Sample records for fr07se10n aluminum extrusions

  1. 75 FR 80527 - Aluminum Extrusions From China

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-22

    ...)] Aluminum Extrusions From China AGENCY: United States International Trade Commission. ACTION: Scheduling of... of subsidized and less-than-fair-value imports from China of aluminum extrusions, primarily provided... contained in Aluminum Extrusions From the People's Republic of China: Notice of Preliminary Determination of...

  2. 76 FR 29007 - Certain Aluminum Extrusions From China

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-05-19

    ... Aluminum Extrusions From China Determinations On the basis of the record \\1\\ developed in the subject...), that an industry in the United States is materially injured by reason of imports of certain aluminum... by Aluminum Extrusions Fair Trade Committee and the United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber...

  3. 75 FR 34482 - Certain Aluminum Extrusions From China

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-17

    ...)] Certain Aluminum Extrusions From China Determinations On the basis of the record \\1\\ developed in the... reason of imports from China of certain aluminum extrusions, provided for in subheadings 7604.21, 7604.29... United States at less than fair value (LTFV) and subsidized by the Government of China. \\1\\ The record is...

  4. 75 FR 17436 - Certain Aluminum Extrusions From China

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-06

    ...)] Certain Aluminum Extrusions From China AGENCY: United States International Trade Commission. ACTION... the United States is materially retarded, by reason of imports from China of certain aluminum... States at less than fair value and alleged to be subsidized by the Government of China. Unless the...

  5. 75 FR 57441 - Aluminum Extrusions From the People's Republic of China: Alignment of Final Countervailing Duty...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-09-21

    ... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [C-570-968] Aluminum Extrusions From the... countervailing duty investigation of aluminum extrusions from the People's Republic of China (PRC) with the final... antidumping duty investigations on aluminum extrusions from the PRC. See Aluminum Extrusions from the People's...

  6. 75 FR 51243 - Aluminum Extrusions from the People's Republic of China: Postponement of Preliminary...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-19

    ... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-570-967] Aluminum Extrusions from the... Department of Commerce (``the Department'') initiated an antidumping duty investigation on Aluminum... Aluminum Extrusions from the People's Republic of China: Initiation of Antidumping Duty Investigation, 75...

  7. 75 FR 34982 - Aluminum Extrusions from the People's Republic of China: Notice of Postponement of Preliminary...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-21

    ... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [C-570-968] Aluminum Extrusions from the... in the Federal Register a notice of initiation of the countervailing duty investigation of aluminum extrusions from the People's Republic of China. See Aluminum Extrusions From the People's Republic of China...

  8. Etching Behavior of Aluminum Alloy Extrusions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhu, Hanliang

    2014-11-01

    The etching treatment is an important process step in influencing the surface quality of anodized aluminum alloy extrusions. The aim of etching is to produce a homogeneously matte surface. However, in the etching process, further surface imperfections can be generated on the extrusion surface due to uneven materials loss from different microstructural components. These surface imperfections formed prior to anodizing can significantly influence the surface quality of the final anodized extrusion products. In this article, various factors that influence the materials loss during alkaline etching of aluminum alloy extrusions are investigated. The influencing variables considered include etching process parameters, Fe-rich particles, Mg-Si precipitates, and extrusion profiles. This study provides a basis for improving the surface quality in industrial extrusion products by optimizing various process parameters.

  9. 76 FR 80887 - Antidumping Order on Aluminum Extrusions from the People's Republic of China: Initiation of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-27

    ..., participated in the antidumping duty investigation of aluminum extrusions from the PRC. The Department issued its final determination for this investigation on April 4, 2011. See Aluminum Extrusions From the..., customers, suppliers, etc. Scope of the Order The merchandise covered by the order is aluminum extrusions...

  10. 76 FR 18521 - Aluminum Extrusions From the People's Republic of China: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-04-04

    ... People's Republic of China: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination AGENCY: Import... producers and exporters of aluminum extrusions from the People's Republic of China (the PRC). For... Aluminum Extrusions From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty...

  11. 78 FR 34984 - Aluminum Extrusions From the People's Republic of China: Notice of Court Decision Not in Harmony...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-06-11

    ... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-570-967; C-570-968] Aluminum... (AD) and countervailing duty (CVD) orders on aluminum extrusions,\\1\\ pursuant to the CIT's remand... Rail Kits \\2\\ and is amending its final scope ruling. \\1\\ See Aluminum Extrusions from the People's...

  12. 76 FR 30653 - Aluminum Extrusions From the People's Republic of China: Countervailing Duty Order

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-05-26

    ... Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20230; telephone: 202/482-1009. Case History: On April 4, 2011, the... includes the aluminum extrusion components that are attached (e.g., by welding or fasteners) to form...

  13. 78 FR 34986 - Aluminum Extrusions From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-06-11

    ... Products Co., Ltd., Pingguo Asia Aluminum Co., Ltd., and Taishan City Kam Kiu Aluminum Extrusion Co., Ltd.... Co., Ltd.; (4) Isource Asia Limited and affiliates; (5) Kunshan Giant Light Metal Technology Co., Ltd.; (6) Midea Air-Conditioning Equipment Co., Ltd.; (7) Nidec Sankyo Singapore Pte. Ltd.; (8) Nidec...

  14. 75 FR 54302 - Aluminum Extrusions From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-09-07

    ...- specific rates calculated for participating respondents, because to do so would require the use of program... People's Republic of China: Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination AGENCY: Import... producers and exporters of aluminum extrusions from the People's Republic of China (the PRC). For...

  15. Reducing the Surface Degradation of Aluminum Extrusion Dies During Preheating

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stratton, Paul

    2010-07-01

    Aluminum extrusion dies are usually made from H13 steel that is ferritically nitrocarburized to minimize wear and pick-up. Before being placed in the extrusion press, the dies are preheated to minimize thermal shock at the start of the extrusion cycle. During the preheating time, the nitrocarburized layer oxidizes. Some of this layer can break away during extrusion leaving marks on the product. Although inerting the preheat furnaces with nitrogen has been found to reduce the oxidation, it does not solve the problem completely. Experiments have shown that a small addition of ammonia to the preheating protective atmosphere could eliminate oxidation and prevent nitrogen loss from the surface nitride layer.

  16. Experimental and Numerical Study on the Strength of Aluminum Extrusion Welding.

    PubMed

    Bingöl, Sedat; Bozacı, Atilla

    2015-07-17

    The quality of extrusion welding in the extruded hollow shapes is influenced significantly by the pressure and effective stress under which the material is being joined inside the welding chamber. However, extrusion welding was not accounted for in the past by the developers of finite element software packages. In this study, the strength of hollow extrusion profile with seam weld produced at different ram speeds was investigated experimentally and numerically. The experiments were performed on an extruded hollow aluminum profile which was suitable to obtain the tensile tests specimens from its seam weld's region at both parallel to extrusion direction and perpendicular to extrusion direction. A new numerical modeling approach, which was recently proposed in literature, was used for numerical analyses of the study. The simulation results performed at different ram speeds were compared with the experimental results, and a good agreement was obtained.

  17. Metal flow and temperature in direct extrusion of large-size aluminum billets

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Valberg, Henry; Costa, André L. M.

    2018-05-01

    FEM-analysis is used to study thermo-mechanical conditions in aluminum rod extrusion for billets with large size corresponding to that used in industrial production. In the analysis, focus is on how the metal flow and the temperature conditions in the extrusion material is affected by the extrusion velocity in terms of the ram speed used in the extrusion process. In the study, metal flow is characterized by the deformations in extrusion subjected to a perfect grid pattern, consisting of orthogonal crossing lines, added into the longitudinal mid-plane of the initial billet. The analysis shows that metal flow in extrusion conducted at a low ram speed of 1 mms-1, is predicted significantly different from that at a high speed of 5 mms-1, or above. As regards the thermal conditions in the extrusion material, they are also predicted significantly different, at the low and the high ram speed level. A likely explanation why metal flow is different at low and high ram speeds may be that flow is altered because of the concurrent change in the temperature field within the billet.

  18. Analyzing the extrusion mould for aluminum profile

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yun, Wang; Xu, Zhenying; Dai, Yachun; Dong, Peilong; Yuan, Guoding; Lan, Cai

    2007-12-01

    The die or mould used for extruding aluminum wallboard profile is in serious work conditions, so it is easy to appear drawbacks in the mould such as non-uniform stress and strain distributions, crack initiation and propagation, elastic warp, and even plastic distortion. As we know, the extrusion die or mould is subject to complex loads including the extrusion pressure, friction and thermal load, which make the mould complicated and hard to be designed and analyzed by using conventional analytical method. In this paper, we applied Deform-3D, FEA (Finite Element Analysis) software used frequently in all engineering fields, to simulate three-dimensional extruding process of aluminum profile. The simulation results show that the deformation increases gradually from inside to outside. Exterior deformation contour distribution is relative uniform since the influence of inner holes on deformation is small, and the contour form is regular and similar with the shape of the mould. However, the interior deformation contour is irregular as the influence of holes with basically symmetric equivalent curves. At the middle of the mould, the deformation reaches the largest, it reaches 0.633mm. The deformation of the mould can be reduced by increasing the distance between two holes or increasing thickness of the mould. Experiment result accords with simulation. The simulation process and results ensure the feasibility of finite element method, providing the support for mould design and structural optimization.

  19. Microstructure development and texture evolution of aluminum multi-port extrusion tube during the porthole die extrusion

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Fan, X.H.

    Aluminum multi-port extrusion tube is processed by the porthole die extrusion and the internal tube walls are welded through the solid state metallurgical bonding. In order to observe the development of grains and their orientations under severe plastic deformation and solid state welding, the extrusion butt together with the die is quenched immediately after extrusion to preserve the grain structure in the processing. The forming histories of selected material points are obtained by analyzing the optical microscopy graph. The evolution of the microstructure along the forming path is characterized by electro backscattered diffraction. It is found that geometrical dynamic recrystallizationmore » happens in the process. Grains are elongated, scattered at the transition zone and shear intensive zone, and then pinched off when they are pushed out from the die orifice. The shear-type orientations are predominant at the surface layer on the longitudinal section of the tube web and have penetrated into the intermediate layer. The rolling-type orientations are formed at the central layer. Texture gradient through the thickness of the tube web is observed. And cube orientated grains are found at the seam weld region. - Highlights: •Microstructure of extrusion butt is preserved after the micro scale porthole die extrusion. •Grain morphology history along forming path is investigated. •Texture evolutions on three material flows are present. •Texture gradient exists on the longitudinal section of the internal wall of profile. •Rolling-type and cube textures are found at the solid state welding region.« less

  20. The FEM simulation of continuous rotary extrusion (CRE) of aluminum alloy AA3003

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rajendran, Nijenthan; Valberg, Henry; Misiolek, Wojciech Z.

    2017-10-01

    Continuous Rotary Extrusion (CRE) process is also known in literature under Conform TM name and it is mainly used for the continuous extrusion of Aluminum and Copper alloys. CRE use a feedstock in the form of rod, powders and chips, which are fed into the groove of the rotating wheel. As the wheel rotates the feedstock moves along with it due to friction with the wheel. Once the feedstock reaches the abutment the material deforms plastically and it is extruded through the die. CRE has lot to offer when compared to other more conventional extrusion processes such as low energy input, no limit in billet length as it is a continuous process as well as improved material physical properties due to plastic deformation under constant parameters. In this work a FEM model has been developed using Deform TM 3D, to study the metal flow and state variables of AA3003 CRE extrusion. The effect of extrusion wheel velocity has been investigated. The results show that increase in wheel velocity will heat up the feedstock metal due to high shear deformation and higher friction, which significantly changes metal flow conditions at the die exit.

  1. Alcoa: Plant-Wide Energy Assessment Finds Potential Savings at Aluminum Extrusion Facility

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    None

    2003-09-01

    Alcoa completed an energy assessment of its Engineered Products aluminum extrusion facility in Plant City, Florida, in 2001. The company identified energy conservation opportunities throughout the plant and prepared a report as an example for performing energy assessments at similar Alcoa facilities. If implemented, the cost of energy for the plant would be reduced by more than $800,000 per year by conserving 3 million kWh of electricity and 150,000 MMBtu of natural gas.

  2. Study on numerical simulation of asymmetric structure aluminum profile extrusion based on ALE method

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, Kun; Qu, Yuan; Ding, Siyi; Liu, Changhui; Yang, Fuyong

    2018-05-01

    Using the HyperXtrude module based on the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) finite element method, the paper simulates the steady extrusion process of the asymmetric structure aluminum die successfully. A verification experiment is carried out to verify the simulation results. Having obtained and analyzed the stress-strain field, temperature field and extruded velocity of the metal, it confirms that the simulation prediction results and the experimental schemes are consistent. The scheme of the die correction and optimization are discussed at last. By adjusting the bearing length and core thickness, adopting the structure of feeder plate protection, short shunt bridge in the upper die and three-level bonding container in the lower die to control the metal flowing, the qualified aluminum profile can be obtained.

  3. Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of LD10 Aluminum Alloy in UDMH and N2O4 propellant

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Youhong; Chang, Xinlong; Liu, Wanlei

    2018-03-01

    The LD10 aluminum alloy double cantilever beam specimens were corroded under the conditions of Unsymmetric Uimethyl Hydrazine (UDMH), Dinitrogen Tetroxide (N2O4), and 3.5% NaCl environment. The crack propagation behavior of the aluminum alloy in different corrosion environment was analyzed. The stress corrosion cracking behavior of aluminum alloy in N2O4 is relatively slight and there are not evident stress corrosion phenomenons founded in UDMH.

  4. Effect of hot and cold severe deformation by extrusion on the properties of lead and aluminum alloys

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ganiev, M. M.; Shibakov, V. G.; Pankratov, D. L.; Shibakov, R. V.

    2015-07-01

    The study of the effect of severe plastic deformation (SPD) by extrusion shows that the ductility of lead after several cycles of SPD increases significantly (3-4 times) as compared to as-cast samples. An aluminum alloy after this processing is hardened by a factor of 2.3-2.5, with ductility decreasing by 2.5-2.7 times, as compared to the as-delivered state.

  5. Alcoa: Plant-Wide Energy Assessment Finds Potential Savings at Aluminum Extrusion Facility. Industrial Technologies Program, Aluminum BestPractices Plant-Wide Assessment Case Study.

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    2003-09-01

    Alcoa completed an energy assessment of its Engineered Products aluminum extrusion facility in Plant City, Florida, in 2001. The company identified energy conservation opportunities throughout the plant and prepared a report as an example for performing energy assessments at similar Alcoa facilities. If implemented, the cost of energy for the plant would be reduced by more than$800,000 per year by conserving 3 million kWh of electricity and 150,000 MMBtu of natural gas.

  6. A sustainable solid state recycling of pure aluminum by means of friction stir extrusion process (FSE)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mehtedi, Mohamad El; Forcellese, Archimede; Simoncini, Michela; Spigarelli, Stefano

    2018-05-01

    In this research, the feasibility of solid-state recycling of pure aluminum AA1099 machining chips using FSE process is investigated. In the early stage, a FE simulation was conducted in order to optimize the die design and the process parameters in terms of plunge rotational speed and extrusion rate. The AA1099 aluminum chips were produced by turning of an as-received bar without lubrication. The chips were compacted on a MTS machine up to 150KN of load. The extruded samples were analyzed by optical and electron microscope in order to see the material flow and to characterize the microstructure. Finally, micro-hardness Vickers profiles were carried out, in both longitudinal and transversal direction of the obtained profiles, in order to investigate the homogeneity of the mechanical properties of the extrudate.

  7. Analysis and Prediction of the Billet Butt and Transverse Weld in the Continuous Extrusion Process of a Hollow Aluminum Profile

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lou, Shumei; Wang, Yongxiao; Liu, Chuanxi; Lu, Shuai; Liu, Sujun; Su, Chunjian

    2017-08-01

    In continuous extrusions of aluminum profiles, the thickness of the billet butt and the length of the discarded extrudate containing the transverse weld play key roles in reducing material loss and improving product quality. The formation and final distribution of the billet butt and transverse weld depend entirely on the flow behavior of the billet skin material. This study examined the flow behavior of the billet skin material as well as the formation and evolution of the billet butt and the transverse weld in detail through numerical simulation and a series of experiments. In practical extrusions, even if the billet skin is removed by lathe turning shortly before extrusion, billet skin impurities are still distributed around the transverse weld and in the billet butt. The thickness of the scrap billet butt and the length of the discarded extrudate containing the transverse weld can be exactly predicted via simulation.

  8. The Prediction of Microstructure Evolution of 6005A Aluminum Alloy in a P-ECAP Extrusion Study

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lei, Shi; Jiu-Ba, Wen; Chang, Ren

    2018-05-01

    Finite element modeling (FEM) was applied for predicting the recrystallized structure in extruded 6005 aluminum alloy, and simulated results were experimentally validated. First, microstructure evolution of 6005 aluminum alloy during deformation was studied by means of isothermal compression test, where the processing parameters were chosen to reproduce the typical industrial conditions. Second, microstructure evolution was analyzed, and the obtained information was used to fit a dynamic recrystallization model implementing inside the DEFORM-3D FEM code environment. FEM of deformation of 6005 aluminum has been established and validated by microstructure comparison. Finally, the obtained dynamic recrystallization model was applied to tube extrusion by using a portholes-equal channel angular pressing die. The finite element analysis results showed that coarse DRX grains occur in the extruded tube at higher temperature and in the extruded tube at the faster speed of the stem. The test results showed material from the front end of the extruded tube has coarse grains (60 μm) and other extruded tube has finer grains (20 μm).

  9. The Prediction of Microstructure Evolution of 6005A Aluminum Alloy in a P-ECAP Extrusion Study

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lei, Shi; Jiu-Ba, Wen; Chang, Ren

    2018-04-01

    Finite element modeling (FEM) was applied for predicting the recrystallized structure in extruded 6005 aluminum alloy, and simulated results were experimentally validated. First, microstructure evolution of 6005 aluminum alloy during deformation was studied by means of isothermal compression test, where the processing parameters were chosen to reproduce the typical industrial conditions. Second, microstructure evolution was analyzed, and the obtained information was used to fit a dynamic recrystallization model implementing inside the DEFORM-3D FEM code environment. FEM of deformation of 6005 aluminum has been established and validated by microstructure comparison. Finally, the obtained dynamic recrystallization model was applied to tube extrusion by using a portholes-equal channel angular pressing die. The finite element analysis results showed that coarse DRX grains occur in the extruded tube at higher temperature and in the extruded tube at the faster speed of the stem. The test results showed material from the front end of the extruded tube has coarse grains (60 μm) and other extruded tube has finer grains (20 μm).

  10. A FEM simulation study of the solid state hydrostatic extrusion of PMMA

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Costa, André L. M.; Riffel, Douglas B.; Misiolek, Wojciech Z.; Valberg, Henry S.

    2018-05-01

    Solid state hydrostatic extrusion (SSHE) of polymers below glass transition temperature is used to obtain highly oriented structures. Experimental studies on the SSHE of polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) have been made since early eighties but there is no information on internal temperature, stress and strain distribution. In this work we have made 3D FEM simulations of SSHE of PMMA by using the commercial DEFORM package with experimental flow curves and thermal properties from literature. The initial temperature of tooling and workpiece was 90°C, ram speeds were 1.0 and 10.0 mm/min with extrusion ratio R = 3.0. For a comparative analysis, SSHE simulation of the AA7108 aluminum alloy at 400°C was also performed. These ranges of parameters were chosen in order to encompass the parameters found in previously mentioned experiments. The best correlation with experimental hydrostatic pressure was verified for a shear friction coefficient at the material-conical die interface m = 0.50. Force-displacement curve for PMMA presented a constitutive and thermal softening in contrast to a constant force curve for aluminum. The internal temperature in the deformation zone increased in a characteristic "owl's face" profile in contrast to quasi-constant profile of aluminum alloy. In both PMMA and aluminum the stress is hydrostatic inside the container, but the stress profiles are significantly different inside the deformation zone. As expected, the strain and strain-rate profiles are practically the same for the two materials, but the temperature profile has promoted slightly differences in material flow. The velocity gradient from center to surface is higher in PMMA than aluminum. It's supposed that during hydrostatic extrusion solid PMMA has a characteristic thermally-inducted mechanical behavior.

  11. Optical Measurement Technology For Aluminium Extrusions

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Moe, Per Thomas; Willa-Hansen, Arnfinn; Stoeren, Sigurd

    2007-04-07

    Optical measurement techniques such as laser scanning, structured light scanning and photogrammetry can be used for accurate shape control for aluminum extrusion and downstream processes. The paper presents the fundamentals of optical shape measurement. Furthermore, it focuses on how full-field in- and off-line shape measurement during pure-bending of aluminum extrusions has been performed with stripe projection (structured light) using white light. Full field shape measurement is difficult to implement industrially, but is very useful as a laboratory tool. For example, it has been clearly shown how moderate internal air pressure (less than 5 bars) can significantly reduce undesirable cross-sectional shapemore » distortions during pure bending, and how buckling of the compressive flange occurs at an early stage. Finally, a stretch-bending set-up with adaptive shape control using internal gas pressure and optical techniques is presented.« less

  12. Control of Defects in Aluminum Gallium Nitride ((Al)GaN) Films on Grown Aluminum Nitride (AlN) Substrates

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-02-01

    Nord, J.; Albe, K.; Erhart, P.; Nordlund, K. Modelling of Compound Semiconductors: Analytical Bond-order Potential for Gallium , Nitrogen and Gallium ...Control of Defects in Aluminum Gallium Nitride ((Al)GaN) Films on Grown Aluminum Nitride (AlN) Substrates by Iskander G. Batyrev, Chi-Chin Wu...Aluminum Gallium Nitride ((Al)GaN) Films on Grown Aluminum Nitride (AlN) Substrates Iskander G. Batyrev and N. Scott Weingarten Weapons and

  13. Aluminum space frame technology

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Birch, S.

    This article examines the increased application of aluminum to the construction of automobile frames. The topics of the article include a joint venture between Audi and Alcoa, forms in which aluminum is used, new alloys and construction methods, meeting rigidity and safety levels, manufacturing techniques, the use of extrusions, die casting, joining techniques, and pollution control during manufacturing.

  14. 76 FR 323 - Aluminum Extrusions From the People's Republic of China: Notice of Amended Preliminary...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-01-04

    ... Aluminium Industries Co., Ltd., Foshan Guangcheng Aluminium Co., Ltd., Kong Ah International Company Limited, and Guang Ya Aluminium Industries (Hong Kong) Limited, (collectively, ``Guang Ya Group'') and Zhaoqing New Zhongya Aluminum Co., Ltd., Zhongya Shaped Aluminium (HK) Holding Limited, and Karlton Aluminum...

  15. 75 FR 22114 - Aluminum Extrusions from the People's Republic of China: Initiation of Countervailing Duty...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-27

    ... sampling method. Section 771(4)(A) of the Act defines the ``industry'' as the producers as a whole of a... the PRC. At this time, given the unique nature of the alleged subsidy and the complex methodological... process, such as aluminum products produced by a method of casting. Cast aluminum products are properly...

  16. Analysis and modeling of hot extrusion die for its service life enhancement

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Akhtar, Syed Sohail

    Aluminum extrusion finds extensive application in the construction, automobile and aerospace industries. High pressures, elevated temperatures, complex and intricate section geometries lead to repeated mechanical and thermal stresses in the die and affiliated tooling. Product rework and rejects can be traced back to various defects spread over the die life cycle: die design, die manufacture and heat treatment, process parameters, inprocess die maintenance/correction and, billet type and quality. Therefore, improved and efficient service life of die and related tooling used in the extrusion press is one the most important factors in maximizing productivity and minimizing cost for ensuring the economical efficiency of an aluminum extrusion plant. How often a die has to be scrapped and replaced with a new one directly contributes to the commercial viability of producing a certain profile. The focus of the current work is on three distinct yet inter-related studies pertaining to the improvement of aluminum extrusion die. Study-A (Die Failure Analysis) is an investigation of various modes and critical failure types based on industrial data (Chapter-2 ), examination of failed dies and finite element simulation for identification of critical process parameters and design features in die fatigue-life (Chapter-3). In Study-B (Die Surface Hardening Treatment), two-stage controlled gas nitriding process for H13 steel is evaluated, both experimentally and numerically, in terms of nitrided case morphology and properties (Chapter-4) followed by experimental and numerical investigation of the effects of repeated nitriding (Chapter-5), pre-nitriding surface preparation (Chapter-6) and die profile geometry (Chapter-7) on nitriding performance in regard to die service life. In Study-C (Effect of Billet Quality on Die Life), the effect of billet quality and related influencing extrusion parameters on the die service life is investigated based on industrial data and some regression

  17. Aluminum anode for aluminum-air battery - Part I: Influence of aluminum purity

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cho, Young-Joo; Park, In-Jun; Lee, Hyeok-Jae; Kim, Jung-Gu

    2015-03-01

    2N5 commercial grade aluminum (99.5% purity) leads to the lower aluminum-air battery performances than 4N high pure grade aluminum (99.99% purity) due to impurities itself and formed impurity complex layer which contained Fe, Si, Cu and others. The impurity complex layer of 2N5 grade Al declines the battery voltage on standby status. It also depletes discharge current and battery efficiency at 1.0 V which is general operating voltage of aluminum-air battery. However, the impurity complex layer of 2N5 grade Al is dissolved with decreasing discharge voltage to 0.8 V. This phenomenon leads to improvement of discharge current density and battery efficiency by reducing self-corrosion reaction. This study demonstrates the possibility of use of 2N5 grade Al which is cheaper than 4N grade Al as the anode for aluminum-air battery.

  18. 46 CFR 92.07-10 - Construction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Construction. 92.07-10 Section 92.07-10 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CARGO AND MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT Structural Fire Protection § 92.07-10 Construction. (a) The hull, superstructure, structural...

  19. Classification of longitudinal welds in an aluminum bridge deck.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2000-01-01

    An aluminum bridge deck (called ALUMADECK) has been developed by Reynolds Metal Company and is made of extruded aluminum sections welded together at the sides to form a bridge deck. The longitudinal welds used to connect the extrusions do not match a...

  20. TiN coated aluminum electrodes for DC high voltage electron guns

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Mamun, Md Abdullah A.; Elmustafa, Abdelmageed A.; Taus, Rhys

    Preparing electrodes made of metals like stainless steel, for use inside DC high voltage electron guns, is a labor-intensive and time-consuming process. In this paper, the authors report the exceptional high voltage performance of aluminum electrodes coated with hard titanium nitride (TiN). The aluminum electrodes were comparatively easy to manufacture and required only hours of mechanical polishing using silicon carbide paper, prior to coating with TiN by a commercial vendor. The high voltage performance of three TiN-coated aluminum electrodes, before and after gas conditioning with helium, was compared to that of bare aluminum electrodes, and electrodes manufactured from titanium alloymore » (Ti-6AI-4V). Following gas conditioning, each TiN-coated aluminum electrode reached -225 kV bias voltage while generating less than 100 pA of field emission (<10 pA) using a 40 mm cathode/anode gap, corresponding to field strength of 13.7 MV/m. Smaller gaps were studied to evaluate electrode performance at higher field strength with the best performing TiN-coated aluminum electrode reaching ~22.5 MV/m with field emission less than 100 pA. These results were comparable to those obtained from our best-performing electrodes manufactured from stainless steel, titanium alloy and niobium, as reported in references cited below. The TiN coating provided a very smooth surface and with mechanical properties of the coating (hardness and modulus) superior to those of stainless steel, titanium-alloy, and niobium electrodes. These features likely contributed to the improved high voltage performance of the TiN-coated aluminum electrodes.« less

  1. TiN coated aluminum electrodes for DC high voltage electron guns

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Mamun, Md Abdullah A.; Elmustafa, Abdelmageed A., E-mail: aelmusta@odu.edu; Taus, Rhys

    Preparing electrodes made of metals like stainless steel, for use inside DC high voltage electron guns, is a labor-intensive and time-consuming process. In this paper, the authors report the exceptional high voltage performance of aluminum electrodes coated with hard titanium nitride (TiN). The aluminum electrodes were comparatively easy to manufacture and required only hours of mechanical polishing using silicon carbide paper, prior to coating with TiN by a commercial vendor. The high voltage performance of three TiN-coated aluminum electrodes, before and after gas conditioning with helium, was compared to that of bare aluminum electrodes, and electrodes manufactured from titanium alloymore » (Ti-6Al-4V). Following gas conditioning, each TiN-coated aluminum electrode reached −225 kV bias voltage while generating less than 100 pA of field emission (<10 pA) using a 40 mm cathode/anode gap, corresponding to field strength of 13.7 MV/m. Smaller gaps were studied to evaluate electrode performance at higher field strength with the best performing TiN-coated aluminum electrode reaching ∼22.5 MV/m with field emission less than 100 pA. These results were comparable to those obtained from our best-performing electrodes manufactured from stainless steel, titanium alloy and niobium, as reported in references cited below. The TiN coating provided a very smooth surface and with mechanical properties of the coating (hardness and modulus) superior to those of stainless steel, titanium-alloy, and niobium electrodes. These features likely contributed to the improved high voltage performance of the TiN-coated aluminum electrodes.« less

  2. TiN coated aluminum electrodes for DC high voltage electron guns

    DOE PAGES

    Mamun, Md Abdullah A.; Elmustafa, Abdelmageed A.; Taus, Rhys; ...

