.; Contini, D.; Dalla Mora, A.; Torricelli, A.; Spinelli, L.; Cubeddu, R.; Tosi, A.; Boso, G.; Pifferi, A.
2013-06-01
In this article, we show experimental results of time-resolved optical spectroscopy performed with small distance between launching and detecting fibers. It was already demonstrated that depth discrimination is independent of source-detector separation and that measurements at small source detector distance provide better contrast and spatial resolution. The main disadvantage is represent by the huge increase in early photons (scarcely diffused by tissue) peak that can saturate the dynamic range of most detectors, hiding information carried by late photons. Thanks to a fast-gated Single- Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) module, we are able to reject the peak of early photons and to obtain high-dynamic range acquisitions. We exploit fast-gated SPAD module to perform for the first time functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) at small source-detector distance for in vivo measurements and we demonstrate the possibility to detect non-invasively the dynamics of oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin occurring in the motor cortex during a motor task. We also show the improvement in terms of signal amplitude and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) obtained exploiting fast-gated SPAD performances with respect to "non-gated" measurements.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Adams, Bernhard W.; Mane, Anil U.; Elam, Jeffrey W.
X-ray detectors that combine two-dimensional spatial resolution with a high time resolution are needed in numerous applications of synchrotron radiation. Most detectors with this combination of capabilities are based on semiconductor technology and are therefore limited in size. Furthermore, the time resolution is often realised through rapid time-gating of the acquisition, followed by a slower readout. Here, a detector technology is realised based on relatively inexpensive microchannel plates that uses GHz waveform sampling for a millimeter-scale spatial resolution and better than 100 ps time resolution. The technology is capable of continuous streaming of time- and location-tagged events at rates greatermore » than 10 7events per cm 2. Time-gating can be used for improved dynamic range.« less
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High dynamic range bio-molecular ion microscopy with the Timepix detector.
Jungmann, Julia H; MacAleese, Luke; Visser, Jan; Vrakking, Marc J J; Heeren, Ron M A
2011-10-15
Highly parallel, active pixel detectors enable novel detection capabilities for large biomolecules in time-of-flight (TOF) based mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). In this work, a 512 × 512 pixel, bare Timepix assembly combined with chevron microchannel plates (MCP) captures time-resolved images of several m/z species in a single measurement. Mass-resolved ion images from Timepix measurements of peptide and protein standards demonstrate the capability to return both mass-spectral and localization information of biologically relevant analytes from matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) on a commercial ion microscope. The use of a MCP-Timepix assembly delivers an increased dynamic range of several orders of magnitude. The Timepix returns defined mass spectra already at subsaturation MCP gains, which prolongs the MCP lifetime and allows the gain to be optimized for image quality. The Timepix peak resolution is only limited by the resolution of the in-pixel measurement clock. Oligomers of the protein ubiquitin were measured up to 78 kDa. © 2011 American Chemical Society
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yin, J.
2016-02-01
The electronics of the LZ experiment, the 7-tonne dark matter detector to be installed at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF), is designed to permit studies of physics where the energies deposited range from 1 keV of nuclear-recoil energy up to 3,000 keV of electron-recoil energy. The system is designed to provide a 70% efficiency for events that produce three photoelectrons in the photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). This corresponds approximately to the lowest energy threshold achievable in multi-tonne time-projection chambers, and drives the noise specifications for the front end. The upper limit of the LZ dynamic range is defined to accommodate the electroluminescence (S2) signals. The low-energy channels of the LZ amplifiers provide the dynamic range required for the tritium and krypton calibrations. The high-energy channels provide the dynamic range required to measure the activated Xe lines.
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Large dynamic range radiation detector and methods thereof
Marrs, Roscoe E [Livermore, CA; Madden, Norman W [Sparks, NV
2012-02-14
According to one embodiment, a radiation detector comprises a scintillator and a photodiode optically coupled to the scintillator. The radiation detector also includes a bias voltage source electrically coupled to the photodiode, a first detector operatively electrically coupled to the photodiode for generating a signal indicative of a level of a charge at an output of the photodiode, and a second detector operatively electrically coupled to the bias voltage source for generating a signal indicative of an amount of current flowing through the photodiode.
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Multi-dynamic range compressional wave detection using optical-frequency comb
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Minamikawa, Takeo; Masuoka, Takashi; Oe, Ryo; Nakajima, Yoshiaki; Yamaoka, Yoshihisa; Minoshima, Kaoru; Yasui, Takeshi
2018-02-01
Compressional wave detection is useful means for health monitoring of building, detection of abnormal vibration of moving objects, defect evaluation, and biomedical imaging such as echography and photoacoustic imaging. The frequency of the compressional wave is varied from quasi-static to a few tens of megahertz depending on applications. Since the dynamic range of general compressional wave detectors is limited, we need to choose a proper compressional wave detector depending on applications. For the compressional wave detection with wide dynamic range, two or more detectors with different detection ranges is required. However, these detectors with different detection ranges generally has different accuracy and precision, disabling the seamless detection over these detection ranges. In this study, we proposed a compressional wave detector employing optical frequency comb (OFC). The compressional wave was sensed with a part of an OFC cavity, being encoded into OFC. The spectrally encoded OFC was converted to radio-frequency by the frequency link nature of OFC. The compressional wave-encoded radio-frequency can therefore be directly measured with a high-speed photodetector. To enhance the dynamic range of the compressional wave detection, we developed a cavityfeedback-based system and a phase-sensitive detection system, both of which the accuracy and precision are coherently linked to these of the OFC. We provided a proof-of-principle demonstration of the detection of compressional wave from quasi-static to ultrasound wave by using the OFC-based compressional wave sensor. Our proposed approach will serve as a unique and powerful tool for detecting compressional wave versatile applications in the future.
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Enke, Christie
2013-02-19
Methods and instruments for high dynamic range analysis of sample components are described. A sample is subjected to time-dependent separation, ionized, and the ions dispersed with a constant integration time across an array of detectors according to the ions m/z values. Each of the detectors in the array has a dynamically adjustable gain or a logarithmic response function, producing an instrument capable of detecting a ratio of responses or 4 or more orders of magnitude.
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Optimized "detectors" for dynamics analysis in solid-state NMR
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Smith, Albert A.; Ernst, Matthias; Meier, Beat H.
2018-01-01
Relaxation in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results from stochastic motions that modulate anisotropic NMR interactions. Therefore, measurement of relaxation-rate constants can be used to characterize molecular-dynamic processes. The motion is often characterized by Markov processes using an auto-correlation function, which is assumed to be a sum of multiple decaying exponentials. We have recently shown that such a model can lead to severe misrepresentation of the real motion, when the real correlation function is more complex than the model. Furthermore, multiple distributions of motion may yield the same set of dynamics data. Therefore, we introduce optimized dynamics "detectors" to characterize motions which are linear combinations of relaxation-rate constants. A detector estimates the average or total amplitude of motion for a range of motional correlation times. The information obtained through the detectors is less specific than information obtained using an explicit model, but this is necessary because the information contained in the relaxation data is ambiguous, if one does not know the correct motional model. On the other hand, if one has a molecular dynamics trajectory, one may calculate the corresponding detector responses, allowing direct comparison to experimental NMR dynamics analysis. We describe how to construct a set of optimized detectors for a given set of relaxation measurements. We then investigate the properties of detectors for a number of different data sets, thus gaining an insight into the actual information content of the NMR data. Finally, we show an example analysis of ubiquitin dynamics data using detectors, using the DIFRATE software.
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Whitmore, Colin D.; Essaka, David; Dovichi, Norman J.
2009-01-01
An ultrasensitive laser-induced fluorescence detector was used with capillary electrophoresis for the study of 5-carboxy-tetramethylrhodamine. The raw signal from the detector provided roughly three orders of magnitude dynamic range. The signal saturated at high analyte concentrations due to the dead time associated with the single-photon counting avalanche photodiode employed in the detector. The signal can be corrected for the detector dead time, providing an additional order of magnitude dynamic range. To further increase dynamic range, two fiber-optic beam-splitters were cascaded to generate a primary signal and two attenuated signals, each monitored by a single-photon counting avalanche photodiode. The combined signals from the three photodiodes are reasonably linear from the concentration detection limit of 3 pM to 10 μM, the maximum concentration investigated, a range of 3,000,000. Mass detection limits were 150 yoctomoles injected onto the capillary. PMID:19836546
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High dynamic range infrared radiometry and imaging
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Coon, Darryl D.; Karunasiri, R. P. G.; Bandara, K. M. S. V.
1988-01-01
The use is described of cryogenically cooled, extrinsic silicon infrared detectors in an unconventional mode of operation which offers an unusually large dynamic range. The system performs intensity-to-frequency conversion at the focal plane via simple circuits with very low power consumption. The incident IR intensity controls the repetition rate of short duration output pulses over a pulse rate dynamic range of about 10(6). Theory indicates the possibility of monotonic and approx. linear response over the full dynamic range. A comparison between the theoretical and the experimental results shows that the model provides a reasonably good description of experimental data. Some measurements of survivability with a very intense IR source were made on these devices and found to be very encouraging. Evidence continues to indicate that some variations in interpulse time intervals are deterministic rather than probabilistic.
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Multi-dimensional position sensor using range detectors
Vann, Charles S.
2000-01-01
A small, non-contact optical sensor uses ranges and images to detect its relative position to an object in up to six degrees of freedom. The sensor has three light emitting range detectors which illuminate a target and can be used to determine distance and two tilt angles. A camera located between the three range detectors senses the three remaining degrees of freedom, two translations and one rotation. Various range detectors, with different light sources, e.g. lasers and LEDs, different collection options, and different detection schemes, e.g. diminishing return and time of flight can be used. This sensor increases the capability and flexibility of computer controlled machines, e.g. it can instruct a robot how to adjust automatically to different positions and orientations of a part.
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The solid state detector technology for picosecond laser ranging
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Prochazka, Ivan
1993-01-01
We developed an all solid state laser ranging detector technology, which makes the goal of millimeter accuracy achievable. Our design and construction philosophy is to combine the techniques of single photon ranging, ultrashort laser pulses, and fast fixed threshold discrimination while avoiding any analog signal processing within the laser ranging chain. The all solid state laser ranging detector package consists of the START detector and the STOP solid state photon counting module. Both the detectors are working in an optically triggered avalanche switching regime. The optical signal is triggering an avalanche current buildup which results in the generation of a uniform, fast risetime output pulse.
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Fan-less long range alpha detector
MacArthur, D.W.; Bounds, J.A.
1994-05-10
A fan-less long range alpha detector is disclosed which operates by using an electrical field between a signal plane and the surface or substance to be monitored for air ions created by collisions with alpha radiation. Without a fan, the detector can operate without the possibility of spreading dust and potential contamination into the atmosphere. A guard plane between the signal plane and the electrically conductive enclosure and maintained at the same voltage as the signal plane, reduces leakage currents. The detector can easily monitor soil, or other solid or liquid surfaces. 2 figures.
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Fan-less long range alpha detector
MacArthur, Duncan W.; Bounds, John A.
1994-01-01
A fan-less long range alpha detector which operates by using an electrical field between a signal plane and the surface or substance to be monitored for air ions created by collisions with alpha radiation. Without a fan, the detector can operate without the possibility of spreading dust and potential contamination into the atmosphere. A guard plane between the signal plane and the electrically conductive enclosure and maintained at the same voltage as the signal plane, reduces leakage currents. The detector can easily monitor soil, or other solid or liquid surfaces.
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A high dynamic range pulse counting detection system for mass spectrometry.
Collings, Bruce A; Dima, Martian D; Ivosev, Gordana; Zhong, Feng
2014-01-30
A high dynamic range pulse counting system has been developed that demonstrates an ability to operate at up to 2e8 counts per second (cps) on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Previous pulse counting detection systems have typically been limited to about 1e7 cps at the upper end of the systems dynamic range. Modifications to the detection electronics and dead time correction algorithm are described in this paper. A high gain transimpedance amplifier is employed that allows a multi-channel electron multiplier to be operated at a significantly lower bias potential than in previous pulse counting systems. The system utilises a high-energy conversion dynode, a multi-channel electron multiplier, a high gain transimpedance amplifier, non-paralysing detection electronics and a modified dead time correction algorithm. Modification of the dead time correction algorithm is necessary due to a characteristic of the pulse counting electronics. A pulse counting detection system with the capability to count at ion arrival rates of up to 2e8 cps is described. This is shown to provide a linear dynamic range of nearly five orders of magnitude for a sample of aprazolam with concentrations ranging from 0.0006970 ng/mL to 3333 ng/mL while monitoring the m/z 309.1 → m/z 205.2 transition. This represents an upward extension of the detector's linear dynamic range of about two orders of magnitude. A new high dynamic range pulse counting system has been developed demonstrating the ability to operate at up to 2e8 cps on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. This provides an upward extension of the detector's linear dynamic range by about two orders of magnitude over previous pulse counting systems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Design and implementation of a low-cost multiple-range digital phase detector
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Omran, Hesham; Albasha, Lutfi; Al-Ali, A. R.
2012-06-01
This article describes the design, simulation, implementation and testing of a novel low-cost multiple-range programmable digital phase detector. The detector receives two periodic signals and calculates the ratio of the time difference to the time period to measure and display the phase difference. The resulting output values are in integer form ranging from -180° to 180°. Users can select the detector pre-set operation frequency ranges using a three-bit pre-scalar. This enables to use the detector for various applications. The proposed detector can be programmed over a frequency range of 10 Hz to 25 kHz by configuring its clock divider circuit. Detector simulations were conducted and verified using ModelSim and the design was implemented and tested using an Altera Cyclone II field-programmable gate array board. Both the simulation and actual circuit testing results showed that the phase detector has a magnitude of error of only 1°. The detector is ideal for applications such as power factor measurement and correction, self-tuning resonant circuits and in metal detection systems. Unlike other stand-alone phase detection systems, the reported system has the ability to be programmed to several frequency ranges, hence expanding its bandwidth.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pullia, A.; Zocca, F.; Capra, S.
2018-02-01
An original technique for the measurement of charge signals from ionizing particle/radiation detectors has been implemented in an application-specific integrated circuit form. The device performs linear measurements of the charge both within and beyond its output voltage swing. The device features an unprecedented spectroscopic dynamic range of 102 dB and is suitable for high-resolution ion and X-γ ray spectroscopy. We believe that this approach may change a widespread paradigm according to which no high-resolution spectroscopy is possible when working close to or beyond the limit of the preamplifier's output voltage swing.
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Pullia, A; Zocca, F; Capra, S
2018-02-01
An original technique for the measurement of charge signals from ionizing particle/radiation detectors has been implemented in an application-specific integrated circuit form. The device performs linear measurements of the charge both within and beyond its output voltage swing. The device features an unprecedented spectroscopic dynamic range of 102 dB and is suitable for high-resolution ion and X-γ ray spectroscopy. We believe that this approach may change a widespread paradigm according to which no high-resolution spectroscopy is possible when working close to or beyond the limit of the preamplifier's output voltage swing.
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Detector with internal gain for short-wave infrared ranging applications
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fathipour, Vala; Mohseni, Hooman
2017-09-01
Abstarct.Highly sensitive photon <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are regarded as the key enabling elements in many applications. Due to the low photon energy at the short-wave infrared (SWIR), photon detection and imaging at this band are very challenging. As such, many efforts in photon <span class="hlt">detector</span> research are directed toward improving the performance of the photon <span class="hlt">detectors</span> operating in this wavelength <span class="hlt">range</span>. To solve these problems, we have developed an electron-injection (EI) technique. The significance of this detection mechanism is that it can provide both high efficiency and high sensitivity at room temperature, a condition that is very difficult to achieve in conventional SWIR <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. An EI <span class="hlt">detector</span> offers an overall system-level sensitivity enhancement due to a feedback stabilized internal avalanche-free gain. Devices exhibit an excess noise of unity, operate in linear mode, require bias voltage of a few volts, and have a cutoff wavelength of 1700 nm. We review the material system, operating principle, and development of EI <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The shortcomings of the first-generation devices were addressed in the second-generation <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Measurement on second-generation devices showed a high-speed response of ˜6 ns rise time, low jitter of less than 20 ps, high amplification of more than 2000 (at optical power levels larger than a few nW), unity excess noise factor, and low leakage current (amplified dark current ˜10 nA at a bias voltage of -3 V and at room temperature. These characteristics make EI <span class="hlt">detectors</span> a good candidate for high-resolution flash light detection and <span class="hlt">ranging</span> (LiDAR) applications with millimeter scale depth resolution at longer <span class="hlt">ranges</span> compared with conventional p-i-n diodes. Based on our experimentally measured device characteristics, we compare the performance of the EI <span class="hlt">detector</span> with commercially available linear mode InGaAs avalanche photodiode (APD) as well as a p-i-n diode using a theoretical model. Flash LiDAR images obtained by our model show that</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170007206&hterms=bias+correction&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dbias%2Bcorrection','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170007206&hterms=bias+correction&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dbias%2Bcorrection"><span>ICESAT GLAS Altimetry Measurements: Received Signal <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> and Saturation Correction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sun, Xiaoli; Abshire, James B.; Borsa, Adrian A.; Fricker, Helen Amanda; Yi, Donghui; Dimarzio, John P.; Paolo, Fernando S.; Brunt, Kelly M.; Harding, David J.; Neumann, Gregory A.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>NASAs Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), which operated between 2003 and 2009, made the first satellite-based global lidar measurement of earths ice sheet elevations, sea-ice thickness, and vegetation canopy structure. The primary instrument on ICESat was the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS), which measured the distance from the spacecraft to the earth's surface via the roundtrip travel time of individual laser pulses. GLAS utilized pulsed lasers and a direct detection receiver consisting of a silicon avalanche photodiode and a waveform digitizer. Early in the mission, the peak power of the received signal from snow and ice surfaces was found to span a wider <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> than anticipated, often exceeding the linear <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the GLAS 1064-nm <span class="hlt">detector</span> assembly. The resulting saturation of the receiver distorted the recorded signal and resulted in <span class="hlt">range</span> biases as large as approximately 50 cm for ice- and snow-covered surfaces. We developed a correction for this saturation <span class="hlt">range</span> bias based on laboratory tests using a spare flight <span class="hlt">detector</span>, and refined the correction by comparing GLAS elevation estimates with those derived from Global Positioning System surveys over the calibration site at the salar de Uyuni, Bolivia. Applying the saturation correction largely eliminated the <span class="hlt">range</span> bias due to receiver saturation for affected ICESat measurements over Uyuni and significantly reduced the discrepancies at orbit crossovers located on flat regions of the Antarctic ice sheet.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040074282','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040074282"><span>Dual Transition Edge Sensor Bolometer for Enhanced <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Chervenak, J. A.; Benford, D. J.; Moseley, S. H.; Irwin, K. D.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>Broadband surveys at the millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths will require bolometers that can reach new limits of sensitivity and also operate under high background conditions. To address this need, we present results on a dual transition edge sensor (TES) device with two operating modes: one for low background, ultrasensitive detection and one for high background, enhanced <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> detection. The device consists of a <span class="hlt">detector</span> element with two transition temperatures (T(sub c)) of 0.25 and 0.51 K located on the same micromachined, thermally isolated membrane structure. It can be biased on either transition, and features phonon-limited noise performance at the lower T(sub c). We measure noise performance on the lower transition 7 x 10(exp -18) W/rt(Hz) and the bias power on the upper transition of 12.5 pW, giving a factor of 10 enhancement of the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> for the device. We discuss the biasable <span class="hlt">range</span> of this type of device and present a design concept to optimize utility of the device.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/453345-neutron-activation-measurements-over-extremely-wide-dynamic-range-invited-abstract','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/453345-neutron-activation-measurements-over-extremely-wide-dynamic-range-invited-abstract"><span>Neutron activation measurements over an extremely wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (invited) (abstract)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Barnes, C.W.</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>The DT program at the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) created requirements on 14 MeV neutron measurements to measure from 10{sup 6} n/cm{sup 2} (for triton burnup and Ohmic tritium plasmas) to {gt}10{sup 12} n/cm{sup 2} (characteristic of {gt}10 MW DT plasmas) with an accuracy of 7% (one-sigma).1 To maintain an absolute calibration over this <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> with active neutron <span class="hlt">detectors</span> required one to go from some absolute standard at one fluence level to a measurement at a much higher fluence. Maintaining accuracy requires an extremely linear set of measurements not systematically affected over this <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. Neutron activation canmore » provide such linearity when care is taken with a number of effects such as gamma-ray detection efficiency and sample contamination.2 Absolutely calibrated neutron yield measurements using dosimetric (well-known cross section) reactions with thin (low-mass) elemental foils is be described. This technique makes the <span class="hlt">detector</span> comparison to an absolute standard of gamma-ray activity correspond to all neutron fluences by reducing the sample mass while keeping the activation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> operating in a linear counting mode; i.e., low count rates which minimize pileup effects. The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor is projected to have 1000 s burn durations at fluxes of few 10{sup 13} n/cm{sup 2}s, or more neutron fluence {ital per second} than entire TFTR discharges. Extrapolating neutron activation to these higher fluences will require yet more care. Some of the issues at such high fluences will be discussed.3 The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is projected to yield 10 MJ of fusion energy, or up to 10{sup 12} n/cm{sup 2} at the vacuum vessel wall, similar to TFTR DT conditions. It is expected that much interesting physics will be performed at yields far less than those from ignition, covering an even greater <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> than needed on TFTR. Thin foil techniques do not have the sensitivity required at low fluences.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10117E..0LR','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10117E..0LR"><span>The CAOS camera platform: ushering in a paradigm change in extreme <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> imager design</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Riza, Nabeel A.</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>Multi-pixel imaging devices such as CCD, CMOS and Focal Plane Array (FPA) photo-sensors dominate the imaging world. These Photo-<span class="hlt">Detector</span> Array (PDA) devices certainly have their merits including increasingly high pixel counts and shrinking pixel sizes, nevertheless, they are also being hampered by limitations in instantaneous <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, inter-pixel crosstalk, quantum full well capacity, signal-to-noise ratio, sensitivity, spectral flexibility, and in some cases, imager response time. Recently invented is the Coded Access Optical Sensor (CAOS) Camera platform that works in unison with current Photo-<span class="hlt">Detector</span> Array (PDA) technology to counter fundamental limitations of PDA-based imagers while providing high enough imaging spatial resolution and pixel counts. Using for example the Texas Instruments (TI) Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) to engineer the CAOS camera platform, ushered in is a paradigm change in advanced imager design, particularly for extreme <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> applications.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li class="active"><span>2</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_2 --> <div id="page_3" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="41"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040171450','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040171450"><span>Photon Counting <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> for the 1.0 - 2.0 Micron Wavelength <span class="hlt">Range</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Krainak, Michael A.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>We describe results on the development of greater than 200 micron diameter, single-element photon-counting <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for the 1-2 micron wavelength <span class="hlt">range</span>. The technical goals include quantum efficiency in the <span class="hlt">range</span> 10-70%; <span class="hlt">detector</span> diameter greater than 200 microns; dark count rate below 100 kilo counts-per-second (cps), and maximum count rate above 10 Mcps.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/881489','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/881489"><span>Ultra-wide <span class="hlt">Range</span> Gamma <span class="hlt">Detector</span> System for Search and Locate Operations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Odell, D. Mackenzie Odell; Harpring, Larry J.; Moore, Frank S. Jr.</p> <p>2005-10-26</p> <p>Collecting debris samples following a nuclear event requires that operations be conducted from a considerable stand-off distance. An ultra-wide <span class="hlt">range</span> gamma <span class="hlt">detector</span> system has been constructed to accomplish both long <span class="hlt">range</span> radiation search and close <span class="hlt">range</span> hot sample collection functions. Constructed and tested on a REMOTEC Andros platform, the system has demonstrated reliable operation over six orders of magnitude of gamma dose from 100's of uR/hr to over 100 R/hr. Functional elements include a remotely controlled variable collimator assembly, a NaI(Tl)/photomultiplier tube <span class="hlt">detector</span>, a proprietary digital radiation instrument, a coaxially mounted video camera, a digital compass, and both local andmore » remote control computers with a user interface designed for long <span class="hlt">range</span> operations. Long <span class="hlt">range</span> sensitivity and target location, as well as close <span class="hlt">range</span> sample selection performance are presented.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9281E..1CX','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9281E..1CX"><span>A detail enhancement and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> adjustment algorithm for high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> images</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xu, Bo; Wang, Huachuang; Liang, Mingtao; Yu, Cong; Hu, Jinlong; Cheng, Hua</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>Although high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (HDR) images contain large amounts of information, they have weak texture and low contrast. What's more, these images are difficult to be reproduced on low <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> displaying mediums. If much more information is to be acquired when these images are displayed on PCs, some specific transforms, such as compressing the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, enhancing the portions of little difference in original contrast and highlighting the texture details on the premise of keeping the parts of large contrast, are needed. To this ends, a multi-scale guided filter enhancement algorithm which derives from the single-scale guided filter based on the analysis of non-physical model is proposed in this paper. Firstly, this algorithm decomposes the original HDR images into base image and detail images of different scales, and then it adaptively selects a transform function which acts on the enhanced detail images and original images. By comparing the treatment effects of HDR images and low <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (LDR) images of different scene features, it proves that this algorithm, on the basis of maintaining the hierarchy and texture details of images, not only improves the contrast and enhances the details of images, but also adjusts the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> well. Thus, it is much suitable for human observation or analytical processing of machines.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21034080','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21034080"><span>A new imaging method for understanding chemical <span class="hlt">dynamics</span>: efficient slice imaging using an in-vacuum pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jungmann, J H; Gijsbertsen, A; Visser, J; Visschers, J; Heeren, R M A; Vrakking, M J J</p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>The implementation of the Timepix complementary metal oxide semiconductor pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span> in velocity map slice imaging is presented. This new <span class="hlt">detector</span> approach eliminates the need for gating the imaging <span class="hlt">detector</span>. In time-of-flight mode, the <span class="hlt">detector</span> returns the impact position and the time-of-flight of charged particles with 12.5 ns resolution and a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of about 100 μs. The implementation of the Timepix <span class="hlt">detector</span> in combination with a microchannel plate additionally allows for high spatial resolution information via center-of-mass centroiding. Here, the <span class="hlt">detector</span> was applied to study the photodissociation of NO(2) at 452 nm. The energy resolution observed in the experiment was ΔE/E=0.05 and is limited by the experimental setup rather than by the <span class="hlt">detector</span> assembly. All together, this new compact <span class="hlt">detector</span> assembly is well-suited for slice imaging and is a promising tool for imaging studies in atomic and molecular physics research.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9971E..07A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9971E..07A"><span>High <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> subjective testing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Allan, Brahim; Nilsson, Mike</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>This paper describes of a set of subjective tests that the authors have carried out to assess the end user perception of video encoded with High <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> technology when viewed in a typical home environment. Viewers scored individual single clips of content, presented in High Definition (HD) and Ultra High Definition (UHD), in Standard <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> (SDR), and in High <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> (HDR) using both the Perceptual Quantizer (PQ) and Hybrid Log Gamma (HLG) transfer characteristics, and presented in SDR as the backwards compatible rendering of the HLG representation. The quality of SDR HD was improved by approximately equal amounts by either increasing the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> or increasing the resolution to UHD. A further smaller increase in quality was observed in the Mean Opinion Scores of the viewers by increasing both the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and the resolution, but this was not quite statistically significant.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760015051','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760015051"><span>High resolution Cerenkov and <span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for balloon-borne cosmic-ray experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ahlen, S. P.; Cartwright, B. G.; Tarle, G.</p> <p>1975-01-01</p> <p>A combination of an active Cerenkov <span class="hlt">detector</span> and passive <span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">detectors</span> is proposed for the high resolution measurement of isotopic composition in the neighborhood of iron in the galactic cosmic rays. A large area (4,300 sq cm) Cerenkov counter and passive <span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were tested. Tests with heavy ions (2.1 GeV/amu C-12, 289 MeV/amu Ar-40, and 594 MeV/amu Ne-20) revealed the spatial uniformity of response of the Cerenkov counter to be better than 1% peak-to-peak. Light collection efficiency is independent of projectile energy and incidence angle to within at least 0.5%. Passive Lexan track recorders to measure <span class="hlt">range</span> in the presence of the nuclear interaction background which results from stopping particles through 0.9 interaction lengths of matter were also tested. It was found that nuclear interactions produce an effective <span class="hlt">range</span> straggling distribution only approximately 75% wider than that expected from <span class="hlt">range</span> straggling alone. The combination of these tested techniques makes possible high mass resolution in the neighborhood of iron.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OptEL..14..129P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OptEL..14..129P"><span><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> time-correlated single-photon counting laser <span class="hlt">ranging</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Peng, Huan; Wang, Yu-rong; Meng, Wen-dong; Yan, Pei-qin; Li, Zhao-hui; Li, Chen; Pan, Hai-feng; Wu, Guang</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>We demonstrate a photon counting laser <span class="hlt">ranging</span> experiment with a four-channel single-photon <span class="hlt">detector</span> (SPD). The multi-channel SPD improve the counting rate more than 4×107 cps, which makes possible for the distance measurement performed even in daylight. However, the time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) technique cannot distill the signal easily while the fast moving targets are submersed in the strong background. We propose a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> TCSPC method for fast moving targets measurement by varying coincidence window in real time. In the experiment, we prove that targets with velocity of 5 km/s can be detected according to the method, while the echo rate is 20% with the background counts of more than 1.2×107 cps.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9997E..0FP','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9997E..0FP"><span>High <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> hyperspectral imaging for camouflage performance test and evaluation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pearce, D.; Feenan, J.</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>This paper demonstrates the use of high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> processing applied to the specific technique of hyper-spectral imaging with linescan spectrometers. The technique provides an improvement in signal to noise for reflectance estimation. This is demonstrated for field measurements of rural imagery collected from a ground-based linescan spectrometer of rural scenes. Once fully developed, the specific application is expected to improve the colour estimation approaches and consequently the test and evaluation accuracy of camouflage performance tests. Data are presented on both field and laboratory experiments that have been used to evaluate the improvements granted by the adoption of high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> data acquisition in the field of hyperspectral imaging. High <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">ranging</span> imaging is well suited to the hyperspectral domain due to the large variation in solar irradiance across the visible and short wave infra-red (SWIR) spectrum coupled with the wavelength dependence of the nominal silicon <span class="hlt">detector</span> response. Under field measurement conditions it is generally impractical to provide artificial illumination; consequently, an adaptation of the hyperspectral imaging and re ectance estimation process has been developed to accommodate the solar spectrum. This is shown to improve the signal to noise ratio for the re ectance estimation process of scene materials in the 400-500 nm and 700-900 nm regions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5038181','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5038181"><span>Wide-<span class="hlt">range</span> radioactive-gas-concentration <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Anderson, D.F.</p> <p>1981-11-16</p> <p>A wide-<span class="hlt">range</span> radioactive-gas-concentration <span class="hlt">detector</span> and monitor capable of measuring radioactive-gas concentrations over a <span class="hlt">range</span> of eight orders of magnitude is described. The device is designed to have an ionization chamber sufficiently small to give a fast response time for measuring radioactive gases but sufficiently large to provide accurate readings at low concentration levels. Closely spaced parallel-plate grids provide a uniform electric field in the active region to improve the accuracy of measurements and reduce ion migration time so as to virtually eliminate errors due to ion recombination. The parallel-plate grids are fabricated with a minimal surface area to reduce the effects of contamination resulting from absorption of contaminating materials on the surface of the grids. Additionally, the ionization-chamber wall is spaced a sufficient distance from the active region of the ionization chamber to minimize contamination effects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27274863','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27274863"><span>Fast <span class="hlt">range</span> measurement of spot scanning proton beams using a volumetric liquid scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hui, CheukKai; Robertson, Daniel; Alsanea, Fahed; Beddar, Sam</p> <p>2015-08-01</p> <p>Accurate confirmation and verification of the <span class="hlt">range</span> of spot scanning proton beams is crucial for correct dose delivery. Current methods to measure proton beam <span class="hlt">range</span> using ionization chambers are either time-consuming or result in measurements with poor spatial resolution. The large-volume liquid scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span> allows real-time measurements of the entire dose profile of a spot scanning proton beam. Thus, liquid scintillator <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are an ideal tool for measuring the proton beam <span class="hlt">range</span> for commissioning and quality assurance. However, optical artefacts may decrease the accuracy of measuring the proton beam <span class="hlt">range</span> within the scintillator tank. The purpose of the current study was to 1) develop a geometric calibration system to accurately calculate physical distances within the liquid scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span>, taking into account optical artefacts; and 2) assess the accuracy, consistency, and robustness of proton beam <span class="hlt">range</span> measurement using the liquid scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span> with our geometric calibration system. The <span class="hlt">range</span> of the proton beam was measured with the calibrated liquid scintillator system and was compared to the nominal <span class="hlt">range</span>. Measurements were made on three different days to evaluate the setup robustness from day to day, and three sets of measurements were made for each day to evaluate the consistency from delivery to delivery. All proton beam <span class="hlt">ranges</span> measured using the liquid scintillator system were within half a millimeter of the nominal <span class="hlt">range</span>. The delivery-to-delivery standard deviation of the <span class="hlt">range</span> measurement was 0.04 mm, and the day-to-day standard deviation was 0.10 mm. In addition to the accuracy and robustness demonstrated by these results when our geometric calibration system was used, the liquid scintillator system allowed the <span class="hlt">range</span> of all 94 proton beams to be measured in just two deliveries, making the liquid scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span> a perfect tool for <span class="hlt">range</span> measurement of spot scanning proton beams.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4887109','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4887109"><span>Fast <span class="hlt">range</span> measurement of spot scanning proton beams using a volumetric liquid scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hui, CheukKai; Robertson, Daniel; Alsanea, Fahed; Beddar, Sam</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Accurate confirmation and verification of the <span class="hlt">range</span> of spot scanning proton beams is crucial for correct dose delivery. Current methods to measure proton beam <span class="hlt">range</span> using ionization chambers are either time-consuming or result in measurements with poor spatial resolution. The large-volume liquid scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span> allows real-time measurements of the entire dose profile of a spot scanning proton beam. Thus, liquid scintillator <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are an ideal tool for measuring the proton beam <span class="hlt">range</span> for commissioning and quality assurance. However, optical artefacts may decrease the accuracy of measuring the proton beam <span class="hlt">range</span> within the scintillator tank. The purpose of the current study was to 1) develop a geometric calibration system to accurately calculate physical distances within the liquid scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span>, taking into account optical artefacts; and 2) assess the accuracy, consistency, and robustness of proton beam <span class="hlt">range</span> measurement using the liquid scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span> with our geometric calibration system. The <span class="hlt">range</span> of the proton beam was measured with the calibrated liquid scintillator system and was compared to the nominal <span class="hlt">range</span>. Measurements were made on three different days to evaluate the setup robustness from day to day, and three sets of measurements were made for each day to evaluate the consistency from delivery to delivery. All proton beam <span class="hlt">ranges</span> measured using the liquid scintillator system were within half a millimeter of the nominal <span class="hlt">range</span>. The delivery-to-delivery standard deviation of the <span class="hlt">range</span> measurement was 0.04 mm, and the day-to-day standard deviation was 0.10 mm. In addition to the accuracy and robustness demonstrated by these results when our geometric calibration system was used, the liquid scintillator system allowed the <span class="hlt">range</span> of all 94 proton beams to be measured in just two deliveries, making the liquid scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span> a perfect tool for <span class="hlt">range</span> measurement of spot scanning proton beams. PMID:27274863</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864939','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864939"><span>Wide <span class="hlt">range</span> radioactive gas concentration <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Anderson, David F.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>A wide <span class="hlt">range</span> radioactive gas concentration <span class="hlt">detector</span> and monitor which is capable of measuring radioactive gas concentrations over a <span class="hlt">range</span> of eight orders of magnitude. The device of the present invention is designed to have an ionization chamber which is sufficiently small to give a fast response time for measuring radioactive gases but sufficiently large to provide accurate readings at low concentration levels. Closely spaced parallel plate grids provide a uniform electric field in the active region to improve the accuracy of measurements and reduce ion migration time so as to virtually eliminate errors due to ion recombination. The parallel plate grids are fabricated with a minimal surface area to reduce the effects of contamination resulting from absorption of contaminating materials on the surface of the grids. Additionally, the ionization chamber wall is spaced a sufficient distance from the active region of the ionization chamber to minimize contamination effects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017InPhT..82..161Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017InPhT..82..161Y"><span>A new high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> ROIC with smart light intensity control unit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yazici, Melik; Ceylan, Omer; Shafique, Atia; Abbasi, Shahbaz; Galioglu, Arman; Gurbuz, Yasar</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>This journal presents a new high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> ROIC with smart pixel which consists of two pre-amplifiers that are controlled by a circuit inside the pixel. Each pixel automatically decides which pre-amplifier is used according to the incoming illumination level. Instead of using single pre-amplifier, two input pre-amplifiers, which are optimized for different signal levels, are placed inside each pixel. The smart circuit mechanism, which decides the best input circuit according to the incoming light level, is also designed for each pixel. In short, an individual pixel has the ability to select the best input amplifier circuit that performs the best/highest SNR for the incoming signal level. A 32 × 32 ROIC prototype chip is designed to demonstrate the concept in 0.18 μ m CMOS technology. The prototype is optimized for NIR and SWIR bands. Instead of a <span class="hlt">detector</span>, process variation optimized current sources are placed inside the ROIC. The chip achieves minimum 8.6 e- input referred noise and 98.9 dB <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. It has the highest <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> in the literature in terms of analog ROICs for SWIR band. It is operating in room temperature and power consumption is 2.8 μ W per pixel.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100014080','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100014080"><span>Hybrid Ion-<span class="hlt">Detector</span>/Data-Acquisition System for a TOF-MS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Burton, William D., Jr.; Schultz, J. Albert; Vaughn, Valentine; McCully, Michael; Ulrich, Steven; Egan, Thomas F.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>A modified ion-<span class="hlt">detector</span>/data-acquisition system has been devised to increase the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) that, previously, included a microchannel-plate <span class="hlt">detector</span> and a data-acquisition system based on counting pulses and time-tagging them by use of a time-to-digital converter (TDC). The <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the TOF-MS was limited by saturation of the microchannel plate <span class="hlt">detector</span>, which can handle no more than a few million counts per second. The modified system includes (1) a combined microchannel plate/discrete ion multiplier and (2) a hybrid data-acquisition system that simultaneously performs analog current or voltage measurements and multianode single-ion-pulse-counting time-of-flight measurements to extend the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of a TDC into the regime in which a mass peak comprises multiple ions arriving simultaneously at the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The multianode data are used to determine, in real time, whether the <span class="hlt">detector</span> is saturated. When saturation is detected, the data-acquisition system selectively enables circuitry that simultaneously determines the ion-peak intensity by measuring the time profile of the analog current or voltage <span class="hlt">detector</span>-output signal.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29225666','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29225666"><span>CMOS Active Pixel Sensors as energy-<span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for proton Computed Tomography.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Esposito, M; Anaxagoras, T; Evans, P M; Green, S; Manolopoulos, S; Nieto-Camero, J; Parker, D J; Poludniowski, G; Price, T; Waltham, C; Allinson, N M</p> <p>2015-06-03</p> <p>Since the first proof of concept in the early 70s, a number of technologies has been proposed to perform proton CT (pCT), as a means of mapping tissue stopping power for accurate treatment planning in proton therapy. Previous prototypes of energy-<span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for pCT have been mainly based on the use of scintillator-based calorimeters, to measure proton residual energy after passing through the patient. However, such an approach is limited by the need for only a single proton passing through the energy-<span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">detector</span> in a read-out cycle. A novel approach to this problem could be the use of pixelated <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, where the independent read-out of each pixel allows to measure simultaneously the residual energy of a number of protons in the same read-out cycle, facilitating a faster and more efficient pCT scan. This paper investigates the suitability of CMOS Active Pixel Sensors (APSs) to track individual protons as they go through a number of CMOS layers, forming an energy-<span class="hlt">range</span> telescope. Measurements performed at the iThemba Laboratories will be presented and analysed in terms of correlation, to confirm capability of proton tracking for CMOS APSs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/868650','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/868650"><span>Long <span class="hlt">range</span> alpha particle <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>MacArthur, Duncan W.; Wolf, Michael A.; McAtee, James L.; Unruh, Wesley P.; Cucchiara, Alfred L.; Huchton, Roger L.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>An alpha particle <span class="hlt">detector</span> capable of detecting alpha radiation from distant sources. In one embodiment, a high voltage is generated in a first electrically conductive mesh while a fan draws air containing air molecules ionized by alpha particles through an air passage and across a second electrically conductive mesh. The current in the second electrically conductive mesh can be detected and used for measurement or alarm. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> can be used for area, personnel and equipment monitoring.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6227851','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6227851"><span>Long <span class="hlt">range</span> alpha particle <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>MacArthur, D.W.; Wolf, M.A.; McAtee, J.L.; Unruh, W.P.; Cucchiara, A.L.; Huchton, R.L.</p> <p>1993-02-02</p> <p>An alpha particle <span class="hlt">detector</span> capable of detecting alpha radiation from distant sources. In one embodiment, a high voltage is generated in a first electrically conductive mesh while a fan draws air containing air molecules ionized by alpha particles through an air passage and across a second electrically conductive mesh. The current in the second electrically conductive mesh can be detected and used for measurement or alarm. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> can be used for area, personnel and equipment monitoring.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26520978','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26520978"><span>Cryocooled terahertz photoconductive <span class="hlt">detector</span> system with background-limited performance in 1.5-4 THz frequency <span class="hlt">range</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Aoki, Makoto; Hiromoto, Norihisa</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p>We describe a 4-K-cryocooled dual-band terahertz (THz) photoconductive <span class="hlt">detector</span> system with background-limited performance. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> system comprises two THz photoconductive <span class="hlt">detectors</span> covering a response in a wide frequency <span class="hlt">range</span> from 1.5 to 4 THz, low noise amplifiers, optical low-pass filters to eliminate input radiation of higher frequencies, and a mechanical 4 K Gifford-McMahon refrigerator that provides practical and convenient operation without a liquid He container. The electrical and optical performances of the THz <span class="hlt">detector</span> system were evaluated at a <span class="hlt">detector</span> temperature of 4 K under 300 K background radiation. We proved that the <span class="hlt">detector</span> system can achieve background-limited noise-equivalent-power on the order of 10(-14) W/Hz(1/2) in the frequency <span class="hlt">range</span> from 1.5 to 4 THz even if the vibration noise of the mechanical refrigerator is present.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22538150-su-proton-range-measurements-using-geometrically-calibrated-liquid-scintillator-detector','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22538150-su-proton-range-measurements-using-geometrically-calibrated-liquid-scintillator-detector"><span>SU-E-T-641: Proton <span class="hlt">Range</span> Measurements Using a Geometrically Calibrated Liquid Scintillator <span class="hlt">Detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hui, C; Robertson, D; Alsanea, F</p> <p>2015-06-15</p> <p>Purpose: The purpose of this work is to develop a geometric calibration method to accurately calculate physical distances within a liquid scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span> and to assess the accuracy, consistency, and robustness of proton beam <span class="hlt">range</span> measurements when using a liquid scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span> system with the proposed geometric calibration process. Methods: We developed a geometric calibration procedure to accurately convert pixel locations in the camera frame into physical locations in the scintillator frame. To ensure accuracy, the geometric calibration was performed before each experiment. The liquid scintillator was irradiated with spot scanning proton beams of 94 energies in two deliveries. Amore » CCD camera was used to capture the two-dimensional scintillation light profile of each of the proton energies. An algorithm was developed to automatically calculate the proton <span class="hlt">range</span> from the acquired images. The measured <span class="hlt">range</span> was compared to the nominal <span class="hlt">range</span> to assess the accuracy of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. To evaluate the robustness of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> between each setup, the experiments were repeated on three different days. To evaluate the consistency of the measurements between deliveries, three sets of measurements were acquired for each experiment. Results: Using this geometric calibration procedure, the proton beam <span class="hlt">ranges</span> measured using the liquid scintillator system were all within 0.3mm of the nominal <span class="hlt">range</span>. The average difference between the measured and nominal <span class="hlt">ranges</span> was −0.20mm. The delivery-to-delivery standard deviation of the proton <span class="hlt">range</span> measurement was 0.04mm, and the setup-to-setup standard deviation of the measurement was 0.10mm. Conclusion: The liquid scintillator system can measure the <span class="hlt">range</span> of all 94 beams in just two deliveries. With the proposed geometric calibration, it can measure proton <span class="hlt">range</span> with sub-millimeter accuracy, and the measurements were shown to be consistent between deliveries and setups. Therefore, we conclude that the liquid</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PMB....59.2829H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PMB....59.2829H"><span>The piecewise-linear <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> attenuator reduces the impact of count rate loss with photon-counting <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hsieh, Scott S.; Pelc, Norbert J.</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>Photon counting x-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (PCXDs) offer several advantages compared to standard energy-integrating x-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, but also face significant challenges. One key challenge is the high count rates required in CT. At high count rates, PCXDs exhibit count rate loss and show reduced detective quantum efficiency in signal-rich (or high flux) measurements. In order to reduce count rate requirements, a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> beam-shaping filter can be used to redistribute flux incident on the patient. We study the piecewise-linear attenuator in conjunction with PCXDs without energy discrimination capabilities. We examined three <span class="hlt">detector</span> models: the classic nonparalyzable and paralyzable <span class="hlt">detector</span> models, and a ‘hybrid’ <span class="hlt">detector</span> model which is a weighted average of the two which approximates an existing, real <span class="hlt">detector</span> (Taguchi et al 2011 Med. Phys. 38 1089-102 ). We derive analytic expressions for the variance of the CT measurements for these <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. These expressions are used with raw data estimated from DICOM image files of an abdomen and a thorax to estimate variance in reconstructed images for both the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> attenuator and a static beam-shaping (‘bowtie’) filter. By redistributing flux, the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> attenuator reduces dose by 40% without increasing peak variance for the ideal <span class="hlt">detector</span>. For non-ideal PCXDs, the impact of count rate loss is also reduced. The nonparalyzable <span class="hlt">detector</span> shows little impact from count rate loss, but with the paralyzable model, count rate loss leads to noise streaks that can be controlled with the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> attenuator. With the hybrid model, the characteristic count rates required before noise streaks dominate the reconstruction are reduced by a factor of 2 to 3. We conclude that the piecewise-linear attenuator can reduce the count rate requirements of the PCXD in addition to improving dose efficiency. The magnitude of this reduction depends on the <span class="hlt">detector</span>, with paralyzable <span class="hlt">detectors</span> showing much greater benefit than nonparalyzable <span class="hlt">detectors</span>.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_3 --> <div id="page_4" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="61"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18285141','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18285141"><span>Nonlinear <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> transformation in visual communication channels.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Alter-Gartenberg, R</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>The article evaluates nonlinear <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> transformation in the context of the end-to-end continuous-input/discrete processing/continuous-display imaging process. <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> transformation is required when we have the following: (i) the wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> encountered in nature is compressed into the relatively narrow <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the display, particularly for spatially varying irradiance (e.g., shadow); (ii) coarse quantization is expanded to the wider <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the display; and (iii) nonlinear tone scale transformation compensates for the correction in the camera amplifier.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7437E..0EC','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7437E..0EC"><span>Optimization of <span class="hlt">detectors</span> positioning with respect to flying <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> for future formation flight missions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Civitani, Marta; Djalal, Sophie; Chipaux, Remi</p> <p>2009-08-01</p> <p>In a X-ray telescope in formation flight configuration, the optics and the focal-plane <span class="hlt">detectors</span> reside in two different spacecraft. The <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> spacecraft (DSC) with respect to the mirror spacecraft (MSC, carrying the mirrors of the telescope) changes continuously the arrival positions of the photons on the <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. In this paper we analyze this issue for the case of the SIMBOL-X hard X-ray mission, extensively studied by CNES and ASI until 2009 spring. Due to the existing gaps between pixels and between <span class="hlt">detector</span> modules, the <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of the system may produce a relevant photometric effect. The aim of this work is to present the optimization study of the control-law algorithm with respect to the <span class="hlt">detector</span>'s geometry. As the photometric effect may vary depending upon position of the source image on the <span class="hlt">detector</span>, the analysis-carried out using the simuLOS (INAF, CNES, CEA) simulation tool-is extended over the entire SIMBOL-X field of view.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19720000477','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19720000477"><span>Wide-<span class="hlt">range</span> nuclear magnetic resonance <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sturman, J. C.; Jirberg, R. J.</p> <p>1972-01-01</p> <p>Compact and easy to use solid state nuclear magnetic resonance <span class="hlt">detector</span> is designed for measuring field strength to 20 teslas in cryogenically cooled magnets. Extremely low noise and high sensitivity make <span class="hlt">detector</span> applicable to nearly all types of analytical nuclear magnetic resonance measurements and can be used in high temperature and radiation environments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2690843','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2690843"><span>Active Dendrites Enhance Neuronal <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gollo, Leonardo L.; Kinouchi, Osame; Copelli, Mauro</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Since the first experimental evidences of active conductances in dendrites, most neurons have been shown to exhibit dendritic excitability through the expression of a variety of voltage-gated ion channels. However, despite experimental and theoretical efforts undertaken in the past decades, the role of this excitability for some kind of dendritic computation has remained elusive. Here we show that, owing to very general properties of excitable media, the average output of a model of an active dendritic tree is a highly non-linear function of its afferent rate, attaining extremely large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">ranges</span> (above 50 dB). Moreover, the model yields double-sigmoid response functions as experimentally observed in retinal ganglion cells. We claim that enhancement of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> is the primary functional role of active dendritic conductances. We predict that neurons with larger dendritic trees should have larger <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and that blocking of active conductances should lead to a decrease in <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. PMID:19521531</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998SPIE.3445..318T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998SPIE.3445..318T"><span>Low-power low-noise mixed-mode VLSI ASIC for infinite <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> imaging applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Turchetta, Renato; Hu, Y.; Zinzius, Y.; Colledani, C.; Loge, A.</p> <p>1998-11-01</p> <p>Solid state solutions for imaging are mainly represented by CCDs and, more recently, by CMOS imagers. Both devices are based on the integration of the total charge generated by the impinging radiation, with no processing of the single photon information. The <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of these devices is intrinsically limited by the finite value of noise. Here we present the design of an architecture which allows efficient, in-pixel, noise reduction to a practically zero level, thus allowing infinite <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> imaging. A detailed calculation of the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> is worked out, showing that noise is efficiently suppressed. This architecture is based on the concept of single-photon counting. In each pixel, we integrate both the front-end, low-noise, low-power analog part and the digital part. The former consists of a charge preamplifier, an active filter for optimal noise bandwidth reduction, a buffer and a threshold comparator, and the latter is simply a counter, which can be programmed to act as a normal shift register for the readout of the counters' contents. Two different ASIC's based on this concept have been designed for different applications. The first one has been optimized for silicon edge-on microstrips <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, used in a digital mammography R and D project. It is a 32-channel circuit, with a 16-bit binary static counter.It has been optimized for a relatively large <span class="hlt">detector</span> capacitance of 5 pF. Noise has been measured to be equal to 100 + 7*Cd (pF) electron rms with the digital part, showing no degradation of the noise performances with respect to the design values. The power consumption is 3.8mW/channel for a peaking time of about 1 microsecond(s) . The second circuit is a prototype for pixel imaging. The total active area is about (250 micrometers )**2. The main differences of the electronic architecture with respect to the first prototype are: i) different optimization of the analog front-end part for low-capacitance <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, ii) in- pixel 4-bit comparator</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880000093&hterms=william+carter&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAuthor-Name%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dwilliam%2Bcarter','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880000093&hterms=william+carter&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAuthor-Name%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dwilliam%2Bcarter"><span>High-Resolution <span class="hlt">Detector</span> For X-Ray Diffraction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Carter, Daniel C.; Withrow, William K.; Pusey, Marc L.; Yost, Vaughn H.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>Proposed x-ray-sensitive imaging <span class="hlt">detector</span> offers superior spatial resolution, counting-rate capacity, and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. Instrument based on laser-stimulated luminescence and reusable x-ray-sensitive film. <span class="hlt">Detector</span> scans x-ray film line by line. Extracts latent image in film and simultaneously erases film for reuse. Used primarily for protein crystallography. Principle adapted to imaging <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for electron microscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy and general use in astronomy, engineering, and medicine.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22116959-full-range-detector-hirrbs-high-resolution-rbs-magnetic-spectrometer','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22116959-full-range-detector-hirrbs-high-resolution-rbs-magnetic-spectrometer"><span>A full <span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">detector</span> for the HIRRBS high resolution RBS magnetic spectrometer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Skala, Wayne G.; Haberl, Arthur W.; Bakhru, Hassaram</p> <p>2013-04-19</p> <p>The UAlbany HIRRBS (High Resolution RBS) system has been updated for better use in rapid analysis. The focal plane <span class="hlt">detector</span> now covers the full <span class="hlt">range</span> from U down to O using a linear stepper motor to translate the 1-cm <span class="hlt">detector</span> across the 30-cm <span class="hlt">range</span>. Input is implemented with zero-back-angle operation in all cases. The chamber has been modified to allow for quick swapping of sample holders, including a channeling goniometer. A fixed standard surface-barrier <span class="hlt">detector</span> allows for normal RBS simultaneously with use of the magnetic spectrometer. The user can select a region on the standard spectrum or can select anmore » element edge or an energy point for collection of the expanded spectrum portion. The best resolution currently obtained is about 2-to-3 keV, probably representing the energy width of the incoming beam. Calibration is maintained automatically for any spectrum portion and any beam energy from 1.0 to 3.5 MeV. Element resolving power, sensitivity and depth resolution are shown using several examples. Examples also show the value of simultaneous conventional RBS.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22482573-cryocooled-terahertz-photoconductive-detector-system-background-limited-performance-thz-frequency-range','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22482573-cryocooled-terahertz-photoconductive-detector-system-background-limited-performance-thz-frequency-range"><span>Cryocooled terahertz photoconductive <span class="hlt">detector</span> system with background-limited performance in 1.5–4 THz frequency <span class="hlt">range</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Aoki, Makoto; Hiromoto, Norihisa, E-mail: dnhirom@ipc.shizuoka.ac</p> <p>2015-10-15</p> <p>We describe a 4-K-cryocooled dual-band terahertz (THz) photoconductive <span class="hlt">detector</span> system with background-limited performance. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> system comprises two THz photoconductive <span class="hlt">detectors</span> covering a response in a wide frequency <span class="hlt">range</span> from 1.5 to 4 THz, low noise amplifiers, optical low-pass filters to eliminate input radiation of higher frequencies, and a mechanical 4 K Gifford-McMahon refrigerator that provides practical and convenient operation without a liquid He container. The electrical and optical performances of the THz <span class="hlt">detector</span> system were evaluated at a <span class="hlt">detector</span> temperature of 4 K under 300 K background radiation. We proved that the <span class="hlt">detector</span> system can achieve background-limited noise-equivalent-power onmore » the order of 10{sup −14} W/Hz{sup 1/2} in the frequency <span class="hlt">range</span> from 1.5 to 4 THz even if the vibration noise of the mechanical refrigerator is present.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/525914','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/525914"><span>Requirements on high resolution <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Koch, A.</p> <p></p> <p>For a number of microtomography applications X-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with a spatial resolution of 1 {mu}m are required. This high spatial resolution will influence and degrade other parameters of secondary importance like detective quantum efficiency (DQE), <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, linearity and frame rate. This note summarizes the most important arguments, for and against those <span class="hlt">detector</span> systems which could be considered. This article discusses the mutual dependencies between the various figures which characterize a <span class="hlt">detector</span>, and tries to give some ideas on how to proceed in order to improve present technology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJT....39...10U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJT....39...10U"><span>Improving the <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> Emissivity Measurement Above 1000 K by Extending the Spectral <span class="hlt">Range</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Urban, D.; Krenek, S.; Anhalt, K.; Taubert, D. R.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>To improve the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> emissivity measurement, which is based on the laser-flash method, an array spectrometer is characterized regarding its spectral radiance responsivity for a spectrally resolved emissivity measurement above 1000 K in the wavelength <span class="hlt">range</span> between 550 nm and 1100 nm. Influences like dark signals, the nonlinearity of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>, the size-of-source effect, wavelength calibration and the spectral radiance responsivity of the system are investigated to obtain an uncertainty budget for the spectral radiance and emissivity measurements. Uncertainties for the spectral radiance of lower than a relative 2 % are achieved for wavelengths longer than 550 nm. Finally, the spectral emissivity of a graphite sample was determined in the temperature <span class="hlt">range</span> between 1000 K and 1700 K, and the experimental data show a good repeatability and agreement with literature data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050186669','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050186669"><span>Testing the Equivalence Principle in an Einstein Elevator: <span class="hlt">Detector</span> <span class="hlt">Dynamics</span> and Gravity Perturbations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hubbard, Dorthy (Technical Monitor); Lorenzini, E. C.; Shapiro, I. I.; Cosmo, M. L.; Ashenberg, J.; Parzianello, G.; Iafolla, V.; Nozzoli, S.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>We discuss specific, recent advances in the analysis of an experiment to test the Equivalence Principle (EP) in free fall. A differential accelerometer <span class="hlt">detector</span> with two proof masses of different materials free falls inside an evacuated capsule previously released from a stratospheric balloon. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> spins slowly about its horizontal axis during the fall. An EP violation signal (if present) will manifest itself at the rotational frequency of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> operates in a quiet environment as it slowly moves with respect to the co-moving capsule. There are, however, gravitational and <span class="hlt">dynamical</span> noise contributions that need to be evaluated in order to define key requirements for this experiment. Specifically, higher-order mass moments of the capsule contribute errors to the differential acceleration output with components at the spin frequency which need to be minimized. The <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of the free falling <span class="hlt">detector</span> (in its present design) has been simulated in order to estimate the tolerable errors at release which, in turn, define the release mechanism requirements. Moreover, the study of the higher-order mass moments for a worst-case position of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> package relative to the cryostat has led to the definition of requirements on the shape and size of the proof masses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1236211-dynamic-granularity-imaging-systems','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1236211-dynamic-granularity-imaging-systems"><span><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> granularity of imaging systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Geissel, Matthias; Smith, Ian C.; Shores, Jonathon E.; ...</p> <p>2015-11-04</p> <p>Imaging systems that include a specific source, imaging concept, geometry, and <span class="hlt">detector</span> have unique properties such as signal-to-noise ratio, <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, spatial resolution, distortions, and contrast. Some of these properties are inherently connected, particularly <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and spatial resolution. It must be emphasized that spatial resolution is not a single number but must be seen in the context of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and consequently is better described by a function or distribution. We introduce the “<span class="hlt">dynamic</span> granularity” G dyn as a standardized, objective relation between a detector’s spatial resolution (granularity) and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> for complex imaging systems in a given environmentmore » rather than the widely found characterization of <span class="hlt">detectors</span> such as cameras or films by themselves. We found that this relation can partly be explained through consideration of the signal’s photon statistics, background noise, and <span class="hlt">detector</span> sensitivity, but a comprehensive description including some unpredictable data such as dust, damages, or an unknown spectral distribution will ultimately have to be based on measurements. Measured <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> granularities can be objectively used to assess the limits of an imaging system’s performance including all contributing noise sources and to qualify the influence of alternative components within an imaging system. Our article explains the construction criteria to formulate a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> granularity and compares measured <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> granularities for different <span class="hlt">detectors</span> used in the X-ray backlighting scheme employed at Sandia’s Z-Backlighter facility.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1399772','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1399772"><span>Wafer-scale pixelated <span class="hlt">detector</span> system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Fahim, Farah; Deptuch, Grzegorz; Zimmerman, Tom</p> <p>2017-10-17</p> <p>A large area, gapless, detection system comprises at least one sensor; an interposer operably connected to the at least one sensor; and at least one application specific integrated circuit operably connected to the sensor via the interposer wherein the detection system provides high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> while maintaining small pixel area and low power dissipation. Thereby the invention provides methods and systems for a wafer-scale gapless and seamless <span class="hlt">detector</span> systems with small pixels, which have both high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and low power dissipation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPT11008S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPT11008S"><span>Calibration of high-<span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span>, finite-resolution x-ray pulse-height spectrometers for extracting electron energy distribution data from the PFRC-2 device</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Swanson, C.; Jandovitz, P.; Cohen, S. A.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Knowledge of the full x-ray energy distribution function (XEDF) emitted from a plasma over a large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of energies can yield valuable insights about the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) of that plasma and the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> processes that create them. X-ray pulse height <span class="hlt">detectors</span> such as Amptek's X-123 Fast SDD with Silicon Nitride window can detect x-rays in the <span class="hlt">range</span> of 200eV to 100s of keV. However, extracting EEDF from this measurement requires precise knowledge of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>'s response function. This response function, including the energy scale calibration, the window transmission function, and the resolution function, can be measured directly. We describe measurements of this function from x-rays from a mono-energetic electron beam in a purpose-built gas-target x-ray tube. Large-Z effects such as line radiation, nuclear charge screening, and polarizational Bremsstrahlung are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SPIE10710E..0NZ','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SPIE10710E..0NZ"><span>High <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> image acquisition based on multiplex cameras</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zeng, Hairui; Sun, Huayan; Zhang, Tinghua</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>High <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> image is an important technology of photoelectric information acquisition, providing higher <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and more image details, and it can better reflect the real environment, light and color information. Currently, the method of high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> image synthesis based on different exposure image sequences cannot adapt to the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> scene. It fails to overcome the effects of moving targets, resulting in the phenomenon of ghost. Therefore, a new high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> image acquisition method based on multiplex cameras system was proposed. Firstly, different exposure images sequences were captured with the camera array, using the method of derivative optical flow based on color gradient to get the deviation between images, and aligned the images. Then, the high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> image fusion weighting function was established by combination of inverse camera response function and deviation between images, and was applied to generated a high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> image. The experiments show that the proposed method can effectively obtain high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> images in <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> scene, and achieves good results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20777201-high-dynamic-range-pixel-architecture-advanced-diagnostic-medical-ray-imaging-applications','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20777201-high-dynamic-range-pixel-architecture-advanced-diagnostic-medical-ray-imaging-applications"><span>High <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> pixel architecture for advanced diagnostic medical x-ray imaging applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Izadi, Mohammad Hadi; Karim, Karim S.</p> <p>2006-05-15</p> <p>The most widely used architecture in large-area amorphous silicon (a-Si) flat panel imagers is a passive pixel sensor (PPS), which consists of a <span class="hlt">detector</span> and a readout switch. While the PPS has the advantage of being compact and amenable toward high-resolution imaging, small PPS output signals are swamped by external column charge amplifier and data line thermal noise, which reduce the minimum readable sensor input signal. In contrast to PPS circuits, on-pixel amplifiers in a-Si technology reduce readout noise to levels that can meet even the stringent requirements for low noise digital x-ray fluoroscopy (<1000 noise electrons). However, larger voltagesmore » at the pixel input cause the output of the amplified pixel to become nonlinear thus reducing the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. We reported a hybrid amplified pixel architecture based on a combination of PPS and amplified pixel designs that, in addition to low noise performance, also resulted in large-signal linearity and consequently higher <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> [K. S. Karim et al., Proc. SPIE 5368, 657 (2004)]. The additional benefit in large-signal linearity, however, came at the cost of an additional pixel transistor. We present an amplified pixel design that achieves the goals of low noise performance and large-signal linearity without the need for an additional pixel transistor. Theoretical calculations and simulation results for noise indicate the applicability of the amplified a-Si pixel architecture for high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, medical x-ray imaging applications that require switching between low exposure, real-time fluoroscopy and high-exposure radiography.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/867564','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/867564"><span>Ionizing radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Thacker, Louis H.</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>An ionizing radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> is provided which is based on the principle of analog electronic integration of radiation sensor currents in the sub-pico to nano ampere <span class="hlt">range</span> between fixed voltage switching thresholds with automatic voltage reversal each time the appropriate threshold is reached. The thresholds are provided by a first NAND gate Schmitt trigger which is coupled with a second NAND gate Schmitt trigger operating in an alternate switching state from the first gate to turn either a visible or audible indicating device on and off in response to the gate switching rate which is indicative of the level of radiation being sensed. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> can be configured as a small, personal radiation dosimeter which is simple to operate and responsive over a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of at least 0.01 to 1000 R/hr.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22053785-novel-flat-response-ray-detector-photon-energy-range-kev','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22053785-novel-flat-response-ray-detector-photon-energy-range-kev"><span>A novel flat-response x-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> in the photon energy <span class="hlt">range</span> of 0.1-4 keV</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Li Zhichao; Guo Liang; Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900</p> <p>2010-07-15</p> <p>A novel flat-response x-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> has been developed for the measurement of radiation flux from a hohlraum. In order to obtain a flat response in the photon energy <span class="hlt">range</span> of 0.1-4 keV, it is found that both the cathode and the filter of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> can be made of gold. A further improvement on the compound filter can then largely relax the requirement of the calibration x-ray beam. The calibration of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>, which is carried out on Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility at Institute of High Energy Physics, shows that the <span class="hlt">detector</span> has a desired flat response in the photonmore » energy <span class="hlt">range</span> of 0.1-4 keV, with a response flatness smaller than 13%. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> has been successfully applied in the hohlraum experiment on Shenguang-III prototype laser facility. The radiation temperatures inferred from the <span class="hlt">detector</span> agree well with those from the diagnostic instrument Dante installed at the same azimuth angle from the hohlraum axis, demonstrating the feasibility of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20687719','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20687719"><span>A novel flat-response x-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> in the photon energy <span class="hlt">range</span> of 0.1-4 keV.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Zhichao; Jiang, Xiaohua; Liu, Shenye; Huang, Tianxuan; Zheng, Jian; Yang, Jiamin; Li, Sanwei; Guo, Liang; Zhao, Xuefeng; Du, Huabin; Song, Tianming; Yi, Rongqing; Liu, Yonggang; Jiang, Shaoen; Ding, Yongkun</p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>A novel flat-response x-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> has been developed for the measurement of radiation flux from a hohlraum. In order to obtain a flat response in the photon energy <span class="hlt">range</span> of 0.1-4 keV, it is found that both the cathode and the filter of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> can be made of gold. A further improvement on the compound filter can then largely relax the requirement of the calibration x-ray beam. The calibration of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>, which is carried out on Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility at Institute of High Energy Physics, shows that the <span class="hlt">detector</span> has a desired flat response in the photon energy <span class="hlt">range</span> of 0.1-4 keV, with a response flatness smaller than 13%. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> has been successfully applied in the hohlraum experiment on Shenguang-III prototype laser facility. The radiation temperatures inferred from the <span class="hlt">detector</span> agree well with those from the diagnostic instrument Dante installed at the same azimuth angle from the hohlraum axis, demonstrating the feasibility of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4972146','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4972146"><span>Benchmarking novel approaches for modelling species <span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zurell, Damaris; Thuiller, Wilfried; Pagel, Jörn; Cabral, Juliano S; Münkemüller, Tamara; Gravel, Dominique; Dullinger, Stefan; Normand, Signe; Schiffers, Katja H.; Moore, Kara A.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Increasing biodiversity loss due to climate change is one of the most vital challenges of the 21st century. To anticipate and mitigate biodiversity loss, models are needed that reliably project species’ <span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> and extinction risks. Recently, several new approaches to model <span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> have been developed to supplement correlative species distribution models (SDMs), but applications clearly lag behind model development. Indeed, no comparative analysis has been performed to evaluate their performance. Here, we build on process-based, simulated data for benchmarking five <span class="hlt">range</span> (<span class="hlt">dynamic</span>) models of varying complexity including classical SDMs, SDMs coupled with simple dispersal or more complex population <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> models (SDM hybrids), and a hierarchical Bayesian process-based <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> model (DRM). We specifically test the effects of demographic and community processes on model predictive performance. Under current climate, DRMs performed best, although only marginally. Under climate change, predictive performance varied considerably, with no clear winners. Yet, all <span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> models improved predictions under climate change substantially compared to purely correlative SDMs, and the population <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> models also predicted reasonable extinction risks for most scenarios. When benchmarking data were simulated with more complex demographic and community processes, simple SDM hybrids including only dispersal often proved most reliable. Finally, we found that structural decisions during model building can have great impact on model accuracy, but prior system knowledge on important processes can reduce these uncertainties considerably. Our results reassure the clear merit in using <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> approaches for modelling species’ response to climate change but also emphasise several needs for further model and data improvement. We propose and discuss perspectives for improving <span class="hlt">range</span> projections through combination of multiple models and for making these approaches</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_4 --> <div id="page_5" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="81"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930051553&hterms=1584&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3D%2526%25231584','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930051553&hterms=1584&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3D%2526%25231584"><span><span class="hlt">Range</span> image segmentation using Zernike moment-based generalized edge <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ghosal, S.; Mehrotra, R.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>The authors proposed a novel Zernike moment-based generalized step edge detection method which can be used for segmenting <span class="hlt">range</span> and intensity images. A generalized step edge <span class="hlt">detector</span> is developed to identify different kinds of edges in <span class="hlt">range</span> images. These edge maps are thinned and linked to provide final segmentation. A generalized edge is modeled in terms of five parameters: orientation, two slopes, one step jump at the location of the edge, and the background gray level. Two complex and two real Zernike moment-based masks are required to determine all these parameters of the edge model. Theoretical noise analysis is performed to show that these operators are quite noise tolerant. Experimental results are included to demonstrate edge-based segmentation technique.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22596535-high-dynamic-range-neutron-time-flight-detector-used-infer-sup-he-sup-he-reaction-yield-ion-temperature-omega','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22596535-high-dynamic-range-neutron-time-flight-detector-used-infer-sup-he-sup-he-reaction-yield-ion-temperature-omega"><span>High-<span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span> neutron time-of-flight <span class="hlt">detector</span> used to infer the D(t,n){sup 4}He and D(d,n){sup 3}He reaction yield and ion temperature on OMEGA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Forrest, C. J., E-mail: cforrest@lle.rochester.edu; Glebov, V. Yu.; Goncharov, V. N.</p> <p></p> <p>Upgraded microchannel-plate–based photomultiplier tubes (MCP-PMT’s) with increased stability to signal-shape linearity have been implemented on the 13.4-m neutron time-of-flight (nTOF) <span class="hlt">detector</span> at the Omega Laser Facility. This diagnostic uses oxygenated xylene doped with diphenyloxazole C{sub 15}H{sub 11}NO + p-bis-(o-methylstyryl)-benzene (PPO + bis-MSB) wavelength shifting dyes and is coupled through four viewing ports to fast-gating MCP-PMT’s, each with a different gain to allow one to measure the light output over a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of 1 × 10{sup 6}. With these enhancements, the 13.4-m nTOF can measure the D(t,n){sup 4}He and D(d,n){sup 3}He reaction yields and average ion temperatures in a singlemore » line of sight. Once calibrated for absolute neutron sensitivity, the nTOF <span class="hlt">detectors</span> can be used to measure the neutron yield from 1 × 10{sup 9} to 1 × 10{sup 14} and the ion temperature with an accuracy approaching 5% for both the D(t,n){sup 4}He and D(d,n){sup 3}He reactions.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SPIE.8657E..0EK','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SPIE.8657E..0EK"><span>Real-time <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and signal to noise enhancement in beam-scanning microscopy by integration of sensor characteristics, data acquisition hardware, and statistical methods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kissick, David J.; Muir, Ryan D.; Sullivan, Shane Z.; Oglesbee, Robert A.; Simpson, Garth J.</p> <p>2013-02-01</p> <p>Despite the ubiquitous use of multi-photon and confocal microscopy measurements in biology, the core techniques typically suffer from fundamental compromises between signal to noise (S/N) and linear <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (LDR). In this study, direct synchronous digitization of voltage transients coupled with statistical analysis is shown to allow S/N approaching the theoretical maximum throughout an LDR spanning more than 8 decades, limited only by the dark counts of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> on the low end and by the intrinsic nonlinearities of the photomultiplier tube (PMT) <span class="hlt">detector</span> on the high end. Synchronous digitization of each voltage transient represents a fundamental departure from established methods in confocal/multi-photon imaging, which are currently based on either photon counting or signal averaging. High information-density data acquisition (up to 3.2 GB/s of raw data) enables the smooth transition between the two modalities on a pixel-by-pixel basis and the ultimate writing of much smaller files (few kB/s). Modeling of the PMT response allows extraction of key sensor parameters from the histogram of voltage peak-heights. Applications in second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy are described demonstrating S/N approaching the shot-noise limit of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> over large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">ranges</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9599E..0CK','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9599E..0CK"><span>HEVC for high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> services</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kim, Seung-Hwan; Zhao, Jie; Misra, Kiran; Segall, Andrew</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>Displays capable of showing a greater <span class="hlt">range</span> of luminance values can render content containing high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> information in a way such that the viewers have a more immersive experience. This paper introduces the design aspects of a high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (HDR) system, and examines the performance of the HDR processing chain in terms of compression efficiency. Specifically it examines the relation between recently introduced Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) ST 2084 transfer function and the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard. SMPTE ST 2084 is designed to cover the full <span class="hlt">range</span> of an HDR signal from 0 to 10,000 nits, however in many situations the valid signal <span class="hlt">range</span> of actual video might be smaller than SMPTE ST 2084 supported <span class="hlt">range</span>. The above restricted signal <span class="hlt">range</span> results in restricted <span class="hlt">range</span> of code values for input video data and adversely impacts compression efficiency. In this paper, we propose a code value remapping method that extends the restricted <span class="hlt">range</span> code values into the full <span class="hlt">range</span> code values so that the existing standards such as HEVC may better compress the video content. The paper also identifies related non-normative encoder-only changes that are required for remapping method for a fair comparison with anchor. Results are presented comparing the efficiency of the current approach versus the proposed remapping method for HM-16.2.