    2015-05-01

    Preparing electrodes made of metals like stainless steel, for use inside DC high voltage electron guns, is a labor-intensive and time-consuming process. In this paper, the authors report the exceptional high voltage performance of aluminum electrodes coated with hard titanium nitride (TiN). The aluminum electrodes were comparatively easy to manufacture and required only hours of mechanical polishing using silicon carbide paper, prior to coating with TiN by a commercial vendor. The high voltage performance of three TiN-coated aluminum electrodes, before and after gas conditioning with helium, was compared to that of bare aluminum electrodes, and electrodes manufactured from titanium alloymore » (Ti-6AI-4V). Following gas conditioning, each TiN-coated aluminum electrode reached -225 kV bias voltage while generating less than 100 pA of field emission (<10 pA) using a 40 mm cathode/anode gap, corresponding to field strength of 13.7 MV/m. Smaller gaps were studied to evaluate electrode performance at higher field strength with the best performing TiN-coated aluminum electrode reaching ~22.5 MV/m with field emission less than 100 pA. These results were comparable to those obtained from our best-performing electrodes manufactured from stainless steel, titanium alloy and niobium, as reported in references cited below. The TiN coating provided a very smooth surface and with mechanical properties of the coating (hardness and modulus) superior to those of stainless steel, titanium-alloy, and niobium electrodes. These features likely contributed to the improved high voltage performance of the TiN-coated aluminum electrodes.« less

  3. Lateral extrusion of Tunisia : Contribution of Jeffara Fault (southern branch) and Petroleum Implications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ghedhoui, R.; Deffontaines, B.; Rabia, M. C.

    2012-04-01

    to the tectonic accident, located in the south of the Tunisian extrusion, in favour of the eastern migration of the Sahel block toward the free Mediterranean sea boundary. Therefore this geodynamic movement explains the presence, in offshore area, of small elongated NW-SE, N-S &NE-SW petroleum transtensive basins and grabens. To conclude, at the regional scale, the structural geomorphologic approach combined with both field work and reflexion seismic profile analyses appear to be an excellent tool to prove & confirm the east Sahel block extrusion of the central Tunisian part caused by the northward migration of African plate. _______________________________________ Keywords : Geodynamics, Neotectonics, right lateral transtensive fault, Extrusion, Petroleum exploration, Geomorphometry, Digital Elevation Model, Geographic Information System (GIS), Geodatabase, Jeffara, South Tunisia.

  4. 40 CFR 464.10 - Applicability; description of the aluminum casting subcategory.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... aluminum casting subcategory. 464.10 Section 464.10 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... Aluminum Casting Subcategory § 464.10 Applicability; description of the aluminum casting subcategory. The... introduction of pollutants into publicly owned treatment works resulting from aluminum casting operations as...

  5. Extrusion Process by Finite Volume Method Using OpenFoam Software

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Matos Martins, Marcelo; Tonini Button, Sergio; Divo Bressan, Jose

    The computational codes are very important tools to solve engineering problems. In the analysis of metal forming process, such as extrusion, this is not different because the computational codes allow analyzing the process with reduced cost. Traditionally, the Finite Element Method is used to solve solid mechanic problems, however, the Finite Volume Method (FVM) have been gaining force in this field of applications. This paper presents the velocity field and friction coefficient variation results, obtained by numerical simulation using the OpenFoam Software and the FVM to solve an aluminum direct cold extrusion process.

  6. Effects of hot extrusion and heat treatment on microstructure and properties of industrial large-scale spray-deposited 7055 aluminum alloy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yang, Yonggang; Zhao, Yutao; Kai, Xizhou; Zhang, Zhen; Zhang, Hao; Tao, Ran; Chen, Gang; Yin, Houshang; Wang, Min

    2018-01-01

    The industrial large-scale 7055 aluminum alloy fabricated by spray forming technology was subjected to hot extrusion and heat treatment to achieve high strength and ductility. Microstructure of the as-deposited alloy indicates that higher density billets with equiaxed grains (20-40 μm) were fabricated rather than a typical dendritic microstructure of the as-cast alloy. The grains of the as-extruded alloy exhibit fibrous morphology, the original boundaries disappear and fined second phases with size about 0.5-5 μm distribute along with extrusion direction. Meanwhile, the defects could be eliminated by hot extrusion, which resulted in good strength as well as ductility. The ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of the as-extruded alloy are 345 MPa, 236 MPa and 18.5%, respectively. After heat treatment, the partial recrystallization is observed around the un-recrystallized grains and sub-grains. And the platelet/rod-shaped precipitates (MgZn2) show a uniform distribution in the matrix alloy. The alloy reaches the maximum tensile strength of 730 MPa after T6 temper treatment, associated with a fine precipitation (MgZn2). However, with further deepen aging degree (from T6 to T73 temper), the size of dominant precipitated phases (MgZn2) grows obviously, the grain boundary precipitates transform from continuous to individual ones and the width of precipitate free zone increases. The result shows that the alloy after T7X temper treatment exhibits higher electrical conductivity (>35 %IACS) and facture toughness (>25.6 MPa m1/2) although a 8%-17% reduction in strength compared with that at T6 temper.

  7. 76 FR 30650 - Aluminum Extrusions from the People's Republic of China: Antidumping Duty Order

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-05-26

    ... order, published concurrently with this notice. \\3\\ Guang Ya Aluminium Industries Co., Ltd., Foshan Guangcheng Aluminium Co., Ltd., Kong Ah International Company Limited, and Guang Ya Aluminium Industries...., Zhongya Shaped Aluminium (HK) Holding Limited and Karlton Aluminum Company Ltd. (collectively ``New...

  8. Tribological investigations of the applicability of surface functionalization for dry extrusion processes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Teller, Marco; Prünte, Stephan; Ross, Ingo; Temmler, André; Schneider, Jochen M.; Hirt, Gerhard

    2017-10-01

    Cold extrusion processes are characterized by large relative contact stresses combined with a severe surface enlargement of the workpiece. Under these process conditions a high risk for galling of workpiece material to the tool steel occurs especially in processing of aluminum and aluminum alloys. In order to reduce adhesive wear lubricants for separation of workpiece and tool surfaces are used. As a consequence additional process steps (e.g. preparation and cleaning of workpieces) are necessary. Thus, the realization of a dry forming process is aspired from an environmental and economic perspective. In this paper a surface functionalization with self-assembled-monolayers (SAM) of the tool steels AISI D2 (DIN 1.2379) and AISI H11 (DIN 1.2343) is evaluated by a process-oriented tribological test. The tribological experiment is able to resemble and scale the process conditions of cold extrusion related to relative contact stress and surface enlargement for the forming of pure aluminum (Al99.5). The effect of reduced relative contact stress, surface enlargement and relative velocity on adhesive wear and tool lifetime is evaluated. Similar process conditions are achievable by different die designs with decreased extrusion ratios and adjusted die angles. The effect of surface functionalization critically depends on the substrate material. The different microstructure and the resulting differences in surface chemistry of the two tested tool steels appear to affect the performance of the tool surface functionalization with SAM.

  9. Consolidation of Fe-N Magnets Using Equal Channel Angular Extrusion

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-03-23

    Consolidation of Fe-N Magnets Using Equal Channel Angular Extrusion SG Sankar Advanced Materials Corporation (AMC), Pittsburgh, PA LJ Kecskes Weapons and...at the US Army Research Laboratory (ARL), Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. Unlike conventional...Widenmeyer M, Hansen TC, Niewa R. Formation and decomposition of metastable α’’-Fe16N2 from in-situ powder neutron diffraction and thermal analysis. Zeit

  10. Extrusion & Compoundierung

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Collin, Heinz; Schulze, Verena

    Unter Extrusion wird das kontinuierliche Fördern von formbaren Massen verstanden. Dies können Kunststoffe, Teigwaren in der Lebensmittelindustrie oder auch keramische Massen sein. In der chemischen Industrie werden ebenfalls hochviskose (schwerfließende) Stoffe oder Pasten dosiert, gefördert und extrudiert. Früher waren vorzugsweise Kolbenstrangpressen im Einsatz, bis sich ab 1950 in steigendem Maße die Schneckenmaschinen durchgesetzt haben. Der weltweite Siegeszug der Kunststoffe ist zu einem erheblichen Teil auf die stetige technologische Weiterentwicklung im Bereich der Extrusionstechnik zurückzuführen. Der Markt der weltweit produzierten Maschinen für die Kunststoffverarbeitung erreichte im Jahr 2006 einen Wert von 20 Milliarden Euro und somit zählt dieser Bereich mittlerweile zu einem der großen Industriezweige [1].

  11. 77 FR 74466 - Aluminum Extrusions From the People's Republic of China: Notice of Court Decision Not in Harmony...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-14

    ... mandatory respondents comprise a significant portion of the Chinese extruded aluminum producers and exporters and thus are representative of the Chinese extruded aluminum industry as a whole.\\11\\ The CIT held...

  12. Properties Data for Adhesion and Surface Chemistry of Aluminum: Sapphire-Aluminum, Single-Crystal Couple

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Miyoshi, Kazuhisa; Pohlchuck, Bobby; Whitle, Neville C.; Hector, Louis G., Jr.; Adams, Jim

    1998-01-01

    An investigation was conducted to examine the adhesion and surface chemistry of single-crystal aluminum in contact with single-crystal sapphire (alumina). Pull-off force (adhesion) measurements were conducted under loads of 0. I to I mN in a vacuum of 10(exp -1) to 10(exp -9) Pa (approx. 10(exp -10) to 10(exp -11) torr) at room temperature. An Auger electron spectroscopy analyzer incorporated directly into an adhesion-measuring vacuum system was primarily used to define the chemical nature of the surfaces before and after adhesion measurements. The surfaces were cleaned by argon ion sputtering. With a clean aluminum-clean -sapphire couple the mean value and standard deviation of pull-off forces required to separate the surfaces were 3015 and 298 micro-N, respectively. With a contaminated aluminum-clean sapphire couple these values were 231 and 241 micro-N. The presence of a contaminant film on the aluminum surface reduced adhesion by a factor of 13. Therefore, surfaces cleanliness, particularly aluminum cleanliness, played an important role in the adhesion of the aluminum-sapphire couples. Pressures on the order of 10(exp -8) to 10(exp -9) Pa (approx. 10(exp -10) to 10(exp -11) torr) maintained a clean aluminum surface for only a short time (less then 1 hr) but maintained a clean sapphire surface, once it was achieved, for a much longer time.

  13. Advanced powder metallurgy aluminum alloys via rapid solidification technology

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ray, R.

    1984-01-01

    Aluminum alloys containing 10 to 11.5 wt. pct. of iron and 1.5 to 3 wt. pct. of chromium using the technique of rapid solidification powder metallurgy were studied. Alloys were prepared as thin ribbons (.002 inch thick) rapidly solidified at uniform rate of 10(6) C/second by the melt spinning process. The melt spun ribbons were pulverized into powders (-60 to 400 mesh) by a rotating hammer mill. The powders were consolidated by hot extrusion at a high reduction ratio of 50:1. The powder extrusion temperature was varied to determine the range of desirable processing conditions necessary to yield useful properties. Powders and consolidated alloys were characterized by SEM and optical metallography. The consolidated alloys were evaluated for (1) thermal stability, (2) tensile properties in the range, room temperature to 450 F, and (3) notch toughness in the range, room temperature to 450 F.

  14. Metal-matrix radiation-protective composite materials based on aluminum

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cherdyntsev, V. V.; Gorshenkov, M. V.; Danilov, V. D.; Kaloshkin, S. D.; Gul'bin, V. N.

    2013-05-01

    A method of mechanical activation providing a homogeneous distribution of reinforcing boron-bearing components and tungsten nanopowder in the matrix is recommended for making an aluminum-based radiation- protective material. Joint mechanical activation and subsequent extrusion are used to produce aluminum- based composites. The structure and the physical, mechanical and tribological characteristics of the composite materials are studied.

  15. Outgassing measurement of the aluminum alloy UHV chamber

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Miyamoto, M.; Itoh, T.; Komaki, S.; Narushima, K.; Ishimaru, H.

    1986-01-01

    A large vacuum chamber (580 mm diameter) was fabricated from an aluminum alloy surface treated by a special process normally used on small chambers. The chamber was tested unbaked and baked at various temperatures, pressures, and holding periods. The chamber was filled with N2 gas, and the outgassing rate was measured after one hour. Then the ultimate pressure was measured. Outgassing rates for baked and unbaked groups were compared. It is concluded that the same surface treatment technique can be used on both large and small chambers produced by the same special extrusion process.

  16. Predictors of degenerative medial meniscus extrusion: radial component and knee osteoarthritis.

    PubMed

    Lee, Dae-Hee; Lee, Bum-Sik; Kim, Jong-Min; Yang, Kyung-Sook; Cha, Eun-Jong; Park, Ji-Hun; Bin, Seong-Il

    2011-02-01

    the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a radial tear on degenerative medial meniscus posterior horn tear extrusion and to identify predictors of medial meniscus extrusion. we reviewed the records of 102 knees with medial meniscus posterior horn tears and degeneration that underwent a partial meniscectomy. Tears were classified as root (n = 17) and non-root (n = 85) tears, or as radial (n = 46) and non-radial (n = 56) tears. Groups were compared in terms of absolute and relative meniscal extrusion, and the proportion of knees with major (> 3 mm) extrusion. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify predictors of extrusion. the radial group had greater mean absolute (4 ± 1 vs. 3 ± 1 mm, P = 0.001) and relative (31 ± 11 vs. 23 ± 12%, P = 0.031) extrusion than the non-radial group. The radial group also had a greater proportion of major extrusions than the non-radial group (74% vs. 26%; P = 0.016). In contrast, the root tear and non-root tear groups were similar in terms of mean absolute (3 ± 1 vs. 3 ± 1 mm, P = n.s.) and relative (30 ± 7 vs. 26 ± 13%; P = n.s.) extrusion and in terms of proportion with major extrusions (59 vs. 55%; P = n.s.). Extrusion was found to be associated with a similar strength with both the presence of a radial component and the preoperative Kellgren-Lawrence grade. meniscal extrusion was greater and more severe in knees with a radial tear component than in knees without a radial component. The incidence and degree of major extrusion was similar in knees with root tears and non-root tears. A radial component and knee osteoarthritis severity were similarly predictive of absolute and relative extrusion. Meniscal extrusion in osteoarthritic knees was associated not only with degenerative meniscal tear but also with osteoarthritis severity. Therefore, arthroscopic meniscal procedures, especially meniscal repair, should be cautiously considered in patients with meniscal extrusion.

  17. 40 CFR 415.10 - Applicability; description of the aluminum chloride production subcategory.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... aluminum chloride production subcategory. 415.10 Section 415.10 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... SOURCE CATEGORY Aluminum Chloride Production Subcategory § 415.10 Applicability; description of the aluminum chloride production subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to discharges and...

  18. Characterization of ultra-fine grained aluminum produced by accumulative back extrusion (ABE)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Alihosseini, H., E-mail: hamid.alihossieni@gmail.com; Materials Science and Engineering Department, Engineering School, Amirkabir University, Tehran; Faraji, G.

    2012-06-15

    In the present work, the microstructural evolutions and microhardness of AA1050 subjected to one, two and three passes of accumulative back extrusion (ABE) were investigated. The microstructural evolutions were characterized using transmission electron microscopy. The results revealed that applying three passes of accumulative back extrusion led to significant grain refinement. The initial grain size of 47 {mu}m was refined to the grains of 500 nm after three passes of ABE. Increasing the number of passes resulted in more decrease in grain size, better microstructure homogeneity and increase in the microhardness. The cross-section of ABEed specimen consisted of two different zones:more » (i) shear deformation zone, and (ii) normal deformation zone. The microhardness measurements indicated that the hardness increased from the initial value of 31 Hv to 67 Hv, verifying the significant microstructural refinement via accumulative back extrusion. - Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer A significant grain refinement can be achieved in AA1050, Al alloy by applying ABE. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Microstructural homogeneity of ABEed samples increased by increasing the number of ABE cycles. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer A substantial increase in the hardness, from 31 Hv to 67 Hv, was recorded.« less

  19. Evolution of microstructure and precipitates in 2xxx aluminum alloy after severe plastic deformation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Adamczyk-Cieslak, B.; Zdunek, J.; Mizera, J.

    2016-04-01

    This paper investigates the influence of precipitation on the microstructure development in a 2xxx aluminum alloy subjected to hydrostatic extrusion. A three step reduction of the diameter was performed using hydrostatic extrusion (HE) process: from 20mm (initial state) to 10 mm, 5 mm and 3 mm, which corresponds to the logarithmic deformations ɛ = 1.4, ɛ = 2.8 and ɛ = 3.8 respectively. The microstructure and precipitation analysis before and after deformation was performed using transmission electron microscope (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As a result of the tests, a very significant influence of precipitation on the degree of refinement and mechanism of microstructure transformation was stated.

  20. The Cryogenic Tensile Properties of an Extruded Aluminum-Beryllium Alloy

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gamwell, W. R.

    2002-01-01

    Basic mechanical properties; i.e., ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, percent elongation, and elastic modulus, were obtained for the aluminum-beryllium alloy, AlBeMet162, at cryogenic (-195.5 C (-320 F) and -252.8 C (-423 F)) temperatures. The material evaluated was purchased to the requirements of SAE-AMS7912, "Aluminum-Beryllium Alloy, Extrusions."

  1. Characterization of Al-Cu-Li Alloy 2090 Near Net Shape Extrusion

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Birt, M. J.; Domack, M. S.; Hafley, R. A.; Pollock, W. D.

    1998-01-01

    Aluminum-lithium (Al-Li) alloys near net shape extrusions are being evaluated for potential application in launch vehicle structures. The objective of this study was to determine tensile and fracture properties, corrosion resistance, and weldability of integrally stiffened panels of Al-Cu-Li alloy 2090 in the T8 temper. The microstructure was pre-dominantly unrecrystallized. Texture analyses revealed the presence of fiber components in the stiffeners and a combination of fiber and rolling components in the skin. Variations in grain morphology and texture through the extruded cross section were correlated with the tensile, fracture, and corrosion behavior. Tensile strengths at room and cryogenic temperatures of the 2090 extrusions were similar to other 2090 product forms and were higher than 2219-T87, the primary structural material in the Space Shuttle external tank; however, ductilities were lower. The fracture resistance of the 2090 extrusion was lower than 2219-T87 plate at room temperature. At cryogenic temperatures, tensile ductility and fracture behavior of the 2090 extrusion were similar to other 2090 product forms but were lower than 2219-T87 plate. The exfoliation and stress corrosion resistance of the 2090 extrusion compared favorably with the characteristics of other 2090 product forms. The weldability and weldment properties of the extrusions were similar to 2090 and 2219 plates.

  2. Bulk Fermi surface and electronic properties of Cu0.07Bi2Se3

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Martin, C.; Craciun, V.; Miller, K. H.; Uzakbaiuly, B.; Buvaev, S.; Berger, H.; Hebard, A. F.; Tanner, D. B.

    2013-05-01

    The electronic properties of Cu0.07Bi2Se3 have been investigated using Shubnikov-de Haas and optical reflectance measurements. Quantum oscillations reveal a bulk, three-dimensional Fermi surface with anisotropy kFc/kFab≈ 2 and a modest increase in free-carrier concentration and in scattering rate with respect to the undoped Bi2Se3, also confirmed by reflectivity data. The effective mass is almost identical to that of Bi2Se3. Optical conductivity reveals a strong enhancement of the bound impurity bands with Cu addition, suggesting that a significant number of Cu atoms enter the interstitial sites between Bi and Se layers or may even substitute for Bi. This conclusion is also supported by x-ray diffraction measurements, where a significant increase of microstrain was found in Cu0.07Bi2Se3, compared to Bi2Se3.

  3. Improvement of Strength and Energy Absorption Properties of Porous Aluminum Alloy with Aligned Unidirectional Pores Using Equal-Channel Angular Extrusion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yoshida, Tomonori; Muto, Daiki; Tamai, Tomoya; Suzuki, Shinsuke

    2018-04-01

    Porous aluminum alloy with aligned unidirectional pores was fabricated by dipping A1050 tubes into A6061 semi-solid slurry. The porous aluminum alloy was processed through Equal-channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) while preventing cracking and maintaining both the pore size and porosity by setting the insert material and loading back pressure. The specific compressive yield strength of the sample aged after 13 passes of ECAE was approximately 2.5 times higher than that of the solid-solutionized sample without ECAE. Both the energy absorption E V and energy absorption efficiency η V after four passes of ECAE were approximately 1.2 times higher than that of the solid-solutionized sample without ECAE. The specific yield strength was improved via work hardening and precipitation following dynamic aging during ECAE. E V was improved by the application of high compressive stress at the beginning of the compression owing to work hardening via ECAE. η V was improved by a steep increase of stress at low compressive strain and by a gradual increase of stress in the range up to 50 pct of compressive strain. The gradual increase of stress was caused by continuous shear fracture in the metallic part, which was due to the high dislocation density and existence of unidirectional pores parallel to the compressive direction in the structure.

  4. Improvement of Strength and Energy Absorption Properties of Porous Aluminum Alloy with Aligned Unidirectional Pores Using Equal-Channel Angular Extrusion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yoshida, Tomonori; Muto, Daiki; Tamai, Tomoya; Suzuki, Shinsuke

    2018-06-01

    Porous aluminum alloy with aligned unidirectional pores was fabricated by dipping A1050 tubes into A6061 semi-solid slurry. The porous aluminum alloy was processed through Equal-channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) while preventing cracking and maintaining both the pore size and porosity by setting the insert material and loading back pressure. The specific compressive yield strength of the sample aged after 13 passes of ECAE was approximately 2.5 times higher than that of the solid-solutionized sample without ECAE. Both the energy absorption E V and energy absorption efficiency η V after four passes of ECAE were approximately 1.2 times higher than that of the solid-solutionized sample without ECAE. The specific yield strength was improved via work hardening and precipitation following dynamic aging during ECAE. E V was improved by the application of high compressive stress at the beginning of the compression owing to work hardening via ECAE. η V was improved by a steep increase of stress at low compressive strain and by a gradual increase of stress in the range up to 50 pct of compressive strain. The gradual increase of stress was caused by continuous shear fracture in the metallic part, which was due to the high dislocation density and existence of unidirectional pores parallel to the compressive direction in the structure.

  5. 77 FR 65671 - Aluminum Extrusions From the People's Republic of China: Notice of Partial Rescission of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-30

    ... Nanhai Hongjia Aluminum Alloy Co., Ltd. (Hongjia) and Tianjin Ganglv Nonferrous Metal Materials Co., Ltd..., ``Electrolux'') withdrew its request for review of Alnan Aluminium Co., Ltd. (Alnan), Clear Sky Inc. (Clear Sky...

  6. Hot Extrusion of A356 Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite with Carbon Nanotube/Al2O3 Hybrid Reinforcement

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kim, H. H.; Babu, J. S. S.; Kang, C. G.

    2014-05-01

    Over the years, the attention of material scientists and engineers has shifted from conventional composite materials to nanocomposite materials for the development of light weight and high-performance devices. Since the discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), many researchers have tried to fabricate metal matrix composites (MMCs) with CNT reinforcements. However, CNTs exhibit low dispersibility in metal melts owing to their poor wettability and large surface-to-volume ratio. The use of an array of short fibers or hybrid reinforcements in a preform could overcome this problem and enhance the dispersion of CNTs in the matrix. In this study, multi-walled CNT/Al2O3 preform-based aluminum hybrid composites were fabricated using the infiltration method. Then, the composites were extruded to evaluate changes in its mechanical properties. In addition, the dispersion of reinforcements was investigated using a hardness test. The required extrusion pressure of hybrid MMCs increased as the Al2O3/CNT fraction increased. The deformation resistance of hybrid material was over two times that of the original A356 aluminum alloy material due to strengthening by the Al2O3/CNTs reinforcements. In addition, an unusual trend was detected; primary transition was induced by the hybrid reinforcements, as can be observed in the pressure-displacement curve. Increasing temperature of the material can help increase formability. In particular, temperatures under 623 K (350 °C) and over-incorporating reinforcements (Al2O3 20 pct, CNTs 3 pct) are not recommended owing to a significant increase in the brittleness of the hybrid material.

  7. Energy absorption in aluminum extrusions for a spaceframe chassis

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Logan, R.W.; Perfect, S.A.; Parkinson, R.D.

    1994-09-19

    This work describes the design, finite-element analysis, and verifications performed by LLNL and Kaiser Aluminum for the prototype design of the CALSTART Running Chassis purpose-built electric vehicle. Component level studies, along with our previous experimental and finite-element works, provided the confidence to study the crashworthiness of a complete aluminum spaceframe. Effects of rail geometry, size, and thickness were studied in order to achieve a controlled crush of the front end structure. These included the performance of the spaceframe itself, and the additive effects of the powertrain cradle and powertrain (motor/controller in this case) as well as suspension. Various design iterationsmore » for frontal impact at moderate and high speed are explored.« less

  8. Low Temperature Reactive Sputtering of Thin Aluminum Nitride Films on Metallic Nanocomposites

    PubMed Central

    Ramadan, Khaled Sayed Elbadawi; Evoy, Stephane

    2015-01-01

    Piezoelectric aluminum nitride thin films were deposited on aluminum-molybdenum (AlMo) metallic nanocomposites using reactive DC sputtering at room temperature. The effect of sputtering parameters on film properties was assessed. A comparative study between AlN grown on AlMo and pure aluminum showed an equivalent (002) crystallographic texture. The piezoelectric coefficients were measured to be 0.5±0.1 C m-2 and 0.9±0.1 C m-2, for AlN deposited on Al/0.32Mo and pure Al, respectively. Films grown onto Al/0.32Mo however featured improved surface roughness. Roughness values were measured to be 1.3nm and 5.4 nm for AlN films grown on AlMo and on Al, respectively. In turn, the dielectric constant was measured to be 8.9±0.7 for AlN deposited on Al/0.32Mo seed layer, and 8.7±0.7 for AlN deposited on aluminum; thus, equivalent within experimental error. Compatibility of this room temperature process with the lift-off patterning of the deposited AlN is also reported. PMID:26193701

  9. The Bonding Behavior of co-extruded Aluminum-Titanium-Compounds

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Striewe, Barbara; Hunkel, Martin; von Hehl, Axel; Grittner, Norbert

    The combination of aluminum and titanium enables the design of lightweight structures with tailor-made properties at global as well as local scale. In this context the co-extrusion process offers a great potential for advanced solutions for long products especially being applied in the aircraft and automobile sector. While titanium alloys show particular high mechanical strength and good corrosion resistance, aluminum alloys provide a considerable high specific bending stiffness along with lower materials costs.

  10. Be-10 in terrestrial bauxite and industrial aluminum: An LDEF fallout

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gregory, J. C.; Albrecht, A.; Herzog, G.; Klein, J.; Middleton, R.; Harmon, B. A.; Parnell, T. A.

    1995-01-01

    Work has continued on the search for Be-10 on metals other than aluminum flown on LDEF. Much time-consuming extractive chemistry has been performed at Rutgers University on turnings obtained from the ends of two stainless steel trunnions from LDEF and the prepared samples will be run on the University of Pennsylvania accelerator mass spectrometer. We have continued to investigate our discovery of naturally-occurring Be-10 contamination in bauxite and industrial aluminums from different sources. Measurements of Be-10 in ores from three different sites, and from four different samples of commercial aluminum have been made. Our investigators indicate that the contamination in commercial aluminum metal originates in its principal ore, bauxite. The levels in some bauxite samples were much greater than the maximum possible for in situ production by cosmic ray secondaries. Absorption of atmospheric Be-10 by surface ores exposed to rainfall is a reasonable explanation.

  11. 75 FR 73041 - Aluminum Extrusions From the People's Republic of China: Postponement of Final Determination of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-29

    ... months. On November 1, 2010, Guang Ya Aluminium Industries Co., Ltd., Foshan Guangcheng Aluminium Co., Ltd., Kong Ah International Company Limited, and Guang Ya Aluminium Industries (Hong Kong) Limited..., finding that Guang Ya Group, Zhaoqing New Zhongya Aluminum Co., Ltd., Zhongya Shaped Aluminium (HK...

  12. Facile Route to Rare Heterobimetallic Aluminum-Copper and Aluminum-Zinc Selenide Clusters.

    PubMed

    Li, Bin; Li, Jiancheng; Liu, Rui; Zhu, Hongping; Roesky, Herbert W

    2017-03-20

    Heterobimetallic aluminum-copper and aluminum-zinc clusters were prepared from the reaction of LAl(SeH) 2 [1; L = HC(CMeNAr) 2 and Ar = 2,6-iPr 2 C 6 H 3 ] with (MesCu) 4 and ZnEt 2 , respectively. The resulting clusters with the core structures of Al 2 Se 4 Cu 4 and Al 2 Se 4 Zn 3 exhibit unique metal-organic frameworks. This is a novel pathway for the synthesis of aluminum-copper and aluminum-zinc selenides. The products have been characterized by spectroscopic methods and single-crystal X-ray structural characterization.

  13. Aging Optimization of Aluminum-Lithium Alloy L277 for Application to Cryotank Structures

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Sova, B. J.; Sankaran, K. K.; Babel, H.; Farahmand, B.; Cho, A.

    2003-01-01

    Compared with aluminum alloys such as 2219, which is widely used in space vehicle for cryogenic tanks and unpressurized structures, aluminum-lithium alloys possess attractive combinations of lower density and higher modulus along with comparable mechanical properties and improved damage tolerance. These characteristics have resulted in the successful use of the aluminum-lithium alloy 2195 for the Space Shuttle External Tank, and the consideration of newer U.S. aluminum-lithium alloys such as L277 and C458 for future space vehicles. A design of experiments aging study was conducted for plate and a limited study on extrusions. To achieve the T8 temper, Alloy L277 is typically aged at 290 F for 40 hours. In the study for plate, a two-step aging treatment was developed through a design of experiments study and the one step aging used as a control. Based on the earlier NASA studies on 2195, the first step aging temperature was varied between 220 F and 260 F. The second step aging temperatures was varied between 290 F and 310 F, which is in the range of the single-step aging temperature. For extrusions, two, single-step, and one two-step aging condition were evaluated. The results of the design of experiments used for the T8 temper as well as a smaller set of experiments for the T6 temper for plate and the results for extrusions will be presented.

  14. Boron/aluminum skins for the DC-10 aft pylon

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Elliott, S. Y.

    1975-01-01

    Boron/aluminum pylon boat tail skins were designed and fabricated and installed on the DC-10 aircraft for a 5-year flight service demonstration test. Inspection and tests of the exposed skins will establish the ability of the boron/aluminum composite to withstand long time flight service conditions, which include exposure to high temperatures, sonic fatigue, and flutter. The results of a preliminary testing program yield room temperature and elevated temperature data on the tension, compression, in-plane shear, interlaminar shear, bolt bearing, and tension fatigue properties of the boron/aluminum laminates. Present technology was used in the fabrication of the skins. Although maximum weight saving was not sought, weight of the constant thickness boron/aluminum skin is 26% less than the chemically milled titanium skin.

  15. 78 FR 67115 - Aluminum Extrusions From the People's Republic of China: Intent To Rescind 2012 Countervailing...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-08

    ... regarding ``Analysis of CBP Data and Identification of Companies to Receive Q&V Questionnaires'' (August 2... our analysis of all the information on the record, we preliminarily determine that Hong Kong Gree had... Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Rescission of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review, 77 FR...

  16. Evaluation of 4 Different Irrigating Systems for Apical Extrusion of Sodium Hypochlorite.

    PubMed

    Yost, Ross A; Bergeron, Brian E; Kirkpatrick, Timothy C; Roberts, Mark D; Roberts, Howard W; Himel, Van T; Sabey, Kent A

    2015-09-01

    The aim of this study was to evaluate NaOCl apical extrusion by using negative apical pressure (EndoVac), sonic agitation (EndoActivator), side-vented needle (Max-i-Probe), and photon induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS 10 mJ and PIPS 20 mJ) laser irrigation in an in vitro gel model. Extracted mandibular and maxillary central incisors (n = 18) were prepared to size 35/.04 and 55/.04, respectively. Teeth were mounted in transparent containers with clear acrylic and suspended in a color-changing pH-sensitive gel, creating a closed system. By using a crossover design, each tooth was sequentially irrigated by using 6% NaOCl with each device following manufacturers' recommendations. Each tooth served as its own control. Pre-irrigation and post-irrigation buccal and proximal view photographs served to measure the longest distance of extrusion and were analyzed with ImageJ software. Mean results were analyzed by using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn post hoc test (P < .05). There were no significant differences between EndoVac, EndoActivator, and the passive extrusion groups. The EndoVac and EndoActivator groups produced significantly less extrusion than PIPS irrigation. Max-i-Probe extrusion results were more variable than those of EndoActivator but had no significant difference. Across all irrigation systems, there were no significant differences with respect to apical preparation size. Under the in vitro conditions of this study, no difference was found between the 10 mJ and 20 mJ PIPS laser groups. EndoVac demonstrated significantly less potential for apical extrusion than PIPS and Max-i-Probe, whereas apical preparation size did not significantly affect extrusion of irrigant. The potential for apical extrusion of endodontic irrigants should be a consideration when selecting a system for final irrigation. Published by Elsevier Inc.

  17. 46 CFR 92.07-90 - Vessels contracted for prior to July 1, 1968.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Vessels contracted for prior to July 1, 1968. 92.07-90 Section 92.07-90 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CARGO AND MISCELLANEOUS... the Officer in Charge, Marine Inspection. [CGFR 67-90, 33 FR 1016, Jan. 26, 1968] ...

  18. Consolidation of Fe16N2 Magnets Using Equal Channel Angular Extrusion

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-06-11

    industry such as powder metallurgy and hot deformation. The latter require treatments at high temperatures, typically around 1000 oC. In this work...have any deteriorating effects on the magnetization values (compared to the powder ). However, extrusions at temperatures ~150 oC result in a small...Extrusions at temperatures up to ~150 oC do not have any deteriorating effects on the magnetization values (compared to the powder ). However, extrusions at

  19. Three-dimensional hierarchical C-Co-N/Se derived from metal-organic framework as superior cathode for Li-Se batteries

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    He, Jiarui; Lv, Weiqiang; Chen, Yuanfu; Xiong, Jie; Wen, Kechun; Xu, Chen; Zhang, Wanli; Li, Yanrong; Qin, Wu; He, Weidong

    2017-09-01

    Three-dimensional, porous graphitic carbon co-doped with cobalt and nitrogen (C-Co-N) is prepared with metal-organic framework (MOF) and employed as Lewis base matrix to host selenium. Owing to the unique structure with abundant micro/meso-pores, the highly-conductive C-Co-N matrix provides highly-efficient channels for electron transfer and ionic diffusion, and sufficient surface area for loading of selenium nanoparticles while mitigating dissolution of polyselenides and suppressing volume expansion. The homogenous distribution of cobalt nanoparticles and nitrogen-group in C-Co-N composite immobilize polyselenides through strong chemical interaction in the operation of Li-Se batteries. With a very high Se loading of 76.5 wt%, the C-Co-N/Se cathode delivers superior electrochemical performance with an ultrahigh reversible capacity of 672.3 mAh g-1 (99.6% of the theoretical value) and a capacity of 574.2 mAh g-1 after 200 cycles, giving a capacity fading of only 0.07% per cycle and a nearly 100% Columbic efficiency. In-situ Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory simulations are employed to investigate the Se (de)lithiation mechanism at the electrolyte/cathode interface, and confirm that the structure and composition of C-Co-N scaffold give rise to efficient cathode host for high-performance Se-based cathodes with dramatically reduced capacity fading.

  20. Growth and optical properties of Dy doped and undoped n-type InSe single crystal

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gürbulak, B.

    1999-02-01

    Undoped n-InSe and Dy doped n-InSe (n-InSe : Dy) single crystals were grown by a method which is similar to direct freezing method. Ingots had no cracks and voids on the surface. There were no processes to polish and clean treatment at cleavage faces of these samples because of the natural mirror-like cleavage faces. The absorption measurements were carried out in n-InSe and n-InSe : Dy samples in the temperature range 10-320 K. The first exciton energies for n=1 were calculated as 1.331, 1.248 eV in n-InSe and were 1.326, 1.244 eV in n-InSe : Dy at 10 and 300 K, respectively. The second exciton energies for n=2 in n-InSe were calculated as 1.346, 1.336 eV and in n-InSe : Dy were 1.340, 1.332 eV at 10 and 80 K, respectively. Binding energies of n-InSe and n-InSe : Dy were calculated as 19.47 and 18.87 meV, respectively. The direct bands gap for n-InSe are 1.350, 1.267 eV and for n-InSe : Dy are 1.344, 1.263 eV at 10, 300 K, respectively.

  1. Aluminum gallium nitride (GaN)/GaN high electron mobility transistor-based sensors for glucose detection in exhaled breath condensate.

    PubMed

    Chu, Byung Hwan; Kang, Byoung Sam; Hung, Sheng Chun; Chen, Ke Hung; Ren, Fan; Sciullo, Andrew; Gila, Brent P; Pearton, Stephen J

    2010-01-01

    Immobilized aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN)/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) have shown great potential in the areas of pH, chloride ion, and glucose detection in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). HEMT sensors can be integrated into a wireless data transmission system that allows for remote monitoring. This technology offers the possibility of using AlGaN/GaN HEMTs for extended investigations of airway pathology of detecting glucose in EBC without the need for clinical visits. HEMT structures, consisting of a 3-microm-thick undoped GaN buffer, 30-A-thick Al(0.3)Ga(0.7)N spacer, and 220-A-thick silicon-doped Al(0.3)Ga(0.7)N cap layer, were used for fabricating the HEMT sensors. The gate area of the pH, chloride ion, and glucose detection was immobilized with scandium oxide (Sc(2)O(3)), silver chloride (AgCl) thin film, and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods, respectively. The Sc(2)O(3)-gated sensor could detect the pH of solutions ranging from 3 to 10 with a resolution of approximately 0.1 pH. A chloride ion detection limit of 10(-8) M was achieved with a HEMT sensor immobilized with the AgCl thin film. The drain-source current of the ZnO nanorod-gated AlGaN/GaN HEMT sensor immobilized with glucose oxidase showed a rapid response of less than 5 seconds when the sensor was exposed to the target glucose in a buffer with a pH value of 7.4. The sensor could detect a wide range of concentrations from 0.5 nM to 125 microM. There is great promise for using HEMT-based sensors to enhance the detection sensitivity for glucose detection in EBC. Depending on the immobilized material, HEMT-based sensors can be used for sensing different materials. These electronic detection approaches with rapid response and good repeatability show potential for the investigation of airway pathology. The devices can also be integrated into a wireless data transmission system for remote monitoring applications. This sensor technology could use the exhaled breath condensate to measure the

  2. Aluminum Gallium Nitride (GaN)/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor-Based Sensors for Glucose Detection in Exhaled Breath Condensate

    PubMed Central

    Chu, Byung Hwan; Kang, Byoung Sam; Hung, Sheng Chun; Chen, Ke Hung; Ren, Fan; Sciullo, Andrew; Gila, Brent P.; Pearton, Stephen J.

    2010-01-01

    Background Immobilized aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN)/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) have shown great potential in the areas of pH, chloride ion, and glucose detection in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). HEMT sensors can be integrated into a wireless data transmission system that allows for remote monitoring. This technology offers the possibility of using AlGaN/GaN HEMTs for extended investigations of airway pathology of detecting glucose in EBC without the need for clinical visits. Methods HEMT structures, consisting of a 3-μm-thick undoped GaN buffer, 30-Å-thick Al0.3Ga0.7N spacer, and 220-Å-thick silicon-doped Al0.3Ga0.7N cap layer, were used for fabricating the HEMT sensors. The gate area of the pH, chloride ion, and glucose detection was immobilized with scandium oxide (Sc2O3), silver chloride (AgCl) thin film, and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods, respectively. Results The Sc2O3-gated sensor could detect the pH of solutions ranging from 3 to 10 with a resolution of ∼0.1 pH. A chloride ion detection limit of 10-8 M was achievedt with a HEMT sensor immobilized with the AgCl thin film. The drain–source current of the ZnO nanorod-gated AlGaN/GaN HEMT sensor immobilized with glucose oxidase showed a rapid response of less than 5 seconds when the sensor was exposed to the target glucose in a buffer with a pH value of 7.4. The sensor could detect a wide range of concentrations from 0.5 nM to 125 μM. Conclusion There is great promise for using HEMT-based sensors to enhance the detection sensitivity for glucose detection in EBC. Depending on the immobilized material, HEMT-based sensors can be used for sensingt different materials. These electronic detection approaches with rapid response and good repeatability show potential for the investigation of airway pathology. The devices can also be integrated into a wireless data transmission system for remote monitoring applications. This sensor technology could use the exhaled breath condensate to

  3. Extrusion without a motor: a new take on the loop extrusion model of genome organization

    PubMed Central

    Johnson, J.; Michieletto, D.; Morozov, A. N.; Nicodemi, M.; Cook, P. R.; Marenduzzo, D.

    2018-01-01

    ABSTRACT Chromatin loop extrusion is a popular model for the formation of CTCF loops and topological domains. Recent HiC data have revealed a strong bias in favour of a particular arrangement of the CTCF binding motifs that stabilize loops, and extrusion is the only model to date which can explain this. However, the model requires a motor to generate the loops, and although cohesin is a strong candidate for the extruding factor, a suitable motor protein (or a motor activity in cohesin itself) has yet to be found. Here we explore a new hypothesis: that there is no motor, and thermal motion within the nucleus drives extrusion. Using theoretical modelling and computer simulations we ask whether such diffusive extrusion could feasibly generate loops. Our simulations uncover an interesting ratchet effect (where an osmotic pressure promotes loop growth), and suggest, by comparison to recent in vitro and in vivo measurements, that diffusive extrusion can in principle generate loops of the size observed in the data. Extra View on : C. A. Brackley, J. Johnson, D. Michieletto, A. N. Morozov, M. Nicodemi, P. R. Cook, and D. Marenduzzo “Non-equilibrium chromosome looping via molecular slip-links”, Physical Review Letters 119 138101 (2017) PMID:29300120

  4. Spectrophotometric determination of irrigant extrusion using passive ultrasonic irrigation, EndoActivator, or syringe irrigation.

    PubMed

    Rodríguez-Figueroa, Carolina; McClanahan, Scott B; Bowles, Walter R

    2014-10-01

    Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigation is critical to endodontic success, and several new methods have been developed to improve irrigation efficacy (eg, passive ultrasonic irrigation [PUI] and EndoActivator [EA]). Using a novel spectrophotometric method, this study evaluated NaOCl irrigant extrusion during canal irrigation. One hundred fourteen single-rooted extracted teeth were decoronated to leave 15 mm of the root length for each tooth. Cleaning and shaping of the teeth were completed using standardized hand and rotary instrumentation to an apical file size #40/0.04 taper. Roots were sealed (not apex), and 54 straight roots (n = 18/group) and 60 curved roots (>20° curvature, n = 20/group) were included. Teeth were irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl by 1 of 3 methods: passive irrigation with needle, PUI, or EA irrigation. Extrusion of NaOCl was evaluated using a pH indicator and a spectrophotometer. Standard curves were prepared with known amounts of irrigant to quantify amounts in unknown samples. Irrigant extrusion was minimal with all methods, with most teeth showing no NaOCl extrusion in straight or curved roots. Minor NaOCl extrusion (1-3 μL) in straight roots or curved roots occurred in 10%-11% of teeth in all 3 irrigant methods. Two teeth in both the syringe irrigation and the EA group extruded 3-10 μL of NaOCl. The spectrophotometric method used in this study proved to be very sensitive while providing quantification of the irrigant levels extruded. Using the PUI or EA tip to within 1 mm of the working length appears to be fairly safe, but apical anatomy can vary in teeth to allow extrusion of irrigant. Copyright © 2014 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  5. 3D FEM Geometry and Material Flow Optimization of Porthole-Die Extrusion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ceretti, Elisabetta; Mazzoni, Luca; Giardini, Claudio

    2007-05-01

    The aim of this work is to design and to improve the geometry of a porthole-die for the production of aluminum components by means of 3D FEM simulations. In fact, the use of finite element models will allow to investigate the effects of the die geometry (webs, extrusion cavity) on the material flow and on the stresses acting on the die so to reduce the die wear and to improve the tool life. The software used to perform the simulations was a commercial FEM code, Deform 3D. The technological data introduced in the FE model have been furnished by METRA S.p.A. Company, partner in this research. The results obtained have been considered valid and helpful by the Company for building a new optimized extrusion porthole-die.

  6. Structural Changes in 2D BiSe Bilayers as n Increases in (BiSe)1+δ(NbSe2)n (n = 1-4) Heterostructures.

    PubMed

    Mitchson, Gavin; Hadland, Erik; Göhler, Fabian; Wanke, Martina; Esters, Marco; Ditto, Jeffrey; Bigwood, Erik; Ta, Kim; Hennig, Richard G; Seyller, Thomas; Johnson, David C

    2016-09-28

    (BiSe) 1+δ (NbSe 2 ) n heterostructures with n = 1-4 were synthesized using modulated elemental reactants. The BiSe bilayer structure changed from a rectangular basal plane with n = 1 to a square basal plane for n = 2-4. The BiSe in-plane structure was also influenced by small changes in the structure of the precursor, without significantly changing the out-of-plane diffraction pattern or value of the misfit parameter, δ. Density functional theory calculations on isolated BiSe bilayers showed that its lattice is very flexible, which may explain its readiness to adjust shape and size depending on the environment. Correlated with the changes in the BiSe basal plane structure, analysis of scanning transmission electron microscope images revealed that the occurrence of antiphase boundaries, found throughout the n = 1 compound, is dramatically reduced for the n = 2-4 compounds. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements showed that the Bi 5d 3/2 , 5d 5/2 doublet peaks narrowed toward higher binding energies as n increased from 1 to 2, also consistent with a reduction in the number of antiphase boundaries. Temperature-dependent electrical resistivity and Hall coefficient measurements of nominally stoichiometric samples in conjunction with structural refinements and XPS data suggest a constant amount of interlayer charge transfer independent of n. Constant interlayer charge transfer is surprising given the changes in the BiSe in-plane structure. The structural flexibility of the BiSe layer may be useful in designing multiple constituent heterostructures as an interlayer between structurally dissimilar constituents.

  7. Pseudomonas cremoricolorata Strain ND07 Produces N-acyl Homoserine Lactones as Quorum Sensing Molecules

    PubMed Central

    Yunos, Nina Yusrina Muhamad; Tan, Wen-Si; Koh, Chong-Lek; Sam, Choon-Kook; Mohamad, Nur Izzati; Tan, Pui-Wan; Adrian, Tan-Guan-Sheng; Yin, Wai-Fong; Chan, Kok-Gan

    2014-01-01

    Quorum sensing (QS) is a bacterial cell-to-cell communication system controlling QS-mediated genes which is synchronized with the population density. The regulation of specific gene activity is dependent on the signaling molecules produced, namely N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs). We report here the identification and characterization of AHLs produced by bacterial strain ND07 isolated from a Malaysian fresh water sample. Molecular identification showed that strain ND07 is clustered closely to Pseudomonas cremoricolorata. Spent culture supernatant extract of P. cremoricolorata strain ND07 activated the AHL biosensor Chromobacterium violaceum CV026. Using high resolution triple quadrupole liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, it was confirmed that P. cremoricolorata strain ND07 produced N-octanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (C8-HSL) and N-decanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (C10-HSL). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documentation on the production of C10-HSL in P. cremoricolorata strain ND07. PMID:24984061

  8. Modeling the Formation of Transverse Weld during Billet-on-Billet Extrusion

    PubMed Central

    Mahmoodkhani, Yahya; Wells, Mary; Parson, Nick; Jowett, Chris; Poole, Warren

    2014-01-01

    A comprehensive mathematical model of the hot extrusion process for aluminum alloys has been developed and validated. The plasticity module was developed using a commercial finite element package, DEFORM-2D, a transient Lagrangian model which couples the thermal and deformation phenomena. Validation of the model against industrial data indicated that it gave excellent predictions of the pressure during extrusion. The finite element predictions of the velocity fields were post-processed to calculate the thickness of the surface cladding as one billet is fed in after another through the die (i.e., the transverse weld). The mathematical model was then used to assess the effect a change in feeder dimensions would have on the shape, thickness and extent of the transverse weld during extrusion. Experimental measurements for different combinations of billet materials show that the model is able to accurately predict the transverse weld shape as well as the clad surface layer to thicknesses of 50 μm. The transverse weld is significantly affected by the feeder geometry shape, but the effects of ram speed, billet material and temperature on the transverse weld dimensions are negligible. PMID:28788629

  9. Reduction of fumonisin B₁ in corn grits by twin-screw extrusion.

    PubMed

    Jackson, Lauren S; Jablonski, Joseph; Bullerman, Lloyd B; Bianchini, Andreia; Hanna, Milford A; Voss, Kenneth A; Hollub, April D; Ryu, Dojin

    2011-08-01

    This study was designed to investigate the fate of fumonisins in flaking corn grits during twin-screw extrusion by measuring fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) and its analogs with a mass balance approach. Food grade corn grits and 2 batches of grits contaminated with FB₁ at 10 and 50 μg/g by Fusarium verticillioides M-2552 were processed with or without glucose supplementation (10%, w/w) with a twin-screw extruder. Extrusion reduced FB₁ in contaminated grits by 64% to 72% without glucose and 89% to 94% with added glucose. In addition, extrusion alone resulted in 26% to 73% reduction in the levels of fumonisin B₂ and fumonisin B₃, while levels of both mycotoxins were reduced by >89% in extruded corn grits containing 10% glucose. Mass balance analysis showed that 38% to 46% of the FB₁ species detected in corn extruded with glucose was N-(deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl)-FB₁, while 23% to 37% of FB₁ species detected in extruded corn grits with and without added glucose was bound to the matrix. It was also found that the hydrolyzed form of FB₁ was a minor species in extruded corn grits with or without added glucose, representing <15% of the total FB₁ species present. Less than 46% of FB₁ originally present in corn grits could be detected in the fumonisin analogues measured in this study. Research is needed to identify the reaction products resulting from extrusion processing of fumonisin-contaminated corn products. Twin-screw extrusion is widely used in food industry for its versatility. This technology may reduce the level of fumonisins in corn particularly with added glucose. Journal of Food Science © 2011 Institute of Food Technologists® No claim to original US government works.

  10. Cross-Plane Seebeck Coefficient Measurement of Misfit Layered Compounds (SnSe)n(TiSe2)n (n = 1,3,4,5).

    PubMed

    Li, Zhen; Bauers, Sage R; Poudel, Nirakar; Hamann, Danielle; Wang, Xiaoming; Choi, David S; Esfarjani, Keivan; Shi, Li; Johnson, David C; Cronin, Stephen B

    2017-03-08

    We report cross-plane thermoelectric measurements of misfit layered compounds (SnSe) n (TiSe 2 ) n (n = 1,3,4,5), approximately 50 nm thick. Metal resistance thermometers are fabricated on the top and bottom of the (SnSe) n (TiSe 2 ) n material to measure the temperature difference and heat transport through the material directly. By varying the number of layers in a supercell, n, we vary the interface density while maintaining a constant global stoichiometry. The Seebeck coefficient measured across the (SnSe) n (TiSe 2 ) n samples was found to depend strongly on the number of layers in the supercell (n). When n decreases from 5 to 1, the cross-plane Seebeck coefficient decreases from -31 to -2.5 μV/K, while the cross-plane effective thermal conductivity decreases by a factor of 2, due to increased interfacial phonon scattering. The cross-plane Seebeck coefficients of the (SnSe) n (TiSe 2 ) n are very different from the in-plane Seebeck coefficients, which are higher in magnitude and less sensitive to the number of layers in a supercell, n. We believe this difference is due to the different carrier types in the n-SnSe and p-TiSe 2 layers and the effect of tunneling on the cross-plane transport.

  11. CORROSION EXPERIENCE WITH ALUMINUM POWDER PRODUCTS

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Draley, J.E.; Ruther, W.E.; Greenberg, S.

    1963-11-01

    Extrusions of aluminum alloy powder products were obtained from several sources and evaluated for corrosion resistance to high-temperature (260-- 350 deg C) water. Several types of tubing impact-extruded by ALCOA were tested. The stronger tabing (M655) failed very rapidly. The weaker tubing suffered extensive localized surface attack and penetration of the corrosion attack along the extrusion direction after prolonged ( approximates 3 months) exposure to 290 deg C water. A precorrosion heat treatment was effective in reducing both types of attack on the weaker tubing. Armour Research Foundation supplied several types of tubing extraded through a bridge die. All tubesmore » failed on prolonged ( approximates 8 months) corrosion in 290 deg C water at the longitudinal bond lines. These lines were formed by the rejoining of the metal streams passing over the mandrel supports in the die during extrusion. Directly extruded tubing supplied by the Torrance Brass Company also failed on extended exposure to 290 deg C water. Many experimental rod extrusions (from Armour Research Foundation and Trefimetaux) exhibited corrosion resistance to static 290 deg C water equivalent to that of wrought alloys. The Trefimetaux specimens were also tested in rapidly flowing water at 315 deg C. Under these conditions a corrosion rate significantly faster than for the wrought alloy was measured. (auth)« less

  12. 40 CFR 467.34 - New source performance standards.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... Suspended solids 5.10 4.07 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times. Subpart C Extrusion....126 Aluminum 1.82 0.81 Oil and grease 2.98 2.98 Suspended solids 4.47 3.58 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the... Suspended solids 30.56 24.45 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times. Subpart C Cleaning...

  13. 40 CFR 467.34 - New source performance standards.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Suspended solids 5.10 4.07 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times. Subpart C Extrusion....126 Aluminum 1.82 0.81 Oil and grease 2.98 2.98 Suspended solids 4.47 3.58 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the... Suspended solids 30.56 24.45 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times. Subpart C Cleaning...

  14. Extrusion of small-diameter, thin-wall tungsten tubing

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Blankenship, C. P.; Gyorgak, C. A.

    1967-01-01

    Small-diameter, thin-wall seamless tubing of tungsten has been fabricated in lengths of up to 10 feet by hot extrusion over a floating mandrel. Extrusion of 0.50-inch-diameter tubing over 0.4-inch-diameter mandrels was accomplished at temperatures ranging from 3000 degrees to 4000 degrees F.

  15. Low oxidation state aluminum-containing cluster anions: Cp{sup ∗}Al{sub n}H{sup −}, n = 1–3

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Zhang, Xinxing; Ganteför, Gerd; Bowen, Kit, E-mail: AKandalam@wcupa.edu, E-mail: kbowen@jhu.edu

    Three new, low oxidation state, aluminum-containing cluster anions, Cp*Al{sub n}H{sup −}, n = 1–3, were prepared via reactions between aluminum hydride cluster anions, Al{sub n}H{sub m}{sup −}, and Cp*H ligands. These were characterized by mass spectrometry, anion photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory based calculations. Agreement between the experimentally and theoretically determined vertical detachment energies and adiabatic detachment energies validated the computed geometrical structures. Reactions between aluminum hydride cluster anions and ligands provide a new avenue for discovering low oxidation state, ligated aluminum clusters.

  16. 33 CFR 1.07-60 - Records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Records. 1.07-60 Section 1.07-60... Enforcement; Civil and Criminal Penalty Proceedings § 1.07-60 Records. (a) A verbatim transcript will not... administrative appeal. The Hearing Officer includes them in the record. [CGD 78-82, 43 FR 54186, Nov. 20, 1978...

  17. 33 CFR 1.07-60 - Records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Records. 1.07-60 Section 1.07-60... Enforcement; Civil and Criminal Penalty Proceedings § 1.07-60 Records. (a) A verbatim transcript will not... administrative appeal. The Hearing Officer includes them in the record. [CGD 78-82, 43 FR 54186, Nov. 20, 1978...