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4753356','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4753356"><span><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> Across Music Genres and the Perception of <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> Compression in Hearing-Impaired Listeners</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kirchberger, Martin</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> compression serves different purposes in the music and hearing-aid industries. In the music industry, it is used to make music louder and more attractive to normal-hearing listeners. In the hearing-aid industry, it is used to map the variable <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of acoustic signals to the reduced <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of hearing-impaired listeners. Hence, hearing-aided listeners will typically receive a dual dose of compression when listening to recorded music. The present study involved an acoustic analysis of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> across a cross section of recorded music as well as a perceptual study comparing the efficacy of different compression schemes. The acoustic analysis revealed that the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of samples from popular genres, such as rock or rap, was generally smaller than the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of samples from classical genres, such as opera and orchestra. By comparison, the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of speech, based on recordings of monologues in quiet, was larger than the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of all music genres tested. The perceptual study compared the effect of the prescription rule NAL-NL2 with a semicompressive and a linear scheme. Music subjected to linear processing had the highest ratings for <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> and quality, followed by the semicompressive and the NAL-NL2 setting. These findings advise against NAL-NL2 as a prescription rule for recorded music and recommend linear settings. PMID:26868955</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26868955','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26868955"><span><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> Across Music Genres and the Perception of <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> Compression in Hearing-Impaired Listeners.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kirchberger, Martin; Russo, Frank A</p> <p>2016-02-10</p> <p><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> compression serves different purposes in the music and hearing-aid industries. In the music industry, it is used to make music louder and more attractive to normal-hearing listeners. In the hearing-aid industry, it is used to map the variable <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of acoustic signals to the reduced <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of hearing-impaired listeners. Hence, hearing-aided listeners will typically receive a dual dose of compression when listening to recorded music. The present study involved an acoustic analysis of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> across a cross section of recorded music as well as a perceptual study comparing the efficacy of different compression schemes. The acoustic analysis revealed that the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of samples from popular genres, such as rock or rap, was generally smaller than the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of samples from classical genres, such as opera and orchestra. By comparison, the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of speech, based on recordings of monologues in quiet, was larger than the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of all music genres tested. The perceptual study compared the effect of the prescription rule NAL-NL2 with a semicompressive and a linear scheme. Music subjected to linear processing had the highest ratings for <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> and quality, followed by the semicompressive and the NAL-NL2 setting. These findings advise against NAL-NL2 as a prescription rule for recorded music and recommend linear settings. © The Author(s) 2016.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140002364','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140002364"><span>Frequency-Modulated, Continuous-Wave Laser <span class="hlt">Ranging</span> Using Photon-Counting <span class="hlt">Detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Erkmen, Baris I.; Barber, Zeb W.; Dahl, Jason</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Optical <span class="hlt">ranging</span> is a problem of estimating the round-trip flight time of a phase- or amplitude-modulated optical beam that reflects off of a target. Frequency- modulated, continuous-wave (FMCW) <span class="hlt">ranging</span> systems obtain this estimate by performing an interferometric measurement between a local frequency- modulated laser beam and a delayed copy returning from the target. The <span class="hlt">range</span> estimate is formed by mixing the target-return field with the local reference field on a beamsplitter and detecting the resultant beat modulation. In conventional FMCW <span class="hlt">ranging</span>, the source modulation is linear in instantaneous frequency, the reference-arm field has many more photons than the target-return field, and the time-of-flight estimate is generated by balanced difference- detection of the beamsplitter output, followed by a frequency-domain peak search. This work focused on determining the maximum-likelihood (ML) estimation algorithm when continuous-time photoncounting <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are used. It is founded on a rigorous statistical characterization of the (random) photoelectron emission times as a function of the incident optical field, including the deleterious effects caused by dark current and dead time. These statistics enable derivation of the Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRB) on the accuracy of FMCW <span class="hlt">ranging</span>, and derivation of the ML estimator, whose performance approaches this bound at high photon flux. The estimation algorithm was developed, and its optimality properties were shown in simulation. Experimental data show that it performs better than the conventional estimation algorithms used. The demonstrated improvement is a factor of 1.414 over frequency-domainbased estimation. If the target interrogating photons and the local reference field photons are costed equally, the optimal allocation of photons between these two arms is to have them equally distributed. This is different than the state of the art, in which the local field is stronger than the target return. The optimal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9273E..09W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9273E..09W"><span>High <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> coding imaging system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wu, Renfan; Huang, Yifan; Hou, Guangqi</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>We present a high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (HDR) imaging system design scheme based on coded aperture technique. This scheme can help us obtain HDR images which have extended depth of field. We adopt Sparse coding algorithm to design coded patterns. Then we utilize the sensor unit to acquire coded images under different exposure settings. With the guide of the multiple exposure parameters, a series of low <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (LDR) coded images are reconstructed. We use some existing algorithms to fuse and display a HDR image by those LDR images. We build an optical simulation model and get some simulation images to verify the novel system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A21H..08L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A21H..08L"><span>High Precision Sunphotometer using Wide <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> (WDR) Camera Tracking</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liss, J.; Dunagan, S. E.; Johnson, R. R.; Chang, C. S.; LeBlanc, S. E.; Shinozuka, Y.; Redemann, J.; Flynn, C. J.; Segal-Rosenhaimer, M.; Pistone, K.; Kacenelenbogen, M. S.; Fahey, L.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>High Precision Sunphotometer using Wide <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> (WDR) Camera TrackingThe NASA Ames Sun-photometer-Satellite Group, DOE, PNNL Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, and NASA Goddard's AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) team recently collaborated on the development of a new airborne sunphotometry instrument that provides information on gases and aerosols extending far beyond what can be derived from discrete-channel direct-beam measurements, while preserving or enhancing many of the desirable AATS features (e.g., compactness, versatility, automation, reliability). The enhanced instrument combines the sun-tracking ability of the current 14-Channel NASA Ames AATS-14 with the sky-scanning ability of the ground-based AERONET Sun/sky photometers, while extending both AATS-14 and AERONET capabilities by providing full spectral information from the UV (350 nm) to the SWIR (1,700 nm). Strengths of this measurement approach include many more wavelengths (isolated from gas absorption features) that may be used to characterize aerosols and detailed (oversampled) measurements of the absorption features of specific gas constituents. The Sky Scanning Sun Tracking Airborne Radiometer (3STAR) replicates the radiometer functionality of the AATS-14 instrument but incorporates modern COTS technologies for all instruments subsystems. A 19-channel radiometer bundle design is borrowed from a commercial water column radiance instrument manufactured by Biospherical Instruments of San Diego California (ref, Morrow and Hooker)) and developed using NASA funds under the Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) program. The 3STAR design also incorporates the latest in robotic motor technology embodied in Rotary actuators from Oriental motor Corp. having better than 15 arc seconds of positioning accuracy. Control system was designed, tested and simulated using a Hybrid-<span class="hlt">Dynamical</span> modeling methodology. The design also replaces the classic quadrant <span class="hlt">detector</span> tracking sensor with a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12P2003V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12P2003V"><span>Characterisation of the high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> Large Pixel <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (LPD) and its use at X-ray free electron laser sources</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Veale, M. C.; Adkin, P.; Booker, P.; Coughlan, J.; French, M. J.; Hart, M.; Nicholls, T.; Schneider, A.; Seller, P.; Pape, I.; Sawhney, K.; Carini, G. A.; Hart, P. A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory have delivered the Large Pixel <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (LPD) for MHz frame rate imaging at the European XFEL. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> system has an active area of 0.5 m × 0.5 m and consists of a million pixels on a 500 μm pitch. Sensors have been produced from 500 μm thick Hammamatsu silicon tiles that have been bump bonded to the readout ASIC using a silver epoxy and gold stud technique. Each pixel of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> system is capable of measuring 105 12 keV photons per image readout at 4.5 MHz. In this paper results from the testing of these <span class="hlt">detectors</span> at the Diamond Light Source and the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) are presented. The performance of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> in terms of linearity, spatial uniformity and the performance of the different ASIC gain stages is characterised.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011SPIE.8012E..04F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011SPIE.8012E..04F"><span>SCD's uncooled <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and video engines for a wide-<span class="hlt">range</span> of applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fraenkel, A.; Mizrahi, U.; Bikov, L.; Giladi, A.; Shiloah, N.; Elkind, S.; Kogan, I.; Maayani, S.; Amsterdam, A.; Vaserman, I.; Duman, O.; Hirsh, Y.; Schapiro, F.; Tuito, A.; Ben-Ezra, M.</p> <p>2011-06-01</p> <p>Over the last decade SCD has established a state of the art VOx μ-Bolometer product line. Due to its overall advantages this technology is penetrating a large <span class="hlt">range</span> of systems. In addition to a large variety of <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, SCD has also recently introduced modular video engines with an open architecture. In this paper we will describe the versatile applications supported by the products based on 17μm pitch: Low SWaP short <span class="hlt">range</span> systems, mid <span class="hlt">range</span> systems based on VGA arrays and high-end systems that will utilize the XGA format. These latter systems have the potential to compete with cooled 2nd Gen scanning LWIR arrays, as will be demonstrated by TRM3 system level calculations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9786E..1CL','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9786E..1CL"><span>Uncalibrated stereo rectification and disparity <span class="hlt">range</span> stabilization: a comparison of different feature <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Luo, Xiongbiao; Jayarathne, Uditha L.; McLeod, A. Jonathan; Pautler, Stephen E.; Schlacta, Christopher M.; Peters, Terry M.</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>This paper studies uncalibrated stereo rectification and stable disparity <span class="hlt">range</span> determination for surgical scene three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction. Stereoscopic endoscope calibration sometimes is not available and also increases the complexity of the operating-room environment. Stereo from uncalibrated endoscopic cameras is an alternative to reconstruct the surgical field visualized by binocular endoscopes within the body. Uncalibrated rectification is usually performed on the basis of a number of matched feature points (semi-dense correspondence) between the left and the right images of stereo pairs. After uncalibrated rectification, the corresponding feature points can be used to determine the proper disparity <span class="hlt">range</span> that helps to improve the reconstruction accuracy and reduce the computational time of disparity map estimation. Therefore, the corresponding or matching accuracy and robustness of feature point descriptors is important to surgical field 3-D reconstruction. This work compares four feature <span class="hlt">detectors</span>: (1) scale invariant feature transform (SIFT), (2) speeded up robust features (SURF), (3) affine scale invariant feature transform (ASIFT), and (4) gauge speeded up robust features (GSURF) with applications to uncalibrated rectification and stable disparity <span class="hlt">range</span> determination. We performed our experiments on surgical endoscopic video images that were collected during robotic prostatectomy. The experimental results demonstrate that ASIFT outperforms other feature <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in the uncalibrated stereo rectification and also provides a stable stable disparity <span class="hlt">range</span> for surgical scene reconstruction.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750023271','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750023271"><span>A new broadband square law <span class="hlt">detector</span>. [microwave radiometers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Reid, M. S.; Gardner, R. A.; Stelzried, C. T.</p> <p>1975-01-01</p> <p>A broadband constant law <span class="hlt">detector</span> was developed for precision power measurements, radio metric measurements, and other applications. It has a wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and an accurate square law response. Other desirable characteristics, which are all included in a single compact unit, are: (1) high-level dc output with immunity to ground loop problems; (2) fast response times; (3) ability to insert known time constants; and (4) good thermal stability. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> and its performance are described in detail. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> can be operated in a programmable system with a ten-fold increase in accuracy. The use and performance of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> in a noise-adding radiometer system is also discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1418008-characterisation-high-dynamic-range-large-pixel-detector-lpd-its-use-ray-free-electron-laser-sources','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1418008-characterisation-high-dynamic-range-large-pixel-detector-lpd-its-use-ray-free-electron-laser-sources"><span>Characterisation of the high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> Large Pixel <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (LPD) and its use at X-ray free electron laser sources</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Veale, M. C.; Adkin, P.; Booker, P.; ...</p> <p>2017-12-04</p> <p>The STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory have delivered the Large Pixel <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (LPD) for MHz frame rate imaging at the European XFEL. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> system has an active area of 0.5 m × 0.5 m and consists of a million pixels on a 500 μm pitch. Sensors have been produced from 500 μm thick Hammamatsu silicon tiles that have been bump bonded to the readout ASIC using a silver epoxy and gold stud technique. Each pixel of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> system is capable of measuring 10 5 12 keV photons per image readout at 4.5 MHz. In this paper results from themore » testing of these <span class="hlt">detectors</span> at the Diamond Light Source and the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) are presented. As a result, the performance of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> in terms of linearity, spatial uniformity and the performance of the different ASIC gain stages is characterised.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1418008-characterisation-high-dynamic-range-large-pixel-detector-lpd-its-use-ray-free-electron-laser-sources','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1418008-characterisation-high-dynamic-range-large-pixel-detector-lpd-its-use-ray-free-electron-laser-sources"><span>Characterisation of the high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> Large Pixel <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (LPD) and its use at X-ray free electron laser sources</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Veale, M. C.; Adkin, P.; Booker, P.</p> <p></p> <p>The STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory have delivered the Large Pixel <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (LPD) for MHz frame rate imaging at the European XFEL. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> system has an active area of 0.5 m × 0.5 m and consists of a million pixels on a 500 μm pitch. Sensors have been produced from 500 μm thick Hammamatsu silicon tiles that have been bump bonded to the readout ASIC using a silver epoxy and gold stud technique. Each pixel of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> system is capable of measuring 10 5 12 keV photons per image readout at 4.5 MHz. In this paper results from themore » testing of these <span class="hlt">detectors</span> at the Diamond Light Source and the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) are presented. As a result, the performance of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> in terms of linearity, spatial uniformity and the performance of the different ASIC gain stages is characterised.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RScI...88d5114R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RScI...88d5114R"><span>High-speed microstrip multi-anode multichannel plate <span class="hlt">detector</span> system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Riedo, Andreas; Tulej, Marek; Rohner, Urs; Wurz, Peter</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>High-speed <span class="hlt">detector</span> systems with high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and pulse width characteristics in the sub-nanosecond regime are mandatory for high resolution and highly sensitive time-of-flight mass spectrometers. Typically, for a reasonable <span class="hlt">detector</span> area, an impedance-matched anode design is necessary to transmit the registered signal fast and distortion-free from the anode to the signal acquisition system. In this report, a high-speed microstrip multi-anode multichannel plate <span class="hlt">detector</span> is presented and discussed. The anode consists of four separate active concentric anode segments allowing a simultaneous readout of signal with a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of about eight orders of magnitude. The impedance matched anode segments show pulse width of about 250 ps, measured at full width at half maximum, and rise time of ˜170 ps, measured with an oscilloscope with a sampling rate of 20 GS/s and 4 GHz analogue bandwidth. The usage of multichannel plates as signal amplifier allowed the design of a lightweight, low power consuming, and compact <span class="hlt">detector</span> system, suitable, e.g., for the integration into space instrumentation or portable systems where size, weight, and power consumption are limited parameters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AGUFM.A31D0063N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AGUFM.A31D0063N"><span>Development of an in situ gas chromatograph - mass selective <span class="hlt">detector</span> for the purpose of studying long-<span class="hlt">range</span> pollution transport from Asia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Neu, J. L.; Daube, B. C.; Moore, F. L.; Dutton, G. S.; Hall, B. D.; Elkins, J. W.</p> <p>2003-12-01</p> <p>In September 2002, we began work on the development and construction of an automated, 3 channel gas chromatograph (GC) with a mass selective <span class="hlt">detector</span> (MSD) and two electron capture <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (ECDs). The instrument will be placed at a Pacific CMDL station (Mauna Loa or Trinidad Head), and will make continuous measurements of a variety of chemical species with a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of lifetimes, including chloroflourocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), methyl halides, non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), nitrous oxide, and sulfur hexafluoride. The primary goal is to characterize the episodic long-<span class="hlt">range</span> transport of pollution from Asia. We have completed development of a cryogenic trapping system for pre-concentrating samples for the MSD channel. We present a comparison and characterization of two types of traps, one with a one-inch section of Porapak Q as the adsorbent material, and one with 6 mg of Carboxen 1003 and 4 mg of Carboxen 1000. We discuss the suitability of each of these traps for our intended research. We also present our progress on other aspects of the measurement system, including a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> dilution system for calibration of PAN measurements on one of the ECD channels, and a discussion of the science issues involved in choosing the deployment location.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.844a2043H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.844a2043H"><span>High <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> Imaging Using Multiple Exposures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hou, Xinglin; Luo, Haibo; Zhou, Peipei; Zhou, Wei</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>It is challenging to capture a high-<span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (HDR) scene using a low-<span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (LDR) camera. This paper presents an approach for improving the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of cameras by using multiple exposure images of same scene taken under different exposure times. First, the camera response function (CRF) is recovered by solving a high-order polynomial in which only the ratios of the exposures are used. Then, the HDR radiance image is reconstructed by weighted summation of the each radiance maps. After that, a novel local tone mapping (TM) operator is proposed for the display of the HDR radiance image. By solving the high-order polynomial, the CRF can be recovered quickly and easily. Taken the local image feature and characteristic of histogram statics into consideration, the proposed TM operator could preserve the local details efficiently. Experimental result demonstrates the effectiveness of our method. By comparison, the method outperforms other methods in terms of imaging quality.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21039377-microradiography-semiconductor-pixel-detectors','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21039377-microradiography-semiconductor-pixel-detectors"><span>Microradiography with Semiconductor Pixel <span class="hlt">Detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Jakubek, Jan; Cejnarova, Andrea; Dammer, Jiri</p> <p></p> <p>High resolution radiography (with X-rays, neutrons, heavy charged particles, ...) often exploited also in tomographic mode to provide 3D images stands as a powerful imaging technique for instant and nondestructive visualization of fine internal structure of objects. Novel types of semiconductor single particle counting pixel <span class="hlt">detectors</span> offer many advantages for radiation imaging: high detection efficiency, energy discrimination or direct energy measurement, noiseless digital integration (counting), high frame rate and virtually unlimited <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. This article shows the application and potential of pixel <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (such as Medipix2 or TimePix) in different fields of radiation imaging.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JInst..13P6001B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JInst..13P6001B"><span>An integrated general purpose SiPM based optical module with a high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bretz, T.; Engel, R.; Hebbeker, T.; Kemp, J.; Middendorf, L.; Peters, C.; Schumacher, J.; Šmída, R.; Veberič, D.</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are semiconductor-based light-sensors offering a high gain, a mechanically and optically robust design and high photon detection efficiency. Due to these characteristics, they started to replace conventional photomultiplier tubes in many applications in recent years. This paper presents an optical module based on SiPMs designed for the application in scintillators as well as lab measurements. The module hosts the SiPM bias voltage supply and three pre-amplifiers with different gain levels to exploit the full <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the SiPMs. Two SiPMs, read-out in parallel, are equipped with light guides to increase the sensitive area. The light guides are optimized for the read-out of wavelength shifting fibers as used in many plastic scintillator <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The optical and electrical performance of the module is characterized in detail in laboratory measurements. Prototypes have been installed and tested in a modified version of the Scintillator Surface <span class="hlt">Detector</span> developed for AugerPrime, the upgrade of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The SiPM module is operated in the Argentinian Pampas and first data proves its usability in such harsh environments.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_5 --> <div id="page_6" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="101"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26872305','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26872305"><span>Benchmarking novel approaches for modelling species <span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zurell, Damaris; Thuiller, Wilfried; Pagel, Jörn; Cabral, Juliano S; Münkemüller, Tamara; Gravel, Dominique; Dullinger, Stefan; Normand, Signe; Schiffers, Katja H; Moore, Kara A; Zimmermann, Niklaus E</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>Increasing biodiversity loss due to climate change is one of the most vital challenges of the 21st century. To anticipate and mitigate biodiversity loss, models are needed that reliably project species' <span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> and extinction risks. Recently, several new approaches to model <span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> have been developed to supplement correlative species distribution models (SDMs), but applications clearly lag behind model development. Indeed, no comparative analysis has been performed to evaluate their performance. Here, we build on process-based, simulated data for benchmarking five <span class="hlt">range</span> (<span class="hlt">dynamic</span>) models of varying complexity including classical SDMs, SDMs coupled with simple dispersal or more complex population <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> models (SDM hybrids), and a hierarchical Bayesian process-based <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> model (DRM). We specifically test the effects of demographic and community processes on model predictive performance. Under current climate, DRMs performed best, although only marginally. Under climate change, predictive performance varied considerably, with no clear winners. Yet, all <span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> models improved predictions under climate change substantially compared to purely correlative SDMs, and the population <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> models also predicted reasonable extinction risks for most scenarios. When benchmarking data were simulated with more complex demographic and community processes, simple SDM hybrids including only dispersal often proved most reliable. Finally, we found that structural decisions during model building can have great impact on model accuracy, but prior system knowledge on important processes can reduce these uncertainties considerably. Our results reassure the clear merit in using <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> approaches for modelling species' response to climate change but also emphasize several needs for further model and data improvement. We propose and discuss perspectives for improving <span class="hlt">range</span> projections through combination of multiple models and for making these approaches</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28742039','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28742039"><span>Reconstructing Interlaced High-<span class="hlt">Dynamic-Range</span> Video Using Joint Learning.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Inchang Choi; Seung-Hwan Baek; Kim, Min H</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>For extending the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of video, it is a common practice to capture multiple frames sequentially with different exposures and combine them to extend the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of each video frame. However, this approach results in typical ghosting artifacts due to fast and complex motion in nature. As an alternative, video imaging with interlaced exposures has been introduced to extend the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. However, the interlaced approach has been hindered by jaggy artifacts and sensor noise, leading to concerns over image quality. In this paper, we propose a data-driven approach for jointly solving two specific problems of deinterlacing and denoising that arise in interlaced video imaging with different exposures. First, we solve the deinterlacing problem using joint dictionary learning via sparse coding. Since partial information of detail in differently exposed rows is often available via interlacing, we make use of the information to reconstruct details of the extended <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> from the interlaced video input. Second, we jointly solve the denoising problem by tailoring sparse coding to better handle additive noise in low-/high-exposure rows, and also adopt multiscale homography flow to temporal sequences for denoising. We anticipate that the proposed method will allow for concurrent capture of higher <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> video frames without suffering from ghosting artifacts. We demonstrate the advantages of our interlaced video imaging compared with the state-of-the-art high-<span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span> video methods.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24211991','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24211991"><span>A 1-channel 3-band wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> compression chip for vibration transducer of implantable hearing aids.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kim, Dongwook; Seong, Kiwoong; Kim, Myoungnam; Cho, Jinho; Lee, Jyunghyun</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>In this paper, a digital audio processing chip which uses a wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> compression (WDRC) algorithm is designed and implemented for implantable hearing aids system. The designed chip operates at a single voltage of 3.3V and drives a 16 bit parallel input and output at 32 kHz sample. The designed chip has 1-channel 3-band WDRC composed of a FIR filter bank, a level <span class="hlt">detector</span>, and a compression part. To verify the performance of the designed chip, we measured the frequency separations of bands and compression gain control to reflect the hearing threshold level.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1281694-improving-off-axis-spatial-resolution-dynamic-range-nif-ray-streak-cameras-invited','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1281694-improving-off-axis-spatial-resolution-dynamic-range-nif-ray-streak-cameras-invited"><span>Improving the off-axis spatial resolution and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the NIF X-ray streak cameras (invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>MacPhee, A. G.; Dymoke-Bradshaw, A. K. L.; Hares, J. D.; ...</p> <p>2016-08-08</p> <p>Here, we report simulationsand experiments that demonstrate an increasein spatial resolution ofthe NIF core diagnostic x-ray streak camerasby a factor of two, especially off axis. A designwas achieved by usinga corrector electron optic to flatten the field curvature at the <span class="hlt">detector</span> planeand corroborated by measurement. In addition, particle in cell simulations were performed to identify theregions in the streak camera that contribute most to space charge blurring. Our simulations provide a tool for convolving syntheticpre-shot spectra with the instrument functionso signal levels can be set to maximize <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> for the relevant part of the streak record.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017OptCo.391..135P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017OptCo.391..135P"><span>A terahertz EO <span class="hlt">detector</span> with large <span class="hlt">dynamical</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, high modulation depth and signal-noise ratio</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pan, Xinjian; Cai, Yi; Zeng, Xuanke; Zheng, Shuiqin; Li, Jingzhen; Xu, Shixiang</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>The paper presents a novel design for terahertz (THz) free-space time domain electro-optic (EO) detection where the static birefringent phases of the two balanced arms are set close to zero but opposite to each other. Our theoretical and numerical analyses show this design has much stronger ability to cancel the optical background noise than both THz ellipsometer and traditional crossed polarizer geometry (CPG). Its optical modulation depth is about twice as high as that of traditional CPG, but about ten times as high as that of THz ellipsometer. As for the <span class="hlt">dynamical</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, our improved design is comparable to the THz ellipsometer but obviously larger than the traditional CPG. Some experiments for comparing our improved CPG with traditional CPG agree well with the corresponding theoretical predictions. Our experiments also show that the splitting ratio of the used non-polarization beam splitter is critical for the performance of our design.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28862618','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28862618"><span>The EIGER <span class="hlt">detector</span> for low-energy electron microscopy and photoemission electron microscopy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tinti, G; Marchetto, H; Vaz, C A F; Kleibert, A; Andrä, M; Barten, R; Bergamaschi, A; Brückner, M; Cartier, S; Dinapoli, R; Franz, T; Fröjdh, E; Greiffenberg, D; Lopez-Cuenca, C; Mezza, D; Mozzanica, A; Nolting, F; Ramilli, M; Redford, S; Ruat, M; Ruder, Ch; Schädler, L; Schmidt, Th; Schmitt, B; Schütz, F; Shi, X; Thattil, D; Vetter, S; Zhang, J</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>EIGER is a single-photon-counting hybrid pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span> developed at the Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland. It is designed for applications at synchrotron light sources with photon energies above 5 keV. Features of EIGER include a small pixel size (75 µm × 75 µm), a high frame rate (up to 23 kHz), a small dead-time between frames (down to 3 µs) and a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> up to 32-bit. In this article, the use of EIGER as a <span class="hlt">detector</span> for electrons in low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) and photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) is reported. It is demonstrated that, with only a minimal modification to the sensitive part of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>, EIGER is able to detect electrons emitted or reflected by the sample and accelerated to 8-20 keV. The imaging capabilities are shown to be superior to the standard microchannel plate <span class="hlt">detector</span> for these types of applications. This is due to the much higher signal-to-noise ratio, better homogeneity and improved <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. In addition, the operation of the EIGER <span class="hlt">detector</span> is not affected by radiation damage from electrons in the present energy <span class="hlt">range</span> and guarantees more stable performance over time. To benchmark the <span class="hlt">detector</span> capabilities, LEEM experiments are performed on selected surfaces and the magnetic and electronic properties of individual iron nanoparticles with sizes <span class="hlt">ranging</span> from 8 to 22 nm are detected using the PEEM endstation at the Surface/Interface Microscopy (SIM) beamline of the Swiss Light Source.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740007032','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740007032"><span>Short <span class="hlt">range</span> laser obstacle <span class="hlt">detector</span>. [for surface vehicles using laser diode array</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kuriger, W. L. (Inventor)</p> <p>1973-01-01</p> <p>A short <span class="hlt">range</span> obstacle <span class="hlt">detector</span> for surface vehicles is described which utilizes an array of laser diodes. The diodes operate one at a time, with one diode for each adjacent azimuth sector. A vibrating mirror a short distance above the surface provides continuous scanning in elevation for all azimuth sectors. A diode laser is synchronized with the vibrating mirror to enable one diode laser to be fired, by pulses from a clock pulse source, a number of times during each elevation scan cycle. The time for a given pulse of light to be reflected from an obstacle and received is detected as a measure of <span class="hlt">range</span> to the obstacle.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...711077V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...711077V"><span>Real-time high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> laser scanning microscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vinegoni, C.; Leon Swisher, C.; Fumene Feruglio, P.; Giedt, R. J.; Rousso, D. L.; Stapleton, S.; Weissleder, R.</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>In conventional confocal/multiphoton fluorescence microscopy, images are typically acquired under ideal settings and after extensive optimization of parameters for a given structure or feature, often resulting in information loss from other image attributes. To overcome the problem of selective data display, we developed a new method that extends the imaging <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> in optical microscopy and improves the signal-to-noise ratio. Here we demonstrate how real-time and sequential high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> microscopy facilitates automated three-dimensional neural segmentation. We address reconstruction and segmentation performance on samples with different size, anatomy and complexity. Finally, in vivo real-time high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> imaging is also demonstrated, making the technique particularly relevant for longitudinal imaging in the presence of physiological motion and/or for quantification of in vivo fast tracer kinetics during functional imaging.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12C1016M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12C1016M"><span>Testing and Comparison of Imaging <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> for Electrons in the Energy <span class="hlt">Range</span> 10-20 keV</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Matheson, J.; Moldovan, G.; Kirkland, A.; Allinson, N.; Abrahams, J. P.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Interest in direct <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for low-energy electrons has increased markedly in recent years. Detection of electrons in the energy <span class="hlt">range</span> up to low tens of keV is important in techniques such as photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) on scanning electron microscopes (SEMs). The PEEM technique is used both in the laboratory and on synchrotron light sources worldwide. The ubiquity of SEMs means that there is a very large market for EBSD <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for materials studies. Currently, the most widely used <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in these applications are based on indirect detection of incident electrons. Examples include scintillators or microchannel plates (MCPs), coupled to CCD cameras. Such approaches result in blurring in scintillators/phosphors, distortions in optical systems, and inefficiencies due the limited active area of MCPs. In principle, these difficulties can be overcome using direct detection in a semiconductor device. Growing out of a feasibility study into the use of a direct <span class="hlt">detector</span> for use on an XPEEM, we have built at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory a system to illuminate <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with an electron beam of energy up to 20 keV . We describe this system in detail. It has been used to measure the performance of a custom back-thinned monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS), a <span class="hlt">detector</span> based on the Medipix2 chip, and a commercial <span class="hlt">detector</span> based on MCPs. We present a selection of the results from these measurements and compare and contrast different <span class="hlt">detector</span> types.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9815E..0FZ','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9815E..0FZ"><span>Image <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> test and evaluation of Gaofen-2 dual cameras</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Zhenhua; Gan, Fuping; Wei, Dandan</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>In order to fully understand the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of Gaofen-2 satellite data and support the data processing, application and next satellites development, in this article, we evaluated the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> by calculating some statistics such as maximum ,minimum, average and stand deviation of four images obtained at the same time by Gaofen-2 dual cameras in Beijing area; then the maximum ,minimum, average and stand deviation of each longitudinal overlap of PMS1,PMS2 were calculated respectively for the evaluation of each camera's <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> consistency; and these four statistics of each latitudinal overlap of PMS1,PMS2 were calculated respectively for the evaluation of the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> consistency between PMS1 and PMS2 at last. The results suggest that there is a wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of DN value in the image obtained by PMS1 and PMS2 which contains rich information of ground objects; in general, the consistency of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> between the single camera images is in close agreement, but also a little difference, so do the dual cameras. The consistency of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> between the single camera images is better than the dual cameras'.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4821995','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4821995"><span>Real-time high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> laser scanning microscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Vinegoni, C.; Leon Swisher, C.; Fumene Feruglio, P.; Giedt, R. J.; Rousso, D. L.; Stapleton, S.; Weissleder, R.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>In conventional confocal/multiphoton fluorescence microscopy, images are typically acquired under ideal settings and after extensive optimization of parameters for a given structure or feature, often resulting in information loss from other image attributes. To overcome the problem of selective data display, we developed a new method that extends the imaging <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> in optical microscopy and improves the signal-to-noise ratio. Here we demonstrate how real-time and sequential high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> microscopy facilitates automated three-dimensional neural segmentation. We address reconstruction and segmentation performance on samples with different size, anatomy and complexity. Finally, in vivo real-time high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> imaging is also demonstrated, making the technique particularly relevant for longitudinal imaging in the presence of physiological motion and/or for quantification of in vivo fast tracer kinetics during functional imaging. PMID:27032979</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4160972','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4160972"><span>Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging-compatible optical <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for in-magnet tissue spectroscopy: photodiodes versus silicon photomultipliers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>El-Ghussein, Fadi; Jiang, Shudong; Pogue, Brian W.; Paulsen, Keith D.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Abstract. Tissue spectroscopy inside the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system adds a significant value by measuring fast vascular hemoglobin responses or completing spectroscopic identification of diagnostically relevant molecules. Advances in this type of spectroscopy instrumentation have largely focused on fiber coupling into and out of the MRI; however, nonmagnetic <span class="hlt">detectors</span> can now be placed inside the scanner with signal amplification performed remotely to the high field environment for optimized light detection. In this study, the two possible <span class="hlt">detector</span> options, such as silicon photodiodes (PD) and silicon photomultipliers (SiPM), were systematically examined for <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and wavelength performance. Results show that PDs offer 108 (160 dB) <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> with sensitivity down to 1 pW, whereas SiPMs have 107 (140 dB) <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and sensitivity down to 10 pW. A second major difference is the spectral sensitivity of the two <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Here, wavelengths in the 940 nm <span class="hlt">range</span> are efficiently captured by PDs (but not SiPMs), likely making them the superior choice for broadband spectroscopy guided by MRI. PMID:25006986</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25203128','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25203128"><span>Solitary pulmonary nodules: Comparison of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> first-pass contrast-enhanced perfusion area-<span class="hlt">detector</span> CT, <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> first-pass contrast-enhanced MR imaging, and FDG PET/CT.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ohno, Yoshiharu; Nishio, Mizuho; Koyama, Hisanobu; Seki, Shinichiro; Tsubakimoto, Maho; Fujisawa, Yasuko; Yoshikawa, Takeshi; Matsumoto, Sumiaki; Sugimura, Kazuro</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>To prospectively compare the capabilities of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> perfusion area-<span class="hlt">detector</span> computed tomography (CT), <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and positron emission tomography (PET) combined with CT (PET/CT) with use of fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) for the diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules. The institutional review board approved this study, and written informed consent was obtained from each subject. A total of 198 consecutive patients with 218 nodules prospectively underwent <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> perfusion area-<span class="hlt">detector</span> CT, <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> MR imaging, FDG PET/CT, and microbacterial and/or pathologic examinations. Nodules were classified into three groups: malignant nodules (n = 133) and benign nodules with low (n = 53) or high (n = 32) biologic activity. Total perfusion was determined with dual-input maximum slope models at area-<span class="hlt">detector</span> CT, maximum and slope of enhancement ratio at MR imaging, and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) at PET/CT. Next, all indexes for malignant and benign nodules were compared with the Tukey honest significant difference test. Then, receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed for each index. Finally, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were compared with the McNemar test. All indexes showed significant differences between malignant nodules and benign nodules with low biologic activity (P < .0001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for total perfusion was significantly larger than that for other indexes (.0006 ≤ P ≤ .04). The specificity and accuracy of total perfusion were significantly higher than those of maximum relative enhancement ratio (specificity, P < .0001; accuracy, P < .0001), slope of enhancement ratio (specificity, P < .0001; accuracy, P < .0001), and SUVmax (specificity, P < .0001; accuracy, P < .0001). <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> perfusion area-<span class="hlt">detector</span> CT is more specific and accurate than <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> MR imaging and FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules in routine clinical</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9029E..07D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9029E..07D"><span>Backwards compatible high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> video compression</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dolzhenko, Vladimir; Chesnokov, Vyacheslav; Edirisinghe, Eran A.</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p>This paper presents a two layer CODEC architecture for high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> video compression. The base layer contains the tone mapped video stream encoded with 8 bits per component which can be decoded using conventional equipment. The base layer content is optimized for rendering on low <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> displays. The enhancement layer contains the image difference, in perceptually uniform color space, between the result of inverse tone mapped base layer content and the original video stream. Prediction of the high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> content reduces the redundancy in the transmitted data while still preserves highlights and out-of-gamut colors. Perceptually uniform colorspace enables using standard ratedistortion optimization algorithms. We present techniques for efficient implementation and encoding of non-uniform tone mapping operators with low overhead in terms of bitstream size and number of operations. The transform representation is based on human vision system model and suitable for global and local tone mapping operators. The compression techniques include predicting the transform parameters from previously decoded frames and from already decoded data for current frame. Different video compression techniques are compared: backwards compatible and non-backwards compatible using AVC and HEVC codecs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27910532','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27910532"><span>Improving the off-axis spatial resolution and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the NIF X-ray streak cameras (invited).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>MacPhee, A G; Dymoke-Bradshaw, A K L; Hares, J D; Hassett, J; Hatch, B W; Meadowcroft, A L; Bell, P M; Bradley, D K; Datte, P S; Landen, O L; Palmer, N E; Piston, K W; Rekow, V V; Hilsabeck, T J; Kilkenny, J D</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>We report simulations and experiments that demonstrate an increase in spatial resolution of the NIF core diagnostic x-ray streak cameras by at least a factor of two, especially off axis. A design was achieved by using a corrector electron optic to flatten the field curvature at the <span class="hlt">detector</span> plane and corroborated by measurement. In addition, particle in cell simulations were performed to identify the regions in the streak camera that contribute the most to space charge blurring. These simulations provide a tool for convolving synthetic pre-shot spectra with the instrument function so signal levels can be set to maximize <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> for the relevant part of the streak record.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5395298','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5395298"><span><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> adaptation in primary motor cortical populations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Rasmussen, Robert G; Schwartz, Andrew; Chase, Steven M</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Neural populations from various sensory regions demonstrate <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> adaptation in response to changes in the statistical distribution of their input stimuli. These adaptations help optimize the transmission of information about sensory inputs. Here, we show a similar effect in the firing rates of primary motor cortical cells. We trained monkeys to operate a brain-computer interface in both two- and three-dimensional virtual environments. We found that neurons in primary motor cortex exhibited a change in the amplitude of their directional tuning curves between the two tasks. We then leveraged the simultaneous nature of the recordings to test several hypotheses about the population-based mechanisms driving these changes and found that the results are most consistent with <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> adaptation. Our results demonstrate that <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> adaptation is neither limited to sensory regions nor to rescaling of monotonic stimulus intensity tuning curves, but may rather represent a canonical feature of neural encoding. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21409.001 PMID:28417848</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SPIE.6057...54M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SPIE.6057...54M"><span>High-<span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span> scene compression in humans</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McCann, John J.</p> <p>2006-02-01</p> <p>Single pixel <span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span> compression alters a particular input value to a unique output value - a look-up table. It is used in chemical and most digital photographic systems having S-shaped transforms to render high-<span class="hlt">range</span> scenes onto low-<span class="hlt">range</span> media. Post-receptor neural processing is spatial, as shown by the physiological experiments of Dowling, Barlow, Kuffler, and Hubel & Wiesel. Human vision does not render a particular receptor-quanta catch as a unique response. Instead, because of spatial processing, the response to a particular quanta catch can be any color. Visual response is scene dependent. Stockham proposed an approach to model human <span class="hlt">range</span> compression using low-spatial frequency filters. Campbell, Ginsberg, Wilson, Watson, Daly and many others have developed spatial-frequency channel models. This paper describes experiments measuring the properties of desirable spatial-frequency filters for a variety of scenes. Given the radiances of each pixel in the scene and the observed appearances of objects in the image, one can calculate the visual mask for that individual image. Here, visual mask is the spatial pattern of changes made by the visual system in processing the input image. It is the spatial signature of human vision. Low-<span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> images with many white areas need no spatial filtering. High-<span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span> images with many blacks, or deep shadows, require strong spatial filtering. Sun on the right and shade on the left requires directional filters. These experiments show that variable scene- scenedependent filters are necessary to mimic human vision. Although spatial-frequency filters can model human dependent appearances, the problem still remains that an analysis of the scene is still needed to calculate the scene-dependent strengths of each of the filters for each frequency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28667965','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28667965"><span>Coaxial CVD diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> for neutron diagnostics at ShenGuang III laser facility.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yu, Bo; Liu, Shenye; Chen, Zhongjing; Huang, Tianxuan; Jiang, Wei; Chen, Bolun; Pu, Yudong; Yan, Ji; Zhang, Xing; Song, Zifeng; Tang, Qi; Hou, Lifei; Ding, Yongkun; Zheng, Jian</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>A coaxial, high performance diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> has been developed for neutron diagnostics of inertial confinement fusion at ShenGuangIII laser facility. A Φ10 mm × 1 mm "optical grade" chemical-vapor deposition diamond wafer is assembled in coaxial-designing housing, and the signal is linked to a SubMiniature A connector by the cathode cone. The coaxial diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> performs excellently for neutron measurement with the full width at half maximum of response time to be 444 ps for a 50 Ω measurement system. The average sensitivity is 0.677 μV ns/n for 14 MeV (DT fusion) neutrons at an electric field of 1000 V/mm, and the linear <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> is beyond three orders of magnitude. The ion temperature results fluctuate widely from the neutron time-of-flight scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span> results because of the short flight length. These characteristics of small size, large linear <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, and insensitive to x-ray make the diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> suitable to measure the neutron yield, ion temperature, and neutron emission time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9819E..0TK','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9819E..0TK"><span>Type II superlattice technology for LWIR <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Klipstein, P. C.; Avnon, E.; Azulai, D.; Benny, Y.; Fraenkel, R.; Glozman, A.; Hojman, E.; Klin, O.; Krasovitsky, L.; Langof, L.; Lukomsky, I.; Nitzani, M.; Shtrichman, I.; Rappaport, N.; Snapi, N.; Weiss, E.; Tuito, A.</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>SCD has developed a <span class="hlt">range</span> of advanced infrared <span class="hlt">detectors</span> based on III-V semiconductor heterostructures grown on GaSb. The XBn/XBp family of barrier <span class="hlt">detectors</span> enables diffusion limited dark currents, comparable with MCT Rule-07, and high quantum efficiencies. This work describes some of the technical challenges that were overcome, and the ultimate performance that was finally achieved, for SCD's new 15 μm pitch "Pelican-D LW" type II superlattice (T2SL) XBp array <span class="hlt">detector</span>. This <span class="hlt">detector</span> is the first of SCD's line of high performance two dimensional arrays working in the LWIR spectral <span class="hlt">range</span>, and was designed with a ~9.3 micron cut-off wavelength and a format of 640 x 512 pixels. It contains InAs/GaSb and InAs/AlSb T2SLs, engineered using k • p modeling of the energy bands and photo-response. The wafers are grown by molecular beam epitaxy and are fabricated into Focal Plane Array (FPA) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> using standard FPA processes, including wet and dry etching, indium bump hybridization, under-fill, and back-side polishing. The FPA has a quantum efficiency of nearly 50%, and operates at 77 K and F/2.7 with background limited performance. The pixel operability of the FPA is above 99% and it exhibits a stable residual non uniformity (RNU) of better than 0.04% of the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. The FPA uses a new digital read-out integrated circuit (ROIC), and the complete <span class="hlt">detector</span> closely follows the interfaces of SCD's MWIR Pelican-D <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The Pelican- D LW <span class="hlt">detector</span> is now in the final stages of qualification and transfer to production, with first prototypes already integrated into new electro-optical systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994STIN...9524044G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994STIN...9524044G"><span>DRACULA: <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> control for broadcasting and other applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gilchrist, N. H. C.</p> <p></p> <p>The BBC has developed a digital processor which is capable of reducing the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of audio in an unobtrusive manner. It is ideally suited to the task of controlling the level of musical programs. Operating as a self-contained <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> controller, the processor is suitable for controlling levels in conventional AM or FM broadcasting, or for applications such as the compression of program material for in-flight entertainment. It can, alternatively, be used to provide a supplementary signal in DAB (digital audio broadcasting) for optional <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> compression in the receiver.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_6 --> <div id="page_7" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="121"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003SPIE.5017..217L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003SPIE.5017..217L"><span>Performance of an extended <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> time delay integration charge coupled device (XDR TDI CCD) for high-intrascene <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> scanning</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Levine, Peter A.; Dawson, Robin M.; Andrews, James T.; Bhaskaran, Mahalingham; Furst, David; Hsueh, Fu-Lung; Meray, Grazyna M.; Sudol, Thomas M.; Swain, Pradyumna K.; Tower, John R.</p> <p>2003-05-01</p> <p>Many applications, such as industrial inspection and overhead reconnaissance benefit from line scanning architectures where time delay integration (TDI) significantly improves sensitivity. CCDs are particularly well suited to the TDI architecture since charge is transferred virtually noiselessly down the column. Sarnoff's TDI CCDs have demonstrated extremely high speeds where a 7200 x 64, 8 um pixel device with 120 output ports demonstrated a vertical line transfer rate greater than 800 kHz. The most recent addition to Sarnoff's TDI technology is the implementation of extended <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (XDR) in high speed, back illuminated TDI CCDs. The optical, intrascene <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> can be adjusted in the design of the imager with measured <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">ranges</span> exceeding 2,000,000:1 with no degradation in low light performance. The device provides a piecewise linear response to light where multiple slopes and break points can be set during the CCD design. A description of the device architecture and measured results from fabricated XDR TDI CCDs are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/868701','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/868701"><span>Single and double grid long-<span class="hlt">range</span> alpha <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>MacArthur, Duncan W.; Allander, Krag S.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>Alpha particle <span class="hlt">detectors</span> capable of detecting alpha radiation from distant sources. In one embodiment, a voltage is generated in a single electrically conductive grid while a fan draws air containing air molecules ionized by alpha particles through an air passage and across the conductive grid. The current in the conductive grid can be detected and used for measurement or alarm. Another embodiment builds on this concept and provides an additional grid so that air ions of both polarities can be detected. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> can be used in many applications, such as for pipe or duct, tank, or soil sample monitoring.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6212411','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6212411"><span>Single and double grid long-<span class="hlt">range</span> alpha <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>MacArthur, D.W.; Allander, K.S.</p> <p>1993-03-16</p> <p>Alpha particle <span class="hlt">detectors</span> capable of detecting alpha radiation from distant sources. In one embodiment, a voltage is generated in a single electrically conductive grid while a fan draws air containing air molecules ionized by alpha particles through an air passage and across the conductive grid. The current in the conductive grid can be detected and used for measurement or alarm. Another embodiment builds on this concept and provides an additional grid so that air ions of both polarities can be detected. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> can be used in many applications, such as for pipe or duct, tank, or soil sample monitoring.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3434618','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3434618"><span>Time course of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> adaptation in the auditory nerve</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wang, Grace I.; Dean, Isabel; Delgutte, Bertrand</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Auditory adaptation to sound-level statistics occurs as early as in the auditory nerve (AN), the first stage of neural auditory processing. In addition to firing rate adaptation characterized by a rate decrement dependent on previous spike activity, AN fibers show <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> adaptation, which is characterized by a shift of the rate-level function or <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> toward the most frequently occurring levels in a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> stimulus, thereby improving the precision of coding of the most common sound levels (Wen B, Wang GI, Dean I, Delgutte B. J Neurosci 29: 13797–13808, 2009). We investigated the time course of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> adaptation by recording from AN fibers with a stimulus in which the sound levels periodically switch from one nonuniform level distribution to another (Dean I, Robinson BL, Harper NS, McAlpine D. J Neurosci 28: 6430–6438, 2008). <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> adaptation occurred rapidly, but its exact time course was difficult to determine directly from the data because of the concomitant firing rate adaptation. To characterize the time course of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> adaptation without the confound of firing rate adaptation, we developed a phenomenological “dual adaptation” model that accounts for both forms of AN adaptation. When fitted to the data, the model predicts that <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> adaptation occurs as rapidly as firing rate adaptation, over 100–400 ms, and the time constants of the two forms of adaptation are correlated. These findings suggest that adaptive processing in the auditory periphery in response to changes in mean sound level occurs rapidly enough to have significant impact on the coding of natural sounds. PMID:22457465</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12P1011Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12P1011Z"><span>New prototype scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span> for the Tibet ASγ experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Y.; Gou, Q.-B.; Cai, H.; Chen, T.-L.; Danzengluobu; Feng, C.-F.; Feng, Y.-L.; Feng, Z.-Y.; Gao, Q.; Gao, X.-J.; Guo, Y.-Q.; Guo, Y.-Y.; Hou, Y.-Y.; Hu, H.-B.; Jin, C.; Li, H.-J.; Liu, C.; Liu, M.-Y.; Qian, X.-L.; Tian, Z.; Wang, Z.; Xue, L.; Zhang, X.-Y.; Zhang, Xi-Ying</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The hybrid Tibet AS array was successfully constructed in 2014. It has 4500 m2 underground water Cherenkov pools used as the muon <span class="hlt">detector</span> (MD) and 789 scintillator <span class="hlt">detectors</span> covering 36900 m2 as the surface array. At 100 TeV, cosmic-ray background events can be rejected by approximately 99.99%, according to the full Monte Carlo (MC) simulation for γ-ray observations. In order to use the muon <span class="hlt">detector</span> efficiently, we propose to extend the surface array area to 72900 m2 by adding 120 scintillator <span class="hlt">detectors</span> around the current array to increase the effective detection area. A new prototype scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span> is developed via optimizing the <span class="hlt">detector</span> geometry and its optical surface, by selecting the reflective material and adopting dynode readout. {This <span class="hlt">detector</span> can meet our physics requirements with a positional non-uniformity of the output charge within 10% (with reference to the center of the scintillator), time resolution FWHM of ~2.2 ns, and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> from 1 to 500 minimum ionization particles}.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JEI....25c3024L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JEI....25c3024L"><span>Penrose high-<span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span> imaging</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Jia; Bai, Chenyan; Lin, Zhouchen; Yu, Jian</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>High-<span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span> (HDR) imaging is becoming increasingly popular and widespread. The most common multishot HDR approach, based on multiple low-<span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span> images captured with different exposures, has difficulties in handling camera and object movements. The spatially varying exposures (SVE) technology provides a solution to overcome this limitation by obtaining multiple exposures of the scene in only one shot but suffers from a loss in spatial resolution of the captured image. While aperiodic assignment of exposures has been shown to be advantageous during reconstruction in alleviating resolution loss, almost all the existing imaging sensors use the square pixel layout, which is a periodic tiling of square pixels. We propose the Penrose pixel layout, using pixels in aperiodic rhombus Penrose tiling, for HDR imaging. With the SVE technology, Penrose pixel layout has both exposure and pixel aperiodicities. To investigate its performance, we have to reconstruct HDR images in square pixel layout from Penrose raw images with SVE. Since the two pixel layouts are different, the traditional HDR reconstruction methods are not applicable. We develop a reconstruction method for Penrose pixel layout using a Gaussian mixture model for regularization. Both quantitative and qualitative results show the superiority of Penrose pixel layout over square pixel layout.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22608397-future-epix-detectors-high-repetition-rate-fels','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22608397-future-epix-detectors-high-repetition-rate-fels"><span>Future of ePix <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for high repetition rate FELs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Blaj, G., E-mail: blaj@slac.stanford.edu; Caragiulo, P.; Carini, G.</p> <p>2016-07-27</p> <p>Free-electron lasers (FELs) made the imaging of atoms and molecules in motion possible, opening new science opportunities with high brilliance, ultra-short x-ray laser pulses at up to 120 Hz. Some new or upgraded FEL facilities will operate at greatly increased pulse rates (kHz to MHz), presenting additional requirements on detection. We will present the ePix platform for x-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and the current status of the ePix <span class="hlt">detectors</span>: ePix100 for low noise applications, ePix10k for high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> applications, and ePixS for spectroscopic applications. Then we will introduce the plans to match the ePix <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with the requirements of currently plannedmore » high repetition rate FELs (mainly readout speed and energy <span class="hlt">range</span>).« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9599E..0SH','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9599E..0SH"><span>Color transfer between high-<span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span> images</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hristova, Hristina; Cozot, Rémi; Le Meur, Olivier; Bouatouch, Kadi</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>Color transfer methods alter the look of a source image with regards to a reference image. So far, the proposed color transfer methods have been limited to low-<span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span> (LDR) images. Unlike LDR images, which are display-dependent, high-<span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span> (HDR) images contain real physical values of the world luminance and are able to capture high luminance variations and finest details of real world scenes. Therefore, there exists a strong discrepancy between the two types of images. In this paper, we bridge the gap between the color transfer domain and the HDR imagery by introducing HDR extensions to LDR color transfer methods. We tackle the main issues of applying a color transfer between two HDR images. First, to address the nature of light and color distributions in the context of HDR imagery, we carry out modifications of traditional color spaces. Furthermore, we ensure high precision in the quantization of the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> for histogram computations. As image clustering (based on light and colors) proved to be an important aspect of color transfer, we analyze it and adapt it to the HDR domain. Our framework has been applied to several state-of-the-art color transfer methods. Qualitative experiments have shown that results obtained with the proposed adaptation approach exhibit less artifacts and are visually more pleasing than results obtained when straightforwardly applying existing color transfer methods to HDR images.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29378939','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29378939"><span><span class="hlt">Range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of mountain plants decrease with elevation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rumpf, Sabine B; Hülber, Karl; Klonner, Günther; Moser, Dietmar; Schütz, Martin; Wessely, Johannes; Willner, Wolfgang; Zimmermann, Niklaus E; Dullinger, Stefan</p> <p>2018-02-20</p> <p>Many studies report that mountain plant species are shifting upward in elevation. However, the majority of these reports focus on shifts of upper limits. Here, we expand the focus and simultaneously analyze changes of both <span class="hlt">range</span> limits, optima, and abundances of 183 mountain plant species. We therefore resurveyed 1,576 vegetation plots first recorded before 1970 in the European Alps. We found that both <span class="hlt">range</span> limits and optima shifted upward in elevation, but the most pronounced trend was a mean increase in species abundance. Despite huge species-specific variation, <span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> showed a consistent trend along the elevational gradient: Both <span class="hlt">range</span> limits and optima shifted upslope faster the lower they were situated historically, and species' abundance increased more for species from lower elevations. Traits affecting the species' dispersal and persistence capacity were not related to their <span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span>. Using indicator values to stratify species by their thermal and nutrient demands revealed that elevational <span class="hlt">ranges</span> of thermophilic species tended to expand, while those of cold-adapted species tended to contract. Abundance increases were strongest for nutriphilous species. These results suggest that recent climate warming interacted with airborne nitrogen deposition in driving the observed <span class="hlt">dynamics</span>. So far, the majority of species appear as "winners" of recent changes, yet "losers" are overrepresented among high-elevation, cold-adapted species with low nutrient demands. In the decades to come, high-alpine species may hence face the double pressure of climatic changes and novel, superior competitors that move up faster than they themselves can escape to even higher elevations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012NIMPA.677....4G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012NIMPA.677....4G"><span>Designing an extended energy <span class="hlt">range</span> single-sphere multi-<span class="hlt">detector</span> neutron spectrometer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gómez-Ros, J. M.; Bedogni, R.; Moraleda, M.; Esposito, A.; Pola, A.; Introini, M. V.; Mazzitelli, G.; Quintieri, L.; Buonomo, B.</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>This communication describes the design specifications for a neutron spectrometer consisting of 31 thermal neutron <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, namely Dysprosium activation foils, embedded in a 25 cm diameter polyethylene sphere which includes a 1 cm thick lead shell insert that degrades the energy of neutrons through (n,xn) reactions, thus allowing to extension of the energy <span class="hlt">range</span> of the response up to hundreds of MeV neutrons. The new spectrometer, called SP2 (SPherical SPectrometer), relies on the same detection mechanism as that of the Bonner Sphere Spectrometer, but with the advantage of determining the whole neutron spectrum in a single exposure. The Monte Carlo transport code MCNPX was used to design the spectrometer in terms of sphere diameter, number and position of the <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, position and thickness of the lead shell, as well as to obtain the response matrix for the final configuration. This work focuses on evaluating the spectrometric capabilities of the SP2 design by simulating the exposure of SP2 in neutron fields representing different irradiation conditions (test spectra). The simulated SP2 readings were then unfolded with the FRUIT unfolding code, in the absence of detailed pre-information, and the unfolded spectra were compared with the known test spectra. The results are satisfactory and allowed approving the production of a prototypal spectrometer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9594E..06C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9594E..06C"><span>Si-strip photon counting <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for contrast-enhanced spectral mammography</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chen, Buxin; Reiser, Ingrid; Wessel, Jan C.; Malakhov, Nail; Wawrzyniak, Gregor; Hartsough, Neal E.; Gandhi, Thulasi; Chen, Chin-Tu; Iwanczyk, Jan S.; Barber, William C.</p> <p>2015-08-01</p> <p>We report on the development of silicon strip <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for energy-resolved clinical mammography. Typically, X-ray integrating <span class="hlt">detectors</span> based on scintillating cesium iodide CsI(Tl) or amorphous selenium (a-Se) are used in most commercial systems. Recently, mammography instrumentation has been introduced based on photon counting Si strip <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The required performance for mammography in terms of the output count rate, spatial resolution, and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> must be obtained with sufficient field of view for the application, thus requiring the tiling of pixel arrays and particular scanning techniques. Room temperature Si strip <span class="hlt">detector</span>, operating as direct conversion x-ray sensors, can provide the required speed when connected to application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) operating at fast peaking times with multiple fixed thresholds per pixel, provided that the sensors are designed for rapid signal formation across the X-ray energy <span class="hlt">ranges</span> of the application. We present our methods and results from the optimization of Si-strip <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for contrast enhanced spectral mammography. We describe the method being developed for quantifying iodine contrast using the energy-resolved <span class="hlt">detector</span> with fixed thresholds. We demonstrate the feasibility of the method by scanning an iodine phantom with clinically relevant contrast levels.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9394E..1KB','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9394E..1KB"><span>Evaluation of color encodings for high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> pixels</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Boitard, Ronan; Mantiuk, Rafal K.; Pouli, Tania</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>Traditional Low <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> (LDR) color spaces encode a small fraction of the visible color gamut, which does not encompass the <span class="hlt">range</span> of colors produced on upcoming High <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> (HDR) displays. Future imaging systems will require encoding much wider color gamut and luminance <span class="hlt">range</span>. Such wide color gamut can be represented using floating point HDR pixel values but those are inefficient to encode. They also lack perceptual uniformity of the luminance and color distribution, which is provided (in approximation) by most LDR color spaces. Therefore, there is a need to devise an efficient, perceptually uniform and integer valued representation for high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> pixel values. In this paper we evaluate several methods for encoding colour HDR pixel values, in particular for use in image and video compression. Unlike other studies we test both luminance and color difference encoding in a rigorous 4AFC threshold experiments to determine the minimum bit-depth required. Results show that the Perceptual Quantizer (PQ) encoding provides the best perceptual uniformity in the considered luminance <span class="hlt">range</span>, however the gain in bit-depth is rather modest. More significant difference can be observed between color difference encoding schemes, from which YDuDv encoding seems to be the most efficient.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140013374','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140013374"><span>High <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> Digital Imaging of Spacecraft</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Karr, Brian A.; Chalmers, Alan; Debattista, Kurt</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The ability to capture engineering imagery with a wide degree of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> during rocket launches is critical for post launch processing and analysis [USC03, NNC86]. Rocket launches often present an extreme <span class="hlt">range</span> of lightness, particularly during night launches. Night launches present a two-fold problem: capturing detail of the vehicle and scene that is masked by darkness, while also capturing detail in the engine plume.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12C7004A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12C7004A"><span>Multisector scintillation <span class="hlt">detector</span> with fiber-optic light collection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ampilogov, N. V.; Denisov, S. P.; Kokoulin, R. P.; Petrukhin, A. A.; Prokopenko, N. N.; Shulzhenko, I. A.; Unatlokov, I. B.; Yashin, I. I.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>A new type of scintillation <span class="hlt">detector</span> for the use in high energy physics is described. The octagonal <span class="hlt">detector</span> consists of eight triangular scintillator sectors with total area of 1 m2. Each sector represents two plates of 2 cm thick plastic scintillator. Seven 1 mm thick WLS fibers are laid evenly between the plates. The space between the fibers is filled with silicone compound to provide better light collection. Fiber ends from all eight sectors are gathered in the central part of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> into a bunch and docked to the cathode of a FEU-115m photomultiplier. The read-out of the counter signals is carried out from 7th and 12th dynodes, providing a wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> up to about 10000 particles. The front-end electronics of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> is based on the flash-ADC with a sampling frequency of 200 MHz. The features of detecting and recording systems of the multisector scintillation <span class="hlt">detector</span> (MSD) and the results of its testing are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27256904','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27256904"><span>Long-<span class="hlt">Range</span> Coulomb Effect in Intense Laser-Driven Photoelectron <span class="hlt">Dynamics</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Quan, Wei; Hao, XiaoLei; Chen, YongJu; Yu, ShaoGang; Xu, SongPo; Wang, YanLan; Sun, RenPing; Lai, XuanYang; Wu, ChengYin; Gong, QiHuang; He, XianTu; Liu, XiaoJun; Chen, Jing</p> <p>2016-06-03</p> <p>In strong field atomic physics community, long-<span class="hlt">range</span> Coulomb interaction has for a long time been overlooked and its significant role in intense laser-driven photoelectron <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> eluded experimental observations. Here we report an experimental investigation of the effect of long-<span class="hlt">range</span> Coulomb potential on the <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of near-zero-momentum photoelectrons produced in photo-ionization process of noble gas atoms in intense midinfrared laser pulses. By exploring the dependence of photoelectron distributions near zero momentum on laser intensity and wavelength, we unambiguously demonstrate that the long-<span class="hlt">range</span> tail of the Coulomb potential (i.e., up to several hundreds atomic units) plays an important role in determining the photoelectron <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> after the pulse ends.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4891819','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4891819"><span>Long-<span class="hlt">Range</span> Coulomb Effect in Intense Laser-Driven Photoelectron <span class="hlt">Dynamics</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Quan, Wei; Hao, XiaoLei; Chen, YongJu; Yu, ShaoGang; Xu, SongPo; Wang, YanLan; Sun, RenPing; Lai, XuanYang; Wu, ChengYin; Gong, QiHuang; He, XianTu; Liu, XiaoJun; Chen, Jing</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>In strong field atomic physics community, long-<span class="hlt">range</span> Coulomb interaction has for a long time been overlooked and its significant role in intense laser-driven photoelectron <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> eluded experimental observations. Here we report an experimental investigation of the effect of long-<span class="hlt">range</span> Coulomb potential on the <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of near-zero-momentum photoelectrons produced in photo-ionization process of noble gas atoms in intense midinfrared laser pulses. By exploring the dependence of photoelectron distributions near zero momentum on laser intensity and wavelength, we unambiguously demonstrate that the long-<span class="hlt">range</span> tail of the Coulomb potential (i.e., up to several hundreds atomic units) plays an important role in determining the photoelectron <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> after the pulse ends. PMID:27256904</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19895052','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19895052"><span>Velocity map imaging using an in-vacuum pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gademann, Georg; Huismans, Ymkje; Gijsbertsen, Arjan; Jungmann, Julia; Visschers, Jan; Vrakking, Marc J J</p> <p>2009-10-01</p> <p>The use of a new type in-vacuum pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span> in velocity map imaging (VMI) is introduced. The Medipix2 and Timepix semiconductor pixel <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (256 x 256 square pixels, 55 x 55 microm2) are well suited for charged particle detection. They offer high resolution, low noise, and high quantum efficiency. The Medipix2 chip allows double energy discrimination by offering a low and a high energy threshold. The Timepix <span class="hlt">detector</span> allows to record the incidence time of a particle with a temporal resolution of 10 ns and a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of 160 micros. Results of the first time application of the Medipix2 <span class="hlt">detector</span> to VMI are presented, investigating the quantum efficiency as well as the possibility to operate at increased background pressure in the vacuum chamber.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3274070','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3274070"><span>High <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> Velocity <span class="hlt">Range</span> Particle Image Velocimetry Using Multiple Pulse Separation Imaging</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Persoons, Tim; O’Donovan, Tadhg S.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> velocity <span class="hlt">range</span> of particle image velocimetry (PIV) is determined by the maximum and minimum resolvable particle displacement. Various techniques have extended the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, however flows with a wide velocity <span class="hlt">range</span> (e.g., impinging jets) still challenge PIV algorithms. A new technique is presented to increase the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> velocity <span class="hlt">range</span> by over an order of magnitude. The multiple pulse separation (MPS) technique (i) records series of double-frame exposures with different pulse separations, (ii) processes the fields using conventional multi-grid algorithms, and (iii) yields a composite velocity field with a locally optimized pulse separation. A robust criterion determines the local optimum pulse separation, accounting for correlation strength and measurement uncertainty. Validation experiments are performed in an impinging jet flow, using laser-Doppler velocimetry as reference measurement. The precision of mean flow and turbulence quantities is significantly improved compared to conventional PIV, due to the increase in <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. In a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of applications, MPS PIV is a robust approach to increase the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> velocity <span class="hlt">range</span> without restricting the vector evaluation methods. PMID:22346564</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24989398','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24989398"><span><span class="hlt">Detector</span> to <span class="hlt">detector</span> corrections: a comprehensive experimental study of <span class="hlt">detector</span> specific correction factors for beam output measurements for small radiotherapy beams.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Azangwe, Godfrey; Grochowska, Paulina; Georg, Dietmar; Izewska, Joanna; Hopfgartner, Johannes; Lechner, Wolfgang; Andersen, Claus E; Beierholm, Anders R; Helt-Hansen, Jakob; Mizuno, Hideyuki; Fukumura, Akifumi; Yajima, Kaori; Gouldstone, Clare; Sharpe, Peter; Meghzifene, Ahmed; Palmans, Hugo</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>The aim of the present study is to provide a comprehensive set of <span class="hlt">detector</span> specific correction factors for beam output measurements for small beams, for a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of real time and passive <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> specific correction factors determined in this study may be potentially useful as a reference data set for small beam dosimetry measurements. Dose response of passive and real time <span class="hlt">detectors</span> was investigated for small field sizes shaped with a micromultileaf collimator <span class="hlt">ranging</span> from 0.6 × 0.6 cm(2) to 4.2 × 4.2 cm(2) and the measurements were extended to larger fields of up to 10 × 10 cm(2). Measurements were performed at 5 cm depth, in a 6 MV photon beam. <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> used included alanine, thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs), stereotactic diode, electron diode, photon diode, radiophotoluminescent dosimeters (RPLDs), radioluminescence <span class="hlt">detector</span> based on carbon-doped aluminium oxide (Al2O3:C), organic plastic scintillators, diamond <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, liquid filled ion chamber, and a <span class="hlt">range</span> of small volume air filled ionization chambers (volumes <span class="hlt">ranging</span> from 0.002 cm(3) to 0.3 cm(3)). All <span class="hlt">detector</span> measurements were corrected for volume averaging effect and compared with dose ratios determined from alanine to derive a <span class="hlt">detector</span> correction factors that account for beam perturbation related to nonwater equivalence of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> materials. For the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> used in this study, volume averaging corrections <span class="hlt">ranged</span> from unity for the smallest <span class="hlt">detectors</span> such as the diodes, 1.148 for the 0.14 cm(3) air filled ionization chamber and were as high as 1.924 for the 0.3 cm(3) ionization chamber. After applying volume averaging corrections, the <span class="hlt">detector</span> readings were consistent among themselves and with alanine measurements for several small <span class="hlt">detectors</span> but they differed for larger <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, in particular for some small ionization chambers with volumes larger than 0.1 cm(3). The results demonstrate how important it is for the appropriate corrections to be applied to give</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1250870','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1250870"><span>Calibration and GEANT4 Simulations of the Phase II Proton Compute Tomography (pCT) <span class="hlt">Range</span> Stack <span class="hlt">Detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Uzunyan, S. A.; Blazey, G.; Boi, S.</p> <p></p> <p>Northern Illinois University in collaboration with Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) and Delhi University has been designing and building a proton CT scanner for applications in proton treatment planning. The Phase II proton CT scanner consists of eight planes of tracking <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with two X and two Y coordinate measurements both before and after the patient. In addition, a <span class="hlt">range</span> stack <span class="hlt">detector</span> consisting of a stack of thin scintillator tiles, arranged in twelve eight-tile frames, is used to determine the water equivalent path length (WEPL) of each track through the patient. The X-Y coordinates and WEPL are required input formore » image reconstruction software to find the relative (proton) stopping powers (RSP) value of each voxel in the patient and generate a corresponding 3D image. In this Note we describe tests conducted in 2015 at the proton beam at the Central DuPage Hospital in Warrenville, IL, focusing on the <span class="hlt">range</span> stack calibration procedure and comparisons with the GEANT~4 <span class="hlt">range</span> stack simulation.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_7 --> <div id="page_8" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="141"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/866705','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/866705"><span>Extended <span class="hlt">range</span> radiation dose-rate monitor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Valentine, Kenneth H.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>An extended <span class="hlt">range</span> dose-rate monitor is provided which utilizes the pulse pileup phenomenon that occurs in conventional counting systems to alter the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> response of the system to extend the dose-rate counting <span class="hlt">range</span>. The current pulses from a solid-state <span class="hlt">detector</span> generated by radiation events are amplified and shaped prior to applying the pulses to the input of a comparator. The comparator generates one logic pulse for each input pulse which exceeds the comparator reference threshold. These pulses are integrated and applied to a meter calibrated to indicate the measured dose-rate in response to the integrator output. A portion of the output signal from the integrator is fed back to vary the comparator reference threshold in proportion to the output count rate to extend the sensitive <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> detection <span class="hlt">range</span> by delaying the asymptotic approach of the integrator output toward full scale as measured by the meter.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/974911-lc-ims-ms-platform-providing-increased-dynamic-range-high-throughput-proteomic-studies','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/974911-lc-ims-ms-platform-providing-increased-dynamic-range-high-throughput-proteomic-studies"><span>An LC-IMS-MS Platform Providing Increased <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> for High-Throughput Proteomic Studies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Baker, Erin Shammel; Livesay, Eric A.; Orton, Daniel J.</p> <p>2010-02-05</p> <p>A high-throughput approach and platform using 15 minute reversed-phase capillary liquid chromatography (RPLC) separations in conjunction with ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) measurements was evaluated for the rapid analysis of complex proteomics samples. To test the separation quality of the short LC gradient, a sample was prepared by spiking twenty reference peptides at varying concentrations from 1 ng/mL to 10 µg/mL into a tryptic digest of mouse blood plasma and analyzed with both a LC-Linear Ion Trap Fourier Transform (FT) MS and LC-IMS-TOF MS. The LC-FT MS detected thirteen out of the twenty spiked peptides that had concentrations ≥100 ng/mL.more » In contrast, the drift time selected mass spectra from the LC-IMS-TOF MS analyses yielded identifications for nineteen of the twenty peptides with all spiking level present. The greater <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the LC-IMS-TOF MS system could be attributed to two factors. First, the LC-IMS-TOF MS system enabled drift time separation of the low concentration spiked peptides from the high concentration mouse peptide matrix components, reducing signal interference and background, and allowing species to be resolved that would otherwise be obscured by other components. Second, the automatic gain control (AGC) in the linear ion trap of the hybrid FT MS instrument limits the number of ions that are accumulated to reduce space charge effects, but in turn limits the achievable <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> compared to the TOF <span class="hlt">detector</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhyA..410..628B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhyA..410..628B"><span><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> in small-world networks of Hodgkin-Huxley neurons with chemical synapses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Batista, C. A. S.; Viana, R. L.; Lopes, S. R.; Batista, A. M.</p> <p>2014-09-01</p> <p>According to Stevens' law the relationship between stimulus and response is a power-law within an interval called the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. The <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of sensory organs is found to be larger than that of a single neuron, suggesting that the network structure plays a key role in the behavior of both the scaling exponent and the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of neuron assemblies. In order to verify computationally the relationships between stimulus and response for spiking neurons, we investigate small-world networks of neurons described by the Hodgkin-Huxley equations connected by chemical synapses. We found that the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> increases with the network size, suggesting that the enhancement of the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> observed in sensory organs, with respect to single neurons, is an emergent property of complex network <span class="hlt">dynamics</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25969945','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25969945"><span>Local <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> compensation for scanning electron microscope imaging system.