  18. 33 CFR 1.07-60 - Records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Records. 1.07-60 Section 1.07-60... Enforcement; Civil and Criminal Penalty Proceedings § 1.07-60 Records. (a) A verbatim transcript will not... administrative appeal. The Hearing Officer includes them in the record. [CGD 78-82, 43 FR 54186, Nov. 20, 1978...

  19. 33 CFR 1.07-60 - Records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Records. 1.07-60 Section 1.07-60... Enforcement; Civil and Criminal Penalty Proceedings § 1.07-60 Records. (a) A verbatim transcript will not... administrative appeal. The Hearing Officer includes them in the record. [CGD 78-82, 43 FR 54186, Nov. 20, 1978...

  20. GRAPHITE EXTRUSIONS

    DOEpatents

    Benziger, T.M.

    1959-01-20

    A new lubricant for graphite extrusion is described. In the past, graphite extrusion mixtures have bcen composed of coke or carbon black, together with a carbonaceous binder such as coal tar pitch, and a lubricant such as petrolatum or a colloidal suspension of graphite in glycerin or oil. Sinee sueh a lubricant is not soluble in, or compatible with the biiider liquid, such mixtures were difficult to extrude, and thc formed pieees lacked strength. This patent teaches tbe use of fatty acids as graphite extrusion lubricants and definite improvemcnts are realized thereby since the fatty acids are soluble in the binder liquid.

  1. Hexacopper(I) phosphorus(V) bromide penta(selenide/sulfide), Cu6P(Se0.7S0.3)5Br.

    PubMed

    Gagor, A; Pietraszko, A; Panko, V V

    2008-04-01

    This work illustrates possible diffusion paths for Cu(I) ions in a highly disordered structure of a superionic conductor of the argyrodite family. The Cu(6)P(Se(0.7)S(0.3))(5)Br cubic structure is built from a [P(Se(0.7)S(0.3))(5)Br] framework in which Cu(I) ions are distributed in various tetrahedral, triangular and linear sites. There are two types of disorder in the structure. The first type results from the fact that there are fewer Cu(I) ions than the number of positions available for them in the unit cell. The second type is due to the static distribution of Se and S atoms in the [P(Se(0.7)S(0.3))(5)Br] framework. The title compound is a solid solution of two efficient ionic conductors, namely Cu(6)PSe(5)Br and Cu(6)PS(5)Br, in which high ionic conductivity results from order-disorder phenomena in the copper substructure. To shed light on the distribution of Cu(I) ions in disordered Cu(6)P(Se(0.7)S(0.3))(5)Br, we refined their positions using a combination of a nonharmonic approach and a split-atom model. At room temperature, Cu(I) ions show strong anharmonic vibrations along the edge of the (Br)(4) tetrahedra. The probability density functions of the Cu(I) ions overlap and reveal possible diffusion paths.

  2. 10 CFR 1705.07 - Requests for correction of records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Requests for correction of records. 1705.07 Section 1705.07 Energy DEFENSE NUCLEAR FACILITIES SAFETY BOARD PRIVACY ACT § 1705.07 Requests for correction of..., Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, 625 Indiana Avenue, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC 20004. The...

  3. 10 CFR 1705.07 - Requests for correction of records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Requests for correction of records. 1705.07 Section 1705.07 Energy DEFENSE NUCLEAR FACILITIES SAFETY BOARD PRIVACY ACT § 1705.07 Requests for correction of..., Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, 625 Indiana Avenue, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC 20004. The...

  4. 10 CFR 1705.07 - Requests for correction of records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Requests for correction of records. 1705.07 Section 1705.07 Energy DEFENSE NUCLEAR FACILITIES SAFETY BOARD PRIVACY ACT § 1705.07 Requests for correction of..., Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, 625 Indiana Avenue, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC 20004. The...

  5. 10 CFR 1705.07 - Requests for correction of records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Requests for correction of records. 1705.07 Section 1705.07 Energy DEFENSE NUCLEAR FACILITIES SAFETY BOARD PRIVACY ACT § 1705.07 Requests for correction of..., Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, 625 Indiana Avenue, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC 20004. The...

  6. 10 CFR 1705.07 - Requests for correction of records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Requests for correction of records. 1705.07 Section 1705.07 Energy DEFENSE NUCLEAR FACILITIES SAFETY BOARD PRIVACY ACT § 1705.07 Requests for correction of..., Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, 625 Indiana Avenue, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC 20004. The...

  7. 30 CFR 733.10 - Information collection.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Information collection. 733.10 Section 733.10... § 733.10 Information collection. The information collection requirement contained in 30 CFR 733.12(a)(2... request to evaluate a State program and to determine whether an evaluation should be undertaken. [47 FR...

  8. Extrusion cooking: Legume pulses

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Extrusion is used commercially to produce high value breakfast and snack foods based on cereals such as wheat or corn. However, this processing method is not being commercially used for legume pulses seeds due to the perception that they do not expand well in extrusion. Extrusion cooking of pulses (...

  9. Mathematical modeling of hydromechanical extrusion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Agapitova, O. Yu.; Byvaltsev, S. V.; Zalazinsky, A. G.

    2017-12-01

    The mathematical modeling of the hydromechanical extrusion of metals through two sequentially installed cone dies is carried out. The optimum parameters of extrusion tools are determined to minimize the extrusion force. A software system has been developed to solve problems of plastic deformation of metals and to provide an optimum design of extrusion tools.

  10. Conductive aluminum line formation on aluminum nitride surface by infrared nanosecond laser

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kozioł, Paweł E.; Antończak, Arkadiusz J.; Szymczyk, Patrycja; Stępak, Bogusz; Abramski, Krzysztof M.

    2013-12-01

    In this paper the fabrication of conductive aluminum paths on AlN ceramic's surface due to the interaction of laser radiation Nd:YAG (1.064 μm) is presented. The metallization process produces an appropriate power value on the ceramics surface to ensure the correct temperature (2200 °C) for which aluminum and nitrogen bonds are broken. Studies have been undertaken on creating low-ohmic structures depending on the parameters such as radiation power, scanning speed, the coverage of subsequent pulses and the environmental impact of the process (air, nitrogen, argon). Furthermore, with regards to the application of this method, it was significant to determine the thickness of the functional layer. A structure of the resistivity of ρ = 0.64 × 10-6 Ω m and aluminum layer thickness of 10 μm was achieved for the process carried out on the inert gas, argon. In addition, a quantitative analysis of nitrogen and aluminum for laser-treated structures was conducted. The performed tests confirmed that the highest amount of aluminum was produced on the surface treated by laser radiation in the environment of the process gas, argon.

  11. Enhancement of Mechanical Properties of Extruded Mg-9Al-1Zn-1MM-0.7CaO-0.3Mn Alloy Through Pre-aging Treatment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jeong, Seok Hoan; Kim, Yong Joo; Kong, Kyung Ho; Cho, Tae Hee; Kim, Young Kyun; Lim, Hyun Kyu; Kim, Won Tae; Kim, Do Hyang

    2018-03-01

    The effect of pre-aging treatment before extrusion has been investigated in Mg-9.0Al-1.0Zn-1MM-0.7CaO-0.3Mn alloy. The as-cast microstructure consists of α-Mg dendrite with secondary solidification phase particles, (Mg, Al)2Ca, β-Mg17Al12 and Al11RE3 at the inter-dendritic region. After extrusion, β-Mg17Al12 precipitates are present, but higher density and more homogeneous distribution in pre-aged alloy. In addition, μm-scale banded bulk β-Mg17Al12 particles are generated during extrusion. Al11RE3 particles are broken into small particles, and are aligned along the extrusion direction. (Mg, Al)2Ca particles are only slightly elongated along the extrusion direction, providing stronger particle stimulated nucleation (PSN) effect by severe deformation during extrusion. The mechanical properties can be significantly enhanced by introducing pre-aging treatment, i.e. β-Mg17Al12 precipitates provide grain refining and strengthening effects and (Mg, Al)2Ca particles provide PSN effect.

  12. A new technique for the strengthening of aluminum tungsten inert gas weld metals: using carbon nanotube/aluminum composite as a filler metal.

    PubMed

    Fattahi, M; Nabhani, N; Rashidkhani, E; Fattahi, Y; Akhavan, S; Arabian, N

    2013-01-01

    The effect of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) on the mechanical properties of aluminum multipass weld metal prepared by the tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding process was investigated. High energy ball milling was used to disperse MWCNT in the aluminum powder. Carbon nanotube/aluminum composite filler metal was fabricated for the first time by hot extrusion of ball-milled powders. After welding, the tensile strength, microhardness and MWCNT distribution in the weld metal were investigated. The test results showed that the tensile strength and microhardness of weld metal was greatly increased when using the filler metal containing 1.5 wt.% MWCNT. Therefore, according to the results presented in this paper, it can be concluded that the filler metal containing MWCNT can serve as a super filler metal to improve the mechanical properties of TIG welds of Al and its alloys. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  13. A Covering Type Extrusion Die with Twin Cavities for Semi-Hollow Al-Profiles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Deng, Rurong; Huang, Xuemei

    2018-03-01

    A new structure named covering type with twin cavities in a die for the semi-hollow aluminum profiles was present. The determination of structure parameters was introduced in detail. Mainly including the selection of the machine, the arrangement of portholes, the structure design of chamber and the selection of bearing. The method of checking the die strength was introduced. According to the extrusion results, the structure of the traditional solid die, the porthole die with single cavity and the covering type structure with twin cavities were compared. The characteristics of the latter structure were simple and easy to process. The practical application shows that the new die structure can enhance the die life, improve the production efficiency and reduce the cost. The high precision and the surface brightness of the profiles were obtained. The structure is worth promoting. The aim is to provide reliable data and reference for the further research and development of this technology on the extrusion die with multi-cavities in a die.

  14. The effect of Se/Te ratio on transient absorption behavior and nonlinear absorption properties of CuIn0.7Ga0.3(Se1-xTex)2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) amorphous semiconductor thin films

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Karatay, Ahmet; Küçüköz, Betül; Çankaya, Güven; Ates, Aytunc; Elmali, Ayhan

    2017-11-01

    The characterization of the CuInSe2 (CIS), CuInGaSe (CIGS) and CuGaSe2 (CGS) based semiconductor thin films are very important role for solar cell and various nonlinear optical applications. In this paper, the amorphous CuIn0.7Ga0.3(Se1-xTex)2 semiconductor thin films (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) were prepared with 60 nm thicknesses by using vacuum evaporation technique. The nonlinear absorption properties and ultrafast transient characteristics were investigated by using open aperture Z-scan and ultrafast pump-probe techniques. The energy bandgap values were calculated by using linear absorption spectra. The bandgap values are found to be varying from 0.67 eV to 1.25 eV for CuIn0.7Ga0.3Te2, CuIn0.7Ga0.3Se1.6Te0.4, CuIn0.7Ga0.3Se0.4Te1.6 and CuIn0.7Ga0.3Se2 thin films. The energy bandgap values decrease with increasing telluride (Te) doping ratio in mixed CuIn0.7Ga0.3(Se1-xTex)2 films. This affects nonlinear characteristics and ultrafast dynamics of amorphous thin films. Ultrafast pump-probe experiments indicated that decreasing of bandgap values with increasing the Te amount switches from the excited state absorption signals to ultrafast bleaching signals. Open aperture Z-scan experiments show that nonlinear absorption properties enhance with decreasing bandgaps values for 65 ps pulse duration at 1064 nm. Highest nonlinear absorption coefficient was found for CuIn0.7Ga0.3Te2 thin film due to having the smallest energy bandgap.

  15. Aluminum Alloy 7050 Extrusions.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1977-03-01

    o .rf^ofTiin (^r^mvo^TfN co^vür^ oui^o < TJ co M t> ^t fH 0\\ cDincO’T’Tco iOr-<-4vO cuo^ fio oocr--r-r--,X) a)(Dr-r-r~vü cor-r^-’O cor...toa>ooo m vo * ff» o o mvoooffiA ro c*) ^ ^ ^j H ro rn fo ^ v ^ ^ to fi ro vo vo a» o o insoot fio in«s Da<o«o mtcopotoo...AFML/LLN, Dr. V. J. Russo Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433 AFML/LLM, Dr. H. A. Lipsitt Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433 FTD/PDRR, Maj. L. A

  16. N-acetyl-L-tryptophan, a substance-P receptor antagonist attenuates aluminum-induced spatial memory deficit in rats.

    PubMed

    Fernandes, Joylee; Mudgal, Jayesh; Rao, Chamallamudi Mallikarjuna; Arora, Devinder; Basu Mallik, Sanchari; Pai, K S R; Nampoothiri, Madhavan

    2018-06-01

    Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Neurokinin substance P is a key mediator which modulates neuroinflammation through neurokinin receptor. Involvement of substance P in Alzheimer's disease is still plausible and various controversies exist in this hypothesis. Preventing the deleterious effects of substance P using N-acetyl-L-tryptophan, a substance P antagonist could be a promising therapeutic strategy. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan on aluminum induced spatial memory alterations in rats. Memory impairment was induced using aluminum chloride (AlCl 3 ) at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 42 d. After induction of dementia, rats were exposed to 30 and 50 mg/kg of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan for 28 d. Spatial memory alterations were measured using Morris water maze. Acetylcholinesterase activity and antioxidant enzyme glutathione level were assessed in hippocampus, frontal cortex and striatum. The higher dose of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan (50 mg/kg) significantly improved the aluminum induced memory alterations. N-acetyl-L-tryptophan exposure resulted in significant increase in acetylcholinesterase activity and glutathione level in hippocampus. The neuroprotective effect of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan could be due to its ability to block substance P mediated neuroinflammation, reduction in oxidative stress and anti-apoptotic properties. To conclude, N-acetyl-L-tryptophan may be considered as a novel neuroprotective therapy in Alzheimer's disease.

  17. 30 CFR 902.10 - State regulatory program approval.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false State regulatory program approval. 902.10 Section 902.10 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE..., Technical Library, 1999 Broadway, Suite 3320, Denver, Colorado 80202-5733. [60 FR 33724, June 29, 1995, as...

  18. Enhancement of Thermoelectric Performances in a Topological Crystal Insulator Pb0.7Sn0.3Se via Weak Perturbation of the Topological State and Chemical Potential Tuning by Chlorine Doping.

    PubMed

    Lin, Chan-Chieh; Kim, Gareoung; Ginting, Dianta; Ahn, Kyunghan; Rhyee, Jong-Soo

    2018-04-04

    Topological insulators generally share commonalities with good thermoelectric (TE) materials because of their narrow band gaps and heavy constituent elements. Here, we propose that a topological crystalline insulator (TCI) could exhibit a high TE performance by breaking its crystalline symmetry and tuning the chemical potential by elemental doping. As a candidate material, we investigate the TE properties of the Cl-doped TCI Pb 0.7 Sn 0.3 Se. The infrared absorption spectra reveal that the band gap is increased from 0.055 eV for Pb 0.7 Sn 0.3 Se to 0.075 eV for Pb 0.7 Sn 0.3 Se 0.99 Cl 0.01 , confirming that the Cl doping can break the crystalline mirror symmetry of a TCI Pb 0.7 Sn 0.3 Se and thereby enlarge its bulk electronic band gap. The topological band inversion is confirmed by the extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, which shows that the TCI state is weakened in a chlorine x = 0.05-doped compound. The small gap opening and partial linear band dispersion with massless and massive bands may have a high power factor (PF) for high electrical conductivity with an enhancement of the Seebeck coefficient. As a result, Pb 0.7 Sn 0.3 Se 0.99 Cl 0.01 shows a considerably enhanced ZT of 0.64 at 823 K, which is about 1200% enhancement in ZT compared with that of the undoped Pb 0.7 Sn 0.3 Se. This work demonstrates that the optimal n-type Cl doping tunes the chemical potential together with breaking the state of the TCI, suppresses the bipolar conduction at high temperatures, and thereby enables the Seebeck coefficient to increase up to 823 K, resulting in a significantly enhanced PF at high temperatures. In addition, the bipolar contribution to thermal conductivity is effectively suppressed for the Cl-doped samples of Pb 0.7 Sn 0.3 Se 1- x Cl x ( x ≥ 0.01). We propose that breaking the crystalline mirror symmetry in TCIs could be a new research direction for exploring high-performance TE materials.

  19. Carbothermic Aluminum Production Using Scrap Aluminum As A Coolant

    DOEpatents

    LaCamera, Alfred F.

    2002-11-05

    A process for producing aluminum metal by carbothermic reduction of alumina ore. Alumina ore is heated in the presence of carbon at an elevated temperature to produce an aluminum metal body contaminated with about 10-30% by wt. aluminum carbide. Aluminum metal or aluminum alloy scrap then is added to bring the temperature to about 900-1000.degree. C. and precipitate out aluminum carbide. The precipitated aluminum carbide is filtered, decanted, or fluxed with salt to form a molten body having reduced aluminum carbide content.

  20. Comparison of apical extrusion of sodium hypochlorite using 4 different root canal irrigation techniques.

    PubMed

    İriboz, Emre; Bayraktar, Koral; Türkaydın, Dilek; Tarçın, Bilge

    2015-03-01

    We compared the apical extrusion of sodium hypochlorite delivered with a 27-G needle, self-adjusting file (SAF), passive ultrasonic irrigation, or the EndoVac system (SybronEndo, Orange, CA) during the instrumentation and final irrigation of root canals. Matched paired single-canal teeth were divided into 8 groups. The experimental groups were needle irrigation size #30 (NI30) and #50 (NI50), SAF size #30 (SAF30) and #50 (SAF50), passive ultrasonic irrigation size #30 (PUI30) and #50 (PUI50), and EndoVac size #30 (EV30) and #50 (EV50). Teeth were embedded in 0.2% agarose gel (pH = 7.4) containing 1 mL 0.1% m-Cresol purple (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO), which changes color at a pH level of 9.0. Root canals were irrigated with sodium hypochlorite and EDTA using 4 different techniques, and the amount of irrigant was controlled. Standardized digital photographs were taken 20 minutes after the first irrigant was used and were analyzed to determine the amount of extrusion (expressed as a percentage of total pixels). The amounts of apical extrusion obtained in the NI30, NI50, SAF30, SAF50, PUI30, PUI50, EV30, and EV50 groups were 30% (3/10), 50% (5/10), 20% (2/10), 70% (7/10), 40% (4/10), 40% (4/10), 10% (1/10), and 10% (1/10), respectively. The overall extrusion frequency, regardless of the apical preparation size, was 40% (8/20) for needle, 45% (9/20) for SAF, 40% (8/20) for ultrasonic irrigation, and 10% (2/20) for EndoVac. Although the SAF group showed more extrusion, the percentage of pixels was significantly higher in the needle irrigation group (P < .01). The EndoVac group showed significantly lower extrusion values than the other techniques in terms of the number of teeth and pixels (P < .05 and P < .01, respectively). The risk of apical extrusion is significantly lower with the EndoVac in comparison with the 3 other techniques. Copyright © 2015 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  1. 75 FR 43561 - Investigations Regarding Certifications of Eligibility To Apply for Worker Adjustment Assistance

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-07-26

    ... Sunnyvale, CA 07/07/10 07/01/10 (Company). 74346 Warner Brothers Burbank, CA 07/07/10 07/01/10 Entertainment...). 74356 Industrial Technologies Missoula, MT 07/08/10 07/02/10 Corporation (Company). 74357 Cinram... (Workers). 74367 Sensata Technologies Attleboro, MA 07/09/10 06/30/10 (Workers). [FR Doc. 2010-18182 Filed...

  2. Measurement of tortuosity in aluminum foams using airborne ultrasound.

    PubMed

    Le, Lawrence H; Zhang, Chan; Ta, Dean; Lou, Edmond

    2010-01-01

    The slow compressional wave in air-saturated aluminum foams was studied by means of ultrasonic transverse transmission method over a frequency range from 0.2 MHz to 0.8 MHz. The samples investigated have three different cell sizes or pores per inch (5, 10 and 20 ppi) and each size has three aluminum volume fractions (5%, 8% and 12% AVF). Phase velocities show minor dispersion at low frequencies but remain constant after 0.7 MHz. Pulse broadening and amplitude attenuation are obvious and increase with increasing ppi. Attenuation increases considerably with AVF for 20 ppi foams. Tortuosity ranges from 1.003 to 1.032 and increases with AVF and ppi. However, the increase of tortuosity with AVF is very small for 10 and 20 ppi samples.

  3. 46 CFR 195.07-10 - Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. 195.07-10 Section 195.07-10 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH... Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. (a) Vessels in lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service...

  4. 46 CFR 195.07-10 - Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. 195.07-10 Section 195.07-10 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH... Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. (a) Vessels in lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service...

  5. 46 CFR 195.07-10 - Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. 195.07-10 Section 195.07-10 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH... Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. (a) Vessels in lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service...

  6. 46 CFR 195.07-10 - Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. 195.07-10 Section 195.07-10 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH... Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. (a) Vessels in lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service...

  7. 46 CFR 195.07-10 - Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. 195.07-10 Section 195.07-10 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH... Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. (a) Vessels in lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service...

  8. 46 CFR 77.07-10 - Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. 77.07-10 Section 77.07-10 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PASSENGER VESSELS..., bays, and sounds, or river service. (a) Vessels in lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service shall be...

  9. 46 CFR 96.07-10 - Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. 96.07-10 Section 96.07-10 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CARGO AND MISCELLANEOUS... Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. (a) Vessels in lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service...

  10. 46 CFR 77.07-10 - Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. 77.07-10 Section 77.07-10 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PASSENGER VESSELS..., bays, and sounds, or river service. (a) Vessels in lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service shall be...

  11. 46 CFR 77.07-10 - Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. 77.07-10 Section 77.07-10 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PASSENGER VESSELS..., bays, and sounds, or river service. (a) Vessels in lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service shall be...

  12. 46 CFR 96.07-10 - Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. 96.07-10 Section 96.07-10 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CARGO AND MISCELLANEOUS... Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. (a) Vessels in lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service...

  13. 46 CFR 96.07-10 - Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. 96.07-10 Section 96.07-10 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CARGO AND MISCELLANEOUS... Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. (a) Vessels in lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service...

  14. 46 CFR 77.07-10 - Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. 77.07-10 Section 77.07-10 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PASSENGER VESSELS..., bays, and sounds, or river service. (a) Vessels in lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service shall be...

  15. 46 CFR 96.07-10 - Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. 96.07-10 Section 96.07-10 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CARGO AND MISCELLANEOUS... Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. (a) Vessels in lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service...

  16. 46 CFR 96.07-10 - Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. 96.07-10 Section 96.07-10 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CARGO AND MISCELLANEOUS... Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. (a) Vessels in lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service...

  17. 46 CFR 77.07-10 - Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service. 77.07-10 Section 77.07-10 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PASSENGER VESSELS..., bays, and sounds, or river service. (a) Vessels in lakes, bays, and sounds, or river service shall be...

  18. 49 CFR 178.506 - Standards for metal drums other than steel or aluminum.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Standards for metal drums other than steel or... drums other than steel or aluminum. (a) The following are the identification codes for metal drums other than steel or aluminum: (1) 1N1 for a non-removable head metal drum; and (2) 1N2 for a removable head...

  19. 49 CFR 178.506 - Standards for metal drums other than steel or aluminum.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Standards for metal drums other than steel or... drums other than steel or aluminum. (a) The following are the identification codes for metal drums other than steel or aluminum: (1) 1N1 for a non-removable head metal drum; and (2) 1N2 for a removable head...

  20. 49 CFR 178.506 - Standards for metal drums other than steel or aluminum.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Standards for metal drums other than steel or... drums other than steel or aluminum. (a) The following are the identification codes for metal drums other than steel or aluminum: (1) 1N1 for a non-removable head metal drum; and (2) 1N2 for a removable head...

  1. 49 CFR 178.506 - Standards for metal drums other than steel or aluminum.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Standards for metal drums other than steel or... drums other than steel or aluminum. (a) The following are the identification codes for metal drums other than steel or aluminum: (1) 1N1 for a non-removable head metal drum; and (2) 1N2 for a removable head...

  2. 49 CFR 178.506 - Standards for metal drums other than steel or aluminum.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Standards for metal drums other than steel or... drums other than steel or aluminum. (a) The following are the identification codes for metal drums other than steel or aluminum: (1) 1N1 for a non-removable head metal drum; and (2) 1N2 for a removable head...

  3. Impact Toughness and Heat Treatment for Cast Aluminum

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Lee, Jonathan A (Inventor)

    2016-01-01

    A method for transforming a cast component made of modified aluminum alloy by increasing the impact toughness coefficient using minimal heat and energy. The aluminum alloy is modified to contain 0.55%-0.60% magnesium, 0.10%-0.15% titanium or zirconium, less than 0.07% iron, a silicon-tomagnesium product ratio of 4.0, and less than 0.15% total impurities. The shortened heat treatment requires an initial heating at 1,000deg F. for up to I hour followed by a water quench and a second heating at 350deg F. to 390deg F. for up to I hour. An optional short bake paint cycle or powder coating process further increase.

  4. Thermoelectric Properties of n-type SnSe Single Crystal

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nguyen, Phuong; Duong, Anh Tuan; Rhim, S. H.; Nguyen, Van Quang; Duong, Van Thiet; Shin, Yooleemi; Cho, Sunglae; Kwon, Suyong; Song, Jae Yong; Park, Hyun Min

    Although thermoelectric materials are well known for their reliability and have been used for many years, even in the field of space engineering, their performance is quite small due to low energy conversion efficiency. Dimensionless figure of merit, ZT = S2. σ.T.κ-1 (where S, σ, T, κ are Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, absolute temperature and thermal conductivity, respectively) is conveniently used to evaluate the conversion efficiency of a thermoelectric materials. Recently, the highest value of ZT to date has been reported for single crystal SnSe, ZT = 2.6 along the b axis of unit cell at 923 K. This temperature is rather high and the range of temperature for high reported ZT is quite narrow. Here we report an attempt to modify the thermoelectric properties of SnSe by using group V and VII as n-type dopant. A negative value of Seebeck coefficient was observed and the power factor reached a peak of 10 μW.K-2.cm-1 at around 600 K. The maximum n-type ZT was 0.57 at 650 K. We will discuss on dopant dependent thermoelectric properties of n-type SnSe single crystals.

  5. Dependence of Ag/Ga composition ratio in AgGaSe2 thin film

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Matsuo, H.; Yoshino, K.; Ikari, T.

    2006-09-01

    AgGaSe2 thin film was deposited on glass substrates by vacuum evaporation method. The starting material was mixed Ag2Se and Ga2Se3 powders. Ag/Ga ratios of the samples were 1.5, 1.2, 1.0, 0.8, 0.7 and 0.4. The samples were annealed from 100 to 600 °C for 10 min. After these processes, single phase AgGaSe2 thin films could be obtained except Ag/Ga ratio of 0.4 at annealing temperature of 600 °C. Ag-rich samples had large grain. On the other hand, Ga-rich samples had small grain. Furthermore, Ga-rich and Ag-rich samples indicated p- and n-types because of Ag- and/or Ga-vacancy and Se-vacancy, respectively.

  6. Strain transformation between tectonic extrusion and crustal thickening in the growth of the Tibetan Plateau

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, M.; Li, Y.; Sun, Y.; Shen, X.

    2017-12-01

    The Indo-Eurasian continental collision since 50 Ma has thickened the crust to raise the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau and driven lateral extrusion of Asian lithospheric blocks to affect Cenozoic tectonics in central and east Asia. The relative roles of crustal thickening and tectonic extrusion, and the strain partitioning between them over time and space, remain controversial. We have analyzed the strain rates using GPS velocities, and correlated the results with vertical motion derived from precise leveling. We found that tectonic extrusion largely transforms to crustal thickening near the margins of the Tibetan Plateau. Near the NW margin of the Tibetan Plateau, the shear stain transforms to compressive strain, consistent with neotectonic studies that indicate crustal shortening and uplift. Around the SE margin, shear stain largely terminates in the southern Yunnan province of China. The present-day crustal motion in SE Tibetan Plateau can be well explained by gravitational spreading without invoking plate-edge push as envisioned in the tectonic extrusion model. Using data collected from local seismic arrays, we derived receiver functions to image the lithospheric structures across the Tibetan Plateau and the Alashan block to its north and the Ordos block to its east. Our results indicate that the mantle lithosphere of these bounding Asian blocks has not been reworked by Tibetan tectonics; instead they have acted as restrictive walls to the growing Tibetan Plateau. Our finite element modeling shows that crustal deformation along the margins of the Tibetan Plateau are consistent with the notion that the east- and southeastward extrusion of the Tibetan lithosphere is largely confined to the Tibetan Plateau because of the restrictive bounding blocks of the Asian lithosphere. Thus the tectonic impact of the Indo-Eurasian collision on the Cenozoic Asian tectonics may not be as extensive as previously thought.