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sim, K S; Huang, Y H</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>This is the extended project by introducing the modified <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> histogram modification (MDRHM) and is presented in this paper. This technique is used to enhance the scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging system. By comparing with the conventional histogram modification compensators, this technique utilizes histogram profiling by extending the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of each tile of an image to the limit of 0-255 <span class="hlt">range</span> while retains its histogram shape. The proposed technique yields better image compensation compared to conventional methods. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AMT....11.2041D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AMT....11.2041D"><span>High-<span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span> imaging for cloud segmentation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dev, Soumyabrata; Savoy, Florian M.; Lee, Yee Hui; Winkler, Stefan</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Sky-cloud images obtained from ground-based sky cameras are usually captured using a fisheye lens with a wide field of view. However, the sky exhibits a large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> in terms of luminance, more than a conventional camera can capture. It is thus difficult to capture the details of an entire scene with a regular camera in a single shot. In most cases, the circumsolar region is overexposed, and the regions near the horizon are underexposed. This renders cloud segmentation for such images difficult. In this paper, we propose HDRCloudSeg - an effective method for cloud segmentation using high-<span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span> (HDR) imaging based on multi-exposure fusion. We describe the HDR image generation process and release a new database to the community for benchmarking. Our proposed approach is the first using HDR radiance maps for cloud segmentation and achieves very good results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29164632','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29164632"><span>Characterization of nanoDot optically stimulated luminescence <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and high-sensitivity MCP-N thermoluminescent <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in the 40-300 kVp energy <span class="hlt">range</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Poirier, Yannick; Kuznetsova, Svetlana; Villarreal-Barajas, Jose Eduardo</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>To investigate empirically the energy dependence of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> response of two in vivo luminescence <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, LiF:Mg,Cu,P (MCP-N) high-sensitivity TLDs and Al 2 O 3 :C OSLDs, in the 40-300-kVp energy <span class="hlt">range</span> in the context of in vivo surface dose measurement. As these <span class="hlt">detectors</span> become more prevalent in clinical and preclinical in vivo measurements, knowledge of the variation in the empirical dependence of the measured response of these <span class="hlt">detectors</span> across a wide spectrum of beam qualities is important. We characterized a large <span class="hlt">range</span> of beam qualities of three different kilovoltage x-ray units: an Xstrahl 300 Orthovoltage unit, a Precision x-Ray X-RAD 320ix biological irradiator, and a Varian On-Board Imaging x-ray unit. The dose to water was measured in air according to the AAPM's Task Group 61 protocol. The OSLDs and TLDs were irradiated under reference conditions on the surface of a water phantom to provide full backscatter conditions. To assess the change in sensitivity in the long term, we separated the in vivo dosimeters of each type into an experimental and a reference group. The experimental dosimeters were irradiated using the kilovoltage x-ray units at each beam quality used in this investigation, while the reference group received a constant 10 cGy irradiation at 6 MV from a Varian clinical linear accelerator. The individual calibration of each <span class="hlt">detector</span> was verified in cycles where both groups received a 10 cGy irradiation at 6 MV. The nanoDot OSLDs were highly reproducible, with ±1.5% variation in response following >40 measurement cycles. The TLDs lost ~20% of their signal sensitivity over the course of the study. The relative light output per unit dose to water of the MCP-N TLDs did not vary with beam quality for beam qualities with effective energies <50 keV (~150 kVp/6 mm Al). At higher energies, they showed a reduced (~75-85%) light output per unit dose relative to 6 MV x rays. The nanoDot OSLDs exhibited a very strong (120</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28891927','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28891927"><span>Differential CMOS Sub-Terahertz <span class="hlt">Detector</span> with Subthreshold Amplifier.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yang, Jong-Ryul; Han, Seong-Tae; Baek, Donghyun</p> <p>2017-09-09</p> <p>We propose a differential-type complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) sub-terahertz (THz) <span class="hlt">detector</span> with a subthreshold preamplifier. The proposed <span class="hlt">detector</span> improves the voltage responsivity and effective signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) using the subthreshold preamplifier, which is located between the differential <span class="hlt">detector</span> device and main amplifier. The overall noise of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> for the THz imaging system is reduced by the preamplifier because it diminishes the noise contribution of the main amplifier. The subthreshold preamplifier is self-biased by the output DC voltage of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> core and has a dummy structure that cancels the DC offsets generated by the preamplifier itself. The 200 GHz <span class="hlt">detector</span> fabricated using 0.25 μm CMOS technology includes a low drop-out regulator, current reference blocks, and an integrated antenna. A voltage responsivity of 2020 kV/W and noise equivalent power of 76 pW/√Hz are achieved using the <span class="hlt">detector</span> at a gate bias of 0.5 V, respectively. The effective SNR at a 103 Hz chopping frequency is 70.9 dB with a 0.7 W/m² input signal power density. The <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the raster-scanned THz image is 44.59 dB.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22051055-velocity-map-imaging-using-vacuum-pixel-detector','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22051055-velocity-map-imaging-using-vacuum-pixel-detector"><span>Velocity map imaging using an in-vacuum pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Gademann, Georg; Huismans, Ymkje; Gijsbertsen, Arjan</p> <p></p> <p>The use of a new type in-vacuum pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span> in velocity map imaging (VMI) is introduced. The Medipix2 and Timepix semiconductor pixel <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (256x256 square pixels, 55x55 {mu}m{sup 2}) are well suited for charged particle detection. They offer high resolution, low noise, and high quantum efficiency. The Medipix2 chip allows double energy discrimination by offering a low and a high energy threshold. The Timepix <span class="hlt">detector</span> allows to record the incidence time of a particle with a temporal resolution of 10 ns and a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of 160 {mu}s. Results of the first time application of the Medipix2 <span class="hlt">detector</span> to VMImore » are presented, investigating the quantum efficiency as well as the possibility to operate at increased background pressure in the vacuum chamber.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/979976-curved-image-plate-detector-system-high-resolution-synchrotron-ray-diffraction','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/979976-curved-image-plate-detector-system-high-resolution-synchrotron-ray-diffraction"><span>A Curved Image-Plate <span class="hlt">Detector</span> System for High-Resolution Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sarin, P.; Haggerty, R; Yoon, W</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>The developed curved image plate (CIP) is a one-dimensional <span class="hlt">detector</span> which simultaneously records high-resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns over a 38.7 2{theta} <span class="hlt">range</span>. In addition, an on-site reader enables rapid extraction, transfer and storage of X-ray intensity information in {le}30 s, and further qualifies this <span class="hlt">detector</span> to study kinetic processes in materials science. The CIP <span class="hlt">detector</span> can detect and store X-ray intensity information linearly proportional to the incident photon flux over a <span class="hlt">dynamical</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of about five orders of magnitude. The linearity and uniformity of the CIP <span class="hlt">detector</span> response is not compromised in the unsaturated regions of the image plate,more » regardless of saturation in another region. The speed of XRD data acquisition together with excellent resolution afforded by the CIP <span class="hlt">detector</span> is unique and opens up wide possibilities in materials research accessible through X-ray diffraction. This article presents details of the basic features, operation and performance of the CIP <span class="hlt">detector</span> along with some examples of applications, including high-temperature XRD.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/874519','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/874519"><span>Polyaniline-based optical ammonia <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Duan, Yixiang; Jin, Zhe; Su, Yongxuan</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Electronic absorption spectroscopy of a polyaniline film deposited on a polyethylene surface by chemical oxidation of aniline monomer at room temperature was used to quantitatively detect ammonia gas. The present optical ammonia gas <span class="hlt">detector</span> was found to have a response time of less than 15 s, a regeneration time of less than 2 min. at room temperature, and a detection limit of 1 ppm (v/v) for ammonia, with a linear <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> from 180 ppm to 18,000 ppm.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1346528','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1346528"><span>A direct electron <span class="hlt">detector</span> for time-resolved MeV electron microscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Vecchione, T.; Denes, P.; Jobe, R. K.</p> <p></p> <p>The introduction of direct electron <span class="hlt">detectors</span> enabled the structural biology revolution of cryogenic electron microscopy. Direct electron <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are now expected to have a similarly dramatic impact on time-resolved MeV electron microscopy, particularly by enabling both spatial and temporal jitter correction. Here we report on the commissioning of a direct electron <span class="hlt">detector</span> for time-resolved MeV electron microscopy. The direct electron <span class="hlt">detector</span> demonstrated MeV single electron sensitivity and is capable of recording megapixel images at 180 Hz. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> has a 15-bit <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, better than 30-μmμm spatial resolution and less than 20 analogue-to-digital converter count RMS pixel noise. The uniquemore » capabilities of the direct electron <span class="hlt">detector</span> and the data analysis required to take advantage of these capabilities are presented. The technical challenges associated with generating and processing large amounts of data are also discussed.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvB..96j4436H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvB..96j4436H"><span>Anomalous <span class="hlt">dynamical</span> phase in quantum spin chains with long-<span class="hlt">range</span> interactions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Homrighausen, Ingo; Abeling, Nils O.; Zauner-Stauber, Valentin; Halimeh, Jad C.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>The existence or absence of nonanalytic cusps in the Loschmidt-echo return rate is traditionally employed to distinguish between a regular <span class="hlt">dynamical</span> phase (regular cusps) and a trivial phase (no cusps) in quantum spin chains after a global quench. However, numerical evidence in a recent study (J. C. Halimeh and V. Zauner-Stauber, arXiv:1610.02019) suggests that instead of the trivial phase, a distinct anomalous <span class="hlt">dynamical</span> phase characterized by a novel type of nonanalytic cusps occurs in the one-dimensional transverse-field Ising model when interactions are sufficiently long <span class="hlt">range</span>. Using an analytic semiclassical approach and exact diagonalization, we show that this anomalous phase also arises in the fully connected case of infinite-<span class="hlt">range</span> interactions, and we discuss its defining signature. Our results show that the transition from the regular to the anomalous <span class="hlt">dynamical</span> phase coincides with Z2-symmetry breaking in the infinite-time limit, thereby showing a connection between two different concepts of <span class="hlt">dynamical</span> criticality. Our work further expands the <span class="hlt">dynamical</span> phase diagram of long-<span class="hlt">range</span> interacting quantum spin chains, and can be tested experimentally in ion-trap setups and ultracold atoms in optical cavities, where interactions are inherently long <span class="hlt">range</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4961015','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4961015"><span>Regulation of Cortical <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> by Background Synaptic Noise and Feedforward Inhibition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Khubieh, Ayah; Ratté, Stéphanie; Lankarany, Milad; Prescott, Steven A.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The cortex encodes a broad <span class="hlt">range</span> of inputs. This breadth of operation requires sensitivity to weak inputs yet non-saturating responses to strong inputs. If individual pyramidal neurons were to have a narrow <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, as previously claimed, then staggered all-or-none recruitment of those neurons would be necessary for the population to achieve a broad <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. Contrary to this explanation, we show here through <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> clamp experiments in vitro and computer simulations that pyramidal neurons have a broad <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> under the noisy conditions that exist in the intact brain due to background synaptic input. Feedforward inhibition capitalizes on those noise effects to control neuronal gain and thereby regulates the population <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. Importantly, noise allows neurons to be recruited gradually and occludes the staggered recruitment previously attributed to heterogeneous excitation. Feedforward inhibition protects spike timing against the disruptive effects of noise, meaning noise can enable the gain control required for rate coding without compromising the precise spike timing required for temporal coding. PMID:26209846</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050009947','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050009947"><span>Integration of <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> Models in <span class="hlt">Range</span> Operations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bardina, Jorge; Thirumalainambi, Rajkumar</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>This work addresses the various model interactions in real-time to make an efficient internet based decision making tool for Shuttle launch. The decision making tool depends on the launch commit criteria coupled with physical models. <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> interaction between a wide variety of simulation applications and techniques, embedded algorithms, and data visualizations are needed to exploit the full potential of modeling and simulation. This paper also discusses in depth details of web based 3-D graphics and applications to <span class="hlt">range</span> safety. The advantages of this <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> model integration are secure accessibility and distribution of real time information to other NASA centers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993SPIE.1736...36B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993SPIE.1736...36B"><span>Absolute detection efficiency of a microchannel plate <span class="hlt">detector</span> to X rays in the 1-100 KeV energy <span class="hlt">range</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Burginyon, Gary A.; Jacoby, Barry A.; Wobser, James K.; Ernst, Richard; Ancheta, Dione S.; Tirsell, Kenneth G.</p> <p>1993-02-01</p> <p>There is little information in the literature on the performance of working micro-channel plate (MCP) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> at high x-ray energies. We have measured the absolute efficiency of a microchannel-plate-intensified, subnanosecond, one dimensional imaging x-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> developed at LLNL in the 1 to 100 keV <span class="hlt">range</span> and at 1.25 MeV. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> consists of a gold photocathode deposited on the front surface of the MCP (optimized for Ni K(subscript (alpha) ) x rays) to convert x rays to electrons, an MCP to amplify the electrons, and a fast In:CdS phosphor that converts the electron's kinetic energy to light. The phosphor is coated on a fiber-optic faceplate to transmit the light out of the vacuum system. Electrostatic focusing electrodes compress the electron current out of the MCP in one dimension while preserving spatial resolution in the other. The calibration geometry, dictated by a recent experiment, required grazing incidence x rays (15.6 degree(s)) onto the MCP <span class="hlt">detector</span> in order to maximize deliverable current. The experiment also used a second <span class="hlt">detector</span> made up of 0.071 in. thick BC422 plastic scintillator material from the Bicron Corporation. We compare the absolute efficiencies of these two <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in units of optical W/cm(superscript 2) into 4 (pi) per x ray W/cm(superscript 2) incident. At 7.47 keV and 900 volts MCP bias, the MCP <span class="hlt">detector</span> delivers approximately 1400 times more light than the scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27519105','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27519105"><span>Satellite laser <span class="hlt">ranging</span> using superconducting nanowire single-photon <span class="hlt">detectors</span> at 1064 nm wavelength.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xue, Li; Li, Zhulian; Zhang, Labao; Zhai, Dongsheng; Li, Yuqiang; Zhang, Sen; Li, Ming; Kang, Lin; Chen, Jian; Wu, Peiheng; Xiong, Yaoheng</p> <p>2016-08-15</p> <p>Satellite laser <span class="hlt">ranging</span> operating at 1064 nm wavelength using superconducting nanowire single-photon <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (SNSPDs) is successfully demonstrated. A SNSPD with an intrinsic quantum efficiency of 80% and a dark count rate of 100 cps at 1064 nm wavelength is developed and introduced to Yunnan Observatory in China. With improved closed-loop telescope systems (field of view of about 26<sup>''</sup>), satellites including Cryosat, Ajisai, and Glonass with <span class="hlt">ranges</span> of 1600 km, 3100 km, and 19,500 km, respectively, are experimentally <span class="hlt">ranged</span> with mean echo rates of 1200/min, 4200/min, and 320/min, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of laser <span class="hlt">ranging</span> for satellites using SNSPDs at 1064 nm wavelength. Theoretical analysis of the detection efficiency and the mean echo rate for typical satellites indicate that it is possible for a SNSPD to <span class="hlt">range</span> satellites from low Earth orbit to geostationary Earth orbit.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990047045','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990047045"><span>Integrated Dual Imaging <span class="hlt">Detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Rust, David M.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>A new type of image <span class="hlt">detector</span> was designed to simultaneously analyze the polarization of light at all picture elements in a scene. The integrated Dual Imaging <span class="hlt">detector</span> (IDID) consists of a lenslet array and a polarizing beamsplitter bonded to a commercial charge coupled device (CCD). The IDID simplifies the design and operation of solar vector magnetographs and the imaging polarimeters and spectroscopic imagers used, for example, in atmosphere and solar research. When used in a solar telescope, the vector magnetic fields on the solar surface. Other applications include environmental monitoring, robot vision, and medical diagnoses (through the eye). Innovations in the IDID include (1) two interleaved imaging arrays (one for each polarization plane); (2) large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (well depth of 10(exp 5) electrons per pixel); (3) simultaneous readout and display of both images; and (4) laptop computer signal processing to produce polarization maps in field situations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1331364-bicmos-power-detector-pulsed-rf-power-amplifiers','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1331364-bicmos-power-detector-pulsed-rf-power-amplifiers"><span>BICMOS power <span class="hlt">detector</span> for pulsed Rf power amplifiers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Bridge, Clayton D.</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>A BiCMOS power <span class="hlt">detector</span> for pulsed radio-frequency power amplifiers is proposed. Given the pulse waveform and a fraction of the power amplifier's input or output signal, the <span class="hlt">detector</span> utilizes a low-frequency feedback loop to perform a successive approximation of the amplitude of the input signal. Upon completion of the successive approximation, the <span class="hlt">detector</span> returns 9-bits representing the amplitude of the RF input signal. Using the pulse waveform from the power amplifier, the <span class="hlt">detector</span> can <span class="hlt">dynamically</span> adjust the rate of the binary search operation in order to return the updated amplitude information of the RF input signal at least every 1ms.more » The <span class="hlt">detector</span> can handle pulse waveform frequencies from 50kHz to 10MHz with duty cycles in the <span class="hlt">range</span> of 5- 50% and peak power levels of -10 to 10dBm. The signal amplitude measurement can be converted to a peak power measurement accurate to within ±0.6dB of the input RF power.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19940010596&hterms=bybee&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dbybee','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19940010596&hterms=bybee&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dbybee"><span>The STIS MAMA status: Current <span class="hlt">detector</span> performance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Danks, A. C.; Joseph, C.; Bybee, R.; Argebright, V.; Abraham, J.; Kimble, R.; Woodgate, B.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>The STIS (Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph) is a second generation Hubble instrument scheduled to fly in 1997. Through a variety of modes, the instrument will provide spectral resolutions from R approximately 50 in the objective spectroscopy mode to 100,000 in the high resolution echelle mode in the wavelength region from 115 to 1000 nm. In the UV the instrument employs two MAMA (Multimode Anode Microchannel plate Arrays) 1024 by 1024 pixel <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, which provide high DQE (Detective Quantum Efficiency), and good <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and resolution. The current progress and performance of these <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are reported, illustrating that the technology is mature and that the performance is very close to flight requirements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27294264','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27294264"><span><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> chest radiography: flat-panel <span class="hlt">detector</span> (FPD) based functional X-ray imaging.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tanaka, Rie</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> chest radiography is a flat-panel <span class="hlt">detector</span> (FPD)-based functional X-ray imaging, which is performed as an additional examination in chest radiography. The large field of view (FOV) of FPDs permits real-time observation of the entire lungs and simultaneous right-and-left evaluation of diaphragm kinetics. Most importantly, <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> chest radiography provides pulmonary ventilation and circulation findings as slight changes in pixel value even without the use of contrast media; the interpretation is challenging and crucial for a better understanding of pulmonary function. The basic concept was proposed in the 1980s; however, it was not realized until the 2010s because of technical limitations. <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> FPDs and advanced digital image processing played a key role for clinical application of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> chest radiography. Pulmonary ventilation and circulation can be quantified and visualized for the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases. <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> chest radiography can be deployed as a simple and rapid means of functional imaging in both routine and emergency medicine. Here, we focus on the evaluation of pulmonary ventilation and circulation. This review article describes the basic mechanism of imaging findings according to pulmonary/circulation physiology, followed by imaging procedures, analysis method, and diagnostic performance of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> chest radiography.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_8 --> <div id="page_9" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="161"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030065044','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030065044"><span>Characterization and Analysis of InGaAsSb <span class="hlt">Detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Abedin, M. Nurul; Refaat, Tamer F.; Joshi, Ravindra P.; Sulima, Oleg V.; Mauk, Michael; Singh, Upendra N.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Profiling of atmospheric CO2 at 2 micron wavelength using the LIDAR technique, has recently gained interest. Although several <span class="hlt">detectors</span> might be suitable for this application, an ideal device would have high gain, low noise and narrow spectral response peaking around the wavelength of interest. This increases the <span class="hlt">detector</span> signal-to-noise ratio and minimizes the background signal, thereby increasing the device sensitivity and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> meeting the above idealized criteria are commercially unavailable for this particular wavelength. In this paper, the characterization and analysis of Sb-based <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for 2 micron lidar applications are presented. The <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were manufactured by AstroPower, Inc., with an InGaAsSb absorbing layer and AlGaAsSb passivating layer. The characterization experiments included spectral response, current versus voltage and noise measurements. The effect of the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> bias voltage and temperature on its performance, have been investigated as well. The <span class="hlt">detectors</span> peak responsivity is located at the 2 micron wavelength. Comparing three <span class="hlt">detector</span> samples, an optimization of the spectral response around the 2 micron wavelength, through a narrower spectral period was observed. Increasing the <span class="hlt">detector</span> bias voltage enhances the device gain at the narrow spectral <span class="hlt">range</span>, while cooling the device reduces the cut-off wavelength and lowers its noise. Noise-equivalent-power analysis results in a value as low as 4 x 10(exp -12) W/Hz(exp 1/2) corresponding to D* of 1 x 10(exp 10) cmHz(exp 1/2)/W, at -1 V and 20 C. Discussions also include device operational physics and optimization guidelines, taking into account peculiarity of the Type II heterointerface and transport mechanisms under these conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9512E..0AC','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9512E..0AC"><span>Design and characterization of the ePix10k: a high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> integrating pixel ASIC for LCLS <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Caragiulo, P.; Dragone, A.; Markovic, B.; Herbst, R.; Nishimura, K.; Reese, B.; Herrmann, S.; Hart, P.; Blaj, G.; Segal, J.; Tomada, A.; Hasi, J.; Carini, G.; Kenney, C.; Haller, G.</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>ePix10k is a variant of a novel class of integrating pixel ASICs architectures optimized for the processing of signals in second generation LINAC Coherent Light Source (LCLS) X-Ray cameras. The ASIC is optimized for high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> application requiring high spatial resolution and fast frame rates. ePix ASICs are based on a common platform composed of a random access analog matrix of pixel with global shutter, fast parallel column readout, and dedicated sigma-delta analog to digital converters per column. The ePix10k variant has 100um×100um pixels arranged in a 176×192 matrix, a resolution of 140e- r.m.s. and a signal <span class="hlt">range</span> of 3.5pC (10k photons at 8keV). In its final version it will be able to sustain a frame rate of 2kHz. A first prototype has been fabricated and characterized. Performance in terms of noise, linearity, uniformity, cross-talk, together with preliminary measurements with bump bonded sensors are reported here.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA636822','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA636822"><span>Development of the III-V Barrier Photo<span class="hlt">Detector</span> Heterostructures for Spectral <span class="hlt">Range</span> Above 10 microns</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2016-02-14</p> <p>Figure 5. Quantum efficiency spectra (a) and temperature dependence of dark current (b) in heterostructures consisting of bulk InAsSb absorber and...compositions covering the <span class="hlt">range</span> from 20 to 65 %. The solved challenges include selection of the buffer grade composition rate and growth temperature ...absorbers can operate at elevated temperatures and with faster response compared to those in <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with n-type absorbers. It was important to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27409319','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27409319"><span>Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor with large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> by adaptive spot search method.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shinto, Hironobu; Saita, Yusuke; Nomura, Takanori</p> <p>2016-07-10</p> <p>A Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWFS) that consists of a microlens array and an image sensor has been used to measure the wavefront aberrations of human eyes. However, a conventional SHWFS has finite <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> depending on the diameter of the each microlens. The <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> cannot be easily expanded without a decrease of the spatial resolution. In this study, an adaptive spot search method to expand the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of an SHWFS is proposed. In the proposed method, spots are searched with the help of their approximate displacements measured with low spatial resolution and large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. By the proposed method, a wavefront can be correctly measured even if the spot is beyond the detection area. The adaptive spot search method is realized by using the special microlens array that generates both spots and discriminable patterns. The proposed method enables expanding the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of an SHWFS with a single shot and short processing time. The performance of the proposed method is compared with that of a conventional SHWFS by optical experiments. Furthermore, the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the proposed method is quantitatively evaluated by numerical simulations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26209846','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26209846"><span>Regulation of Cortical <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> by Background Synaptic Noise and Feedforward Inhibition.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Khubieh, Ayah; Ratté, Stéphanie; Lankarany, Milad; Prescott, Steven A</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>The cortex encodes a broad <span class="hlt">range</span> of inputs. This breadth of operation requires sensitivity to weak inputs yet non-saturating responses to strong inputs. If individual pyramidal neurons were to have a narrow <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, as previously claimed, then staggered all-or-none recruitment of those neurons would be necessary for the population to achieve a broad <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. Contrary to this explanation, we show here through <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> clamp experiments in vitro and computer simulations that pyramidal neurons have a broad <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> under the noisy conditions that exist in the intact brain due to background synaptic input. Feedforward inhibition capitalizes on those noise effects to control neuronal gain and thereby regulates the population <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. Importantly, noise allows neurons to be recruited gradually and occludes the staggered recruitment previously attributed to heterogeneous excitation. Feedforward inhibition protects spike timing against the disruptive effects of noise, meaning noise can enable the gain control required for rate coding without compromising the precise spike timing required for temporal coding. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5620660','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5620660"><span>Differential CMOS Sub-Terahertz <span class="hlt">Detector</span> with Subthreshold Amplifier</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Han, Seong-Tae; Baek, Donghyun</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>We propose a differential-type complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) sub-terahertz (THz) <span class="hlt">detector</span> with a subthreshold preamplifier. The proposed <span class="hlt">detector</span> improves the voltage responsivity and effective signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) using the subthreshold preamplifier, which is located between the differential <span class="hlt">detector</span> device and main amplifier. The overall noise of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> for the THz imaging system is reduced by the preamplifier because it diminishes the noise contribution of the main amplifier. The subthreshold preamplifier is self-biased by the output DC voltage of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> core and has a dummy structure that cancels the DC offsets generated by the preamplifier itself. The 200 GHz <span class="hlt">detector</span> fabricated using 0.25 μm CMOS technology includes a low drop-out regulator, current reference blocks, and an integrated antenna. A voltage responsivity of 2020 kV/W and noise equivalent power of 76 pW/√Hz are achieved using the <span class="hlt">detector</span> at a gate bias of 0.5 V, respectively. The effective SNR at a 103 Hz chopping frequency is 70.9 dB with a 0.7 W/m2 input signal power density. The <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the raster-scanned THz image is 44.59 dB. PMID:28891927</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1353207-direct-electron-detector-time-resolved-mev-electron-microscopy','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1353207-direct-electron-detector-time-resolved-mev-electron-microscopy"><span>A direct electron <span class="hlt">detector</span> for time-resolved MeV electron microscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Vecchione, T.; Denes, P.; Jobe, R. K.; ...</p> <p>2017-03-15</p> <p>The introduction of direct electron <span class="hlt">detectors</span> enabled the structural biology revolution of cryogenic electron microscopy. Direct electron <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are now expected to have a similarly dramatic impact on time-resolved MeV electron microscopy, particularly by enabling both spatial and temporal jitter correction. Here in this paper, we report on the commissioning of a direct electron <span class="hlt">detector</span> for time-resolved MeV electron microscopy. The direct electron <span class="hlt">detector</span> demonstrated MeV single electron sensitivity and is capable of recording megapixel images at 180 Hz. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> has a 15-bit <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, better than 30-μm spatial resolution and less than 20 analogue-to-digital converter count RMS pixelmore » noise. The unique capabilities of the direct electron <span class="hlt">detector</span> and the data analysis required to take advantage of these capabilities are presented. The technical challenges associated with generating and processing large amounts of data are also discussed.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1353207','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1353207"><span>A direct electron <span class="hlt">detector</span> for time-resolved MeV electron microscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Vecchione, T.; Denes, P.; Jobe, R. K.</p> <p></p> <p>The introduction of direct electron <span class="hlt">detectors</span> enabled the structural biology revolution of cryogenic electron microscopy. Direct electron <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are now expected to have a similarly dramatic impact on time-resolved MeV electron microscopy, particularly by enabling both spatial and temporal jitter correction. Here in this paper, we report on the commissioning of a direct electron <span class="hlt">detector</span> for time-resolved MeV electron microscopy. The direct electron <span class="hlt">detector</span> demonstrated MeV single electron sensitivity and is capable of recording megapixel images at 180 Hz. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> has a 15-bit <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, better than 30-μm spatial resolution and less than 20 analogue-to-digital converter count RMS pixelmore » noise. The unique capabilities of the direct electron <span class="hlt">detector</span> and the data analysis required to take advantage of these capabilities are presented. The technical challenges associated with generating and processing large amounts of data are also discussed.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PMB....50.5731V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PMB....50.5731V"><span><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> flat panel <span class="hlt">detector</span> versus image intensifier in cardiac imaging: dose and image quality</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vano, E.; Geiger, B.; Schreiner, A.; Back, C.; Beissel, J.</p> <p>2005-12-01</p> <p>The practical aspects of the dosimetric and imaging performance of a digital x-ray system for cardiology procedures were evaluated. The system was configured with an image intensifier (II) and later upgraded to a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> flat panel <span class="hlt">detector</span> (FD). Entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) to phantoms of 16, 20, 24 and 28 cm of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and the image quality of a test object were measured. Images were evaluated directly on the monitor and with numerical methods (noise and signal-to-noise ratio). Information contained in the DICOM header for dosimetry audit purposes was also tested. ESAK values per frame (or kerma rate) for the most commonly used cine and fluoroscopy modes for different PMMA thicknesses and for field sizes of 17 and 23 cm for II, and 20 and 25 cm for FD, produced similar results in the evaluated system with both technologies, <span class="hlt">ranging</span> between 19 and 589 µGy/frame (cine) and 5 and 95 mGy min-1 (fluoroscopy). Image quality for these dose settings was better for the FD version. The 'study dosimetric report' is comprehensive, and its numerical content is sufficiently accurate. There is potential in the future to set those systems with <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> FD to lower doses than are possible in the current II versions, especially for digital cine runs, or to benefit from improved image quality.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940018053','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940018053"><span><span class="hlt">Detector</span> noise statistics in the non-linear regime</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Shopbell, P. L.; Bland-Hawthorn, J.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>The statistical behavior of an idealized linear <span class="hlt">detector</span> in the presence of threshold and saturation levels is examined. It is assumed that the noise is governed by the statistical fluctuations in the number of photons emitted by the source during an exposure. Since physical <span class="hlt">detectors</span> cannot have infinite <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, our model illustrates that all devices have non-linear regimes, particularly at high count rates. The primary effect is a decrease in the statistical variance about the mean signal due to a portion of the expected noise distribution being removed via clipping. Higher order statistical moments are also examined, in particular, skewness and kurtosis. In principle, the expected distortion in the <span class="hlt">detector</span> noise characteristics can be calibrated using flatfield observations with count rates matched to the observations. For this purpose, some basic statistical methods that utilize Fourier analysis techniques are described.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090012412&hterms=highs+lows+tomorrow&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dwill%2Bhighs%2Blows%2Btomorrow','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090012412&hterms=highs+lows+tomorrow&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dwill%2Bhighs%2Blows%2Btomorrow"><span><span class="hlt">Detectors</span> for Tomorrow's Instruments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Moseley, Harvey</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Cryogenically cooled superconducting <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have become essential tools for a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of measurement applications, <span class="hlt">ranging</span> from quantum limited heterodyne detection in the millimeter <span class="hlt">range</span> to direct searches for dark matter with superconducting phonon <span class="hlt">detectors</span> operating at 20 mK. Superconducting <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have several fundamental and practical advantages which have resulted in their rapid adoption by experimenters. Their excellent performance arises in part from reductions in noise resulting from their low operating temperatures, but unique superconducting properties provide a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of mechanisms for detection. For example, the steep dependence of resistance with temperature on the superconductor/normal transition provides a sensitive thermometer for calorimetric and bolometric applications. Parametric changes in the properties of superconducting resonators provides a mechanism for high sensitivity detection of submillimeter photons. From a practical point of view, the use of superconducting <span class="hlt">detectors</span> has grown rapidly because many of these devices couple well to SQUID amplifiers, which are easily integrated with the <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. These SQUID-based amplifiers and multiplexers have matured with the <span class="hlt">detectors</span>; they are convenient to use, and have excellent noise performance. The first generation of fully integrated large scale superconducting detection systems are now being deployed. I will discuss the prospects for a new generation of instruments designed to take full advantage of the revolution in <span class="hlt">detector</span> technology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MNRAS.373..747P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MNRAS.373..747P"><span>High <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> imaging by pupil single-mode filtering and remapping</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Perrin, G.; Lacour, S.; Woillez, J.; Thiébaut, É.</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>Because of atmospheric turbulence, obtaining high angular resolution images with a high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> is difficult even in the near-infrared domain of wavelengths. We propose a novel technique to overcome this issue. The fundamental idea is to apply techniques developed for long baseline interferometry to the case of a single-aperture telescope. The pupil of the telescope is broken down into coherent subapertures each feeding a single-mode fibre. A remapping of the exit pupil allows interfering all subapertures non-redundantly. A diffraction-limited image with very high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> is reconstructed from the fringe pattern analysis with aperture synthesis techniques, free of speckle noise. The performances of the technique are demonstrated with simulations in the visible <span class="hlt">range</span> with an 8-m telescope. Raw <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">ranges</span> of 1:106 can be obtained in only a few tens of seconds of integration time for bright objects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19720000227','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19720000227"><span>Simple <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> electromagnetic radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Been, J. F.</p> <p>1972-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Detector</span> monitors gamma dose rate at particular position in a radiation facility where a mixed neutron-gamma environment exists, thus determining reactor power level changes. Device also maps gamma intensity profile across a neutron-gamma beam.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017FBS....58...38K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017FBS....58...38K"><span>Experimental Study of Three-Nucleon <span class="hlt">Dynamics</span> in the Dp Breakup Collisions Using the WASA <span class="hlt">Detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kłos, B.; Ciepał, I.; Jamróz, B.; Khatri, G.; Kistryn, S.; Kozela, A.; Magiera, A.; Parol, W.; Skwira-Chalot, I.; Stephan, E.</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>Until recently, all calculations of breakup observables were carried out in a non-relativistic regime. The relativistic treatment of the breakup reaction in 3 N system is quite a new achievement. The detailed study of various aspects of few-nucleon system <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> in medium energy region, with a particular emphasis on investigation of relativistic effects and their interplay with three nucleon force (3NF) becomes feasible with increasing available energy in the three nucleon system. Therefore an experiment to investigate the ^1H(d, pp)n breakup cross section using a deuteron beam of 300, 340, 380 and 400 MeV and the WASA <span class="hlt">detector</span> has been performed at COSY-Jülich. The almost 4π geometry of the WASA <span class="hlt">detector</span> gives an unique possibility to study variety of kinematic configurations, which reveal different sensitivity to aspects of <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of the three nucleon system. The main steps of the analysis, including energy calibration, PID, normalization and efficiency studies, and their impact on the final accuracy of the result, are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19366647','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19366647"><span>An ultra low-power CMOS automatic action potential <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gosselin, Benoit; Sawan, Mohamad</p> <p>2009-08-01</p> <p>We present a low-power complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) analog integrated biopotential <span class="hlt">detector</span> intended for neural recording in wireless multichannel implants. The proposed <span class="hlt">detector</span> can achieve accurate automatic discrimination of action potential (APs) from the background activity by means of an energy-based preprocessor and a linear delay element. This strategy improves detected waveforms integrity and prompts for better performance in neural prostheses. The delay element is implemented with a low-power continuous-time filter using a ninth-order equiripple allpass transfer function. All circuit building blocks use subthreshold OTAs employing dedicated circuit techniques for achieving ultra low-power and high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. The proposed circuit function in the submicrowatt <span class="hlt">range</span> as the implemented CMOS 0.18- microm chip dissipates 780 nW, and it features a size of 0.07 mm(2). So it is suitable for massive integration in a multichannel device with modest overhead. The fabricated <span class="hlt">detector</span> succeeds to automatically detect APs from underlying background activity. Testbench validation results obtained with synthetic neural waveforms are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AdOT....2..147S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AdOT....2..147S"><span>High <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> CMOS (HDRC) imagers for safety systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Strobel, Markus; Döttling, Dietmar</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>The first part of this paper describes the high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> CMOS (HDRC®) imager - a special type of CMOS image sensor with logarithmic response. The powerful property of a high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (HDR) image acquisition is detailed by mathematical definition and measurement of the optoelectronic conversion function (OECF) of two different HDRC imagers. Specific sensor parameters will be discussed including the pixel design for the global shutter readout. The second part will give an outline on the applications and requirements of cameras for industrial safety. Equipped with HDRC global shutter sensors SafetyEYE® is a high-performance stereo camera system for safe three-dimensional zone monitoring enabling new and more flexible solutions compared to existing safety guards.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DNP.NJ007E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DNP.NJ007E"><span>Extending the <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> of a Time Projection Chamber</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Estee, Justin; S πRIT Collaboration</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>The use of Time Projection Chambers (TPCs) in intermediate heavy ion reactions faces some challenges in addressing the energy losses that <span class="hlt">range</span> from the small energy loss of relativistic pions to the large energy loss of slow moving heavy ions. A typical trade-off can be to set the smallest desired signals to be well within the lower limits of the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the electronics while allowing for some larger signals to saturate the electronics. With wire plane anodes, signals from readout pads further away from the track remain unsaturated and allow signals from tracks with saturated pads to be accurately recovered. We illustrate this technique using data from the SAMURAI Pion-Reconstruction and Ion-Tracker (S πRIT) TPC , which recently measured pions and light charged particles in collisions of Sn+Sn isotopes. Our method exploits knowledge of how the induced charge distribution depends on the distance from the track to smoothly extend <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> even when some of the pads in the track are saturated. To accommodate the analysis of slow moving heavy ions, we have extended the Bichsel energy loss distributions to handle slower moving ions as well. In this talk, I will discuss a combined approach which successfully extends the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the TPC electronics. This work is supported by the U.S. DOE under Grant Nos. DE-SC0014530, DE-NA0002923, US NSF Grant No. PHY-1565546 and the Japan MEXT KAKENHI Grant No. 24105004.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15541170','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15541170"><span>Calibration and assessment of channel-specific biases in microarray data with extended <span class="hlt">dynamical</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bengtsson, Henrik; Jönsson, Göran; Vallon-Christersson, Johan</p> <p>2004-11-12</p> <p>Non-linearities in observed log-ratios of gene expressions, also known as intensity dependent log-ratios, can often be accounted for by global biases in the two channels being compared. Any step in a microarray process may introduce such offsets and in this article we study the biases introduced by the microarray scanner and the image analysis software. By scanning the same spotted oligonucleotide microarray at different photomultiplier tube (PMT) gains, we have identified a channel-specific bias present in two-channel microarray data. For the scanners analyzed it was in the <span class="hlt">range</span> of 15-25 (out of 65,535). The observed bias was very stable between subsequent scans of the same array although the PMT gain was greatly adjusted. This indicates that the bias does not originate from a step preceding the scanner <span class="hlt">detector</span> parts. The bias varies slightly between arrays. When comparing estimates based on data from the same array, but from different scanners, we have found that different scanners introduce different amounts of bias. So do various image analysis methods. We propose a scanning protocol and a constrained affine model that allows us to identify and estimate the bias in each channel. Backward transformation removes the bias and brings the channels to the same scale. The result is that systematic effects such as intensity dependent log-ratios are removed, but also that signal densities become much more similar. The average scan, which has a larger <span class="hlt">dynamical</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and greater signal-to-noise ratio than individual scans, can then be obtained. The study shows that microarray scanners may introduce a significant bias in each channel. Such biases have to be calibrated for, otherwise systematic effects such as intensity dependent log-ratios will be observed. The proposed scanning protocol and calibration method is simple to use and is useful for evaluating scanner biases or for obtaining calibrated measurements with extended <span class="hlt">dynamical</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and better precision. The</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPA.885...38B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPA.885...38B"><span>The Borexino Thermal Monitoring & Management System and simulations of the fluid-<span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of the Borexino <span class="hlt">detector</span> under asymmetrical, changing boundary conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bravo-Berguño, D.; Mereu, R.; Cavalcante, P.; Carlini, M.; Ianni, A.; Goretti, A.; Gabriele, F.; Wright, T.; Yokley, Z.; Vogelaar, R. B.; Calaprice, F.; Inzoli, F.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>A comprehensive monitoring system for the thermal environment inside the Borexino neutrino <span class="hlt">detector</span> was developed and installed in order to reduce uncertainties in determining temperatures throughout the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. A complementary thermal management system limits undesirable thermal couplings between the environment and Borexino's active sections. This strategy is bringing improved radioactive background conditions to the region of interest for the physics signal thanks to reduced fluid mixing induced in the liquid scintillator. Although fluid-<span class="hlt">dynamical</span> equilibrium has not yet been fully reached, and thermal fine-tuning is possible, the system has proven extremely effective at stabilizing the <span class="hlt">detector</span>'s thermal conditions while offering precise insights into its mechanisms of internal thermal transport. Furthermore, a Computational Fluid-<span class="hlt">Dynamics</span> analysis has been performed, based on the empirical measurements provided by the thermal monitoring system, and providing information into present and future thermal trends. A two-dimensional modeling approach was implemented in order to achieve a proper understanding of the thermal and fluid-<span class="hlt">dynamics</span> in Borexino. It was optimized for different regions and periods of interest, focusing on the most critical effects that were identified as influencing background concentrations. Literature experimental case studies were reproduced to benchmark the method and settings, and a Borexino-specific benchmark was implemented in order to validate the modeling approach for thermal transport. Finally, fully-convective models were applied to understand general and specific fluid motions impacting the <span class="hlt">detector</span>'s Active Volume.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JOpt...20c5604P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JOpt...20c5604P"><span>A zonal wavefront sensor with multiple <span class="hlt">detector</span> planes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pathak, Biswajit; Boruah, Bosanta R.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>A conventional zonal wavefront sensor estimates the wavefront from the data captured in a single <span class="hlt">detector</span> plane using a single camera. In this paper, we introduce a zonal wavefront sensor which comprises multiple <span class="hlt">detector</span> planes instead of a single <span class="hlt">detector</span> plane. The proposed sensor is based on an array of custom designed plane diffraction gratings followed by a single focusing lens. The laser beam whose wavefront is to be estimated is incident on the grating array and one of the diffracted orders from each grating is focused on the <span class="hlt">detector</span> plane. The setup, by employing a beam splitter arrangement, facilitates focusing of the diffracted beams on multiple <span class="hlt">detector</span> planes where multiple cameras can be placed. The use of multiple cameras in the sensor can offer several advantages in the wavefront estimation. For instance, the proposed sensor can provide superior inherent centroid detection accuracy that can not be achieved by the conventional system. It can also provide enhanced <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and reduced crosstalk performance. We present here the results from a proof of principle experimental arrangement that demonstrate the advantages of the proposed wavefront sensing scheme.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3856904','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3856904"><span>Perceptual Contrast Enhancement with <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> Adjustment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zhang, Hong; Li, Yuecheng; Chen, Hao; Yuan, Ding; Sun, Mingui</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Recent years, although great efforts have been made to improve its performance, few Histogram equalization (HE) methods take human visual perception (HVP) into account explicitly. The human visual system (HVS) is more sensitive to edges than brightness. This paper proposes to take use of this nature intuitively and develops a perceptual contrast enhancement approach with <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> adjustment through histogram modification. The use of perceptual contrast connects the image enhancement problem with the HVS. To pre-condition the input image before the HE procedure is implemented, a perceptual contrast map (PCM) is constructed based on the modified Difference of Gaussian (DOG) algorithm. As a result, the contrast of the image is sharpened and high frequency noise is suppressed. A modified Clipped Histogram Equalization (CHE) is also developed which improves visual quality by automatically detecting the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the image with improved perceptual contrast. Experimental results show that the new HE algorithm outperforms several state-of-the-art algorithms in improving perceptual contrast and enhancing details. In addition, the new algorithm is simple to implement, making it suitable for real-time applications. PMID:24339452</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1016707','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1016707"><span>Quantum Spin <span class="hlt">Dynamics</span> with Pairwise-Tunable, Long-<span class="hlt">Range</span> Interactions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2016-08-05</p> <p>rection of the arrows. Dashed (dotted) lines mark the NNN hopping terms (coefficients ±t2). NNNN long -<span class="hlt">range</span> hopping along curved lines are included to...Quantum spin <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> with pairwise-tunable, long -<span class="hlt">range</span> interactions C.-L. Hunga,b,1,2, Alejandro González-Tudelac,1,2, J. Ignacio Ciracc, and H. J...atoms) that interact by way of a variety of processes, such as atomic collisions. Such pro- cesses typically lead to short -<span class="hlt">range</span>, nearest-neighbor</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011CoPhC.182.2587A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011CoPhC.182.2587A"><span>The MOLDY short-<span class="hlt">range</span> molecular <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> package</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ackland, G. J.; D'Mellow, K.; Daraszewicz, S. L.; Hepburn, D. J.; Uhrin, M.; Stratford, K.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>We describe a parallelised version of the MOLDY molecular <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> program. This Fortran code is aimed at systems which may be described by short-<span class="hlt">range</span> potentials and specifically those which may be addressed with the embedded atom method. This includes a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of transition metals and alloys. MOLDY provides a <span class="hlt">range</span> of options in terms of the molecular <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> ensemble used and the boundary conditions which may be applied. A number of standard potentials are provided, and the modular structure of the code allows new potentials to be added easily. The code is parallelised using OpenMP and can therefore be run on shared memory systems, including modern multicore processors. Particular attention is paid to the updates required in the main force loop, where synchronisation is often required in OpenMP implementations of molecular <span class="hlt">dynamics</span>. We examine the performance of the parallel code in detail and give some examples of applications to realistic problems, including the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> compression of copper and carbon migration in an iron-carbon alloy. Program summaryProgram title: MOLDY Catalogue identifier: AEJU_v1_0 Program summary URL:http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AEJU_v1_0.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: GNU General Public License version 2 No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 382 881 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 6 705 242 Distribution format: tar.gz Programming language: Fortran 95/OpenMP Computer: Any Operating system: Any Has the code been vectorised or parallelized?: Yes. OpenMP is required for parallel execution RAM: 100 MB or more Classification: 7.7 Nature of problem: Moldy addresses the problem of many atoms (of order 10 6) interacting via a classical interatomic potential on a timescale of microseconds. It is designed for problems where statistics must be gathered over a number of equivalent runs, such as</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PMB....50..289E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PMB....50..289E"><span>Application of commercial MOSFET <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for in vivo dosimetry in the therapeutic x-ray <span class="hlt">range</span> from 80 kV to 250 kV</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ehringfeld, Christian; Schmid, Susanne; Poljanc, Karin; Kirisits, Christian; Aiginger, Hannes; Georg, Dietmar</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the dosimetric characteristics (energy dependence, linearity, fading, reproducibility, etc) of MOSFET <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for in vivo dosimetry in the kV x-ray <span class="hlt">range</span>. The experience of MOSFET in vivo dosimetry in a pre-clinical study using the Alderson phantom and in clinical practice is also reported. All measurements were performed with a Gulmay D3300 kV unit and TN-502RDI MOSFET <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. For the determination of correction factors different solid phantoms and a calibrated Farmer-type chamber were used. The MOSFET signal was linear with applied dose in the <span class="hlt">range</span> from 0.2 to 2 Gy for all energies. Due to fading it is recommended to read the MOSFET signal during the first 15 min after irradiation. For long time intervals between irradiation and readout the fading can vary largely with the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The temperature dependence of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> signal was small (0.3% °C-1) in the temperature <span class="hlt">range</span> between 22 and 40 °C. The variation of the measuring signal with beam incidence amounts to ±5% and should be considered in clinical applications. Finally, for entrance dose measurements energy-dependent calibration factors, correction factors for field size and irradiated cable length were applied. The overall accuracy, for all measurements, was dominated by reproducibility as a function of applied dose. During the pre-clinical in vivo study, the agreement between MOSFET and TLD measurements was well within 3%. The results of MOSFET measurements, to determine the dosimetric characteristics as well as clinical applications, showed that MOSFET <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are suitable for in vivo dosimetry in the kV <span class="hlt">range</span>. However, some energy-dependent dosimetry effects need to be considered and corrected for. Due to reproducibility effects at low dose levels accurate in vivo measurements are only possible if the applied dose is equal to or larger than 2 Gy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15742945','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15742945"><span>Application of commercial MOSFET <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for in vivo dosimetry in the therapeutic x-ray <span class="hlt">range</span> from 80 kV to 250 kV.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ehringfeld, Christian; Schmid, Susanne; Poljanc, Karin; Kirisits, Christian; Aiginger, Hannes; Georg, Dietmar</p> <p>2005-01-21</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the dosimetric characteristics (energy dependence, linearity, fading, reproducibility, etc) of MOSFET <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for in vivo dosimetry in the kV x-ray <span class="hlt">range</span>. The experience of MOSFET in vivo dosimetry in a pre-clinical study using the Alderson phantom and in clinical practice is also reported. All measurements were performed with a Gulmay D3300 kV unit and TN-502RDI MOSFET <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. For the determination of correction factors different solid phantoms and a calibrated Farmer-type chamber were used. The MOSFET signal was linear with applied dose in the <span class="hlt">range</span> from 0.2 to 2 Gy for all energies. Due to fading it is recommended to read the MOSFET signal during the first 15 min after irradiation. For long time intervals between irradiation and readout the fading can vary largely with the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The temperature dependence of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> signal was small (0.3% degrees C(-1)) in the temperature <span class="hlt">range</span> between 22 and 40 degrees C. The variation of the measuring signal with beam incidence amounts to +/-5% and should be considered in clinical applications. Finally, for entrance dose measurements energy-dependent calibration factors, correction factors for field size and irradiated cable length were applied. The overall accuracy, for all measurements, was dominated by reproducibility as a function of applied dose. During the pre-clinical in vivo study, the agreement between MOSFET and TLD measurements was well within 3%. The results of MOSFET measurements, to determine the dosimetric characteristics as well as clinical applications, showed that MOSFET <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are suitable for in vivo dosimetry in the kV <span class="hlt">range</span>. However, some energy-dependent dosimetry effects need to be considered and corrected for. Due to reproducibility effects at low dose levels accurate in vivo measurements are only possible if the applied dose is equal to or larger than 2 Gy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740011899','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740011899"><span>Carbon monoxide <span class="hlt">detector</span>. [electrochemical gas <span class="hlt">detector</span> for spacecraft use</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Holleck, G. L.; Bradspies, J. L.; Brummer, S. B.; Nelsen, L. L.</p> <p>1973-01-01</p> <p>A sensitive carbon monoxide <span class="hlt">detector</span>, developed specifically for spacecraft use, is described. An instrument <span class="hlt">range</span> of 0 to 60 ppm CO in air was devised. The fuel cell type <span class="hlt">detector</span> is used as a highly sensitive electrolysis cell for electrochemically detecting gases. The concept of an electrochemical CO <span class="hlt">detector</span> is discussed and the CO oxidation behavior in phosphoric and sulfuric acid electrolytes is reported.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18923198','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18923198"><span>18F-FDG positron autoradiography with a particle counting silicon pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Russo, P; Lauria, A; Mettivier, G; Montesi, M C; Marotta, M; Aloj, L; Lastoria, S</p> <p>2008-11-07</p> <p>We report on tests of a room-temperature particle counting silicon pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span> of the Medipix2 series as the <span class="hlt">detector</span> unit of a positron autoradiography (AR) system, for samples labelled with (18)F-FDG radiopharmaceutical used in PET studies. The silicon <span class="hlt">detector</span> (1.98 cm(2) sensitive area, 300 microm thick) has high intrinsic resolution (55 microm pitch) and works by counting all hits in a pixel above a certain energy threshold. The present work extends the <span class="hlt">detector</span> characterization with (18)F-FDG of a previous paper. We analysed the system's linearity, <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, sensitivity, background count rate, noise, and its imaging performance on biological samples. Tests have been performed in the laboratory with (18)F-FDG drops (37-37 000 Bq initial activity) and ex vivo in a rat injected with 88.8 MBq of (18)F-FDG. Particles interacting in the <span class="hlt">detector</span> volume produced a hit in a cluster of pixels whose mean size was 4.3 pixels/event at 11 keV threshold and 2.2 pixels/event at 37 keV threshold. Results show a sensitivity for beta(+) of 0.377 cps Bq(-1), a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of at least five orders of magnitude and a lower detection limit of 0.0015 Bq mm(-2). Real-time (18)F-FDG positron AR images have been obtained in 500-1000 s exposure time of thin (10-20 microm) slices of a rat brain and compared with 20 h film autoradiography of adjacent slices. The analysis of the image contrast and signal-to-noise ratio in a rat brain slice indicated that Poisson noise-limited imaging can be approached in short (e.g. 100 s) exposures, with approximately 100 Bq slice activity, and that the silicon pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span> produced a higher image quality than film-based AR.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080012208','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080012208"><span>Electro-optical <span class="hlt">detector</span> for use in a wide mass <span class="hlt">range</span> mass spectrometer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Giffin, Charles E. (Inventor)</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>An electro-optical <span class="hlt">detector</span> is disclosed for use in a wide mass <span class="hlt">range</span> mass spectrometer (MS), in the latter the focal plane is at or very near the exit end of the magnetic analyzer, so that a strong magnetic field of the order of 1000G or more is present at the focal plane location. The novel <span class="hlt">detector</span> includes a microchannel electron multiplier array (MCA) which is positioned at the focal plane to convert ion beams which are focused by the MS at the focal plane into corresponding electron beams which are then accelerated to form visual images on a conductive phosphored surface. These visual images are then converted into images on the target of a vidicon camera or the like for electronic processing. Due to the strong magnetic field at the focal plane, in one embodiment of the invention, the MCA with front and back parallel ends is placed so that its front end forms an angle of not less than several degrees, preferably on the order of 10.degree.-20.degree., with respect to the focal plane, with the center line of the front end preferably located in the focal plane. In another embodiment the MCA is wedge-shaped, with its back end at an angle of about 10.degree.-20.degree. with respect to the front end. In this embodiment the MCA is placed so that its front end is located at the focal plane.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1031768','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1031768"><span>Former Spencer Artillery <span class="hlt">Range</span>, Tennessee Classification Demonstration Open Field and <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> Areas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>DEMONSTRATION REPORT Former Spencer Artillery <span class="hlt">Range</span>, Tennessee Classification Demonstration Open Field and <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> Areas ESTCP...AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE 17...2016 Technical Report N/A Former Spencer Artillery <span class="hlt">Range</span>, Tennessee Classification Demonstration Open Field and <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> Areas Richard MacNeil, USA</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19654829','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19654829"><span>Validation of a Hartmann-Moiré wavefront sensor with large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wei, Xin; Van Heugten, Tony; Thibos, Larry</p> <p>2009-08-03</p> <p>Our goal was to validate the accuracy, repeatability, sensitivity, and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of a Hartmann-Moiré (HM) wavefront sensor (PixelOptics, Inc.) designed for ophthalmic applications. Testing apparatus injected a 4 mm diameter monochromatic (532 nm) beam of light into the wavefront sensor for measurement. Controlled amounts of defocus and astigmatism were introduced into the beam with calibrated spherical (-20D to + 18D) and cylindrical (-8D to + 8D) lenses. Repeatability was assessed with three repeated measurements within a 2-minute period. Correlation coefficients between mean wavefront measurements (n = 3) and expected wavefront vergence for both sphere and cylinder lenses were >0.999. For spherical lenses, the sensor was accurate to within 0.1D over the <span class="hlt">range</span> from -20D to + 18D. For cylindrical lenses, the sensor was accurate to within 0.1D over the <span class="hlt">range</span> from -8D to + 8D. The primary limitation to demonstrating an even larger <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> was the increasingly critical requirements for optical alignment. Sensitivity to small changes of vergence was constant over the instrument's full <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. Repeatability of measurements for fixed condition was within 0.01D. The Hartmann-Moiré wavefront sensor measures defocus and astigmatism accurately and repeatedly with good sensitivity over a large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> required for ophthalmic applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SPIE.5960.2058Q','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SPIE.5960.2058Q"><span>Hierarchical tone mapping for high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> image visualization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Qiu, Guoping; Duan, Jiang</p> <p>2005-07-01</p> <p>In this paper, we present a computationally efficient, practically easy to use tone mapping techniques for the visualization of high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (HDR) images in low <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (LDR) reproduction devices. The new method, termed hierarchical nonlinear linear (HNL) tone-mapping operator maps the pixels in two hierarchical steps. The first step allocates appropriate numbers of LDR display levels to different HDR intensity intervals according to the pixel densities of the intervals. The second step linearly maps the HDR intensity intervals to theirs allocated LDR display levels. In the developed HNL scheme, the assignment of LDR display levels to HDR intensity intervals is controlled by a very simple and flexible formula with a single adjustable parameter. We also show that our new operators can be used for the effective enhancement of ordinary images.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3033774','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3033774"><span>New light-amplifier-based <span class="hlt">detector</span> designs for high spatial resolution and high sensitivity CBCT mammography and fluoroscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Rudin, Stephen; Kuhls, Andrew T.; Yadava, Girijesh K.; Josan, Gaurav C.; Wu, Ye; Chityala, Ravishankar N.; Rangwala, Hussain S.; Ciprian Ionita, N.; Hoffmann, Kenneth R.; Bednarek, Daniel R.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>New cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) mammography system designs are presented where the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> provide high spatial resolution, high sensitivity, low noise, wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, negligible lag and high frame rates similar to features required for high performance fluoroscopy <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The x-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span> consist of a phosphor coupled by a fiber-optic taper to either a high gain image light amplifier (LA) then CCD camera or to an electron multiplying CCD. When a square-array of such <span class="hlt">detectors</span> is used, a field-of-view (FOV) to 20 × 20 cm can be obtained where the images have pixel-resolution of 100 µm or better. To achieve practical CBCT mammography scan-times, 30 fps may be acquired with quantum limited (noise free) performance below 0.2 µR <span class="hlt">detector</span> exposure per frame. Because of the flexible voltage controlled gain of the LA’s and EMCCDs, large <span class="hlt">detector</span> <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> is also achievable. Features of such <span class="hlt">detector</span> systems with arrays of either generation 2 (Gen 2) or 3 (Gen 3) LAs optically coupled to CCD cameras or arrays of EMCCDs coupled directly are compared. Quantum accounting analysis is done for a variety of such designs where either the lowest number of information carriers off the LA photo-cathode or electrons released in the EMCCDs per x-ray absorbed in the phosphor are large enough to imply no quantum sink for the design. These new LA- or EMCCD-based systems could lead to vastly improved CBCT mammography, ROI-CT, or fluoroscopy performance compared to systems using flat panels. PMID:21297904</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SPIE.6142..624R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SPIE.6142..624R"><span>New light-amplifier-based <span class="hlt">detector</span> designs for high spatial resolution and high sensitivity CBCT mammography and fluoroscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rudin, Stephen; Kuhls, Andrew T.; Yadava, Girijesh K.; Josan, Gaurav C.; Wu, Ye; Chityala, Ravishankar N.; Rangwala, Hussain S.; Ionita, N. Ciprian; Hoffmann, Kenneth R.; Bednarek, Daniel R.</p> <p>2006-03-01</p> <p>New cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) mammography system designs are presented where the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> provide high spatial resolution, high sensitivity, low noise, wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, negligible lag and high frame rates similar to features required for high performance fluoroscopy <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The x-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span> consist of a phosphor coupled by a fiber-optic taper to either a high gain image light amplifier (LA) then CCD camera or to an electron multiplying CCD. When a square-array of such <span class="hlt">detectors</span> is used, a field-of-view (FOV) to 20 x 20 cm can be obtained where the images have pixel-resolution of 100 μm or better. To achieve practical CBCT mammography scan-times, 30 fps may be acquired with quantum limited (noise free) performance below 0.2 μR <span class="hlt">detector</span> exposure per frame. Because of the flexible voltage controlled gain of the LA's and EMCCDs, large <span class="hlt">detector</span> <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> is also achievable. Features of such <span class="hlt">detector</span> systems with arrays of either generation 2 (Gen 2) or 3 (Gen 3) LAs optically coupled to CCD cameras or arrays of EMCCDs coupled directly are compared. Quantum accounting analysis is done for a variety of such designs where either the lowest number of information carriers off the LA photo-cathode or electrons released in the EMCCDs per x-ray absorbed in the phosphor are large enough to imply no quantum sink for the design. These new LA- or EMCCD-based systems could lead to vastly improved CBCT mammography, ROI-CT, or fluoroscopy performance compared to systems using flat panels.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ITNS...57.1015F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ITNS...57.1015F"><span>Design of a Multi-Channel Front-End Readout ASIC With Low Noise and Large <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> Input <span class="hlt">Range</span> for APD-Based PET Imaging</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fang, X. C.; Hu-Guo, Ch.; Ollivier-Henry, N.; Brasse, D.; Hu, Y.</p> <p>2010-06-01</p> <p>This paper represents the design of a low-noise, wide band multi-channel readout integrated circuit (IC) used as front end readout electronics of avalanche photo diodes (APD) dedicated to a small animal positron emission tomography (PET) system. The first ten-channel prototype chip (APD-Chip) of the analog parts has been designed and fabricated in a 0.35 μm CMOS process. Every channel of the APD_Chip includes a charge-sensitive preamplifier (CSA), a CR-(RC)2 shaper, and an analog buffer. In a channel, the CSA reads charge signals (10 bits <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>) from an APD array having 10 pF of capacitance per pixel. A linearized degenerated differential pair which ensures high linearity in all <span class="hlt">dynamical</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> is used as the high feedback resistor for preventing pile up of signals. The designed CSA has the capability of compensating automatically up to 200 nA leakage current from the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The CR-(RC)2 shaper filters and shapes the output signal of the CSA. An equivalent input noise charge obtained from test is 275 e -+ 10 e-/pF. In this paper the prototype is presented for both its theoretical analysis and its test results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28669244','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28669244"><span>Automated <span class="hlt">Detector</span> of High Frequency Oscillations in Epilepsy Based on Maximum Distributed Peak Points.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ren, Guo-Ping; Yan, Jia-Qing; Yu, Zhi-Xin; Wang, Dan; Li, Xiao-Nan; Mei, Shan-Shan; Dai, Jin-Dong; Li, Xiao-Li; Li, Yun-Lin; Wang, Xiao-Fei; Yang, Xiao-Feng</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>High frequency oscillations (HFOs) are considered as biomarker for epileptogenicity. Reliable automation of HFOs detection is necessary for rapid and objective analysis, and is determined by accurate computation of the baseline. Although most existing automated <span class="hlt">detectors</span> measure baseline accurately in channels with rare HFOs, they lose accuracy in channels with frequent HFOs. Here, we proposed a novel algorithm using the maximum distributed peak points method to improve baseline determination accuracy in channels with wide HFOs activity <span class="hlt">ranges</span> and calculate a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> baseline. Interictal ripples (80-200[Formula: see text]Hz), fast ripples (FRs, 200-500[Formula: see text]Hz) and baselines in intracerebral EEGs from seven patients with intractable epilepsy were identified by experienced reviewers and by our computer-automated program, and the results were compared. We also compared the performance of our <span class="hlt">detector</span> to four well-known <span class="hlt">detectors</span> integrated in RIPPLELAB. The sensitivity and specificity of our <span class="hlt">detector</span> were, respectively, 71% and 75% for ripples and 66% and 84% for FRs. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient comparing automated and manual detection was [Formula: see text] for ripples and [Formula: see text] for FRs ([Formula: see text]). In comparison to other <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, our <span class="hlt">detector</span> had a relatively higher sensitivity and specificity. In conclusion, our automated <span class="hlt">detector</span> is able to accurately calculate a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> iEEG baseline in different HFO activity channels using the maximum distributed peak points method, resulting in higher sensitivity and specificity than other available HFO <span class="hlt">detectors</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70029141','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70029141"><span>Spatial-temporal population <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> across species <span class="hlt">range</span>: From centre to margin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Guo, Q.; Taper, M.; Schoenberger, M.; Brandle, J.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Understanding the boundaries of species' <span class="hlt">ranges</span> and the variations in population <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> from the centre to margin of a species' <span class="hlt">range</span> is critical. This study simulated spatial-temporal patterns of birth and death rates and migration across a species' <span class="hlt">range</span> in different seasons. Our results demonstrated the importance of dispersal and migration in altering birth and death rates, balancing source and sink habitats, and governing expansion or contraction of species' <span class="hlt">ranges</span> in changing environments. We also showed that the multiple equilibria of metapopulations across a species' <span class="hlt">range</span> could be easily broken following climatic changes or physical disturbances either local or regional. Although we refer to our models as describing the population <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> across whole species' <span class="hlt">range</span>, they should also apply to small-scale habitats (metapopulations) in which species abundance follows a humped pattern or to any ecosystem or landscape where strong central-marginal (C-M) environmental gradients exist. Conservation of both central and marginal populations would therefore be equally important considerations in making management decisions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13149.x','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13149.x"><span>Spatial-temporal population <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> across species <span class="hlt">range</span>: from center to margin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Guo, Q.; Taper, M.L.; Schoenberger, M.; Brandl, J.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Understanding the boundaries of species' <span class="hlt">ranges</span> and the variations in population <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> from the centre to margin of a species' <span class="hlt">range</span> is critical. This study simulated spatial-temporal patterns of birth and death rates and migration across a species' <span class="hlt">range</span> in different seasons. Our results demonstrated the importance of dispersal and migration in altering birth and death rates, balancing source and sink habitats, and governing expansion or contraction of species' <span class="hlt">ranges</span> in changing environments. We also showed that the multiple equilibria of metapopulations across a species' <span class="hlt">range</span> could be easily broken following climatic changes or physical disturbances either or local or regional. Although we refer to our models as describing the population <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> across whole species' <span class="hlt">range</span>, they should also apply to small-scale habitats (metapopulations) in which species abundance follows a humped pattern or to any ecosystem or landscape where strong central-marginal (C-M) environmental gradients exist. Conservation of both central and marginal populations would therefore be equally important considerations in making management decisions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22562959-mo-campus-verification-range-sobp-width-output-passive-scattering-proton-beams-using-liquid-scintillator-detector','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22562959-mo-campus-verification-range-sobp-width-output-passive-scattering-proton-beams-using-liquid-scintillator-detector"><span>MO-F-CAMPUS-T-03: Verification of <span class="hlt">Range</span>, SOBP Width, and Output for Passive-Scattering Proton Beams Using a Liquid Scintillator <span class="hlt">Detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Henry, T; Robertson, D; Therriault-Proulx, F</p> <p>2015-06-15</p> <p>Purpose: Liquid scintillators have been shown to provide fast and high-resolution measurements of radiation beams. However, their linear energy transfer-dependent response (quenching) limits their use in proton beams. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple and fast method to verify the <span class="hlt">range</span>, spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) width, and output of a passive-scattering proton beam with a liquid scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span>, without the need for quenching correction. Methods: The light signal from a 20×20×20 cm3 liquid scintillator tank was collected with a CCD camera. Reproducible landmarks on the SOBP depth-light curve were identified which possessed a linear relationship withmore » the beam <span class="hlt">range</span> and SOBP width. The depth-light profiles for three beam energies (140, 160 and 180 MeV) with six SOBP widths at each energy were measured with the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Beam <span class="hlt">range</span> and SOBP width calibration factors were obtained by comparing the depth-light curve landmarks with the nominal <span class="hlt">range</span> and SOBP width for each beam setting. The daily output stability of the liquid scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span> was also studied by making eight repeated output measurements in a cobalt-60 beam over the course of two weeks. Results: The mean difference between the measured and nominal beam <span class="hlt">ranges</span> was 0.6 mm (σ=0.2 mm), with a maximum difference of 0.9 mm. The mean difference between the measured and nominal SOBP widths was 0.1 mm (σ=1.8 mm), with a maximum difference of 4.0 mm. Finally an output variation of 0.14% was observed for 8 measurements performed over 2 weeks. Conclusion: A method has been developed to determine the <span class="hlt">range</span> and SOBP width of a passive-scattering proton beam in a liquid scintillator without the need for quenching correction. In addition to providing rapid and accurate beam <span class="hlt">range</span> and SOBP measurements, the <span class="hlt">detector</span> is capable of measuring the output consistency with a high degree of precision. This project was supported in part by award number CA182450 from the National Cancer</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NPPP..273.1055D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NPPP..273.1055D"><span>Sensitivity of the DANSS <span class="hlt">detector</span> to short <span class="hlt">range</span> neutrino oscillations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Danilov, Mikhail; DANSS Collaboration</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>DANSS is a highly segmented 1 m3 plastic scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Its 2500 scintillator strips have a Gd loaded reflective cover. Light is collected with 3 wave length shifting fibers per strip and read out with 50 PMTs and 2500 SiPMs. The DANSS will be installed under the industrial 3 GWth reactor of the Kalinin Nuclear Power Plant at distances varying from 9.7 m to 12.2 m from the reactor core. PMTs and SiPMs collect about 30 photo electrons per MeV distributed approximately equally between two types of the readout. Light collection non-uniformity across and along the strip is about ±13% from maximum to minimum. The resulting energy resolution is modest, σ / E = 15% at 5 MeV. This leads to a smearing of the oscillation pattern comparable with the smearing due to the large size of the reactor core. Nevertheless because of the large counting rate (˜10000/day), small background (< 1%) and good control of systematic uncertainties due to frequent changes of positions, the DANSS is quite sensitive to reactor antineutrino oscillations to hypothetical sterile neutrinos with a mass in eV ballpark suggested recently to explain a so-called reactor anomaly. DANSS will have an elaborated calibration system. The high granularity of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> allows calibration of every strip with about 40 thousand cosmic muons every day. The expected systematic effects do not reduce much the sensitivity region. Tests of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> prototype DANSSino demonstrated that in spite of a small size (4% of DANSS), it is quite sensitive to reactor antineutrinos, detecting about 70 Inverse Beta Decay events per day with the signal-to-background ratio of about unity. The prototype tests have demonstrated feasibility to reach the design performance of the DANSS <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24343007','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24343007"><span>All-digital signal-processing open-loop fiber-optic gyroscope with enlarged <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Qin; Yang, Chuanchuan; Wang, Xinyue; Wang, Ziyu</p> <p>2013-12-15</p> <p>We propose and realize a new open-loop fiber-optic gyroscope (FOG) with an all-digital signal-processing (DSP) system where an all-digital phase-locked loop is employed for digital demodulation to eliminate the variation of the source intensity and suppress the bias drift. A Sagnac phase-shift tracking method is proposed to enlarge the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, and, with its aid, a new open-loop FOG, which can achieve a large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and high sensitivity at the same time, is realized. The experimental results show that compared with the conventional open-loop FOG with the same fiber coil and optical devices, the proposed FOG reduces the bias instability from 0.259 to 0.018 deg/h, and the angle random walk from 0.031 to 0.006 deg/h(1/2), moreover, enlarges the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> to ±360 deg/s, exceeding the maximum <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> ±63 deg/s of the conventional open-loop FOG.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20459254','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20459254"><span>Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor with large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xia, Mingliang; Li, Chao; Hu, Lifa; Cao, Zhaoliang; Mu, Quanquan; Xuan, Li</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>A new spot centroid detection algorithm for a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWFS) is experimentally investigated. The algorithm is a kind of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> tracking algorithm that tracks and calculates the corresponding spot centroid of the current spot map based on the spot centroid of the previous spot map, according to the strong correlation of the wavefront slope and the centroid of the corresponding spot between temporally adjacent SHWFS measurements. That is, for adjacent measurements, the spot centroid movement will usually fall within some <span class="hlt">range</span>. Using the algorithm, the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of an SHWFS can be expanded by a factor of three in the measurement of tilt aberration compared with the conventional algorithm, more than 1.3 times in the measurement of defocus aberration, and more than 2 times in the measurement of the mixture of spherical aberration plus coma aberration. The algorithm is applied in our SHWFS to measure the distorted wavefront of the human eye. The experimental results of the adaptive optics (AO) system for retina imaging are presented to prove its feasibility for highly aberrated eyes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22545028','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22545028"><span>Image Alignment for Multiple Camera High <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> Microscopy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Eastwood, Brian S; Childs, Elisabeth C</p> <p>2012-01-09</p> <p>This paper investigates the problem of image alignment for multiple camera high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (HDR) imaging. HDR imaging combines information from images taken with different exposure settings. Combining information from multiple cameras requires an alignment process that is robust to the intensity differences in the images. HDR applications that use a limited number of component images require an alignment technique that is robust to large exposure differences. We evaluate the suitability for HDR alignment of three exposure-robust techniques. We conclude that image alignment based on matching feature descriptors extracted from radiant power images from calibrated cameras yields the most accurate and robust solution. We demonstrate the use of this alignment technique in a high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> video microscope that enables live specimen imaging with a greater level of detail than can be captured with a single camera.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3337039','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3337039"><span>Image Alignment for Multiple Camera High <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> Microscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Eastwood, Brian S.; Childs, Elisabeth C.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>This paper investigates the problem of image alignment for multiple camera high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (HDR) imaging. HDR imaging combines information from images taken with different exposure settings. Combining information from multiple cameras requires an alignment process that is robust to the intensity differences in the images. HDR applications that use a limited number of component images require an alignment technique that is robust to large exposure differences. We evaluate the suitability for HDR alignment of three exposure-robust techniques. We conclude that image alignment based on matching feature descriptors extracted from radiant power images from calibrated cameras yields the most accurate and robust solution. We demonstrate the use of this alignment technique in a high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> video microscope that enables live specimen imaging with a greater level of detail than can be captured with a single camera. PMID:22545028</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150020844','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150020844"><span>A Satellite Borne Cadmium Sulfide Total Corpuscular Energy <span class="hlt">Detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Freeman, John W.</p> <p>1961-01-01</p> <p>The properties of single crystals of cadmium sulfide as radiation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are described. It has been found possible to select crystals such that: (a) The ratio of increase of conductivity under irradiation to the rate of absorption of energy in the crystal is substantially independent of particle energy (over the examined <span class="hlt">ranges</span> of 500 ev to 80 kev for electrons and 5 kev to 180 kev for protons) and of the magnitude of energy flux (over the <span class="hlt">range</span> from.005 to 10 ergs/cm(sup 2 -sec); and (b) The above ration is substantially the same for protons, electrons, alpha particles, x-rays, and gamma-rays. For a driving voltage of 100 volts, typical crystal yield currents of 10(sup -7) to 10(sup- 6) amperes for each erg/cm(sup 2-sec) of energy absorbed by the crystal. The threshold of such crystal <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (resulting from dark currents of the order of 10(sup 10 amp) is typically 10(sup -3) ergs/cm(sup 2- sec). For the selected crystals a response-temperature coefficient of -0.25% per degree centigrade is found for the temperature <span class="hlt">range</span> -50 deg C to + 50 deg C. A description is given of a complete CdS total corpuscular energy <span class="hlt">detector</span> for the study of geomagnetically trapped radiation by means of a satellite. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> described has a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> great than 10(sup 4), a solid angle of 10(exp -3) steradian, and a detection threshold of approximately 1 erg/cm(sup 2-sec-sterad). A similar <span class="hlt">detector</span> employing a small magnet for the selective exclusion of electrons is also described. Noteworthy practical features of these <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for satellite and space probe experiments are: (a) Use of bare crystals, without covering foils, in order to detect charged particles having energies as low as hundreds of electron volts. (b) Simplicity of electronic auxiliaries. (c) Compactness, lightweight and nechanical ruggedness. (d) Low electrical power requirements; and (e) Conversion of conduction current to the rate of a twostate relaxation oscillator in order to facilitate telemetric</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3842097','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3842097"><span>Ultrasensitive SERS Flow <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Using Hydrodynamic Focusing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Negri, Pierre; Jacobs, Kevin T.; Dada, Oluwatosin O.; Schultz, Zachary D.