  7. Medial extrusion of the posterior segment of medial meniscus is a sensitive sign for posterior horn tears.

    PubMed

    Ohishi, Tsuyoshi; Suzuki, Daisuke; Yamamoto, Kazufumi; Banno, Tomohiro; Shimizu, Yuta; Matsuyama, Yukihiro

    2014-01-01

    To evaluate medial extrusion of the posterior segment of the medial meniscus in posterior horn tears. This study enrolled 72 patients without medial meniscal tears (group N), 72 patients with medial meniscal tears without posterior horn tears (group PH-), 44 patients with posterior horn tears of the medial meniscus (group PH+). All meniscal tears were confirmed by arthroscopy. Medial extrusion of the middle segment and the posterior segment was measured on coronal MRIs. Extrusions of both middle and posterior segments in groups PH- and PH+ (middle segment; 2.94±1.51 mm for group PH- and 3.75±1.69 mm for group PH+, posterior segment; 1.85±1.82 mm for group PH- and 4.59±2.74 mm for group PH+) were significantly larger than those in group N (middle segment; 2.04±1.20, posterior segment; 1.21±1.86). Both indicators of extrusion in group PH+ were larger than those in group PH-. In the early OA category, neither middle nor posterior segment in group PH- extruded more than in group N. However, only the posterior segment in group PH+ extruded significantly more than in group N. Multiple lineal regression analyses revealed that posterior segment extrusion was strongly correlated with the posterior horn tears (p<0.001) among groups PH- and PH+. The newly presented indicator for extrusion of the posterior segment of the medial meniscus is associated with posterior horn tears in comparison with the extrusion of the middle segment, especially in the early stages of osteoarthritis. Level II--Diagnostic Study. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  8. 78 FR 69703 - 10-Day Notice of Proposed Information Collection: Generic Customer Satisfaction Surveys; Physical...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-20

    ... DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT [Docket No. FR-5683-N-102] 10-Day Notice of Proposed Information Collection: Generic Customer Satisfaction Surveys; Physical Inspection Pilot Program...

  9. CdS-Free p-Type Cu2ZnSnSe4/Sputtered n-Type In x Ga1- x N Thin Film Solar Cells

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, Wei-Liang; Kuo, Dong-Hau; Tuan, Thi Tran Anh

    2017-03-01

    Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) films for solar cell devices were fabricated by sputtering with a Cu-Zn-Sn metal target, followed by two-step post-selenization at 500-600°C for 1 h in the presence of single or double compensation discs to supply Se vapor. After that, two kinds of n-type III-nitride bilayers were prepared by radio frequency sputtering for CdS-free CZTSe thin film solar cell devices: In0.15Ga0.85N/GaN/CZTSe and In0.15Ga0.85N/In0.3Ga0.7N/CZTSe. The p-type CZTSe and the n-type In x Ga1- x N films were characterized. The properties of CZTSe changed with the selenization temperature and the In x Ga1- x N with its indium content. With the CdS-free modeling for a solar cell structure, the In0.15Ga0.85N/In0.3Ga0.7N/CZTSe solar cell device had an improved efficiency of 4.2%, as compared with 1.1% for the conventional design with the n-type conventional ZnO/CdS bilayer. Current density of ˜48 mA/cm2, the maximum open-circuit voltage of 0.34 V, and fill factor of 27.1% are reported. The 3.8-fold increase in conversion efficiency for the CZTSe thin film solar cell devices by replacing n-type ZnO/CdS with the III-nitride bilayer proves that sputtered III-nitride films have their merits.

  10. Selenium adsorption to aluminum-based water treatment residuals

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ippolito, James A.; Scheckel, Kirk G.; Barbarick, Ken A.

    2009-09-02

    Aluminum-based water treatment residuals (WTR) can adsorb water- and soil-borne P, As(V), As(III), and perchlorate, and may be able to adsorb excess environmental selenium. WTR, clay minerals, and amorphous aluminum hydroxide were shaken for 24 h in selenate or selenite solutions at pH values of 5-9, and then analyzed for selenium content. Selenate and selenite adsorption edges were unaffected across the pH range studied. Selenate adsorbed on to WTR, reference mineral phases, and amorphous aluminum hydroxide occurred as outer sphere complexes (relatively loosely bound), while selenite adsorption was identified as inner-sphere complexation (relatively tightly bound). Selenite sorption to WTR inmore » an anoxic environment reduced Se(IV) to Se(0), and oxidation of Se(0) or Se(IV) appeared irreversible once sorbed to WTR. Al-based WTR could play a favorable role in sequestering excess Se in affected water sources.« less

  11. Does apical negative pressure prevent the apical extrusion of debris and irrigant compared with conventional irrigation? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

    PubMed

    Romualdo, Priscilla Coutinho; de Oliveira, Katharina Morant Holanda; Nemezio, Mariana Alencar; Küchler, Erika Calvano; Silva, Raquel Assed Bezerra; Nelson-Filho, Paulo; Silva, Lea Assed Bezerra

    2017-12-01

    The aim of this study was to evaluate if apical negative pressure (ANP) irrigation prevents the apical extrusion of debris and irrigant compared with conventional needle irrigation through a systematic review and meta-analysis. A computer search of dental literature was performed using four different databases. A combination of the terms 'apical negative pressure', 'endovac', 'apical extrusion', 'extrusion' and 'endodontics' was used. Studies that used extracted human teeth with a mature apex and that evaluated the apical extrusion of debris and/or irrigating solution were included. After an evaluation of the full studies according to the eligibility criteria, eight studies were critically analysed and subjected to quality assessment and risk of bias. Only four studies that evaluated extrusion of irrigant were considered as having high methodological quality and were subjected to a meta-analysis. Studies evaluating extrusion of debris did not have sufficient methodological quality to be subjected to the meta-analysis. The forest plot indicated that ANP irrigation prevents the risk of irrigant extrusion compared with conventional irrigation (OR 0.07 [95%CI 0.02-0.20]; P < 0.00001). This systematic review and meta-analysis showed that ANP prevents the apical extrusion of irrigant. There is no evidence if this type of irrigation prevents the extrusion of debris. © 2017 Australian Society of Endodontology Inc.

  12. Extrusion and Extruded Products: Changes in Quality Attributes as Affected by Extrusion Process Parameters: A Review.

    PubMed

    Alam, M S; Kaur, Jasmeen; Khaira, Harjot; Gupta, Kalika

    2016-01-01

    Extrusion of foods is an emerging technology for the food industries to process and market a large number of products of varying size, shape, texture, and taste. Extrusion cooking technology has led to production of wide variety of products like pasta, breakfast cereals, bread crumbs, biscuits, crackers, croutons, baby foods, snack foods, confectionery items, chewing gum, texturized vegetable protein (TVP), modified starch, pet foods, dried soups, dry beverage mixes etc. The functional properties of extruded foods plays an important role for their acceptability which include water absorption, water solubility, oil absorption indexes, expansion index, bulk density and viscosity of the dough. The aim of this review is to give the detailed outlines about the potential of extrusion technology in development of different types of products and the role of extrusion-operating conditions and their effect on product development resulting in quality changes i.e physical, chemical, and nutritional, experienced during the extrusion process.

  13. Modelling highly deformable metal extrusion using SPH

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Prakash, Mahesh; Cleary, Paul W.

    2015-05-01

    Computational modelling is often used to reduce trial extrusions through accurate defect prediction. Traditionally, metal extrusion is modelled using mesh based finite element methods. However, large plastic deformations can lead to heavy re-meshing and numerical diffusion. Here we use the mesh-less smoothed particle hydrodynamics method since it allows simulation of large deformations without re-meshing and the tracking of history dependent properties such as plastic strain making it suitable for defect prediction. The variation in plastic strain and deformation for aluminium alloy in a cylindrical 3D geometry with extrusion ratio and die angle is evaluated. The extrusion process is found to have three distinct phases consisting of an initial sharp rise in extrusion force, a steady phase requiring constant force and terminating in a sharp decline in force as metal is completely extruded. Deformation and plastic strain increased significantly with extrusion ratio but only moderately with die angle. Extrusion force increased by 150 % as the extrusion ratio increased from 2:1 to 4:1 but had only a marginal change with die angle. A low strain zone in the centre of the extruded product was found to be a function of extrusion ratio but was persistent and did not vary with die angle. Simulation of a complex 3D building industry component showed large variations in plastic strain along the length of the product at two scales. These were due to change in metal behaviour as extrusion progressed from phase 1 to phase 2. A stagnation zone at the back of the die was predicted that could lead to the "funnel" or "pipe" defect.

  14. Pretest mediction of Semiscale Test S-07-10 B. [PWR

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Dobbe, C A

    A best estimate prediction of Semiscale Test S-07-10B was performed at INEL by EG and G Idaho as part of the RELAP4/MOD6 code assessment effort and as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission pretest calculation for the Small Break Experiment. The RELAP4/MOD6 Update 4 and the RELAP4/MOD7 computer codes were used to analyze Semiscale Test S-07-10B, a 10% communicative cold leg break experiment. The Semiscale Mod-3 system utilized an electrially heated simulated core operating at a power level of 1.94 MW. The initial system pressure and temperature in the upper plenum was 2276 psia and 604/sup 0/F, respectively.

  15. Preparation of UC0.07-0.10N0.90-0.93 spheres for TRISO coated fuel particles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hunt, R. D.; Silva, C. M.; Lindemer, T. B.; Johnson, J. A.; Collins, J. L.

    2014-05-01

    The US Department of Energy is considering a new nuclear fuel that would be less susceptible to ruptures during a loss-of-coolant accident. The fuel would consist of tristructural isotropic coated particles with dense uranium nitride (UN) kernels with diameters of 650 or 800 μm. The objectives of this effort are to make uranium oxide microspheres with adequately dispersed carbon nanoparticles and to convert these microspheres into UN spheres, which could be then sintered into kernels. Recent improvements to the internal gelation process were successfully applied to the production of uranium gel spheres with different concentrations of carbon black. After the spheres were washed and dried, a simple two-step heat profile was used to produce porous microspheres with a chemical composition of UC0.07-0.10N0.90-0.93. The first step involved heating the microspheres to 2023 K in a vacuum, and in the second step, the microspheres were held at 1873 K for 6 h in flowing nitrogen.

  16. Enhancing Thermoelectric Performance of PbSe by Se Vacancies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, Yefeng; You, Li; Wang, Chenyang; Zhang, Jiye; Yang, Jiong; Guo, Kai; Luo, Jun; Zhang, Wenqing

    2018-02-01

    Self-doped n-type PbSe1-δ thermoelectric compounds have been successfully synthesized by the melting and annealing method. The Se vacancies are created by intentionally produced deficiency of Se elements during the sample preparation. Such intrinsic doping can raise the electron concentration to a value as high as 1.2 × 1019 cm-3, leading to greatly improved electrical conductivity and power factor in the n-type PbSe1-δ . Furthermore, the presence of Se vacancies effectively enhances the phonon scattering, resulting in reduced lattice thermal conductivity. Thus, the thermoelectric performance of n-type PbSe1-δ is significantly improved by the formation of intrinsic Se vacancies. The achieved ZT value for the Se-vacancy-rich sample varies from ˜ 0.4 at 330 K to ˜ 1.0 at 675 K, which is comparable to those of the reported n-type PbSe materials with extrinsic doping. In addition, the average ZT of our n-type PbSe system reaches 0.77, which approaches the value of p-type PbTe.

  17. Effects of extrusion conditions on the extrusion responses and the quality of brown rice pasta.

    PubMed

    Wang, Li; Duan, Wei; Zhou, Sumei; Qian, Haifeng; Zhang, Hui; Qi, Xiguang

    2016-08-01

    This research investigated the effects of extrusion temperature and screw speed on the extrusion system parameters and the qualities of brown rice pasta. The die pressure and motor torque value reached a maximum at 90°C but decreased when the screw speed increased from 80 to 120rpm. The extrusion temperature and screw speed also significantly affected the cooking quality and textural properties of brown rice pasta. The pasta produced at an extrusion temperature of 120°C and screw speed of 120rpm had the best quality with a cooking loss, hardness and adhesiveness of 6.7%, 2387.2g and -7.0g⋅s, respectively, similar to those of pasta made from gluten-free flour. The results indicated that brown rice can be used to produce gluten-free pasta with improved nutrition. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  18. Attempting to realize n-type BiCuSeO

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Xiaoxuan; Feng, Dan; He, Jiaqing; Zhao, Li-Dong

    2018-02-01

    As an intrinsic p-type semiconductor, BiCuSeO has been widely researched in the thermoelectric community, however, n-type BiCuSeO has not been reported so far. In this work, we successfully realized n-type BiCuSeO through carrying out several successive efforts. Seebeck coefficient of BiCuSeO was increased through introducing extra Bi/Cu to fill the Bi/Cu vacancies that may produce holes, and the maximum Seebeck coefficient was increase from +447 μVK-1 for undoped BiCuSeO to +638 μVK-1 for Bi1.04Cu1.05SeO. The Seebeck coefficient of Bi1.04Cu1.05SeO was changed from p-type to n-type through electron doping through introducing Br/I in Se sites, the maximum negative Seebeck coefficient can reach ∼ -465 μVK-1 and -543 μVK-1 for Bi1.04Cu1.05Se1-xIxO and Bi1.04Cu1.05Se1-xBrxO, respectively. Then, after compositing Bi1.04Cu1.05Se0.99Br0.01O with Ag, n-type BiCuSeO can be absolutely obtained in the whole temperature range of 300-873 K, the maximum ZT 0.05 was achieved at 475 K in the Bi1.04Cu1.05Se0.99Br0.01O+15% Ag. Our report indicates that it is possible to realize n-type conducting behaviors in BiCuSeO system.

  19. SE Great Basin Play Fairway Analysis

    DOE Data Explorer

    Adam Brandt

    2015-11-15

    Within this submission are multiple .tif images with accompanying metadata of magnetotelluric conductor occurrence, fault critical stress composite risk segment (CRS), permeability CRS, Quaternary mafic extrusions, Quaternary fault density, and Quaternary rhyolite maps. Each of these contributed to a final play fairway analysis (PFA) for the SE Great Basin study area.

  20. Extrusion of metal oxide superconducting wire, tube or ribbon

    DOEpatents

    Dusek, Joseph T.

    1993-10-05

    A process for extruding a superconducting metal oxide composition YBa.sub.2 Cu.sub.3 O.sub.7-x provides a wire (tube or ribbon) having a cohesive mass and a degree of flexibility together with enhanced electrical properties. Wire diameters in the range of 6-85 mils have been produced with smaller wires on the order of 10 mils in diameter exhibiting enhanced flexibility for forming braided, or multistrand, configurations for greater current carrying capacity. The composition for extrusion contains a polymeric binder to provide a cohesive mass to bind the particles together during the extrusion process with the binder subsequently removed at lower temperatures during sintering. The composition for extrusion further includes a deflocculent, an organic plasticizer and a solvent which also are subsequently removed during sintering. Electrically conductive tubing with an inner diameter of 52 mil and an outer diameter of 87-355 mil has also been produced. Flat ribbons have been produced in the range of 10-125 mil thick by 100-500 mil wide. The superconducting wire, tube or ribbon may include an outer ceramic insulating sheath co-extruded with the wire, tubing or ribbon.

  1. Extrusion of metal oxide superconducting wire, tube or ribbon

    DOEpatents

    Dusek, Joseph T.

    1993-01-01

    A process for extruding a superconducting metal oxide composition YBa.sub.2 Cu.sub.3 O.sub.7-x provides a wire (tube or ribbon) having a cohesive mass and a degree of flexibility together with enhanced electrical properties. Wire diameters in the range of 6-85 mils have been produced with smaller wires on the order of 10 mils in diameter exhibiting enhanced flexibility for forming braided, or multistrand, configurations for greater current carrying capacity. The composition for extrusion contains a polymeric binder to provide a cohesive mass to bind the particles together during the extrusion process with the binder subsequently removed at lower temperatures during sintering. The composition for extrusion further includes a deflocculent, an organic plasticizer and a solvent which also are subsequently removed during sintering. Electrically conductive tubing with an inner diameter of 52 mil and an outer diameter of 87-355 mil has also been produced. Flat ribbons have been produced in the range of 10-125 mil thick by 100-500 mil wide. The superconducting wire, tube or ribbon may include an outer ceramic insulating sheath co-extruded with the wire, tubing or ribbon.

  2. [Process and mechanism of plants in overcoming acid soil aluminum stress].

    PubMed

    Zhao, Tian-Long; Xie, Guang-Ning; Zhang, Xiao-Xia; Qiu, Lin-Quan; Wang, Na; Zhang, Su-Zhi

    2013-10-01

    Aluminum (Al) stress is one of the most important factors affecting the plant growth on acid soil. Currently, global soil acidification further intensifies the Al stress. Plants can detoxify Al via the chelation of ionic Al and organic acids to store the ionic Al in vacuoles and extrude it from roots. The Al extrusion is mainly performed by the membrane-localized anion channel proteins Al(3+)-activated malate transporter (ALMT) and multi-drug and toxin extrusion (MATE). The genes encoding ABC transporter and zinc-finger protein conferred plant Al tolerance have also been found. The identification of these Al-resistant genes makes it possible to increase the Al resistance of crop plants and enhance their production by the biological methods such as gene transformation and mark-associated breeding. The key problems needed to be solved and the possible directions in the researches of plant Al stress resistance were proposed.

  3. The new misfit compound (BiSe){sub 1.15}(TiSe{sub 2}){sub 2} and the role of dimensionality in the Cu{sub x}(BiSe){sub 1+δ}(TiSe{sub 2}){sub n} series

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Trump, Benjamin A., E-mail: btrump1@jhu.edu; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for Quantum Matter, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Livi, Kenneth J.T.

    The synthesis and physical properties of the new misfit compound (BiSe){sub 1.15}(TiSe{sub 2}){sub 2} are reported. Transmission electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction show that the structure consists of alternating rock-salt type BiSe layers and hexagonal (TiSe{sub 2}){sub 2} double layers. Resistivity, specific heat, and magnetization measurements show that it has metallic and diamagnetic behaviors. These results are interpreted and discussed in the context of the transition between single-layer (BiSe){sub 1.13}(TiSe{sub 2}), which shows no charge density wave, and infinite-layered (bulk) 1T-TiSe{sub 2}, which undergoes a charge density wave transition at T=202 K. Intercalation with copper, Cu{sub x}(BiSe){sub 1.15}(TiSe{sub 2}){submore » 2}, (0≤x≤0.10) is also reported, but unlike Cu{sub x}TiSe{sub 2}, no superconductivity is observed down to T=0.05 K. Thus, the series Cu{sub x}(BiSe){sub 1+δ}(TiSe{sub 2}){sub n} provides an effective approach to elucidate the impact of dimensionality on charge density wave formation and superconductivity. - Graphical abstract: The newly discovered misfit compound (BiSe){sub 1.15}(TiSe{sub 2}){sub 2} shown in the series (BiSe){sub 1+δ}(TiSe{sub 2}){sub n}. Display Omitted - Highlights: • Reports the structure and properties of the new misfit compound (BiSe){sub 1.15}(TiSe{sub 2}){sub 2}. • The structure consists of a rock salt type BiSe layer and a double (TiSe{sub 2}){sub 2} layer. • The n=1, 2 misfits (BiSe){sub 1+δ}(TiSe{sub 2}){sub n} are found not to exhibit CDW transitions. • Evidence is presented that there is likely a low-lying CDW excited state. • The series Cu{sub x}(BiSe){sub 1+δ}(TiSe{sub 2}){sub 2} does not superconduct, unlike Cu{sub x}TiSe{sub 2}.« less

  4. How extrusion shapes food processing

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    This month's column will explore food extrusion. Extrusion is one of the most commonly used food manufacturing processes. Its versatility enables production of a diverse array of food products. This column will review the basic principles and provide an overview of applications. I would like to ...

  5. A monotopic aluminum telluride with an Al=Te double bond stabilized by N-heterocyclic carbenes

    PubMed Central

    Franz, Daniel; Szilvási, Tibor; Irran, Elisabeth; Inoue, Shigeyoshi

    2015-01-01

    Aluminum chalcogenides are mostly encountered in the form of bulk aluminum oxides that are structurally diverse but typically consist of networks with high lattice energy in which the chalcogen atoms bridge the metal centres. This makes their molecular congeners difficult to synthesize because of a pronounced tendency for oligomerization. Here we describe the isolation of the monotopic aluminum chalcogenide (LDipN)AlTe(LEt)2 (LDip=1,3-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazolin-2-imine, LEt=1,3-diethyl-4,5-dimethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene). Unique features of (LDipN)AlTe(LEt)2 are the terminal position of the tellurium atom, the shortest aluminum–tellurium distance hitherto reported for a molecular complex and the highest bond order reported for an interaction between these elements, to the best of our knowledge. At elevated temperature (LDipN)AlTe(LEt)2 equilibrates with dimeric {(LDipN)AlTe(LEt)}2 in which the chalcogen atoms assume their common role as bridges between the metal centres. These findings demonstrate that (LDipN)AlTe(LEt)2 comprises the elusive Al=Te double bond in the form of an N-heterocyclic carbene-stabilized species. PMID:26612781

  6. Thermoelectric properties and chemical potential tuning by Cu-doping in n-type ionic conductors CuxAg2-xSe0.5Te0.5

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lee, Min Ho; Yun, Jae Hyun; Ahn, Kyunghan; Rhyee, Jong-Soo

    2017-12-01

    Copper and silver chalcogenides with superionic conduction behavior have shown impressively high ZT values, but there has been no intensive effort to optimize their carrier density to further improve their ZT values. Here, we prepared polycrystalline CuxAg2-xSe0.5Te0.5 (x = 0.01, 0.05, 0.1) samples using high temperature melting followed by hot-press sintering, and characterized their thermoelectric properties. We demonstrated that Cu substitution for Ag was achieved with <10% Cu content for CuxAg2-xSe0.5Te0.5 and the Cu doping was quite effective and significantly enhanced the compound's n-type carrier density, which was one order of magnitude higher than the pristine Ag2Se0.5Te0.5 (4.10 × 1018 cm-3). Impressively, the enhancement in electrical conductivity with increasing Cu content was greater than the decrease in absolute value of the Seebeck coefficient in the superionic conduction state. This led to relatively high power factors for Cu0.1Ag1.99Se0.5Te0.5, ranging between 1.10 and 1.30 mW m-1 K-2 over the broad temperature range of 400-560 K, and resulted in the highest ZT of 0.85 at 560 K. Furthermore, ZT values approached >0.7 over a wide temperature range of 460-560 K for x > 0.05. We suggest that the unusual Cu doping effect in Ag2Se0.5Te0.5 can be attributed to the creation of Cu ion conduction in addition to Ag ion conduction, and the optimization of the compound's n-type carrier density.

  7. A Comparison of Apical Bacterial Extrusion in Manual, ProTaper Rotary, and One Shape Rotary Instrumentation Techniques.

    PubMed

    Mittal, Rakesh; Singla, Meenu G; Garg, Ashima; Dhawan, Anu

    2015-12-01

    Apical extrusion of irrigants and debris is an inherent limitation associated with cleaning and shaping of root canals and has been studied extensively because of its clinical relevance as a cause of flare-ups. Many factors affect the amount of extruded intracanal materials. The purpose of this study was to assess the bacterial extrusion by using manual, multiple-file continuous rotary system (ProTaper) and single-file continuous rotary system (One Shape). Forty-two human mandibular premolars were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis by using a bacterial extrusion model. The teeth were divided into 3 experimental groups (n = 12) and 1 control group (n = 6). The root canals of experimental groups were instrumented according to the manufacturers' instructions by using manual technique, ProTaper rotary system, or One Shape rotary system. Sterilized saline was used as an irrigant, and bacterial extrusion was quantified as colony-forming units/milliliter. The results obtained were statistically analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance for intergroup comparison and post hoc Tukey test for pair-wise comparison. The level for accepting statistical significance was set at P < .05. All the instrumentation techniques resulted in bacterial extrusion, with manual step-back technique exhibiting significantly more bacterial extrusion than the engine-driven systems. Of the 2 engine-driven systems, ProTaper rotary extruded significantly more bacteria than One Shape rotary system (P < .05). The engine-driven nickel-titanium systems were associated with less apical extrusion. The instrument design may play a role in amount of extrusion. Copyright © 2015 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  8. Extrusion die and method

    DOEpatents

    Lipp, G. Daniel

    1994-04-26

    A method and die apparatus for manufacturing a honeycomb body of rhombic cell cross-section by extrusion through an extrusion die of triangular cell discharge slot configuration, the die incorporating feedholes at selected slot intersections only, such that slot segments communicating directly with the feedholes discharge web material and slot segments not so connected do not discharge web material, whereby a rhombic cell cross-section in the extruded body is provided.

  9. Bearing Strengths of Some Wrought-aluminum Alloys

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Moore, R L; Wescoat, C

    1943-01-01

    Although a number of investigations of the bearing strength of aluminum alloys have been made, the problem remains one of considerable interest to the aircraft industry. For this reason it has seemed advisable to make additional tests of the commonly used aircraft alloys in an effort to establish a better basis for the selection of allowable bearing values. Current design practice does not recognize the effect of edge distance upon bearing strengths, and for this reason edge distance was one of the principal variables considered in this investigation. The increasing emphasis being placed upon permanent set limitations makes it essential that more information on bearing yield phenomena be obtained. The object of this investigation was to determine bearing yield and ultimate strengths of the following aluminum alloy products: 17S-T, 24S-T, Alclad 24S-T, 24S-RT, 52S-0, 52S-1/2H, 52S-H, 53S-T, and 61S-T extrusions. Ratios of these bearing properties to tensile properties were also determined.

  10. Hot-melt extrusion--basic principles and pharmaceutical applications.

    PubMed

    Lang, Bo; McGinity, James W; Williams, Robert O

    2014-09-01

    Originally adapted from the plastics industry, the use of hot-melt extrusion has gained favor in drug delivery applications both in academia and the pharmaceutical industry. Several commercial products made by hot-melt extrusion have been approved by the FDA, demonstrating its commercial feasibility for pharmaceutical processing. A significant number of research articles have reported on advances made regarding the pharmaceutical applications of the hot-melt extrusion processing; however, only limited articles have been focused on general principles regarding formulation and process development. This review provides an in-depth analysis and discussion of the formulation and processing aspects of hot-melt extrusion. The impact of physicochemical properties of drug substances and excipients on formulation development using a hot-melt extrusion process is discussed from a material science point of view. Hot-melt extrusion process development, scale-up, and the interplay of formulation and process attributes are also discussed. Finally, recent applications of hot-melt extrusion to a variety of dosage forms and drug substances have also been addressed.

  11. 77 FR 62150 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Kentucky; Approval of Revisions to the...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-12

    ... Existing Indirect Heat Exchangers. 6.08 Standard of 10/23/01 66 FR 53660 06/13/79 Performance for Existing.../21/82 Performance for New Indirect Heat Exchangers. 7.07 Standard of 10/23/01 66 FR 53661 09/15/93... 10/23/01 66 FR 53662 03/17/93 Performance for New Insulation of Magnet Wire. 7.56 Standard of 10/23...

  12. Hot melt extrusion versus spray drying: hot melt extrusion degrades albendazole.

    PubMed

    Hengsawas Surasarang, Soraya; Keen, Justin M; Huang, Siyuan; Zhang, Feng; McGinity, James W; Williams, Robert O

    2017-05-01

    The purpose of this study was to enhance the dissolution properties of albendazole (ABZ) by the use of amorphous solid dispersions. Phase diagrams of ABZ-polymer binary mixtures generated from Flory-Huggins theory were used to assess miscibility and processability. Forced degradation studies showed that ABZ degraded upon exposure to hydrogen peroxide and 1 N NaOH at 80 °C for 5 min, and the degradants were albendazole sulfoxide (ABZSX), and ABZ impurity A, respectively. ABZ was chemically stable following exposure to 1 N HCl at 80 °C for one hour. Thermal degradation profiles show that ABZ, with and without Kollidon ® VA 64, degraded at 180 °C and 140 °C, respectively, which indicated that ABZ could likely be processed by thermal processing. Following hot melt extrusion, ABZ degraded up to 97.4%, while the amorphous ABZ solid dispersion was successfully prepared by spray drying. Spray-dried ABZ formulations using various types of acids (methanesulfonic acid, sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid) and polymers (Kollidon ® VA 64, Soluplus ® and Eudragit ® E PO) were studied. The spray-dried ABZ with methanesulfonic acid and Kollidon ® VA 64 substantially improved non-sink dissolution in acidic media as compared to bulk ABZ (8-fold), physical mixture of ABZ:Kollidon ® VA 64 (5.6-fold) and ABZ mesylate salt (1.6-fold). No degradation was observed in the spray-dried product for up to six months and less than 5% after one-year storage. In conclusion, amorphous ABZ solid dispersions in combination with an acid and polymer can be prepared by spray drying to enhance dissolution and shelf-stability, whereas those made by melt extrusion are degraded.

  13. LINER FOR EXTRUSION BILLET CONTAINERS

    DTIC Science & Technology

    Rokide-process alumina and zirconia coatings and a Udimet 700 superalloy liner were evaluated by extrusion of 3 1/2-in. billets of Inconel 713C...One coating did with stand extrusion at 3450 F without apparent wear. The Udimet 700 liner did not show wear at 2000 F, but did react with the TZM

  14. Long-Term Immunogenicity of an Inactivated Split-Virion 2009 Pandemic Influenza A H1N1 Virus Vaccine with or without Aluminum Adjuvant in Mice

    PubMed Central

    Xu, Wenting; Zheng, Mei; Zhou, Feng

    2015-01-01

    In 2009, a global epidemic of influenza A(H1N1) virus caused the death of tens of thousands of people. Vaccination is the most effective means of controlling an epidemic of influenza and reducing the mortality rate. In this study, the long-term immunogenicity of influenza A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) split vaccine was observed as long as 15 months (450 days) after immunization in a mouse model. Female BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally with different doses of aluminum-adjuvanted vaccine. The mice were challenged with a lethal dose (10× 50% lethal dose [LD50]) of homologous virus 450 days after immunization. The results showed that the supplemented aluminum adjuvant not only effectively enhanced the protective effect of the vaccine but also reduced the immunizing dose of the vaccine. In addition, the aluminum adjuvant enhanced the IgG antibody level of mice immunized with the H1N1 split vaccine. The IgG level was correlated to the survival rate of the mice. Aluminum-adjuvanted inactivated split-virion 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 vaccine has good immunogenicity and provided long-term protection against lethal influenza virus challenge in mice. PMID:25589552

  15. Extrusion-mixing compared with hand-mixing of polyether impression materials?

    PubMed

    McMahon, Caroline; Kinsella, Daniel; Fleming, Garry J P

    2010-12-01

    The hypotheses tested were two-fold (a) whether altering the base:catalyst ratio influences working time, elastic recovery and strain in compression properties of a hand-mixed polyether impression material and (b) whether an extrusion-mixed polyether impression material would have a significant advantage over a hand-mixed polyether impression material mixed to the optimum base:catalyst ratio. The polyether was hand-mixed at the optimum (manufacturers recommended) base:catalyst ratios (7:1) and further groups were made by increasing or decreasing the catalyst length by 25%. Additionally specimens were also made from an extrusion-mixed polyether impression material and compared with the optimum hand-mixed base:catalyst ratio. A penetrometer assembly was used to measure the working time (n=5). Five cylindrical specimens for each hand-mixed and extrusion mixed group investigated were employed for elastic recovery and strain in compression testing. Hand-mixing polyether impression materials with 25% more catalyst than that recommended significantly decreased the working time while hand-mixing with 25% less catalyst than that recommended significantly increased the strain in compression. The extrusion-mixed polyether impression material provided similar working time, elastic recovery and strain in compression to the hand-mixed polyether mixed at the optimum base:catalyst ratio.

  16. Energy band-gap calculations of short-period (ZnTe)m(ZnSe)n and (ZnS)m(ZnSe)n strained-layer superlattices

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wu, Yi-hong; Fujita, Shizuo; Fujita, Shigeo

    1990-01-01

    We report on the calculations of energy band gaps based on the semiempirical tight-binding model for short-period (ZnTe)m(ZnSe)n and (ZnS)m(ZnSe)n strained-layer superlattices (SLSs). During the calculation, much attention has been paid to the modeling of strain effect. It is found that (ZnTe)m(ZnSe)n superlattices grown on InAs, InP, and GaAs substrates show very different electronic properties from each other, which is consistent with experimental results now available. Assuming that the emission observed for (ZnTe)m(ZnSe)n SLS originates from intrinsic luminescence, we obtain an unstrained valence-band offset of 1.136±0.1 eV for this superlattice. On the other hand, the band gap of (ZnS)m(ZnSe)n superlattice grown coherently on GaP is found to exhibit a much stronger structure dependence than that grown coherently on GaAs. The difference of energy gap between superlattice with equal monolayers (m=n) and the corresponding alloy with equal chalcogenide composition is also discussed.

  17. Corrosion of Aluminum Alloys in the Presence of Fire-Retardant Aircraft Interior Materials

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1995-10-01

    This research project was to evaluate the potential for fire-retardant materials used in aircraft interiors to cause corrosion of aluminum structural alloys. Service Difficulty Reports (SDR's) were reviewed for several aircraft types, and the most fr...

  18. Conservation of extrusion as an exit mechanism for Chlamydia.

    PubMed

    Zuck, Meghan; Sherrid, Ashley; Suchland, Robert; Ellis, Tisha; Hybiske, Kevin

    2016-10-01

    Chlamydiae exit via membrane-encased extrusion or through lysis of the host cell. Extrusions are novel, pathogen-containing structures that confer infectious advantages to Chlamydia, and are hypothesized to promote cell-to-cell spread, dissemination to distant tissues and facilitate immune evasion. The extrusion phenomenon has been characterized for several Chlamydia trachomatis serovars, but a thorough investigation of extrusion for additional clinically relevant C. trachomatis strains and Chlamydia species has yet to be performed. The key parameters investigated in this study were: (i) the conservation of extrusion across the Chlamydia genus, (ii) the functional requirement for candidate Chlamydia genes in extrusion formation i.e. IncA and CT228 and (iii) extrusion-mediated uptake, and consequent survival of Chlamydia inside macrophages. Inclusion morphology was characterized by live fluorescence microscopy, using an inverted GFP strategy, at early and mid-stages of infection. Enriched extrusions were used to infect bone marrow-derived macrophages, and bacterial viability was measured following macrophage engulfment. Our results demonstrate that extrusion is highly conserved across chlamydiae, including ocular, STD and LGV biovars and divergent Chlamydia species. Consequently, this exit mechanism for Chlamydia may fulfill common advantages important for pathogenesis. © FEMS 2016. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

  19. The impact of aluminum, fluoride, and aluminum-fluoride complexes in drinking water on chronic kidney disease.

    PubMed

    Wasana, Hewa M S; Perera, Gamage D R K; De Gunawardena, Panduka S; Bandara, Jayasundera

    2015-07-01

    It is suspected that drinking water containing fluoride and aluminum results in negative health effects especially on brain, liver, and kidney. In this investigation, the effect of F, Al, and AlFx complex on chronic kidney disease (CKD) was investigated. Mice were treated either with WHO recommended or slightly higher F and Al levels in drinking water. Treatment solutions contained 0.05-10.0 mg/L of F, 0.08-10.0 mg/L of Al, or 0.07-15 mg/L of AlFx, and the treatment period was 42 weeks. Blood urea level and creatinine levels were investigated as a measure of malfunction of kidneys. Histopathological evaluations of kidney tissues were carried out to assess the extent of damage that F, Al, and AlFx complex could cause. It was demonstrated that the treated drinking water containing F and Al with par with WHO or moderately above the WHO levels or AlFx in low level (0.07-15 mg/L) does not lead to CKD in mice.

  20. Downstream aggradation owing to lava dome extrusion and rainfall runoff at Volcán Santiaguito, Guatemala

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Harris, Andrew J. L.; Vallance, James W.; Kimberly, Paul; Rose, William I.; Matías, Otoniel; Bunzendahl, Elly; Flynn, Luke P.; Garbeil, Harold

    2006-01-01

    Persistent lava extrusion at the Santiaguito dome complex (Guatemala) results in continuous lahar activity and river bed aggradation downstream of the volcano. We present a simple method that uses vegetation indices extracted from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data to map impacted zones. Application of this technique to a time series of 21 TM images acquired between 1987 and 2000 allow us to map, measure, and track temporal and spatial variations in the area of lahar impact and river aggradation.In the proximal zone of the fluvial system, these data show a positive correlation between extrusion rate at Santiaguito (E), aggradation area 12 months later (Aprox), and rainfall during the intervening 12 months (Rain12): Aprox=3.92+0.50 E+0.31 ln(Rain12) (r2=0.79). This describes a situation in which an increase in sediment supply (extrusion rate) and/or a means to mobilize this sediment (rainfall) results in an increase in lahar activity (aggraded area). Across the medial zone, we find a positive correlation between extrusion rate and/or area of proximal aggradation and medial aggradation area (Amed): Amed=18.84-0.05 Aprox - 6.15 Rain12 (r2=0.85). Here the correlation between rainfall and aggradation area is negative. This describes a situation in which increased sediment supply results in an increase in lahar activity but, because it is the zone of transport, an increase in rainfall serves to increase the transport efficiency of rivers flowing through this zone. Thus, increased rainfall flushes the medial zone of sediment.These quantitative data allow us to empirically define the links between sediment supply and mobilization in this fluvial system and to derive predictive relationships that use rainfall and extrusion rates to estimate aggradation area 12 months hence.

  1. Means of determining extrusion temperatures

    DOEpatents

    McDonald, Robert E.; Canonico, Domenic A.

    1977-01-01

    In an extrusion process comprising the steps of fabricating a metal billet, heating said billet for a predetermined time and at a selected temperature to increase its plasticity and then forcing said heated billet through a small orifice to produce a desired extruded object, the improvement comprising the steps of randomly inserting a plurality of small metallic thermal tabs at different cross sectional depths in said billet as a part of said fabricating step, and examining said extruded object at each thermal tab location for determining the crystal structure at each extruded thermal tab thus revealing the maximum temperature reached during extrusion in each respective tab location section of the extruded object, whereby the thermal profile of said extruded object during extrusion may be determined.

  2. Effect of Intensive Plastic Deformation on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloys

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rakhadilov, Bauyrzhan; Uazyrkhanova, Gulzhaz; Myakinin, Alexandr; Uazyrkhanova, Zhuldyz

    2016-08-01

    In work it was studied the influence of intensive plastic deformation on structure and mechanical properties of aluminum alloys. Intensive plastic deformation was carried out by using equal-channel angular extrusion. It is shown that the most efficient angle of intersection of the channels is the angle of Φ=120°, which ensures defect-free parts at the highest possible level of accumulated strain (e=8). It is established that the intensive milling grain structures in aluminum alloys AMG6 and AMC occurs at ECAE-12 passes, while the intersection angle of the channels of 120°. After ECAE-12 in aluminum alloys the grain refinement reaches to the size of ∼⃒1.0-1.5 gm. It is determined that as a result of equal channel angular pressing, the microhardness of alloy AMG6 increases almost 4 times in comparison with the initial state, the microhardness of alloy AMC increases by almost 4.5 times in comparison with the initial state. It is shown that ECAE-12 mass loss is reduced to 5.4 and 5.6 mg, which shows an increase in wear-resistance of aluminum alloys AMG6 and AMC 13-14 %.

  3. Large meniscus extrusion ratio is a poor prognostic factor of conservative treatment for medial meniscus posterior root tear.

    PubMed

    Kwak, Yoon-Ho; Lee, Sahnghoon; Lee, Myung Chul; Han, Hyuk-Soo

    2018-03-01

    The purpose of this study was to find a prognostic factor of medial meniscus posterior root tear (MMPRT) for surgical decision making. Eighty-eight patients who were diagnosed as acute or subacute MMPRT without severe degeneration of the meniscus were treated conservatively for 3 months. Fifty-seven patients with MMPRT showed good response to conservative treatment (group 1), while the remaining 31 patients who failed to conservative treatment (group 2) received arthroscopic meniscus repair. Their demographic characteristics and radiographic features including hip-knee-ankle angle, joint line convergence angle, Kellgren-Lawrence grade in plain radiographs, meniscus extrusion (ME) ratio (ME-medial femoral condyle ratio, ME-medial tibial plateau ratio, ME-meniscus width ratio), the location of bony edema, and cartilage lesions in MRI were compared. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was also performed to determine the cut-off values of risk factors. The degree of ME-medial femoral condyle and medial tibia plateau ratio of group 2 was significantly higher than group 1 (0.08 and 0.07 vs. 0.1 and 0.09, respectively, both p < 0.001). No significant (n.s.) difference in other variables was found between the two groups. On ROC curve analysis, ME-medial femoral condyle ratio was confirmed as the most reliable prognostic factor of conservative treatment for MMPRT (area under ROC = 0.8). The large meniscus extrusion ratio was the most reliable poor prognostic factor of conservative treatment for MMPRT. Therefore, for MMPRT patients with large meniscus extrusion, early surgical repair could be considered as the primary treatment option. III.

  4. Membrane Purification Cell for Aluminum Recycling

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    David DeYoung; James Wiswall; Cong Wang

    2011-11-29

    (Al-2.8 wt.% Si-0.7 wt.% Fe-0.8 wt.% Mn),. Purification factors (defined as the initial impurity concentration divided by the final impurity concentration) of greater than 20 were achieved for silicon, iron, copper, and manganese. Cell performance was measured using its current and voltage characteristics and composition analysis of the anode, cathode, and electrolytes. The various cells were autopsied as part of the study. Three electrolyte systems tested were: LiCl-10 wt. % AlCl3, LiCl-10 wt. % AlCl3-5 wt.% AlF3 and LiF-10 wt.% AlF3. An extended four-day run with the LiCl-10 wt.% AlCl3-5 wt.% AlF3 electrolyte system was stable for the entire duration of the experiment, running at energy requirements about one third of the Hoopes and the conventional Hall-Heroult process. Three different anode membranes were investigated with respect to their purification performance and survivability: a woven graphite cloth with 0.05 cm nominal thickness & > 90 % porosity, a drilled rigid membrane with nominal porosity of 33%, and another drilled rigid graphite membrane with increased thickness. The latter rigid drilled graphite was selected as the most promising membrane design. The economic viability of the membrane cell to purify scrap is sensitive to primary & scrap aluminum prices, and the cost of electricity. In particular, it is sensitive to the differential between scrap and primary aluminum price which is highly variable and dependent on the scrap source. In order to be economically viable, any scrap post-processing technology in the U.S. market must have a total operating cost well below the scrap price differential of $0.20-$0.40 per lb to the London Metal Exchange (LME), a margin of 65%-85% of the LME price. The cost to operate the membrane cell is estimated to be < $0.24/lb of purified aluminum. The energy cost is estimated to be $0.05/lb of purified aluminum with the remaining costs being repair and maintenance, electrolyte, labor, taxes and depreciation. The bench

  5. Use of aluminum nitride to obtain temperature measurements in a high temperature and high radiation environment

    DOEpatents

    Wernsman, Bernard R.; Blasi, Raymond J.; Tittman, Bernhard R.; Parks, David A.

    2016-04-26

    An aluminum nitride piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer successfully operates at temperatures of up to 1000.degree. C. and fast (>1 MeV) neutron fluencies of more than 10.sup.18 n/cm.sup.2. The transducer comprises a transparent, nitrogen rich aluminum nitride (AlN) crystal wafer that is coupled to an aluminum cylinder for pulse-echo measurements. The transducer has the capability to measure in situ gamma heating within the core of a nuclear reactor.

  6. LINER FOR EXTRUSION BILLET CONTAINERS

    DTIC Science & Technology

    Shrink-fit assembly device for buildup of ceramic-coated liner and sleeve assemblies was tested and modified to develop desired temperatures and...preliminary evaluation of suitability for extrusion liner use. Procedures were developed for welding short, hollow ceramic cylinders of high-strength metal...carbides and borides to form a ceramic extrusion liner of suitable length. Disassembly tooling for rapid separation of shrink-fitted sleeves from a worn

  7. Cryogenic Properties of Aluminum Beryllium and Beryllium Materials

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gamwell, Wayne R.; McGill, Preston B.

    2003-01-01

    Ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation were obtained for the aluminum-beryllium alloy, AlBeMetl62 (38%Al-62%Be), at cryogenic (-195.5 C (-320 F) and (-252.8 C) (-423 F)) temperatures, and for an optical grade beryllium, O-30H (99%Be), at -252.8 C. AlBeMetl62 material was purchased to the requirements of SAE-AMS7912, "Aluminum-Beryllium Alloy, Extrusions." O-30H material was purchased to the requirements of Brush Wellman Inc. specification O-30H Optical Grade Beryllium. The ultimate tensile and yield strengths for extruded AlBeMetl62 material increased with decreasing temperature, and the percent elongation decreased with decreasing temperature. Design properties for the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and percent elongation for extruded AlBeMetl62 were generated. It was not possible to distinguish a difference in the room and cryogenic ultimate strength for the hot isostatically pressed (HIP'ed) O-30H material. The O30H elongation decreased with decreasing temperature.

  8. Defect reduction in seeded aluminum nitride crystal growth

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bondokov, Robert T.; Morgan, Kenneth E.; Schowalter, Leo J.

    2017-04-18

    Bulk single crystal of aluminum nitride (AlN) having an areal planar defect density.ltoreq.100 cm.sup.-2. Methods for growing single crystal aluminum nitride include melting an aluminum foil to uniformly wet a foundation with a layer of aluminum, the foundation forming a portion of an AlN seed holder, for an AlN seed to be used for the AlN growth. The holder may consist essentially of a substantially impervious backing plate.

  9. Defect reduction in seeded aluminum nitride crystal growth

    DOEpatents

    Bondokov, Robert T.; Morgan, Kenneth E.; Schowalter, Leo J.; Slack, Glen A.

    2017-06-06

    Bulk single crystal of aluminum nitride (AlN) having an areal planar defect density .ltoreq.100 cm.sup.-2. Methods for growing single crystal aluminum nitride include melting an aluminum foil to uniformly wet a foundation with a layer of aluminum, the foundation forming a portion of an AlN seed holder, for an AlN seed to be used for the AlN growth. The holder may consist essentially of a substantially impervious backing plate.

  10. Defect reduction in seeded aluminum nitride crystal growth

    DOEpatents

    Bondokov, Robert T.; Schowalter, Leo J.; Morgan, Kenneth; Slack, Glen A; Rao, Shailaja P.; Gibb, Shawn Robert

    2017-09-26

    Bulk single crystal of aluminum nitride (AlN) having an areal planar defect density.ltoreq.100 cm.sup.-2. Methods for growing single crystal aluminum nitride include melting an aluminum foil to uniformly wet a foundation with a layer of aluminum, the foundation forming a portion of an AlN seed holder, for an AlN seed to be used for the AlN growth. The holder may consist essentially of a substantially impervious backing plate.

  11. Technology for High Pure Aluminum Oxide Production from Aluminum Scrap

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ambaryan, G. N.; Vlaskin, M. S.; Shkolnikov, E. I.; Zhuk, A. Z.

    2017-10-01

    In this study a simple ecologically benign technology of high purity alumina production is presented. The synthesis process consists of three steps) oxidation of aluminum in water at temperature of 90 °C) calcinations of Al hydroxide in atmosphere at 1100 °C) high temperature vacuum processing of aluminum alpha oxide at 1750 °C. Oxidation of aluminum scrap was carried out under intensive mixing in water with small addition of KOH as a catalyst. It was shown that under implemented experimental conditions alkali was continuously regenerated during oxidation reaction and synergistic effect of low content alkali aqueous solution and intensive mixing worked. The product of oxidation of aluminum scrap is the powder of Al(OH)3. Then it can be preliminary granulated or directly subjected to thermal treatment deleting the impurities from the product (aluminum oxide). It was shown the possibility to produce the high-purity aluminum oxide of 5N grade (99.999 %). Aluminum oxide, synthesized by means of the proposed method, meets the requirements of industrial manufacturers of synthetic sapphire (aluminum oxide monocrystals). Obtained high pure aluminum oxide can be also used for the manufacture of implants, artificial joints, microscalpels, high-purity ceramics and other refractory shapes for manufacture of ultra-pure products.

  12. Extrusion of Debris from Primary Molar Root Canals following Instrumentation with Traditional and New File Systems.

    PubMed

    Thakur, Bhagyashree; Pawar, Ajinkya M; Kfir, Anda; Neelakantan, Prasanna

    2017-11-01

    To assess the amount of debris extruded apically during instrumentation of distal canals of extracted primary molars by three instrument systems [ProTaper Universal (PTU), ProTaper NEXT (PTN), and self-adjusting file (SAF)] compared with conventional stainless steel hand K-files (HF, control). Primary mandibular molars (n = 120) with a single distal canal were selected and randomly divided into four groups (n = 30) for root canal instrumentation using group I, HF (to size 0.30/0.02 taper), group II, PTU (to size F3), group III, PTN (to size X3), and group IV, SAF. Debris extruded during instrumentation was collected in preweighed Eppendorf tubes, stored in an incubator at 70°C for 5 days and then weighed. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Turkey's post hoc test (p = 0.05). All the groups resulted in extrusion of debris. There was statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) in the debris extrusion between the three groups: HF (0.00133 ± 0.00012), PTU (0.00109 ± 0.00005), PTN (0.00052 ± 0.00008), and SAF (0.00026 ± 0.00004). Instrumentation with SAF resulted in the least debris extrusion when used for shaping root canals of primary molar teeth. Debris extrusion in primary teeth poses an adverse effect on the stem cells and may also alter the permanent dental germ. Debris extrusion is rarely reported for primary teeth and it is important for the clinician to know which endodontic instrumentation leads to less extrusion of debris.

  13. Cold Extrusion but Not Coating Affects Iron Bioavailability from Fortified Rice in Young Women and Is Associated with Modifications in Starch Microstructure and Mineral Retention during Cooking.

    PubMed

    Hackl, Laura; Speich, Cornelia; Zeder, Christophe; Sánchez-Ferrer, Antoni; Adelmann, Horst; de Pee, Saskia; Tay, Fabian; Zimmermann, Michael B; Moretti, Diego

    2017-12-01

    Background: Rice can be fortified with the use of hot or cold extrusion or coating, but the nutritional qualities of the resulting rice grains have never been directly compared. Objective: Using fortified rice produced by coating or hot or cold extrusion, we compared 1 ) iron and zinc absorption with the use of stable isotopes, 2 ) iron and zinc retention during cooking, and 3 ) starch microstructure. Methods: We conducted 2 studies in young women: in study 1 [ n = 19; mean ± SD age: 26.2 ± 3.4 y; body mass index (BMI; in kg/m 2 ): 21.3 ± 1.6], we compared the fractional iron absorption (FAFe) from rice meals containing isotopically labeled ferric prophosphate ( 57 FePP), zinc oxide (ZnO), citric acid, and micronutrients fortified through hot extrusion (HER1) with rice meals fortified through cold extrusion containing 57 FePP, ZnO, citric acid, and micronutrients (CER); in study 2 ( n = 22; age: 24 ± 4 y; BMI: 21.2 ± 1.3), we compared FAFe and fractional zinc absorption (FAZn) from rice meals fortified through hot extrusion (HER2) compared with rice meals fortified through coating containing 57 FePP, ZnO, a citric acid and trisodium cirate mixture (CA/TSC), and micronutrients (COR) relative to rice meals extrinsically fortified with ferrous sulfate (reference). Rice types HER1 and CER contained citric acid, whereas types HER2 and COR contained CA/TSC. We assessed retention during standardized cooking experiments and characterized the rice starch microstructure. Results: FAFe (95% CI) was greater from CER [2.2% (1.4%, 3.4%)] than from HER1 [1.2% (0.7%, 2.0%)] ( P = 0.036). There was no difference in FAFe between HER2 [5.1% (3.7%, 7.1%)] and COR [4.0% (2.9%, 5.4%)] ( P = 0.14), but FAFe from COR was lower than that from the reference meal [6.6% (4.9%, 9.0%)] ( P = 0.003), and the geometric mean FAZn (95% CI) did not differ between HER2 [9.5% (7.9%, 11.6%)] and COR [9.6% (8.7%, 10.7%)] ( P = 0.92). Cooking in a rice-to-water ratio of 1:2 resulted in iron and zinc

  14. Biaxial extrusion of polyimide LARC-TPI and LARC-TPI blends

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Haghighat, R. Ross; Elandjian, Lucy; Lusignea, Richard W.

    1990-01-01

    Biaxial films of polyimide LARC-TPI and LARC-TPI/liquid crystal polymer Xydar were extruded directly from the melt for the first time via an innovative extrusion technique. Three types of films, neat LARC-TPI, LARC-TPI/10 wt pct and 30 wt pct blends were processed as a part of this NASA-funded program. Processability was greatly enhanced by incorporating Xydar. The coefficient of thermal expansion was reduced from 34 ppm/C for the neat LARC-TPI to 15 ppm/C for the 10 wt pct Xydar blend and ultimately down to 1 to 3 ppm/C for the 30 wt pct blend films in the direction of extrusion. The maximum improvement in stiffness was realized by incorporating 10 wt pct Xydar (2.8 GPa up to 4.9 GPa). Tensile strength, however, experienced a drop as a result of Xydar addition, probably caused by inefficient mixing of the two phases.

  15. Preparing nano-hole arrays by using porous anodic aluminum oxide nano-structural masks for the enhanced emission from InGaN/GaN blue light-emitting diodes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nguyen, Hoang-Duy; Nguyen, Hieu Pham Trung; Lee, Jae-jin; Mho, Sun-Il

    2012-12-01

    We report on the achievement of the enhanced cathodoluminescence (CL) from InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) by using roughening surface. Nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) mask was utilized to form nano-hole arrays on the surface of InGaN/GaN LEDs. AAO membranes with ordered hexagonal structures were fabricated from aluminum foils by a two-step anodization method. The average pore densities of ˜1.0 × 1010 cm-2 and 3.0 × 1010 cm-2 were fabricated with the constant anodization voltages of 25 and 40 V, respectively. Anodic porous alumina film with a thickness of ˜600 nm has been used as a mask for the induced couple plasma etching process to fabricate nano-hole arrays on the LED surface. Diameter and depth of nano-holes can be controlled by varying the etching duration and/or the diameter of AAO membranes. Due to the reduction of total internal reflection obtained in the patterned samples, we have observed that the cathodoluminescence intensity of LEDs with nanoporous structures is increased up to eight times compared to that of samples without using nanoporous structure.

  16. Topological defects in epithelia govern cell death and extrusion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Saw, Thuan Beng; Doostmohammadi, Amin; Nier, Vincent; Kocgozlu, Leyla; Thampi, Sumesh; Toyama, Yusuke; Marcq, Philippe; Lim, Chwee Teck; Yeomans, Julia M.; Ladoux, Benoit

    2017-04-01

    Epithelial tissues (epithelia) remove excess cells through extrusion, preventing the accumulation of unnecessary or pathological cells. The extrusion process can be triggered by apoptotic signalling, oncogenic transformation and overcrowding of cells. Despite the important linkage of cell extrusion to developmental, homeostatic and pathological processes such as cancer metastasis, its underlying mechanism and connections to the intrinsic mechanics of the epithelium are largely unexplored. We approach this problem by modelling the epithelium as an active nematic liquid crystal (that has a long range directional order), and comparing numerical simulations to strain rate and stress measurements within monolayers of MDCK (Madin Darby canine kidney) cells. Here we show that apoptotic cell extrusion is provoked by singularities in cell alignments in the form of comet-shaped topological defects. We find a universal correlation between extrusion sites and positions of nematic defects in the cell orientation field in different epithelium types. The results confirm the active nematic nature of epithelia, and demonstrate that defect-induced isotropic stresses are the primary precursors of mechanotransductive responses in cells, including YAP (Yes-associated protein) transcription factor activity, caspase-3-mediated cell death, and extrusions. Importantly, the defect-driven extrusion mechanism depends on intercellular junctions, because the weakening of cell-cell interactions in an α-catenin knockdown monolayer reduces the defect size and increases both the number of defects and extrusion rates, as is also predicted by our model. We further demonstrate the ability to control extrusion hotspots by geometrically inducing defects through microcontact printing of patterned monolayers. On the basis of these results, we propose a mechanism for apoptotic cell extrusion: spontaneously formed topological defects in epithelia govern cell fate. This will be important in predicting

  17. Phenomenological model of maize starches expansion by extrusion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kristiawan, M.; Della Valle, G.; Kansou, K.; Ndiaye, A.; Vergnes, B.