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Label-free, chemical specific detection in flow is important for high throughput characterization of analytes in applications such as flow injection analysis, electrophoresis, and chromatography. We have developed a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) flow <span class="hlt">detector</span> capable of ultrasensitive optical detection on the millisecond time scale. The device employs hydrodynamic focusing to improve SERS detection in a flow channel where a sheath flow confines analyte molecules eluted from a fused silica capillary over a planar SERS-active substrate. Increased analyte interactions with the SERS substrate significantly improve detection sensitivity. The performance of this flow <span class="hlt">detector</span> was investigated using a combination of finite element simulations, fluorescence imaging, and Raman experiments. Computational fluid <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> based on finite element analysis was used to optimize the flow conditions. The modeling indicates that a number of factors, such as the capillary dimensions and the ratio of the sheath flow to analyte flow rates, are critical for obtaining optimal results. Sample confinement resulting from the flow <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> was confirmed using wide-field fluorescence imaging of rhodamine 6G (R6G). Raman experiments at different sheath flow rates showed increased sensitivity compared with the modeling predictions, suggesting increased adsorption. Using a 50-millisecond acquisitions, a sheath flow rate of 180 μL/min, and a sample flow rate of 5 μL/min, a linear <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> from nanomolar to micromolar concentrations of R6G with a LOD of 1 nM is observed. At low analyte concentrations, rapid analyte desorption is observed, enabling repeated and high-throughput SERS detection. The flow <span class="hlt">detector</span> offers substantial advantages over conventional SERS-based assays such as minimal sample volumes and high detection efficiency. PMID:24074461</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050223556','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050223556"><span>III-V Compound <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> for CO2 DIAL Measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Refaat, Tamer F.; Abedin, M. Nurul; Sulima, Oleg V.; Ismail, Syed; Singh, Upendra N.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Profiling of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is important for understanding the natural carbon cycle on Earth and its influence on global warming and climate change. Differential absorption lidar is a powerful remote sensing technique used for profiling and monitoring atmospheric constituents. Recently there has been an interest to apply this technique, at the 2 m wavelength, for investigating atmospheric CO2. This drives the need for high quality <span class="hlt">detectors</span> at this wavelength. Although 2 m <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are commercially available, the quest for a better <span class="hlt">detector</span> is still on. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> performance, regarding quantum efficiency, gain and associated noise, affects the DIAL signal-to-noise ratio and background signal, thereby influencing the instrument sensitivity and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> based on the III-V based compound materials shows a strong potential for such application. In this paper the <span class="hlt">detector</span> requirements for a long <span class="hlt">range</span> CO2 DIAL profiles will be discussed. These requirements were compared to newly developed III-V compound infrared <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The performance of ternary InGaSb pn junction devices will be presented using different substrates, as well as quaternary InGaAsSb npn structure. The performance study was based on experimental characterization of the devices dark current, spectral response, gain and noise. The final results are compared to the current state-of-the-art InGaAs technology. Npn phototransistor structure showed the best performance, regarding the internal gain and therefore the device signal-to-noise ratio. 2-micrometers detectivity as high as 3.9 x 10(exp 11) cmHz(sup 1/2)/W was obtained at a temperature of -20 C and 4 V bias voltage. This corresponds to a responsivity of 2650 A/W with about 60% quantum efficiency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23701089','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23701089"><span>Comparison of quantitatively analyzed <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> area-<span class="hlt">detector</span> CT using various mathematic methods with FDG PET/CT in management of solitary pulmonary nodules.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ohno, Yoshiharu; Nishio, Mizuho; Koyama, Hisanobu; Fujisawa, Yasuko; Yoshikawa, Takeshi; Matsumoto, Sumiaki; Sugimura, Kazuro</p> <p>2013-06-01</p> <p>The objective of our study was to prospectively compare the capability of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> area-<span class="hlt">detector</span> CT analyzed with different mathematic methods and PET/CT in the management of pulmonary nodules. Fifty-two consecutive patients with 96 pulmonary nodules underwent <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> area-<span class="hlt">detector</span> CT, PET/CT, and microbacterial or pathologic examinations. All nodules were classified into the following groups: malignant nodules (n = 57), benign nodules with low biologic activity (n = 15), and benign nodules with high biologic activity (n = 24). On <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> area-<span class="hlt">detector</span> CT, the total, pulmonary arterial, and systemic arterial perfusions were calculated using the dual-input maximum slope method; perfusion was calculated using the single-input maximum slope method; and extraction fraction and blood volume (BV) were calculated using the Patlak plot method. All indexes were statistically compared among the three nodule groups. Then, receiver operating characteristic analyses were used to compare the diagnostic capabilities of the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) and each perfusion parameter having a significant difference between malignant and benign nodules. Finally, the diagnostic performances of the indexes were compared by means of the McNemar test. No adverse effects were observed in this study. All indexes except extraction fraction and BV, both of which were calculated using the Patlak plot method, showed significant differences among the three groups (p < 0.05). Areas under the curve of total perfusion calculated using the dual-input method, pulmonary arterial perfusion calculated using the dual-input method, and perfusion calculated using the single-input method were significantly larger than that of SUVmax (p < 0.05). The accuracy of total perfusion (83.3%) was significantly greater than the accuracy of the other indexes: pulmonary arterial perfusion (72.9%, p < 0.05), systemic arterial perfusion calculated using the dual-input method (69.8%, p < 0.05), perfusion (66</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018A%26A...610A..45M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018A%26A...610A..45M"><span>Design and performance of dual-polarization lumped-element kinetic inductance <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for millimeter-wave polarimetry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McCarrick, H.; Jones, G.; Johnson, B. R.; Abitbol, M. H.; Ade, P. A. R.; Bryan, S.; Day, P.; Essinger-Hileman, T.; Flanigan, D.; Leduc, H. G.; Limon, M.; Mauskopf, P.; Miller, A.; Tucker, C.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Aims: Lumped-element kinetic inductance <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (LEKIDs) are an attractive technology for millimeter-wave observations that require large arrays of extremely low-noise <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. We designed, fabricated and characterized 64-element (128 LEKID) arrays of horn-coupled, dual-polarization LEKIDs optimized for ground-based CMB polarimetry. Our devices are sensitive to two orthogonal polarizations in a single spectral band centered on 150 GHz with Δν/ν = 0.2. The 65 × 65 mm square arrays are designed to be tiled into the focal plane of an optical system. We demonstrate the viability of these dual-polarization LEKIDs with laboratory measurements. Methods: The LEKID modules are tested with an FPGA-based readout system in a sub-kelvin cryostat that uses a two-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator. The devices are characterized using a blackbody and a millimeter-wave source. The polarization properties are measured with a cryogenic stepped half-wave plate. We measure the resonator parameters and the <span class="hlt">detector</span> sensitivity, noise spectrum, <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, and polarization response. Results: The resonators have internal quality factors approaching 1 × 106. The <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have uniform response between orthogonal polarizations and a large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. The <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are photon-noise limited above 1 pW of absorbed power. The noise-equivalent temperatures under a 3.4 K blackbody load are <100 μK √s. The polarization fractions of <span class="hlt">detectors</span> sensitive to orthogonal polarizations are >80%. The entire array is multiplexed on a single readout line, demonstrating a multiplexing factor of 128. The array and readout meet the requirements for 4 arrays to be read out simultaneously for a multiplexing factor of 512. Conclusions: This laboratory study demonstrates the first dual-polarization LEKID array optimized specifically for CMB polarimetry and shows the readiness of the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for on-sky observations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12P9032P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12P9032P"><span>Simulation study of signal formation in position sensitive planar p-on-n silicon <span class="hlt">detectors</span> after short <span class="hlt">range</span> charge injection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Peltola, T.; Eremin, V.; Verbitskaya, E.; Härkönen, J.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Segmented silicon <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (micropixel and microstrip) are the main type of <span class="hlt">detectors</span> used in the inner trackers of Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments at CERN. Due to the high luminosity and eventual high fluence of energetic particles, <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with fast response to fit the short shaping time of 20-25 ns and sufficient radiation hardness are required. Charge collection measurements carried out at the Ioffe Institute have shown a reversal of the pulse polarity in the <span class="hlt">detector</span> response to short-<span class="hlt">range</span> charge injection. Since the measured negative signal is about 30-60% of the peak positive signal, the effect strongly reduces the CCE even in non-irradiated <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. For further investigation of the phenomenon the measurements have been reproduced by TCAD simulations. As for the measurements, the simulation study was applied for the p-on-n strip <span class="hlt">detectors</span> similar in geometry to those developed for the ATLAS experiment and for the Ioffe Institute designed p-on-n strip <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with each strip having a window in the metallization covering the p+ implant, allowing the generation of electron-hole pairs under the strip implant. Red laser scans across the strips and the interstrip gap with varying laser diameters and Si-SiO2 interface charge densities (Qf) were carried out. The results verify the experimentally observed negative response along the scan in the interstrip gap. When the laser spot is positioned on the strip p+ implant the negative response vanishes and the collected charge at the active strip increases respectively. The simulation results offer a further insight and understanding of the influence of the oxide charge density in the signal formation. The main result of the study is that a threshold value of Qf, that enables negligible losses of collected charges, is defined. The observed effects and details of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> response for different charge injection positions are discussed in the context of Ramo's theorem.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/21368','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/21368"><span>Spatial-temporal population <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> across species <span class="hlt">range</span>: from centre to margin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Qinfeng Guo; Mark Taper; Michele Schoenberger; J. Brandle</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Understanding the boundaries of species'<span class="hlt">rangs</span> and the variations in population <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> from the centre to margin of a species' <span class="hlt">range</span> is critical. This study simulated spatial-tamporal patterns of birth and death rates and migration across a species' <span class="hlt">range</span> in different seasons. Our results demonstrated the importance of dispersal and migration in...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9033E..3NM','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9033E..3NM"><span>X-ray light valve (XLV): a novel <span class="hlt">detectors</span>' technology for digital mammography</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Marcovici, Sorin; Sukhovatkin, Vlad; Oakham, Peter</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>A novel method, based on X-ray Light Valve (XLV) technology, is proposed for making good image quality yet inexpensive flat panel <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for digital mammography. The digital mammography markets, particularly in the developing countries, demand quality machines at substantially lower prices than the ones available today. Continuous pressure is applied on x-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span>' manufacturers to reduce the flat panel <span class="hlt">detectors</span>' prices. XLV presents a unique opportunity to achieve the needed price - performance characteristics for direct conversion, x-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The XLV based <span class="hlt">detectors</span> combine the proven, superior, spatial resolution of a-Se with the simplicity and low cost of liquid crystals and optical scanning. The x-ray quanta absorbed by a 200 μm a-Se produce electron - hole pairs that move under an electric field to the top and bottom of a-Se layer. This 2D charge distribution creates at the interface with the liquid crystals a continuous (analog) charge image corresponding to the impinging radiation's information. Under the influence of local electrical charges next to them, the liquid crystals twist proportionally to the charges and vary their light reflectivity. A scanning light source illuminates the liquid crystals while an associated, pixilated photo-<span class="hlt">detector</span>, having a 42 μm pixel size, captures the light reflected by the liquid crystals and converts it in16 bit words that are transmitted to the machine for image processing and display. The paper will describe a novel XLV, 25 cm x 30 cm, flat panel <span class="hlt">detector</span> structure and its underlying physics as well as its preliminary performance measured on several engineering prototypes. In particular, the paper will present the results of measuring XLV <span class="hlt">detectors</span>' DQE, MTF, <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, low contrast resolution and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> behavior. Finally, the paper will introduce the new, low cost, XLV <span class="hlt">detector</span> based, digital mammography machine under development at XLV Diagnostics Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100002828','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100002828"><span>Increasing Linear <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> of a CMOS Image Sensor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pain, Bedabrata</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>A generic design and a corresponding operating sequence have been developed for increasing the linear-response <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of a complementary metal oxide/semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor. The design provides for linear calibrated dual-gain pixels that operate at high gain at a low signal level and at low gain at a signal level above a preset threshold. Unlike most prior designs for increasing <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of an image sensor, this design does not entail any increase in noise (including fixed-pattern noise), decrease in responsivity or linearity, or degradation of photometric calibration. The figure is a simplified schematic diagram showing the circuit of one pixel and pertinent parts of its column readout circuitry. The conventional part of the pixel circuit includes a photodiode having a small capacitance, CD. The unconventional part includes an additional larger capacitance, CL, that can be connected to the photodiode via a transfer gate controlled in part by a latch. In the high-gain mode, the signal labeled TSR in the figure is held low through the latch, which also helps to adapt the gain on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Light must be coupled to the pixel through a microlens or by back illumination in order to obtain a high effective fill factor; this is necessary to ensure high quantum efficiency, a loss of which would minimize the efficacy of the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span>- <span class="hlt">range</span>-enhancement scheme. Once the level of illumination of the pixel exceeds the threshold, TSR is turned on, causing the transfer gate to conduct, thereby adding CL to the pixel capacitance. The added capacitance reduces the conversion gain, and increases the pixel electron-handling capacity, thereby providing an extension of the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. By use of an array of comparators also at the bottom of the column, photocharge voltages on sampling capacitors in each column are compared with a reference voltage to determine whether it is necessary to switch from the high-gain to the low-gain mode. Depending upon</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/893238-high-dynamic-range-characterization-trauma-patient-plasma-proteome','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/893238-high-dynamic-range-characterization-trauma-patient-plasma-proteome"><span>High <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> Characterization of the Trauma Patient Plasma Proteome</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Liu, Tao; Qian, Weijun; Gritsenko, Marina A.</p> <p>2006-06-08</p> <p>While human plasma represents an attractive sample for disease biomarker discovery, the extreme complexity and large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> in protein concentrations present significant challenges for characterization, candidate biomarker discovery, and validation. Herein, we describe a strategy that combines immunoaffinity subtraction and chemical fractionation based on cysteinyl peptide and N-glycopeptide captures with 2D-LC-MS/MS to increase the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of analysis for plasma. Application of this ''divide-and-conquer'' strategy to trauma patient plasma significantly improved the overall <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of detection and resulted in confident identification of 22,267 unique peptides from four different peptide populations (cysteinyl peptides, non-cysteinyl peptides, N-glycopeptides, and non-glycopeptides) thatmore » covered 3654 nonredundant proteins. Numerous low-abundance proteins were identified, exemplified by 78 ''classic'' cytokines and cytokine receptors and by 136 human cell differentiation molecules. Additionally, a total of 2910 different N-glycopeptides that correspond to 662 N-glycoproteins and 1553 N-glycosylation sites were identified. A panel of the proteins identified in this study is known to be involved in inflammation and immune responses. This study established an extensive reference protein database for trauma patients, which provides a foundation for future high-throughput quantitative plasma proteomic studies designed to elucidate the mechanisms that underlie systemic inflammatory responses.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863478','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863478"><span>Hydrogen <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Kanegae, Naomichi; Ikemoto, Ichiro</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>A hydrogen <span class="hlt">detector</span> of the type in which the interior of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> is partitioned by a metal membrane into a fluid section and a vacuum section. Two units of the metal membrane are provided and vacuum pipes are provided independently in connection to the respective units of the metal membrane. One of the vacuum pipes is connected to a vacuum gauge for static equilibrium operation while the other vacuum pipe is connected to an ion pump or a set of an ion pump and a vacuum gauge both designed for <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> equilibrium operation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10567E..36E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10567E..36E"><span><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> MTF, an innovative test bench for <span class="hlt">detector</span> characterization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Emmanuel, Rossi; Raphaël, Lardière; Delmonte, Stephane</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>PLEIADES HR are High Resolution satellites for Earth observation. Placed at 695km they reach a 0.7m spatial resolution. To allow such performances, the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are working in a TDI mode (Time and Delay Integration) which consists in a continuous charge transfer from one line to the consecutive one while the image is passing on the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The spatial resolution, one of the most important parameter to test, is characterized by the MTF (Modulation Transfer Function). Usually, <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are tested in a staring mode. For a higher level of performances assessment, a dedicated bench has been set-up, allowing <span class="hlt">detectors</span>' MTF characterization in the TDI mode. Accuracy and reproducibility are impressive, opening the door to new perspectives in term of HR imaging systems testing.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9015E..0AP','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9015E..0AP"><span>Gamut mapping in a high-<span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span> color space</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Preiss, Jens; Fairchild, Mark D.; Ferwerda, James A.; Urban, Philipp</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>In this paper, we present a novel approach of tone mapping as gamut mapping in a high-<span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span> (HDR) color space. High- and low-<span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span> (LDR) images as well as device gamut boundaries can simultaneously be represented within such a color space. This enables a unified transformation of the HDR image into the gamut of an output device (in this paper called HDR gamut mapping). An additional aim of this paper is to investigate the suitability of a specific HDR color space to serve as a working color space for the proposed HDR gamut mapping. For the HDR gamut mapping, we use a recent approach that iteratively minimizes an image-difference metric subject to in-gamut images. A psychophysical experiment on an HDR display shows that the standard reproduction workflow of two subsequent transformations - tone mapping and then gamut mapping - may be improved by HDR gamut mapping.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170006553&hterms=detector&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Ddetector','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170006553&hterms=detector&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Ddetector"><span>H2RG <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Characterization for RIMAS and Instrument Efficiencies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Toy, Vicki L.; Kutyrev, Alexander S.; Capone, John I.; Hams, Thomas; Robinson, F. David; Lotkin, Gennadiy N.; Veilleux, Sylvain; Moseley, Samuel H.; Gehrels, Neil A.; Vogel, Stuart N.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The Rapid infrared IMAger-Spectrometer (RIMAS) is a near-infrared (NIR) imager and spectrometer that will quickly follow up gamma-ray burst afterglows on the 4.3-meter Discovery Channel Telescope (DCT). RIMAS has two optical arms which allows simultaneous coverage over two bandpasses (YJ and HK) in either imaging or spectroscopy mode. RIMAS utilizes two Teledyne HgCdTe H2RG <span class="hlt">detectors</span> controlled by Astronomical Research Cameras, Inc. (ARC/Leach) drivers. We report the laboratory characterization of RIMAS's <span class="hlt">detectors</span>: conversion gain, read noise, linearity, saturation, <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, and dark current. We also present RIMAS's instrument efficiency from atmospheric transmission models and optics data (both telescope and instrument) in all three observing modes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29373937','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29373937"><span>Binaural model-based <span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span> compression.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ernst, Stephan M A; Kortlang, Steffen; Grimm, Giso; Bisitz, Thomas; Kollmeier, Birger; Ewert, Stephan D</p> <p>2018-01-26</p> <p>Binaural cues such as interaural level differences (ILDs) are used to organise auditory perception and to segregate sound sources in complex acoustical environments. In bilaterally fitted hearing aids, <span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span> compression operating independently at each ear potentially alters these ILDs, thus distorting binaural perception and sound source segregation. A binaurally-linked model-based fast-acting <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> compression algorithm designed to approximate the normal-hearing basilar membrane (BM) input-output function in hearing-impaired listeners is suggested. A multi-center evaluation in comparison with an alternative binaural and two bilateral fittings was performed to assess the effect of binaural synchronisation on (a) speech intelligibility and (b) perceived quality in realistic conditions. 30 and 12 hearing impaired (HI) listeners were aided individually with the algorithms for both experimental parts, respectively. A small preference towards the proposed model-based algorithm in the direct quality comparison was found. However, no benefit of binaural-synchronisation regarding speech intelligibility was found, suggesting a dominant role of the better ear in all experimental conditions. The suggested binaural synchronisation of compression algorithms showed a limited effect on the tested outcome measures, however, linking could be situationally beneficial to preserve a natural binaural perception of the acoustical environment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvB..96l5113D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvB..96l5113D"><span>Probing the role of long-<span class="hlt">range</span> interactions in the <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of a long-<span class="hlt">range</span> Kitaev chain</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dutta, Anirban; Dutta, Amit</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>We study the role of long-<span class="hlt">range</span> interactions (more precisely, the long-<span class="hlt">range</span> superconducting gap term) on the nonequilibrium <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> considering a long-<span class="hlt">range</span> p -wave superconducting chain in which the superconducting term decays with distance between two sites in a power-law fashion characterized by an exponent α . We show that the Kibble-Zurek scaling exponent, dictating the power-law decay of the defect density in the final state reached following a slow (in comparison to the time scale associated with the minimum gap in the spectrum of the Hamiltonian) quenching of the chemical potential μ across a quantum critical point, depends nontrivially on the exponent α as long as α <2 ; on the other hand, for α >2 , we find that the exponent saturates to the corresponding well-known value of 1 /2 expected for the short-<span class="hlt">range</span> model. Furthermore, studying the <span class="hlt">dynamical</span> quantum phase transitions manifested in the nonanalyticities in the rate function of the return possibility I (t ) in subsequent temporal evolution following a sudden change in μ , we show the existence of a new region; in this region, we find three instants of cusp singularities in I (t ) associated with a single sector of Fisher zeros. Notably, the width of this region shrinks as α increases and vanishes in the limit α →2 , indicating that this special region is an artifact of the long-<span class="hlt">range</span> nature of the Hamiltonian.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/868664','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/868664"><span>Alternating current long <span class="hlt">range</span> alpha particle <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>MacArthur, Duncan W.; McAtee, James L.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>An alpha particle <span class="hlt">detector</span>, utilizing alternating currents, whcih is capable of detecting alpha particles from distinct sources. The use of alternating currents allows use of simpler ac circuits which, in turn, are not susceptible to dc error components. It also allows the benefit of gas gain, if desired. In the invention, a voltage source creates an electric field between two conductive grids, and between the grids and a conductive enclosure. Air containing air ions created by collision with alpha particles is drawn into the enclosure and detected. In some embodiments, the air flow into the enclosure is interrupted, creating an alternating flow of ions. In another embodiment, a modulated voltage is applied to the grid, also modulating the detection of ions.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6289389','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6289389"><span>Alternating current long <span class="hlt">range</span> alpha particle <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>MacArthur, D.W.; McAtee, J.L.</p> <p>1993-02-16</p> <p>An alpha particle <span class="hlt">detector</span>, utilizing alternating currents, which is capable of detecting alpha particles from distinct sources. The use of alternating currents allows use of simpler ac circuits which, in turn, are not susceptible to dc error components. It also allows the benefit of gas gain, if desired. In the invention, a voltage source creates an electric field between two conductive grids, and between the grids and a conductive enclosure. Air containing air ions created by collision with alpha particles is drawn into the enclosure and detected. In some embodiments, the air flow into the enclosure is interrupted, creating an alternating flow of ions. In another embodiment, a modulated voltage is applied to the grid, also modulating the detection of ions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26575003','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26575003"><span>Real-time modulated nanoparticle separation with an ultra-large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zeming, Kerwin Kwek; Thakor, Nitish V; Zhang, Yong; Chen, Chia-Hung</p> <p>2016-01-07</p> <p>Nanoparticles exhibit size-dependent properties which make size-selective purification of proteins, DNA or synthetic nanoparticles essential for bio-analytics, clinical medicine, nano-plasmonics and nano-material sciences. Current purification methods of centrifugation, column chromatography and continuous-flow techniques suffer from particle aggregation, multi-stage process, complex setups and necessary nanofabrication. These increase process costs and time, reduce efficiency and limit <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. Here, we achieve an unprecedented real-time nanoparticle separation (51-1500 nm) using a large-pore (2 μm) deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) device. No external force fields or nanofabrication are required. Instead, we investigated innate long-<span class="hlt">range</span> electrostatic influences on nanoparticles within a fluid medium at different NaCl ionic concentrations. In this study we account for the electrostatic forces beyond Debye length and showed that they cannot be assumed as negligible especially for precise nanoparticle separation methods such as DLD. Our findings have enabled us to develop a model to simultaneously quantify and modulate the electrostatic force interactions between nanoparticle and micropore. By simply controlling buffer solutions, we achieve <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> nanoparticle size separation on a single device with a rapid response time (<20 s) and an enlarged <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (>1200%), outperforming standard benchtop centrifuge systems. This novel method and model combines device simplicity, isolation precision and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> flexibility, opening opportunities for high-throughput applications in nano-separation for industrial and biological applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OptCo.414..191N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OptCo.414..191N"><span>Thermal and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> characterization of a photonics-based RF amplifier</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Noque, D. F.; Borges, R. M.; Muniz, A. L. M.; Bogoni, A.; Cerqueira S., Arismar, Jr.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>This work reports a thermal and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> characterization of an ultra-wideband photonics-based RF amplifier for microwave and mm-waves future 5G optical-wireless networks. The proposed technology applies the four-wave mixing nonlinear effect to provide RF amplification in analog and digital radio-over-fiber systems. The experimental analysis from 300 kHz to 50 GHz takes into account different figures of merit, such as RF gain, spurious-free <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and RF output power stability as a function of temperature. The thermal characterization from -10 to +70 °C demonstrates a 27 dB flat photonics-assisted RF gain over the entire frequency <span class="hlt">range</span> under real operational conditions of a base station for illustrating the feasibility of the photonics-assisted RF amplifier for 5G networks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090004267','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090004267"><span>Linear <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> enhancement in a CMOS imager</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pain, Bedabrata (Inventor)</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>A CMOS imager with increased linear <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> but without degradation in noise, responsivity, linearity, fixed-pattern noise, or photometric calibration comprises a linear calibrated dual gain pixel in which the gain is reduced after a pre-defined threshold level by switching in an additional capacitance. The pixel may include a novel on-pixel latch circuit that is used to switch in the additional capacitance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10565E..04B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10565E..04B"><span><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> MTF measurement</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bardoux, Alain; Gimenez, Thierry; Jamin, Nicolas; Seve, Frederic</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>MTF (Modulation Transfer Frequency) of a <span class="hlt">detector</span> is a key parameter for imagers. When image is not moving on the <span class="hlt">detector</span>, MTF can be measured by some methods (knife edge, slanted slit,…). But with LEO satellites, image is moving on the surface of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>, and MTF has to be measured in the same way: that is what we call "<span class="hlt">dynamic</span> MTF". CNES (French Space Agency) has built a specific bench in order to measure <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> MTF of <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (CCD and CMOS), especially with component working in TDI (Time delay and integration) mode. The method is based on a moving edge, synchronized with the movement of charges inside the TDI <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The moving part is a rotating cube, allowing a very stable movement of the image on the surface of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> The main difficulties were: - stability of the rotating speed - synchronization between cube speed and charge transfer inside the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> - synchronization between cube position and data acquisition. Different methods have been tested for the displacement of the knife edge: - geometrical displacement - electrical shift of the charge transfer clocks. Static MTF has been performed before <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> measurements, in order to fix a reference measurement, Then <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> MTF bench has been set up. The results, for a TDI CCD show a very good precision. So this bench is validated, and the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> MTF value of the TDI CCD is confirmed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997RScI...68..324C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997RScI...68..324C"><span>Development and characterization of semiconductor ion <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for plasma diagnostics in the <span class="hlt">range</span> over 0.3 keV</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cho, T.; Sakamoto, Y.; Hirata, M.; Kohagura, J.; Makino, K.; Kanke, S.; Takahashi, K.; Okamura, T.; Nakashima, Y.; Yatsu, K.; Tamano, T.; Miyoshi, S.</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>For the purpose of plasma-ion-energy analyses in a wide-energy <span class="hlt">range</span> from a few hundred eV to hundreds of keV, upgraded semiconductor <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are newly fabricated and characterized using a test-ion-beam line from 0.3 to 12 keV. In particular, the detectable lowest-ion energy is drastically improved at least down to 0.3 keV; this energy is one to two orders-of-magnitude better than those for commercially available Si-surface-barrier diodes employed for previous plasma-ion diagnostics. A signal-to-noise ratio of two to three orders-of-magnitude better than that for usual metal-collector <span class="hlt">detectors</span> is demonstrated for the compact-sized semiconductor along with the availability of the use under conditions of a good vacuum and a strong-magnetic field. Such characteristics are achieved due to the improving methods of the optimization of the thicknesses of a Si dead layer and a SiO2 layer, as well as the nitrogen-doping technique near the depletion layer along with minimizing impurity concentrations in Si. Such an upgraded capability of an extremely low-energy-ion detection with the low-noise characteristics enlarges research regimes of plasma-ion behavior using semiconductor <span class="hlt">detectors</span> not only in the divertor regions of tokamaks but in wider spectra of open-field plasma devices including tandem mirrors. An application of the semiconductor ion <span class="hlt">detector</span> for plasma-ion diagnostics is demonstrated in a specially designed ion-spectrometer structure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22407742-mo-brd-investigation-dynamic-response-novel-acousto-optic-liquid-crystal-detector-full-field-transmission-ultrasound-breast-imaging','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22407742-mo-brd-investigation-dynamic-response-novel-acousto-optic-liquid-crystal-detector-full-field-transmission-ultrasound-breast-imaging"><span>MO-A-BRD-01: An Investigation of the <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> Response of a Novel Acousto-Optic Liquid Crystal <span class="hlt">Detector</span> for Full-Field Transmission Ultrasound Breast Imaging</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Rosenfield, J.R.; La Riviere, P.J.; Sandhu, J.S.</p> <p></p> <p>Purpose: To characterize the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> response of a novel acousto-optic (AO) liquid crystal <span class="hlt">detector</span> for high-resolution transmission ultrasound breast imaging. Transient and steady-state lesion contrast were investigated to identify optimal transducer settings for our prototype imaging system consistent with the FDA limits of 1 W/cm{sup 2} and 50 J/cm{sup 2} on the incident acoustic intensity and the transmitted acoustic energy flux density. Methods: We have developed a full-field transmission ultrasound breast imaging system that uses monochromatic plane-wave illumination to acquire projection images of the compressed breast. The acoustic intensity transmitted through the breast is converted into a visual image bymore » a proprietary liquid crystal <span class="hlt">detector</span> operating on the basis of the AO effect. The <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> response of the AO <span class="hlt">detector</span> in the absence of an imaged breast was recorded by a CCD camera as a function of the acoustic field intensity and the <span class="hlt">detector</span> exposure time. Additionally, a stereotactic needle biopsy breast phantom was used to investigate the change in opaque lesion contrast with increasing exposure time for a <span class="hlt">range</span> of incident acoustic field intensities. Results: Using transducer voltages between 0.3 V and 0.8 V and exposure times of 3 minutes, a unique one-to-one mapping of incident acoustic intensity to steady-state optical brightness in the AO <span class="hlt">detector</span> was observed. A transfer curve mapping acoustic intensity to steady-state optical brightness shows a high-contrast region analogous to the linear portion of the Hurter-Driffield curves of radiography. Using transducer voltages between 1 V and 1.75 V and exposure times of 90 s, the lesion contrast study demonstrated increasing lesion contrast with increasing breast exposure time and acoustic field intensity. Lesion-to-background contrast on the order of 0.80 was observed. Conclusion: Maximal lesion contrast in our prototype system can be obtained using the highest acoustic field intensity and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28727563','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28727563"><span>A Low-Power High-<span class="hlt">Dynamic-Range</span> Receiver System for In-Probe 3-D Ultrasonic Imaging.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Attarzadeh, Hourieh; Xu, Ye; Ytterdal, Trond</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>In this paper, a dual-mode low-power, high <span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span> receiver circuit is designed for the interface with a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer. The proposed ultrasound receiver chip enables the development of an in-probe digital beamforming imaging system. The flexibility of having two operation modes offers a high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> with minimum power sacrifice. A prototype of the chip containing one receive channel, with one variable transimpedance amplifier (TIA) and one analog to digital converter (ADC) circuit is implemented. Combining variable gain TIA functionality with ADC gain settings achieves an enhanced overall high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, while low power dissipation is maintained. The chip is designed and fabricated in a 65 nm standard CMOS process technology. The test chip occupies an area of 76[Formula: see text] 170 [Formula: see text]. A total average power <span class="hlt">range</span> of 60-240 [Formula: see text] for a sampling frequency of 30 MHz, and a center frequency of 5 MHz is measured. An instantaneous <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of 50.5 dB with an overall <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of 72 dB is obtained from the receiver circuit.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10103E..14W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10103E..14W"><span>Large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> terahertz spectrometers based on plasmonic photomixers (Conference Presentation)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Ning; Javadi, Hamid; Jarrahi, Mona</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>Heterodyne terahertz spectrometers are highly in demand for space explorations and astrophysics studies. A conventional heterodyne terahertz spectrometer consists of a terahertz mixer that mixes a received terahertz signal with a local oscillator signal to generate an intermediate frequency signal in the radio frequency (RF) <span class="hlt">range</span>, where it can be easily processed and detected by RF electronics. Schottky diode mixers, superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) mixers and hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers are the most commonly used mixers in conventional heterodyne terahertz spectrometers. While conventional heterodyne terahertz spectrometers offer high spectral resolution and high detection sensitivity levels at cryogenic temperatures, their <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and bandwidth are limited by the low radiation power of existing terahertz local oscillators and narrow bandwidth of existing terahertz mixers. To address these limitations, we present a novel approach for heterodyne terahertz spectrometry based on plasmonic photomixing. The presented design replaces terahertz mixer and local oscillator of conventional heterodyne terahertz spectrometers with a plasmonic photomixer pumped by an optical local oscillator. The optical local oscillator consists of two wavelength-tunable continuous-wave optical sources with a terahertz frequency difference. As a result, the spectrometry bandwidth and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the presented heterodyne spectrometer is not limited by radiation frequency and power restrictions of conventional terahertz sources. We demonstrate a proof-of-concept terahertz spectrometer with more than 90 dB <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and 1 THz spectrometry bandwidth.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ITNS...54.1459N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ITNS...54.1459N"><span>The Road to the Common PET/CT <span class="hlt">Detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nassalski, Antoni; Moszynski, Marek; Szczesniak, Tomasz; Wolski, Dariusz; Batsch, Tadeusz</p> <p>2007-10-01</p> <p>Growing interest in the development of dual modality positron emission/X-rays tomography (PET/CT) systems prompts researchers to face a new challenge: to acquire both the anatomical and functional information in the same measurement, simultaneously using the same detection system and electronics. The aim of this work was to study a <span class="hlt">detector</span> consisting of LaBr3, LSO or LYSO pixel crystals coupled to an avalanche photodiode (APD). The measurements covered tests of the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in PET and CT modes, respectively. The measurements included the determination of light output, energy resolution, the non-proportionality of the light yield and the time resolution for 511 keV annihilation quanta; analysis also included characterizing the PET <span class="hlt">detector</span>, and determining the dependence of counting rate versus mean current of the APD in the X-ray detection. In the present experiment, the use of counting and current modes in the CT detection increases the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the measured dose of X-rays by a factor of 20, compared to the counting mode alone.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9403E..05M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9403E..05M"><span>A 4MP high-<span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span>, low-noise CMOS image sensor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ma, Cheng; Liu, Yang; Li, Jing; Zhou, Quan; Chang, Yuchun; Wang, Xinyang</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>In this paper we present a 4 Megapixel high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, low dark noise and dark current CMOS image sensor, which is ideal for high-end scientific and surveillance applications. The pixel design is based on a 4-T PPD structure. During the readout of the pixel array, signals are first amplified, and then feed to a low- power column-parallel ADC array which is already presented in [1]. Measurement results show that the sensor achieves a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of 96dB, a dark noise of 1.47e- at 24fps speed. The dark current is 0.15e-/pixel/s at -20oC.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29426534','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29426534"><span>Multiple-channel ultra-violet absorbance <span class="hlt">detector</span> for two-dimensional chromatographic separations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lynch, Kyle B; Yang, Yu; Ren, Jiangtao; Liu, Shaorong</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>In recent years, much research has gone into developing online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatographic systems allowing for high peak capacities in comparable separation times to that of one-dimensional liquid chromatographic systems. However, the speed requirements in the second dimension (2nd-D) still remain one challenge for complex biological samples due to the current configuration of two column/two <span class="hlt">detector</span> systems. Utilization of multiple 2nd-D columns can mitigate this challenge. To adapt this approach, we need a multiple channel <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Here we develop a versatile multichannel ultraviolet (UV) light absorbance <span class="hlt">detector</span> that is capable of simultaneously monitoring separations in 12 columns. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> consists of a deuterium lighthouse, a flow cell assembly (a 13-channel flow cell fitted with a 13-photodiode-detection system), and a data acquisition and monitoring terminal. Through the use of a custom high optical quality furcated fiber to improve light transmission, precise machining of a flow cell to reduce background stray light through precision alignment, and sensitive electronic circuitry to reduce electronic noise through an active low pass filter, the background noise level is measured in the tens of µAU. We obtain a linear <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of close to three orders of magnitude. Compared to a commercialized multichannel UV light absorbance <span class="hlt">detector</span> like the Waters 2488 UV/Vis, our device provides an increase in channel detection while residing within the same noise region and linear <span class="hlt">range</span>. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21997918','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21997918"><span>In situ two-dimensional imaging quick-scanning XAFS with pixel array <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tanida, Hajime; Yamashige, Hisao; Orikasa, Yuki; Oishi, Masatsugu; Takanashi, Yu; Fujimoto, Takahiro; Sato, Kenji; Takamatsu, Daiko; Murayama, Haruno; Arai, Hajime; Matsubara, Eiichiro; Uchimoto, Yoshiharu; Ogumi, Zempachi</p> <p>2011-11-01</p> <p>Quick-scanning X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements were performed in transmission mode using a PILATUS 100K pixel array <span class="hlt">detector</span> (PAD). The method can display a two-dimensional image for a large area of the order of a centimetre with a spatial resolution of 0.2 mm at each energy point in the XAFS spectrum. The time resolution of the quick-scanning method <span class="hlt">ranged</span> from 10 s to 1 min per spectrum depending on the energy <span class="hlt">range</span>. The PAD has a wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and low noise, so the obtained spectra have a good signal-to-noise ratio.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4024125','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4024125"><span>RADIO <span class="hlt">RANGING</span> DEVICE</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Nieset, R.T.</p> <p>1961-05-16</p> <p>A radio <span class="hlt">ranging</span> device is described. It utilizes a super regenerative <span class="hlt">detector</span>-oscillator in which echoes of transmitted pulses are received in proper phase to reduce noise energy at a selected <span class="hlt">range</span> and also at multiples of the selected <span class="hlt">range</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930019597&hterms=new+technologies&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dnew%2Btechnologies','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930019597&hterms=new+technologies&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dnew%2Btechnologies"><span>New technologies for UV <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Joseph, C. L.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>Several technologies are currently being developed, leading to substantial improvements in the performance of UV <span class="hlt">detectors</span> or significant reductions in power or weight. Four technologies discussed are (1) thin-film coatings to enhance the UV sensitivity of CCD's, (2) highly innovative magnet assemblies that dramatically reduce weight and result in virtually no external flux, (3) new techniques for curving microchannel plates (MCP's) so that single plates can be used to prevent ion feedback and present highly localized charge clouds to an anode structure, and (4) high-performance alternatives to glass-based MCP's. In item (2), for example, very robust magnets are made out of rare earth materials such as samarium cobalt, and cladding magnets are employed to prevent flux from escaping from the <span class="hlt">detector</span> into the external environment. These new ultralight magnet assemblies are able to create strong, exceptionally uniform magnetic fields for image intensification and focusing of photoelectrons. The principle advantage of such <span class="hlt">detectors</span> is the quantum efficiencies of 70-80 percent obtained throughout ultraviolet wavelengths (900-2000 A), the highest of any device. Despite the improvements achieved under item (3), high-performance alternatives to conventional glass-based MCP's potentially offer three distinct new advantages that include (1) a 30-100-fold improvement in <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> resulting in correspondingly higher signal-to-noise ratios, (2) the use of pure dielectric and semiconductor materials that will not outgas contaminants that eventually destroy photocathodes, and (3) channels that have constant spacing providing long-<span class="hlt">ranged</span> order since the plates are made using photolithography techniques from the semiconductor industry. The manufacturers of these advanced-technology MCP's, however, are a couple of years away from actually producing a functioning image intensifier. In contrast to the use of CCD's for optical, ground based observations, there is no single</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPA.824..302K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPA.824..302K"><span>New electronics for the surface <span class="hlt">detectors</span> of the Pierre Auger Observatory</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kleifges, M.; Pierre Auger Collaboration</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>The Pierre Auger Observatory is the largest installation worldwide for the investigation of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. Air showers are detected using a hybrid technique with 27 fluorescence telescopes and 1660 water-Cherenkov <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (WCD) distributed over about 3000 km2. The Auger Collaboration has decided to upgrade the electronics of the WCD and complement the surface <span class="hlt">detector</span> with scintillators (SSD). The objective is to improve the separation between the muonic and the electron/photon shower component for better mass composition determination during an extended operation period of 8-10 years. The surface <span class="hlt">detector</span> electronics records data locally and generates time stamps based on the GPS timing. The performance of the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> is significantly improved with a higher sampling rate, an increased <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, new generation of GPS receivers, and FPGA integrated CPU power. The number of analog channels will be increased to integrate the new SSD, but the power consumption needs to stay below 10 W to be able to use the existing photovoltaic system. In this paper, the concept of the additional SSD is presented with a focus on the design and performance of the new surface <span class="hlt">detector</span> electronics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JInst..11C2051R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JInst..11C2051R"><span>Status of the laboratory infrastructure for <span class="hlt">detector</span> calibration and characterization at the European XFEL</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Raab, N.; Ballak, K.-E.; Dietze, T.; Ekmedzič, M.; Hauf, S.; Januschek, F.; Kaukher, A.; Kuster, M.; Lang, P. M.; Münnich, A.; Schmitt, R.; Sztuk-Dambietz, J.; Turcato, M.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The European X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL.EU) will provide unprecedented peak brilliance and ultra-short and spatially coherent X-ray pulses in an energy <span class="hlt">range</span> of 0.25 to 25 keV . The pulse timing structure is unique with a burst of 2700 pulses of 100 fs length at a temporal distance of 220 ns followed by a 99.4 ms gap. To make optimal use of this timing structure and energy <span class="hlt">range</span> a great variety of <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are being developed for use at XFEL.EU, including 2D X-ray imaging cameras that are able to detect images at a rate of 4.5 MHz, provide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">ranges</span> up to 105 photons per pulse per pixel under different operating conditions and covering a large <span class="hlt">range</span> of angular resolution \\cite{requirements,Markus}. In order to characterize, commission and calibrate this variety of <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and for testing of <span class="hlt">detector</span> prototypes the XFEL.EU <span class="hlt">detector</span> group is building up an X-ray test laboratory that allows testing of <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with X-ray photons under conditions that are as similar to the future beam line conditions at the XFEL.EU as is possible with laboratory sources [1]. A total of four test environments provide the infrastructure for <span class="hlt">detector</span> tests and calibration: two portable setups that utilize low power X-ray sources and radioactive isotopes, a test environment where a commercial high power X-ray generator is in use, and a pulsed X-ray/electron source which will provide pulses as short as 25 ns in XFEL.EU burst mode combined with target anodes of different materials. The status of the test environments, three of which are already in use while one is in commissioning phase, will be presented as well as first results from performance tests and characterization of the sources.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10397E..11S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10397E..11S"><span>Microchannel plate <span class="hlt">detector</span> technology potential for LUVOIR and HabEx</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Siegmund, O. H. W.; Ertley, C.; Vallerga, J. V.; Schindhelm, E. R.; Harwit, A.; Fleming, B. T.; France, K. C.; Green, J. C.; McCandliss, S. R.; Harris, W. M.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Microchannel plate (MCP) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have been the <span class="hlt">detector</span> of choice for ultraviolet (UV) instruments onboard many NASA missions. These <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have many advantages, including high spatial resolution (<20 μm), photon counting, radiation hardness, large formats (up to 20 cm), and ability for curved focal plane matching. Novel borosilicate glass MCPs with atomic layer deposition combine extremely low backgrounds, high strength, and tunable secondary electron yield. GaN and combinations of bialkali/alkali halide photocathodes show promise for broadband, higher quantum efficiency. Cross-strip anodes combined with compact ASIC readout electronics enable high spatial resolution over large formats with high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. The technology readiness levels of these technologies are each being advanced through research grants for laboratory testing and rocket flights. Combining these capabilities would be ideal for UV instruments onboard the Large UV/Optical/IR Surveyor (LUVOIR) and the Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission (HABEX) concepts currently under study for NASA's Astrophysics Decadal Survey.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhRvE..92e2814R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhRvE..92e2814R"><span>Fractional quantum mechanics on networks: Long-<span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> and quantum transport</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Riascos, A. P.; Mateos, José L.</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>In this paper we study the quantum transport on networks with a temporal evolution governed by the fractional Schrödinger equation. We generalize the <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> based on continuous-time quantum walks, with transitions to nearest neighbors on the network, to the fractional case that allows long-<span class="hlt">range</span> displacements. By using the fractional Laplacian matrix of a network, we establish a formalism that combines a long-<span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> with the quantum superposition of states; this general approach applies to any type of connected undirected networks, including regular, random, and complex networks, and can be implemented from the spectral properties of the Laplacian matrix. We study the fractional <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> and its capacity to explore the network by means of the transition probability, the average probability of return, and global quantities that characterize the efficiency of this quantum process. As a particular case, we explore analytically these quantities for circulant networks such as rings, interacting cycles, and complete graphs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26651751','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26651751"><span>Fractional quantum mechanics on networks: Long-<span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> and quantum transport.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Riascos, A P; Mateos, José L</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>In this paper we study the quantum transport on networks with a temporal evolution governed by the fractional Schrödinger equation. We generalize the <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> based on continuous-time quantum walks, with transitions to nearest neighbors on the network, to the fractional case that allows long-<span class="hlt">range</span> displacements. By using the fractional Laplacian matrix of a network, we establish a formalism that combines a long-<span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> with the quantum superposition of states; this general approach applies to any type of connected undirected networks, including regular, random, and complex networks, and can be implemented from the spectral properties of the Laplacian matrix. We study the fractional <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> and its capacity to explore the network by means of the transition probability, the average probability of return, and global quantities that characterize the efficiency of this quantum process. As a particular case, we explore analytically these quantities for circulant networks such as rings, interacting cycles, and complete graphs.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JSMTE..03.3102L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JSMTE..03.3102L"><span>Singular <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> and emergence of nonlocality in long-<span class="hlt">range</span> quantum models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lepori, L.; Trombettoni, A.; Vodola, D.</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>We discuss how nonlocality originates in long-<span class="hlt">range</span> quantum systems and how it affects their <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> at and out of equilibrium. We focus in particular on the Kitaev chains with long-<span class="hlt">range</span> pairings and on the quantum Ising chain with long-<span class="hlt">range</span> antiferromagnetic coupling (both having a power-law decay with exponent α). By studying the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> correlation functions, we find that for every finite α two different behaviours can be identified, one typical of short-<span class="hlt">range</span> systems and the other connected with locality violation. The latter behaviour is shown related also with the known power-law decay tails previously observed in the static correlation functions, and originated by modes—having in general energies far from the minima of the spectrum—where particular singularities develop as a consequence of the long-rangedness of the system. We refer to these modes as to ‘singular’ modes, and as to ‘singular dynamics’ to their <span class="hlt">dynamics</span>. For the Kitaev model they are manifest, at finite α, in derivatives of the quasiparticle energy, the order of the derivatives at which the singularity occurs is increasing with α. The features of the singular modes and their physical consequences are clarified by studying an effective theory for them and by a critical comparison of the results from this theory with the lattice ones. Moreover, a numerical study of the effects of the singular modes on the time evolution after various types of global quenches is performed. We finally present and discuss the presence of singular modes and their consequences in interacting long-<span class="hlt">range</span> systems by investigating in the long-<span class="hlt">range</span> Ising quantum chain, both in the deep paramagnetic regime and at criticality, where they also play a central role for the breakdown of conformal invariance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/678600','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/678600"><span>Solid state neutron <span class="hlt">detector</span> array</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Seidel, J.G.; Ruddy, F.H.; Brandt, C.D.; Dulloo, A.R.; Lott, R.G.; Sirianni, E.; Wilson, R.O.</p> <p>1999-08-17</p> <p>A neutron <span class="hlt">detector</span> array is capable of measuring a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of neutron fluxes. The array includes multiple semiconductor neutron <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Each <span class="hlt">detector</span> has a semiconductor active region that is resistant to radiation damage. In one embodiment, the array preferably has a relatively small size, making it possible to place the array in confined locations. The ability of the array to detect a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of neutron fluxes is highly advantageous for many applications such as detecting neutron flux during start up, ramp up and full power of nuclear reactors. 7 figs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/872460','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/872460"><span>Solid state neutron <span class="hlt">detector</span> array</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Seidel, John G.; Ruddy, Frank H.; Brandt, Charles D.; Dulloo, Abdul R.; Lott, Randy G.; Sirianni, Ernest; Wilson, Randall O.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>A neutron <span class="hlt">detector</span> array is capable of measuring a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of neutron fluxes. The array includes multiple semiconductor neutron <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Each <span class="hlt">detector</span> has a semiconductor active region that is resistant to radiation damage. In one embodiment, the array preferably has a relatively small size, making it possible to place the array in confined locations. The ability of the array to detect a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of neutron fluxes is highly advantageous for many applications such as detecting neutron flux during start up, ramp up and full power of nuclear reactors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3585315','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3585315"><span>The <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> Paradox: A Central Auditory Model of Intensity Change Detection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Simpson, Andrew J.R.; Reiss, Joshua D.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>In this paper we use empirical loudness modeling to explore a perceptual sub-category of the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> problem of auditory neuroscience. Humans are able to reliably report perceived intensity (loudness), and discriminate fine intensity differences, over a very large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. It is usually assumed that loudness and intensity change detection operate upon the same neural signal, and that intensity change detection may be predicted from loudness data and vice versa. However, while loudness grows as intensity is increased, improvement in intensity discrimination performance does not follow the same trend and so <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> estimations of the underlying neural signal from loudness data contradict estimations based on intensity just-noticeable difference (JND) data. In order to account for this apparent paradox we draw on recent advances in auditory neuroscience. We test the hypothesis that a central model, featuring central adaptation to the mean loudness level and operating on the detection of maximum central-loudness rate of change, can account for the paradoxical data. We use numerical optimization to find adaptation parameters that fit data for continuous-pedestal intensity change detection over a wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. The optimized model is tested on a selection of equivalent pseudo-continuous intensity change detection data. We also report a supplementary experiment which confirms the modeling assumption that the detection process may be modeled as rate-of-change. Data are obtained from a listening test (N = 10) using linearly ramped increment-decrement envelopes applied to pseudo-continuous noise with an overall level of 33 dB SPL. Increments with half-ramp durations between 5 and 50,000 ms are used. The intensity JND is shown to increase towards long duration ramps (p<10−6). From the modeling, the following central adaptation parameters are derived; central <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of 0.215 sones, 95% central normalization, and a central loudness JND</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9217E..0ER','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9217E..0ER"><span>Evaluation of privacy in high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> video sequences</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Řeřábek, Martin; Yuan, Lin; Krasula, Lukáš; Korshunov, Pavel; Fliegel, Karel; Ebrahimi, Touradj</p> <p>2014-09-01</p> <p>The ability of high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (HDR) to capture details in environments with high contrast has a significant impact on privacy in video surveillance. However, the extent to which HDR imaging affects privacy, when compared to a typical low <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (LDR) imaging, is neither well studied nor well understood. To achieve such an objective, a suitable dataset of images and video sequences is needed. Therefore, we have created a publicly available dataset of HDR video for privacy evaluation PEViD-HDR, which is an HDR extension of an existing Privacy Evaluation Video Dataset (PEViD). PEViD-HDR video dataset can help in the evaluations of privacy protection tools, as well as for showing the importance of HDR imaging in video surveillance applications and its influence on the privacy-intelligibility trade-off. We conducted a preliminary subjective experiment demonstrating the usability of the created dataset for evaluation of privacy issues in video. The results confirm that a tone-mapped HDR video contains more privacy sensitive information and details compared to a typical LDR video.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9599E..0BL','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9599E..0BL"><span>Implication of high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and wide color gamut content distribution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lu, Taoran; Pu, Fangjun; Yin, Peng; Chen, Tao; Husak, Walt</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>High <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> (HDR) and Wider Color Gamut (WCG) content represents a greater <span class="hlt">range</span> of luminance levels and a more complete reproduction of colors found in real-world scenes. The current video distribution environments deliver Standard <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> (SDR) signal. Therefore, there might be some significant implication on today's end-to-end ecosystem from content creation to distribution and finally to consumption. For SDR content, the common practice is to apply compression on Y'CbCr 4:2:0 using gamma transfer function and non-constant luminance 4:2:0 chroma subsampling. For HDR and WCG content, it is desirable to examine if such signal format still works well for compression, and it is interesting to know if the overall system performance can be further improved by exploring different signal formats and processing workflows. In this paper, we will provide some of our insight into those problems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70035067','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70035067"><span>Seasonal source-sink <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> at the edge of a species' <span class="hlt">range</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Kanda, L.L.; Fuller, T.K.; Sievert, P.R.; Kellogg, R.L.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>The roles of dispersal and population <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> in determining species' <span class="hlt">range</span> boundaries recently have received theoretical attention but little empirical work. Here we provide data on survival, reproduction, and movement for a Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) population at a local distributional edge in central Massachusetts (USA). Most juvenile females that apparently exploited anthropogenic resources survived their first winter, whereas those using adjacent natural resources died of starvation. In spring, adult females recolonized natural areas. A life-table model suggests that a population exploiting anthropogenic resources may grow, acting as source to a geographically interlaced sink of opossums using only natural resources, and also providing emigrants for further <span class="hlt">range</span> expansion to new human-dominated landscapes. In a geographical model, this source-sink <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> is consistent with the local distribution identified through road-kill surveys. The Virginia opossum's exploitation of human resources likely ameliorates energetically restrictive winters and may explain both their local distribution and their northward expansion in unsuitable natural climatic regimes. Landscape heterogeneity, such as created by urbanization, may result in source-sink <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> at highly localized scales. Differential fitness and individual dispersal movements within local populations are key to generating regional distributions, and thus species <span class="hlt">ranges</span>, that exceed expectations. ?? 2009 by the Ecological Society of America.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1333732','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1333732"><span>High speed high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> high accuracy measurement system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Deibele, Craig E.; Curry, Douglas E.; Dickson, Richard W.; Xie, Zaipeng</p> <p>2016-11-29</p> <p>A measuring system includes an input that emulates a bandpass filter with no signal reflections. A directional coupler connected to the input passes the filtered input to electrically isolated measuring circuits. Each of the measuring circuits includes an amplifier that amplifies the signal through logarithmic functions. The output of the measuring system is an accurate high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> measurement.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27805702','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27805702"><span>High-resolution, large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> fiber-optic thermometer with cascaded Fabry-Perot cavities.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Liu, Guigen; Sheng, Qiwen; Hou, Weilin; Han, Ming</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>The paradox between a large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and a high resolution commonly exists in nearly all kinds of sensors. Here, we propose a fiber-optic thermometer based on dual Fabry-Perot interferometers (FPIs) made from the same material (silicon), but with different cavity lengths, which enables unambiguous recognition of the dense fringes associated with the thick FPI over the free-spectral <span class="hlt">range</span> determined by the thin FPI. Therefore, the sensor combines the large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the thin FPI and the high resolution of the thick FPI. To verify this new concept, a sensor with one 200 μm thick silicon FPI cascaded by another 10 μm thick silicon FPI was fabricated. A temperature <span class="hlt">range</span> of -50°C to 130°C and a resolution of 6.8×10<sup>-3</sup>°C were demonstrated using a simple average wavelength tracking demodulation. Compared to a sensor with only the thick silicon FPI, the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the hybrid sensor was more than 10 times larger. Compared to a sensor with only the thin silicon FPI, the resolution of the hybrid sensor was more than 18 times higher.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27557179','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27557179"><span>Generalised optical differentiation wavefront sensor: a sensitive high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> wavefront sensor.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Haffert, S Y</p> <p>2016-08-22</p> <p>Current wavefront sensors for high resolution imaging have either a large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> or a high sensitivity. A new kind of wavefront sensor is developed which can have both: the Generalised Optical Differentiation wavefront sensor. This new wavefront sensor is based on the principles of optical differentiation by amplitude filters. We have extended the theory behind linear optical differentiation and generalised it to nonlinear filters. We used numerical simulations and laboratory experiments to investigate the properties of the generalised wavefront sensor. With this we created a new filter that can decouple the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> from the sensitivity. These properties make it suitable for adaptive optic systems where a large <span class="hlt">range</span> of phase aberrations have to be measured with high precision.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JOpt...20f5705W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JOpt...20f5705W"><span>Transmitted wavefront testing with large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> based on computer-aided deflectometry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Daodang; Xu, Ping; Gong, Zhidong; Xie, Zhongmin; Liang, Rongguang; Xu, Xinke; Kong, Ming; Zhao, Jun</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>The transmitted wavefront testing technique is demanded for the performance evaluation of transmission optics and transparent glass, in which the achievable <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> is a key issue. A computer-aided deflectometric testing method with fringe projection is proposed for the accurate testing of transmitted wavefronts with a large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. Ray tracing of the modeled testing system is carried out to achieve the virtual ‘null’ testing of transmitted wavefront aberrations. The ray aberration is obtained from the ray tracing result and measured slope, with which the test wavefront aberration can be reconstructed. To eliminate testing system modeling errors, a system geometry calibration based on computer-aided reverse optimization is applied to realize accurate testing. Both numerical simulation and experiments have been carried out to demonstrate the feasibility and high accuracy of the proposed testing method. The proposed testing method can achieve a large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> compared with the interferometric method, providing a simple, low-cost and accurate way for the testing of transmitted wavefronts from various kinds of optics and a large amount of industrial transmission elements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JInst...9P2013J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JInst...9P2013J"><span>JUNGFRAU 0.2: prototype characterization of a gain-switching, high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> imaging system for photon science at SwissFEL and synchrotrons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jungmann-Smith, J. H.; Bergamaschi, A.; Cartier, S.; Dinapoli, R.; Greiffenberg, D.; Johnson, I.; Maliakal, D.; Mezza, D.; Mozzanica, A.; Ruder, Ch; Schaedler, L.; Schmitt, B.; Shi, X.; Tinti, G.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>JUNGFRAU (adJUstiNg Gain <span class="hlt">detector</span> FoR the Aramis User station) is a two-dimensional pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span> for photon science applications at free electron lasers and synchrotron light sources. It is developed for the SwissFEL currently under construction at the Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland. Characteristics of this application-specific integrating circuit readout chip include single photon sensitivity and low noise over a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of over four orders of magnitude of photon input signal. These characteristics are achieved by a three-fold gain-switching preamplifier in each pixel, which automatically adjusts its gain to the amount of charge deposited on the pixel. The final JUNGFRAU chip comprises 256 × 256 pixels of 75 × 75 μm2 each. Arrays of 2 × 4 chips are bump-bonded to monolithic <span class="hlt">detector</span> modules of about 4 × 8 cm2. Multi-module systems up to 16 Mpixels are planned for the end stations at SwissFEL. A readout rate in excess of 2 kHz is anticipated, which serves the readout requirements of SwissFEL and enables high count rate synchrotron experiments with a linear count rate capability of > 20 MHz/pixel. Promising characterization results from a 3.6 × 3.6 mm2 prototype (JUNGFRAU 0.2) with fluorescence X-ray, infrared laser and synchrotron irradiation are shown. The results include an electronic noise as low as 100 electrons root-mean-square, which enables single photon detection down to X-ray energies of about 2 keV. Noise below the Poisson fluctuation of the photon number and a linearity error of the pixel response of about 1% are demonstrated. First imaging experiments successfully show automatic gain switching. The edge spread function of the imaging system proves to be comparable in quality to single photon counting hybrid pixel <span class="hlt">detectors</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9915E..11W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9915E..11W"><span>Performance overview of the Euclid infrared focal plane <span class="hlt">detector</span> subsystems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Waczynski, A.; Barbier, R.; Cagiano, S.; Chen, J.; Cheung, S.; Cho, H.; Cillis, A.; Clémens, J.-C.; Dawson, O.; Delo, G.; Farris, M.; Feizi, A.; Foltz, R.; Hickey, M.; Holmes, W.; Hwang, T.; Israelsson, U.; Jhabvala, M.; Kahle, D.; Kan, Em.; Kan, Er.; Loose, M.; Lotkin, G.; Miko, L.; Nguyen, L.; Piquette, E.; Powers, T.; Pravdo, S.; Runkle, A.; Seiffert, M.; Strada, P.; Tucker, C.; Turck, K.; Wang, F.; Weber, C.; Williams, J.</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>In support of the European space agency (ESA) Euclid mission, NASA is responsible for the evaluation of the H2RG mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and electronics assemblies fabricated by Teledyne imaging systems. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> evaluation is performed in the <span class="hlt">detector</span> characterization laboratory (DCL) at the NASA Goddard space flight center (GSFC) in close collaboration with engineers and scientists from the jet propulsion laboratory (JPL) and the Euclid project. The Euclid near infrared spectrometer and imaging photometer (NISP) will perform large area optical and spectroscopic sky surveys in the 0.9-2.02 μm infrared (IR) region. The NISP instrument will contain sixteen <span class="hlt">detector</span> arrays each coupled to a Teledyne SIDECAR application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The focal plane will operate at 100K and the SIDECAR ASIC will be in close proximity operating at a slightly higher temperature of 137K. This paper will describe the test configuration, performance tests and results of the latest engineering run, also known as pilot run 3 (PR3), consisting of four H2RG <span class="hlt">detectors</span> operating simultaneously. Performance data will be presented on; noise, spectral quantum efficiency, dark current, persistence, pixel yield, pixel to pixel uniformity, linearity, inter pixel crosstalk, full well and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, power dissipation, thermal response and unit cell input sensitivity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9526E..0DC','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9526E..0DC"><span>Optical <span class="hlt">detectors</span> based on thermoelastic effect in crystalline quartz</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chelibanov, V. P.; Ishanin, G. G.</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>Optical <span class="hlt">detectors</span> developed on base of thermo elastic effect In quartz crystalline (PTEK) attributed to the thermal <span class="hlt">detectors</span> group. Such <span class="hlt">detectors</span> occurred very effective for the registration of pulsed light energy or power of harmonically modulated laser radiation flux in a wide spectral (from UV to far IR) and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">ranges</span> (from 10-6 to 300 W / cm2 with cooling) with a time constant up to10-6 seconds. When exposed to electromagnetic radiation occurs at the receiver thermal field which causes mechanical stress in the transient crystalline quartz, which in turn leads to a change in the polarization of crystalline quartz and, as a consequence, to an electric potential difference at the electrodes (the front surface with a conductive coating and damper). The capacitive characteristic of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>, based on a thermo elastic effect in crystalline quartz, eliminates the possibility of working with constant flow of radiation, which also affects at the frequency response of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>, since the potential difference appearance in the piezoelectric plate depends on the direction of the forces relative to the axes X, Y, Z of the crystal. Therefore, a certain choice of orientation of the receiving element is necessary in accordance with the physical properties of crystalline quartz. In this paper, a calculation of the sensitivity and frequency characteristics of optical <span class="hlt">detectors</span> based on the thermo elastic effect in crystalline quartz at the harmonic effects of electromagnetic radiation flux are reported.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1107793','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1107793"><span>Nanomechanical resonance <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Grossman, Jeffrey C; Zettl, Alexander K</p> <p>2013-10-29</p> <p>An embodiment of a nanomechanical frequency <span class="hlt">detector</span> includes a support structure and a plurality of elongated nanostructures coupled to the support structure. Each of the elongated nanostructures has a particular resonant frequency. The plurality of elongated nanostructures has a <span class="hlt">range</span> of resonant frequencies. An embodiment of a method of identifying an object includes introducing the object to the nanomechanical resonance <span class="hlt">detector</span>. A resonant response by at least one of the elongated nanostructures of the nanomechanical resonance <span class="hlt">detector</span> indicates a vibrational mode of the object. An embodiment of a method of identifying a molecular species of the present invention includes introducing the molecular species to the nanomechanical resonance <span class="hlt">detector</span>. A resonant response by at least one of the elongated nanostructures of the nanomechanical resonance <span class="hlt">detector</span> indicates a vibrational mode of the molecular species.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JInst..11P3022K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JInst..11P3022K"><span>Characterizing X-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for prototype digital breast tomosynthesis systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kim, Y.-s.; Park, H.-s.; Park, S.-J.; Choi, S.; Lee, H.; Lee, D.; Choi, Y.-W.; Kim, H.-J.</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>The digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) system is a newly developed 3-D imaging technique that overcomes the tissue superposition problems of conventional mammography. Therefore, it produces fewer false positives. In DBT system, several parameters are involved in image acquisition, including geometric components. A series of projections should be acquired at low exposure. This makes the system strongly dependent on the <span class="hlt">detector</span>'s characteristic performance. This study compares two types of x-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span> developed by the Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI). The first prototype DBT system has a CsI (Tl) scintillator/CMOS based flat panel digital <span class="hlt">detector</span> (2923 MAM, Dexela Ltd.), with a pixel size of 0.0748 mm. The second uses a-Se based direct conversion full field <span class="hlt">detector</span> (AXS 2430, analogic) with a pixel size of 0.085 mm. The geometry of both systems is same, with a focal spot 665.8 mm from the <span class="hlt">detector</span>, and a center of rotation 33 mm above the <span class="hlt">detector</span> surface. The systems were compared with regard to modulation transfer function (MTF), normalized noise power spectrum (NNPS), detective quantum efficiency (DQE) and a new metric, the relative object detectability (ROD). The ROD quantifies the relative performance of each <span class="hlt">detector</span> at detecting specified objects. The system response function demonstrated excellent linearity (R2>0.99). The CMOS-based <span class="hlt">detector</span> had a high sensitivity, while the Anrad <span class="hlt">detector</span> had a large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. The higher MTF and noise power spectrum (NPS) values were measured using an Anrad <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The maximum DQE value of the Dexela <span class="hlt">detector</span> was higher than that of the Anrad <span class="hlt">detector</span> with a low exposure level, considering one projection exposure for tomosynthesis. Overall, the Dexela <span class="hlt">detector</span> performed better than did the Anrad <span class="hlt">detector</span> with regard to the simulated Al wires, spheres, test objects of ROD with low exposure level. In this study, we compared the newly developed prototype DBT system with two different types of x</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21935101','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21935101"><span>High <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> electric field sensor for electromagnetic pulse detection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lin, Che-Yun; Wang, Alan X; Lee, Beom Suk; Zhang, Xingyu; Chen, Ray T</p> <p>2011-08-29</p> <p>We design a high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> electric field sensor based on domain inverted electro-optic (E-O) polymer Y-fed directional coupler for electromagnetic wave detection. This electrode-less, all optical, wideband electrical field sensor is fabricated using standard processing for E-O polymer photonic devices. Experimental results demonstrate effective detection of electric field from 16.7V/m to 750KV/m at a frequency of 1GHz, and spurious free measurement <span class="hlt">range</span> of 70dB.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA560393','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA560393"><span>Performance Improvement of Long-Wave Infrared InAs/GaSb Strained-Layer Superlattice <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> Through Sulfur-Based Passivation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>14]. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> material was processed into a variable area diode array (VADA) of square and circular mesa diodes with the size of diode mesa sides...processed as single element <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with 410 lm 410 lm square mesas having circular apertures <span class="hlt">ranging</span> in diameter from 25 to 300 lm. The processing was...passivations schemes with perimeter-to-area ratio (P/A) of 1600 cm1 ( mesa side size is 25 lm). Fig. 3. Inverse of the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> resistance area product (RdA</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4592831','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4592831"><span>Feasible Muscle Activation <span class="hlt">Ranges</span> Based on Inverse <span class="hlt">Dynamics</span> Analyses of Human Walking</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Simpson, Cole S.; Sohn, M. Hongchul; Allen, Jessica L.; Ting, Lena H.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Although it is possible to produce the same movement using an infinite number of different muscle activation patterns owing to musculoskeletal redundancy, the degree to which observed variations in muscle activity can deviate from optimal solutions computed from biomechanical models is not known. Here, we examined the <span class="hlt">range</span> of biomechanically permitted activation levels in individual muscles during human walking using a detailed musculoskeletal model and experimentally-measured kinetics and kinematics. Feasible muscle activation <span class="hlt">ranges</span> define the minimum and maximum possible level of each muscle’s activation that satisfy inverse <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> joint torques assuming that all other muscles can vary their activation as needed. During walking, 73% of the muscles had feasible muscle activation <span class="hlt">ranges</span> that were greater than 95% of the total muscle activation <span class="hlt">range</span> over more than 95% of the gait cycle, indicating that, individually, most muscles could be fully active or fully inactive while still satisfying inverse <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> joint torques. Moreover, the shapes of the feasible muscle activation <span class="hlt">ranges</span> did not resemble previously-reported muscle activation patterns nor optimal solutions, i.e. static optimization and computed muscle control, that are based on the same biomechanical constraints. Our results demonstrate that joint torque requirements from standard inverse <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> calculations are insufficient to define the activation of individual muscles during walking in healthy individuals. Identifying feasible muscle activation <span class="hlt">ranges</span> may be an effective way to evaluate the impact of additional biomechanical and/or neural constraints on possible versus actual muscle activity in both normal and impaired movements. PMID:26300401</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA516498','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA516498"><span>Passive <span class="hlt">Ranging</span> Using Infra-Red Atmospheric Attenuation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-03-01</p> <p>was the Bomem MR-154 Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS). The FTS used both an HgCdTe and InSb <span class="hlt">detector</span> . For this study, the primary source of data...also outfitted with an HgCdTe and InSb <span class="hlt">detector</span> . Again, only data from the InSb <span class="hlt">detector</span> was used. The spectral <span class="hlt">range</span> of data collected was from...an uncertainty in transmittance of 0.01 (figure 20). This would yield an error in <span class="hlt">range</span> of 6%. Other sources of error include <span class="hlt">detector</span> noise or</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150011001&hterms=pixel+array+detector&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dpixel%2Barray%2Bdetector','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150011001&hterms=pixel+array+detector&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dpixel%2Barray%2Bdetector"><span>A Highly Sensitive Multi-Element HgCdTe E-APD <span class="hlt">Detector</span> for IPDA Lidar Applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Beck, Jeff; Welch, Terry; Mitra, Pradip; Reiff, Kirk; Sun, Xiaoli; Abshire, James</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>An HgCdTe electron avalanche photodiode (e-APD) <span class="hlt">detector</span> has been developed for lidar receivers, one application of which is integrated path differential absorption lidar measurements of such atmospheric trace gases as CO2 and CH4. The HgCdTe APD has a wide, visible to mid-wave-infrared, spectral response, high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, substantially improved sensitivity, and an expected improvement in operational lifetime. A demonstration sensor-chip assembly consisting of a 4.3 lm cutoff HgCdTe 4 9 4 APD <span class="hlt">detector</span> array with 80 micrometer pitch pixels and a custom complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor readout integrated circuit was developed. For one typical array the APD gain was 654 at 12 V with corresponding gain normalized dark currents <span class="hlt">ranging</span> from 1.2 fA to 3.2 fA. The 4 9 4 <span class="hlt">detector</span> system was characterized at 77 K with a 1.55 micrometer wavelength, 1 microsecond wide, laser pulse. The measured unit gain <span class="hlt">detector</span> photon conversion efficiency was 91.1%. At 11 V bias the mean measured APD gain at 77 K was 307.8 with sigma/mean uniformity of 1.23%. The average, noise-bandwidth normalized, system noise-equivalent power (NEP) was 1.04 fW/Hz(exp 1/2) with a sigma/mean of 3.8%. The measured, electronics-limited, bandwidth of 6.8 MHz was more than adequate for 1 microsecond pulse detection. The system had an NEP (3 MHz) of 0.4 fW/Hz(exp 1/2) at 12 V APD bias and a linear <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> close to 1000. A gain-independent quantum-limited SNR of 80% of full theoretical was indicative of a gain-independent excess noise factor very close to 1.0 and the expected APD mode quantum efficiency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SPIE.8375E..0AH','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SPIE.8375E..0AH"><span>Adaptive time-sequential binary sensing for high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> imaging</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hu, Chenhui; Lu, Yue M.</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>We present a novel image sensor for high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> imaging. The sensor performs an adaptive one-bit quantization at each pixel, with the pixel output switched from 0 to 1 only if the number of photons reaching that pixel is greater than or equal to a quantization threshold. With an oracle knowledge of the incident light intensity, one can pick an optimal threshold (for that light intensity) and the corresponding Fisher information contained in the output sequence follows closely that of an ideal unquantized sensor over a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of intensity values. This observation suggests the potential gains one may achieve by adaptively updating the quantization thresholds. As the main contribution of this work, we propose a time-sequential threshold-updating rule that asymptotically approaches the performance of the oracle scheme. With every threshold mapped to a number of ordered states, the <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of the proposed scheme can be modeled as a parametric Markov chain. We show that the frequencies of different thresholds converge to a steady-state distribution that is concentrated around the optimal choice. Moreover, numerical experiments show that the theoretical performance measures (Fisher information and Craḿer-Rao bounds) can be achieved by a maximum likelihood estimator, which is guaranteed to find globally optimal solution due to the concavity of the log-likelihood functions. Compared with conventional image sensors and the strategy that utilizes a constant single-photon threshold considered in previous work, the proposed scheme attains orders of magnitude improvement in terms of sensor <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">ranges</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27809222','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27809222"><span>A Photoactivated Gas <span class="hlt">Detector</span> for Toluene Sensing at Room Temperature Based on New Coral-Like ZnO Nanostructure Arrays.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yeh, Li-Ko; Luo, Jie-Chun; Chen, Min-Chun; Wu, Chih-Hung; Chen, Jian-Zhang; Cheng, I-Chun; Hsu, Cheng-Che; Tian, Wei-Cheng</p> <p>2016-10-31</p> <p>A photoactivated gas <span class="hlt">detector</span> operated at room temperature was microfabricated using a simple hydrothermal method. We report that the photoactivated gas <span class="hlt">detector</span> can detect toluene using a UV illumination of 2 μW/cm². By ultraviolet (UV) illumination, gas <span class="hlt">detectors</span> sense toluene at room temperature without heating. A significant enhancement of <span class="hlt">detector</span> sensitivity is achieved because of the high surface-area-to-volume ratio of the morphology of the coral-like ZnO nanorods arrays (NRAs) and the increased number of photo-induced oxygen ions under UV illumination. The corresponding sensitivity (ΔR/R₀) of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> based on coral-like ZnO NRAs is enhanced by approximately 1022% compared to that of thin-film <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The proposed <span class="hlt">detector</span> greatly extends the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of detection of metal-oxide-based <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for gas sensing applications. We report the first-ever detection of toluene with a novel coral-like NRAs gas <span class="hlt">detector</span> at room temperature. A sensing mechanism model is also proposed to explain the sensing responses of gas <span class="hlt">detectors</span> based on coral-like ZnO NRAs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5134479','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5134479"><span>A Photoactivated Gas <span class="hlt">Detector</span> for Toluene Sensing at Room Temperature Based on New Coral-Like ZnO Nanostructure Arrays</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Yeh, Li-Ko; Luo, Jie-Chun; Chen, Min-Chun; Wu, Chih-Hung; Chen, Jian-Zhang; Cheng, I-Chun; Hsu, Cheng-Che; Tian, Wei-Cheng</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>A photoactivated gas <span class="hlt">detector</span> operated at room temperature was microfabricated using a simple hydrothermal method. We report that the photoactivated gas <span class="hlt">detector</span> can detect toluene using a UV illumination of 2 μW/cm2. By ultraviolet (UV) illumination, gas <span class="hlt">detectors</span> sense toluene at room temperature without heating. A significant enhancement of <span class="hlt">detector</span> sensitivity is achieved because of the high surface-area-to-volume ratio of the morphology of the coral-like ZnO nanorods arrays (NRAs) and the increased number of photo-induced oxygen ions under UV illumination. The corresponding sensitivity (ΔR/R0) of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> based on coral-like ZnO NRAs is enhanced by approximately 1022% compared to that of thin-film <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The proposed <span class="hlt">detector</span> greatly extends the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of detection of metal-oxide-based <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for gas sensing applications. We report the first-ever detection of toluene with a novel coral-like NRAs gas <span class="hlt">detector</span> at room temperature. A sensing mechanism model is also proposed to explain the sensing responses of gas <span class="hlt">detectors</span> based on coral-like ZnO NRAs. PMID:27809222</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10445E..1LY','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10445E..1LY"><span>Smile <span class="hlt">detectors</span> correlation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yuksel, Kivanc; Chang, Xin; Skarbek, Władysław</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The novel smile recognition algorithm is presented based on extraction of 68 facial salient points (fp68) using the ensemble of regression trees. The smile <span class="hlt">detector</span> exploits the Support Vector Machine linear model. It is trained with few hundreds exemplar images by SVM algorithm working in 136 dimensional space. It is shown by the strict statistical data analysis that such geometric <span class="hlt">detector</span> strongly depends on the geometry of mouth opening area, measured by triangulation of outer lip contour. To this goal two Bayesian <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were developed and compared with SVM <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The first uses the mouth area in 2D image, while the second refers to the mouth area in 3D animated face model. The 3D modeling is based on Candide-3 model and it is performed in real time along with three smile <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and statistics estimators. The mouth area/Bayesian <span class="hlt">detectors</span> exhibit high correlation with fp68/SVM <span class="hlt">detector</span> in a <span class="hlt">range</span> [0:8; 1:0], depending mainly on light conditions and individual features with advantage of 3D technique, especially in hard light conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JInst..11.9001F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JInst..11.9001F"><span>Charge-sensitive front-end electronics with operational amplifiers for CdZnTe <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Födisch, P.; Berthel, M.; Lange, B.; Kirschke, T.; Enghardt, W.; Kaever, P.</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>Cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe, CZT) radiation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are suitable for a variety of applications, due to their high spatial resolution and spectroscopic energy performance at room temperature. However, state-of-the-art <span class="hlt">detector</span> systems require high-performance readout electronics. Though an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is an adequate solution for the readout, requirements of high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and high throughput are not available in any commercial circuit. Consequently, the present study develops the analog front-end electronics with operational amplifiers for an 8×8 pixelated CZT <span class="hlt">detector</span>. For this purpose, we modeled an electrical equivalent circuit of the CZT <span class="hlt">detector</span> with the associated charge-sensitive amplifier (CSA). Based on a detailed network analysis, the circuit design is completed by numerical values for various features such as ballistic deficit, charge-to-voltage gain, rise time, and noise level. A verification of the performance is carried out by synthetic <span class="hlt">detector</span> signals and a pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The experimental results with the pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span> assembly and a 22Na radioactive source emphasize the depth dependence of the measured energy. After pulse processing with depth correction based on the fit of the weighting potential, the energy resolution is 2.2% (FWHM) for the 511 keV photopeak.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940011096','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940011096"><span>Performance optimization of <span class="hlt">detector</span> electronics for millimeter laser <span class="hlt">ranging</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Cova, Sergio; Lacaita, A.; Ripamonti, Giancarlo</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>The front-end electronic circuitry plays a fundamental role in determining the performance actually obtained from ultrafast and highly sensitive photodetectors. We deal here with electronic problems met working with microchannel plate photomultipliers (MCP-PMTs) and single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) for detecting single optical photons and measuring their arrival time with picosecond resolution. The performance of available fast circuits is critically analyzed. Criteria for selecting the most suitable electronics are derived and solutions for exploiting the <span class="hlt">detector</span> performance are presented and discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10458E..0IL','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10458E..0IL"><span>Multi-exposure high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> image synthesis with camera shake correction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Xudong; Chen, Yongfu; Jiang, Hongzhi; Zhao, Huijie</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Machine vision plays an important part in industrial online inspection. Owing to the nonuniform illuminance conditions and variable working distances, the captured image tends to be over-exposed or under-exposed. As a result, when processing the image such as crack inspection, the algorithm complexity and computing time increase. Multiexposure high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (HDR) image synthesis is used to improve the quality of the captured image, whose <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> is limited. Inevitably, camera shake will result in ghost effect, which blurs the synthesis image to some extent. However, existed exposure fusion algorithms assume that the input images are either perfectly aligned or captured in the same scene. These assumptions limit the application. At present, widely used registration based on Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) is usually time consuming. In order to rapidly obtain a high quality HDR image without ghost effect, we come up with an efficient Low <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> (LDR) images capturing approach and propose a registration method based on ORiented Brief (ORB) and histogram equalization which can eliminate the illumination differences between the LDR images. The fusion is performed after alignment. The experiment results demonstrate that the proposed method is robust to illumination changes and local geometric distortion. Comparing with other exposure fusion methods, our method is more efficient and can produce HDR images without ghost effect by registering and fusing four multi-exposure images.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22380140','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22380140"><span>Note: A high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, linear response transimpedance amplifier.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Eckel, S; Sushkov, A O; Lamoreaux, S K</p> <p>2012-02-01</p> <p>We have built a high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (nine decade) transimpedance amplifier with a linear response. The amplifier uses junction-gate field effect transistors (JFETs) to switch between three different resistors in the feedback of a low input bias current operational amplifier. This allows for the creation of multiple outputs, each with a linear response and a different transimpedance gain. The overall bandwidth of the transimpedance amplifier is set by the bandwidth of the most sensitive <span class="hlt">range</span>. For our application, we demonstrate a three-stage amplifier with transimpedance gains of approximately 10(9)Ω, 3 × 10(7)Ω, and 10(4)Ω with a bandwidth of 100 Hz.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19730017719','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19730017719"><span>Gated high speed optical <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Green, S. I.; Carson, L. M.; Neal, G. W.</p> <p>1973-01-01</p> <p>The design, fabrication, and test of two gated, high speed optical <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for use in high speed digital laser communication links are discussed. The optical <span class="hlt">detectors</span> used a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> crossed field photomultiplier and electronics including dc bias and RF drive circuits, automatic remote synchronization circuits, automatic gain control circuits, and threshold detection circuits. The equipment is used to detect binary encoded signals from a mode locked neodynium laser.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ITEIS.129..956M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ITEIS.129..956M"><span>Automatic Generation of Wide <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> Image without Pseudo-Edge Using Integration of Multi-Steps Exposure Images</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Migiyama, Go; Sugimura, Atsuhiko; Osa, Atsushi; Miike, Hidetoshi</p> <p></p> <p>Recently, digital cameras are offering technical advantages rapidly. However, the shot image is different from the sight image generated when that scenery is seen with the naked eye. There are blown-out highlights and crushed blacks in the image that photographed the scenery of wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. The problems are hardly generated in the sight image. These are contributory cause of difference between the shot image and the sight image. Blown-out highlights and crushed blacks are caused by the difference of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> between the image sensor installed in a digital camera such as CCD and CMOS and the human visual system. <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the shot image is narrower than <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the sight image. In order to solve the problem, we propose an automatic method to decide an effective exposure <span class="hlt">range</span> in superposition of edges. We integrate multi-step exposure images using the method. In addition, we try to erase pseudo-edges using the process to blend exposure values. Afterwards, we get a pseudo wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> image automatically.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4791559','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4791559"><span>Ultra-high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> electro-optic sampling for detecting millimeter and sub-millimeter radiation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ibrahim, Akram; Férachou, Denis; Sharma, Gargi; Singh, Kanwarpal; Kirouac-Turmel, Marie; Ozaki, Tsuneyuki</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Time-domain spectroscopy using coherent millimeter and sub-millimeter radiation (also known as terahertz radiation) is rapidly expanding its application, owing greatly to the remarkable advances in generating and detecting such radiation. However, many current techniques for coherent terahertz detection have limited <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, thus making it difficult to perform some basic experiments that need to directly compare strong and weak terahertz signals. Here, we propose and demonstrate a novel technique based on cross-polarized spectral-domain interferometry to achieve ultra-high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> electro-optic sampling measurement of coherent millimeter and sub-millimeter radiation. In our scheme, we exploit the birefringence in a single-mode polarization maintaining fiber in order to measure the phase change induced by the electric field of terahertz radiation in the detection crystal. With our new technique, we have achieved a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of 7 × 106, which is 4 orders of magnitude higher than conventional electro-optic sampling techniques, while maintaining comparable signal-to-noise ratio. The present technique is foreseen to have great impact on experiments such as linear terahertz spectroscopy of optically thick materials (such as aqueous samples) and nonlinear terahertz spectroscopy, where the higher <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> is crucial for proper interpretation of experimentally obtained results. PMID:26976363</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26976363','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26976363"><span>Ultra-high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> electro-optic sampling for detecting millimeter and sub-millimeter radiation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ibrahim, Akram; Férachou, Denis; Sharma, Gargi; Singh, Kanwarpal; Kirouac-Turmel, Marie; Ozaki, Tsuneyuki</p> <p>2016-03-15</p> <p>Time-domain spectroscopy using coherent millimeter and sub-millimeter radiation (also known as terahertz radiation) is rapidly expanding its application, owing greatly to the remarkable advances in generating and detecting such radiation. However, many current techniques for coherent terahertz detection have limited <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, thus making it difficult to perform some basic experiments that need to directly compare strong and weak terahertz signals. Here, we propose and demonstrate a novel technique based on cross-polarized spectral-domain interferometry to achieve ultra-high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> electro-optic sampling measurement of coherent millimeter and sub-millimeter radiation. In our scheme, we exploit the birefringence in a single-mode polarization maintaining fiber in order to measure the phase change induced by the electric field of terahertz radiation in the detection crystal. With our new technique, we have achieved a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of 7 × 10(6), which is 4 orders of magnitude higher than conventional electro-optic sampling techniques, while maintaining comparable signal-to-noise ratio. The present technique is foreseen to have great impact on experiments such as linear terahertz spectroscopy of optically thick materials (such as aqueous samples) and nonlinear terahertz spectroscopy, where the higher <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> is crucial for proper interpretation of experimentally obtained results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhPro..69..152M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhPro..69..152M"><span><span class="hlt">Detectors</span> Requirements for the ODIN Beamline at ESS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Morgano, Manuel; Lehmann, Eberhard; Strobl, Markus</p> <p></p> <p>The upcoming high intensity pulsed spallationneutron source ESS, now in construction in Sweden, will provide unprecedented opportunities for neutron science worldwide. In particular, neutron imaging will benefit from the time structure of the source and its high brilliance. These features will unlock new opportunities at the imaging beamline ODIN, but only if suitable <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are employed and, in some cases, upgraded. In this paper, we highlight the current state-of-the-art for neutron imaging <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, pointing out that, while no single presently existing <span class="hlt">detector</span> can fulfill all the requirements currently needed to exploit the source to its limits, the wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of applications of ODIN can be successfully covered by a suite of current state-of-the-art <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Furthermore we speculate on improvements to the current <span class="hlt">detector</span> technologies that would expand the <span class="hlt">range</span> of the existing <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and application <span class="hlt">range</span> and we outline a strategy to have the best possible combined system for the foreseen day 1 operations of ODIN in 2019.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22402550-numerical-analysis-finite-range-multitype-stochastic-contact-financial-market-dynamic-systems','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22402550-numerical-analysis-finite-range-multitype-stochastic-contact-financial-market-dynamic-systems"><span>Numerical analysis for finite-<span class="hlt">range</span> multitype stochastic contact financial market <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Yang, Ge; Wang, Jun; Fang, Wen, E-mail: fangwen@bjtu.edu.cn</p> <p></p> <p>In an attempt to reproduce and study the <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of financial markets, a random agent-based financial price model is developed and investigated by the finite-<span class="hlt">range</span> multitype contact <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> system, in which the interaction and dispersal of different types of investment attitudes in a stock market are imitated by viruses spreading. With different parameters of birth rates and finite-<span class="hlt">range</span>, the normalized return series are simulated by Monte Carlo simulation method and numerical studied by power-law distribution analysis and autocorrelation analysis. To better understand the nonlinear <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of the return series, a q-order autocorrelation function and a multi-autocorrelation function are also definedmore » in this work. The comparisons of statistical behaviors of return series from the agent-based model and the daily historical market returns of Shanghai Composite Index and Shenzhen Component Index indicate that the proposed model is a reasonable qualitative explanation for the price formation process of stock market systems.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Chaos..25d3111Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Chaos..25d3111Y"><span>Numerical analysis for finite-<span class="hlt">range</span> multitype stochastic contact financial market <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yang, Ge; Wang, Jun; Fang, Wen</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>In an attempt to reproduce and study the <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of financial markets, a random agent-based financial price model is developed and investigated by the finite-<span class="hlt">range</span> multitype contact <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> system, in which the interaction and dispersal of different types of investment attitudes in a stock market are imitated by viruses spreading. With different parameters of birth rates and finite-<span class="hlt">range</span>, the normalized return series are simulated by Monte Carlo simulation method and numerical studied by power-law distribution analysis and autocorrelation analysis. To better understand the nonlinear <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of the return series, a q-order autocorrelation function and a multi-autocorrelation function are also defined in this work. The comparisons of statistical behaviors of return series from the agent-based model and the daily historical market returns of Shanghai Composite Index and Shenzhen Component Index indicate that the proposed model is a reasonable qualitative explanation for the price formation process of stock market systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9599E..0DD','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9599E..0DD"><span>Chroma sampling and modulation techniques in high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> video coding</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dai, Wei; Krishnan, Madhu; Topiwala, Pankaj</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>High <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> and Wide Color Gamut (HDR/WCG) Video Coding is an area of intense research interest in the engineering community, for potential near-term deployment in the marketplace. HDR greatly enhances the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of video content (up to 10,000 nits), as well as broadens the chroma representation (BT.2020). The resulting content offers new challenges in its coding and transmission. The Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) of the International Standards Organization (ISO) is currently exploring coding efficiency and/or the functionality enhancements of the recently developed HEVC video standard for HDR and WCG content. FastVDO has developed an advanced approach to coding HDR video, based on splitting the HDR signal into a smoothed luminance (SL) signal, and an associated base signal (B). Both signals are then chroma downsampled to YFbFr 4:2:0 signals, using advanced resampling filters, and coded using the Main10 High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard, which has been developed jointly by ISO/IEC MPEG and ITU-T WP3/16 (VCEG). Our proposal offers both efficient coding, and backwards compatibility with the existing HEVC Main10 Profile. That is, an existing Main10 decoder can produce a viewable standard <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> video, suitable for existing screens. Subjective tests show visible improvement over the anchors. Objective tests show a sizable gain of over 25% in PSNR (RGB domain) on average, for a key set of test clips selected by the ISO/MPEG committee.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4373789','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4373789"><span>Digital PCR Modeling for Maximal Sensitivity, <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> and Measurement Precision</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Majumdar, Nivedita; Wessel, Thomas; Marks, Jeffrey</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The great promise of digital PCR is the potential for unparalleled precision enabling accurate measurements for genetic quantification. A challenge associated with digital PCR experiments, when testing unknown samples, is to perform experiments at dilutions allowing the detection of one or more targets of interest at a desired level of precision. While theory states that optimal precision (Po) is achieved by targeting ~1.59 mean copies per partition (λ), and that <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (R) includes the space spanning one positive (λL) to one negative (λU) result from the total number of partitions (n), these results are tempered for the practitioner seeking to construct digital PCR experiments in the laboratory. A mathematical framework is presented elucidating the relationships between precision, <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, number of partitions, interrogated volume, and sensitivity in digital PCR. The impact that false reaction calls and volumetric variation have on sensitivity and precision is next considered. The resultant effects on sensitivity and precision are established via Monte Carlo simulations reflecting the real-world likelihood of encountering such scenarios in the laboratory. The simulations provide insight to the practitioner on how to adapt experimental loading concentrations to counteract any one of these conditions. The framework is augmented with a method of extending the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of digital PCR, with and without increasing n, via the use of dilutions. An example experiment demonstrating the capabilities of the framework is presented enabling detection across 3.33 logs of starting copy concentration. PMID:25806524</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NCimC..39..407C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NCimC..39..407C"><span>Past and future <span class="hlt">detector</span> arrays for complete event reconstruction in heavy-ion reactions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cardella, G.; Acosta, L.; Auditore, L.; Boiano, C.; Castoldi, A.; D'Andrea, M.; De Filippo, E.; Dell'Aquila, D.; De Luca, S.; Fichera, F.; Giudice, N.; Gnoffo, B.; Grimaldi, A.; Guazzoni, C.; Lanzalone, G.; Librizzi, F.; Lombardo, I.; Maiolino, C.; Maffesanti, S.; Martorana, N. S.; Norella, S.; Pagano, A.; Pagano, E. V.; Papa, M.; Parsani, T.; Passaro, G.; Pirrone, S.; Politi, G.; Previdi, F.; Quattrocchi, L.; Rizzo, F.; Russotto, P.; Saccà, G.; Salemi, G.; Sciliberto, D.; Trifirò, A.; Trimarchi, M.; Vigilante, M.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Complex and more and more complete <span class="hlt">detector</span> arrays have been developed in the last two decades, or are in advanced design stage, in different laboratories. Such arrays are necessary to fully characterize nuclear reactions induced by stable and exotic beams. The need for contemporary detection of charged particles, and/or γ -rays, and/or neutrons, has been stressed in many fields of nuclear structure and reaction <span class="hlt">dynamics</span>, with particular attention to the improvement of both high angular and energy resolution. Some examples of detection systems adapted to various energy <span class="hlt">ranges</span> is discussed. Emphasis is given to the possible update of relatively old 4π <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with new electronics and new detection methods.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/55206','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/55206"><span>Supraoptimal temperatures influence the <span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of a non-native insect</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Patrick C. Tobin; David R. Gray; Andrew M. Liebhold</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Aim. To examine the relationship between the <span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of the nonnative species Lymantria dispar (L.) and supraoptimal temperatures during its larval and pupal period. Location. West Virginia and Virginia, United States, North America. Methods. We linked the...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ResPh...8.1006Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ResPh...8.1006Y"><span>Wavepacket <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> in one-dimensional system with long-<span class="hlt">range</span> correlated disorder</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yamada, Hiroaki S.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>We numerically investigate <span class="hlt">dynamical</span> property in the one-dimensional tight-binding model with long-<span class="hlt">range</span> correlated disorder having power spectrum 1 /fα (α: spectrum exponent) generated by Fourier filtering method. For relatively small α <αc (=2) time-dependence of mean square displacement (MSD) of the initially localized wavepacket shows ballistic spread and localizes as time elapses. It is shown that α-dependence of the <span class="hlt">dynamical</span> localization length determined by the MSD exhibits a simple scaling law in the localization regime for the relatively weak disorder strength W. Furthermore, scaled MSD by the <span class="hlt">dynamical</span> localization length almost obeys an universal function from the ballistic to the localization regime in the various combinations of the parameters α and W.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RScI...88k3301R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RScI...88k3301R"><span>Calibration of imaging plate <span class="hlt">detectors</span> to mono-energetic protons in the <span class="hlt">range</span> 1-200 MeV</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rabhi, N.; Batani, D.; Boutoux, G.; Ducret, J.-E.; Jakubowska, K.; Lantuejoul-Thfoin, I.; Nauraye, C.; Patriarca, A.; Saïd, A.; Semsoum, A.; Serani, L.; Thomas, B.; Vauzour, B.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Responses of Fuji Imaging Plates (IPs) to proton have been measured in the <span class="hlt">range</span> 1-200 MeV. Mono-energetic protons were produced with the 15 MV ALTO-Tandem accelerator of the Institute of Nuclear Physics (Orsay, France) and, at higher energies, with the 200-MeV isochronous cyclotron of the Institut Curie—Centre de Protonthérapie d'Orsay (Orsay, France). The experimental setups are described and the measured photo-stimulated luminescence responses for MS, SR, and TR IPs are presented and compared to existing data. For the interpretation of the results, a sensitivity model based on the Monte Carlo GEANT4 code has been developed. It enables the calculation of the response functions in a large energy <span class="hlt">range</span>, from 0.1 to 200 MeV. Finally, we show that our model reproduces accurately the response of more complex <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, i.e., stack of high-Z filters and IPs, which could be of great interest for diagnostics of Petawatt laser accelerated particles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010117725','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010117725"><span><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> Electrothermal Model of a Sputtered Thermopile Thermal Radiation <span class="hlt">Detector</span> for Earth Radiation Budget Applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Weckmann, Stephanie</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>The Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) is a program sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) aimed at evaluating the global energy balance. Current scanning radiometers used for CERES consist of thin-film thermistor bolometers viewing the Earth through a Cassegrain telescope. The Thermal Radiation Group, a laboratory in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, is currently studying a new sensor concept to replace the current bolometer: a thermopile thermal radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span>. This next-generation <span class="hlt">detector</span> would consist of a thermal sensor array made of thermocouple junction pairs, or thermopiles. The objective of the current research is to perform a thermal analysis of the thermopile. Numerical thermal models are particularly suited to solve problems for which temperature is the dominant mechanism of the operation of the device (through the thermoelectric effect), as well as for complex geometries composed of numerous different materials. Feasibility and design specifications are studied by developing a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> electrothermal model of the thermopile using the finite element method. A commercial finite element-modeling package, ALGOR, is used.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28779524','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28779524"><span>Mangrove microclimates alter seedling <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> at the <span class="hlt">range</span> edge.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Devaney, John L; Lehmann, Michael; Feller, Ilka C; Parker, John D</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Recent climate warming has led to asynchronous species migrations, with major consequences for ecosystems worldwide. In woody communities, localized microclimates have the potential to create feedback mechanisms that can alter the rate of species <span class="hlt">range</span> shifts attributed to macroclimate drivers alone. Mangrove encroachment into saltmarsh in many areas is driven by a reduction in freeze events, and this encroachment can further modify local climate, but the subsequent impacts on mangrove seedling <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> are unknown. We monitored microclimate conditions beneath mangrove canopies and adjacent open saltmarsh at a freeze-sensitive mangrove-saltmarsh ecotone and assessed survival of experimentally transplanted mangrove seedlings. Mangrove canopies buffered night time cooling during the winter, leading to interspecific differences in freeze damage on mangrove seedlings. However, mangrove canopies also altered biotic interactions. Herbivore damage was higher under canopies, leading to greater mangrove seedling mortality beneath canopies relative to saltmarsh. While warming-induced expansion of mangroves can lead to positive microclimate feedbacks, simultaneous fluctuations in biotic drivers can also alter seedling <span class="hlt">dynamics</span>. Thus, climate change can drive divergent feedback mechanisms through both abiotic and biotic channels, highlighting the importance of vegetation-microclimate interactions as important moderators of climate driven <span class="hlt">range</span> shifts. © 2017 by the Ecological Society of America.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SPIE.8651E..0JD','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SPIE.8651E..0JD"><span>Preference limits of the visual <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> for ultra high quality and aesthetic conveyance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Daly, Scott; Kunkel, Timo; Sun, Xing; Farrell, Suzanne; Crum, Poppy</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>A subjective study was conducted to investigate the preferred maximum and minimum display luminances in order to determine the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">ranges</span> for future displays. Two studies address the diffuse reflective regions, and a third study tested preferences of highlight regions. Preferences, as opposed to detection thresholds, were studied to provide results more directly relevant to the viewing of entertainment or art. Test images were specifically designed to test these limits without the perceptual conflicts that usually occur in these types of studies. For the diffuse <span class="hlt">range</span>, we found a display with a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> having luminances between 0.1 and 650 cd/m2 matches the average preferences. However, to satisfy 90% of the population, a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> from 0.005 and ~3,000 cd/m2 is needed. Since a display should be able to produce values brighter than the diffuse white maximum, as in specular highlights and emissive sources, the highlight study concludes that even the average preferred maximum luminance for highlight reproduction is ~4,000 cd/m2.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880000399&hterms=metal+detector&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dmetal%2Bdetector','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880000399&hterms=metal+detector&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dmetal%2Bdetector"><span>Multiple-Coil, Pulse-Induction Metal <span class="hlt">Detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lesky, Edward S.; Reid, Alan M.; Bushong, Wilton E.; Dickey, Duane P.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>Multiple-head, pulse-induction metal <span class="hlt">detector</span> scans area of 72 feet squared with combination of eight <span class="hlt">detector</span> heads, each 3 ft. square. Head includes large primary coil inducing current in smaller secondary coils. Array of eight heads enables searcher to cover large area quickly. Pulses applied to primary coil, induced in secondary coils measured to determine whether metal present within <span class="hlt">range</span> of <span class="hlt">detector</span> head. <span class="hlt">Detector</span> designed for recovery of Space Shuttle debris.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SPIE.5719...76O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SPIE.5719...76O"><span>A novel dual-<span class="hlt">detector</span> micro-spectrometer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Otto, Thomas; Saupe, Ray; Stock, Volker; Bruch, Reinhard; Gruska, Bernd; Gessner, Thomas</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Infrared analysis is a well-established tool for measuring composition and purity of various materials in industrial-, medical- and environmental applications. Traditional spectrometers, for example Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Instruments are mainly designed for laboratory use and are generally, too large, heavy, costly and delicate to handle for remote applications. With important advances in the miniaturization, ruggedness and cost efficiency we have designed and created a new type of a micromirror spectrometer that can operate in harsh temperature and vibrating environments This device is ideally suited for environmental monitoring, chemical and biological applications as well as detection of biological warfare agents and sensing in important security locations In order to realize such compact, portable and field-deployable spectrometers we have applied MOEMS technology. Thus our novel dual <span class="hlt">detector</span> micro mirror system is composed of a scanning micro mirror combined with a diffraction grating and other essential optical components in order to miniaturize the basic modular set-up. Especially it periodically disperses polychromatic radiation into its spectral components, which are measured by a combination of a visible (VIS) and near infrared (NIR) single element <span class="hlt">detector</span>. By means of integrated preamplifiers high-precise measurements over a wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> wavelength <span class="hlt">range</span> are possible. In addition the spectrometer, including the radiation source, <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and electronics can be coupled to a minimum-volume liquid or gas-flow cell. Furthermore a SMA connector as a fiber optical input allows easy attachment of fiber based probes. By utilizing rapid prototyping techniques, where all components are directly integrated, the micro mirror spectrometer is manufactured for the 700-1700 nm spectral <span class="hlt">range</span>. In this work the advanced optical design and integration of the electronic interface will be reviewed. Furthermore we will demonstrate the performance of the system</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9290E..2JC','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9290E..2JC"><span>Development of 2D imaging of SXR plasma radiation by means of GEM <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chernyshova, M.; Czarski, T.; Jabłoński, S.; Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, E.; Poźniak, K.; Kasprowicz, G.; Zabołotny, W.; Wojeński, A.; Byszuk, A.; Burza, M.; Juszczyk, B.; Zienkiewicz, P.</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>Presented 2D gaseous <span class="hlt">detector</span> system has been developed and designed to provide energy resolved fast <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> plasma radiation imaging in the soft X-Ray region with 0.1 kHz exposure frequency for online, made in real time, data acquisition (DAQ) mode. The detection structure is based on triple Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) amplification structure followed by the pixel readout electrode. The efficiency of detecting unit was adjusted for the radiation energy region of tungsten in high-temperature plasma, the main candidate for the plasma facing material for future thermonuclear reactors. Here we present preliminary laboratory results and <span class="hlt">detector</span> parameters obtained for the developed system. The operational characteristics and conditions of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> were designed to work in the X-Ray <span class="hlt">range</span> of 2-17 keV. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> linearity was checked using the fluorescence lines of different elements and was found to be sufficient for good photon energy reconstruction. Images of two sources through various screens were performed with an X-Ray laboratory source and 55Fe source showing a good imaging capability. Finally offline stream-handling data acquisition mode has been developed for the detecting system with timing down to the ADC sampling frequency rate (~13 ns), up to 2.5 MHz of exposure frequency, which could pave the way to invaluable physics information about plasma <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> due to very good time resolving ability. Here we present results of studied spatial resolution and imaging properties of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> for conditions of laboratory moderate counting rates and high gain.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1793f0012B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1793f0012B"><span>32-channel pyrometer with high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> for studies of shocked nanothermites</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bassett, Will P.; Dlott, Dana D.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>A 32-channel optical pyrometer has been developed for studying temperature <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of shock-initiated reactive materials with one nanosecond time resolution and high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. The pyrometer consists of a prism spectrograph which directs the spectrally-resolved emission to 32 fiber optics and 32 photomultiplier tubes and digitizers. Preliminary results show shock-initiated reactions of a nanothermite composite, nano CuO/Al in nitrocellulose binder, consists of three stages. The first stage occurred at 30 ns, right after the shock unloaded, the second stage at 100 ns and the third at 1 μs, and the temperatures <span class="hlt">ranged</span> from 2100K to 3000K. Time-resolved emission spectra suggest hot spots formed during shock unloading, which initiated the bulk thermite/nitrocellulose reaction.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPA.884...70H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPA.884...70H"><span>Relative efficiency calibration between two silicon drift <span class="hlt">detectors</span> performed with a monochromatized X-ray generator over the 0.1-1.5 keV <span class="hlt">range</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hubert, S.; Boubault, F.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>In this article, we present the first X-ray calibration performed over the 0.1-1.5 keV spectral <span class="hlt">range</span> by means of a soft X-ray Manson source and the monochromator SYMPAX. This monochromator, based on a classical Rowland geometry, presents the novelty to be able to board simultaneously two <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and move them under vacuum in front of the exit slit of the monochromatizing stage. This provides the great advantage to perform radiometric measurements of the monochromatic X-ray photon flux with one reference <span class="hlt">detector</span> while calibrating another X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span>. To achieve this, at least one secondary standard must be operated with SYMPAX. This paper presents thereby an efficiency transfer experiment between a secondary standard silicon drift <span class="hlt">detector</span> (SDD), previously calibrated on BESSY II synchrotron Facility, and another one ("unknown" SDD), devoted to be used permanently with SYMPAX. The associated calibration process is described as well as corresponding results. Comparison with calibrated measurements performed at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) Radiometric Laboratory shows a very good agreement between the secondary standard and the unknown SDD.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28260825','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28260825"><span>Preliminary evaluation of a novel energy-resolved photon-counting gamma ray <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Meng, L-J; Tan, J W; Spartiotis, K; Schulman, T</p> <p>2009-06-11</p> <p>In this paper, we present the design and preliminary performance evaluation of a novel energy-resolved photon-counting (ERPC) <span class="hlt">detector</span> for gamma ray imaging applications. The prototype ERPC <span class="hlt">detector</span> has an active area of 4.4 cm × 4.4 cm, which is pixelated into 128 × 128 square pixels with a pitch size of 350 µm × 350µm. The current <span class="hlt">detector</span> consists of multiple <span class="hlt">detector</span> hybrids, each with a CdTe crystal of 1.1 cm × 2.2 cm × 1 mm, bump-bonded onto a custom-designed application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The ERPC ASIC has 2048 readout channels arranged in a 32 × 64 array. Each channel is equipped with pre- and shaping-amplifiers, a discriminator, peak/hold circuitry and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for digitizing the signal amplitude. In order to compensate for the pixel-to-pixel variation, two 8-bit digital-to-analog converters (DACs) are implemented into each channel for tuning the gain and offset. The ERPC <span class="hlt">detector</span> is designed to offer a high spatial resolution, a wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of 12-200 keV and a good energy resolution of 3-4 keV. The hybrid <span class="hlt">detector</span> configuration provides a flexible detection area that can be easily tailored for different imaging applications. The intrinsic performance of a prototype ERPC <span class="hlt">detector</span> was evaluated with various gamma ray sources, and the results are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015APh....65...55A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015APh....65...55A"><span>Lateral distributions of EAS muons (Eμ > 800 MeV) measured with the KASCADE-Grande Muon Tracking <span class="hlt">Detector</span> in the primary energy <span class="hlt">range</span> 1016 -1017 eV</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Apel, W. D.; Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C.; Bekk, K.; Bertaina, M.; Blümer, J.; Bozdog, H.; Brancus, I. M.; Cantoni, E.; Chiavassa, A.; Cossavella, F.; Daumiller, K.; de Souza, V.; Di Pierro, F.; Doll, P.; Engel, R.; Engler, J.; Fuchs, B.; Fuhrmann, D.; Gherghel-Lascu, A.; Gils, H. J.; Glasstetter, R.; Grupen, C.; Haungs, A.; Heck, D.; Hörandel, J. R.; Huber, D.; Huege, T.; Kampert, K.-H.; Kang, D.; Klages, H. O.; Link, K.; Łuczak, P.; Mathes, H. J.; Mayer, H. J.; Milke, J.; Mitrica, B.; Morello, C.; Oehlschläger, J.; Ostapchenko, S.; Palmieri, N.; Petcu, M.; Pierog, T.; Rebel, H.; Roth, M.; Schieler, H.; Schoo, S.; Schröder, F. G.; Sima, O.; Toma, G.; Trinchero, G. C.; Ulrich, H.; Weindl, A.; Wochele, J.; Zabierowski, J.</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>The KASCADE-Grande large area (128 m2) Muon Tracking <span class="hlt">Detector</span> has been built with the aim to identify muons ( Eμthr = 800 MeV) in Extensive Air Showers by track measurements under 18 r.l. shielding. This <span class="hlt">detector</span> provides high-accuracy angular information (approx. 0.3 °) for muons up to 700 m distance from the shower core. In this work we present the lateral density distributions of muons in EAS measured with the Muon Tracking <span class="hlt">Detector</span> of the KASCADE-Grande experiment. The density is calculated by counting muon tracks in a muon-to-shower-axis distance <span class="hlt">range</span> from 100 m to 610 m from showers with reconstructed energy of 1016 -1017 eV and zenith angle θ < 18 ° . In the distance <span class="hlt">range</span> covered by the experiment, these distributions are well described by functions phenomenologically determined already in the fifties (of the last century) by Greisen. They are compared also with the distributions obtained with the KASCADE scintillator array (Eμthr = 230 MeV) and with distributions obtained using simulated showers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EPJWC.11925008D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EPJWC.11925008D"><span>Performances of a HGCDTE APD Based <span class="hlt">Detector</span> with Electric Cooling for 2-μm DIAL/IPDA Applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dumas, A.; Rothman, J.; Gibert, F.; Lasfargues, G.; Zanatta, J.-P.; Edouart, D.</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>In this work we report on design and testing of an HgCdTe Avalanche Photodiode (APD) <span class="hlt">detector</span> assembly for lidar applications in the Short Wavelength Infrared Region (SWIR : 1,5 - 2 μm). This <span class="hlt">detector</span> consists in a set of diodes set in parallel -making a 200 μm large sensitive area- and connected to a custom high gain TransImpedance Amplifier (TIA). A commercial four stages Peltier cooler is used to reach an operating temperature of 185K. Crucial performances for lidar use are investigated : linearity, <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, spatial homogeneity, noise and resistance to intense illumination.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JInst..13R1001M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JInst..13R1001M"><span>Retraction: Using the Medipix3 <span class="hlt">detector</span> for direct electron imaging in the <span class="hlt">range</span> 60 keV to 200 keV in electron microscopy Retraction: Using the Medipix3 <span class="hlt">detector</span> for direct electron imaging in the <span class="hlt">range</span> 60 keV to 200 keV in electron microscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mir, J. A.; Plackett, R.; Shipsey, I.; dos Santos, J. M. F.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The paper "Using the Medipix3 <span class="hlt">detector</span> for direct electron imaging in the <span class="hlt">range</span> 60keV to 200keV in electron microscopy" by J.A. Mir, R. Plackett, I. Shipsey and J.M.F. dos Santos has been retracted following the authors' request on the basis of the existence of a disagreement about the ownership of the data, to prevent conflict between collaborators.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017A%26A...601A..89B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017A%26A...601A..89B"><span>A kilo-pixel imaging system for future space based far-infrared observatories using microwave kinetic inductance <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Baselmans, J. J. A.; Bueno, J.; Yates, S. J. C.; Yurduseven, O.; Llombart, N.; Karatsu, K.; Baryshev, A. M.; Ferrari, L.; Endo, A.; Thoen, D. J.; de Visser, P. J.; Janssen, R. M. J.; Murugesan, V.; Driessen, E. F. C.; Coiffard, G.; Martin-Pintado, J.; Hargrave, P.; Griffin, M.</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Aims: Future astrophysics and cosmic microwave background space missions operating in the far-infrared to millimetre part of the spectrum will require very large arrays of ultra-sensitive <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in combination with high multiplexing factors and efficient low-noise and low-power readout systems. We have developed a demonstrator system suitable for such applications. Methods: The system combines a 961 pixel imaging array based upon Microwave Kinetic Inductance <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> (MKIDs) with a readout system capable of reading out all pixels simultaneously with only one readout cable pair and a single cryogenic amplifier. We evaluate, in a representative environment, the system performance in terms of sensitivity, <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, optical efficiency, cosmic ray rejection, pixel-pixel crosstalk and overall yield at an observation centre frequency of 850 GHz and 20% fractional bandwidth. Results: The overall system has an excellent sensitivity, with an average <span class="hlt">detector</span> sensitivity < NEPdet> =3×10-19 WHz measured using a thermal calibration source. At a loading power per pixel of 50 fW we demonstrate white, photon noise limited <span class="hlt">detector</span> noise down to 300 mHz. The <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> would allow the detection of 1 Jy bright sources within the field of view without tuning the readout of the <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The expected dead time due to cosmic ray interactions, when operated in an L2 or a similar far-Earth orbit, is found to be <4%. Additionally, the achieved pixel yield is 83% and the crosstalk between the pixels is <-30 dB. Conclusions: This demonstrates that MKID technology can provide multiplexing ratios on the order of a 1000 with state-of-the-art single pixel performance, and that the technology is now mature enough to be considered for future space based observatories and experiments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080004864','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080004864"><span>Optical <span class="hlt">detector</span> calibrator system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Strobel, James P. (Inventor); Moerk, John S. (Inventor); Youngquist, Robert C. (Inventor)</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>An optical <span class="hlt">detector</span> calibrator system simulates a source of optical radiation to which a <span class="hlt">detector</span> to be calibrated is responsive. A light source selected to emit radiation in a <span class="hlt">range</span> of wavelengths corresponding to the spectral signature of the source is disposed within a housing containing a microprocessor for controlling the light source and other system elements. An adjustable iris and a multiple aperture filter wheel are provided for controlling the intensity of radiation emitted from the housing by the light source to adjust the simulated distance between the light source and the <span class="hlt">detector</span> to be calibrated. The geared iris has an aperture whose size is adjustable by means of a first stepper motor controlled by the microprocessor. The multiple aperture filter wheel contains neutral density filters of different attenuation levels which are selectively positioned in the path of the emitted radiation by a second stepper motor that is also controlled by the microprocessor. An operator can select a number of <span class="hlt">detector</span> tests including <span class="hlt">range</span>, maximum and minimum sensitivity, and basic functionality. During the <span class="hlt">range</span> test, the geared iris and filter wheel are repeatedly adjusted by the microprocessor as necessary to simulate an incrementally increasing simulated source distance. A light source calibration subsystem is incorporated in the system which insures that the intensity of the light source is maintained at a constant level over time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3781160','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3781160"><span>Long-<span class="hlt">Range</span> Correlations in Stride Intervals May Emerge from Non-Chaotic Walking <span class="hlt">Dynamics</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ahn, Jooeun; Hogan, Neville</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Stride intervals of normal human walking exhibit long-<span class="hlt">range</span> temporal correlations. Similar to the fractal-like behaviors observed in brain and heart activity, long-<span class="hlt">range</span> correlations in walking have commonly been interpreted to result from chaotic <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> and be a signature of health. Several mathematical models have reproduced this behavior by assuming a dominant role of neural central pattern generators (CPGs) and/or nonlinear biomechanics to evoke chaos. In this study, we show that a simple walking model without a CPG or biomechanics capable of chaos can reproduce long-<span class="hlt">range</span> correlations. Stride intervals of the model revealed long-<span class="hlt">range</span> correlations observed in human walking when the model had moderate orbital stability, which enabled the current stride to affect a future stride even after many steps. This provides a clear counterexample to the common hypothesis that a CPG and/or chaotic <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> is required to explain the long-<span class="hlt">range</span> correlations in healthy human walking. Instead, our results suggest that the long-<span class="hlt">range</span> correlation may result from a combination of noise that is ubiquitous in biological systems and orbital stability that is essential in general rhythmic movements. PMID:24086274</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SSRv..170..503H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SSRv..170..503H"><span>The Radiation Assessment <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (RAD) Investigation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hassler, D. M.; Zeitlin, C.; Wimmer-Schweingruber, R. F.; Böttcher, S.; Martin, C.; Andrews, J.; Böhm, E.; Brinza, D. E.; Bullock, M. A.; Burmeister, S.; Ehresmann, B.; Epperly, M.; Grinspoon, D.; Köhler, J.; Kortmann, O.; Neal, K.; Peterson, J.; Posner, A.; Rafkin, S.; Seimetz, L.; Smith, K. D.; Tyler, Y.; Weigle, G.; Reitz, G.; Cucinotta, F. A.</p> <p>2012-09-01</p> <p>The Radiation Assessment <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (RAD) on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is an energetic particle <span class="hlt">detector</span> designed to measure a broad spectrum of energetic particle radiation. It will make the first-ever direct radiation measurements on the surface of Mars, detecting galactic cosmic rays, solar energetic particles, secondary neutrons, and other secondary particles created both in the atmosphere and in the Martian regolith. The radiation environment on Mars, both past and present, may have implications for habitability and the ability to sustain life. Radiation exposure is also a major concern for future human missions. The RAD instrument combines charged- and neutral-particle detection capability over a wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> in a compact, low-mass, low-power instrument. These capabilities are required in order to measure all the important components of the radiation environment. RAD consists of the RAD Sensor Head (RSH) and the RAD Electronics Box (REB) integrated together in a small, compact volume. The RSH contains a solid-state <span class="hlt">detector</span> telescope with three silicon PIN diodes for charged particle detection, a thallium doped Cesium Iodide scintillator, plastic scintillators for neutron detection and anti-coincidence shielding, and the front-end electronics. The REB contains three circuit boards, one with a novel mixed-signal ASIC for processing analog signals and an associated control FPGA, another with a second FPGA to communicate with the rover and perform onboard analysis of science data, and a third board with power supplies and power cycling or "sleep"-control electronics. The latter enables autonomous operation, independent of commands from the rover. RAD is a highly capable and highly configurable instrument that paves the way for future compact energetic particle <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in space.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28463276','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28463276"><span>Digital micromirror device camera with per-pixel coded exposure for high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> imaging.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Feng, Wei; Zhang, Fumin; Wang, Weijing; Xing, Wei; Qu, Xinghua</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>In this paper, we overcome the limited <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the conventional digital camera, and propose a method of realizing high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> imaging (HDRI) from a novel programmable imaging system called a digital micromirror device (DMD) camera. The unique feature of the proposed new method is that the spatial and temporal information of incident light in our DMD camera can be flexibly modulated, and it enables the camera pixels always to have reasonable exposure intensity by DMD pixel-level modulation. More importantly, it allows different light intensity control algorithms used in our programmable imaging system to achieve HDRI. We implement the optical system prototype, analyze the theory of per-pixel coded exposure for HDRI, and put forward an adaptive light intensity control algorithm to effectively modulate the different light intensity to recover high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> images. Via experiments, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our method and implement the HDRI on different objects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/1001658','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/1001658"><span>Twenty-year home-<span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of a white-tailed deer matriline</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Nelson, Michael E.; Mech, L. David</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>We examined the seasonal migration and home-<span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of a multigeneration white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) matriline comprising six females from four generations spanning a 20-year period in northeastern Minnesota. All, from the matriarch to her great-granddaughter, migrated to the same summer and winter <span class="hlt">ranges</span>, the longest individual record being 14.5 years. Three maternal females concurrently occupied exclusive fawning sites within their ancestral matriarch's summer <span class="hlt">range</span>, while two nonmaternal females explored new areas and <span class="hlt">ranged</span> near their mothers. One great-granddaughter expanded her summer <span class="hlt">range</span> 1 km beyond the matriarch's summer <span class="hlt">range</span> while essentially vacating half of her ancestors' <span class="hlt">range</span> and becoming nonmigratory the last 4 years of her life. These data indicate that individual movements of matriline members can potentially expand their <span class="hlt">ranges</span> beyond the areas occupied by their ancestors through a slow process of small incremental changes. This suggests that the rapid extension of deer <span class="hlt">range</span> in eastern North America resulted from natal dispersal by yearling deer rather than from the type of home-<span class="hlt">range</span> expansion reported here.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SPIE.8860E..0JH','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SPIE.8860E..0JH"><span>OSIRIS-REx OCAMS <span class="hlt">detector</span> assembly characterization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hancock, J.; Crowther, B.; Whiteley, M.; Burt, R.; Watson, M.; Nelson, J.; Fellows, C.; Rizk, B.; Kinney-Spano, E.; Perry, M.; Hunten, M.</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>The OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample return mission carries a suite of three cameras referred to as OCAMS. The Space <span class="hlt">Dynamics</span> Laboratory (SDL) at Utah State University is providing the CCD-based <span class="hlt">detector</span> assemblies for OCAMS to the Lunar Planetary Lab (LPL) at the University of Arizona. Working with the LPL, SDL has designed the electronics to operate a 1K by 1K frame transfer Teledyne DALSA Multi-Pinned Phase (MPP) CCD. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> assembly electronics provides the CCD clocking, biasing, and digital interface with the OCAMS payload Command Control Module (CCM). A prototype system was built to verify the functionality of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> assembly design and to characterize the <span class="hlt">detector</span> system performance at the intended operating temperatures. The characterization results are described in this paper.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27352395','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27352395"><span>CMOS Amperometric ADC With High Sensitivity, <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> and Power Efficiency for Air Quality Monitoring.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Haitao; Boling, C Sam; Mason, Andrew J</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>Airborne pollutants are a leading cause of illness and mortality globally. Electrochemical gas sensors show great promise for personal air quality monitoring to address this worldwide health crisis. However, implementing miniaturized arrays of such sensors demands high performance instrumentation circuits that simultaneously meet challenging power, area, sensitivity, noise and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> goals. This paper presents a new multi-channel CMOS amperometric ADC featuring pixel-level architecture for gas sensor arrays. The circuit combines digital modulation of input currents and an incremental Σ∆ ADC to achieve wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and high sensitivity with very high power efficiency and compact size. Fabricated in 0.5 [Formula: see text] CMOS, the circuit was measured to have 164 dB cross-scale <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, 100 fA sensitivity while consuming only 241 [Formula: see text] and 0.157 [Formula: see text] active area per channel. Electrochemical experiments with liquid and gas targets demonstrate the circuit's real-time response to a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of analyte concentrations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApPhB.122..197X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApPhB.122..197X"><span>Large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> optical vector analyzer based on optical single-sideband modulation and Hilbert transform</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xue, Min; Pan, Shilong; Zhao, Yongjiu</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>A large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> optical vector analyzer (OVA) based on optical single-sideband modulation is proposed and demonstrated. By dividing the optical signal after optical device under test into two paths, reversing the phase of one swept sideband using a Hilbert transformer in one path, and detecting the two signals from the two paths with a balanced photodetector, the measurement errors induced by the residual -1st-order sideband and the high-order sidebands can be eliminated and the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the measurement is increased. In a proof-of-concept experiment, the stimulated Brillouin scattering and a fiber Bragg grating are measured by OVAs with and without the Hilbert transform and balanced photodetection. Results show that about 40-dB improvement in the measurement <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> is realized by the proposed OVA.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PTEP.2018c1D01M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PTEP.2018c1D01M"><span>Short-<span class="hlt">range</span> correlation in high-momentum antisymmetrized molecular <span class="hlt">dynamics</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Myo, Takayuki</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>We propose a new variational method for treating short-<span class="hlt">range</span> repulsion of bare nuclear force for nuclei in antisymmetrized molecular <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> (AMD). In AMD, the short-<span class="hlt">range</span> correlation is described in terms of large imaginary centroids of Gaussian wave packets of nucleon pairs in opposite signs, causing high-momentum components in the nucleon pairs. We superpose these AMD basis states and call this method "high-momentum AMD" (HM-AMD), which is capable of describing the strong tensor correlation [T. Myo et al., Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys., 2017, 111D01 (2017)]. In this letter, we extend HM-AMD by including up to two kinds of nucleon pairs in each AMD basis state utilizing the cluster expansion, which produces many-body correlations involving high-momentum components. We investigate how well HM-AMD describes the short-<span class="hlt">range</span> correlation by showing the results for ^3H using the Argonne V4^' central potential. It is found that HM-AMD reproduces the results of few-body calculations and also the tensor-optimized AMD. This means that HM-AMD is a powerful approach to describe the short-<span class="hlt">range</span> correlation in nuclei. In HM-AMD, the momentum directions of nucleon pairs isotropically contribute to the short-<span class="hlt">range</span> correlation, which is different from the tensor correlation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10564E..3VH','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10564E..3VH"><span>EUV high resolution imager on-board solar orbiter: optical design and <span class="hlt">detector</span> performances</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Halain, J. P.; Mazzoli, A.; Rochus, P.; Renotte, E.; Stockman, Y.; Berghmans, D.; BenMoussa, A.; Auchère, F.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The EUV high resolution imager (HRI) channel of the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) on-board Solar Orbiter will observe the solar atmospheric layers at 17.4 nm wavelength with a 200 km resolution. The HRI channel is based on a compact two mirrors off-axis design. The spectral selection is obtained by a multilayer coating deposited on the mirrors and by redundant Aluminum filters rejecting the visible and infrared light. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> is a 2k x 2k array back-thinned silicon CMOS-APS with 10 μm pixel pitch, sensitive in the EUV wavelength <span class="hlt">range</span>. Due to the instrument compactness and the constraints on the optical design, the channel performance is very sensitive to the manufacturing, alignments and settling errors. A trade-off between two optical layouts was therefore performed to select the final optical design and to improve the mirror mounts. The effect of diffraction by the filter mesh support and by the mirror diffusion has been included in the overall error budget. Manufacturing of mirror and mounts has started and will result in thermo-mechanical validation on the EUI instrument structural and thermal model (STM). Because of the limited channel entrance aperture and consequently the low input flux, the channel performance also relies on the <span class="hlt">detector</span> EUV sensitivity, readout noise and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. Based on the characterization of a CMOS-APS back-side <span class="hlt">detector</span> prototype, showing promising results, the EUI <span class="hlt">detector</span> has been specified and is under development. These <span class="hlt">detectors</span> will undergo a qualification program before being tested and integrated on the EUI instrument.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011SPIE.7870E..0QY','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011SPIE.7870E..0QY"><span>Robust image registration for multiple exposure high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> image synthesis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yao, Susu</p> <p>2011-03-01</p> <p>Image registration is an important preprocessing technique in high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (HDR) image synthesis. This paper proposed a robust image registration method for aligning a group of low <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> images (LDR) that are captured with different exposure times. Illumination change and photometric distortion between two images would result in inaccurate registration. We propose to transform intensity image data into phase congruency to eliminate the effect of the changes in image brightness and use phase cross correlation in the Fourier transform domain to perform image registration. Considering the presence of non-overlapped regions due to photometric distortion, evolutionary programming is applied to search for the accurate translation parameters so that the accuracy of registration is able to be achieved at a hundredth of a pixel level. The proposed algorithm works well for under and over-exposed image registration. It has been applied to align LDR images for synthesizing high quality HDR images..</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19730000487','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19730000487"><span>Binary-selectable <span class="hlt">detector</span> holdoff circuit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kadrmas, K. A.</p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>High-speed switching circuit protects <span class="hlt">detectors</span> from sudden, extremely-intense backscattered radiation that results from short-<span class="hlt">range</span> atmospheric dust layers, or low-level clouds, entering laser/radar field of view. Function of circuit is to provide computer-controlled switching of photodiode <span class="hlt">detector</span>, preamplifier power-supply voltages, in approximately 10 nanoseconds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170003532&hterms=improvement+products&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dimprovement%2Bproducts','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170003532&hterms=improvement+products&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dimprovement%2Bproducts"><span>Calibration Improvements in the <span class="hlt">Detector-to-Detector</span> Differences for the MODIS Ocean Color Bands</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Li, Yonghong; Angal, Amit; Wu, Aisheng; Geng, Xu; Link, Daniel; Xiong, Xiaoxiong</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), a major instrument within NASAs Earth Observation System missions, has operated for over 16 and 14 years onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites, respectively. Its reflective solar bands (RSB) covering a spectral <span class="hlt">range</span> from 0.4 to 2.1 micrometers are primarily calibrated using the on-board solar diffuser(SD), with its on-orbit degradation monitored using the Solar Diffuser Stability Monitor. RSB calibrations are supplemented by near-monthly lunar measurements acquired from the instruments space-view port. Nine bands (bands 8-16) in the visible to near infrared spectral <span class="hlt">range</span> from 0.412 to 0.866 micrometers are primarily used for ocean color observations.During a recent reprocessing of ocean color products, performed by the NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group, <span class="hlt">detector-to-detector</span> differences of up to 1.5% were observed in bands 13-16 of Terra MODIS. This paper provides an overview of the current approach to characterize the MODIS <span class="hlt">detector-to-detector</span> differences. An alternative methodology was developed to mitigate the observed impacts for bands 13-16. The results indicated an improvement in the <span class="hlt">detector</span> residuals and in turn are expected to improve the MODIS ocean color products. This paper also discusses the limitations,subsequent enhancements, and the improvements planned for future MODIS calibration collections.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26112424','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26112424"><span>Towards clinical computed ultrasound tomography in echo-mode: <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> artefact reduction.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jaeger, Michael; Frenz, Martin</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>Computed ultrasound tomography in echo-mode (CUTE) allows imaging the speed of sound inside tissue using hand-held pulse-echo ultrasound. This technique is based on measuring the changing local phase of beamformed echoes when changing the transmit beam steering angle. Phantom results have shown a spatial resolution and contrast that could qualify CUTE as a promising novel diagnostic modality in combination with B-mode ultrasound. Unfortunately, the large intensity <span class="hlt">range</span> of several tens of dB that is encountered in clinical images poses difficulties to echo phase tracking and results in severe artefacts. In this paper we propose a modification to the original technique by which more robust echo tracking can be achieved, and we demonstrate in phantom experiments that <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> artefacts are largely eliminated. <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> artefact reduction also allowed for the first time a clinical implementation of CUTE with sufficient contrast to reproducibly distinguish the different speed of sound in different tissue layers of the abdominal wall and the neck. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NIMPA.728...11S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NIMPA.728...11S"><span>Performance of Geant4 in simulating semiconductor particle <span class="hlt">detector</span> response in the energy <span class="hlt">range</span> below 1 MeV</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Soti, G.; Wauters, F.; Breitenfeldt, M.; Finlay, P.; Kraev, I. S.; Knecht, A.; Porobić, T.; Zákoucký, D.; Severijns, N.</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>Geant4 simulations play a crucial role in the analysis and interpretation of experiments providing low energy precision tests of the Standard Model. This paper focuses on the accuracy of the description of the electron processes in the energy <span class="hlt">range</span> between 100 and 1000 keV. The effect of the different simulation parameters and multiple scattering models on the backscattering coefficients is investigated. Simulations of the response of HPGe and passivated implanted planar Si <span class="hlt">detectors</span> to β particles are compared to experimental results. An overall good agreement is found between Geant4 simulations and experimental data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29497834','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29497834"><span>Microspatial ecotone <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> at a shifting <span class="hlt">range</span> limit: plant-soil variation across salt marsh-mangrove interfaces.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yando, E S; Osland, M J; Hester, M W</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Ecotone <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> and shifting <span class="hlt">range</span> limits can be used to advance our understanding of the ecological implications of future <span class="hlt">range</span> expansions in response to climate change. In the northern Gulf of Mexico, the salt marsh-mangrove ecotone is an area where <span class="hlt">range</span> limits and ecotone <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> can be studied in tandem as recent decreases in winter temperature extremes have allowed for mangrove expansion at the expense of salt marsh. In this study, we assessed aboveground and belowground plant-soil <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> across the salt marsh-mangrove ecotone quantifying micro-spatial patterns in horizontal extent. Specifically, we studied vegetation and rooting <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of large and small trees, the impact of salt marshes (e.g. species and structure) on mangroves, and the influence of vegetation on soil properties along transects from underneath the mangrove canopy into the surrounding salt marsh. Vegetation and rooting <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> differed in horizontal reach, and there was a positive relationship between mangrove tree height and rooting extent. We found that the horizontal expansion of mangrove roots into salt marsh extended up to eight meters beyond the aboveground boundary. Variation in vegetation structure and local hydrology appear to control mangrove seedling <span class="hlt">dynamics</span>. Finally, soil carbon density and organic matter did not differ within locations across the salt marsh-mangrove interface. By studying aboveground and belowground variation across the ecotone, we can better predict the ecological effects of continued <span class="hlt">range</span> expansion in response to climate change.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70196256','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70196256"><span>Microspatial ecotone <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> at a shifting <span class="hlt">range</span> limit: plant–soil variation across salt marsh–mangrove interfaces</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Yando, Erik S.; Osland, Michael J.; Hester, Mark H.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Ecotone <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> and shifting <span class="hlt">range</span> limits can be used to advance our understanding of the ecological implications of future <span class="hlt">range</span> expansions in response to climate change. In the northern Gulf of Mexico, the salt marsh–mangrove ecotone is an area where <span class="hlt">range</span> limits and ecotone <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> can be studied in tandem as recent decreases in winter temperature extremes have allowed for mangrove expansion at the expense of salt marsh. In this study, we assessed aboveground and belowground plant–soil <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> across the salt marsh–mangrove ecotone quantifying micro-spatial patterns in horizontal extent. Specifically, we studied vegetation and rooting <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of large and small trees, the impact of salt marshes (e.g. species and structure) on mangroves, and the influence of vegetation on soil properties along transects from underneath the mangrove canopy into the surrounding salt marsh. Vegetation and rooting <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> differed in horizontal reach, and there was a positive relationship between mangrove tree height and rooting extent. We found that the horizontal expansion of mangrove roots into salt marsh extended up to eight meters beyond the aboveground boundary. Variation in vegetation structure and local hydrology appear to control mangrove seedling <span class="hlt">dynamics</span>. Finally, soil carbon density and organic matter did not differ within locations across the salt marsh-mangrove interface. By studying aboveground and belowground variation across the ecotone, we can better predict the ecological effects of continued <span class="hlt">range</span> expansion in response to climate change.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9396E..05B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9396E..05B"><span>Forward and backward tone mapping of high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> images based on subband architecture</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bouzidi, Ines; Ouled Zaid, Azza</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>This paper presents a novel High <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> (HDR) tone mapping (TM) system based on sub-band architecture. Standard wavelet filters of Daubechies, Symlets, Coiflets and Biorthogonal were used to estimate the proposed system performance in terms of Low <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> (LDR) image quality and reconstructed HDR image fidelity. During TM stage, the HDR image is firstly decomposed in sub-bands using symmetrical analysis-synthesis filter bank. The transform coefficients are then rescaled using a predefined gain map. The inverse Tone Mapping (iTM) stage is straightforward. Indeed, the LDR image passes through the same sub-band architecture. But, instead of reducing the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, the LDR content is boosted to an HDR representation. Moreover, in our TM sheme, we included an optimization module to select the gain map components that minimize the reconstruction error, and consequently resulting in high fidelity HDR content. Comparisons with recent state-of-the-art methods have shown that our method provides better results in terms of visual quality and HDR reconstruction fidelity using objective and subjective evaluations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JASMS..25.1824I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JASMS..25.1824I"><span>Orders of Magnitude Extension of the Effective <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> of TDC-Based TOFMS Data Through Maximum Likelihood Estimation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ipsen, Andreas; Ebbels, Timothy M. D.</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>In a recent article, we derived a probability distribution that was shown to closely approximate that of the data produced by liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/TOFMS) instruments employing time-to-digital converters (TDCs) as part of their detection system. The approach of formulating detailed and highly accurate mathematical models of LC/MS data via probability distributions that are parameterized by quantities of analytical interest does not appear to have been fully explored before. However, we believe it could lead to a statistically rigorous framework for addressing many of the data analytical problems that arise in LC/MS studies. In this article, we present new procedures for correcting for TDC saturation using such an approach and demonstrate that there is potential for significant improvements in the effective <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of TDC-based mass spectrometers, which could make them much more competitive with the alternative analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The degree of improvement depends on our ability to generate mass and chromatographic peaks that conform to known mathematical functions and our ability to accurately describe the state of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> dead time—tasks that may be best addressed through engineering efforts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28809894','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28809894"><span>High-sensitivity and large-<span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span> refractive index sensors employing weak composite Fabry-Perot cavities.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chen, Pengcheng; Shu, Xuewen; Cao, Haoran; Sugden, Kate</p> <p>2017-08-15</p> <p>Most sensors face a common trade-off between high sensitivity and a large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. We demonstrate here an all-fiber refractometer based on a dual-cavity Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) that possesses the advantage of both high sensitivity and a large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. Since the two composite cavities have a large cavity length difference, one can observe both fine and coarse fringes, which correspond to the long cavity and the short cavity, respectively. The short-cavity FPI and the use of an intensity demodulation method mean that the individual fine fringe dips correspond to a series of quasi-continuous highly sensitive zones for refractive index measurement. By calculating the parameters of the composite FPI, we find that the <span class="hlt">range</span> of the ultra-sensitive zones can be considerably adjusted to suit the end requirements. The experimental trends are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. The co-existence of high sensitivity and a large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> in a composite FPI is of great significance to practical RI measurements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Chaos..26a3102A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Chaos..26a3102A"><span><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> in the C. elegans brain network</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Antonopoulos, Chris G.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>We study external electrical perturbations and their responses in the brain <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> network of the Caenorhabditis elegans soil worm, given by the connectome of its large somatic nervous system. Our analysis is inspired by a realistic experiment where one stimulates externally specific parts of the brain and studies the persistent neural activity triggered in other cortical regions. In this work, we perturb groups of neurons that form communities, identified by the walktrap community detection method, by trains of stereotypical electrical Poissonian impulses and study the propagation of neural activity to other communities by measuring the corresponding <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">ranges</span> and Steven law exponents. We show that when one perturbs specific communities, keeping the rest unperturbed, the external stimulations are able to propagate to some of them but not to all. There are also perturbations that do not trigger any response. We found that this depends on the initially perturbed community. Finally, we relate our findings for the former cases with low neural synchronization, self-criticality, and large information flow capacity, and interpret them as the ability of the brain network to respond to external perturbations when it works at criticality and its information flow capacity becomes maximal.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.798a2073G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.798a2073G"><span>Hadron calorimeter (PSD) with new photo-<span class="hlt">detectors</span> (MPPC) in NA61 experiment at CERN</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Golubeva, M.; Guber, F.; Ivashkin, A.; Izvestnyy, A.; Kurepin, A.; Morozov, S.; Petukhov, O.; Selyuzhenkov, I.; Svintsov, I.; Taranenko, A.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The Projectile Spectator <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (PSD) is a segmented hadron calorimeter used in NA61 experiment (CERN) to determine a collision centrality as well as an event plane orientation in nucleus-nucleus collisions. The main goal of the experiment includes studying the onset of de-confinement and searching for the critical point of strongly interacting matter. It is of crucial importance to have a precise characterization of the event class with the PSD for the analysis of event-by-event observables. The PSD has been already used for centrality selection on trigger level in measurements of Be+Be and Ar+Sc reactions at beam energies 13 - 158 AGeV and Pb+Pb reaction at beam energy 30 AGeV. In 2016, the central modules of PSD have been equipped with new Hamamatsu MPPC silicon photo-<span class="hlt">detectors</span> in order to extend <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> for studying Pb+Pb reaction at the full energy <span class="hlt">range</span> 13 - 158 AGeV. Results of the PSD response on proton and lead beams are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27452789','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27452789"><span>Topological <span class="hlt">detector</span>: measuring continuous dosimetric quantities with few-element <span class="hlt">detector</span> array.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Han, Zhaohui; Brivio, Davide; Sajo, Erno; Zygmanski, Piotr</p> <p>2016-08-21</p> <p>A prototype topological <span class="hlt">detector</span> was fabricated and investigated for quality assurance of radiation producing medical devices. Unlike a typical array or flat panel <span class="hlt">detector</span>, a topological <span class="hlt">detector</span>, while capable of achieving a very high spatial resolution, consists of only a few elements and therefore is much simpler in construction and more cost effective. The key feature allowing this advancement is a geometry-driven design that is customized for a specific dosimetric application. In the current work, a topological <span class="hlt">detector</span> of two elements was examined for the positioning verification of the radiation collimating devices (jaws, MLCs, and blades etc). The <span class="hlt">detector</span> was diagonally segmented from a rectangular thin film strip (2.5 cm × 15 cm), giving two contiguous but independent <span class="hlt">detector</span> elements. The segmented area was the central portion of the strip measuring 5 cm in length. Under irradiation, signals from each <span class="hlt">detector</span> element were separately digitized using a commercial multichannel data acquisition system. The center and size of an x-ray field, which were uniquely determined by the collimator positions, were shown mathematically to relate to the difference and sum of the two signals. As a proof of concept, experiments were carried out using slit x-ray fields <span class="hlt">ranging</span> from 2 mm to 20 mm in size. It was demonstrated that, the collimator positions can be accurately measured with sub-millimeter precisions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=The+AND+speech&pg=4&id=EJ1147922','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=The+AND+speech&pg=4&id=EJ1147922"><span>Sensitivity of the Speech Intelligibility Index to the Assumed <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Jin, In-Ki; Kates, James M.; Arehart, Kathryn H.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the sensitivity of the speech intelligibility index (SII) to the assumed speech <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (DR) in different languages and with different types of stimuli. Method: Intelligibility prediction uses the absolute transfer function (ATF) to map the SII value to the predicted intelligibility for a given stimuli.…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060029885&hterms=HFI&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DHFI','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060029885&hterms=HFI&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DHFI"><span>Bolometric <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for the Planck surveyor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Yun, M.; Koch, T.; Bock, J.; Holmes, W.; Hustead, L.; Wild, L.; Mulder, J.; Turner, A.; Lange, A.; Bhatia, R.</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>The High Frequency Instrument on the NASA/ESA Planck Surveyor, scheduled for launch in 2007, will map the entire sky in 6 frequency bands <span class="hlt">ranging</span> from 100 GHz to 857 GHz to probe Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropy and polarization with angular resolution <span class="hlt">ranging</span> from 9' to 5'. The HFI focal plane will contain 48 silicon nitride micromesh bolometers operating from a 100 mK heat sink. Four <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in each of the 6 bands will detect unpolarized radiation. An additional 4 pairs of <span class="hlt">detectors</span> will provide sensitivity to linear polarization of emission at 143, 217 and 353 GHz. We report on the development and characterization of these <span class="hlt">detectors</span> before delivery to the European HFI consortium.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1344428','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1344428"><span>Design and operational experience of a microwave cavity axion <span class="hlt">detector</span> for the 20 – 100 μ eV <span class="hlt">range</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Al Kenany, S.; Anil, M. A.; Backes, K. M.</p> <p></p> <p>We describe a dark matter axion <span class="hlt">detector</span> designed, constructed, and operated both as an innovation platform for new cavity and amplifier technologies and as a data pathfinder in the 5-25 GHz <span class="hlt">range</span> (~20-100 eV). The platform is small but flexible to facilitate the development of new microwave cavity and amplifier concepts in an operational environment. The experiment has recently completed its first data production; it is the first microwave cavity axion search to deploy a Josephson parametric amplifier and a dilution refrigerator to achieve near-quantum limited performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1344428-design-operational-experience-microwave-cavity-axion-detector-range','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1344428-design-operational-experience-microwave-cavity-axion-detector-range"><span>Design and operational experience of a microwave cavity axion <span class="hlt">detector</span> for the 20 – 100 μ eV <span class="hlt">range</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Al Kenany, S.; Anil, M. A.; Backes, K. M.; ...</p> <p>2017-02-09</p> <p>We describe a dark matter axion <span class="hlt">detector</span> designed, constructed, and operated both as an innovation platform for new cavity and amplifier technologies and as a data pathfinder in the 5-25 GHz <span class="hlt">range</span> (~20-100 eV). The platform is small but flexible to facilitate the development of new microwave cavity and amplifier concepts in an operational environment. The experiment has recently completed its first data production; it is the first microwave cavity axion search to deploy a Josephson parametric amplifier and a dilution refrigerator to achieve near-quantum limited performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..MARK21002D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..MARK21002D"><span>You can't measure what you can't see - <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for microscopies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Denes, Peter</p> <p></p> <p>For centuries, the human eye has been the imaging <span class="hlt">detector</span> of choice thanks to its high sensitivity, wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, and direct connection to a built-in data recording and analysis system. The eye, however, is limited to visible light, which excludes microscopies with electrons and X-rays, and the built-in recording system stores archival information at very low rates. The former limitation has been overcome by ``indirect'' <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, which convert probe particles to visible light, and the latter by a variety of recording techniques, from photographic film to semiconductor-based imagers. Semiconductor imagers have been used for decades as ``direct'' <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in particle physics, and almost as long for hard X-rays. For soft X-ray microscopy, the challenge has been the small signal levels - plus getting the X-rays into the <span class="hlt">detector</span> itself, given how quickly they are absorbed in inert layers. For electron microscopy, the challenge has been reconciling <span class="hlt">detector</span> spatial resolution and pixel count with the large multiple scattering of electrons with energies used for microscopy. Further, a high recording rate (``movies'' rather than ``snapshots'') enables time-resolved studies, time-dependent corrections, shot-by-shot experiments and scanning techniques - at the expense of creating large data volumes. This talk will discuss solutions to these challenges, as well as an outlook towards future developments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1344892-high-speed-ray-imaging-pixel-array-detector-synchrotron-bunch-isolation','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1344892-high-speed-ray-imaging-pixel-array-detector-synchrotron-bunch-isolation"><span>High-speed X-ray imaging pixel array <span class="hlt">detector</span> for synchrotron bunch isolation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Philipp, Hugh T.; Tate, Mark W.; Purohit, Prafull; ...</p> <p>2016-01-28</p> <p>A wide-<span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span> imaging X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> designed for recording successive frames at rates up to 10 MHz is described. X-ray imaging with frame rates of up to 6.5 MHz have been experimentally verified. The pixel design allows for up to 8–12 frames to be stored internally at high speed before readout, which occurs at a 1 kHz frame rate. An additional mode of operation allows the integration capacitors to be re-addressed repeatedly before readout which can enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of cyclical processes. This <span class="hlt">detector</span>, along with modern storage ring sources which provide short (10–100 ps) and intense X-ray pulses atmore » megahertz rates, opens new avenues for the study of rapid structural changes in materials. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> consists of hybridized modules, each of which is comprised of a 500 µm-thick silicon X-ray sensor solder bump-bonded, pixel by pixel, to an application-specific integrated circuit. The format of each module is 128 × 128 pixels with a pixel pitch of 150 µm. In the prototype <span class="hlt">detector</span> described here, the three-side buttable modules are tiled in a 3 × 2 array with a full format of 256 × 384 pixels. Lastly, we detail the characteristics, operation, testing and application of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4768764','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4768764"><span>High-speed X-ray imaging pixel array <span class="hlt">detector</span> for synchrotron bunch isolation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Philipp, Hugh T.; Tate, Mark W.; Purohit, Prafull; Shanks, Katherine S.; Weiss, Joel T.; Gruner, Sol M.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>A wide-<span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span> imaging X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> designed for recording successive frames at rates up to 10 MHz is described. X-ray imaging with frame rates of up to 6.5 MHz have been experimentally verified. The pixel design allows for up to 8–12 frames to be stored internally at high speed before readout, which occurs at a 1 kHz frame rate. An additional mode of operation allows the integration capacitors to be re-addressed repeatedly before readout which can enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of cyclical processes. This <span class="hlt">detector</span>, along with modern storage ring sources which provide short (10–100 ps) and intense X-ray pulses at megahertz rates, opens new avenues for the study of rapid structural changes in materials. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> consists of hybridized modules, each of which is comprised of a 500 µm-thick silicon X-ray sensor solder bump-bonded, pixel by pixel, to an application-specific integrated circuit. The format of each module is 128 × 128 pixels with a pixel pitch of 150 µm. In the prototype <span class="hlt">detector</span> described here, the three-side buttable modules are tiled in a 3 × 2 array with a full format of 256 × 384 pixels. The characteristics, operation, testing and application of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> are detailed. PMID:26917125</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26917125','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26917125"><span>High-speed X-ray imaging pixel array <span class="hlt">detector</span> for synchrotron bunch isolation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Philipp, Hugh T; Tate, Mark W; Purohit, Prafull; Shanks, Katherine S; Weiss, Joel T; Gruner, Sol M</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>A wide-<span class="hlt">dynamic-range</span> imaging X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> designed for recording successive frames at rates up to 10 MHz is described. X-ray imaging with frame rates of up to 6.5 MHz have been experimentally verified. The pixel design allows for up to 8-12 frames to be stored internally at high speed before readout, which occurs at a 1 kHz frame rate. An additional mode of operation allows the integration capacitors to be re-addressed repeatedly before readout which can enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of cyclical processes. This <span class="hlt">detector</span>, along with modern storage ring sources which provide short (10-100 ps) and intense X-ray pulses at megahertz rates, opens new avenues for the study of rapid structural changes in materials. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> consists of hybridized modules, each of which is comprised of a 500 µm-thick silicon X-ray sensor solder bump-bonded, pixel by pixel, to an application-specific integrated circuit. The format of each module is 128 × 128 pixels with a pixel pitch of 150 µm. In the prototype <span class="hlt">detector</span> described here, the three-side buttable modules are tiled in a 3 × 2 array with a full format of 256 × 384 pixels. The characteristics, operation, testing and application of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> are detailed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26032893','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26032893"><span>Evaluation of a novel helium ionization <span class="hlt">detector</span> within the context of (low-)flow modulation comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Franchina, Flavio A; Maimone, Mariarosa; Sciarrone, Danilo; Purcaro, Giorgia; Tranchida, Peter Q; Mondello, Luigi</p> <p>2015-07-10</p> <p>The present research is focused on the use and evaluation of a novel helium ionization <span class="hlt">detector</span>, defined as barrier discharge ionization <span class="hlt">detector</span> (BID), within the context of (low-)flow modulation comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (FM GC×GC). The performance of the BID device was compared to that of a flame ionization <span class="hlt">detector</span> (FID), under similar FM GC×GC conditions. Following development and optimization of the FM GC×GC method, the BID was subjected to fine tuning in relation to acquisition frequency and discharge flow. Moreover, the BID performance was measured and compared to that of the FID, in terms of extra-column band broadening, sensitivity and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. The comparative study was carried out by using standard compounds belonging to different chemical classes, along with a sample of diesel fuel. Advantages and disadvantages of the BID system, also within the context of FM GC×GC, are critically discussed. In general, the BID system was characterized by a more limited <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and increased sensitivity, compared to the FID. Additionally, BID and FID contribution to band broadening was found to be similar under the operational conditions applied. Particular attention was devoted to the behaviour of the FM GC×GC-BID system toward saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, for a possible future use in the field of mineral-oil food contamination research. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NIMPA.499..603B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NIMPA.499..603B"><span>The PHOBOS <span class="hlt">detector</span> at RHIC</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Back, B. B.; Baker, M. D.; Barton, D. S.; Basilev, S.; Baum, R.; Betts, R. R.; Białas, A.; Bindel, R.; Bogucki, W.; Budzanowski, A.; Busza, W.; Carroll, A.; Ceglia, M.; Chang, Y.-H.; Chen, A. E.; Coghen, T.; Connor, C.; Czyż, W.; Dabrowski, B.; Decowski, M. P.; Despet, M.; Fita, P.; Fitch, J.; Friedl, M.; Gałuszka, K.; Ganz, R.; Garcia, E.; George, N.; Godlewski, J.; Gomes, C.; Griesmayer, E.; Gulbrandsen, K.; Gushue, S.; Halik, J.; Halliwell, C.; Haridas, P.; Hayes, A.; Heintzelman, G. A.; Henderson, C.; Hollis, R.; Hołyński, R.; Hofman, D.; Holzman, B.; Johnson, E.; Kane, J.; Katzy, J.; Kita, W.; Kotuła, J.; Kraner, H.; Kucewicz, W.; Kulinich, P.; Law, C.; Lemler, M.; Ligocki, J.; Lin, W. T.; Manly, S.; McLeod, D.; Michałowski, J.; Mignerey, A.; Mülmenstädt, J.; Neal, M.; Nouicer, R.; Olszewski, A.; Pak, R.; Park, I. C.; Patel, M.; Pernegger, H.; Plesko, M.; Reed, C.; Remsberg, L. P.; Reuter, M.; Roland, C.; Roland, G.; Ross, D.; Rosenberg, L.; Ryan, J.; Sanzgiri, A.; Sarin, P.; Sawicki, P.; Scaduto, J.; Shea, J.; Sinacore, J.; Skulski, W.; Steadman, S. G.; Stephans, G. S. F.; Steinberg, P.; Straczek, A.; Stodulski, M.; Strek, M.; Stopa, Z.; Sukhanov, A.; Surowiecka, K.; Tang, J.-L.; Teng, R.; Trzupek, A.; Vale, C.; van Nieuwenhuizen, G. J.; Verdier, R.; Wadsworth, B.; Wolfs, F. L. H.; Wosiek, B.; Woźniak, K.; Wuosmaa, A. H.; Wysłouch, B.; Zalewski, K.; Żychowski, P.; Phobos Collaboration</p> <p>2003-03-01</p> <p>This manuscript contains a detailed description of the PHOBOS experiment as it is configured for the Year 2001 running period. It is capable of detecting charged particles over the full solid angle using a multiplicity <span class="hlt">detector</span> and measuring identified charged particles near mid-rapidity in two spectrometer arms with opposite magnetic fields. Both of these components utilize silicon pad <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for charged particle detection. The minimization of material between the collision vertex and the first layers of silicon <span class="hlt">detectors</span> allows for the detection of charged particles with very low transverse momenta, which is a unique feature of the PHOBOS experiment. Additional <span class="hlt">detectors</span> include a time-of-flight wall which extends the particle identification <span class="hlt">range</span> for one spectrometer arm, as well as sets of scintillator paddle and Cherenkov <span class="hlt">detector</span> arrays for event triggering and centrality selection.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9534E..17L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9534E..17L"><span>High <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> adaptive real-time smart camera: an overview of the HDR-ARTiST project</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lapray, Pierre-Jean; Heyrman, Barthélémy; Ginhac, Dominique</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Standard cameras capture only a fraction of the information that is visible to the human visual system. This is specifically true for natural scenes including areas of low and high illumination due to transitions between sunlit and shaded areas. When capturing such a scene, many cameras are unable to store the full <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> (DR) resulting in low quality video where details are concealed in shadows or washed out by sunlight. The imaging technique that can overcome this problem is called HDR (High <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span>) imaging. This paper describes a complete smart camera built around a standard off-the-shelf LDR (Low <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span>) sensor and a Virtex-6 FPGA board. This smart camera called HDR-ARtiSt (High <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> Adaptive Real-time Smart camera) is able to produce a real-time HDR live video color stream by recording and combining multiple acquisitions of the same scene while varying the exposure time. This technique appears as one of the most appropriate and cheapest solution to enhance the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of real-life environments. HDR-ARtiSt embeds real-time multiple captures, HDR processing, data display and transfer of a HDR color video for a full sensor resolution (1280 1024 pixels) at 60 frames per second. The main contributions of this work are: (1) Multiple Exposure Control (MEC) dedicated to the smart image capture with alternating three exposure times that are <span class="hlt">dynamically</span> evaluated from frame to frame, (2) Multi-streaming Memory Management Unit (MMMU) dedicated to the memory read/write operations of the three parallel video streams, corresponding to the different exposure times, (3) HRD creating by combining the video streams using a specific hardware version of the Devebecs technique, and (4) Global Tone Mapping (GTM) of the HDR scene for display on a standard LCD monitor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25265281','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25265281"><span>Impacts of land cover data selection and trait parameterisation on <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> modelling of species' <span class="hlt">range</span> expansion.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Heikkinen, Risto K; Bocedi, Greta; Kuussaari, Mikko; Heliölä, Janne; Leikola, Niko; Pöyry, Juha; Travis, Justin M J</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> models for <span class="hlt">range</span> expansion provide a promising tool for assessing species' capacity to respond to climate change by shifting their <span class="hlt">ranges</span> to new areas. However, these models include a number of uncertainties which may affect how successfully they can be applied to climate change oriented conservation planning. We used <span class="hlt">Range</span>Shifter, a novel <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> and individual-based modelling platform, to study two potential sources of such uncertainties: the selection of land cover data and the parameterization of key life-history traits. As an example, we modelled the <span class="hlt">range</span> expansion <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of two butterfly species, one habitat specialist (Maniola jurtina) and one generalist (Issoria lathonia). Our results show that projections of total population size, number of occupied grid cells and the mean maximal latitudinal <span class="hlt">range</span> shift were all clearly dependent on the choice made between using CORINE land cover data vs. using more detailed grassland data from three alternative national databases. <span class="hlt">Range</span> expansion was also sensitive to the parameterization of the four considered life-history traits (magnitude and probability of long-distance dispersal events, population growth rate and carrying capacity), with carrying capacity and magnitude of long-distance dispersal showing the strongest effect. Our results highlight the sensitivity of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> species population models to the selection of existing land cover data and to uncertainty in the model parameters and indicate that these need to be carefully evaluated before the models are applied to conservation planning.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830025476','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830025476"><span>An evaluation of an ICCD imager of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> expansion technique and application of insitu procedures for life-time extension</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Currie, D. G.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>Research toward practical implementation of the Intensified Charge Coupled Device (ICCD) as a photon-counting array <span class="hlt">detector</span> for astronomy is reported. The first area of concentration was to determine the rate and extent of the lifetime limiting damage to the CCD caused by the impact of high energy electrons, and to find whether various methods of annealing the damage were productive. The second effort was to determine the performance of the ICCD in a photon-counting mode to produce extended <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> measurements. There are two main effects that appear as the practical results of the electron damage to the CCD. One is an increase in the leakage current, i.e., the normal thermal generation of charge carriers in the silicon that provides a background dark signal that adds to the light produced image. In an undamaged CCD, the leakage current is usually fairly uniform across the photosensitive area of the silicon chip, with the exception of various bright pixels which have an anomalous leakage current well above the overall level.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27845675','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27845675"><span>A 155-dB <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> Current Measurement Front End for Electrochemical Biosensing.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dai, Shanshan; Perera, Rukshan T; Yang, Zi; Rosenstein, Jacob K</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>An integrated current measurement system with ultra wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> is presented and fabricated in a 180-nm CMOS technology. Its dual-mode design provides concurrent voltage and frequency outputs, without requiring an external clock source. An integrator-differentiator core provides a voltage output with a noise floor of 11.6 fA/ [Formula: see text] and a -3 dB cutoff frequency of 1.4 MHz. It is merged with an asynchronous current-to-frequency converter, which generates an output frequency linearly proportional to the input current. Together, the voltage and frequency outputs yield a current measurement <span class="hlt">range</span> of 155 dB, spanning from 204 fA (100 Hz) or 1.25 pA (10 kHz) to 11.6 μA. The proposed architecture's low noise, wide bandwidth, and wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> make it ideal for measurements of highly nonlinear electrochemical and electrophysiological systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016cosp...41E1035K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016cosp...41E1035K"><span>The readout electronics for Plastic Scintillator <span class="hlt">Detector</span> of DAMPE</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kong, Jie; Yang, Haibo; Zhao, Hongyun; Su, Hong; Sun, Zhiyu; Yu, Yuhong; JingZhe, Zhang; Wang, XiaoHui; Liu, Jie; Xiao, Guoqing; Ma, Xinwen</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>The Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) satellite, which launched in December 2015, is designed to find the evidence of the existence of dark matter particles in the universe via the detection of the high-energy electrons and gamma-ray particles produced possibly by the annihilation of dark matter particles. Plastic Scintillator <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (PSD) is one of major part of the satellite payload, which is comprised of a crossed pair of layers with 41 plastic scintillator-strips, each read out from both ends by the same Hamamatsu R4443MOD2 photo-multiplier tubes (PMTs). In order to extend linear <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of <span class="hlt">detector</span>, PMTs read out each plastic scintillator-strip separately with two dynode pickoffs. Therefore, the readout electronics system comprises of four Front-end boards to receive the pulses from 328 PMTs and implement charge measurement, which is based on the Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) chip VA160, 16 bits ADC and FPGA. The electronics of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> has been designed following stringent requirements on mechanical and thermal stability, power consumption, radiation hardness and double redundancy. Various experiments are designed and implemented to check the performance of the electronics, some excellent results has been achieved.According to experimental results analysis, it is proved that the readout electronics works well.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080009495','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080009495"><span>Image sensor with high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> linear output</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Yadid-Pecht, Orly (Inventor); Fossum, Eric R. (Inventor)</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Designs and operational methods to increase the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of image sensors and APS devices in particular by achieving more than one integration times for each pixel thereof. An APS system with more than one column-parallel signal chains for readout are described for maintaining a high frame rate in readout. Each active pixel is sampled for multiple times during a single frame readout, thus resulting in multiple integration times. The operation methods can also be used to obtain multiple integration times for each pixel with an APS design having a single column-parallel signal chain for readout. Furthermore, analog-to-digital conversion of high speed and high resolution can be implemented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7257E..17C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7257E..17C"><span>Enhancement tuning and control for high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> images in multi-scale locally adaptive contrast enhancement algorithms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cvetkovic, Sascha D.; Schirris, Johan; de With, Peter H. N.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>For real-time imaging in surveillance applications, visibility of details is of primary importance to ensure customer confidence. If we display High <span class="hlt">Dynamic-Range</span> (HDR) scenes whose contrast spans four or more orders of magnitude on a conventional monitor without additional processing, results are unacceptable. Compression of the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> is therefore a compulsory part of any high-end video processing chain because standard monitors are inherently Low- <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> (LDR) devices with maximally two orders of display <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. In real-time camera processing, many complex scenes are improved with local contrast enhancements, bringing details to the best possible visibility. In this paper, we show how a multi-scale high-frequency enhancement scheme, in which gain is a non-linear function of the detail energy, can be used for the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> compression of HDR real-time video camera signals. We also show the connection of our enhancement scheme to the processing way of the Human Visual System (HVS). Our algorithm simultaneously controls perceived sharpness, ringing ("halo") artifacts (contrast) and noise, resulting in a good balance between visibility of details and non-disturbance of artifacts. The overall quality enhancement, suitable for both HDR and LDR scenes, is based on a careful selection of the filter types for the multi-band decomposition and a detailed analysis of the signal per frequency band.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000SPIE.3977..570J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000SPIE.3977..570J"><span>Processing of CT sinograms acquired using a VRX <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jordan, Lawrence M.; DiBianca, Frank A.; Zou, Ping; Laughter, Joseph S.; Zeman, Herbert D.</p> <p>2000-04-01</p> <p>A 'variable resolution x-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span>' (VRX) capable of resolving beyond 100 cycles/main a single dimension has been proposed by DiBianca, et al. The use of <span class="hlt">detectors</span> of this design for computed-tomography (CT) imaging requires novel preprocessing of data to correct for the <span class="hlt">detector</span>'s non- uniform imaging characteristics over its <span class="hlt">range</span> of view. This paper describes algorithms developed specifically to adjust VRX data for varying magnification, source-to-<span class="hlt">detector</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and beam obliquity and to sharpen reconstructions by deconvolving the ray impulse function. The preprocessing also incorporates nonlinear interpolation of VRX raw data into canonical CT sinogram formats.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26745895','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26745895"><span>Prototypes of self-powered radiation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> employing intrinsic high-energy current.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zygmanski, Piotr; Shrestha, Suman; Briovio, Davide; Karellas, Andrew; Sajo, Erno</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The authors experimentally investigate the effect of direct energy conversion of x-rays via selfpowered Auger- and photocurrent, potentially suitable to practical radiation detection and dosimetry in medical applications. Experimental results are compared to computational predictions. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> the authors consider is a thin-film multilayer device, composed of alternating disparate electrically conductive and insulating layers. This paper focuses on the experiments while a companion paper introduces the fundamental concepts of high-energy current (HEC) <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The energy of ionizing radiation is directly converted to <span class="hlt">detector</span> signal via electric current induced by high-energy secondary electrons generated in the <span class="hlt">detector</span> material by the incident primary radiation. The HEC electrons also ionize the dielectric and the resultant charge carriers are selfcollected due to the contact potential of the disparate electrodes. Thus, an electric current is induced in the conductors in two different ways without the need for externally applied bias voltage or amplification. Thus, generated signal in turn is digitized by a data acquisition system. To determine the fundamental properties of the HEC <span class="hlt">detector</span> and to demonstrate its feasibility for medical applications, the authors used a planar geometry composed of multilayer microstructures. Various <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with up to seven conducting layers with different combinations of materials (250 μm Al, 35 μm Cu, 100 μm Pb) and air gaps (100 μm) were exposed to nearly plane-parallel 60-120 kVp x-ray beams. For the experimental design and verification, the authors performed coupled electron-photon radiation transport computations. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> signal was measured using a commercial data acquisition system with 24 bits <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, 0.4 fC sensitivity, and 0.9 ms sampling time. Measured signals for the prototype <span class="hlt">detector</span> varied depending on the number of layers, material type, and incident photon energy, and it was in the <span class="hlt">range</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7341E..11U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7341E..11U"><span>Fast and robust wavelet-based <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> compression and contrast enhancement model with color restoration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Unaldi, Numan; Asari, Vijayan K.; Rahman, Zia-ur</p> <p>2009-05-01</p> <p>Recently we proposed a wavelet-based <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> compression algorithm to improve the visual quality of digital images captured from high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> scenes with non-uniform lighting conditions. The fast image enhancement algorithm that provides <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> compression, while preserving the local contrast and tonal rendition, is also a good candidate for real time video processing applications. Although the colors of the enhanced images produced by the proposed algorithm are consistent with the colors of the original image, the proposed algorithm fails to produce color constant results for some "pathological" scenes that have very strong spectral characteristics in a single band. The linear color restoration process is the main reason for this drawback. Hence, a different approach is required for the final color restoration process. In this paper the latest version of the proposed algorithm, which deals with this issue is presented. The results obtained by applying the algorithm to numerous natural images show strong robustness and high image quality.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017TDR.....8..115B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017TDR.....8..115B"><span>Introducing a Public Stereoscopic 3D High <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> (SHDR) Video Database</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Banitalebi-Dehkordi, Amin</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>High <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (HDR) displays and cameras are paving their ways through the consumer market at a rapid growth rate. Thanks to TV and camera manufacturers, HDR systems are now becoming available commercially to end users. This is taking place only a few years after the blooming of 3D video technologies. MPEG/ITU are also actively working towards the standardization of these technologies. However, preliminary research efforts in these video technologies are hammered by the lack of sufficient experimental data. In this paper, we introduce a Stereoscopic 3D HDR database of videos that is made publicly available to the research community. We explain the procedure taken to capture, calibrate, and post-process the videos. In addition, we provide insights on potential use-cases, challenges, and research opportunities, implied by the combination of higher <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the HDR aspect, and depth impression of the 3D aspect.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25408390','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25408390"><span><span class="hlt">Detector</span> response function of an energy-resolved CdTe single photon counting <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Liu, Xin; Lee, Hyoung Koo</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>While spectral CT using single photon counting <span class="hlt">detector</span> has shown a number of advantages in diagnostic imaging, knowledge of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> response function of an energy-resolved <span class="hlt">detector</span> is needed to correct the signal bias and reconstruct the image more accurately. The objective of this paper is to study the photo counting <span class="hlt">detector</span> response function using laboratory sources, and investigate the signal bias correction method. Our approach is to model the <span class="hlt">detector</span> response function over the entire diagnostic energy <span class="hlt">range</span> (20 keV <E< 140 keV) using a semi-analytical method with 12 parameters. The model includes a primary photo peak, an exponential tail, and four escape peaks. Four radioactive isotopes including Cdmium-109, Barium-133, Americium-241 and Cobalt-57 are used to generate the <span class="hlt">detector</span> response function at six photon energies. The 12 parameters are obtained by non-linear least-square fitting with the measured <span class="hlt">detector</span> response functions at the six energies. The correlations of the 12 parameters with energy are also investigated with the measured data. The analytical model generally describes the <span class="hlt">detector</span> response function and is in good agreement with the measured data. The trend lines of the 12 parameters indicate higher energies tend to cause grater spectrum distortion. The spectrum distortion caused by the <span class="hlt">detector</span> response function on spectral CT reconstruction is analyzed theoretically, and a solution to correct this spectrum distortion is also proposed. In spectral and fluorescence CT, the spectrum distortion caused by <span class="hlt">detector</span> response function poses a problem and cannot be ignored in any quantitative analysis. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> response function of a CdTe <span class="hlt">detector</span> can be obtained by a semi-analytical method.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/870575','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/870575"><span>High resolution, multiple-energy linear sweep <span class="hlt">detector</span> for x-ray imaging</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Perez-Mendez, Victor; Goodman, Claude A.</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>Apparatus for generating plural electrical signals in a single scan in response to incident X-rays received from an object. Each electrical signal represents an image of the object at a different <span class="hlt">range</span> of energies of the incident X-rays. The apparatus comprises a first X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span>, a second X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> stacked upstream of the first X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span>, and an X-ray absorber stacked upstream of the first X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The X-ray absorber provides an energy-dependent absorption of the incident X-rays before they are incident at the first X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span>, but provides no absorption of the incident X-rays before they are incident at the second X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The first X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> includes a linear array of first pixels, each of which produces an electrical output in response to the incident X-rays in a first <span class="hlt">range</span> of energies. The first X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> also includes a circuit that generates a first electrical signal in response to the electrical output of each of the first pixels. The second X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> includes a linear array of second pixels, each of which produces an electrical output in response to the incident X-rays in a second <span class="hlt">range</span> of energies, broader than the first <span class="hlt">range</span> of energies. The second X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> also includes a circuit that generates a second electrical signal in response to the electrical output of each of the second pixels.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/372587','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/372587"><span>High resolution, multiple-energy linear sweep <span class="hlt">detector</span> for x-ray imaging</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Perez-Mendez, V.; Goodman, C.A.</p> <p>1996-08-20</p> <p>Apparatus is disclosed for generating plural electrical signals in a single scan in response to incident X-rays received from an object. Each electrical signal represents an image of the object at a different <span class="hlt">range</span> of energies of the incident X-rays. The apparatus comprises a first X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span>, a second X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> stacked upstream of the first X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span>, and an X-ray absorber stacked upstream of the first X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The X-ray absorber provides an energy-dependent absorption of the incident X-rays before they are incident at the first X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span>, but provides no absorption of the incident X-rays before they are incident at the second X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The first X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> includes a linear array of first pixels, each of which produces an electrical output in response to the incident X-rays in a first <span class="hlt">range</span> of energies. The first X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> also includes a circuit that generates a first electrical signal in response to the electrical output of each of the first pixels. The second X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> includes a linear array of second pixels, each of which produces an electrical output in response to the incident X-rays in a second <span class="hlt">range</span> of energies, broader than the first <span class="hlt">range</span> of energies. The second X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> also includes a circuit that generates a second electrical signal in response to the electrical output of each of the second pixels. 12 figs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.898d2057S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.898d2057S"><span>LArSoft: toolkit for simulation, reconstruction and analysis of liquid argon TPC neutrino <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Snider, E. L.; Petrillo, G.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>LArSoft is a set of <span class="hlt">detector</span>-independent software tools for the simulation, reconstruction and analysis of data from liquid argon (LAr) neutrino experiments The common features of LAr time projection chambers (TPCs) enable sharing of algorithm code across <span class="hlt">detectors</span> of very different size and configuration. LArSoft is currently used in production simulation and reconstruction by the ArgoNeuT, DUNE, LArlAT, MicroBooNE, and SBND experiments. The software suite offers a wide selection of algorithms and utilities, including those for associated photo-<span class="hlt">detectors</span> and the handling of auxiliary <span class="hlt">detectors</span> outside the TPCs. Available algorithms cover the full <span class="hlt">range</span> of simulation and reconstruction, from raw waveforms to high-level reconstructed objects, event topologies and classification. The common code within LArSoft is contributed by adopting experiments, which also provide <span class="hlt">detector</span>-specific geometry descriptions, and code for the treatment of electronic signals. LArSoft is also a collaboration of experiments, Fermilab and associated software projects which cooperate in setting requirements, priorities, and schedules. In this talk, we outline the general architecture of the software and the interaction with external libraries and <span class="hlt">detector</span>-specific code. We also describe the <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of LArSoft software development between the contributing experiments, the projects supporting the software infrastructure LArSoft relies on, and the core LArSoft support project.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPJWC.14519016B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPJWC.14519016B"><span>Liquid scintillator composition optimization for use in ultra-high energy cosmic ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Beznosko, Dmitriy; Batyrkhanov, Ayan; Iakovlev, Alexander; Yelshibekov, Khalykbek</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>The Horizon-T (HT) <span class="hlt">detector</span> system and the currently under R&D HT-KZ <span class="hlt">detector</span> system are designed for the detection of Extensive Air Showers (EAS) with energies above ˜1016 eV (˜1017 eV for HT-KZ). The main challenges in both <span class="hlt">detector</span> systems are the fast time resolutions needed for studying the temporary structure of EAS, and the extremely wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> needed to study the spatial distribution of charged particles in EAS disks. In order to detect the low-density of charged particles far from the EAS axis, a large-area <span class="hlt">detector</span> is needed. Liquid scintillator with low cost would be a possible solution for such a <span class="hlt">detector</span>, including the recently developed safe and low-cost water-based liquid scintillators. Liquid organic scintillators give a fast and high light yield (LY) for charged particle detection. It is similar to plastic scintillator in properties but is cost effective for large volumes. With liquid scintillator, one can create detection volumes that are symmetric and yet retain high LY detection. Different wavelength shifters affect the scintillation light by changing the output spectrum into the best detection region. Results of the latest studies of the components optimization in the liquid scintillator formulae are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/988842','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/988842"><span>Neutron <span class="hlt">detector</span> using lithiated glass-scintillating particle composite</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Wallace, Steven [Knoxville, TN; Stephan, Andrew C [Knoxville, TX; Dai, Sheng [Knoxville, TN; Im, Hee-Jung [Knoxville, TN</p> <p>2009-09-01</p> <p>A neutron <span class="hlt">detector</span> composed of a matrix of scintillating particles imbedded in a lithiated glass is disclosed. The neutron <span class="hlt">detector</span> detects the neutrons by absorbing the neutron in the lithium-6 isotope which has been enriched from the natural isotopic ratio to a commercial ninety five percent. The utility of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> is optimized by suitably selecting scintillating particle sizes in the <span class="hlt">range</span> of the alpha and the triton. Nominal particle sizes are in the <span class="hlt">range</span> of five to twenty five microns depending upon the specific scintillating particle selected.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JBO....16g6014F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JBO....16g6014F"><span>Digital optical tomography system for <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> breast imaging</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Flexman, Molly L.; Khalil, Michael A.; Al Abdi, Rabah; Kim, Hyun K.; Fong, Christopher J.; Desperito, Elise; Hershman, Dawn L.; Barbour, Randall L.; Hielscher, Andreas H.</p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>Diffuse optical tomography has shown promising results as a tool for breast cancer screening and monitoring response to chemotherapy. <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> imaging of the transient response of the breast to an external stimulus, such as pressure or a respiratory maneuver, can provide additional information that can be used to detect tumors. We present a new digital continuous-wave optical tomography system designed to simultaneously image both breasts at fast frame rates and with a large number of sources and <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The system uses a master-slave digital signal processor-based detection architecture to achieve a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of 160 dB and a frame rate of 1.7 Hz with 32 sources, 64 <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, and 4 wavelengths per breast. Included is a preliminary study of one healthy patient and two breast cancer patients showing the ability to identify an invasive carcinoma based on the hemodynamic response to a breath hold.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28278229','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28278229"><span>A Weibull distribution accrual failure <span class="hlt">detector</span> for cloud computing.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Liu, Jiaxi; Wu, Zhibo; Wu, Jin; Dong, Jian; Zhao, Yao; Wen, Dongxin</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Failure <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are used to build high availability distributed systems as the fundamental component. To meet the requirement of a complicated large-scale distributed system, accrual failure <span class="hlt">detectors</span> that can adapt to multiple applications have been studied extensively. However, several implementations of accrual failure <span class="hlt">detectors</span> do not adapt well to the cloud service environment. To solve this problem, a new accrual failure <span class="hlt">detector</span> based on Weibull Distribution, called the Weibull Distribution Failure <span class="hlt">Detector</span>, has been proposed specifically for cloud computing. It can adapt to the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> and unexpected network conditions in cloud computing. The performance of the Weibull Distribution Failure <span class="hlt">Detector</span> is evaluated and compared based on public classical experiment data and cloud computing experiment data. The results show that the Weibull Distribution Failure <span class="hlt">Detector</span> has better performance in terms of speed and accuracy in unstable scenarios, especially in cloud computing.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5344516','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5344516"><span>A Weibull distribution accrual failure <span class="hlt">detector</span> for cloud computing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wu, Zhibo; Wu, Jin; Zhao, Yao; Wen, Dongxin</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Failure <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are used to build high availability distributed systems as the fundamental component. To meet the requirement of a complicated large-scale distributed system, accrual failure <span class="hlt">detectors</span> that can adapt to multiple applications have been studied extensively. However, several implementations of accrual failure <span class="hlt">detectors</span> do not adapt well to the cloud service environment. To solve this problem, a new accrual failure <span class="hlt">detector</span> based on Weibull Distribution, called the Weibull Distribution Failure <span class="hlt">Detector</span>, has been proposed specifically for cloud computing. It can adapt to the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> and unexpected network conditions in cloud computing. The performance of the Weibull Distribution Failure <span class="hlt">Detector</span> is evaluated and compared based on public classical experiment data and cloud computing experiment data. The results show that the Weibull Distribution Failure <span class="hlt">Detector</span> has better performance in terms of speed and accuracy in unstable scenarios, especially in cloud computing. PMID:28278229</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24738826','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24738826"><span>Effects of spatial structure of population size on the population <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of barnacles across their elevational <span class="hlt">range</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fukaya, Keiichi; Okuda, Takehiro; Nakaoka, Masahiro; Noda, Takashi</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>Explanations for why population <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> vary across the <span class="hlt">range</span> of a species reflect two contrasting hypotheses: (i) temporal variability of populations is larger in the centre of the <span class="hlt">range</span> compared to the margins because overcompensatory density dependence destabilizes population <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> and (ii) population variability is larger near the margins, where populations are more susceptible to environmental fluctuations. In both of these hypotheses, positions within the <span class="hlt">range</span> are assumed to affect population variability. In contrast, the fact that population variability is often related to mean population size implies that the spatial structure of the population size within the <span class="hlt">range</span> of a species may also be a useful predictor of the spatial variation in temporal variability of population size over the <span class="hlt">range</span> of the species. To explore how population temporal variability varies spatially and the underlying processes responsible for the spatial variation, we focused on the intertidal barnacle Chthamalus dalli and examined differences in its population <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> along the tidal levels it inhabits. Changes in coverage of barnacle populations were monitored for 10.5 years at 25 plots spanning the elevational <span class="hlt">range</span> of this species. Data were analysed by fitting a population <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> model to estimate the effects of density-dependent and density-independent processes on population growth. We also examined the temporal mean-variance relationship of population size with parameters estimated from the population <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> model. We found that the relative variability of populations tended to increase from the centre of the elevational <span class="hlt">range</span> towards the margins because of an increase in the magnitude of stochastic fluctuations of growth rates. Thus, our results supported hypothesis (2). We also found that spatial variations in temporal population variability were well characterized by Taylor's power law, the relative population variability being inversely related to the mean</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvB..96j4301H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvB..96j4301H"><span>Relation of short-<span class="hlt">range</span> and long-<span class="hlt">range</span> lithium ion <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> in glass-ceramics: Insights from 7Li NMR field-cycling and field-gradient studies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Haaks, Michael; Martin, Steve W.; Vogel, Michael</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>We use various 7Li NMR methods to investigate lithium ion <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> in 70Li 2S-30 P 2S5 glass and glass-ceramic obtained from this glass after heat treatment. We employ 7Li spin-lattice relaxometry, including field-cycling measurements, and line-shape analysis to investigate short-<span class="hlt">range</span> ion jumps as well as 7Li field-gradient approaches to characterize long-<span class="hlt">range</span> ion diffusion. The results show that ceramization substantially enhances the lithium ion mobility on all length scales. For the 70Li 2S-30 P 2S5 glass-ceramic, no evidence is found that bimodal <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> result from different ion mobilities in glassy and crystalline regions of this sample. Rather, 7Li field-cycling relaxometry shows that <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> susceptibilities in broad frequency and temperature <span class="hlt">ranges</span> can be described by thermally activated jumps governed by a Gaussian distribution of activation energies g (Ea) with temperature-independent mean value Em=0.43 eV and standard deviation σ =0.07 eV . Moreover, use of this distribution allows us to rationalize 7Li line-shape results for the local ion jumps. In addition, this information about short-<span class="hlt">range</span> ion <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> further explains 7Li field-gradient results for long-<span class="hlt">range</span> ion diffusion. In particular, we quantitatively show that, consistent with our experimental results, the temperature dependence of the self-diffusion coefficient D is not described by the mean activation energy Em of the local ion jumps, but by a significantly smaller apparent value whenever the distribution of correlation times G (logτ ) of the jump motion derives from an invariant distribution of activation energies and, hence, continuously broadens upon cooling. This effect occurs because the harmonic mean, which determines the results of diffusivity or also conductivity studies, continuously separates from the peak position of G (logτ ) when the width of this distribution increases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NIMPA.797...77N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NIMPA.797...77N"><span>A comparison of digital zero-crossing and charge-comparison methods for neutron/γ-ray discrimination with liquid scintillation <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nakhostin, M.</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p>In this paper, we have compared the performances of the digital zero-crossing and charge-comparison methods for n/γ discrimination with liquid scintillation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> at low light outputs. The measurements were performed with a 2″×2″ cylindrical liquid scintillation <span class="hlt">detector</span> of type BC501A whose outputs were sampled by means of a fast waveform digitizer with 10-bit resolution, 4 GS/s sampling rate and one volt input <span class="hlt">range</span>. Different light output <span class="hlt">ranges</span> were measured by operating the photomultiplier tube at different voltages and a new recursive algorithm was developed to implement the digital zero-crossing method. The results of our study demonstrate the superior performance of the digital zero-crossing method at low light outputs when a large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> is measured. However, when the input <span class="hlt">range</span> of the digitizer is used to measure a narrow <span class="hlt">range</span> of light outputs, the charge-comparison method slightly outperforms the zero-crossing method. The results are discussed in regard to the effects of the quantization noise and the noise filtration performance of the zero-crossing filter.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SPIE.6145..329T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SPIE.6145..329T"><span>Development of patient collation system by kinetic analysis for chest <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> radiogram with flat panel <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tsuchiya, Yuichiro; Kodera, Yoshie</p> <p>2006-03-01</p> <p>In the picture archiving and communication system (PACS) environment, it is important that all images be stored in the correct location. However, if information such as the patient's name or identification number has been entered incorrectly, it is difficult to notice the error. The present study was performed to develop a system of patient collation automatically for <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> radiogram examination by a kinetic analysis, and to evaluate the performance of the system. <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> chest radiographs during respiration were obtained by using a modified flat panel <span class="hlt">detector</span> system. Our computer algorithm developed in this study was consisted of two main procedures, kinetic map imaging processing, and collation processing. Kinetic map processing is a new algorithm to visualize a movement for <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> radiography; direction classification of optical flows and intensity-density transformation technique was performed. Collation processing consisted of analysis with an artificial neural network (ANN) and discrimination for Mahalanobis' generalized distance, those procedures were performed to evaluate a similarity of combination for the same person. Finally, we investigated the performance of our system using eight healthy volunteers' radiographs. The performance was shown as a sensitivity and specificity. The sensitivity and specificity for our system were shown 100% and 100%, respectively. This result indicated that our system has excellent performance for recognition of a patient. Our system will be useful in PACS management for <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> chest radiography.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29791333','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29791333"><span>Modeling of microjoule and millijoule energy LIDARs with PMT/SiPM/APD <span class="hlt">detectors</span>: a sensitivity analysis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Agishev, Ravil</p> <p>2018-05-10</p> <p>This paper demonstrates a renewed concept and applications of the generalized methodology for atmospheric light detection and <span class="hlt">ranging</span> (LIDAR) capability prediction as a continuation of a series of our previous works, where the dimensionless parameterization appeared as a tool for comparing systems of a different scale, design, and applications. The modernized concept applied to microscale and milliscale LIDARs with relatively new silicon photomultiplier <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and traditional photomultiplier tube and avalanche photodiode <span class="hlt">detectors</span> allowed prediction of the remote sensing instruments' performance and limitations. Such a generalized, uniform, and objective concept is applied for evaluation of the increasingly popular class of limited-energy LIDARs using the best optical <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, operating on different targets (back-scatter or topographic, static or <span class="hlt">dynamic</span>) and under intense sky background conditions. It can be used in the LIDAR community to compare different instruments and select the most suitable and effective ones for specific applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22415963-density-matrix-renormalization-group-efficient-dynamical-electron-correlation-through-range-separation','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22415963-density-matrix-renormalization-group-efficient-dynamical-electron-correlation-through-range-separation"><span>Density matrix renormalization group with efficient <span class="hlt">dynamical</span> electron correlation through <span class="hlt">range</span> separation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hedegård, Erik Donovan, E-mail: erik.hedegard@phys.chem.ethz.ch; Knecht, Stefan; Reiher, Markus, E-mail: markus.reiher@phys.chem.ethz.ch</p> <p>2015-06-14</p> <p>We present a new hybrid multiconfigurational method based on the concept of <span class="hlt">range</span>-separation that combines the density matrix renormalization group approach with density functional theory. This new method is designed for the simultaneous description of <span class="hlt">dynamical</span> and static electron-correlation effects in multiconfigurational electronic structure problems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100031689','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100031689"><span>Current Trends in Satellite Laser <span class="hlt">Ranging</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pearlman, M. R.; Appleby, G. M.; Kirchner, G.; McGarry, J.; Murphy, T.; Noll, C. E.; Pavlis, E. C.; Pierron, F.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Satellite Laser <span class="hlt">Ranging</span> (SLR) techniques are used to accurately measure the distance from ground stations to retroreflectors on satellites and the moon. SLR is one of the fundamental techniques that define the international Terrestrial Reference Frame (iTRF), which is the basis upon which we measure many aspects of global change over space, time, and evolving technology. It is one of the fundamental techniques that define at a level of precision of a few mm the origin and scale of the ITRF. Laser <span class="hlt">Ranging</span> provides precision orbit determination and instrument calibration/validation for satellite-borne altimeters for the better understanding of sea level change, ocean <span class="hlt">dynamics</span>, ice budget, and terrestrial topography. Laser <span class="hlt">ranging</span> is also a tool to study the <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of the Moon and fundamental constants. Many of the GNSS satellites now carry retro-reflectors for improved orbit determination, harmonization of reference frames, and in-orbit co-location and system performance validation. The GNSS Constellations will be the means of making the reference frame available to worldwide users. Data and products from these measurements support key aspects of the GEOSS 10-Year implementation Plan adopted on February 16, 2005, The ITRF has been identified as a key contribution of the JAG to GEOSS and the ILRS makes a major contribution for its development since its foundation. The ILRS delivers weekly additional realizations that are accumulated sequentially to extend the ITRF and the Earth Orientation Parameter (EOP) series with a daily resolution. Additional products are currently under development such as precise orbits of satellites, EOP with daily availability, low-degree gravitational harmonics for studies of Earth <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> and kinematics, etc. SLR technology continues to evolve toward the next generation laser <span class="hlt">ranging</span> systems as programmatic requirements become more stringent. <span class="hlt">Ranging</span> accuracy is improving as higher repetition rate, narrower pulse lasers and faster</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE10020E..0ZW','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE10020E..0ZW"><span>Generation of high-<span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> image from digital photo</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Ying; Potemin, Igor S.; Zhdanov, Dmitry D.; Wang, Xu-yang; Cheng, Han</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>A number of the modern applications such as medical imaging, remote sensing satellites imaging, virtual prototyping etc use the High <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> Image (HDRI). Generally to obtain HDRI from ordinary digital image the camera is calibrated. The article proposes the camera calibration method based on the clear sky as the standard light source and takes sky luminance from CIE sky model for the corresponding geographical coordinates and time. The article considers base algorithms for getting real luminance values from ordinary digital image and corresponding programmed implementation of the algorithms. Moreover, examples of HDRI reconstructed from ordinary images illustrate the article.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4722905','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4722905"><span>Time-resolved singlet-oxygen luminescence detection with an efficient and practical semiconductor single-photon <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Boso, Gianluca; Ke, Damei; Korzh, Boris; Bouilloux, Jordan; Lange, Norbert; Zbinden, Hugo</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>In clinical applications, such as Photo<span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> Therapy, direct singlet-oxygen detection through its luminescence in the near-infrared <span class="hlt">range</span> (1270 nm) has been a challenging task due to its low emission probability and the lack of suitable single-photon <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Here, we propose a practical setup based on a negative-feedback avalanche diode <span class="hlt">detector</span> that is a viable alternative to the current state-of-the art for different clinical scenarios, especially where geometric collection efficiency is limited (e.g. fiber-based systems, confocal microscopy, scanning systems etc.). The proposed setup is characterized with Rose Bengal as a standard photosensitizer and it is used to measure the singlet-oxygen quantum yield of a new set of photosensitizers for site-selective photodynamic therapy. PMID:26819830</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10423E..1JP','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10423E..1JP"><span>Characterisation results of the CMOS VISNIR spectral band <span class="hlt">detector</span> for the METimage instrument</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pratlong, Jérôme; Schmuelling, Frank; Benitez, Victor; Breart De Boisanger, Michel; Skegg, Michael; Simpson, Robert; Bowring, Steve; Krzizok, Natalie</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>The METimage instrument is part of the EPS-SG (EUMETSAT Polar System Second Generation) program. It will be situated on the MetOp-SG platform which in operation has an objective of collecting data for meteorology and climate monitoring as well as their forecasting. Teledyne e2v has developed and characterised the CMOS VISNIR <span class="hlt">detector</span> flight module part of the METimage instrument. This paper will focus on the silicon results obtained from the CMOS VISNIR <span class="hlt">detector</span> flight model. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> is a large multi-linear device composed of 7 spectral bands covering a wavelength <span class="hlt">range</span> from 428 nm to 923 nm (some bands are placed twice and added together to enhance the signal-to-noise performance). This <span class="hlt">detector</span> uses a 4T pixel, with a size of 250μm square, presenting challenges to achieve good charge transfer efficiency with high conversion factor and good linearity for signal levels up to 2M electrons and with high line rates. Low noise has been achieved using correlated double sampling to suppress the read-out noise and give a maximum <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> that is significantly larger than in standard commercial devices. The photodiode occupies a significant fraction of the large pixel area. This makes it possible to meet the detection efficiency when front illuminated. A thicker than standard epitaxial silicon is used to improve NIR response. However, the dielectric stack on top of the sensor produces Fabry-Perot étalon effects, which are problematic for narrow band illumination as this causes the detection efficiency to vary significantly over a small wavelength <span class="hlt">range</span>. In order to reduce this effect and to meet the specification, the silicon manufacturing process has been modified. The flight model will have black coating deposited between each spectral channel, onto the active silicon regions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/866762','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/866762"><span><span class="hlt">Detector</span> and energy analyzer for energetic-hydrogen in beams and plasmas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Bastasz, Robert J.; Hughes, Robert C.; Wampler, William R.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">detector</span> for detecting energetic hydrogen ions and atoms <span class="hlt">ranging</span> in energy from about 1 eV up to 1 keV in an evacuated environment includes a Schottky diode with a palladium or palladium-alloy gate metal applied to a silicondioxide layer on an n-silicon substrate. An array of the energetic-hydrogen <span class="hlt">detectors</span> having a <span class="hlt">range</span> of energy sensitivities form a plasma energy analyzer having a rapid response time and a sensitivity for measuring fluxes of energetic hydrogen. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> is sensitive to hydrogen and its isotopes but is insensitive to non-hydrogenic particles. The array of energetic-hydrogen <span class="hlt">detectors</span> can be formed on a single silicon chip, with thin-film layers of gold metal applied in various thicknesses to successive <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in the array. The gold layers serve as particle energy-filters so that each <span class="hlt">detector</span> is sensitive to a different <span class="hlt">range</span> of hydrogen energies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7068106','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7068106"><span><span class="hlt">Detector</span> and energy analyzer for energetic-hydrogen in beams and plasmas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Bastasz, R.J.; Hughes, R.C.; Wampler, W.R.</p> <p>1988-11-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">detector</span> for detecting energetic hydrogen ions and atoms <span class="hlt">ranging</span> in energy from about 1 eV up to 1 keV in an evacuated environment includes a Schottky diode with a palladium or palladium-alloy gate metal applied to a silicon-dioxide layer on an n-silicon substrate. An array of the energetic-hydrogen <span class="hlt">detectors</span> having a <span class="hlt">range</span> of energy sensitivities form a plasma energy analyzer having a rapid response time and a sensitivity for measuring fluxes of energetic hydrogen. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> is sensitive to hydrogen and its isotopes but is insensitive to non-hydrogenic particles. The array of energetic-hydrogen <span class="hlt">detectors</span> can be formed on a single silicon chip, with thin-film layers of gold metal applied in various thicknesses to successive <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in the array. The gold layers serve as particle energy-filters so that each <span class="hlt">detector</span> is sensitive to a different <span class="hlt">range</span> of hydrogen energies. 4 figs.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NIMPA.574..127A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NIMPA.574..127A"><span>Development of an inconel self powered neutron <span class="hlt">detector</span> for in-core reactor monitoring</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Alex, M.; Ghodgaonkar, M. D.</p> <p>2007-04-01</p> <p>The paper describes the development and testing of an Inconel600 (2 mm diameter×21 cm long) self-powered neutron <span class="hlt">detector</span> for in-core neutron monitoring. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> has 3.5 mm overall diameter and 22 cm length and is integrally coupled to a 12 m long mineral insulated cable. The performance of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> was compared with cobalt and platinum <span class="hlt">detectors</span> of similar dimensions. Gamma sensitivity measurements performed at the 60Co irradiation facility in 14 MR/h gamma field showed values of -4.4×10 -18 A/R/h/cm (-9.3×10 -24 A/ γ/cm 2-s/cm), -5.2×10 -18 A/R/h/cm (-1.133×10 -23 A/ γ/cm 2-s/cm) and 34×10 -18 A/R/h/cm (7.14×10 -23 A/ γ/cm 2-s/cm) for the Inconel, Co and Pt <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, respectively. The <span class="hlt">detectors</span> together with a miniature gamma ion chamber and fission chamber were tested in the in-core Apsara Swimming Pool type reactor. The ion chambers were used to estimate the neutron and gamma fields. With an effective neutron cross-section of 4b, the Inconel <span class="hlt">detector</span> has a total sensitivity of 6×10 -23 A/nv/cm while the corresponding sensitivities for the platinum and cobalt <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were 1.69×10 -22 and 2.64×10 -22 A/nv/cm. The linearity of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> responses at power levels <span class="hlt">ranging</span> from 100 to 200 kW was within ±5%. The response of the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> to reactor scram showed that the prompt response of the Inconel <span class="hlt">detector</span> was 0.95 while it was 0.7 and 0.95 for the platinum and cobalt self-powered <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, respectively. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> was also installed in the horizontal flux unit of 540 MW Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR). The neutron flux at the <span class="hlt">detector</span> location was calculated by Triveni code. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> response was measured from 0.02% to 0.07% of full power and showed good correlation between power level and <span class="hlt">detector</span> signals. Long-term tests and the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> response of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> to shut down in PHWR are in progress.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JInst..10.4002H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JInst..10.4002H"><span>Development of a fast multi-line x-ray CT <span class="hlt">detector</span> for NDT</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hofmann, T.; Nachtrab, F.; Schlechter, T.; Neubauer, H.; Mühlbauer, J.; Schröpfer, S.; Ernst, J.; Firsching, M.; Schweiger, T.; Oberst, M.; Meyer, A.; Uhlmann, N.</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Typical X-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for non-destructive testing (NDT) are line <span class="hlt">detectors</span> or area <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, like e.g. flat panel <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Multi-line <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are currently only available in medical Computed Tomography (CT) scanners. Compared to flat panel <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, line and multi-line <span class="hlt">detectors</span> can achieve much higher frame rates. This allows time-resolved 3D CT scans of an object under investigation. Also, an improved image quality can be achieved due to reduced scattered radiation from object and <span class="hlt">detector</span> themselves. Another benefit of line and multi-line <span class="hlt">detectors</span> is that very wide <span class="hlt">detectors</span> can be assembled easily, while flat panel <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are usually limited to an imaging field with a size of approx. 40 × 40 cm2 at maximum. The big disadvantage of line <span class="hlt">detectors</span> is the limited number of object slices that can be scanned simultaneously. This leads to long scan times for large objects. Volume scans with a multi-line <span class="hlt">detector</span> are much faster, but with almost similar image quality. Due to the promising properties of multi-line <span class="hlt">detectors</span> their application outside of medical CT would also be very interesting for NDT. However, medical CT multi-line <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are optimized for the scanning of human bodies. Many non-medical applications require higher spatial resolutions and/or higher X-ray energies. For those non-medical applications we are developing a fast multi-line X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span>.In the scope of this work, we present the current state of the development of the novel <span class="hlt">detector</span>, which includes several outstanding properties like an adjustable curved design for variable focus-<span class="hlt">detector</span>-distances, conserving nearly uniform perpendicular irradiation over the entire <span class="hlt">detector</span> width. Basis of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> is a specifically designed, radiation hard CMOS imaging sensor with a pixel pitch of 200 μ m. Each pixel has an automatic in-pixel gain adjustment, which allows for both: a very high sensitivity and a wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. The final <span class="hlt">detector</span> is planned to have 256 lines of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26256922','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26256922"><span>A charged aerosol <span class="hlt">detector</span>/chemiluminescent nitrogen <span class="hlt">detector</span>/liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry system for regular and fragment compound analysis in drug discovery.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jiang, Yutao; Hascall, Daniel; Li, Delia; Pease, Joseph H</p> <p>2015-09-11</p> <p>In this paper, we introduce a high throughput LCMS/UV/CAD/CLND system that improves upon previously reported systems by increasing both the quantitation accuracy and the <span class="hlt">range</span> of compounds amenable to testing, in particular, low molecular weight "fragment" compounds. This system consists of a charged aerosol <span class="hlt">detector</span> (CAD) and chemiluminescent nitrogen <span class="hlt">detector</span> (CLND) added to a LCMS/UV system. Our results show that the addition of CAD and CLND to LCMS/UV is more reliable for concentration determination for a wider <span class="hlt">range</span> of compounds than either <span class="hlt">detector</span> alone. Our setup also allows for the parallel analysis of each sample by all four <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and so does not significantly increase run time per sample. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JAP...107d4101M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JAP...107d4101M"><span>Surface and finite size effect on fluctuations <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> in nanoparticles with long-<span class="hlt">range</span> order</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Morozovska, A. N.; Eliseev, E. A.</p> <p>2010-02-01</p> <p>The influence of surface and finite size on the <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of the order parameter fluctuations and critical phenomena in the three-dimensional (3D)-confined systems with long-<span class="hlt">range</span> order was not considered theoretically. In this paper, we study the influence of surface and finite size on the <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of the order parameter fluctuations in the particles of arbitrary shape. We consider concrete examples of the spherical and cylindrical ferroic nanoparticles within Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire phenomenological approach. Allowing for the strong surface energy contribution in micro and nanoparticles, the analytical expressions derived for the Ornstein-Zernike correlator of the long-<span class="hlt">range</span> order parameter spatial-temporal fluctuations, <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> generalized susceptibility, relaxation times, and correlation radii discrete spectra are different from those known for bulk systems. Obtained analytical expressions for the correlation function of the order parameter spatial-temporal fluctuations in micro and nanosized systems can be useful for the quantitative analysis of the <span class="hlt">dynamical</span> structural factors determined from magnetic resonance diffraction and scattering spectra. Besides the practical importance of the correlation function for the analysis of the experimental data, derived expressions for the fluctuations strength determine the fundamental limits of phenomenological theories applicability for 3D-confined systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900056213&hterms=opal&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dopal','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900056213&hterms=opal&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dopal"><span>Evaluation of large format electron bombarded virtual phase CCDs as ultraviolet imaging <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Opal, Chet B.; Carruthers, George R.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>In conjunction with an external UV-sensitive cathode, an electron-bombarded CCD may be used as a high quantum efficiency/wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> photon-counting UV <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Results are presented for the case of a 1024 x 1024, 18-micron square pixel virtual phase CCD used with an electromagnetically focused f/2 Schmidt camera, which yields excellent simgle-photoevent discrimination and counting efficiency. Attention is given to the vacuum-chamber arrangement used to conduct system tests and the CCD electronics and data-acquisition systems employed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CoPhC.211...31H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CoPhC.211...31H"><span>Kernel optimization for short-<span class="hlt">range</span> molecular <span class="hlt">dynamics</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hu, Changjun; Wang, Xianmeng; Li, Jianjiang; He, Xinfu; Li, Shigang; Feng, Yangde; Yang, Shaofeng; Bai, He</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>To optimize short-<span class="hlt">range</span> force computations in Molecular <span class="hlt">Dynamics</span> (MD) simulations, multi-threading and SIMD optimizations are presented in this paper. With respect to multi-threading optimization, a Partition-and-Separate-Calculation (PSC) method is designed to avoid write conflicts caused by using Newton's third law. Serial bottlenecks are eliminated with no additional memory usage. The method is implemented by using the OpenMP model. Furthermore, the PSC method is employed on Intel Xeon Phi coprocessors in both native and offload models. We also evaluate the performance of the PSC method under different thread affinities on the MIC architecture. In the SIMD execution, we explain the performance influence in the PSC method, considering the "if-clause" of the cutoff radius check. The experiment results show that our PSC method is relatively more efficient compared to some traditional methods. In double precision, our 256-bit SIMD implementation is about 3 times faster than the scalar version.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20383905','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20383905"><span>Design of a digital multiradian phase <span class="hlt">detector</span> and its application in fusion plasma interferometry.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mlynek, A; Schramm, G; Eixenberger, H; Sips, G; McCormick, K; Zilker, M; Behler, K; Eheberg, J</p> <p>2010-03-01</p> <p>We discuss the circuit design of a digital multiradian phase <span class="hlt">detector</span> that measures the phase difference between two 10 kHz square wave TTL signals and provides the result as a binary number. The phase resolution of the circuit is 1/64 period and its <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> is 256 periods. This circuit has been developed for fusion plasma interferometry with submillimeter waves on the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak. The results from interferometric density measurement are discussed and compared to those obtained with the previously used phase <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, especially with respect to the occurrence of phase jumps. It is illustrated that the new phase measurement provides a powerful tool for automatic real-time validation of the measured density, which is important for feedback algorithms that are sensitive to spurious density signals.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JSV...320..893K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JSV...320..893K"><span><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> train-turnout interaction in an extended frequency <span class="hlt">range</span> using a detailed model of track <span class="hlt">dynamics</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kassa, Elias; Nielsen, Jens C. O.</p> <p>2009-03-01</p> <p>A time domain solution method for general three-dimensional <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> interaction of train and turnout (switch and crossing) that accounts for excitation in an extended frequency <span class="hlt">range</span> (up to several hundred Hz) is proposed. Based on a finite element (FE) model of a standard turnout design, a complex-valued modal superposition of track <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> is applied using the first 500 eigenmodes of the turnout model. The three-dimensional model includes the distribution of structural flexibility along the turnout, such as bending and torsion of rails and sleepers, and the variations in rail cross-section and sleeper length. Convergence of simulation results is studied while using an increasing number of eigenmodes. It is shown that modes with eigenfrequencies up to at least 200 Hz have a significant influence on the magnitudes of the wheel-rail contact forces. Results from using a simplified track model with a commercial computer program for low-frequency vehicle <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> are compared with the results from using the detailed FE model in conjunction with the proposed method.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=CFS&pg=4&id=EJ1043569','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=CFS&pg=4&id=EJ1043569"><span><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> for Speech Materials in Korean, English, and Mandarin: A Cross-Language Comparison</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Jin, In-Ki; Kates, James M.; Arehart, Kathryn H.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify whether differences in <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (DR) are evident across the spoken languages of Korean, English, and Mandarin. Method: Recorded sentence-level speech materials were used as stimuli. DR was quantified using different definitions of DR (defined as the <span class="hlt">range</span> in decibels from the highest to the…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SPIE.5902...73B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SPIE.5902...73B"><span>SpectraCAM SPM: a camera system with high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> for scientific and medical applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bhaskaran, S.; Baiko, D.; Lungu, G.; Pilon, M.; VanGorden, S.</p> <p>2005-08-01</p> <p>A scientific camera system having high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> designed and manufactured by Thermo Electron for scientific and medical applications is presented. The newly developed CID820 image sensor with preamplifier-per-pixel technology is employed in this camera system. The 4 Mega-pixel imaging sensor has a raw <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of 82dB. Each high-transparent pixel is based on a preamplifier-per-pixel architecture and contains two photogates for non-destructive readout of the photon-generated charge (NDRO). Readout is achieved via parallel row processing with on-chip correlated double sampling (CDS). The imager is capable of true random pixel access with a maximum operating speed of 4MHz. The camera controller consists of a custom camera signal processor (CSP) with an integrated 16-bit A/D converter and a PowerPC-based CPU running a Linux embedded operating system. The imager is cooled to -40C via three-stage cooler to minimize dark current. The camera housing is sealed and is designed to maintain the CID820 imager in the evacuated chamber for at least 5 years. Thermo Electron has also developed custom software and firmware to drive the SpectraCAM SPM camera. Included in this firmware package is the new Extreme DRTM algorithm that is designed to extend the effective <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the camera by several orders of magnitude up to 32-bit <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. The RACID Exposure graphical user interface image analysis software runs on a standard PC that is connected to the camera via Gigabit Ethernet.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhNan..30...57Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhNan..30...57Y"><span>Optical <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> maximization for humidity sensing by controlling growth of zinc oxide nanorods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yusof, Haziezol Helmi Mohd; Harun, Sulaiman Wadi; Dimyati, Kaharudin; Bora, Tanujjal; Mohammed, Waleed S.; Dutta, Joydeep</p> <p>2018-07-01</p> <p>An experimental study of the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> maximization with Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanorods coated glass substrates for humidity and vapor sensing is reported. Growth time of the nanorods and the length of the coated segments were controlled to study the differences between a reference environmental condition (normal humidity or dry condition) and water vapor concentrations. In order to achieve long <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of detection with respect to nanorods coverage, several substrates with triangular patterns of ZnO nanostructures were fabricated by selective hydrothermal growth over different durations of time (5 h, 10 h and 15 h). It was found that maximum <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> for the humidity sensing occurs for the combination parameters of normalized length (Z) of 0.23 and normalized scattering coefficient (ζ) of 0.3. A reduction in transmittance by 38% at humidity levels of 80% with reference point as 50% humidity was observed. The results could be correlated to a first order approximation model that assumes uniform growth and the optimum operating conditions for humidity sensing device. This study provides an option to correlate ZnO growth conditions for different vapor sensing applications which can set a platform for compact sensors where modulation of light intensity is followed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27155344','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27155344"><span>Coupled <span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of brood parasites and their hosts responding to climate and vegetation changes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Péron, Guillaume; Altwegg, Res; Jamie, Gabriel A; Spottiswoode, Claire N</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>As populations shift their <span class="hlt">ranges</span> in response to global change, local species assemblages can change, setting the stage for new ecological interactions, community equilibria and evolutionary responses. Here, we focus on the <span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of four avian brood parasite species and their hosts in southern Africa, in a context of bush encroachment (increase in woody vegetation density in places previously occupied by savanna-grassland mosaics) favouring some species at the expense of others. We first tested whether hosts and parasites constrained each other's ability to expand or maintain their <span class="hlt">ranges</span>. Secondly, we investigated whether <span class="hlt">range</span> shifts represented an opportunity for new host-parasite and parasite-parasite interactions. We used multispecies <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> occupancy models with interactions, fitted to citizen science data, to estimate the contribution of interspecific interactions to <span class="hlt">range</span> shifts and to quantify the change in species co-occurrence probability over a 25-year period. Parasites were able to track their hosts' <span class="hlt">range</span> shifts. We detected no deleterious effect of the parasites' presence on either the local population viability of host species or the hosts' ability to colonize newly suitable areas. In the recently diversified indigobird radiation (Vidua spp.), following bush encroachment, the new assemblages presented more potential opportunities for speciation via host switch, but also more potential for hybridization between extant lineages, also via host switch. Multispecies <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> occupancy models with interactions brought new insights into the feedbacks between <span class="hlt">range</span> shifts, biotic interactions and local demography: brood parasitism had little detected impact on extinction or colonization processes, but inversely the latter processes affected biotic interactions via the modification of co-occurrence patterns. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Animal Ecology © 2016 British Ecological Society.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890042115&hterms=technology+RAID&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dtechnology%2BRAID','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890042115&hterms=technology+RAID&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dtechnology%2BRAID"><span>Development of the RAIDS extreme ultraviolet wedge and strip <span class="hlt">detector</span>. [Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric <span class="hlt">Detector</span> System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kayser, D. C.; Chater, W. T.; Christensen, A. B.; Howey, C. K.; Pranke, J. B.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>In the next few years the Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric <span class="hlt">Detector</span> System (RAIDS) package will be flown on a Tiros spacecraft. The EUV spectrometer experiment contains a position-sensitive <span class="hlt">detector</span> based on wedge and strip anode technology. A <span class="hlt">detector</span> design has been implemented in brazed alumina and kovar to provide a rugged bakeable housing and anode. A stack of three 80:1 microchannel plates is operated at 3500-4100 V. to achieve a gain of about 10 to the 7th. The top MCP is to be coated with MgF for increased quantum efficiency in the <span class="hlt">range</span> of 50-115 nm. A summary of fabrication techniques and <span class="hlt">detector</span> performance characteristics is presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...61a2018X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...61a2018X"><span>Analysis of electric vehicle extended <span class="hlt">range</span> misalignment based on rigid-flexible <span class="hlt">dynamics</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xu, Xiaowei; Lv, Mingliang; Chen, Zibo; Ji, Wei; Gao, Ruiceng</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The safety of the extended <span class="hlt">range</span> electric vehicle is seriously affected by the misalignment fault. Therefore, this paper analyzed the electric vehicle extended <span class="hlt">range</span> misalignment based on rigid-flexible <span class="hlt">dynamics</span>. Through comprehensively applied the hybrid modeling of rigid-flexible and the method of fault diagnosis of machinery and equipment comprehensively, it established a extender hybrid rigid flexible mechanical model by means of the software ADAMS and ANSYS. By setting the relevant parameters to simulate the misalignment of shafting, the failure phenomenon, the spectrum analysis and the evolution rules were analyzed. It concluded that 0.5th and 1 harmonics are considered as the characteristic parameters of misalignment diagnostics for electric vehicle extended <span class="hlt">range</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12C1015M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12C1015M"><span>Using the Medipix3 <span class="hlt">detector</span> for direct electron imaging in the <span class="hlt">range</span> 60 keV to 200 keV in electron microscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mir, J. A.; Plackett, R.; Shipsey, I.; dos Santos, J. M. F.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Hybrid pixel sensor technology such as the Medipix3 represents a unique tool for electron imaging. We have investigated its performance as a direct imaging <span class="hlt">detector</span> using a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) which incorporated a Medipix3 <span class="hlt">detector</span> with a 300 μm thick silicon layer compromising of 256×256 pixels at 55 μm pixel pitch. We present results taken with the Medipix3 in Single Pixel Mode (SPM) with electron beam energies in the <span class="hlt">range</span>, 60-200 keV . Measurements of the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) and the Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE) were investigated. At a given beam energy, the MTF data was acquired by deploying the established knife edge technique. Similarly, the experimental data required to determine DQE was obtained by acquiring a stack of images of a focused beam and of free space (flatfield) to determine the Noise Power Spectrum (NPS).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080044726&hterms=leaves&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dleaves','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080044726&hterms=leaves&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dleaves"><span>Superconducting <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> Come of Age, or Ready to Leave the Lab</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Moseley, Samuel H.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Cryogenically cooled superconducting <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have become essential tools for a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of measurement applications, <span class="hlt">ranging</span> from quantum limited heterodyne detection in the millimeter <span class="hlt">range</span> to direct searches for dark matter with superconducting phonon <span class="hlt">detectors</span> operating at 20 mK. Superconducting <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have several fundamental and practical advantages which have resulted in their rapid adoption by experimenters. Their excellent performance arises in part from reductions in noise resulting from their low operating temperatures, but unique superconducting properties provide a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of mechanisms for detection. For example, the steep dependence of resistance with temperature on the superconductor normal transition provides a sensitive thermometer for calorimetric and bolometric applications. Parametric changes in the properties of superconducting resonators provide a mechanism for high sensitivity detection of submillil.neter photons. From a practical point of view, the use of superconducting <span class="hlt">detectors</span> has grown rapidly because many of these devices couple well to SQUID amplifiers, which are easily integrated with the <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. These SQUID-based amplifiers and multiplexers have matured with the <span class="hlt">detectors</span>; they are convenient to use, and have excellent noise performance. The first generation of fully integrated large-scale superconducting detection systems is now being deployed. Improved understanding of the operation of these <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, combined with rapidly improving fabrication techniques, is quickly expanding the capability of these <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. I will review the development and application of superconductor-based <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, the ultimate limits to their performance, and consider prospects for their future applications. Continued advances promise to enable important new measurements in physics, and with appropriate advances in cryogenic infrastncturem, ay result in the use of these <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in everyday monitoring applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910000420&hterms=metal+detector&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dmetal%2Bdetector','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910000420&hterms=metal+detector&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dmetal%2Bdetector"><span>Hole-Impeded-Doping-Superlattice LWIR <span class="hlt">Detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Maserjian, Joseph</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Hole-Impeded-Doping-Superlattice (HIDS) InAs devices proposed for use as photoconductive or photovoltaic <span class="hlt">detectors</span> of radiation in long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) <span class="hlt">range</span> of 8 to 17 micrometers. Array of HIDS devices fabricated on substrates GaAs or Si. Radiation incident on black surface, metal contacts for picture elements serve as reactors, effectively doubling optical path and thereby increasing absorption of photons. Photoconductive <span class="hlt">detector</span> offers advantages of high gain and high impedance; photovoltaic <span class="hlt">detector</span> offers lower noise and better interface to multiplexer readouts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29037815','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29037815"><span>An operating principle of the turtle utricle to detect wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nam, Jong-Hoon</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The utricle encodes both static information such as head orientation, and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> information such as vibrations. It is not well understood how the utricle can encode both static and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> information for a wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (from <0.05 to >2 times the gravitational acceleration; from DC to > 1000 Hz vibrations). Using computational models of the hair cells in the turtle utricle, this study presents an explanation on how the turtle utricle encodes stimulations over such a wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. Two hair bundles were modeled using the finite element method-one representing the striolar hair cell (Cell S), and the other representing the medial extrastriolar hair cell (Cell E). A mechano-transduction (MET) channel model was incorporated to compute MET current (i MET ) due to hair bundle deflection. A macro-mechanical model of the utricle was used to compute otoconial motions from head accelerations (a Head ). According to known anatomical data, Cell E has a long kinocilium that is embedded into the stiff otoconial layer. Unlike Cell E, the hair bundle of Cell S falls short of the otoconial layer. Considering such difference in the mechanical connectivity between the hair cell bundle and the otoconial layer, three cases were simulated: Cell E displacement-clamped, Cell S viscously-coupled, and Cell S displacement-clamped. Head accelerations at different amplitude levels and different frequencies were simulated for the three cases. When a realistic head motion was simulated, Cell E was responsive to head orientation, while the viscously-coupled Cell S was responsive to fast head motion imitating the feeding strike of a turtle. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1159023-uncertainty-based-estimation-secure-range-iso-new-england-dynamic-interchange-adjustment','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1159023-uncertainty-based-estimation-secure-range-iso-new-england-dynamic-interchange-adjustment"><span>Uncertainty-based Estimation of the Secure <span class="hlt">Range</span> for ISO New England <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> Interchange Adjustment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Etingov, Pavel V.; Makarov, Yuri V.; Wu, Di</p> <p>2014-04-14</p> <p>The paper proposes an approach to estimate the secure <span class="hlt">range</span> for <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> interchange adjustment, which assists system operators in scheduling the interchange with neighboring control areas. Uncertainties associated with various sources are incorporated. The proposed method is implemented in the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> interchange adjustment (DINA) tool developed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) for ISO New England. Simulation results are used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5795606','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5795606"><span><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> Gesture Recognition with a Terahertz Radar Based on <span class="hlt">Range</span> Profile Sequences and Doppler Signatures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Pi, Yiming</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The frequency of terahertz radar <span class="hlt">ranges</span> from 0.1 THz to 10 THz, which is higher than that of microwaves. Multi-modal signals, including high-resolution <span class="hlt">range</span> profile (HRRP) and Doppler signatures, can be acquired by the terahertz radar system. These two kinds of information are commonly used in automatic target recognition; however, <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> gesture recognition is rarely discussed in the terahertz regime. In this paper, a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> gesture recognition system using a terahertz radar is proposed, based on multi-modal signals. The HRRP sequences and Doppler signatures were first achieved from the radar echoes. Considering the electromagnetic scattering characteristics, a feature extraction model is designed using location parameter estimation of scattering centers. <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> Time Warping (DTW) extended to multi-modal signals is used to accomplish the classifications. Ten types of gesture signals, collected from a terahertz radar, are applied to validate the analysis and the recognition system. The results of the experiment indicate that the recognition rate reaches more than 91%. This research verifies the potential applications of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> gesture recognition using a terahertz radar. PMID:29267249</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29267249','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29267249"><span><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> Gesture Recognition with a Terahertz Radar Based on <span class="hlt">Range</span> Profile Sequences and Doppler Signatures.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhou, Zhi; Cao, Zongjie; Pi, Yiming</p> <p>2017-12-21</p> <p>The frequency of terahertz radar <span class="hlt">ranges</span> from 0.1 THz to 10 THz, which is higher than that of microwaves. Multi-modal signals, including high-resolution <span class="hlt">range</span> profile (HRRP) and Doppler signatures, can be acquired by the terahertz radar system. These two kinds of information are commonly used in automatic target recognition; however, <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> gesture recognition is rarely discussed in the terahertz regime. In this paper, a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> gesture recognition system using a terahertz radar is proposed, based on multi-modal signals. The HRRP sequences and Doppler signatures were first achieved from the radar echoes. Considering the electromagnetic scattering characteristics, a feature extraction model is designed using location parameter estimation of scattering centers. <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> Time Warping (DTW) extended to multi-modal signals is used to accomplish the classifications. Ten types of gesture signals, collected from a terahertz radar, are applied to validate the analysis and the recognition system. The results of the experiment indicate that the recognition rate reaches more than 91%. This research verifies the potential applications of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> gesture recognition using a terahertz radar.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22617373-quantum-parameter-estimation-unruhdewitt-detector-model','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22617373-quantum-parameter-estimation-unruhdewitt-detector-model"><span>Quantum parameter estimation in the Unruh–DeWitt <span class="hlt">detector</span> model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hao, Xiang, E-mail: xhao@phas.ubc.ca; Pacific Institute of Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agriculture Rd., Vancouver B.C., Canada V6T 1Z1; Wu, Yinzhong</p> <p>2016-09-15</p> <p>Relativistic effects on the precision of quantum metrology for particle <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, such as two-level atoms are studied. The quantum Fisher information is used to estimate the phase sensitivity of atoms in non-inertial motions or in gravitational fields. The Unruh–DeWitt model is applicable to the investigation of the <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of a uniformly accelerated atom weakly coupled to a massless scalar vacuum field. When a measuring device is in the same relativistic motion as the atom, the <span class="hlt">dynamical</span> behavior of quantum Fisher information as a function of Rindler proper time is obtained. It is found out that monotonic decrease in phase sensitivitymore » is characteristic of <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of relativistic quantum estimation. The origin of the decay of quantum Fisher information is the thermal bath that the accelerated <span class="hlt">detector</span> finds itself in due to the Unruh effect. To improve relativistic quantum metrology, we reasonably take into account two reflecting plane boundaries perpendicular to each other. The presence of the reflecting boundary can shield the <span class="hlt">detector</span> from the thermal bath in some sense.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013OptEn..52j2006K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013OptEn..52j2006K"><span>Context-dependent JPEG backward-compatible high-<span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> image compression</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Korshunov, Pavel; Ebrahimi, Touradj</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>High-<span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (HDR) imaging is expected, together with ultrahigh definition and high-frame rate video, to become a technology that may change photo, TV, and film industries. Many cameras and displays capable of capturing and rendering both HDR images and video are already available in the market. The popularity and full-public adoption of HDR content is, however, hindered by the lack of standards in evaluation of quality, file formats, and compression, as well as large legacy base of low-<span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (LDR) displays that are unable to render HDR. To facilitate the wide spread of HDR usage, the backward compatibility of HDR with commonly used legacy technologies for storage, rendering, and compression of video and images are necessary. Although many tone-mapping algorithms are developed for generating viewable LDR content from HDR, there is no consensus of which algorithm to use and under which conditions. We, via a series of subjective evaluations, demonstrate the dependency of the perceptual quality of the tone-mapped LDR images on the context: environmental factors, display parameters, and image content itself. Based on the results of subjective tests, it proposes to extend JPEG file format, the most popular image format, in a backward compatible manner to deal with HDR images also. An architecture to achieve such backward compatibility with JPEG is proposed. A simple implementation of lossy compression demonstrates the efficiency of the proposed architecture compared with the state-of-the-art HDR image compression.