    2016-10-01

    During extrusion of starchy products, the molten material is forced through a die so that the sudden abrupt pressure drop causes part of the water to vaporize giving an expanded, cellular structure. The objective of this work was to elaborate a phenomenological model of expansion and couple it with Ludovic® mechanistic model of twin screw extrusion process. From experimental results that cover a wide range of thermomechanical conditions, a concept map of influence relationships between input and output variables was built. It took into account the phenomena of bubbles nucleation, growth, coalescence, shrinkage and setting, in a viscoelastic medium. The input variables were the moisture content MC, melt temperature T, specific mechanical energy SME, shear viscosity η at the die exit, computed by Ludovic®, and the melt storage moduli E'(at T > Tg). The outputs of the model were the macrostructure (volumetric expansion index VEI, anisotropy) and cellular structure (fineness F) of solid foams. Then a general model was established: VEI = α (η/η0)n in which α and n depend on T, MC, SME and E' and the link between anisotropy and fineness was established.

  18. Scaled-Up Fabrication of Thin-Walled ZK60 Tubing using Shear Assisted Processing and Extrusion (ShAPE)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Whalen, Scott A.; Joshi, Vineet V.; Overman, Nicole R.

    Shear Assisted Processing and Extrusion (ShAPE) has been scaled-up and applied to direct extrusion of thin-walled magnesium tubing. Using ShAPE, billets of ZK60A-T5 were directly extruded into round tubes having an outer diameter of 50.8 mm and wall thickness of 1.52 mm. The severe shearing conditions inherent to ShAPE resulted in microstructural refinement with an average grain size of 3.8μm measured at the midpoint of the tube wall. Tensile testing per ATSM E-8 on specimens oriented parallel to the extrusion direction gave an ultimate tensile strength of 254.4 MPa and elongation of 20.1%. Specimens tested perpendicular to the extrusion directionmore » had an ultimate tensile strength of 297.2 MPa and elongation of 25.0%. Due to material flow effects resulting from the simultaneous linear and rotational shear intrinsic to ShAPE, ram force and electrical power consumption during extrusion were just 40 kN and 11.5 kW respectively. This represents a significant reduction in ram force and power consumption compared to conventional extrusion. As such, there is potential for ShAPE to offer a scalable, lower cost extrusion option with potentially improved bulk mechanical properties.« less

  19. Effects of Non-metallic Inclusions on Hot Ductility of High Manganese TWIP Steels Containing Different Aluminum Contents

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Yu-Nan; Yang, Jian; Wang, Rui-Zhi; Xin, Xiu-Ling; Xu, Long-Yun

    2016-06-01

    The characteristics of inclusions in Fe-16Mn- xAl-0.6C ( x = 0.002, 0.033, 0.54, 2.10 mass pct) steels have been investigated and their effects on hot ductility of the high manganese TWIP steels have been discussed. Ductility is very poor in the steel containing 0.54 mass pct aluminum, which is lower than 20 pct in the temperature range of 873 K to 1473 K (600 °C to 1200 °C). For the steels containing 0.002 and 2.10 mass pct aluminum, ductility is higher than 40 pct in the same temperature range. The hot ductility of steel containing 0.033 mass pct aluminum is higher than 30 pct throughout the temperature range under examination. With increasing aluminum content, the main inclusions in the steels change along the route of MnO/(MnO + MnS) → MnS/(Al2O3 + MnS) → AlN/(Al2O3 + MnS)/(MgAl2O4 + MnS) → AlN. The thermodynamic results of inclusion types calculated with FactSage software are in agreement with the experimental observation results. The inclusions in the steels containing 0.002 mass pct aluminum do not deteriorate the hot ductility. MnS inclusions whose average size, number density, and volume ratio are 1.12 μm, 15.62 mm-2, and 2.51 × 10-6 in the steel containing 0.033 mass pct aluminum reduce the ductility. In the steel containing 0.54 mass pct aluminum, AlN inclusions whose average size, number density, and volume ratio are 0.878 μm, 16.28 mm-2 and 2.82 × 10-6 can precipitate at the austenite grain boundaries, prevent dynamic recrystallization and deteriorate the hot ductility. On the contrary, in the steel containing 2.10 mass pct aluminum, the average size, number density and volume ratio of AlN inclusions change to 2.418 μm, 35.95 mm-2, and 2.55 × 10-5. They precipitate in the matrix, which do not inhibit dynamic recrystallization and thereby do not lead to poor hot ductility.

  20. Zr Extrusion – Direct Input for Models & Validation

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Cerreta, Ellen Kathleen

    As we examine differences in the high strain rate, high strain tensile response of high purity, highly textured Zr as a function of loading direction, temperature and extrusion velocity with primarily post mortem characterization techniques, we have also developed a technique for characterizing the in-situ extrusion process. This particular measurement is useful for partitioning energy of the system during the extrusion process: friction, kinetic energy, and temperature

  1. Plasticized chitosan/polyolefin films produced by extrusion.

    PubMed

    Matet, Marie; Heuzey, Marie-Claude; Ajji, Abdellah; Sarazin, Pierre

    2015-03-06

    Plasticized chitosan and polyethylene blends were produced through a single-pass extrusion process. Using a twin-screw extruder, chitosan plasticization was achieved in the presence of an acetic acid solution and glycerol, and directly mixed with metallocene polyethylene, mPE, to produce a masterbatch. Different dilutions of the masterbatch (2, 5 and 10 wt% of plasticized chitosan), in the presence of ethylene vinyl acetate, EVA, were subsequently achieved in single screw film extrusion. Very small plasticized chitosan domains (number average diameter <5 μm) were visible in the polymeric matrix. The resulting films presented a brown color and increasing haze with chitosan plasticized content. Mechanical properties of the mPE films were affected by the presence of plasticized chitosan, but improvement was observed as a result of some compatibility between mPE and chitosan in the presence of EVA. Finally the incorporation of plasticized chitosan affected mPE water vapor permeability while oxygen permeability remained constant. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  2. Investigation of the structural, optical and electrical transport properties of n-doped CdSe thin films

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ali, H. M.; Abd El-Ghanny, H. A.

    2008-04-01

    Thin films of (CdSe)90(In2O3)10, (CdSe)90(SnO2)10 and (CdSe)90(ZnO)10 have been grown on glass substrates by the electron beam evaporation technique. It has been found that undoped and Sn or In doped CdSe films have two direct transitions corresponding to the energy gaps Eg and Eg+Δ due to spin-orbit splitting of the valence band. The electrical resistivity for n-doped CdSe thin films as a function of light exposure time has been studied. The influence of doping on the structural, optical and electrical characteristics of In doped CdSe films has been investigated in detail. The lattice parameters, grain size and dislocation were determined from x-ray diffraction patterns. The optical transmittance and band gap of these films were determined using a double beam spectrophotometer. The DC conductivity of the films was measured in vacuum using a two-probe technique.

  3. Development of lightweight aluminum compression panels reinforced by boron-epoxy infiltrated extrusions

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Roy, P. A.; Mcelman, J. A.; Henshaw, J.

    1973-01-01

    Analytical and experimental studies were performed to evaluate the structural efficiencies afforded by the selective reinforcement of conventional aluminum compression panels with unidirectional boron epoxy composite materials. A unique approach for selective reinforcement was utilized called boron/epoxy infiltration. This technique uses extruded metal sections with preformed hollow voids into which unidirectional boron filaments are drawn and subsequently infiltrated with resin to form an integral part. Simplified analytical models were developed to investigate the behavior of stiffener webs with reinforced flanges. Theoretical results are presented demonstrating the effects of transverse shear, of the reinforcement, flange eccentricity and torsional stiffness in such construction. A series of 55 tests were conducted on boron-infiltrated rods and extruded structural sections.

  4. Factors Contributing to Pilot Valve Fuel Seal Extrusion in Orbiter PRCS Thrusters

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Waller, J.M.; Saulsberry, R.L.; Albright, John D.

    2000-01-01

    Extrusion of the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) pilot seal used in the monomethylhydrazine (fuel) valve of the Orbiter Primary Reaction Control System (PRCS) thrusters has been implicated in numerous on-orbit thruster failures and on-ground valve failures. Two extrusion mechanisms have been proposed, one or both may be occurring. The first mechanism is attributed to thermal expansion mismatch between adjacent PTFE and metal parts used in the fuel valve, and is referred to as thermal extrusion. The second mechanism is attributed to nitrogen tetroxide (oxidizer) leakage from the adjacent oxidizer valve on the same thruster during ground turnaround, and is referred to as oxidizer-induced extrusion. Model calculations of PTFE pilot seal in an exact pilot valve configuration show that extrusion can be caused by differential thermal expansion, without the intervening influence of oxidizer. Experimental data on semitrapped PTFE and TFM (modified PTFE) specimens simulating a fuel pilot valve configuration show that thermal extrusion 1) is incremental and irreversible, 2) increases with the size of the thermal excursion, 3) decreases with successive thermal cycling, and 4) is accompanied by gap formation. Both PTFE and TFM exhibit a higher affinity for oxidizer than fuel. The property changes associated with oxidizer uptake may explain why oxidizer seals do not exhibit extrusion. Impression replicas of fuel pilot seals removed from the Orbiter fleet show two types of extrusion: extrusion of the entire seal (loaded extrusion), or extrusion of non-sealing surface (unloaded extrusion). Both extrusion types may arise from differences in service history, rather than in failure mechanism. The plausibility oxidizer-induced extrusion was evaluated. Preliminary calculations suggest that enough energy, heat, or gas may be liberated under certain operational scenarios to cause catastrophic extrusion. However, given the lack of supporting data, conclusions implicating oxidizer leakage

  5. 77 FR 38767 - Notice of Scope Rulings

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-29

    ... Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, 14th Street and Constitution Avenue NW., Washington... each calendar quarter. Scope Rulings Completed Between October 1, 2011, and December 31, 2011: People's Republic of China A-570-967; C-570-968: Aluminum Extrusions from the People's Republic of China Requestor...

  6. Extrusion versus diffusion: mechanisms for recovery from sodium loads in mouse CA1 pyramidal neurons.

    PubMed

    Mondragão, Miguel A; Schmidt, Hartmut; Kleinhans, Christian; Langer, Julia; Kafitz, Karl W; Rose, Christine R

    2016-10-01

    Neuronal activity causes local or global sodium signalling in neurons, depending on the pattern of synaptic activity. Recovery from global sodium loads critically relies on Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase and an intact energy metabolism in both somata and dendrites. For recovery from local sodium loads in dendrites, Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase activity is not required per se. Instead, recovery is predominately mediated by lateral diffusion, exhibiting rates that are 10-fold higher than for global sodium signals. Recovery from local dendritic sodium increases is still efficient during short periods of energy deprivation, indicating that fast diffusion of sodium to non-stimulated regions strongly reduces local energy requirements. Excitatory activity is accompanied by sodium influx into neurones as a result of the opening of voltage- and ligand-activated channels. Recovery from resulting sodium transients has mainly been attributed to Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase (NKA). Because sodium ions are highly mobile, diffusion could provide an additional pathway. We tested this in hippocampal neurones using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and sodium imaging. Somatic sodium transients induced by local glutamate application recovered at a maximum rate of 8 mm min(-1) (∼0.03 mm min(-1 ) μm(-2) ). Somatic sodium extrusion was accelerated at higher temperature and blocked by ouabain, emphasizing its dependence on NKA. Moreover, it was slowed down during inhibition of glycolysis by sodium fluoride (NaF). Local glutamate application to dendrites revealed a 10-fold higher apparent dendritic sodium extrusion rate compared to somata. Recovery was almost unaltered by increased temperature, ouabain or NaF. We found that sodium diffused along primary dendrites with a diffusion coefficient of ∼330 μm²/s. During global glutamate application, impeding substantial net diffusion, apparent dendritic extrusion rates were reduced to somatic rates and also affected by NaF. Numerical simulations confirmed the

  7. Extrusion versus diffusion: mechanisms for recovery from sodium loads in mouse CA1 pyramidal neurons

    PubMed Central

    Mondragão, Miguel A.; Schmidt, Hartmut; Kleinhans, Christian; Langer, Julia; Kafitz, Karl W.

    2016-01-01

    Key points Neuronal activity causes local or global sodium signalling in neurons, depending on the pattern of synaptic activity.Recovery from global sodium loads critically relies on Na+/K+‐ATPase and an intact energy metabolism in both somata and dendrites.For recovery from local sodium loads in dendrites, Na+/K+‐ATPase activity is not required per se. Instead, recovery is predominately mediated by lateral diffusion, exhibiting rates that are 10‐fold higher than for global sodium signals.Recovery from local dendritic sodium increases is still efficient during short periods of energy deprivation, indicating that fast diffusion of sodium to non‐stimulated regions strongly reduces local energy requirements. Abstract Excitatory activity is accompanied by sodium influx into neurones as a result of the opening of voltage‐ and ligand‐activated channels. Recovery from resulting sodium transients has mainly been attributed to Na+/K+‐ATPase (NKA). Because sodium ions are highly mobile, diffusion could provide an additional pathway. We tested this in hippocampal neurones using whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings and sodium imaging. Somatic sodium transients induced by local glutamate application recovered at a maximum rate of 8 mm min−1 (∼0.03 mm min−1 μm−2). Somatic sodium extrusion was accelerated at higher temperature and blocked by ouabain, emphasizing its dependence on NKA. Moreover, it was slowed down during inhibition of glycolysis by sodium fluoride (NaF). Local glutamate application to dendrites revealed a 10‐fold higher apparent dendritic sodium extrusion rate compared to somata. Recovery was almost unaltered by increased temperature, ouabain or NaF. We found that sodium diffused along primary dendrites with a diffusion coefficient of ∼330 μm²/s. During global glutamate application, impeding substantial net diffusion, apparent dendritic extrusion rates were reduced to somatic rates and also affected by NaF. Numerical simulations

  8. Analysis of Solid State Bonding in the Extrusion Process of Magnesium Alloys --Numerical Prediction and Experimental Verification

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Alharthi, Nabeel H.

    The automotive industry developments focused on increasing fuel efficiency are accomplished by weight reduction of vehicles, which consequently results in less negative environmental impact. Usage of low density materials such as Magnesium alloys is an approach to replace heavier structural components. One of the challenges in deformation processing of Magnesium is its low formability attributed to the hexagonal close packed (hcp) crystal structure. The extrusion process is one of the most promising forming processes for Magnesium because it applies a hydrostatic compression state of stress during deformation resulting in improved workability. Many researchers have attempted to fully understand solid state bonding during deformation in different structural materials such as Aluminum, Copper and other metals and alloys. There is a lack of sufficient understanding of the extrusion welding in these materials as well as very limited knowledge on this subject for hollow profiles made from Magnesium alloys. The weld integrity and the characteristic of the welding microstructure are generally unknown. In this dissertation three related research projects are investigated by using different tools such as microstructure characterization, mechanical testing, thermo-mechanical physical simulation and finite element numerical modeling. Project 1: Microstructure characterization supported by mechanical testing of the extrusion welding regions in Magnesium alloy AM30 extrudate. The microstructure characterization was conducted using Light Optical Microscopy (LOM), in addition to LOM the electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) technique was implemented to characterize in depth the deformed and welded microstructure. Project 2: Finite element numerical simulation of AM30 extrudate to model different process parameters and their influence on localized state variables such as strain, strain rate, temperature and normal pressure within the weld zone. Project 3: Physical simulation

  9. Processing thermally labile drugs by hot-melt extrusion: The lesson with gliclazide.

    PubMed

    Huang, Siyuan; O'Donnell, Kevin P; Delpon de Vaux, Sophie M; O'Brien, John; Stutzman, John; Williams, Robert O

    2017-10-01

    The formation of molecularly dispersed amorphous solid dispersions by the hot-melt extrusion technique relies on the thermal and mechanical energy inputs, which can cause chemical degradation of drugs and polymeric carriers. Additionally, drug degradation may be exacerbated as drugs convert from a more stable crystalline form to a higher energy amorphous form. Therefore, it is imperative to study how drug degrades and evaluate methods to minimize drug degradation during the extrusion process. In this work, gliclazide was used as a model thermally labile drug for the degradation kinetics and process optimization studies. Preformulation studies were conducted using thermal analyses, and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy to identify drug degradation pathways and to determine initial extrusion conditions. Formulations containing 10% drug and 90% AFFINISOL™ HPMC HME 100LV were then extruded using a twin screw extruder, and the extrudates were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction, modulated dynamic scanning calorimetry, and potency testing to evaluate physicochemical properties. The energies of activation for both amorphous gliclazide, crystalline gliclazide, and gliclazide solution were calculated using the Arrhenius equation to further guide the extrusion optimization process. Preformulation studies identify two hydrolysis degradation pathways of gliclazide at elevated temperatures. The activation energy study indicates a significantly higher degradation rate for the amorphous gliclazide compared to the crystalline form. After optimization of the hot-melt extrusion process, including improved screw designs, machine setup, and processing conditions, gliclazide amorphous solid dispersion with ∼95% drug recovery was achieved. The ability to process thermally labile drugs and polymers using hot-melt extrusion will significantly expand the possible applications of this manufacturing process. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  10. Thin films of aluminum nitride and aluminum gallium nitride for cold cathode applications

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sowers, A.T.; Christman, J.A.; Bremser, M.D.

    1997-10-01

    Cold cathode structures have been fabricated using AlN and graded AlGaN structures (deposited on n-type 6H-SiC) as the thin film emitting layer. The cathodes consist of an aluminum grid layer separated from the nitride layer by a SiO{sub 2} layer and etched to form arrays of either 1, 3, or 5 {mu}m holes through which the emitting nitride surface is exposed. After fabrication, a hydrogen plasma exposure was employed to activate the cathodes. Cathode devices with 5 {mu}m holes displayed emission for up to 30 min before failing. Maximum emission currents ranged from 10{endash}100 nA and required grid voltages rangingmore » from 20{endash}110 V. The grid currents were typically 1 to 10{sup 4} times the collector currents. {copyright} {ital 1997 American Institute of Physics.}« less

  11. Factors affecting irrigant extrusion during root canal irrigation: a systematic review.

    PubMed

    Boutsioukis, C; Psimma, Z; van der Sluis, L W M

    2013-07-01

    The aim of the present study was to conduct a systematic review and critical analysis of published data on irrigant extrusion to identify factors causing, affecting or predisposing to irrigant extrusion during root canal irrigation of human mature permanent teeth. An electronic search was conducted in Cochrane Library, LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus and Web of Knowledge using a combination of the terms 'irrigant', 'rinse', 'extrusion', 'injection', 'complication', 'accident', 'iatrogenic', 'root canal', 'tooth' and 'endodontic'. Additional studies were identified by hand-searching of six endodontic journals and the relevant chapters of four endodontic textbooks, resulting in a total of 460 titles. No language restriction was imposed. After applying screening and strict eligibility criteria by two independent reviewers, 40 case reports and 10 ex vivo studies were included in the review. A lack of clinical studies focusing on irrigant extrusion during root canal irrigation was evident. The reviewed case reports focused mainly on the clinical manifestations and management of the accidents and did not provide adequate details on the possible factors that may influence irrigant extrusion. The data from the included ex vivo studies were inconclusive due to major methodological limitations, such as not simulating the presence of periapical tissues and not assessing the validity of irrigant detection methods. The extensive variability in the protocols employed hindered quantitative synthesis. The choice of factors investigated in ex vivo studies seems not to have been driven by the available clinical evidence. These issues need to be addressed in future studies. © 2012 International Endodontic Journal. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  12. 40 CFR 467.33 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... achievable. 467.33 Section 467.33 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ALUMINUM FORMING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Extrusion Subcategory § 467.33....25 Aluminum 13.10 6.52 Subpart C Solution Heat Treatment Contact Cooling Water Pollutant or pollutant...

  13. Effect of extrusion temperature and moisture content of corn flour on crystallinity and hardness of rice analogues

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Budi, Faleh Setia; Hariyadi, Purwiyatno; Budijanto, Slamet; Syah, Dahrul

    2015-12-01

    Rice analogues are food products made of broken rice and/or any other carbohydrate sources to have similar texture and shape as rice. They are usually made by hot extrusion processing. The hot extrusion process may change the crystallinity of starch and influence the characteristic of rice analogues. Therefore, this research aimed to study the effect of moisture content of incoming dough and temperature of extrusion process on the crystallinity and hardness of resulting rice analogues. The dough's were prepared by mixing of corn starch-flour with ratio 10/90 (w/w) and moisture content of 35%, 40% and 45% (w/w) and extrusion process were done at temperature of 70, 80, 90°C by using of twin screw extruder BEX-DS-2256 Berto. The analyses were done to determine the type of crystal, degree of crystallinity, and hardness of the resulting rice analogues. Our result showed that the enhancement of extrusion temperature from 70 - 90°C increased degree of crystallinity from 5.86 - 15.00% to 10.70 - 18.87% and hardness from 1.71 - 4.36 kg to 2.05 - 5.70 kg. The raising of dough moisture content from 35 - 45% decreased degree of crystallinity from 15.00 - 18.87% to 5.86 - 10.70% and hardness from 4.36 - 5.70 kg to 1.71 - 2.05 kg. The increase of degree of crystallinity correlated positively with the increase of hardness of rice analogues (r = 0.746, p = 0.05).

  14. Formation of Acridones by Ethylene Extrusion in the Reaction of Arynes with β-Lactams and Dihydroquinolinones

    PubMed Central

    Fang, Yuesi; Rogness, Donald C.; Larock, Richard C.; Shi, Feng

    2012-01-01

    N-Unsubstituted β-lactams react with a molecule of aryne by insertion into the amide bond to form a 2,3-dihydroquinolin-4-one, which subsequently reacts with another molecule of aryne to form an acridone by extrusion of a molecule of ethylene. 2,3-Dihydroquinolin-4-ones react under the same reaction conditions to afford identical results. This is the first example of ethylene extrusion in aryne chemistry. PMID:22742883

  15. Aluminum surface modification by a non-mass-analyzed nitrogen ion beam

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ohira, Shigeo; Iwaki, Masaya

    Non-mass-analyzed nitrogen ion implantation into polycrystal and single crystal aluminum sheets has been carried out at an accelerating voltage of 90 kV and a dose of 1 × 10 18 N ions/cm 2 using a Zymet implanter model Z-100. The pressure during implantation rose to 10 -3 Pa due to the influence of N gas feeding into the ion source. The characteristics of the surface layers were investigated by means of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron diffraction (TED), and microscopy (TEM). The AES depth profiling shows a rectangular-like distribution of N atoms and little migration of O atoms near the surface. The high dose N-implantation forms c-axis oriented aluminum nitride (AIN) crystallines, and especially irradiation of Al single crystals with N ions leads to the formation of a hcp AlN single crystal. It is concluded that the high dose N-implantation in Al can result in the formation of AlN at room temperature without any thermal annealing. Furthermore, non-mass-analyzed N-implantation at a pressure of 10 -3 Pa of the nitrogen atmosphere causes the formation of pure AlN single crystals in the Al surface layer and consequently it can be practically used for AlN production.

  16. STM study on the surface structures and defects of SnSe

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kim, Jungdae; Duvjir, Ganbat; Ly, Trinh Thi; Min, Taewon; Kim, Taehoon; Kim, Sang Hwa; Duong, Anh-Tuan; Rhim, S. H.; Cho, Sunglae; Lee, Jaekwang

    Tin selenide (SnSe) is a IV-VI semiconductor with a band gap of 1.0 eV, and also one of layered chalcogenide materials (LCMs) where each layer is coupled by weak van der Waals interactions. SnSe has been widely studied due to its many potential applications that take advantage of its excellent thermoelectric, photovoltaic, and optoelectronic properties. However, experimental investigations into the microscopic structure of SnSe remain largely unexplored. The atomic and electronic structures of SnSe surfaces are studied by a home-built low temperature scanning tunneling microscope (STM). The cleaved surface of SnSe is comprised of covalently bonded Se and Sn atoms in zigzag patterns. However, rectangular periodicity was observed in the atomic images of SnSe surfaces for filled and empty state probing. Detailed atomic structures are analyzed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, indicating that the bright extrusions of both filled and empty state images are mostly located at the positions of Sn atoms. We also report the origin of p-type behavior in SnSe by investigating three dominant intrinsic defects (Sn, Se, and Se-Sn-Se vacancies) using STM and DFT calculations. This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2015R1D1A1A01057271, NRF-2009-0093818, and NRF-2014R1A4A1071686).

  17. 77 FR 50084 - Notice of Scope Rulings

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-08-20

    ..., 14th Street and Constitution Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20230; telephone: 202-482-5047. SUPPLEMENTARY... January 1, 2012, and March 31, 2012 People's Republic of China A-570-967; C-570-968: Aluminum Extrusions from the People's Republic of China Requestor: The Rowley Company; drapery rail kits consisting of an...

  18. Tunneling spectra and superconducting gaps observed by scanning tunneling microscopy near the grain boundaries of FeSe0.3Te0.7 films

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lin, K. C.; Li, Y. S.; Shen, Y. T.; Wu, M. K.; Chi, C. C.

    2013-12-01

    We used scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to study the tunneling spectra of FeSe0.3Te0.7 films with two orientations of the ab-planes and a connection ramp between them. We discovered that by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method, the a- and b-axis of the FeSe0.3Te0.7 film deposited on an Ar-ion-milled magnesium oxide (MgO) substrate were rotated 45° with respect to those of MgO, whereas the a- and b-axis of the film grown on a pristine MgO substrate were parallel to those of MgO. With photolithography and this technique, we can prepare FeSe0.3Te0.7 films with two orientations on the same MgO substrate so that the connection between them forms a ramp at an angle of about 25° to the substrate plane. In the planar region, for either the 0° or 45° orientation, we observed tunneling spectra with a superconducting gap of about 5 meV and 1.78 meV, respectively. However, a much larger gap at about 18 meV was observed in the ramp region. Furthermore, we observed a small zero-bias conductance peak (ZBCP) inside the large gap at T = 4.3 K. The ZBCP becomes smaller with increasing temperature and disappeared at temperature above 7 K.

  19. 49 CFR 229.51 - Aluminum main reservoirs.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Aluminum main reservoirs. 229.51 Section 229.51 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVE SAFETY STANDARDS Safety Requirements Brake System § 229.51 Aluminum main reservoirs. (a) Aluminum...

  20. 49 CFR 229.51 - Aluminum main reservoirs.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Aluminum main reservoirs. 229.51 Section 229.51 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVE SAFETY STANDARDS Safety Requirements Brake System § 229.51 Aluminum main reservoirs. (a) Aluminum...

  1. 49 CFR 229.51 - Aluminum main reservoirs.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Aluminum main reservoirs. 229.51 Section 229.51 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVE SAFETY STANDARDS Safety Requirements Brake System § 229.51 Aluminum main reservoirs. (a) Aluminum...

  2. 49 CFR 229.51 - Aluminum main reservoirs.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Aluminum main reservoirs. 229.51 Section 229.51 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVE SAFETY STANDARDS Safety Requirements Brake System § 229.51 Aluminum main reservoirs. (a) Aluminum...

  3. New superconductor LixFe1+δSe (x ≤ 0.07, Tc up to 44 K) by an electrochemical route

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Alekseeva, Anastasia M.; Drozhzhin, Oleg A.; Dosaev, Kirill A.; Antipov, Evgeny V.; Zakharov, Konstantin V.; Volkova, Olga S.; Chareev, Dmitriy A.; Vasiliev, Alexander N.; Koz, Cevriye; Schwarz, Ulrich; Rosner, Helge; Grin, Yuri

    2016-05-01

    The superconducting transition temperature (Tc) of tetragonal Fe1+δSe was enhanced from 8.5 K to 44 K by chemical structure modification. While insertion of large alkaline cations like K or solvated lithium and iron cations in the interlayer space, the [Fe2Se2] interlayer separation increases significantly from 5.5 Å in native Fe1+δSe to >7 Å in KxFe1-ySe and to >9 Å in Li1-xFex(OH)Fe1-ySe, we report on an electrochemical route to modify the superconducting properties of Fe1+δSe. In contrast to conventional chemical (solution) techniques, the electrochemical approach allows to insert non-solvated Li+ into the Fe1+δSe structure which preserves the native arrangement of [Fe2Se2] layers and their small separation. The amount of intercalated lithium is extremely small (about 0.07 Li+ per f.u.), however, its incorporation results in the enhancement of Tc up to ˜44 K. The quantum-mechanical calculations show that Li occupies the octahedrally coordinated position, while the [Fe2Se2] layers remain basically unmodified. The obtained enhancement of the electronic density of states at the Fermi level clearly exceeds the effect expected on basis of rigid band behavior.