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29311573','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29311573"><span>Large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> pressure sensor based on two semicircle-holes microstructured fiber.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Liu, Zhengyong; Htein, Lin; Lee, Kang-Kuen; Lau, Kin-Tak; Tam, Hwa-Yaw</p> <p>2018-01-08</p> <p>This paper presents a sensitive and large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> pressure sensor based on a novel birefringence microstructured optical fiber (MOF) deployed in a Sagnac interferometer configuration. The MOF has two large semicircle holes in the cladding and a rectangular strut with germanium-doped core in the center. The fiber structure permits surrounding pressure to induce large effective index difference between the two polarized modes. The calculated and measured group birefringence of the fiber are 1.49 × 10 -4 , 1.23 × 10 -4 , respectively, at the wavelength of 1550 nm. Experimental results shown that the pressure sensitivity of the sensor varied from 45,000 pm/MPa to 50,000 pm/MPa, and minimum detectable pressure of 80 Pa and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of better than 116 dB could be achieved with the novel fiber sensor. The proposed sensor could be used in harsh environment and is an ideal candidate for downhole applications where high pressure measurement at elevated temperature up to 250 °C is needed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999SPIE.3663..170D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999SPIE.3663..170D"><span>Psychophysical evaluation of the image quality of a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> flat-panel digital x-ray image <span class="hlt">detector</span> using the threshold contrast detail detectability (TCDD) technique</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Davies, Andrew G.; Cowen, Arnold R.; Bruijns, Tom J. C.</p> <p>1999-05-01</p> <p>We are currently in an era of active development of the digital X-ray imaging <span class="hlt">detectors</span> that will serve the radiological communities in the new millennium. The rigorous comparative physical evaluations of such devices are therefore becoming increasingly important from both the technical and clinical perspectives. The authors have been actively involved in the evaluation of a clinical demonstration version of a flat-panel <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> digital X-ray image <span class="hlt">detector</span> (or FDXD). Results of objective physical evaluation of this device have been presented elsewhere at this conference. The imaging performance of FDXD under radiographic exposure conditions have been previously reported, and in this paper a psychophysical evaluation of the FDXD <span class="hlt">detector</span> operating under continuous fluoroscopic conditions is presented. The evaluation technique employed was the threshold contrast detail detectability (TCDD) technique, which enables image quality to be measured on devices operating in the clinical environment. This approach addresses image quality in the context of both the image acquisition and display processes, and uses human observers to measure performance. The Leeds test objects TO[10] and TO[10+] were used to obtain comparative measurements of performance on the FDXD and two digital spot fluorography (DSF) systems, one utilizing a Plumbicon camera and the other a state of the art CCD camera. Measurements were taken at a <span class="hlt">range</span> of <span class="hlt">detector</span> entrance exposure rates, namely 6, 12, 25 and 50 (mu) R/s. In order to facilitate comparisons between the systems, all fluoroscopic image processing such as noise reduction algorithms, were disabled during the experiments. At the highest dose rate FDXD significantly outperformed the DSF comparison systems in the TCDD comparisons. At 25 and 12 (mu) R/s all three-systems performed in an equivalent manner and at the lowest exposure rate FDXD was inferior to the two DSF systems. At standard fluoroscopic exposures, FDXD performed in an equivalent</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA454485','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA454485"><span>Effect of Electrode Loss on the <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> of Linearized Directional Coupler Modulators</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2006-02-01</p> <p>Coupler Modulators George A. Brost , Richard Michalak, Paul Payson, and Kevin Magde Abstract—Numerical simulations were used to study the effect of...<span class="hlt">RANGE</span> OF LINEARIZED DIRECTIONAL COUPLER MODULATORS In-House N/A 62204F LINKI SN 01 George A. Brost , Richard Michalak, Paul Payson and Kevin Magde AFRL...Fazio Nash BROST et al.: EFFECT OF ELECTRODE LOSS ON THE <span class="hlt">DYNAMIC</span> <span class="hlt">RANGE</span> OF LINEARIZED DCMs 515 Fig. 1. Frequency dependence of SFDR for the 1 2 DCM (s</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9143E..46C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9143E..46C"><span>The DCU: the <span class="hlt">detector</span> control unit for SPICA-SAFARI</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Clénet, Antoine; Ravera, Laurent; Bertrand, Bernard; den Hartog, Roland H.; Jackson, Brian D.; van Leeuven, Bert-Joost; van Loon, Dennis; Parot, Yann; Pointecouteau, Etienne; Sournac, Anthony</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>IRAP is developing the warm electronic, so called <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Control Unit" (DCU), in charge of the readout of the SPICA-SAFARI's TES type <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The architecture of the electronics used to readout the 3 500 sensors of the 3 focal plane arrays is based on the frequency domain multiplexing technique (FDM). In each of the 24 detection channels the data of up to 160 pixels are multiplexed in frequency domain between 1 and 3:3 MHz. The DCU provides the AC signals to voltage-bias the <span class="hlt">detectors</span>; it demodulates the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> data which are readout in the cold by a SQUID; and it computes a feedback signal for the SQUID to linearize the detection chain in order to optimize its <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. The feedback is computed with a specific technique, so called baseband feedback (BBFB) which ensures that the loop is stable even with long propagation and processing delays (i.e. several µs) and with fast signals (i.e. frequency carriers at 3:3 MHz). This digital signal processing is complex and has to be done at the same time for the 3 500 pixels. It thus requires an optimisation of the power consumption. We took the advantage of the relatively reduced science signal bandwidth (i.e. 20 - 40 Hz) to decouple the signal sampling frequency (10 MHz) and the data processing rate. Thanks to this method we managed to reduce the total number of operations per second and thus the power consumption of the digital processing circuit by a factor of 10. Moreover we used time multiplexing techniques to share the resources of the circuit (e.g. a single BBFB module processes 32 pixels). The current version of the firmware is under validation in a Xilinx Virtex 5 FPGA, the final version will be developed in a space qualified digital ASIC. Beyond the firmware architecture the optimization of the instrument concerns the characterization routines and the definition of the optimal parameters. Indeed the operation of the detection and readout chains requires to properly define more than 17 500 parameters</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PMB....55.7287V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PMB....55.7287V"><span>Paediatric interventional cardiology: flat <span class="hlt">detector</span> versus image intensifier using a test object</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vano, E.; Ubeda, C.; Martinez, L. C.; Leyton, F.; Miranda, P.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>Entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) values and image quality parameters were measured and compared for two biplane angiography x-ray systems dedicated to paediatric interventional cardiology, one equipped with image intensifiers (II) and the other one with <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> flat <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (FDs). Polymethyl methacrylate phantoms of different thicknesses, <span class="hlt">ranging</span> from 8 to 16 cm, and a Leeds TOR 18-FG test object were used. The parameters of the image quality evaluated were noise, signal-difference-to-noise ratio (SdNR), high contrast spatial resolution (HCSR) and three figures of merit combining entrance doses and signal-to-noise ratios or HCSR. The comparisons showed a better behaviour of the II-based system in the low contrast region over the whole interval of thicknesses. The FD-based system showed a better performance in HCSR. The FD system evaluated would need around two times more dose than the II system evaluated to reach a given value of SdNR; moreover, a better spatial resolution was measured (and perceived in conventional monitors) for the system equipped with flat <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. According to the results of this paper, the use of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> FD systems does not lead to an automatic reduction in ESAK or to an automatic improvement in image quality by comparison with II systems. Any improvement also depends on the setting of the x-ray systems and it should still be possible to refine these settings for some of the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> FDs used in paediatric cardiology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JSemi..35a5001L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JSemi..35a5001L"><span>A high gain wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> transimpedance amplifier for optical receivers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lianxi, Liu; Jiao, Zou; Yunfei, En; Shubin, Liu; Yue, Niu; Zhangming, Zhu; Yintang, Yang</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>As the front-end preamplifiers in optical receivers, transimpedance amplifiers (TIAs) are commonly required to have a high gain and low input noise to amplify the weak and susceptible input signal. At the same time, the TIAs should possess a wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (DR) to prevent the circuit from becoming saturated by high input currents. Based on the above, this paper presents a CMOS transimpedance amplifier with high gain and a wide DR for 2.5 Gbit/s communications. The TIA proposed consists of a three-stage cascade pull push inverter, an automatic gain control circuit, and a shunt transistor controlled by the resistive divider. The inductive-series peaking technique is used to further extend the bandwidth. The TIA proposed displays a maximum transimpedance gain of 88.3 dBΩ with the -3 dB bandwidth of 1.8 GHz, exhibits an input current <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> from 100 nA to 10 mA. The output voltage noise is less than 48.23 nV/√Hz within the -3 dB bandwidth. The circuit is fabricated using an SMIC 0.18 μm 1P6M RFCMOS process and dissipates a dc power of 9.4 mW with 1.8 V supply voltage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770025926','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770025926"><span>Development and test of photon-counting microchannel plate <span class="hlt">detector</span> arrays for use on space telescopes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Timothy, J. G.</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>The full sensitivity, <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, and photometric stability of microchannel array plates(MCP) are incorporated into a photon-counting detection system for space operations. Components of the system include feedback-free MCP's for high gain and saturated output pulse-height distribution with a stable response; multi-anode readout arrays mounted in proximity focus with the output face of the MCP; and multi-layer ceramic headers to provide electrical interface between the anode array in a sealed <span class="hlt">detector</span> tube and the associated electronics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22121595-measurements-fast-neutrons-bubble-detectors','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22121595-measurements-fast-neutrons-bubble-detectors"><span>Measurements of fast neutrons by bubble <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Castillo, F.; Martinez, H.; Leal, B.</p> <p>2013-07-03</p> <p>Neutron bubble <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have been studied using Am-Be and D-D neuron sources, which give limited energy information. The Bubble <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Spectrometer (BDS) have six different energy thresholds <span class="hlt">ranging</span> from 10 KeV to 10 Mev. The number of bubbles obtained in each measurement is related to the dose (standardized response R) equivalent neutrons through sensitivity (b / {mu}Sv) and also with the neutron flux (neutrons per unit area) through a relationship that provided by the manufacturer. Bubble <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were used with six different answers (0.11 b/ {mu}Sv, 0093 b/{mu}Sv, 0.14 b/{mu}Sv, 0.17 b/{mu}Sv, 0051 b/{mu}Sv). To test the response of themore » <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (BDS) radiate a set of six of them with different energy threshold, with a source of Am-Be, placing them at a distance of one meter from it for a few minutes. Also, exposed to dense plasma focus Fuego Nuevo II (FN-II FPD) of ICN-UNAM, apparatus which produces fusion plasma, generating neutrons by nuclear reactions of neutrons whose energy emitting is 2.45 MeV. In this case the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were placed at a distance of 50 cm from the pinch at 90 Degree-Sign this was done for a certain number of shots. In both cases, the standard response is reported (Dose in {mu}Sv) for each of the six <span class="hlt">detectors</span> representing an energy <span class="hlt">range</span>, this response is given by the expression R{sub i}= B{sub i} / S{sub i} where B{sub i} is the number of bubbles formed in each and the <span class="hlt">detector</span> sensitivity (S{sub i}) is given for each <span class="hlt">detector</span> in (b / {mu}Sv). Also, reported for both cases, the detected neutron flux (n cm{sup -2}), by a given ratio and the response involves both standardized R, as the average cross section sigma. The results obtained have been compared with the spectrum of Am-Be source. From these measurements it can be concluded that with a combination of bubble <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, with different responses is possible to measure the equivalent dose in a <span class="hlt">range</span> of 10 to 100 {mu}Sv fields mixed neutron and gamma, and pulsed generated</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18262579','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18262579"><span>Long-<span class="hlt">range</span> correlations improve understanding of the influence of network structure on contact <span class="hlt">dynamics</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Peyrard, N; Dieckmann, U; Franc, A</p> <p>2008-05-01</p> <p>Models of infectious diseases are characterized by a phase transition between extinction and persistence. A challenge in contemporary epidemiology is to understand how the geometry of a host's interaction network influences disease <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> close to the critical point of such a transition. Here we address this challenge with the help of moment closures. Traditional moment closures, however, do not provide satisfactory predictions close to such critical points. We therefore introduce a new method for incorporating longer-<span class="hlt">range</span> correlations into existing closures. Our method is technically simple, remains computationally tractable and significantly improves the approximation's performance. Our extended closures thus provide an innovative tool for quantifying the influence of interaction networks on spatially or socially structured disease <span class="hlt">dynamics</span>. In particular, we examine the effects of a network's clustering coefficient, as well as of new geometrical measures, such as a network's square clustering coefficients. We compare the relative performance of different closures from the literature, with or without our long-<span class="hlt">range</span> extension. In this way, we demonstrate that the normalized version of the Bethe approximation-extended to incorporate long-<span class="hlt">range</span> correlations according to our method-is an especially good candidate for studying influences of network structure. Our numerical results highlight the importance of the clustering coefficient and the square clustering coefficient for predicting disease <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> at low and intermediate values of transmission rate, and demonstrate the significance of path redundancy for disease persistence.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28286367','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28286367"><span>Structured Counseling for Auditory <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> Expansion.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gold, Susan L; Formby, Craig</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>A structured counseling protocol is described that, when combined with low-level broadband sound therapy from bilateral sound generators, offers audiologists a new tool for facilitating the expansion of the auditory <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (DR) for loudness. The protocol and its content are specifically designed to address and treat problems that impact hearing-impaired persons who, due to their reduced DRs, may be limited in the use and benefit of amplified sound from hearing aids. The reduced DRs may result from elevated audiometric thresholds and/or reduced sound tolerance as documented by lower-than-normal loudness discomfort levels (LDLs). Accordingly, the counseling protocol is appropriate for challenging and difficult-to-fit persons with sensorineural hearing losses who experience loudness recruitment or hyperacusis. Positive treatment outcomes for individuals with the former and latter conditions are highlighted in this issue by incremental shifts (improvements) in LDL and/or categorical loudness judgments, associated reduced complaints of sound intolerance, and functional improvements in daily communication, speech understanding, and quality of life leading to improved hearing aid benefit, satisfaction, and aided sound quality, posttreatment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5344688','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5344688"><span>Structured Counseling for Auditory <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> Expansion</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gold, Susan L.; Formby, Craig</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>A structured counseling protocol is described that, when combined with low-level broadband sound therapy from bilateral sound generators, offers audiologists a new tool for facilitating the expansion of the auditory <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (DR) for loudness. The protocol and its content are specifically designed to address and treat problems that impact hearing-impaired persons who, due to their reduced DRs, may be limited in the use and benefit of amplified sound from hearing aids. The reduced DRs may result from elevated audiometric thresholds and/or reduced sound tolerance as documented by lower-than-normal loudness discomfort levels (LDLs). Accordingly, the counseling protocol is appropriate for challenging and difficult-to-fit persons with sensorineural hearing losses who experience loudness recruitment or hyperacusis. Positive treatment outcomes for individuals with the former and latter conditions are highlighted in this issue by incremental shifts (improvements) in LDL and/or categorical loudness judgments, associated reduced complaints of sound intolerance, and functional improvements in daily communication, speech understanding, and quality of life leading to improved hearing aid benefit, satisfaction, and aided sound quality, posttreatment. PMID:28286367</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1018968-implementing-molecular-dynamics-hybrid-high-performance-computers-short-range-forces','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1018968-implementing-molecular-dynamics-hybrid-high-performance-computers-short-range-forces"><span>Implementing Molecular <span class="hlt">Dynamics</span> for Hybrid High Performance Computers - 1. Short <span class="hlt">Range</span> Forces</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Brown, W Michael; Wang, Peng; Plimpton, Steven J</p> <p></p> <p>The use of accelerators such as general-purpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs) have become popular in scientific computing applications due to their low cost, impressive floating-point capabilities, high memory bandwidth, and low electrical power requirements. Hybrid high performance computers, machines with more than one type of floating-point processor, are now becoming more prevalent due to these advantages. In this work, we discuss several important issues in porting a large molecular <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> code for use on parallel hybrid machines - 1) choosing a hybrid parallel decomposition that works on central processing units (CPUs) with distributed memory and accelerator cores with shared memory,more » 2) minimizing the amount of code that must be ported for efficient acceleration, 3) utilizing the available processing power from both many-core CPUs and accelerators, and 4) choosing a programming model for acceleration. We present our solution to each of these issues for short-<span class="hlt">range</span> force calculation in the molecular <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> package LAMMPS. We describe algorithms for efficient short <span class="hlt">range</span> force calculation on hybrid high performance machines. We describe a new approach for <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> load balancing of work between CPU and accelerator cores. We describe the Geryon library that allows a single code to compile with both CUDA and OpenCL for use on a variety of accelerators. Finally, we present results on a parallel test cluster containing 32 Fermi GPGPUs and 180 CPU cores.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhDT.........3Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhDT.........3Z"><span>Atomic Scale Medium <span class="hlt">Range</span> Order and Relaxation <span class="hlt">Dynamics</span> in Metallic Glass</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Pei</p> <p></p> <p>We studied the atomic scale structure of bulk metallic glass (BMG) with the combination of fluctuation electron microscopy (FEM) and hybrid reverse Monte Carlo (HRMC) simulation. Medium <span class="hlt">range</span> order (MRO), which occupies the length scale between short <span class="hlt">range</span> order (SRO) and long-<span class="hlt">range</span> order, plays an important role on the properties of metallic glass, but the characterization of MRO in experiment is difficult because conventional techniques are not sensitive to the structure at MRO scale. Compared with the X-ray and neutron which can measure SRO by two-body correlation functions, FEM is an effective way to detect MRO structure through three and four-body correlation functions, providing information about the size, distribution, and internal structure of MRO combing HRMC modeling. Thickness estimation is necessary in FEM experiment and HRMC calculation, so in Chapter 3, we measured the elastic and inelastic mean free paths of metallic glass alloys based on focused ion beam prepared thin samples with measured thickness gradients. We developed a model based on the Wentzel atomic model to predict the elastic mean free path for other amorphous materials. In Chapter 4, we studied the correlation of MRO and glass forming ability ZrCuAl alloy. Results from Variable resolution fluctuation microscopy show that in Zr50Cu35Al15 the crystal-like clusters shrink but become more ordered, while icosahedral-like clusters grow. Compared with Zr50Cu45Al5, Zr50Cu35Al15 with poorer glass forming ability exhibits more stable crystal-like structure under annealing, indicating that destabilizing crystal-like structures is important to achieve better glass forming ability in this alloy. In Chapter 5, we studied the crystallization and MRO structural in deformed and quenched Ni60Nb40 metallic glass. The deformed Ni60Nb40 contains fewer icosahedral-like Voronoi clusters and more crystal-like and bcc-like Voronoi clusters. The crystal-like and bcc-like medium <span class="hlt">range</span> order clusters may be the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JARS....9.6087N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JARS....9.6087N"><span>Xenon gamma-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> for ecological applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Novikov, Alexander S.; Ulin, Sergey E.; Chernysheva, Irina V.; Dmitrenko, Valery V.; Grachev, Victor M.; Petrenko, Denis V.; Shustov, Alexander E.; Uteshev, Ziyaetdin M.; Vlasik, Konstantin F.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>A description of the xenon <span class="hlt">detector</span> (XD) for ecological applications is presented. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> provides high energy resolution and is able to operate under extreme environmental conditions (wide temperature <span class="hlt">range</span> and unfavorable acoustic action). Resistance to acoustic noise as well as improvement in energy resolution has been achieved by means of real-time digital pulse processing. Another important XD feature is the ionization chamber's thin wall with composite housing, which significantly decreases the mass of the device and expands its energy <span class="hlt">range</span>, especially at low energies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9836E..2FD','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9836E..2FD"><span>QCL-based standoff and proximal chemical <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dupuis, Julia R.; Hensley, Joel; Cosofret, Bogdan R.; Konno, Daisei; Mulhall, Phillip; Schmit, Thomas; Chang, Shing; Allen, Mark; Marinelli, William J.</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>The development of two longwave infrared quantum cascade laser (QCL) based surface contaminant detection platforms supporting government programs will be discussed. The detection platforms utilize reflectance spectroscopy with application to optically thick and thin materials including solid and liquid phase chemical warfare agents, toxic industrial chemicals and materials, and explosives. Operation at standoff (10s of m) and proximal (1 m) <span class="hlt">ranges</span> will be reviewed with consideration given to the spectral signatures contained in the specular and diffusely reflected components of the signal. The platforms comprise two variants: Variant 1 employs a spectrally tunable QCL source with a broadband imaging <span class="hlt">detector</span>, and Variant 2 employs an ensemble of broadband QCLs with a spectrally selective <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Each variant employs a version of the Adaptive Cosine Estimator for detection and discrimination in high clutter environments. Detection limits of 5 μg/cm2 have been achieved through speckle reduction methods enabling <span class="hlt">detector</span> noise limited performance. Design considerations for QCL-based standoff and proximal surface contaminant <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are discussed with specific emphasis on speckle-mitigated and <span class="hlt">detector</span> noise limited performance sufficient for accurate detection and discrimination regardless of the surface coverage morphology or underlying surface reflectivity. Prototype sensors and developmental test results will be reviewed for a <span class="hlt">range</span> of application scenarios. Future development and transition plans for the QCL-based surface <span class="hlt">detector</span> platforms are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AAS...193.6605S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AAS...193.6605S"><span>Background Studies in CZT <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> at Balloon Altitudes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Slavis, K. R.; Dowkontt, P. F.; Epstein, J. W.; Hink, P. L.; Matteson, J. L.; Duttweiler, F.; Huszar, G. L.; Leblanc, P. C.; Skelton, R. T.; Stephan, E. A.</p> <p>1998-12-01</p> <p>Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) is a room temperature semiconductor <span class="hlt">detector</span> well suited for high energy X-ray astronomy. We have developed a CZT <span class="hlt">detector</span> with crossed strip readout, 500 micron resolution, and an advanced electrode design that greatly improves energy resolution. The latter varies from 3 keV to 6 keV FWHM over the <span class="hlt">range</span> from 14-184 keV. We have conducted two balloon flights using this cross-strip <span class="hlt">detector</span> and a standard planar <span class="hlt">detector</span> sensitive in the energy <span class="hlt">range</span> of 20-350 keV. These flights utilized a total of seven shielding schemes: 3 passive (7, 2, and 0 mm thick Pb/Sn/Cu), 2 active (NaI-CsI with 2 opening angles) and 2 hybrid passive-active. In the active shielding modes, the shield pulse heights were telemetered for each CZT event, allowing us to study the effect of shield energy-loss threshold on the background. The flights were launched from Fort Sumner, NM in October 1997 and May 1998, and had float altitudes of 109,000 and 105,000 feet respectively. Periodic energy calibrations showed the <span class="hlt">detector</span> performance to be identical to that in the laboratory. The long duration of the May flight, 22 hours, enables us to study activation effects in the background. We present results on the effectiveness of each of the shielding schemes, activation effects and two new background reduction techniques for the strip <span class="hlt">detector</span>. These reduction techniques employ the depth of interaction, as indicated by the ratio of cathode to anode pulse height, and multiple-site signatures to reject events that are unlikely to be X-rays incident on the <span class="hlt">detector</span>'s face. The depth of interaction technique reduces the background by a factor of 4 in the 20-40 keV energy <span class="hlt">range</span> with passive shielding. Our preliminary results indicate a background level of 8.6x10(-3) cts/cm(2) -s-keV using passive shielding and 6x10(-4) cts/cm(2) -s-keV using active shielding in the 20-40 keV <span class="hlt">range</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012NIMPA.691...34B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012NIMPA.691...34B"><span>Reproducibility of CVD diamond <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for radiotherapy dosimetry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Betzel, G. T.; Lansley, S. P.; McKay, D.; Meyer, J.</p> <p>2012-11-01</p> <p>Three in-house X-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span> based on diamond chemical vapor deposition (CVD) from the same manufactured batch of single crystal films were investigated for their reproducibility. Leakage current, priming dose, response <span class="hlt">dynamics</span>, dose linearity, dependence on dose rate and angular dependence were used to evaluate differences between <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Slight differences were seen in leakage currents before (<1.5 pA) and after (<12 pA) irradiation. A priming dose of ˜7 Gy and rise and fall times of 2 s were found for all three <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Sensitivities differed by up to 10%. Dependence on dose rate were similar (∆=0.92-0.94). Angular dependence was minimal (97-102% avg.). Differences in <span class="hlt">detector</span> performance appeared to be primarily due to film thickness, which can significantly change sensitivities (nC Gy-1) and applied fields (V μm-1) for <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with small sensitive volumes. Results suggest that preselection of CVD diamond films according to thickness in addition to material quality would be required to avoid individual calibration, which is performed for commercially available natural diamond <span class="hlt">detectors</span>.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24353390','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24353390"><span>Theoretical performance analysis for CMOS based high resolution <span class="hlt">detectors</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jain, Amit; Bednarek, Daniel R; Rudin, Stephen</p> <p>2013-03-06</p> <p>High resolution imaging capabilities are essential for accurately guiding successful endovascular interventional procedures. Present x-ray imaging <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are not always adequate due to their inherent limitations. The newly-developed high-resolution micro-angiographic fluoroscope (MAF-CCD) <span class="hlt">detector</span> has demonstrated excellent clinical image quality; however, further improvement in performance and physical design may be possible using CMOS sensors. We have thus calculated the theoretical performance of two proposed CMOS <span class="hlt">detectors</span> which may be used as a successor to the MAF. The proposed <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have a 300 μm thick HL-type CsI phosphor, a 50 μm-pixel CMOS sensor with and without a variable gain light image intensifier (LII), and are designated MAF-CMOS-LII and MAF-CMOS, respectively. For the performance evaluation, linear cascade modeling was used. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> imaging chains were divided into individual stages characterized by one of the basic processes (quantum gain, binomial selection, stochastic and deterministic blurring, additive noise). <span class="hlt">Ranges</span> of readout noise and exposure were used to calculate the <span class="hlt">detectors</span>' MTF and DQE. The MAF-CMOS showed slightly better MTF than the MAF-CMOS-LII, but the MAF-CMOS-LII showed far better DQE, especially for lower exposures. The proposed <span class="hlt">detectors</span> can have improved MTF and DQE compared with the present high resolution MAF <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The performance of the MAF-CMOS is excellent for the angiography exposure <span class="hlt">range</span>; however it is limited at fluoroscopic levels due to additive instrumentation noise. The MAF-CMOS-LII, having the advantage of the variable LII gain, can overcome the noise limitation and hence may perform exceptionally for the full <span class="hlt">range</span> of required exposures; however, it is more complex and hence more expensive.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22689458-clinical-evaluation-medical-high-dynamic-range-display','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22689458-clinical-evaluation-medical-high-dynamic-range-display"><span>Clinical evaluation of a medical high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> display</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Marchessoux, Cedric, E-mail: cedric.marchessoux@ba</p> <p></p> <p>Purpose: Recent new medical displays do have higher contrast and higher luminance but do not have a High <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> (HDR). HDR implies a minimum luminance value close to zero. A medical HDR display prototype based on two Liquid Crystal layers has been developed. The goal of this study is to evaluate the potential clinical benefit of such display in comparison with a low <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (LDR) display. Methods: The study evaluated the clinical performance of the displays in a search and detection task. Eight radiologists read chest x-ray images some of which contained simulated lung nodules. The study usedmore » a JAFROC (Jacknife Free Receiver Operating Characteristic) approach for analyzing FROC data. The calculated figure of merit (FoM) is the probability that a lesion is rated higher than all rated nonlesions on all images. Time per case and accuracy for locating the center of the nodules were also compared. The nodules were simulated using Samei’s model. 214 CR and DR images [half were “healthy images” (chest nodule-free) and half “diseased images”] were used resulting in a total number of nodules equal to 199 with 25 images with 1 nodule, 51 images with 2 nodules, and 24 images with 3 nodules. A dedicated software interface was designed for visualizing the images for each session. For the JAFROC1 statistical analysis, the study is done per nodule category: all nodules, difficult nodules, and very difficult nodules. Results: For all nodules, the averaged FoM{sub HDR} is slightly higher than FoM{sub LDR} with 0.09% of difference. For the difficult nodules, the averaged FoM{sub HDR} is slightly higher than FoM{sub LDR} with 1.38% of difference. The averaged FoM{sub HDR} is slightly higher than FoM{sub LDR} with 0.71% of difference. For the true positive fraction (TPF), both displays (the HDR and the LDR ones) have similar TPF for all nodules, but looking at difficult and very difficult nodules, there are more TP for the HDR display. The true positive</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015InPhT..71....1A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015InPhT..71....1A"><span>Modified lead titanate thin films for pyroelectric infrared <span class="hlt">detectors</span> on gold electrodes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ahmed, Moinuddin; Butler, Donald P.</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>Pyroelectric infrared <span class="hlt">detectors</span> provide the advantage of both a wide spectral response and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, which also has enabled systems to be developed with reduced size, weight and power consumption. This paper demonstrates the deposition of lead zirconium titanate (PZT) and lead calcium titanate (PCT) thin films for uncooled pyroelectric <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with the utilization of gold electrodes. The modified lead titanate thin films were deposited by pulsed laser deposition on gold electrodes. The PZT and PCT thins films deposited and annealed at temperatures of 650 °C and 550 °C respectively demonstrated the best pyroelectric performance in this work. The thin films displayed a pyroelectric effect that increased with temperature. Poling of the thin films was carried out for a fixed time periods and fixed dc bias voltages at elevated temperature in order to increase the pyroelectric coefficient by establishing a spontaneous polarization of the thin films. Poling caused the pyroelectric current to increase one order of magnitude.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatCo...5E3779W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatCo...5E3779W"><span>Optofluidic laser for dual-mode sensitive biomolecular detection with a large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wu, Xiang; Oo, Maung Kyaw Khaing; Reddy, Karthik; Chen, Qiushu; Sun, Yuze; Fan, Xudong</p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a powerful method for biomolecular analysis. The traditional ELISA employing light intensity as the sensing signal often encounters large background arising from non-specific bindings, material autofluorescence and leakage of excitation light, which deteriorates its detection limit and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. Here we develop the optofluidic laser-based ELISA, where ELISA occurs inside a laser cavity. The laser onset time is used as the sensing signal, which is inversely proportional to the enzyme concentration and hence the analyte concentration inside the cavity. We first elucidate the principle of the optofluidic laser-based ELISA, and then characterize the optofluidic laser performance. Finally, we present the dual-mode detection of interleukin-6 using commercial ELISA kits, where the sensing signals are simultaneously obtained by the traditional and the optofluidic laser-based ELISA, showing a detection limit of 1 fg ml-1 (38 aM) and a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of 6 orders of magnitude.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3705514','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3705514"><span>Mid-Infrared Tunable Resonant Cavity Enhanced <span class="hlt">Detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Quack, Niels; Blunier, Stefan; Dual, Jurg; Felder, Ferdinand; Arnold, Martin; Zogg, Hans</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Mid-infrared <span class="hlt">detectors</span> that are sensitive only in a tunable narrow spectral band are presented. They are based on the Resonant Cavity Enhanced <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (RCED) principle and employing a thin active region using IV-VI narrow gap semiconductor layers. A Fabry-Pérot cavity is formed by two mirrors. The active layer is grown onto one mirror, while the second mirror can be displaced. This changes the cavity length thus shifting the resonances where the <span class="hlt">detector</span> is sensitive. Using electrostatically actuated MEMS micromirrors, a very compact tunable <span class="hlt">detector</span> system has been fabricated. Mirror movements of more than 3 μm at 30V are obtained. With these mirrors, <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with a wavelength tuning <span class="hlt">range</span> of about 0.7 μm have been realized. Single <span class="hlt">detectors</span> can be used in mid-infrared micro spectrometers, while a <span class="hlt">detector</span> arrangement in an array makes it possible to realize Adaptive Focal Plane Arrays (AFPA). PMID:27873824</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/33135','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/33135"><span><span class="hlt">Dynamics</span> of wood in stream networks of the western Cascades <span class="hlt">Range</span>, Oregon</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Nicole M. Czarnomski; David M. Dreher; Kai U. Snyder; Julia A. Jones; Frederick J. Swanson</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>We develop and test a conceptual model of wood <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> in stream networks that considers legacies of forest management practices, floods, and debris flows. We combine an observational study of wood in 25 km of 2nd- through 5th-order streams in a steep, forested watershed of the western Cascade <span class="hlt">Range</span> of Oregon with whole-network studies of forest cutting, roads, and...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20366409','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20366409"><span>Demonstration of coherent-state discrimination using a displacement-controlled photon-number-resolving <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wittmann, Christoffer; Andersen, Ulrik L; Takeoka, Masahiro; Sych, Denis; Leuchs, Gerd</p> <p>2010-03-12</p> <p>We experimentally demonstrate a new measurement scheme for the discrimination of two coherent states. The measurement scheme is based on a displacement operation followed by a photon-number-resolving <span class="hlt">detector</span>, and we show that it outperforms the standard homodyne <span class="hlt">detector</span> which we, in addition, prove to be optimal within all Gaussian operations including conditional <span class="hlt">dynamics</span>. We also show that the non-Gaussian <span class="hlt">detector</span> is superior to the homodyne <span class="hlt">detector</span> in a continuous variable quantum key distribution scheme.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26264731','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26264731"><span>A Rotatable Quality Control Phantom for Evaluating the Performance of Flat Panel <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> in Imaging Moving Objects.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Haga, Yoshihiro; Chida, Koichi; Inaba, Yohei; Kaga, Yuji; Meguro, Taiichiro; Zuguchi, Masayuki</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>As the use of diagnostic X-ray equipment with flat panel <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (FPDs) has increased, so has the importance of proper management of FPD systems. To ensure quality control (QC) of FPD system, an easy method for evaluating FPD imaging performance for both stationary and moving objects is required. Until now, simple rotatable QC phantoms have not been available for the easy evaluation of the performance (spatial resolution and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>) of FPD in imaging moving objects. We developed a QC phantom for this purpose. It consists of three thicknesses of copper and a rotatable test pattern of piano wires of various diameters. Initial tests confirmed its stable performance. Our moving phantom is very useful for QC of FPD images of moving objects because it enables visual evaluation of image performance (spatial resolution and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>) easily.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.8963E..14L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.8963E..14L"><span>In-line process control for laser welding of titanium by high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> ratio pyrometry and plasma spectroscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lempe, B.; Taudt, C.; Baselt, T.; Rudek, F.; Maschke, R.; Basan, F.; Hartmann, P.</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p>The production of complex titanium components for various industries using laser welding processes has received growing attention in recent years. It is important to know whether the result of the cohesive joint meets the quality requirements of standardization and ultimately the customer requirements. Erroneous weld seams can have fatal consequences especially in the field of car manufacturing and medicine technology. To meet these requirements, a real-time process control system has been developed which determines the welding quality through a locally resolved temperature profile. By analyzing the resulting weld plasma received data is used to verify the stability of the laser welding process. The determination of the temperature profile is done by the detection of the emitted electromagnetic radiation from the material in a <span class="hlt">range</span> of 500 nm to 1100 nm. As <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, special high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> CMOS cameras are used. As the emissivity of titanium depends on the wavelength, the surface and the angle of radiation, measuring the temperature is a problem. To solve these a special pyrometer setting with two cameras is used. That enables the compensation of these effects by calculating the difference between the respective pixels on simultaneously recorded images. Two spectral regions with the same emissivity are detected. Therefore the degree of emission and surface effects are compensated and canceled out of the calculation. Using the spatially resolved temperature distribution the weld geometry can be determined and the laser process can be controlled. The active readjustment of parameters such as laser power, feed rate and inert gas injection increases the quality of the welding process and decreases the number of defective goods.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080004933','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080004933"><span>Method and apparatus of high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> image sensor with individual pixel reset</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Yadid-Pecht, Orly (Inventor); Pain, Bedabrata (Inventor); Fossum, Eric R. (Inventor)</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>A wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> image sensor provides individual pixel reset to vary the integration time of individual pixels. The integration time of each pixel is controlled by column and row reset control signals which activate a logical reset transistor only when both signals coincide for a given pixel.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016cosp...41E2088Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016cosp...41E2088Y"><span>The plastic scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span> calibration circuit for DAMPE</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yang, Haibo; Kong, Jie; Zhao, Hongyun; Su, Hong</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>The Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is being constructed as a scientific satellite to observe high energy cosmic rays in space. Plastic scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span> array (PSD), developed by Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IMPCAS), is one of the most important parts in the payload of DAMPE which is mainly used for the study of dark matter. As an anti-coincidence <span class="hlt">detector</span>, and a charged-particle identification <span class="hlt">detector</span>, the PSD has a total of 360 electronic readout channels, which are distributed at four sides of PSD using four identical front end electronics (FEE). Each FEE reads out 90 charge signals output by the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. A special calibration circuit is designed in FEE. FPGA is used for on-line control, enabling the calibration circuit to generate the pulse signal with known charge. The generated signal is then sent to the FEE for calibration and self-test. This circuit mainly consists of DAC, operation amplifier, analog switch, capacitance and resistance. By using controllable step pulse, the charge can be coupled to the charge measuring chip using the small capacitance. In order to fulfill the system's objective of large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, the FEE is required to have good linearity. Thus, the charge-controllable signal is needed to do sweep test on all channels in order to obtain the non-linear parameters for off-line correction. On the other hand, the FEE will run on the satellite for three years. The changes of the operational environment and the aging of devices will lead to parameter variation of the FEE, highlighting the need for regular calibration. The calibration signal generation circuit also has a compact structure and the ability to work normally, with the PSD system's voltage resolution being higher than 0.6%.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20723233-soft-ray-submicron-imaging-detector-based-point-defects-lif','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20723233-soft-ray-submicron-imaging-detector-based-point-defects-lif"><span>Soft x-ray submicron imaging <span class="hlt">detector</span> based on point defects in LiF</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Baldacchini, G.; Bollanti, S.; Bonfigli, F.</p> <p>2005-11-15</p> <p>The use of lithium fluoride (LiF) crystals and films as imaging <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for EUV and soft-x-ray radiation is discussed. The EUV or soft-x-ray radiation can generate stable color centers, emitting in the visible spectral <span class="hlt">range</span> an intense fluorescence from the exposed areas. The high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> response of the material to the received dose and the atomic scale of the color centers make this <span class="hlt">detector</span> extremely interesting for imaging at a spatial resolution which can be much smaller than the light wavelength. Experimental results of contact microscopy imaging of test meshes demonstrate a resolution of the order of 400 nm. Thismore » high spatial resolution has been obtained in a wide field of view, up to several mm{sup 2}. Images obtained on different biological samples, as well as an investigation of a soft x-ray laser beam are presented. The behavior of the generated color centers density as a function of the deposited x-ray dose and the advantages of this new diagnostic technique for both coherent and noncoherent EUV sources, compared with CCDs <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, photographic films, and photoresists are discussed.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhyE...20..540N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhyE...20..540N"><span>Infrared negative luminescent devices and higher operating temperature <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nash, G. R.; Gordon, N. T.; Hall, D. J.; Ashby, M. K.; Little, J. C.; Masterton, G.; Hails, J. E.; Giess, J.; Haworth, L.; Emeny, M. T.; Ashley, T.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>Infrared LEDs and negative luminescent devices, where less light is emitted than in equilibrium, have been attracting an increasing amount of interest recently. They have a variety of applications, including as a ‘source’ of IR radiation for gas sensing; radiation shielding for, and non-uniformity correction of, high sensitivity staring infrared <span class="hlt">detectors</span>; and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> infrared scene projection. Similarly, infrared (IR) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are used in arrays for thermal imaging and, discretely, in applications such as gas sensing. Multi-layer heterostructure epitaxy enables the growth of both types of device using designs in which the electronic processes can be precisely controlled and techniques such as carrier exclusion and extraction can be implemented. This enables <span class="hlt">detectors</span> to be made which offer good performance at higher than normal operating temperatures, and efficient negative luminescent devices to be made which simulate a <span class="hlt">range</span> of effective temperatures whilst operating uncooled. In both cases, however, additional performance benefits can be achieved by integrating optical concentrators around the diodes to reduce the volume of semiconductor material, and so minimise the thermally activated generation-recombination processes which compete with radiative mechanisms. The integrated concentrators are in the form of Winston cones, which can be formed using an iterative dry etch process involving methane/hydrogen and oxygen. We present results on negative luminescence in the mid- and long-IR wavebands, from devices made from indium antimonide and mercury cadmium telluride, where the aim is sizes greater than 1 cm×1 cm. We also discuss progress on, and the potential for, operating temperature and/or sensitivity improvement of <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, where very high-performance imaging is anticipated from systems which require no mechanical cooling.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004SPIE.5251...56N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004SPIE.5251...56N"><span>Infrared negative luminescent devices and higher operating temperature <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nash, Geoff R.; Gordon, Neil T.; Hall, David J.; Little, J. Chris; Masterton, G.; Hails, J. E.; Giess, J.; Haworth, L.; Emeny, Martin T.; Ashley, Tim</p> <p>2004-02-01</p> <p>Infrared LEDs and negative luminescent devices, where less light is emitted than in equilibrium, have been attracting an increasing amount of interest recently. They have a variety of applications, including as a ‘source" of IR radiation for gas sensing; radiation shielding for and non-uniformity correction of high sensitivity starring infrared <span class="hlt">detectors</span>; and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> infrared scene projection. Similarly, IR <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are used in arrays for thermal imaging and, discretely, in applications such as gas sensing. Multi-layer heterostructure epitaxy enables the growth of both types of device using designs in which the electronic processes can be precisely controlled and techniques such as carrier exclusion and extraction can be implemented. This enables <span class="hlt">detectors</span> to be made which offer good performance at higher than normal operating temperatures, and efficient negative luminescent devices to be made which simulate a <span class="hlt">range</span> of effective temperatures whilst operating uncooled. In both cases, however, additional performance benefits can be achieved by integrating optical concentrators around the diodes to reduce the volume of semiconductor material, and so minimise the thermally activated generation-recombination processes which compete with radiative mechanisms. The integrated concentrators are in the form of Winston cones, which can be formed using an iterative dry etch process involving methane/hydrogen and oxygen. We will present results on negative luminescence in the mid and long IR wavebands, from devices made from indium antimonide and mercury cadmium telluride, where the aim is sizes greater than 1cm x 1cm. We will also discuss progress on, and the potential for, operating temperature and/or sensitivity improvement of <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, where very higher performance imaging is anticipated from systems which require no mechanical cooling.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003APS..MAR.D8001A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003APS..MAR.D8001A"><span>Infrared Negative Luminescent Devices and Higher Operating Temperature <span class="hlt">Detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ashley, Tim</p> <p>2003-03-01</p> <p>Infrared LEDs and negative luminescent devices, where less light is emitted than in equilibrium, have been attracting an increasing amount of interest recently. They have a variety of applications, including as a source' of IR radiation for gas sensing; radiation shielding for and non-uniformity correction of high sensitivity starring infrared <span class="hlt">detectors</span>; and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> infrared scene projection. Similarly, IR <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are used in arrays for thermal imaging and, discretely, in applications such as gas sensing. Multi-layer heterostructure epitaxy enables the growth of both types of device using designs in which the electronic processes can be precisely controlled and techniques such as carrier exclusion and extraction can be implemented. This enables <span class="hlt">detectors</span> to be made which offer good performance at higher than normal operating temperatures, and efficient negative luminescent devices to be made which simulate a <span class="hlt">range</span> of effective temperatures whilst operating uncooled. In both cases, however, additional performance benefits can be achieved by integrating optical concentrators around the diodes to reduce the volume of semiconductor material, and so minimise the thermally activated generation-recombination processes which compete with radiative mechanisms. The integrated concentrators are in the form of Winston cones, which can be formed using an iterative dry etch process involving methane/hydrogen and oxygen. We will present results on negative luminescence in the mid and long IR wavebands, from devices made from indium antimonide and mercury cadmium telluride, where the aim is sizes greater than 1cm x 1cm. We will also discuss progress on, and the potential for, operating temperature and/or sensitivity improvement of <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, where very high performance imaging is anticipated from systems which require no mechanical cooling.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..MAR.R2009B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..MAR.R2009B"><span>High <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> spectroscopic studies of shocked nitromethane</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bhowmick, Mithun; Nissen, Erin J.; Dlott, Dana D.</p> <p></p> <p>In this talk we describe a tabletop apparatus that can reproducibly drive shocks through tiny cells containing liquid arranged in an array for high-throughput shock compression studies. This talk will focus on nitromethane, a liquid reactive to shocks and capable of detonation. In our studies, a laser-driven flyer plate was used to shock nitromethane, and a spectrometer with high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> was employed to measure emission spectra from nanosecond to millisecond time scales. Typically, 50 single-shock experiments were performed per day with precisely controllable shock speeds below, above, or equal to the detonation shock speed. The emission spectra provide temperature histories using the graybody approximation. The ability to conveniently shock nitromethane on a benchtop will be used with isotopically substituted and amine-sensitized nitromethane and in future will be combined with other spectroscopies such as infrared absorption. Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI), Office of Naval Research.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26192499','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26192499"><span>Radiometric calibration method for large aperture infrared system with broad <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sun, Zhiyuan; Chang, Songtao; Zhu, Wei</p> <p>2015-05-20</p> <p>Infrared radiometric measurements can acquire important data for missile defense systems. When observation is carried out by ground-based infrared systems, a missile is characterized by long distance, small size, and large variation of radiance. Therefore, the infrared systems should be manufactured with a larger aperture to enhance detection ability and calibrated at a broader <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> to extend measurable radiance. Nevertheless, the frequently used calibration methods demand an extended-area blackbody with broad <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> or a huge collimator for filling the system's field stop, which would greatly increase manufacturing costs and difficulties. To overcome this restriction, a calibration method based on amendment of inner and outer calibration is proposed. First, the principles and procedures of this method are introduced. Then, a shifting strategy of infrared systems for measuring targets with large fluctuations of infrared radiance is put forward. Finally, several experiments are performed on a shortwave infrared system with Φ400 mm aperture. The results indicate that the proposed method cannot only ensure accuracy of calibration but have the advantage of low cost, low power, and high motility. Hence, it is an effective radiometric calibration method in the outfield.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29770964','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29770964"><span>Below-ground biotic interactions moderated the postglacial <span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of trees.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pither, Jason; Pickles, Brian J; Simard, Suzanne W; Ordonez, Alejandro; Williams, John W</p> <p>2018-05-17</p> <p>Tree <span class="hlt">range</span> shifts during geohistorical global change events provide a useful real-world model for how future changes in forest biomes may proceed. In North America, during the last deglaciation, the distributions of tree taxa varied significantly as regards the rate and direction of their responses for reasons that remain unclear. Local-scale processes such as establishment, growth, and resilience to environmental stress ultimately influence <span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span>. Despite the fact that interactions between trees and soil biota are known to influence local-scale processes profoundly, evidence linking below-ground interactions to distribution <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> remains scarce. We evaluated climate velocity and plant traits related to dispersal, environmental tolerance and below-ground symbioses, as potential predictors of the geohistorical rates of expansion and contraction of the core distributions of tree genera between 16 and 7 ka bp. The receptivity of host genera towards ectomycorrhizal fungi was strongly supported as a positive predictor of poleward rates of distribution expansion, and seed mass was supported as a negative predictor. Climate velocity gained support as a positive predictor of rates of distribution contraction, but not expansion. Our findings indicate that understanding how tree distributions, and thus forest ecosystems, respond to climate change requires the simultaneous consideration of traits, biotic interactions and abiotic forcing. © 2018 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2018 New Phytologist Trust.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=282997&keyword=extinction&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=282997&keyword=extinction&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>How interactions between animal movement and landscape processes modify <span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> and extinction risk</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> models now incorporate many of the mechanisms and interactions that drive species distributions. However, connectivity continues to be studied using overly simple distance-based dispersal models with little consideration of how the individual behavior of dispersin...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25601481','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25601481"><span>A reduction for spiking integrate-and-fire network <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> <span class="hlt">ranging</span> from homogeneity to synchrony.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhang, J W; Rangan, A V</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>In this paper we provide a general methodology for systematically reducing the <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of a class of integrate-and-fire networks down to an augmented 4-dimensional system of ordinary-differential-equations. The class of integrate-and-fire networks we focus on are homogeneously-structured, strongly coupled, and fluctuation-driven. Our reduction succeeds where most current firing-rate and population-<span class="hlt">dynamics</span> models fail because we account for the emergence of 'multiple-firing-events' involving the semi-synchronous firing of many neurons. These multiple-firing-events are largely responsible for the fluctuations generated by the network and, as a result, our reduction faithfully describes many <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> regimes <span class="hlt">ranging</span> from homogeneous to synchronous. Our reduction is based on first principles, and provides an analyzable link between the integrate-and-fire network parameters and the relatively low-dimensional <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> underlying the 4-dimensional augmented ODE.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850040810&hterms=Gold+detector&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DGold%2Bdetector','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850040810&hterms=Gold+detector&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DGold%2Bdetector"><span>Scintillator-fiber charged-particle track-imaging <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Binns, W. R.; Israel, M. H.; Klarmann, J.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>A scintillator-fiber charged-particle track-imaging <span class="hlt">detector</span> has been developed using a bundle of square cross-section plastic scintillator fiber optics, proximity focused onto an image intensified Charge Injection Device (CID) camera. <span class="hlt">Detector</span> to beams of 15 MeV protons and relativistic Neon, Manganese, and Gold nuclei have been exposed and images of their tracks are obtained. This paper presents details of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> technique, properties of the tracks obtained, and <span class="hlt">range</span> measurements of 15 MeV protons stopping in the fiber bundle.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/874253','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/874253"><span>Wafer-fused semiconductor radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Lee, Edwin Y.; James, Ralph B.</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Wafer-fused semiconductor radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> useful for gamma-ray and x-ray spectrometers and imaging systems. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> is fabricated using wafer fusion to insert an electrically conductive grid, typically comprising a metal, between two solid semiconductor pieces, one having a cathode (negative electrode) and the other having an anode (positive electrode). The wafer fused semiconductor radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> functions like the commonly used Frisch grid radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span>, in which an electrically conductive grid is inserted in high vacuum between the cathode and the anode. The wafer-fused semiconductor radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> can be fabricated using the same or two different semiconductor materials of different sizes and of the same or different thicknesses; and it may utilize a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of metals, or other electrically conducting materials, to form the grid, to optimize the <span class="hlt">detector</span> performance, without being constrained by structural dissimilarity of the individual parts. The wafer-fused <span class="hlt">detector</span> is basically formed, for example, by etching spaced grooves across one end of one of two pieces of semiconductor materials, partially filling the grooves with a selected electrical conductor which forms a grid electrode, and then fusing the grooved end of the one semiconductor piece to an end of the other semiconductor piece with a cathode and an anode being formed on opposite ends of the semiconductor pieces.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28946019','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28946019"><span><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> in BOLD modulation: lifespan aging trajectories and association with performance.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kennedy, Kristen M; Boylan, Maria A; Rieck, Jenny R; Foster, Chris M; Rodrigue, Karen M</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Alteration of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of modulation to cognitive difficulty has been proposed as a salient predictor of cognitive aging. Here, we examine in 171 adults (aged 20-94 years) the effects of age on <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> modulation of blood oxygenation-level dependent activation to difficulty in parametrically increasing working memory (WM) load (0-, 2-, 3-, and 4-back conditions). First, we examined parametric increases and decreases in activation to increasing WM load (positive modulation effect and negative modulation effect). Second, we examined the effect of age on modulation to difficulty (WM load) to identify regions that differed with age as difficulty increased (age-related positive and negative modulation effects). Weakened modulation to difficulty with age was found in both the positive modulation (middle frontal, superior/inferior parietal) and negative modulation effect (deactivated) regions (insula, cingulate, medial superior frontal, fusiform, and parahippocampal gyri, hippocampus, and lateral occipital cortex). Age-related alterations to positive modulation emerged later in the lifespan than negative modulation. Furthermore, these effects were significantly coupled in that greater upmodulation was associated with lesser downmodulation. Importantly, greater fronto-parietal upmodulation to difficulty and greater downmodulation of deactivated regions were associated with better task accuracy and upmodulation with better WM span measured outside the scanner. These findings suggest that greater <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of modulation of activation to cognitive challenge is in service of current task performance, as well as generalizing to cognitive ability beyond the scanner task, lending support to its utility as a marker of successful cognitive aging. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018uhec.confa1035K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018uhec.confa1035K"><span>Composition Studies with the Telescope Array Surface <span class="hlt">Detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kuznetsov, Mikhail; Piskunov, Maxim; Rubtsov, Grigory; Troitsky, Sergey; Zhezher, Yana</p> <p></p> <p>The results on ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray chemical composition based on the data from the Telescope Array surface-<span class="hlt">detector</span> are presented. The method is based on the multivariate boosted decision tree (BDT) analysis which uses surface-<span class="hlt">detector</span> observables. The results on average atomic mass in the energy <span class="hlt">range</span> 1018.0-1020.0 eV are presented. A comparison with the Telescope Array hybrid results and the Pierre Auger Observatory surface <span class="hlt">detector</span> results is shown.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2982000','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2982000"><span>Population and geographic <span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span>: implications for conservation planning</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Mace, Georgina M.; Collen, Ben; Fuller, Richard A.; Boakes, Elizabeth H.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Continuing downward trends in the population sizes of many species, in the conservation status of threatened species, and in the quality, extent and connectedness of habitats are of increasing concern. Identifying the attributes of declining populations will help predict how biodiversity will be impacted and guide conservation actions. However, the drivers of biodiversity declines have changed over time and average trends in abundance or distributional change hide significant variation among species. While some populations are declining rapidly, the majority remain relatively stable and others are increasing. Here we dissect out some of the changing drivers of population and geographic <span class="hlt">range</span> change, and identify biological and geographical correlates of winners and losers in two large datasets covering local population sizes of vertebrates since 1970 and the distributions of Galliform birds over the last two centuries. We find weak evidence for ecological and biological traits being predictors of local decline in <span class="hlt">range</span> or abundance, but stronger evidence for the role of local anthropogenic threats and environmental change. An improved understanding of the <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of threat processes and how they may affect different species will help to guide better conservation planning in a continuously changing world. PMID:20980321</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001NIMPA.460...91S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001NIMPA.460...91S"><span>Dose-dependent X-ray measurements using a 64×64 hybrid GaAs pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span> with photon counting</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schwarz, C.; Campbell, M.; Goeppert, R.; Ludwig, J.; Mikulec, B.; Rogalla, M.; Runge, K.; Soeldner-Rembold, A.; Smith, K. M.; Snoeys, W.; Watt, J.</p> <p>2001-03-01</p> <p>New developments in medical imaging head towards semiconductor <span class="hlt">detectors</span> flip-chip bonded to CMOS readout chips. In this work, <span class="hlt">detectors</span> fabricated on SI-GaAs bulk material were bonded to Photon Counting Chips. This PCC consists of a matrix of 64×64 identical square pixels (170 μm×170 μm) with a 15-bit counter in each cell. We investigated the imaging properties of these <span class="hlt">detector</span> systems under exposure of a dental X-ray tube. First, a dose calibration of the X-ray tube was performed. Fixed pattern noise in flood exposure images was determined for a fixed dose and an image correction method, which uses a gain map, was applied. For characterising the imaging properties, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was calculated as function of exposure dose. Finally, the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the system was estimated. Developed in the framework of the MEDIPIX collaboration: CERN, Universities of Freiburg, Glasgow, Naples and Pisa.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28153248','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28153248"><span>Confocal laser-induced fluorescence <span class="hlt">detector</span> for narrow capillary system with yoctomole limit of detection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Weaver, Mitchell T; Lynch, Kyle B; Zhu, Zaifang; Chen, Huang; Lu, Joann J; Pu, Qiaosheng; Liu, Shaorong</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for low-micrometer and sub-micrometer capillary on-column detection are not commercially available. In this paper, we describe in details how to construct a confocal LIF <span class="hlt">detector</span> to address this issue. We characterize the <span class="hlt">detector</span> by determining its limit of detection (LOD), linear <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (LDR) and background signal drift; a very low LOD (~70 fluorescein molecules or 12 yoctomole fluorescein), a wide LDR (greater than 3 orders of magnitude) and a small background signal drift (~1.2-fold of the root mean square noise) are obtained. For detecting analytes inside a low-micrometer and sub-micrometer capillary, proper alignment is essential. We present a simple protocol to align the capillary with the optical system and use the position-lock capability of a translation stage to fix the capillary in position during the experiment. To demonstrate the feasibility of using this <span class="hlt">detector</span> for narrow capillary systems, we build a 2-μm-i.d. capillary flow injection analysis (FIA) system using the newly developed LIF prototype as a <span class="hlt">detector</span> and obtain an FIA LOD of 14 zeptomole fluorescein. We also separate a DNA ladder sample by bare narrow capillary - hydrodynamic chromatography and use the LIF prototype to monitor the resolved DNA fragments. We obtain not only well-resolved peaks but also the quantitative information of all DNA fragments. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhDT.........5F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhDT.........5F"><span>Kinetic Inductance <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> for Measuring the Polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Flanigan, Daniel</p> <p></p> <p>Kinetic inductance <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (KIDs) are superconducting thin-film microresonators that are sensitive photon <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. These <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are a candidate for the next generation of experiments designed to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). I discuss the basic theory needed to understand the response of a KID to light, focusing on the <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of the quasiparticle system. I derive an equation that describes the <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of the quasiparticle number, solve it in a simplified form not previously published, and show that it can describe the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> response of a <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Magnetic flux vortices in a superconducting thin film can be a significant source of dissipation, and I demonstrate some techniques to prevent their formation. Based on the presented theory, I derive a corrected version of a widely-used equation for the quasiparticle recombination noise in a KID. I show that a KID consisting of a lumped-element resonator can be sensitive enough to be limited by photon noise, which is the fundamental limit for photometry, at a level of optical loading below levels in ground-based CMB experiments. Finally, I describe an ongoing project to develop multichroic KID pixels that are each sensitive to two linear polarization states in two spectral bands, intended for the next generation of CMB experiments. I show that a prototype 23-pixel array can detect millimeter-wave light, and present characterization measurements of the <span class="hlt">detectors</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820042585&hterms=silicon+detector+electrons&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dsilicon%2Bdetector%2Belectrons','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820042585&hterms=silicon+detector+electrons&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dsilicon%2Bdetector%2Belectrons"><span>Small area silicon diffused junction X-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Walton, J. T.; Pehl, R. H.; Larsh, A. E.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>The low-temperature performance of silicon diffused junction <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in the measurement of low energy X-rays is reported. The <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have an area of 0.04 sq cm and a thickness of 100 microns. The spectral resolutions of these <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were found to be in close agreement with expected values, indicating that the defects introduced by the high-temperature processing required in the device fabrication were not deleteriously affecting the detection of low-energy X-rays. Device performance over a temperature <span class="hlt">range</span> of 77 K to 150 K is given. These <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were designed to detect low-energy X-rays in the presence of minimum ionizing electrons. The successful application of silicon-diffused junction technology to X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> fabrication may facilitate the development of other novel silicon X-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> designs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20389650','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20389650"><span>Quantum dot SOA input power <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> improvement for differential-phase encoded signals.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Vallaitis, T; Bonk, R; Guetlein, J; Hillerkuss, D; Li, J; Brenot, R; Lelarge, F; Duan, G H; Freude, W; Leuthold, J</p> <p>2010-03-15</p> <p>Experimentally we find a 10 dB input power <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> advantage for amplification of phase encoded signals with quantum dot SOA as compared to low-confinement bulk SOA. An analysis of amplitude and phase effects shows that this improvement can be attributed to the lower alpha-factor found in QD SOA.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820032902&hterms=Molecular+Dynamics+Interactions&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DMolecular%2BDynamics%2BInteractions','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820032902&hterms=Molecular+Dynamics+Interactions&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DMolecular%2BDynamics%2BInteractions"><span>The neutral mass spectrometer on <span class="hlt">Dynamics</span> Explorer B</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Carignan, G. R.; Block, B. P.; Maurer, J. C.; Hedin, A. E.; Reber, C. A.; Spencer, N. W.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>A neutral gas mass spectrometer has been developed to satisfy the measurement requirements of the <span class="hlt">Dynamics</span> Explorer mission. The mass spectrometer, a quadrupole, will measure the abundances of neutral species in the region 300-500 km in the earth's atmosphere. These measurements will be used in concert with other simultaneous observations on <span class="hlt">Dynamics</span> Explorer to study the physical processes involved in the interactions of the magnetosphere-ionosphere-atmosphere system. The instrument, which is similar to that flown on Atmosphere Explorer, employs an electron beam ion source operating in the closed mode and a discrete dynode multiplier as a <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The mass <span class="hlt">range</span> is 22 to 50 amu. The abundances of atomic oxygen, molecular nitrogen, helium, argon, and possibly atomic nitrogen will be measured to an accuracy of about + or - 15% over the specified altitude <span class="hlt">range</span>, with a temporal resolution of one second.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA130612','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA130612"><span>Wide <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> Array <span class="hlt">Detector</span> for Absorbance and Rotation Spectrometry.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1983-07-05</p> <p>target tube (SIT) is used. With the SIT, as with the PMT, the sensitivity and spectral response are dependent on the choice of photocathode material ...refer to the same material under the same conditions. Figure 3 is a block diagram of the optical setup as configured for measurement of optical rotation...21401 Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27709 1 Mr. John Boyle Mr. Vincent Schaper Materials Branch DTNSRDC Code 2803 Naval Ship Engineering Center Annapolis</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29047928','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29047928"><span>Improved laser-based triangulation sensor with enhanced <span class="hlt">range</span> and resolution through adaptive optics-based active beam control.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Reza, Syed Azer; Khwaja, Tariq Shamim; Mazhar, Mohsin Ali; Niazi, Haris Khan; Nawab, Rahma</p> <p>2017-07-20</p> <p>Various existing target <span class="hlt">ranging</span> techniques are limited in terms of the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of operation and measurement resolution. These limitations arise as a result of a particular measurement methodology, the finite processing capability of the hardware components deployed within the sensor module, and the medium through which the target is viewed. Generally, improving the sensor <span class="hlt">range</span> adversely affects its resolution and vice versa. Often, a distance sensor is designed for an optimal <span class="hlt">range</span>/resolution setting depending on its intended application. Optical triangulation is broadly classified as a spatial-signal-processing-based <span class="hlt">ranging</span> technique and measures target distance from the location of the reflected spot on a position sensitive <span class="hlt">detector</span> (PSD). In most triangulation sensors that use lasers as a light source, beam divergence-which severely affects sensor measurement <span class="hlt">range</span>-is often ignored in calculations. In this paper, we first discuss in detail the limitations to <span class="hlt">ranging</span> imposed by beam divergence, which, in effect, sets the sensor <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. Next, we show how the resolution of laser-based triangulation sensors is limited by the interpixel pitch of a finite-sized PSD. In this paper, through the use of tunable focus lenses (TFLs), we propose a novel design of a triangulation-based optical rangefinder that improves both the sensor resolution and its <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> through adaptive electronic control of beam propagation parameters. We present the theory and operation of the proposed sensor and clearly demonstrate a <span class="hlt">range</span> and resolution improvement with the use of TFLs. Experimental results in support of our claims are shown to be in strong agreement with theory.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DNP.EA027M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DNP.EA027M"><span>Ring Imaging Cerenkov <span class="hlt">Detector</span> for CLAS12</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Muhoza, Mireille; Aaron, Elise; Smoot, Waymond; Benmokhtar, Fatiha</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>The CLAS12 <span class="hlt">detector</span> at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF) is undergoing an upgrade. One of the additions to this <span class="hlt">detector</span> is a Ring Imaging Cherenkov (RICH) <span class="hlt">detector</span> to improve particle identification in the 3-8 GeV/c momentum <span class="hlt">range</span>. Approximately 400 multi anode photomultiplier tubes (MAPMTs) will be used to detect Cherenkov Radiation in the single photoelectron spectra (SPS). <span class="hlt">Detector</span> tests are taking place at Jefferson Lab, while analysis software development is ongoing at Duquesne. I will be summarizing the work done at Duquesne on the Database development and the analysis of the ADC and TDCs for the Hamamatsu Multi-Anode PMTs that are used for Cerenkov light radiation. National Science Foundation, Award 1615067.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10132E..3WR','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10132E..3WR"><span>A CMOS-based high-resolution fluoroscope (HRF) <span class="hlt">detector</span> prototype with 49.5μm pixels for use in endovascular image guided interventions (EIGI)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Russ, M.; Shankar, A.; Setlur Nagesh, S. V.; Ionita, C. N.; Bednarek, D. R.; Rudin, S.</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>X-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span> to meet the high-resolution requirements for endovascular image-guided interventions (EIGIs) are being developed and evaluated. A new 49.5-micron pixel prototype <span class="hlt">detector</span> is being investigated and compared to the current suite of high-resolution fluoroscopic (HRF) <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. This <span class="hlt">detector</span> featuring a 300-micron thick CsI(Tl) scintillator, and low electronic noise CMOS readout is designated the HRF- CMOS50. To compare the abilities of this <span class="hlt">detector</span> with other existing high resolution <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, a standard performance metric analysis was applied, including the determination of the modulation transfer function (MTF), noise power spectra (NPS), noise equivalent quanta (NEQ), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) for a <span class="hlt">range</span> of energies and exposure levels. The advantage of the smaller pixel size and reduced blurring due to the thin phosphor was exemplified when the MTF of the HRF-CMOS50 was compared to the other high resolution <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, which utilize larger pixels, other optical designs or thicker scintillators. However, the thinner scintillator has the disadvantage of a lower quantum detective efficiency (QDE) for higher diagnostic x-ray energies. The performance of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> as part of an imaging chain was examined by employing the generalized metrics GMTF, GNEQ, and GDQE, taking standard focal spot size and clinical imaging parameters into consideration. As expected, the disparaging effects of focal spot unsharpness, exacerbated by increasing magnification, degraded the higher-frequency performance of the HRF-CMOS50, while increasing scatter fraction diminished low-frequency performance. Nevertheless, the HRF-CMOS50 brings improved resolution capabilities for EIGIs, but would require increased sensitivity and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> for future clinical application.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006APS..TSFFI1009H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006APS..TSFFI1009H"><span>Modeling the Efficiency of a Germanium <span class="hlt">Detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hayton, Keith; Prewitt, Michelle; Quarles, C. A.</p> <p>2006-10-01</p> <p>We are using the Monte Carlo Program PENELOPE and the cylindrical geometry program PENCYL to develop a model of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> efficiency of a planar Ge <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> is used for x-ray measurements in an ongoing experiment to measure electron bremsstrahlung. While we are mainly interested in the efficiency up to 60 keV, the model <span class="hlt">ranges</span> from 10.1 keV (below the Ge absorption edge at 11.1 keV) to 800 keV. Measurements of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> efficiency have been made in a well-defined geometry with calibrated radioactive sources: Co-57, Se-75, Ba-133, Am-241 and Bi-207. The model is compared with the experimental measurements and is expected to provide a better interpolation formula for the <span class="hlt">detector</span> efficiency than simply using x-ray absorption coefficients for the major constituents of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Using PENELOPE, we will discuss several factors, such as Ge dead layer, surface ice layer and angular divergence of the source, that influence the efficiency of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28080109','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28080109"><span>The <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of response set activation during action sequencing.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Behmer, Lawrence P; Crump, Matthew J C</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>We show that theories of response scheduling for sequential action can be discriminated on the basis of their predictions for the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of response set activation during sequencing, which refers to the momentary span of activation states for completed and to-be-completed actions in a response set. In particular, theories allow that future actions in a plan are partially activated, but differ with respect to the width of the <span class="hlt">range</span>, which refers to the number of future actions that are partially activated. Similarly, theories differ on the width of the <span class="hlt">range</span> for recently completed actions that are assumed to be rapidly deactivated or gradually deactivated in a passive fashion. We validate a new typing task for measuring momentary activation states of actions across a response set during action sequencing. Typists recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk copied a paragraph by responding to a "go" signal that usually cued the next letter but sometimes cued a near-past or future letter (n-3, -2, -1, 0, +2, +3). The activation states for producing letters across go-signal positions can be inferred from RTs and errors. In general, we found evidence of graded parallel activation for future actions and rapid deactivation of more distal past actions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22482707-calibration-time-flight-detectors-using-laser-driven-neutron-source','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22482707-calibration-time-flight-detectors-using-laser-driven-neutron-source"><span>Calibration of time of flight <span class="hlt">detectors</span> using laser-driven neutron source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Mirfayzi, S. R.; Kar, S., E-mail: s.kar@qub.ac.uk; Ahmed, H.</p> <p>2015-07-15</p> <p>Calibration of three scintillators (EJ232Q, BC422Q, and EJ410) in a time-of-flight arrangement using a laser drive-neutron source is presented. The three plastic scintillator <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were calibrated with gamma insensitive bubble <span class="hlt">detector</span> spectrometers, which were absolutely calibrated over a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of neutron energies <span class="hlt">ranging</span> from sub-MeV to 20 MeV. A typical set of data obtained simultaneously by the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> is shown, measuring the neutron spectrum emitted from a petawatt laser irradiated thin foil.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26233373','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26233373"><span>Calibration of time of flight <span class="hlt">detectors</span> using laser-driven neutron source.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mirfayzi, S R; Kar, S; Ahmed, H; Krygier, A G; Green, A; Alejo, A; Clarke, R; Freeman, R R; Fuchs, J; Jung, D; Kleinschmidt, A; Morrison, J T; Najmudin, Z; Nakamura, H; Norreys, P; Oliver, M; Roth, M; Vassura, L; Zepf, M; Borghesi, M</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>Calibration of three scintillators (EJ232Q, BC422Q, and EJ410) in a time-of-flight arrangement using a laser drive-neutron source is presented. The three plastic scintillator <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were calibrated with gamma insensitive bubble <span class="hlt">detector</span> spectrometers, which were absolutely calibrated over a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of neutron energies <span class="hlt">ranging</span> from sub-MeV to 20 MeV. A typical set of data obtained simultaneously by the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> is shown, measuring the neutron spectrum emitted from a petawatt laser irradiated thin foil.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015RScI...86g3308M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015RScI...86g3308M"><span>Calibration of time of flight <span class="hlt">detectors</span> using laser-driven neutron source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mirfayzi, S. R.; Kar, S.; Ahmed, H.; Krygier, A. G.; Green, A.; Alejo, A.; Clarke, R.; Freeman, R. R.; Fuchs, J.; Jung, D.; Kleinschmidt, A.; Morrison, J. T.; Najmudin, Z.; Nakamura, H.; Norreys, P.; Oliver, M.; Roth, M.; Vassura, L.; Zepf, M.; Borghesi, M.</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>Calibration of three scintillators (EJ232Q, BC422Q, and EJ410) in a time-of-flight arrangement using a laser drive-neutron source is presented. The three plastic scintillator <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were calibrated with gamma insensitive bubble <span class="hlt">detector</span> spectrometers, which were absolutely calibrated over a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of neutron energies <span class="hlt">ranging</span> from sub-MeV to 20 MeV. A typical set of data obtained simultaneously by the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> is shown, measuring the neutron spectrum emitted from a petawatt laser irradiated thin foil.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28799245','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28799245"><span>When and where to move: <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> occupancy models explain the <span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of a food nomadic bird under climate and land cover change.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kalle, Riddhika; Ramesh, Tharmalingam; Downs, Colleen T</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Globally, long-term research is critical to monitor the responses of tropical species to climate and land cover change at the <span class="hlt">range</span> scale. Citizen science surveys can reveal the long-term persistence of poorly known nomadic tropical birds occupying fragmented forest patches. We applied <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> occupancy models to 13 years (2002-2014) of citizen science-driven presence/absence data on Cape parrot (Poicephalus robustus), a food nomadic bird endemic to South Africa. We modeled its underlying <span class="hlt">range</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> as a function of resource distribution, and change in climate and land cover through the estimation of colonization and extinction patterns. The <span class="hlt">range</span> occupancy of Cape parrot changed little over time (ψ = 0.75-0.83) because extinction was balanced by recolonization. Yet, there was considerable regional variability in occupancy and detection probability increased over the years. Colonizations increased with warmer temperature and area of orchards, thus explaining their <span class="hlt">range</span> shifts southeastwards in recent years. Although colonizations were higher in the presence of nests and yellowwood trees (Afrocarpus and Podocarpus spp.), the extinctions in small forest patches (≤227 ha) and during low precipitation (≤41 mm) are attributed to resource constraints and unsuitable climatic conditions. Loss of indigenous forest cover and artificial lake/water bodies increased extinction probabilities of Cape parrot. The land use matrix (fruit farms, gardens, and cultivations) surrounding forest patches provides alternative food sources, thereby facilitating spatiotemporal colonization and extinction in the human-modified matrix. Our models show that Cape parrots are vulnerable to extreme climatic conditions such as drought which is predicted to increase under climate change. Therefore, management of optimum sized high-quality forest patches is essential for long-term survival of Cape parrot populations. Our novel application of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> occupancy models to long-term citizen</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25438710','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25438710"><span>Automatic <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> adjustment for ultrasound B-mode imaging.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lee, Yeonhwa; Kang, Jinbum; Yoo, Yangmo</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>In medical ultrasound imaging, <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (DR) is defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the displayed signal to display and it is one of the most essential parameters that determine its image quality. Typically, DR is given with a fixed value and adjusted manually by operators, which leads to low clinical productivity and high user dependency. Furthermore, in 3D ultrasound imaging, DR values are unable to be adjusted during 3D data acquisition. A histogram matching method, which equalizes the histogram of an input image based on that from a reference image, can be applied to determine the DR value. However, it could be lead to an over contrasted image. In this paper, a new Automatic <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> Adjustment (ADRA) method is presented that adaptively adjusts the DR value by manipulating input images similar to a reference image. The proposed ADRA method uses the distance ratio between the log average and each extreme value of a reference image. To evaluate the performance of the ADRA method, the similarity between the reference and input images was measured by computing a correlation coefficient (CC). In in vivo experiments, the CC values were increased by applying the ADRA method from 0.6872 to 0.9870 and from 0.9274 to 0.9939 for kidney and liver data, respectively, compared to the fixed DR case. In addition, the proposed ADRA method showed to outperform the histogram matching method with in vivo liver and kidney data. When using 3D abdominal data with 70 frames, while the CC value from the ADRA method is slightly increased (i.e., 0.6%), the proposed method showed improved image quality in the c-plane compared to its fixed counterpart, which suffered from a shadow artifact. These results indicate that the proposed method can enhance image quality in 2D and 3D ultrasound B-mode imaging by improving the similarity between the reference and input images while eliminating unnecessary manual interaction by the user. Copyright © 2014</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10463E..1NS','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10463E..1NS"><span>A design of an on-orbit radiometric calibration device for high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> infrared remote sensors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sheng, Yicheng; Jin, Weiqi; Dun, Xiong; Zhou, Feng; Xiao, Si</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>With the demand of quantitative remote sensing technology growing, high reliability as well as high accuracy radiometric calibration technology, especially the on-orbit radiometric calibration device has become an essential orientation in term of quantitative remote sensing technology. In recent years, global launches of remote sensing satellites are equipped with innovative on-orbit radiometric calibration devices. In order to meet the requirements of covering a very wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and no-shielding radiometric calibration system, we designed a projection-type radiometric calibration device for high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> sensors based on the Schmidt telescope system. In this internal radiometric calibration device, we select the EF-8530 light source as the calibration blackbody. EF-8530 is a high emittance Nichrome (Ni-Cr) reference source. It can operate in steady or pulsed state mode at a peak temperature of 973K. The irradiance from the source was projected to the IRFPA. The irradiance needs to ensure that the IRFPA can obtain different amplitude of the uniform irradiance through the narrow IR passbands and cover the very wide <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>. Combining the internal on-orbit radiometric calibration device with the specially designed adaptive radiometric calibration algorithms, an on-orbit <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> non-uniformity correction can be accomplished without blocking the optical beam from outside the telescope. The design optimizes optics, source design, and power supply electronics for irradiance accuracy and uniformity. The internal on-orbit radiometric calibration device not only satisfies a series of indexes such as stability, accuracy, large <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and uniformity of irradiance, but also has the advantages of short heating and cooling time, small volume, lightweight, low power consumption and many other features. It can realize the fast and efficient relative radiometric calibration without shielding the field of view. The device can applied to the design and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008IJMPB..22.1255K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008IJMPB..22.1255K"><span><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> Tensile Properties of Iron and Steels for a Wide <span class="hlt">Range</span> of Strain Rates and Strain</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kojima, Nobusato; Hayashi, Hiroyuki; Yamamoto, Terumi; Mimura, Koji; Tanimura, Shinji</p> <p></p> <p>The tensile stress-strain curves of iron and a variety of steels, covering a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of strength level, over a wide strain rate <span class="hlt">range</span> on the order of 10-3 ~ 103 s-1, were obtained systematically by using the Sensing Block Type High Speed Material Testing System (SBTS, Saginomiya). Through intensive analysis of these results, the strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress for the large strain region, including the viscous term at high strain rates, the true fracture strength and the true fracture strain were cleared for the material group of the ferrous metals. These systematical data may be useful to develop a practical constitutive model for computer codes, including a fracture criterion for simulations of the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> behavior in crash worthiness studies and of work-pieces subjected to <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> plastic working for a wide strain rate <span class="hlt">range</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080004054','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080004054"><span>Delta-doped hybrid advanced <span class="hlt">detector</span> for low energy particle detection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Cunningham, Thomas J. (Inventor); Fossum, Eric R. (Inventor); Nikzad, Shouleh (Inventor); Pain, Bedabrata (Inventor); Soli, George A. (Inventor)</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>A delta-doped hybrid advanced <span class="hlt">detector</span> (HAD) is provided which combines at least four types of technologies to create a <span class="hlt">detector</span> for energetic particles <span class="hlt">ranging</span> in energy from hundreds of electron volts (eV) to beyond several million eV. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> is sensitive to photons from visible light to X-rays. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> is highly energy-sensitive from approximately 10 keV down to hundreds of eV. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> operates with milliwatt power dissipation, and allows non-sequential readout of the array, enabling various advanced readout schemes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080005026','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080005026"><span>Delta-doped hybrid advanced <span class="hlt">detector</span> for low energy particle detection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Cunningham, Thomas J. (Inventor); Fossum, Eric R. (Inventor); Nikzad, Shouleh (Inventor); Pain, Bedabrata (Inventor); Soli, George A. (Inventor)</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>A delta-doped hybrid advanced <span class="hlt">detector</span> (HAD) is provided which combines at least four types of technologies to create a <span class="hlt">detector</span> for energetic particles <span class="hlt">ranging</span> in energy from hundreds of electron volts (eV) to beyond several million eV. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> is sensitive to photons from visible light to X-rays. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> is highly energy-sensitive from approximately 10 keV down to hundreds of eV. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> operates with milliwatt power dissipation, and allows non-sequential readout of the array, enabling various advanced readout schemes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..115.3279H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..115.3279H"><span>Metastability and avalanche <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> in strongly correlated gases with long-<span class="hlt">range</span> interactions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hruby, Lorenz; Dogra, Nishant; Landini, Manuele; Donner, Tobias; Esslinger, Tilman</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>We experimentally study the stability of a bosonic Mott insulator against the formation of a density wave induced by long-<span class="hlt">range</span> interactions and characterize the intrinsic <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> between these two states. The Mott insulator is created in a quantum degenerate gas of 87-Rubidium atoms, trapped in a 3D optical lattice. The gas is located inside and globally coupled to an optical cavity. This causes interactions of global <span class="hlt">range</span>, mediated by photons dispersively scattered between a transverse lattice and the cavity. The scattering comes with an atomic density modulation, which is measured by the photon flux leaking from the cavity. We initialize the system in a Mott-insulating state and then rapidly increase the global coupling strength. We observe that the system falls into either of two distinct final states. One is characterized by a low photon flux, signaling a Mott insulator, and the other is characterized by a high photon flux, which we associate with a density wave. Ramping the global coupling slowly, we observe a hysteresis loop between the two states—a further signature of metastability. A comparison with a theoretical model confirms that the metastability originates in the competition between short- and global-<span class="hlt">range</span> interactions. From the increasing photon flux monitored during the switching process, we find that several thousand atoms tunnel to a neighboring site on the timescale of the single-particle <span class="hlt">dynamics</span>. We argue that a density modulation, initially forming in the compressible surface of the trapped gas, triggers an avalanche tunneling process in the Mott-insulating region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5429774-poster-presentation-sandia-helicopter-acoustic-detector','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5429774-poster-presentation-sandia-helicopter-acoustic-detector"><span>Poster presentation Sandia helicopter acoustic <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Arlowe, H.D.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>In reviewing the safeguards plans for several proposed fuel cycle facilities, the advantages of a short-<span class="hlt">range</span> helicopter <span class="hlt">detector</span> became apparent. The main buildings of these new designs are generally hardened so as to provide significant delay to a helicopter-borne adversary team. Under these circumstances the sensor is only required to detect helicopters which are in their final landing phase and at close <span class="hlt">range</span> (less than 75 meters). This paper describes the Sandia <span class="hlt">detector</span>, which is designed to only look at spectral lines between 20 and 40 Hz, and depends upon the harmonic content of the rotor pulses for detecting themore » lower rotor speed helicopters. 1 ref.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA572180','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA572180"><span>Extended-<span class="hlt">Range</span> Prediction with Low-Dimensional, Stochastic-<span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> Models: A Data-driven Approach</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-09-30</p> <p>characterization of extratropical storms and extremes and link these to LFV modes. Mingfang Ting, Yochanan Kushnir, Andrew W. Robertson...simulating and predicting a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of climate phenomena including ENSO, tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SSTs), storm track variability...into empirical prediction models. Use observations to improve low-order <span class="hlt">dynamical</span> MJO models. Adam Sobel, Daehyun Kim. Extratropical variability</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1174994','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1174994"><span>Handheld CZT radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Murray, William S.; Butterfield, Kenneth B.; Baird, William</p> <p>2004-08-24</p> <p>A handheld CZT radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> having a CZT gamma-ray sensor, a multichannel analyzer, a fuzzy-logic component, and a display component is disclosed. The CZT gamma-ray sensor may be a coplanar grid CZT gamma-ray sensor, which provides high-quality gamma-ray analysis at a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of operating temperatures. The multichannel analyzer categorizes pulses produce by the CZT gamma-ray sensor into channels (discrete energy levels), resulting in pulse height data. The fuzzy-logic component analyzes the pulse height data and produces a ranked listing of radioisotopes. The fuzzy-logic component is flexible and well-suited to in-field analysis of radioisotopes. The display component may be a personal data assistant, which provides a user-friendly method of interacting with the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. In addition, the radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> may be equipped with a neutron sensor to provide an enhanced mechanism of sensing radioactive materials.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22392541-simultaneous-broadband-laser-ranging-photonic-doppler-velocimetry-dynamic-compression-experiments','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22392541-simultaneous-broadband-laser-ranging-photonic-doppler-velocimetry-dynamic-compression-experiments"><span>Simultaneous broadband laser <span class="hlt">ranging</span> and photonic Doppler velocimetry for <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> compression experiments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>La Lone, B. M., E-mail: lalonebm@nv.doe.gov; Marshall, B. R.; Miller, E. K.</p> <p>2015-02-15</p> <p>A diagnostic was developed to simultaneously measure both the distance and velocity of rapidly moving surfaces in <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> compression experiments, specifically non-planar experiments where integrating the velocity in one direction does not always give the material position accurately. The diagnostic is constructed mainly from fiber-optic telecommunications components. The distance measurement is based on a technique described by Xia and Zhang [Opt. Express 18, 4118 (2010)], which determines the target distance every 20 ns and is independent of the target speed. We have extended the full <span class="hlt">range</span> of the diagnostic to several centimeters to allow its use in <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> experiments, andmore » we multiplexed it with a photonic Doppler velocimetry (PDV) system so that distance and velocity histories can be measured simultaneously using one fiber-optic probe. The diagnostic was demonstrated on a spinning square cylinder to show how integrating a PDV record can give an incorrect surface position and how the <span class="hlt">ranging</span> diagnostic described here obtains it directly. The diagnostic was also tested on an explosive experiment where copper fragments and surface ejecta were identified in both the distance and velocity signals. We show how the distance measurements complement the velocity data. Potential applications are discussed.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPUO7014S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPUO7014S"><span>Precision Neutron Time-of-Flight <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> Provide Insight into NIF Implosion <span class="hlt">Dynamics</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schlossberg, David; Eckart, M. J.; Grim, G. P.; Hartouni, E. P.; Hatarik, R.; Moore, A. S.; Waltz, C. S.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>During inertial confinement fusion, higher-order moments of neutron time-of-flight (nToF) spectra can provide essential information for optimizing implosions. The nToF diagnostic suite at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) was recently upgraded to include novel, quartz Cherenkov <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. These <span class="hlt">detectors</span> exploit the rapid Cherenkov radiation process, in contrast with conventional scintillator decay times, to provide high temporal-precision measurements that support higher-order moment analyses. Preliminary measurements have been made on the NIF during several implosions and initial results are presented here. Measured line-of-sight asymmetries, for example in ion temperatures, will be discussed. Finally, advanced <span class="hlt">detector</span> optimization is shown to advance accessible physics, with possibilities for energy discrimination, gamma source identification, and further reduction in quartz response times. Work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4760478','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4760478"><span><span class="hlt">Dynamics</span> of individual perceptual decisions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Clark, Torin K.; Lu, Yue M.; Karmali, Faisal</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Perceptual decision making is fundamental to a broad <span class="hlt">range</span> of fields including neurophysiology, economics, medicine, advertising, law, etc. Although recent findings have yielded major advances in our understanding of perceptual decision making, decision making as a function of time and frequency (i.e., decision-making <span class="hlt">dynamics</span>) is not well understood. To limit the review length, we focus most of this review on human findings. Animal findings, which are extensively reviewed elsewhere, are included when beneficial or necessary. We attempt to put these various findings and data sets, which can appear to be unrelated in the absence of a formal <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> analysis, into context using published models. Specifically, by adding appropriate <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> mechanisms (e.g., high-pass filters) to existing models, it appears that a number of otherwise seemingly disparate findings from the literature might be explained. One hypothesis that arises through this <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> analysis is that decision making includes phasic (high pass) neural mechanisms, an evidence accumulator and/or some sort of midtrial decision-making mechanism (e.g., peak <span class="hlt">detector</span> and/or decision boundary). PMID:26467513</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SPIE.5957..161N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SPIE.5957..161N"><span>High-performance IR <span class="hlt">detectors</span> at SCD present and future</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nesher, O.; Klipstein, P. C.</p> <p>2005-09-01</p> <p>For over 27 years, SCD has been manufacturing and developing a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of high performance infra-red <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, designed to operate in either the mid-wave (MWIR) or the long-wave (LWIR) atmospheric windows. These <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have been integrated successfully into many different types of system including missile seekers, Time Delay Integration scanning systems, Hand-Held cameras, Missile Warning Systems and many others. SCD's technology for the MWIR wavelength <span class="hlt">range</span> is based on its well established 2-D arrays of InSb photodiodes. The arrays are flip-chip bonded to SCD's analogue or digital signal processors, all of which have been designed in-house. The 2-D Focal Plane Array (FPA) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have a format of 320×256 elements for a 30 μm pitch and 480×384 or 640×512 elements for a 20 μm pitch. Typical operating temperatures are around 77-85K. Five years ago SCD began to develop a new generation of MWIR <span class="hlt">detectors</span> based on the epitaxial growth of Antimonide Based Compound Semiconductors (ABCS). This ABCS technology allows band-gap engineering of the detection material which enables higher operating temperatures and multi-spectral detection. This year SCD presented its first prototype FPA from this program, an InAlSb based <span class="hlt">detector</span> operating at a temperature of 100 K. By the end of this year SCD will introduce the first prototype MWIR <span class="hlt">detector</span> with a 640×512 element format and a pitch of 15 μm. For the LWIR wave-length <span class="hlt">range</span> SCD manufactures both linear Hg1-xCdxTe (MCT) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with a line of 250 elements and Time Delay and Integration (TDI) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with formats of 288×4 and 480×6. Recently, SCD has demonstrated its first prototype un-cooled <span class="hlt">detector</span> which is based on VOx technology and which has a format of 384×288 elements, a pitch of 25 μm and a typical NETD of 50mK at F/1. In this paper we describe the present technologies and products of SCD and the future evolution of our <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for the MWIR and LWIR detection.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006OERv...14...59N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006OERv...14...59N"><span>High-performance IR <span class="hlt">detectors</span> at SCD present and future</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nesher, O.; Klipstein, P. C.</p> <p>2006-03-01</p> <p>For over 27 years, SCD has been manufacturing and developing a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of high performance infrared <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, designed to operate in either the mid-wave (MWIR) or the long-wave (LWIR) atmospheric windows. These <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have been integrated successfully into many different types of system including missile seekers, time delay integration scanning systems, hand-held cameras, missile warning systems and many others. SCD's technology for the MWIR wavelength <span class="hlt">range</span> is based on its well established 2D arrays of InSb photodiodes. The arrays are flip-chip bonded to SCD's analogue or digital signal processors, all of which have been designed in-house. The 2D focal plane array (FPA) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have a format of 320×256 elements for a 30-μm pitch and 480×384 or 640×512 elements for a 20-μm pitch. Typical operating temperatures are around 77-85 K. Five years ago SCD began to develop a new generation of MWIR <span class="hlt">detectors</span> based on the epitaxial growth of antimonide based compound semiconductors (ABCS). This ABCS technology allows band-gap engineering of the detection material which enables higher operating temperatures and multi-spectral detection. This year SCD presented its first prototype FPA from this program, an InAlSb based <span class="hlt">detector</span> operating at a temperature of 100 K. By the end of this year SCD will introduce the first prototype MWIR <span class="hlt">detector</span> with a 640×512 element format and a pitch of 15 μm. For the LWIR wavelength <span class="hlt">range</span> SCD manufactures both linear Hg1-xCdxTe (MCT) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with a line of 250 elements and time delay and integration (TDI) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with formats of 288×4 and 480×6. Recently, SCD has demonstrated its first prototype uncooled <span class="hlt">detector</span> which is based on VOx technology and which has a format of 384×288 elements, a pitch of 25 μm, and a typical NETD of 50 mK at F/1. In this paper, we describe the present technologies and products of SCD and the future evolution of our <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for the MWIR and LWIR detection.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10464E..1NL','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10464E..1NL"><span>Design of the flame <span class="hlt">detector</span> based on pyroelectric infrared sensor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Yang; Yu, Benhua; Dong, Lei; Li, Kai</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>As a fire detection device, flame <span class="hlt">detector</span> has the advantages of short reaction time and long distance. Based on pyroelectric infrared sensor working principle, the passive pyroelectric infrared alarm system is designed, which is mainly used for safety of tunnel to detect whether fire occurred or not. Modelling and Simulation of the pyroelectric <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Using Labview. An attempt was made to obtain a simple test platform of a pyroelectric <span class="hlt">detector</span> which would make an excellent basis for the analysis of its <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> behaviour. After many experiments, This system has sensitive response, high anti-interference ability and safe and reliable performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1262170','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1262170"><span>Large-Scale Test of <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> Correlation Processors: Implications for Correlation-Based Seismic Pipelines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Dodge, D. A.; Harris, D. B.</p> <p></p> <p>Correlation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are of considerable interest to the seismic monitoring communities because they offer reduced detection thresholds and combine detection, location and identification functions into a single operation. They appear to be ideal for applications requiring screening of frequent repeating events. However, questions remain about how broadly empirical correlation methods are applicable. We describe the effectiveness of banks of correlation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in a system that combines traditional power <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with correlation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in terms of efficiency, which we define to be the fraction of events detected by the correlators. This paper elaborates and extends the concept of a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> correlationmore » detection framework – a system which autonomously creates correlation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> from event waveforms detected by power <span class="hlt">detectors</span>; and reports observed performance on a network of arrays in terms of efficiency. We performed a large scale test of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> correlation processors on an 11 terabyte global dataset using 25 arrays in the single frequency band 1-3 Hz. The system found over 3.2 million unique signals and produced 459,747 screened detections. A very satisfying result is that, on average, efficiency grows with time and, after nearly 16 years of operation, exceeds 47% for events observed over all distance <span class="hlt">ranges</span> and approaches 70% for near regional and 90% for local events. This observation suggests that future pipeline architectures should make extensive use of correlation <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, principally for decluttering observations of local and near-regional events. Our results also suggest that future operations based on correlation detection will require commodity large-scale computing infrastructure, since the numbers of correlators in an autonomous system can grow into the hundreds of thousands.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1262170-large-scale-test-dynamic-correlation-processors-implications-correlation-based-seismic-pipelines','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1262170-large-scale-test-dynamic-correlation-processors-implications-correlation-based-seismic-pipelines"><span>Large-Scale Test of <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> Correlation Processors: Implications for Correlation-Based Seismic Pipelines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Dodge, D. A.; Harris, D. B.</p> <p>2016-03-15</p> <p>Correlation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are of considerable interest to the seismic monitoring communities because they offer reduced detection thresholds and combine detection, location and identification functions into a single operation. They appear to be ideal for applications requiring screening of frequent repeating events. However, questions remain about how broadly empirical correlation methods are applicable. We describe the effectiveness of banks of correlation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in a system that combines traditional power <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with correlation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in terms of efficiency, which we define to be the fraction of events detected by the correlators. This paper elaborates and extends the concept of a <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> correlationmore » detection framework – a system which autonomously creates correlation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> from event waveforms detected by power <span class="hlt">detectors</span>; and reports observed performance on a network of arrays in terms of efficiency. We performed a large scale test of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> correlation processors on an 11 terabyte global dataset using 25 arrays in the single frequency band 1-3 Hz. The system found over 3.2 million unique signals and produced 459,747 screened detections. A very satisfying result is that, on average, efficiency grows with time and, after nearly 16 years of operation, exceeds 47% for events observed over all distance <span class="hlt">ranges</span> and approaches 70% for near regional and 90% for local events. This observation suggests that future pipeline architectures should make extensive use of correlation <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, principally for decluttering observations of local and near-regional events. Our results also suggest that future operations based on correlation detection will require commodity large-scale computing infrastructure, since the numbers of correlators in an autonomous system can grow into the hundreds of thousands.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1794319','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1794319"><span><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> Compression in the Honey Bee Auditory System toward Waggle Dance Sounds</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Tsujiuchi, Seiya; Sivan-Loukianova, Elena; Eberl, Daniel F.; Kitagawa, Yasuo; Kadowaki, Tatsuhiko</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Honey bee foragers use a “waggle dance” to inform nestmates about direction and distance to locations of attractive food. The sound and air flows generated by dancer's wing and abdominal vibrations have been implicated as important cues, but the decoding mechanisms for these dance messages are poorly understood. To understand the neural mechanisms of honey bee dance communication, we analyzed the anatomy of antenna and Johnston's organ (JO) in the pedicel of the antenna, as well as the mechanical and neural response characteristics of antenna and JO to acoustic stimuli, respectively. The honey bee JO consists of about 300–320 scolopidia connected with about 48 cuticular “knobs” around the circumference of the pedicel. Each scolopidium contains bipolar sensory neurons with both type I and II cilia. The mechanical sensitivities of the antennal flagellum are specifically high in response to low but not high intensity stimuli of 265–350 Hz frequencies. The structural characteristics of antenna but not JO neurons seem to be responsible for the non-linear responses of the flagellum in contrast to mosquito and fruit fly. The honey bee flagellum is a sensitive movement <span class="hlt">detector</span> responding to 20 nm tip displacement, which is comparable to female mosquito. Furthermore, the JO neurons have the ability to preserve both frequency and temporal information of acoustic stimuli including the “waggle dance” sound. Intriguingly, the response of JO neurons was found to be age-dependent, demonstrating that the dance communication is only possible between aged foragers. These results suggest that the matured honey bee antennae and JO neurons are best tuned to detect 250–300 Hz sound generated during “waggle dance” from the distance in a dark hive, and that sufficient responses of the JO neurons are obtained by reducing the mechanical sensitivity of the flagellum in a near-field of dancer. This nonlinear effect brings about <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> compression in the honey bee</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17311102','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17311102"><span><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> compression in the honey bee auditory system toward waggle dance sounds.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tsujiuchi, Seiya; Sivan-Loukianova, Elena; Eberl, Daniel F; Kitagawa, Yasuo; Kadowaki, Tatsuhiko</p> <p>2007-02-21</p> <p>Honey bee foragers use a "waggle dance" to inform nestmates about direction and distance to locations of attractive food. The sound and air flows generated by dancer's wing and abdominal vibrations have been implicated as important cues, but the decoding mechanisms for these dance messages are poorly understood. To understand the neural mechanisms of honey bee dance communication, we analyzed the anatomy of antenna and Johnston's organ (JO) in the pedicel of the antenna, as well as the mechanical and neural response characteristics of antenna and JO to acoustic stimuli, respectively. The honey bee JO consists of about 300-320 scolopidia connected with about 48 cuticular "knobs" around the circumference of the pedicel. Each scolopidium contains bipolar sensory neurons with both type I and II cilia. The mechanical sensitivities of the antennal flagellum are specifically high in response to low but not high intensity stimuli of 265-350 Hz frequencies. The structural characteristics of antenna but not JO neurons seem to be responsible for the non-linear responses of the flagellum in contrast to mosquito and fruit fly. The honey bee flagellum is a sensitive movement <span class="hlt">detector</span> responding to 20 nm tip displacement, which is comparable to female mosquito. Furthermore, the JO neurons have the ability to preserve both frequency and temporal information of acoustic stimuli including the "waggle dance" sound. Intriguingly, the response of JO neurons was found to be age-dependent, demonstrating that the dance communication is only possible between aged foragers. These results suggest that the matured honey bee antennae and JO neurons are best tuned to detect 250-300 Hz sound generated during "waggle dance" from the distance in a dark hive, and that sufficient responses of the JO neurons are obtained by reducing the mechanical sensitivity of the flagellum in a near-field of dancer. This nonlinear effect brings about <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> compression in the honey bee auditory system.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AIPC.1126...25M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AIPC.1126...25M"><span>The High Energy <span class="hlt">Detector</span> of Simbol-X</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Meuris, A.; Limousin, O.; Lugiez, F.; Gevin, O.; Blondel, C.; Le Mer, I.; Pinsard, F.; Cara, C.; Goetschy, A.; Martignac, J.; Tauzin, G.; Hervé, S.; Laurent, P.; Chipaux, R.; Rio, Y.; Fontignie, J.; Horeau, B.; Authier, M.; Ferrando, P.</p> <p>2009-05-01</p> <p>The High Energy <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (HED) is one of the three detection units on board the Simbol-X <span class="hlt">detector</span> spacecraft. It is placed below the Low Energy <span class="hlt">Detector</span> so as to collect focused photons in the energy <span class="hlt">range</span> from 8 to 80 keV. It consists of a mosaic of 64 independent cameras, divided in 8 sectors. Each elementary detection unit, called Caliste, is the hybridization of a 256-pixel Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) <span class="hlt">detector</span> with full custom front-end electronics into a unique component. The status of the HED design will be reported. The promising results obtained from the first micro-camera prototypes called Caliste 64 and Caliste 256 will be presented to illustrate the expected performance of the instrument.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016DPS....4810902V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016DPS....4810902V"><span>Impact of Infrared Lunar Laser <span class="hlt">Ranging</span> on Lunar <span class="hlt">Dynamics</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Viswanathan, Vishnu; Fienga, Agnès; Manche, Hervé; Gastineau, Mickael; Courde, Clément; Torre, Jean-Marie; Exertier, Pierre; Laskar, Jacques; LLR Observers : Astrogeo-OCA, Apache Point, McDonald Laser Ranging Station, Haleakala Observatory, Matera Laser Ranging Observatory</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>Since 2015, in addition to the traditional green (532nm), infrared (1064nm) has been the preferred wavelength for lunar laser <span class="hlt">ranging</span> at the Calern lunar laser <span class="hlt">ranging</span> (LLR) site in France. Due to the better atmospheric transmission of IR with respect to Green, nearly 3 times the number of normal points have been obtained in IR than in Green [ C.Courde et al 2016 ]. In our study, in addition to the historical data obtained from various other LLR sites, we include the recent IR normal points obtained from Calern over the 1 year time span (2015-2016), constituting about 4.2% of data spread over 46 years of LLR. Near even distribution of data provided by IR on both the spatial and temporal domain, helps us to improve constraints on the internal structure of the Moon modeled within the planetary ephemeris : INPOP [ Fienga et al 2015 ]. IERS recommended models have been used in the data reduction software GINS (GRGS,CNES) [ V.Viswanathan et al 2015 ]. Constraints provided by GRAIL, on the Lunar gravitational potential and Love numbers have been taken into account in the least-square fit procedure. New estimates on the <span class="hlt">dynamical</span> parameters of the lunar core will be presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvL.120n0407B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvL.120n0407B"><span>Noninvasive Quantum Measurement of Arbitrary Operator Order by Engineered Non-Markovian <span class="hlt">Detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bülte, Johannes; Bednorz, Adam; Bruder, Christoph; Belzig, Wolfgang</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The development of solid-state quantum technologies requires the understanding of quantum measurements in interacting, nonisolated quantum systems. In general, a permanent coupling of <span class="hlt">detectors</span> to a quantum system leads to memory effects that have to be taken into account in interpreting the measurement results. We analyze a generic setup of two <span class="hlt">detectors</span> coupled to a quantum system and derive a compact formula in the weak-measurement limit that interpolates between an instantaneous (text-book type) and almost continuous—<span class="hlt">detector</span> <span class="hlt">dynamics</span>-dependent—measurement. A quantum memory effect that we term "system-mediated <span class="hlt">detector-detector</span> interaction" is crucial to observe noncommuting observables simultaneously. Finally, we propose a mesoscopic double-dot <span class="hlt">detector</span> setup in which the memory effect is tunable and that can be used to explore the transition to non-Markovian quantum measurements experimentally.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24058378','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24058378"><span>An ultra-thin Schottky diode as a transmission particle <span class="hlt">detector</span> for biological microbeams.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Grad, Michael; Harken, Andrew; Randers-Pehrson, Gerhard; Attinger, Daniel; Brenner, David J</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>We fabricated ultrathin metal-semiconductor Schottky diodes for use as transmission particle <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in the biological microbeam at Columbia University's Radiological Research Accelerator Facility (RARAF). The RARAF microbeam can deliver a precise dose of ionizing radiation in cell nuclei with sub-micron precision. To ensure an accurate delivery of charged particles, the facility currently uses a commercial charged-particle <span class="hlt">detector</span> placed after the sample. We present here a transmission <span class="hlt">detector</span> that will be placed between the particle accelerator and the biological specimen, allowing the irradiation of samples that would otherwise block radiation from reaching a <span class="hlt">detector</span> behind the sample. Four <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were fabricated with co-planar gold and aluminum electrodes thermally evaporated onto etched n-type crystalline silicon substrates, with device thicknesses <span class="hlt">ranging</span> from 8.5 μm - 13.5 μm. We show coincident detections and pulse-height distributions of charged particles in both the transmission <span class="hlt">detector</span> and the commercial <span class="hlt">detector</span> above it. Detections are demonstrated at a <span class="hlt">range</span> of operating conditions, including incoming particle type, count rate, and beam location on the <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The 13.5 μm <span class="hlt">detector</span> is shown to work best to detect 2.7 MeV protons (H + ), and the 8.5 μm <span class="hlt">detector</span> is shown to work best to detect 5.4 MeV alpha particles ( 4 He ++ ). The development of a transmission <span class="hlt">detector</span> enables a <span class="hlt">range</span> of new experiments to take place at RARAF on radiation-stopping samples such as thick tissues, targets that need immersion microscopy, and integrated microfluidic devices for handling larger quantities of cells and small organisms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3776448','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3776448"><span>An ultra-thin Schottky diode as a transmission particle <span class="hlt">detector</span> for biological microbeams</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Harken, Andrew; Randers-Pehrson, Gerhard; Attinger, Daniel; Brenner, David J.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>We fabricated ultrathin metal-semiconductor Schottky diodes for use as transmission particle <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in the biological microbeam at Columbia University’s Radiological Research Accelerator Facility (RARAF). The RARAF microbeam can deliver a precise dose of ionizing radiation in cell nuclei with sub-micron precision. To ensure an accurate delivery of charged particles, the facility currently uses a commercial charged-particle <span class="hlt">detector</span> placed after the sample. We present here a transmission <span class="hlt">detector</span> that will be placed between the particle accelerator and the biological specimen, allowing the irradiation of samples that would otherwise block radiation from reaching a <span class="hlt">detector</span> behind the sample. Four <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were fabricated with co-planar gold and aluminum electrodes thermally evaporated onto etched n-type crystalline silicon substrates, with device thicknesses <span class="hlt">ranging</span> from 8.5 μm – 13.5 μm. We show coincident detections and pulse-height distributions of charged particles in both the transmission <span class="hlt">detector</span> and the commercial <span class="hlt">detector</span> above it. Detections are demonstrated at a <span class="hlt">range</span> of operating conditions, including incoming particle type, count rate, and beam location on the <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The 13.5 μm <span class="hlt">detector</span> is shown to work best to detect 2.7 MeV protons (H+), and the 8.5 μm <span class="hlt">detector</span> is shown to work best to detect 5.4 MeV alpha particles (4He++). The development of a transmission <span class="hlt">detector</span> enables a <span class="hlt">range</span> of new experiments to take place at RARAF on radiation-stopping samples such as thick tissues, targets that need immersion microscopy, and integrated microfluidic devices for handling larger quantities of cells and small organisms. PMID:24058378</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25967007','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25967007"><span>Design of a high-numerical-aperture digital micromirror device camera with high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Qiao, Yang; Xu, Xiping; Liu, Tao; Pan, Yue</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>A high-NA imaging system with high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> is presented based on a digital micromirror device (DMD). The DMD camera consists of an objective imaging system and a relay imaging system, connected by a DMD chip. With the introduction of a total internal reflection prism system, the objective imaging system is designed with a working F/# of 1.97, breaking through the F/2.45 limitation of conventional DMD projection lenses. As for the relay imaging system, an off-axis design that could correct off-axis aberrations of the tilt relay imaging system is developed. This structure has the advantage of increasing the NA of the imaging system while maintaining a compact size. Investigation revealed that the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of a DMD camera could be greatly increased, by 2.41 times. We built one prototype DMD camera with a working F/# of 1.23, and the field experiments proved the validity and reliability our work.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE10142E..0ZR','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE10142E..0ZR"><span>Digital algorithms for parallel pipelined single-<span class="hlt">detector</span> homodyne fringe counting in laser interferometry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rerucha, Simon; Sarbort, Martin; Hola, Miroslava; Cizek, Martin; Hucl, Vaclav; Cip, Ondrej; Lazar, Josef</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The homodyne detection with only a single <span class="hlt">detector</span> represents a promising approach in the interferometric application which enables a significant reduction of the optical system complexity while preserving the fundamental resolution and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the single frequency laser interferometers. We present the design, implementation and analysis of algorithmic methods for computational processing of the single-<span class="hlt">detector</span> interference signal based on parallel pipelined processing suitable for real time implementation on a programmable hardware platform (e.g. the FPGA - Field Programmable Gate Arrays or the SoC - System on Chip). The algorithmic methods incorporate (a) the single <span class="hlt">detector</span> signal (sine) scaling, filtering, demodulations and mixing necessary for the second (cosine) quadrature signal reconstruction followed by a conic section projection in Cartesian plane as well as (a) the phase unwrapping together with the goniometric and linear transformations needed for the scale linearization and periodic error correction. The digital computing scheme was designed for bandwidths up to tens of megahertz which would allow to measure the displacements at the velocities around half metre per second. The algorithmic methods were tested in real-time operation with a PC-based reference implementation that employed the advantage pipelined processing by balancing the computational load among multiple processor cores. The results indicate that the algorithmic methods are suitable for a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of applications [3] and that they are bringing the fringe counting interferometry closer to the industrial applications due to their optical setup simplicity and robustness, computational stability, scalability and also a cost-effectiveness.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JInst..13C3018I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JInst..13C3018I"><span>Particle identification for a future EIC <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ilieva, Y.; Allison, L.; Barber, C.; Cao, T.; Del Dotto, A.; Gleason, C.; He, X.; Kalicy, G.; McKisson, J.; Nadel-Turonski, P.; Park, K.; Rapoport, J.; Schwarz, C.; Schwiening, J.; Wong, C. P.; Zhao, Zh.; Zorn, C.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>In its latest Long <span class="hlt">Range</span> Plan for Nuclear Science Research in the U.S., the Nuclear Science Advisory Committee to the Department of Energy recommended that in regards to new nuclear-physics facilities, the construction of an Electron Ion Collider (EIC) be of the highest priority after the completion of the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams. In order to carry out key aspects of the scientific program of the EIC, the EIC central <span class="hlt">detector</span> must be capable of hadron particle identification (PID) over a broad momentum <span class="hlt">range</span> of up to 50 GeV/c. The goal of the EIC-PID consortium is to develop an integrated program for PID at EIC, which employs several different technologies for imaging Cherenkov <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Here we discuss the conceptual designs and the expected PID performance of two of these <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, as well as the newest results of gain evaluation studies of photon sensors that are good candidates to read out these <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Development of a gas-aerogel dual-radiator Ring Imaging Cherenkov (dRICH) <span class="hlt">detector</span> with outward focusing mirrors is being pursued for the hadron endcap. Simulations demonstrate that the dRICH can provide a continuous >= 3σ π /K/p separation from 2.5 GeV/c to 50 GeV/c. A modular aerogel Ring Imaging Cherenkov (mRICH) <span class="hlt">detector</span> with a Fresnel lens as a focusing element is being pursued for the electron endcap. The design provides for hadron identification over a momentum <span class="hlt">range</span> of 3 GeV/c-10 GeV/c. The working principle of the mRICH design has been proven in a beam test with a first prototype. The location of the sensor readout planes of the Cherenkov <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in the magnetic field of the central-<span class="hlt">detector</span> solenoid, which is expected to be within 1.5 T-3 T, makes is necessary to evaluate the limit of the acceptable performance of commercially available photosensors, such as microchannel-plate photomultipliers (MCP PMTs). Here we present the results of gain evaluation of multi-anode MCP PMTs with a pore size of 10 μm. Overall, our preliminary results</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Ap%26SS.363...63C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Ap%26SS.363...63C"><span>MCP <span class="hlt">detector</span> development for UV space missions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Conti, Lauro; Barnstedt, Jürgen; Hanke, Lars; Kalkuhl, Christoph; Kappelmann, Norbert; Rauch, Thomas; Stelzer, Beate; Werner, Klaus; Elsener, Hans-Rudolf; Schaadt, Daniel M.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>We are developing imaging and photon counting UV-MCP <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, which are sensitive in the wavelength <span class="hlt">range</span> from far ultraviolet to near ultraviolet. A good quantum efficiency, solar blindness and high spatial resolution is the aim of our development. The sealed <span class="hlt">detector</span> has a Cs-activated photoactive layer of GaN (or similarly advanced photocathode), which is operated in semitransparent mode on (001)-MgF2. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> comprises a stack of two long-life MCPs and a coplanar cross strip anode with advanced readout electronics. The main challenge is the flawless growth of the GaN photocathode layer as well as the requirements for the sealing of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>, to prevent a degradation of the photocathode. We present here the <span class="hlt">detector</span> concept and the experimental setup, examine in detail the status in the production and describe the current status of the readout electronics development.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhA...49r5005J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhA...49r5005J"><span>Coarsening <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> in condensing zero-<span class="hlt">range</span> processes and size-biased birth death chains</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jatuviriyapornchai, Watthanan; Grosskinsky, Stefan</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Zero-<span class="hlt">range</span> processes with decreasing jump rates are well known to exhibit a condensation transition under certain conditions on the jump rates, and the <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of this transition continues to be a subject of current research interest. Starting from homogeneous initial conditions, the time evolution of the condensed phase exhibits an interesting coarsening phenomenon of mass transport between cluster sites characterized by a power law. We revisit the approach in Godrèche (2003 J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 36 6313) to derive effective single site <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> which form a nonlinear birth death chain describing the coarsening behavior. We extend these results to a larger class of parameter values, and introduce a size-biased version of the single site process, which provides an effective tool to analyze the <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of the condensed phase without finite size effects and is the main novelty of this paper. Our results are based on a few heuristic assumptions and exact computations, and are corroborated by detailed simulation data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19740062764&hterms=frequency+modulation&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dfrequency%2Bmodulation','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19740062764&hterms=frequency+modulation&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dfrequency%2Bmodulation"><span>A <span class="hlt">detector</span> for high frequency modulation in auroral particle fluxes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Spiger, R. J.; Oehme, D.; Loewenstein, R. F.; Murphree, J.; Anderson, H. R.; Anderson, R.</p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>A high time resolution electron <span class="hlt">detector</span> has been developed for use in sounding rocket studies of the aurora. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> is used to look for particle bunching in the <span class="hlt">range</span> 50 kHz-10 MHz. The design uses an electron multiplier and an onboard frequency spectrum analyzer. By using the onboard analyzer, the data can be transmitted back to ground on a single 93-kHz voltage-controlled oscillator. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> covers the 50 kHz-10 MHz <span class="hlt">range</span> six times per second and detects modulation on the order of a new percent of the total electron flux. Spectra are presented for a flight over an auroral arc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JInst...8P1011G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JInst...8P1011G"><span>Comparing performances of a CdTe X-ray spectroscopic <span class="hlt">detector</span> and an X-ray dual-energy sandwich <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gorecki, A.; Brambilla, A.; Moulin, V.; Gaborieau, E.; Radisson, P.; Verger, L.</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>Multi-energy (ME) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are becoming a serious alternative to classical dual-energy sandwich (DE-S) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for X-ray applications such as medical imaging or explosive detection. They can use the full X-ray spectrum of irradiated materials, rather than disposing only of low and high energy measurements, which may be mixed. In this article, we intend to compare both simulated and real industrial detection systems, operating at a high count rate, independently of the dimensions of the measurements and independently of any signal processing methods. Simulations or prototypes of similar <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have already been compared (see [1] for instance), but never independently of estimation methods and never with real <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. We have simulated both an ME <span class="hlt">detector</span> made of CdTe - based on the characteristics of the MultiX ME100 and - a DE-S <span class="hlt">detector</span> - based on the characteristics of the Detection Technology's X-Card 1.5-64DE model. These <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were compared to a perfect spectroscopic <span class="hlt">detector</span> and an optimal DE-S <span class="hlt">detector</span>. For comparison purposes, two approaches were investigated. The first approach addresses how to distinguise signals, while the second relates to identifying materials. Performance criteria were defined and comparisons were made over a <span class="hlt">range</span> of material thicknesses and with different photon statistics. Experimental measurements in a specific configuration were acquired to checks simulations. Results showed good agreement between the ME simulation and the ME100 <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Both criteria seem to be equivalent, and the ME <span class="hlt">detector</span> performs 3.5 times better than the DE-S <span class="hlt">detector</span> with same photon statistics based on simulations and experimental measurements. Regardless of the photon statistics ME <span class="hlt">detectors</span> appeared more efficient than DE-S <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for all material thicknesses between 1 and 9 cm when measuring plastics with an attenuation signature close that of explosive materials. This translates into an improved false detection rate (FDR): DE</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22344098','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22344098"><span>CMOS <span class="hlt">detector</span> arrays in a virtual 10-kilopixel camera for coherent terahertz real-time imaging.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Boppel, Sebastian; Lisauskas, Alvydas; Max, Alexander; Krozer, Viktor; Roskos, Hartmut G</p> <p>2012-02-15</p> <p>We demonstrate the principle applicability of antenna-coupled complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) field-effect transistor arrays as cameras for real-time coherent imaging at 591.4 GHz. By scanning a few <span class="hlt">detectors</span> across the image plane, we synthesize a focal-plane array of 100×100 pixels with an active area of 20×20 mm2, which is applied to imaging in transmission and reflection geometries. Individual <span class="hlt">detector</span> pixels exhibit a voltage conversion loss of 24 dB and a noise figure of 41 dB for 16 μW of the local oscillator (LO) drive. For object illumination, we use a radio-frequency (RF) source with 432 μW at 590 GHz. Coherent detection is realized by quasioptical superposition of the image and the LO beam with 247 μW. At an effective frame rate of 17 Hz, we achieve a maximum <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of 30 dB in the center of the image and more than 20 dB within a disk of 18 mm diameter. The system has been used for surface reconstruction resolving a height difference in the μm <span class="hlt">range</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS.960a2031L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS.960a2031L"><span>An Integrated Tone Mapping for High <span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> Image Visualization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liang, Lei; Pan, Jeng-Shyang; Zhuang, Yongjun</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>There are two type tone mapping operators for high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (HDR) image visualization. HDR image mapped by perceptual operators have strong sense of reality, but will lose local details. Empirical operators can maximize local detail information of HDR image, but realism is not strong. A common tone mapping operator suitable for all applications is not available. This paper proposes a novel integrated tone mapping framework which can achieve conversion between empirical operators and perceptual operators. In this framework, the empirical operator is rendered based on improved saliency map, which simulates the visual attention mechanism of the human eye to the natural scene. The results of objective evaluation prove the effectiveness of the proposed solution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26871185','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26871185"><span>Molecular <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> simulations of bubble nucleation in dark matter <span class="hlt">detectors</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Denzel, Philipp; Diemand, Jürg; Angélil, Raymond</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Bubble chambers and droplet <span class="hlt">detectors</span> used in dosimetry and dark matter particle search experiments use a superheated metastable liquid in which nuclear recoils trigger bubble nucleation. This process is described by the classical heat spike model of F. Seitz [Phys. Fluids (1958-1988) 1, 2 (1958)PFLDAS0031-917110.1063/1.1724333], which uses classical nucleation theory to estimate the amount and the localization of the deposited energy required for bubble formation. Here we report on direct molecular <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> simulations of heat-spike-induced bubble formation. They allow us to test the nanoscale process described in the classical heat spike model. 40 simulations were performed, each containing about 20 million atoms, which interact by a truncated force-shifted Lennard-Jones potential. We find that the energy per length unit needed for bubble nucleation agrees quite well with theoretical predictions, but the allowed spike length and the required total energy are about twice as large as predicted. This could be explained by the rapid energy diffusion measured in the simulation: contrary to the assumption in the classical model, we observe significantly faster heat diffusion than the bubble formation time scale. Finally we examine α-particle tracks, which are much longer than those of neutrons and potential dark matter particles. Empirically, α events were recently found to result in louder acoustic signals than neutron events. This distinction is crucial for the background rejection in dark matter searches. We show that a large number of individual bubbles can form along an α track, which explains the observed larger acoustic amplitudes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=propellant&id=ED086460','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=propellant&id=ED086460"><span>Gas <span class="hlt">Detectors</span>, Volume 1.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Defense Documentation Center, Alexandria, VA.</p> <p></p> <p>The report contains annotated references on gas <span class="hlt">detectors</span> compiled from the Defense Documentation Center's data bank. The <span class="hlt">range</span> of the topics deals with detection of toxic propellants, odors, gas leaks, oxygen, etc. Included with the bibliographic reference are the corporate author-monitoring agency, subject, and title indexes. (Author/JR)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JInst..13C4030R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JInst..13C4030R"><span>Multi-element germanium <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for synchrotron applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rumaiz, A. K.; Kuczewski, A. J.; Mead, J.; Vernon, E.; Pinelli, D.; Dooryhee, E.; Ghose, S.; Caswell, T.; Siddons, D. P.; Miceli, A.; Baldwin, J.; Almer, J.; Okasinski, J.; Quaranta, O.; Woods, R.; Krings, T.; Stock, S.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>We have developed a series of monolithic multi-element germanium <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, based on sensor arrays produced by the Forschungzentrum Julich, and on Application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) developed at Brookhaven. Devices have been made with element counts <span class="hlt">ranging</span> from 64 to 384. These <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are being used at NSLS-II and APS for a <span class="hlt">range</span> of diffraction experiments, both monochromatic and energy-dispersive. Compact and powerful readout systems have been developed, based on the new generation of FPGA system-on-chip devices, which provide closely coupled multi-core processors embedded in large gate arrays. We will discuss the technical details of the systems, and present some of the results from them.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015OptCo.357...21J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015OptCo.357...21J"><span>Cat-eye effect target recognition with single-pixel <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jian, Weijian; Li, Li; Zhang, Xiaoyue</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>A prototype of cat-eye effect target recognition with single-pixel <span class="hlt">detectors</span> is proposed. Based on the framework of compressive sensing, it is possible to recognize cat-eye effect targets by projecting a series of known random patterns and measuring the backscattered light with three single-pixel <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in different locations. The prototype only requires simpler, less expensive <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and extends well beyond the visible spectrum. The simulations are accomplished to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed prototype. We compared our results to that obtained from conventional cat-eye effect target recognition methods using area array sensor. The experimental results show that this method is feasible and superior to the conventional method in <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> and complicated backgrounds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SPIE10539E..0IS','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SPIE10539E..0IS"><span>Fast and broadband <span class="hlt">detector</span> for laser radiation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Scorticati, Davide; Crapella, Giacomo; Pellegrino, Sergio</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>We developed a fast <span class="hlt">detector</span> (patent pending) based on the Laser Induced Transverse Voltage (LITV) effect. The advantage of <span class="hlt">detectors</span> using the LITV effect over pyroelectric sensors and photodiodes for laser radiation measurements is the combination of an overall fast response time, broadband spectral acceptance, high saturation threshold to direct laser irradiation and the possibility to measure pulsed as well as cw-laser sources. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> is capable of measuring the energy of single laser pulses with repetition frequencies up to the MHz <span class="hlt">range</span>, adding the possibility to also measure the output power of cw-lasers. Moreover, the thermal nature of the sensor enables the capability to work in a broadband spectrum, from UV to THz as well as the possibility of operating in a broad-<span class="hlt">range</span> (10-3-102 W/cm2 ) of incident average optical power densities of the laser radiation, without the need of adopting optical filters nor other precautions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JInst..10P0013C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JInst..10P0013C"><span>Serial data acquisition for the X-ray plasma diagnostics with selected GEM <span class="hlt">detector</span> structures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Czarski, T.; Chernyshova, M.; Pozniak, K. T.; Kasprowicz, G.; Zabolotny, W.; Kolasinski, P.; Krawczyk, R.; Wojenski, A.; Zienkiewicz, P.</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p>The measurement system based on GEM—Gas Electron Multiplier <span class="hlt">detector</span> is developed for X-ray diagnostics of magnetic confinement tokamak plasmas. The paper is focused on the measurement subject and describes the fundamental data processing to obtain reliable characteristics (histograms) useful for physicists. The required data processing have two steps: 1—processing in the time domain, i.e. events selections for bunches of coinciding clusters, 2—processing in the planar space domain, i.e. cluster identification for the given <span class="hlt">detector</span> structure. So, it is the software part of the project between the electronic hardware and physics applications. The whole project is original and it was developed by the paper authors. The previous version based on 1-D GEM <span class="hlt">detector</span> was applied for the high-resolution X-ray crystal spectrometer KX1 in the JET tokamak. The current version considers 2-D <span class="hlt">detector</span> structures for the new data acquisition system. The fast and accurate mode of data acquisition implemented in the hardware in real time can be applied for the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> plasma diagnostics. Several <span class="hlt">detector</span> structures with single-pixel sensors and multi-pixel (directional) sensors are considered for two-dimensional X-ray imaging. Final data processing is presented by histograms for selected <span class="hlt">range</span> of position, time interval and cluster charge values. Exemplary radiation source properties are measured by the basic cumulative characteristics: the cluster position distribution and cluster charge value distribution corresponding to the energy spectra. A shorter version of this contribution is due to be published in PoS at: 1st EPS conference on Plasma Diagnostics</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NIMPA.871...13W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NIMPA.871...13W"><span>Modular focusing ring imaging Cherenkov <span class="hlt">detector</span> for electron-ion collider experiments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wong, C. P.; Alfred, M.; Allison, L.; Awadi, M.; Azmoun, B.; Barbosa, F.; Barion, L.; Bennett, J.; Brooks, W.; Butler, C.; Cao, T.; Chiu, M.; Cisbani, E.; Contalbrigo, M.; Datta, A.; Del Dotto, A.; Demarteau, M.; Durham, J. M.; Dzhygadlo, R.; Elder, T.; Fields, D.; Furletova, Y.; Gleason, C.; Grosse-Perdekamp, M.; Harris, J.; Haseler, T. O. S.; He, X.; van Hecke, H.; Horn, T.; Hruschka, A.; Huang, J.; Hyde, C.; Ilieva, Y.; Kalicy, G.; Kimball, M.; Kistenev, E.; Kulinich, Y.; Liu, M.; Majka, R.; McKisson, J.; Mendez, R.; Nadel-Turonski, P.; Park, K.; Peters, K.; Rao, T.; Pisani, R.; Qiang, Y.; Rescia, S.; Rossi, P.; Sarajlic, O.; Sarsour, M.; Schwarz, C.; Schwiening, J.; da Silva, C. L.; Smirnov, N.; Stien, H. D.; Stevens, J.; Sukhanov, A.; Syed, S.; Tate, A. C.; Toh, J.; Towell, C. L.; Towell, R. S.; Tsang, T.; Turisini, M.; Wagner, R.; Wang, J.; Woody, C.; Xi, W.; Xie, J.; Zhao, Z. W.; Zihlmann, B.; Zorn, C.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>A powerful new electron-ioncollider (EIC) has been recommended in the 2015 Long <span class="hlt">Range</span> Plan for Nuclear Science for probing the partonic structure inside nucleons and nuclei with unprecedented precision and versatility [1]. EIC <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are currently under development [2], all of which require hadron identification over a broad kinematic <span class="hlt">range</span>. A prototype ring imaging Cherenkov <span class="hlt">detector</span> has been developed for hadron identification in the momentum <span class="hlt">range</span> from 3 GeV/c to 10 GeV/c. The key feature of this new <span class="hlt">detector</span> is a compact and modular design, achieved by using aerogel as radiator and a Fresnel lens for ring focusing. In this paper, the results from a beam test of a prototype device at Fermilab are reported.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1408726-modular-focusing-ring-imaging-cherenkov-detector-electronion-collider-experiments','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1408726-modular-focusing-ring-imaging-cherenkov-detector-electronion-collider-experiments"><span>Modular focusing ring imaging Cherenkov <span class="hlt">detector</span> for electron–ion collider experiments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Wong, C. P.; Alfred, M.; Allison, L.; ...</p> <p>2017-07-16</p> <p>Here, a powerful new electron–ioncollider (EIC) has been recommended in the 2015 Long <span class="hlt">Range</span> Plan for Nuclear Science for probing the partonic structure inside nucleons and nuclei with unprecedented precision and versatility. EIC <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are currently under development, all of which require hadron identification over a broad kinematic <span class="hlt">range</span>. A prototype ring imaging Cherenkov <span class="hlt">detector</span> has been developed for hadron identification in the momentum <span class="hlt">range</span> from 3 GeV/c to 10 GeV/c. The key feature of this new <span class="hlt">detector</span> is a compact and modular design, achieved by using aerogel as radiator and a Fresnel lens for ring focusing. In this paper,more » the results from a beam test of a prototype device at Fermilab are reported.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3095970','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3095970"><span>MicroCT with energy-resolved photon-counting <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wang, X; Meier, D; Mikkelsen, S; Maehlum, G E; Wagenaar, D J; Tsui, BMW; Patt, B E; Frey, E C</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The goal of this paper was to investigate the benefits that could be realistically achieved on a microCT imaging system with an energy-resolved photon-counting x-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span>. To this end, we built and evaluated a prototype microCT system based on such a <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> is based on cadmium telluride (CdTe) radiation sensors and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) readouts. Each <span class="hlt">detector</span> pixel can simultaneously count x-ray photons above six energy thresholds, providing the capability for energy-selective x-ray imaging. We tested the spectroscopic performance of the system using polychromatic x-ray radiation and various filtering materials with Kabsorption edges. Tomographic images were then acquired of a cylindrical PMMA phantom containing holes filled with various materials. Results were also compared with those acquired using an intensity-integrating x-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> and single-energy (i.e. non-energy-selective) CT. This paper describes the functionality and performance of the system, and presents preliminary spectroscopic and tomographic results. The spectroscopic experiments showed that the energy-resolved photon-counting <span class="hlt">detector</span> was capable of measuring energy spectra from polychromatic sources like a standard x-ray tube, and resolving absorption edges present in the energy <span class="hlt">range</span> used for imaging. However, the spectral quality was degraded by spectral distortions resulting from degrading factors, including finite energy resolution and charge sharing. We developed a simple charge-sharing model to reproduce these distortions. The tomographic experiments showed that the availability of multiple energy thresholds in the photon-counting <span class="hlt">detector</span> allowed us to simultaneously measure target-to-background contrasts in different energy <span class="hlt">ranges</span>. Compared with single-energy CT with an integrating <span class="hlt">detector</span>, this feature was especially useful to improve differentiation of materials with different attenuation coefficient energy dependences. PMID:21464527</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21464527','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21464527"><span>MicroCT with energy-resolved photon-counting <span class="hlt">detectors</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, X; Meier, D; Mikkelsen, S; Maehlum, G E; Wagenaar, D J; Tsui, B M W; Patt, B E; Frey, E C</p> <p>2011-05-07</p> <p>The goal of this paper was to investigate the benefits that could be realistically achieved on a microCT imaging system with an energy-resolved photon-counting x-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span>. To this end, we built and evaluated a prototype microCT system based on such a <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> is based on cadmium telluride (CdTe) radiation sensors and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) readouts. Each <span class="hlt">detector</span> pixel can simultaneously count x-ray photons above six energy thresholds, providing the capability for energy-selective x-ray imaging. We tested the spectroscopic performance of the system using polychromatic x-ray radiation and various filtering materials with K-absorption edges. Tomographic images were then acquired of a cylindrical PMMA phantom containing holes filled with various materials. Results were also compared with those acquired using an intensity-integrating x-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> and single-energy (i.e. non-energy-selective) CT. This paper describes the functionality and performance of the system, and presents preliminary spectroscopic and tomographic results. The spectroscopic experiments showed that the energy-resolved photon-counting <span class="hlt">detector</span> was capable of measuring energy spectra from polychromatic sources like a standard x-ray tube, and resolving absorption edges present in the energy <span class="hlt">range</span> used for imaging. However, the spectral quality was degraded by spectral distortions resulting from degrading factors, including finite energy resolution and charge sharing. We developed a simple charge-sharing model to reproduce these distortions. The tomographic experiments showed that the availability of multiple energy thresholds in the photon-counting <span class="hlt">detector</span> allowed us to simultaneously measure target-to-background contrasts in different energy <span class="hlt">ranges</span>. Compared with single-energy CT with an integrating <span class="hlt">detector</span>, this feature was especially useful to improve differentiation of materials with different attenuation coefficient energy dependences.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28072394','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28072394"><span>Three-dimensional cascaded system analysis of a 50 µm pixel pitch wafer-scale CMOS active pixel sensor x-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> for digital breast tomosynthesis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhao, C; Vassiljev, N; Konstantinidis, A C; Speller, R D; Kanicki, J</p> <p>2017-03-07</p> <p>High-resolution, low-noise x-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span> based on the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) active pixel sensor (APS) technology have been developed and proposed for digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT). In this study, we evaluated the three-dimensional (3D) imaging performance of a 50 µm pixel pitch CMOS APS x-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> named DynAMITe (<span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> Adjustable for Medical Imaging Technology). The two-dimensional (2D) angle-dependent modulation transfer function (MTF), normalized noise power spectrum (NNPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) were experimentally characterized and modeled using the cascaded system analysis at oblique incident angles up to 30°. The cascaded system model was extended to the 3D spatial frequency space in combination with the filtered back-projection (FBP) reconstruction method to calculate the 3D and in-plane MTF, NNPS and DQE parameters. The results demonstrate that the beam obliquity blurs the 2D MTF and DQE in the high spatial frequency <span class="hlt">range</span>. However, this effect can be eliminated after FBP image reconstruction. In addition, impacts of the image acquisition geometry and <span class="hlt">detector</span> parameters were evaluated using the 3D cascaded system analysis for DBT. The result shows that a wider projection angle <span class="hlt">range</span> (e.g. ±30°) improves the low spatial frequency (below 5 mm -1 ) performance of the CMOS APS <span class="hlt">detector</span>. In addition, to maintain a high spatial resolution for DBT, a focal spot size of smaller than 0.3 mm should be used. Theoretical analysis suggests that a pixelated scintillator in combination with the 50 µm pixel pitch CMOS APS <span class="hlt">detector</span> could further improve the 3D image resolution. Finally, the 3D imaging performance of the CMOS APS and an indirect amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin-film transistor (TFT) passive pixel sensor (PPS) <span class="hlt">detector</span> was simulated and compared.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PMB....62.1994Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PMB....62.1994Z"><span>Three-dimensional cascaded system analysis of a 50 µm pixel pitch wafer-scale CMOS active pixel sensor x-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> for digital breast tomosynthesis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhao, C.; Vassiljev, N.; Konstantinidis, A. C.; Speller, R. D.; Kanicki, J.</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>High-resolution, low-noise x-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span> based on the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) active pixel sensor (APS) technology have been developed and proposed for digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT). In this study, we evaluated the three-dimensional (3D) imaging performance of a 50 µm pixel pitch CMOS APS x-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> named DynAMITe (<span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> Adjustable for Medical Imaging Technology). The two-dimensional (2D) angle-dependent modulation transfer function (MTF), normalized noise power spectrum (NNPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) were experimentally characterized and modeled using the cascaded system analysis at oblique incident angles up to 30°. The cascaded system model was extended to the 3D spatial frequency space in combination with the filtered back-projection (FBP) reconstruction method to calculate the 3D and in-plane MTF, NNPS and DQE parameters. The results demonstrate that the beam obliquity blurs the 2D MTF and DQE in the high spatial frequency <span class="hlt">range</span>. However, this effect can be eliminated after FBP image reconstruction. In addition, impacts of the image acquisition geometry and <span class="hlt">detector</span> parameters were evaluated using the 3D cascaded system analysis for DBT. The result shows that a wider projection angle <span class="hlt">range</span> (e.g. ±30°) improves the low spatial frequency (below 5 mm-1) performance of the CMOS APS <span class="hlt">detector</span>. In addition, to maintain a high spatial resolution for DBT, a focal spot size of smaller than 0.3 mm should be used. Theoretical analysis suggests that a pixelated scintillator in combination with the 50 µm pixel pitch CMOS APS <span class="hlt">detector</span> could further improve the 3D image resolution. Finally, the 3D imaging performance of the CMOS APS and an indirect amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin-film transistor (TFT) passive pixel sensor (PPS) <span class="hlt">detector</span> was simulated and compared.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26843230','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26843230"><span>Novel scintillation <span class="hlt">detector</span> design and performance for proton radiography and computed tomography.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bashkirov, V A; Schulte, R W; Hurley, R F; Johnson, R P; Sadrozinski, H F-W; Zatserklyaniy, A; Plautz, T; Giacometti, V</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Proton computed tomography (pCT) will enable accurate prediction of proton and ion <span class="hlt">range</span> in a patient while providing the benefit of lower radiation exposure than in x-ray CT. The accuracy of the <span class="hlt">range</span> prediction is essential for treatment planning in proton or ion therapy and depends upon the <span class="hlt">detector</span> used to evaluate the water-equivalent path length (WEPL) of a proton passing through the object. A novel approach is presented for an inexpensive WEPL <span class="hlt">detector</span> for pCT and proton radiography. A novel multistage <span class="hlt">detector</span> with an aperture of 10 × 37.5 cm was designed to optimize the accuracy of the WEPL measurements while simplifying <span class="hlt">detector</span> construction and the performance requirements of its components. The design of the five-stage <span class="hlt">detector</span> was optimized through simulations based on the geant4 <span class="hlt">detector</span> simulation toolkit, and the fabricated prototype was calibrated in water-equivalent millimeters with 200 MeV protons in the research beam line of the clinical proton synchrotron at Loma Linda University Medical Center. A special polystyrene step phantom was designed and built to speed up and simplify the calibration procedure. The calibrated five-stage <span class="hlt">detector</span> was tested in the 200 MeV proton beam as part of the pCT head scanner, using a water phantom and polystyrene slabs to verify the WEPL reconstruction accuracy. The beam-test results demonstrated excellent performance of the new <span class="hlt">detector</span>, in good agreement with the simulation results. The WEPL measurement accuracy is about 3.0 mm per proton in the 0-260 mm WEPL <span class="hlt">range</span> required for a pCT head scan with a 200 MeV proton beam. The new multistage design approach to WEPL measurements for proton CT and radiography has been prototyped and tested. The test results show that the design is competitive with much more expensive calorimeter and <span class="hlt">range</span>-counter designs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4890956','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4890956"><span>Development of a Bolometer <span class="hlt">Detector</span> System for the NIST High Accuracy Infrared Spectrophotometer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zong, Y.; Datla, R. U.</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>A bolometer <span class="hlt">detector</span> system was developed for the high accuracy infrared spectrophotometer at the National Institute of Standards and Technology to provide maximum sensitivity, spatial uniformity, and linearity of response covering the entire infrared spectral <span class="hlt">range</span>. The spatial response variation was measured to be within 0.1 %. The linearity of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> output was measured over three decades of input power. After applying a simple correction procedure, the <span class="hlt">detector</span> output was found to deviate less than 0.2 % from linear behavior over this <span class="hlt">range</span>. The noise equivalent power (NEP) of the bolometer system was 6 × 10−12 W/Hz at the frequency of 80 Hz. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> output 3 dB roll-off frequency was 200 Hz. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> output was stable to within ± 0.05 % over a 15 min period. These results demonstrate that the bolometer <span class="hlt">detector</span> system will serve as an excellent <span class="hlt">detector</span> for the high accuracy infrared spectrophotometer. PMID:28009364</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900012026','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900012026"><span>Status of the isophot <span class="hlt">detector</span> development</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wolf, J.; Lemke, D.; Burgdorf, M.; Groezinger, U.; Hajduk, CH.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>ISOPHOT is one of the four focal plane experiments of the European Space Agency's Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). Scheduled for a 1993 launch, it will operate extrinsic silicon and germanium photoconductors at low temperature and low background during the longer than 18 month mission. These <span class="hlt">detectors</span> cover the wavelength <span class="hlt">range</span> from 2.5 to 200 microns and are used as single elements and in arrays. A cryogenic preamplifier was developed to read out a total number of 223 <span class="hlt">detector</span> pixels.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20350852','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20350852"><span>Generalized assorted pixel camera: postcapture control of resolution, <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span>, and spectrum.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yasuma, Fumihito; Mitsunaga, Tomoo; Iso, Daisuke; Nayar, Shree K</p> <p>2010-09-01</p> <p>We propose the concept of a generalized assorted pixel (GAP) camera, which enables the user to capture a single image of a scene and, after the fact, control the tradeoff between spatial resolution, <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> and spectral detail. The GAP camera uses a complex array (or mosaic) of color filters. A major problem with using such an array is that the captured image is severely under-sampled for at least some of the filter types. This leads to reconstructed images with strong aliasing. We make four contributions in this paper: 1) we present a comprehensive optimization method to arrive at the spatial and spectral layout of the color filter array of a GAP camera. 2) We develop a novel algorithm for reconstructing the under-sampled channels of the image while minimizing aliasing artifacts. 3) We demonstrate how the user can capture a single image and then control the tradeoff of spatial resolution to generate a variety of images, including monochrome, high <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> (HDR) monochrome, RGB, HDR RGB, and multispectral images. 4) Finally, the performance of our GAP camera has been verified using extensive simulations that use multispectral images of real world scenes. A large database of these multispectral images has been made available at http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/CAVE/projects/gap_camera/ for use by the research community.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/869682','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/869682"><span>Device for calibrating a radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Mc Fee, Matthew C.; Kirkham, Tim J.; Johnson, Tippi H.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>A device for testing a radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> system that includes at least two arrays of radiation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> that are movable with respect to each other. The device includes a "shield plate" or shell, and an opposing "source plate" containing a source of ionizing radiation. Guides are attached to the outer surface of the shell for engaging the forward ends of the <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, thereby reproducibly positioning the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with respect to the source and with respect to each other, thereby ensuring that a predetermined portion of the radiation emitted by the source passes through the shell and reaches the <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The shell is made of an hydrogenous material having approximately the same radiological attenuation characteristics as composite human tissue. The source represents a human organ such as the lungs, heart, kidneys, heart, liver, spleen, pancreas, thyroid, testes, prostate, or ovaries. The source includes a source of ionizing radiation having a long half-life and an activity that is within the <span class="hlt">range</span> typically searched for in human subjects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160002624','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160002624"><span><span class="hlt">Dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">Range</span> Enhancement of High-Speed Electrical Signal Data via Non-Linear Compression</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Laun, Matthew C. (Inventor)</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Systems and methods for high-speed compression of <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> electrical signal waveforms to extend the measuring capabilities of conventional measuring devices such as oscilloscopes and high-speed data acquisition systems are discussed. Transfer function components and algorithmic transfer functions can be used to accurately measure signals that are within the frequency bandwidth but beyond the voltage <span class="hlt">range</span> and voltage resolution capabilities of the measuring device.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2025676','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2025676"><span>Short-<span class="hlt">Range</span> Order and Collective <span class="hlt">Dynamics</span> of DMPC Bilayers: A Comparison between Molecular <span class="hlt">Dynamics</span> Simulations, X-Ray, and Neutron Scattering Experiments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hub, Jochen S.; Salditt, Tim; Rheinstädter, Maikel C.; de Groot, Bert L.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>We present an extensive comparison of short-<span class="hlt">range</span> order and short wavelength <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of a hydrated phospholipid bilayer derived by molecular <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> simulations, elastic x-ray, and inelastic neutron scattering experiments. The quantities that are compared between simulation and experiment include static and <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> structure factors, reciprocal space mappings, and electron density profiles. We show that the simultaneous use of molecular <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> and diffraction data can help to extract real space properties like the area per lipid and the lipid chain ordering from experimental data. In addition, we assert that the interchain distance can be computed to high accuracy from the interchain correlation peak of the structure factor. Moreover, it is found that the position of the interchain correlation peak is not affected by the area per lipid, while its correlation length decreases linearly with the area per lipid. This finding allows us to relate a property of the structure factor quantitatively to the area per lipid. Finally, the short wavelength <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> obtained from the simulations and from inelastic neutron scattering are analyzed and compared. The conventional interpretation in terms of the three-effective-eigenmode model is found to be only partly suitable to describe the complex fluid <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of lipid chains. PMID:17631531</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9522E..2DS','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9522E..2DS"><span>The application of IR <span class="hlt">detector</span> with windowing technique in the small and dim target detection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Su, Xiaofeng; Chen, Fansheng; Dong, Yucui; Cui, Kun; Huang, Sijie</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>The performance of small and dim IR target detection is mostly affected by the signal to noise ratio(SNR) and signal to clutter ratio(SCR), for the MWIR especially LWIR array <span class="hlt">detector</span>, because of the background radiation and the optical system radiation, the SCR cannot be unlimited increased by using a longer integral time, so the frame rate of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> was mainly limited by the data readout time especially in a large-scale infrared <span class="hlt">detector</span>, in this paper a new MWIR array <span class="hlt">detector</span> with windowing technique was used to do the experiment, which can get a faster frame rate around the target by using the windowing mode, so the redundant information could be ignore, and the background subtraction was used to remove the fixed pattern noise and adjust the <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> <span class="hlt">range</span> of the target, then a local NUC(non uniformity correction) technique was proposed to improve the SCR of the target, the advantage between local NUC and global NUC was analyzed in detail, finally the multi local window frame accumulation was adopted to enhance the target further, and the SNR of the target was improved. The experiment showed the SCR of the target can improved from 1.3 to 36 at 30 frames accumulation, which make the target detection and tracking become very easily by using the new method.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.774a2070T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.774a2070T"><span>Detection of microparticles in <span class="hlt">dynamic</span> processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ten, K. A.; Pruuel, E. R.; Kashkarov, A. O.; Rubtsov, I. A.; Shechtman, L. I.; Zhulanov, V. V.; Tolochko, B. P.; Rykovanov, G. N.; Muzyrya, A. K.; Smirnov, E. B.; Stolbikov, M. Yu; Prosvirnin, K. M.</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>When a metal plate is subjected to a strong shock impact, its free surface emits a flow of particles of different sizes (shock-wave “dusting”). Traditionally, the process of dusting is investigated by the methods of pulsed x-ray or piezoelectric sensor or via an optical technique. The particle size <span class="hlt">ranges</span> from a few microns to hundreds of microns. The flow is assumed to include also finer particles, which cannot be detected with the existing methods yet. On the accelerator complex VEPP-3-VEPP-4 at the BINP there are two experiment stations for research on fast processes, including explosion ones. The stations enable measurement of both passed radiation (absorption) and small-angle x-ray scattering on synchrotron radiation (SR). Radiation is detected with a precision high-speed <span class="hlt">detector</span> DIMEX. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> has an internal memory of 32 frames, which enables recording of the <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of the process (shooting of movies) with intervals of 250 ns to 2 μs. Flows of nano- and microparticles from free surfaces of various materials (copper and tin) have been examined. Microparticle flows were emitted from grooves of 50-200 μs in size and joints (gaps) between metal parts. With the soft x-ray spectrum of SR one can explore the <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of a single microjet of micron size. The <span class="hlt">dynamics</span> of density distribution along micro jets were determined. Under a shock wave (∼ 60 GPa) acting on tin disks, flows of microparticles from a smooth surface were recorded.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JInst...7C1101A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JInst...7C1101A"><span>Advanced testing of the DEPFET minimatrix particle <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Andricek, L.; Kodyš, P.; Koffmane, C.; Ninkovic, J.; Oswald, C.; Richter, R.; Ritter, A.; Rummel, S.; Scheirich, J.; Wassatsch, A.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The DEPFET (DEPleted Field Effect Transistor) is an active pixel particle <span class="hlt">detector</span> with a MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor) integrated in each pixel, providing first amplification stage of readout electronics. Excellent signal over noise performance is gained this way. The DEPFET sensor will be used as a vertex <span class="hlt">detector</span> in the Belle II experiment at SuperKEKB, electron-positron collider in Japan. The vertex <span class="hlt">detector</span> will be composed of two layers of pixel <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (DEPFET) and four layers of strip <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The DEPFET sensor requires switching and current readout circuits for its operation. These circuits have been designed as ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuits) in several different versions, but they provide insufficient flexibility for precise <span class="hlt">detector</span> testing. Therefore, a test system with a flexible control cycle <span class="hlt">range</span> and minimal noise has been designed for testing and characterizing of small <span class="hlt">detector</span> prototypes (Minimatrices). Sensors with different design layouts and thicknesses are produced in order to evaluate and select the one with the best performance for the Belle II application. Description of the test system as well as measurement results are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JLTP..tmp...89B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JLTP..tmp...89B"><span>Fabrication of Ultrasensitive TES Bolometric <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> for HIRMES</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brown, Ari-David; Brekosky, Regis; Franz, David; Hsieh, Wen-Ting; Kutyrev, Alexander; Mikula, Vilem; Miller, Timothy; Moseley, S. Harvey; Oxborrow, Joseph; Rostem, Karwan; Wollack, Edward</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The high-resolution mid-infrared spectrometer (HIRMES) is a high resolving power (R 100,000) instrument operating in the 25-122 μm spectral <span class="hlt">range</span> and will fly on board the Stratospheric Observatory for Far-Infrared Astronomy in 2019. Central to HIRMES are its two transition edge sensor (TES) bolometric cameras, an 8 × 16 <span class="hlt">detector</span> high-resolution array and a 64 × 16 <span class="hlt">detector</span> low-resolution array. Both types of <span class="hlt">detectors</span> consist of Mo/Au TES fabricated on leg-isolated Si membranes. Whereas the high-resolution <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, with a noise equivalent power (NEP) 1.5 × 10-18 W/rt (Hz), are fabricated on 0.45 μm Si substrates, the low-resolution <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, with NEP 1.0 × 10-17 W/rt (Hz), are fabricated on 1.40 μm Si. Here, we discuss the similarities and differences in the fabrication methodologies used to realize the two types of <span class="hlt">detectors</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130009033','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130009033"><span>Ultrasonic <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> Safely Identify Dangerous, Costly Leaks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>In 1990, NASA grounded its space shuttle fleet. The reason: leaks detected in the hydrogen fuel systems of the Space Shuttles Atlantis and Columbia. Unless the sources of the leaks could be identified and fixed, the shuttles would not be safe to fly. To help locate the existing leaks and check for others, Kennedy Space Center engineers used portable ultrasonic <span class="hlt">detectors</span> to scan the fuel systems. As a gas or liquid escapes from a leak, the resulting turbulence creates ultrasonic noise, explains Gary Mohr, president of Elmsford, New York-based UE Systems Inc., a long-time leader in ultrasonic <span class="hlt">detector</span> technologies. "In lay terms, the leak is like a dog whistle, and the <span class="hlt">detector</span> is like the dog ear." Because the ultrasound emissions from a leak are highly localized, they can be used not only to identify the presence of a leak but also to help pinpoint a leak s location. The NASA engineers employed UE s <span class="hlt">detectors</span> to examine the shuttle fuel tanks and solid rocket boosters, but encountered difficulty with the devices limited <span class="hlt">range</span>-certain areas of the shuttle proved difficult or unsafe to scan up close. To remedy the problem, the engineers created a long-<span class="hlt">range</span> attachment for the <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, similar to "a zoom lens on a camera," Mohr says. "If you are on the ground, and the leak is 50 feet away, the <span class="hlt">detector</span> would now give you the same impression as if you were only 25 feet away." The enhancement also had the effect of reducing background noise, allowing for a clearer, more precise detection of a leak s location.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992exdt.symp..584M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992exdt.symp..584M"><span>Calibration methods for explosives <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>MacDonald, Stephen J.; Rounbehler, David P.</p> <p>1992-05-01</p> <p>Airport security has become an important concern to cultures in every corner of the world. Presently, efforts to improve airport security have brought additional technological solutions, in the form of advanced instrumentation for the detection of explosives, into use at airport terminals in many countries. This new generation of explosives <span class="hlt">detectors</span> is often used to augment existing security measures and provide a more encompassing screening capability for airline passengers. This paper describes two calibration procedures used for the Thermedics' EGIS explosives <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The systems were designed to screen people, electronic components, luggage, automobiles, and other objects for the presence of concealed explosives. The <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have the ability to detect a wide <span class="hlt">range</span> of explosives in both the vapor state or as surface adsorbed solids, therefore, calibrations were designed to challenge the system with explosives in each form.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011spi..book..275S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011spi..book..275S"><span>Single-Photon <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> for Time-of-Flight <span class="hlt">Range</span> Imaging</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stoppa, David; Simoni, Andrea</p> <p></p> <p>We live in a three-dimensional (3D) world and thanks to the stereoscopic vision provided by our two eyes, in combination with the powerful neural network of the brain we are able to perceive the distance of the objects. Nevertheless, despite the huge market volume of digital cameras, solid-state image sensors can capture only a two-dimensional (2D) projection, of the scene under observation, losing a variable of paramount importance, i.e., the scene depth. On the contrary, 3D vision tools could offer amazing possibilities of improvement in many areas thanks to the increased accuracy and reliability of the models representing the environment. Among the great variety of distance measuring techniques and detection systems available, this chapter will treat only the emerging niche of solid-state, scannerless systems based on the TOF principle and using a <span class="hlt">detector</span> SPAD-based pixels. The chapter is organized into three main parts. At first, TOF systems and measuring techniques will be described. In the second part, most meaningful sensor architectures for scannerless TOF distance measurements will be analyzed, focusing onto the circuital building blocks required by time-resolved image sensors. Finally, a performance summary is provided and a perspective view for the near future developments of SPAD-TOF sensors is given.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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