  4. On aluminum tapes treated for missions at Jupiter

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Montero, I.; Sanmartin, Jr.

    2017-09-01

    In this work we present treatment of aluminum surface to raise its termal emissivity to values around 0.7 while keeping its high electrical conductivity, as required for tape tethers missions at Júpiter.

  5. 49 CFR 178.505 - Standards for aluminum drums.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Standards for aluminum drums. 178.505 Section 178... PACKAGINGS Non-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.505 Standards for aluminum drums. (a) The following are the identification codes for aluminum drums: (1) 1B1 for a non-removable head aluminum drum...

  6. Micromechanics f an Extrusion in High-Cycle Fatigue With Creep

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1988-01-01

    amount referred to as the "static extrusion" ( Mughrabi et al , 1983). This E{a causes an initial compression ta, in R. As the extrusion grows under cyclic...Deformation of sin- gle crystals at elevated temperatures (Johnson, et al , 1953, 1955) also occurs by slip in pri- marily the same slip systems that...growth will cease after the extrusion has reached the static extrusion. Lin, et al ., 1988 have shown that the residual tensile stress ’tact caused by

  7. Thermoelectric study of Ag doped SnSe-Sb2Se3 based alloy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Das, Anish; Talukdar, M.; Kumar, Aparabal; Sarkar, Kalyan Jyoti; Dhama, P.; Banerji, P.

    2018-05-01

    In this article we have synthesized p-type alloy of SnSe and Sb2Se3 (10 atomic %) to study the thermoelectric transport properties. The alloy was prepared by melt grown technique followed by spark plasma sintering and latter doped with 2 atomic % Ag to compensate the carrier density in order to achieve higher electrical conductivity (σ). Out of these, the doped sample resulted in the maximum figure of merit, ZT˜0.7 at 773 K due to the existence of the secondary phase AgSbSe2 and reduced lattice thermal conductivity (0.61 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K). The fitted lattice thermal conductivity shows that point defect and Umklapp scattering are the primary process of phonon scattering for all the samples whereas the fitted mobility data confirms acoustic phonon scattering along with point defect and grain boundary scattering to be the main carrier scattering mechanism. More over room temperature carrier density and electrical conductivity are found to increase for the doped sample which further corroborate (90%)SnSe-(10%)Sb2Se3:2%Ag to be a potential candidate for highly efficient thermoelectric materials.

  8. Extrusion of barley and oat influence the fecal microbiota and SCFA profile of growing pigs.

    PubMed

    Moen, Birgitte; Berget, Ingunn; Rud, Ida; Hole, Anastasia S; Kjos, Nils Petter; Sahlstrøm, Stefan

    2016-02-01

    The effect of extrusion of barley and oat on the fecal microbiota and the formation of SCFA was evaluated using growing pigs as model system. The pigs were fed a diet containing either whole grain barley (BU), oat groat (OU), or their respective extruded samples (BE and OE). 454 pyrosequencing showed that the fecal microbiota of growing pigs was affected by both extrusion and grain type. Extruded grain resulted in lower bacterial diversity and enrichment in operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with members of the Streptococcus, Blautia and Bulleidia genera, while untreated grain showed enrichment in OTUs affiliated with members of the Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus genera, and the butyrate-producing bacteria Butyricicoccus, Roseburia, Coprococcus and Pseudobutyrivibrio. Untreated grain resulted in a significant increase of n-butyric, i-valeric and n-valeric acid, which correlated with an increase of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. This is the first study showing that cereal extrusion affects the microbiota composition and diversity towards a state generally thought to be less beneficial for health, as well as less amounts of beneficial butyric acid.

  9. Hypostatic instability of aluminum anode in acidic ionic liquid for aluminum-ion battery.

    PubMed

    Lee, Danbi; Lee, Gibaek; Tak, Yongsug

    2018-06-19

    Aluminum-ion batteries are considered to be a promising post lithium-ion battery system in energy storage devices because aluminum is earth-abundant, has a high theoretical capacity, and is of low cost. We report on the chemical activities and stabilities of chloroaluminate anions [Al n Cl n+1 ] - with aluminum metal using a different mole ratio of AlCl 3 and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. The morphological changes in the Al metal surface are investigated as a function of dipping time in electrolyte, revealing that the Al metal surface is locally attacked by chloroaluminate anions followed by the formation of a new Al oxide layer with a specific lattice plane and a craterlike surface around the cracking site. The aluminum-ion battery exhibits outstanding cycle life and capacity even at the high C-rate of 3 A g -1 , with a high energy efficiency of 98%, regardless of the differences in the size of chloroaluminate anions.

  10. Disc extrusions and bulges in nonspecific low back pain and sciatica: Exploratory randomised controlled trial comparing yoga therapy and normal medical treatment.

    PubMed

    Monro, Robin; Bhardwaj, Abhishek Kumar; Gupta, Ram Kumar; Telles, Shirley; Allen, Beth; Little, Paul

    2015-01-01

    Previous trials of yoga therapy for nonspecific low back pain (nsLBP) (without sciatica) showed beneficial effects. To test effects of yoga therapy on pain and disability associated with lumbar disc extrusions and bulges. Parallel-group, randomised, controlled trial. Sixty-one adults from rural population, aged 20-45, with nsLBP or sciatica, and disc extrusions or bulges. Randomised to yoga (n=30) and control (n=31). Yoga: 3-month yoga course of group classes and home practice, designed to ensure safety for disc extrusions. normal medical care. OUTCOME MEASURES (3-4 months) Primary: Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ); worst pain in past two weeks. Secondary: Aberdeen Low Back Pain Scale; straight leg raise test; structural changes. Disc projections per case ranged from one bulge or one extrusion to three bulges plus two extrusions. Sixty-two percent had sciatica. Intention-to-treat analysis of the RMDQ data, adjusted for age, sex and baseline RMDQ scores, gave a Yoga Group score 3.29 points lower than Control Group (0.98, 5.61; p=0.006) at 3 months. No other significant differences in the endpoints occurred. No adverse effects of yoga were reported. Yoga therapy can be safe and beneficial for patients with nsLBP or sciatica, accompanied by disc extrusions and bulges.

  11. Age, budget and dynamics of an active salt extrusion in Iran

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Talbot, C. J.; Jarvis, R. J.

    The Hormuz salt of Kuh-e-Namak, Iran began rising through its Phanerozoic cover in Jurassic times and had surfaced by Cretaceous times. In Miocene times, the still-active Zagros folds began to develop and the salt is still extruding to feed a massive topographic dome and two surface flows of salt which have previously been called salt glaciers but are here called namakiers. Two crude but independent estimates for the rate of salt extrusion and loss are shown to balance the salt budget if the current salt dynamics are assumed to be in steady state. First, to replace the extrusive salt likely to be lost in solution in the annual rainfall, the salt must rise at an average velocity of about 11 cm a -1. Second, the foliation pattern shows that the extruding (and partially dissolved) salt column spreads under its own weight. The maximum height of the salt dome is consistent with a viscous fluid with a viscosity of 2.6 × 10 17 poises extruding from its orifice at a rate of almost 17 cm a -1. Both estimates are consistent in indicating that salt can extrude onto the surface 42-85 times faster than the average long term rate at which salt diapirs rise to the surface. The structure, fabrics, textures and deformation mechanisms of the impure halite all change along the path of the extrusive salt from the dome down the length of both namakiers. Such changes tend to occur when the flowing salt encounters changes in its boundary conditions, and the recognition of buried namakiers is discussed in the light of such observations. Episodes of salt flow at a rate of 0.5 m per day have been measured along the margin of the N namakier after significant rain showers. Such brief episodes of rapid flow alternate with long periods when the namakier is dry and stationary. The shape of the colour bands cropping out on the N namakier indicate that the flow over the surface of impure salt with a mylonitic texture obeys a power law with n ≈ 3. Although the reported annual rainfall has the

  12. N-type Doped PbTe and PbSe Alloys for Thermoelectric Applications

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Snyder, G. Jeffrey (Inventor); LaLonde, Aaron (Inventor); Pei, Yanzhong (Inventor); Wang, Heng (Inventor)

    2014-01-01

    The present invention demonstrates that weak scattering of carriers leads to a high mobility and therefore helps achieve low electric resistivity with high Seebeck coefficient for a thermoelectric material. The inventors demonstrate this effect by obtaining a thermoelectric figure of merit, zT, higher than 1.3 at high temperatures in n-type PbSe, because of the weak scattering of carriers in the conduction band as compared with that in the valence band. The invention further demonstrates favorable thermoelectric transport properties of n-type PbTe.sub.1-xI.sub.x with carrier concentrations ranging from 5.8.times.10.sup.18-1.4.times.10.sup.20 cm.sup.-3.

  13. 49 CFR 229.51 - Aluminum main reservoirs.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Aluminum main reservoirs. 229.51 Section 229.51... as follows: (1) The heads and shell shall be made of Aluminum Association Alloy No. 5083-0, produced.... (4) Each aluminum main reservoir shall have at least two inspection openings to permit complete...

  14. 46 CFR 42.07-10 - Submergence of load line marks.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... VOYAGES BY SEA Control, Enforcement, and Rights of Appeal § 42.07-10 Submergence of load line marks. (a... by sea, or on the Great Lakes, or during the voyage, or on arrival, the applicable load lines marked... when navigating the Great Lakes. (d) When a vessel departs from a port situated on a river or inland...

  15. 46 CFR 42.07-10 - Submergence of load line marks.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... VOYAGES BY SEA Control, Enforcement, and Rights of Appeal § 42.07-10 Submergence of load line marks. (a... by sea, or on the Great Lakes, or during the voyage, or on arrival, the applicable load lines marked... when navigating the Great Lakes. (d) When a vessel departs from a port situated on a river or inland...

  16. 46 CFR 42.07-10 - Submergence of load line marks.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... VOYAGES BY SEA Control, Enforcement, and Rights of Appeal § 42.07-10 Submergence of load line marks. (a... by sea, or on the Great Lakes, or during the voyage, or on arrival, the applicable load lines marked... when navigating the Great Lakes. (d) When a vessel departs from a port situated on a river or inland...

  17. 46 CFR 42.07-10 - Submergence of load line marks.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... VOYAGES BY SEA Control, Enforcement, and Rights of Appeal § 42.07-10 Submergence of load line marks. (a... by sea, or on the Great Lakes, or during the voyage, or on arrival, the applicable load lines marked... when navigating the Great Lakes. (d) When a vessel departs from a port situated on a river or inland...

  18. 46 CFR 42.07-10 - Submergence of load line marks.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... VOYAGES BY SEA Control, Enforcement, and Rights of Appeal § 42.07-10 Submergence of load line marks. (a... by sea, or on the Great Lakes, or during the voyage, or on arrival, the applicable load lines marked... when navigating the Great Lakes. (d) When a vessel departs from a port situated on a river or inland...

  19. New-Generation Aluminum Composite with Bottom Ash Industrial Waste

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mandal, A. K.; Sinha, O. P.

    2018-02-01

    Industrial waste bottom ash (BA) from a pulverized coal combustion boiler containing hard wear-resistant particles was utilized in this study to form an aluminum composite through a liquid metallurgy route. Composites comprising 5 wt.% and 10 wt.% bottom ash were characterized for their physiochemical, microstructural, mechanical, as well as tribological properties, along with pure aluminum. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) microstructure revealed uniform distribution of BA particles throughout the matrix of the composite, whereas x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed presence of aluminosilicate phase. Addition of 10 wt.% BA improved the Brinell hardness number (BHN) from 13 to 19 and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) from 71 MPa to 87 MPa, whereas ductility was adversely reduced after 5% BA addition. Incorporation of BA particles resulted in reduced dry sliding wear rates examined up to 80 N load compared with aluminum. Hence, such composites having lower cost could be applied as significantly hard, wear-resistant materials in applications in the automotive industry.

  20. New-Generation Aluminum Composite with Bottom Ash Industrial Waste

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mandal, A. K.; Sinha, O. P.

    2018-06-01

    Industrial waste bottom ash (BA) from a pulverized coal combustion boiler containing hard wear-resistant particles was utilized in this study to form an aluminum composite through a liquid metallurgy route. Composites comprising 5 wt.% and 10 wt.% bottom ash were characterized for their physiochemical, microstructural, mechanical, as well as tribological properties, along with pure aluminum. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) microstructure revealed uniform distribution of BA particles throughout the matrix of the composite, whereas x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed presence of aluminosilicate phase. Addition of 10 wt.% BA improved the Brinell hardness number (BHN) from 13 to 19 and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) from 71 MPa to 87 MPa, whereas ductility was adversely reduced after 5% BA addition. Incorporation of BA particles resulted in reduced dry sliding wear rates examined up to 80 N load compared with aluminum. Hence, such composites having lower cost could be applied as significantly hard, wear-resistant materials in applications in the automotive industry.

  1. HIGH ENERGY RATE EXTRUSION OF URANIUM

    DOEpatents

    Lewis, L.

    1963-07-23

    A method of extruding uranium at a high energy rate is described. Conditions during the extrusion are such that the temperature of the metal during extrusion reaches a point above the normal alpha to beta transition, but the metal nevertheless remains in the alpha phase in accordance with the Clausius- Clapeyron equation. Upon exiting from the die, the metal automatically enters the beta phase, after which the metal is permitted to cool. (AEC)

  2. Thermal effects in equilibrium surface segregation in a copper/10-atomic-percent-aluminum alloy using Auger electron spectroscopy

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ferrante, J.

    1972-01-01

    Equilibrium surface segregation of aluminum in a copper-10-atomic-percent-aluminum single crystal alloy oriented in the /111/ direction was demonstrated by using Auger electron spectroscopy. This crystal was in the solid solution range of composition. Equilibrium surface segregation was verified by observing that the aluminum surface concentration varied reversibly with temperature in the range 550 to 850 K. These results were curve fitted to an expression for equilibrium grain boundary segregation and gave a retrieval energy of 5780 J/mole (1380 cal/mole) and a maximum frozen-in surface coverage three times the bulk layer concentration. Analyses concerning the relative merits of sputtering calibration and the effects of evaporation are also included.

  3. Final Closure Letter for Administrative Complaint Numbers 03R-07-R9, 10R-07-R9 and 01R-11R9

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    On 6-7-2017, ECRCO issued a closure letter for Admin Complaint Numbers 03r-07-r9, 10r-07-r9 and 01r-11-r9 involving the Maricopa County Air Quality Department regarding alleged complaints that MCAQD violated Title 6 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

  4. High piezoelectric performance of poly(lactic acid) film manufactured by solid-state extrusion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yoshida, Mitsunobu; Onogi, Takayuki; Onishi, Katsuki; Inagaki, Takuma; Tajitsu, Yoshiro

    2014-09-01

    Recently, the application of uniaxially stretched poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) films to speakers, actuators, and pressure sensors has been attempted, taking advantage of their piezoelectric performance. However, the shear piezoelectric constant d14 of uniaxially stretched PLLA film is conventionally 6-10 pC N-1. To realize a high sensitivity of pressure sensors, compact speakers, and actuators, and a low driving voltage, further improvement of the piezoelectric performance is desired. In this study, we carried out solid-state extrusion (SSE) to stretch and orient poly(d-lactic acid) (PDLA) and verified its effects on piezoelectric performance. By SSE, we were able to improve the mechanical strength and elastic modulus of PDLA samples. Furthermore, the d14 of the samples was significantly increased to approximately 20 pC N-1.

  5. Maintenance and testing of anodized aluminum mirrors on the Whipple 10 m Whipple Telescope

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Badran, H. M.; Weekes, T. C.

    2001-08-01

    Threshold energy sensitivity depends not only on the high reflectivity of the mirrors used in atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes but also on the maintenance of this reflectivity over months/years. The successful application of a mirror maintenance technique depends on the type of mirror coating and the contamination that must be removed. The uncovered mirrors in use on the 10-m Whipple gamma-ray telescope are anodized aluminum mirrors. A standard cleaning technique for such mirrors is not available. With the aim of extending the life of the aluminum coating exposed to the Mt ˙Hopkins environment, several cleaning procedures were tested on mirrors that had been exposed for three years. Evaluation of the most effective cleaners is presented. Preliminary results are also presented from a long-term experiment using newly coated mirrors at the proposed VERITAS site and at the current 10 m site. This experiment is designed to reveal the rates at which the reflectance degrades as a function of time, depth of anodization, storage direction, degree of covering, and maintenance procedures.

  6. Experimental Investigation on the Joining of Aluminum Alloy Sheets Using Improved Clinching Process

    PubMed Central

    Chen, Chao; Zhao, Shengdun; Han, Xiaolan; Zhao, Xuzhe; Ishida, Tohru

    2017-01-01

    Aluminum alloy sheets have been widely used to build the thin-walled structures by mechanical clinching technology in recent years. However, there is an exterior protrusion located on the lower sheet and a pit on the upper sheet, which may restrict the application of the clinching technology in visible areas. In the present study, an improved clinched joint used to join aluminum alloy sheets was investigated by experimental method. The improved clinching process used for joining aluminum alloy evolves through four phases: (a) localized deformation; (b) drawing; (c) backward extrusion; and (d) mechanical interlock forming. A flat surface can be produced using the improved clinching process. Shearing strength, tensile strength, material flow, main geometrical parameters, and failure mode of the improved clinched joint were investigated. The sheet material was compressed to flow radially and upward using a punch, which generated a mechanical interlock by producing severe localized plastic deformation. The neck thickness and interlock of the improved clinched joint were increased by increasing the forming force, which also contributed to increase the strength of the clinched joint. The improved clinched joint can get high shearing strength and tensile strength. Three main failure modes were observed in the failure process, which were neck fracture mode, button separation mode, and mixed failure mode. The improved clinched joint has better joining quality to join aluminum alloy sheets on the thin-walled structures. PMID:28763027

  7. Experimental Investigation on the Joining of Aluminum Alloy Sheets Using Improved Clinching Process.

    PubMed

    Chen, Chao; Zhao, Shengdun; Han, Xiaolan; Zhao, Xuzhe; Ishida, Tohru

    2017-08-01

    Aluminum alloy sheets have been widely used to build the thin-walled structures by mechanical clinching technology in recent years. However, there is an exterior protrusion located on the lower sheet and a pit on the upper sheet, which may restrict the application of the clinching technology in visible areas. In the present study, an improved clinched joint used to join aluminum alloy sheets was investigated by experimental method. The improved clinching process used for joining aluminum alloy evolves through four phases: (a) localized deformation; (b) drawing; (c) backward extrusion; and (d) mechanical interlock forming. A flat surface can be produced using the improved clinching process. Shearing strength, tensile strength, material flow, main geometrical parameters, and failure mode of the improved clinched joint were investigated. The sheet material was compressed to flow radially and upward using a punch, which generated a mechanical interlock by producing severe localized plastic deformation. The neck thickness and interlock of the improved clinched joint were increased by increasing the forming force, which also contributed to increase the strength of the clinched joint. The improved clinched joint can get high shearing strength and tensile strength. Three main failure modes were observed in the failure process, which were neck fracture mode, button separation mode, and mixed failure mode. The improved clinched joint has better joining quality to join aluminum alloy sheets on the thin-walled structures.

  8. Seacoast stress corrosion cracking of aluminum alloys

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Humphries, T. S.; Nelson, E. E.

    1981-01-01

    The stress corrosion cracking resistance of high strength, wrought aluminum alloys in a seacoast atmosphere was investigated and the results were compared with those obtained in laboratory tests. Round tensile specimens taken from the short transverse grain direction of aluminum plate and stressed up to 100 percent of their yield strengths were exposed to the seacoast and to alternate immersion in salt water and synthetic seawater. Maximum exposure periods of one year at the seacoast, 0.3 or 0.7 of a month for alternate immersion in salt water, and three months for synthetic seawater were indicated for aluminum alloys to avoid false indications of stress corrosion cracking failure resulting from pitting. Correlation of the results was very good among the three test media using the selected exposure periods. It is concluded that either of the laboratory test media is suitable for evaluating the stress corrosion cracking performance of aluminum alloys in seacoast atmosphere.

  9. Experimental and numerical investigation of ram extrusion of bread dough

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mohammed, M. A. P.; Wanigasooriya, L.; Charalambides, M. N.

    2016-10-01

    An experimental and numerical study on ram extrusion of bread dough was conducted. A laboratory ram extrusion rig was designed and manufactured, where dies with different angles and exit radii were employed. Rate dependent behaviour was observed from tests conducted at different extrusion speeds, and higher extrusion pressure was reported for dies with decreasing exit radius. A finite element simulation of extrusion was performed using the adaptive meshing technique in Abaqus. Simulations using a frictionless contact between the billet and die wall showed that the model underestimates the response at high entry angles. On the other hand, when the coefficient of friction value was set to 0.09 as measured from friction experiments, the dough response was overestimated, i.e. the model extrusion pressure was much higher than the experimentally measured values. When a critical shear stress limit, τmax, was used, the accuracy of the model predictions improved. The results showed that higher die angles require higher τmax values for the model and the experiments to agree.

  10. Confined lattice dynamics of single and quadruple SnSe bilayers in [(SnSe) 1.04 ] m [MoSe 2 ] n ferecrystals

    DOE PAGES

    Klobes, Benedikt; Hu, Michael Y.; Beekman, Matt; ...

    2015-11-30

    The Sn specific densities of phonon states in the SnSe subunits of [(SnSe) 1.04] m[MoSe 2] n ferecrystals with (m,n) = (1,1), (4,1) and in bulk SnSe were derived from nuclear inelastic scattering by the 119Sn M ssbauer resonance. When using different measurement configurations, phonons with polarization parallel and perpendicular to the ferecrystal plane were specifically probed. Vibrational properties and phonon spectral weight are found to strongly depend on the phonon polarization and layer count m. Moreover, a highly peculiar feature of these ferecrystal densities of phonon states is the emergence of rather sharp high energy vibrational modes polarized perpendicularmore » to the ferecrystal plane, which contrasts with usual findings in thin layered structures and nanostructured materials in general, and a depletion of modes with a gap appearing between acoustic and high energy modes. The spectral weight of these phonons depends on the overall SnSe content, m, but cannot be unambiguously attributed to SnSe MoSe 2 interfaces. Considering the low energy part of lattice dynamics, ferecrystals exhibit rather low average phonon group velocities as compared to the speed of sound in the long wavelength limit. For the (1,1) ferecrystal, this effect is most pronounced for vibrations polarized in the ferecrystal plane. Therefore, an experimental microscopic origin for the vibrational and bonding anisotropy in subunits of ferecrystals is provided.« less

  11. Magnetization reversal and coercivity of Fe3Se4 nanowire arrays

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, D.; Li, S. J.; Zhou, Y. T.; Bai, Y.; Zhu, Y. L.; Ren, W. J.; Long, G.; Zeng, H.; Zhang, Z. D.

    2015-05-01

    The microstructure and magnetic properties of Fe3Se4 nanowire (NW) arrays in anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) porous membrane are studied. Cross-sectional SEM and plane-view TEM images show that the mean wire diameter (dw) and the center-to-center spacing (D) of Fe3Se4 nanowires are about 220 nm and 330 nm, respectively. The field-cooled magnetization dependent on the temperature indicates a Curie temperature around 334 K for the Fe3Se4 nanowires. The coercivities of Fe3Se4 nanowires at 10 K, obtained from the in-plane and out-of-plane hysteresis loops, are as high as 22.4 kOe and 23.3 kOe, which can be understood from the magnetocrystalline anisotropy and the magnetization reversal process.

  12. Hydroisomerization of n-hexadecane: remarkable selectivity of mesoporous silica post-synthetically modified with aluminum

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sabyrov, Kairat; Musselwhite, Nathan; Melaet, Gérôme

    As the impact of acids on catalytically driven chemical transformations is tremendous, fundamental understanding of catalytically relevant factors is essential for the design of more efficient solid acid catalysts. In this work, we employed a post-synthetic doping method to synthesize a highly selective hydroisomerization catalyst and to demonstrate the effect of acid strength and density, catalyst microstructure, and platinum nanoparticle size on the reaction rate and selectivity. Aluminum doped mesoporous silica catalyzed gas-phase n-hexadecane isomerization with remarkably high selectivity to monobranched isomers (~95%), producing a substantially higher amount of isomers than traditional zeolite catalysts. Mildly acidic sites generated by post-syntheticmore » aluminum grafting were found to be the main reason for its high selectivity. The flexibility of the post-synthetic doping method enabled us to systematically explore the effect of the acid site density on the reaction rate and selectivity, which has been extremely difficult to achieve with zeolite catalysts. We found that a higher density of Brønsted acid sites leads to higher cracking of n-hexadecane presumably due to an increased surface residence time. Furthermore, regardless of pore size and microstructure, hydroisomerization turnover frequency linearly increased as a function of Brønsted acid site density. In addition to strength and density of acid sites, platinum nanoparticle size affected catalytic activity and selectivity. The smallest platinum nanoparticles produced the most effective bifunctional catalyst presumably because of higher percolation into aluminum doped mesoporous silica, generating more 'intimate' metallic and acidic sites. Finally, the aluminum doped silica catalyst was shown to retain its remarkable selectivity towards isomers even at increased reaction conversions.« less

  13. Hydroisomerization of n-hexadecane: remarkable selectivity of mesoporous silica post-synthetically modified with aluminum

    DOE PAGES

    Sabyrov, Kairat; Musselwhite, Nathan; Melaet, Gérôme; ...

    2017-01-01

    As the impact of acids on catalytically driven chemical transformations is tremendous, fundamental understanding of catalytically relevant factors is essential for the design of more efficient solid acid catalysts. In this work, we employed a post-synthetic doping method to synthesize a highly selective hydroisomerization catalyst and to demonstrate the effect of acid strength and density, catalyst microstructure, and platinum nanoparticle size on the reaction rate and selectivity. Aluminum doped mesoporous silica catalyzed gas-phase n-hexadecane isomerization with remarkably high selectivity to monobranched isomers (~95%), producing a substantially higher amount of isomers than traditional zeolite catalysts. Mildly acidic sites generated by post-syntheticmore » aluminum grafting were found to be the main reason for its high selectivity. The flexibility of the post-synthetic doping method enabled us to systematically explore the effect of the acid site density on the reaction rate and selectivity, which has been extremely difficult to achieve with zeolite catalysts. We found that a higher density of Brønsted acid sites leads to higher cracking of n-hexadecane presumably due to an increased surface residence time. Furthermore, regardless of pore size and microstructure, hydroisomerization turnover frequency linearly increased as a function of Brønsted acid site density. In addition to strength and density of acid sites, platinum nanoparticle size affected catalytic activity and selectivity. The smallest platinum nanoparticles produced the most effective bifunctional catalyst presumably because of higher percolation into aluminum doped mesoporous silica, generating more 'intimate' metallic and acidic sites. Finally, the aluminum doped silica catalyst was shown to retain its remarkable selectivity towards isomers even at increased reaction conversions.« less

  14. Sediment Core Extrusion Method at Millimeter Resolution Using a Calibrated, Threaded-rod

    PubMed Central

    Schwing, Patrick T.; Romero, Isabel C.; Larson, Rebekka A.; O'Malley, Bryan J.; Fridrik, Erika E.; Goddard, Ethan A.; Brooks, Gregg R.; Hastings, David W.; Rosenheim, Brad E.; Hollander, David J.; Grant, Guy; Mulhollan, Jim

    2016-01-01

    Aquatic sediment core subsampling is commonly performed at cm or half-cm resolution. Depending on the sedimentation rate and depositional environment, this resolution provides records at the annual to decadal scale, at best. An extrusion method, using a calibrated, threaded-rod is presented here, which allows for millimeter-scale subsampling of aquatic sediment cores of varying diameters. Millimeter scale subsampling allows for sub-annual to monthly analysis of the sedimentary record, an order of magnitude higher than typical sampling schemes. The extruder consists of a 2 m aluminum frame and base, two core tube clamps, a threaded-rod, and a 1 m piston. The sediment core is placed above the piston and clamped to the frame. An acrylic sampling collar is affixed to the upper 5 cm of the core tube and provides a platform from which to extract sub-samples. The piston is rotated around the threaded-rod at calibrated intervals and gently pushes the sediment out the top of the core tube. The sediment is then isolated into the sampling collar and placed into an appropriate sampling vessel (e.g., jar or bag). This method also preserves the unconsolidated samples (i.e., high pore water content) at the surface, providing a consistent sampling volume. This mm scale extrusion method was applied to cores collected in the northern Gulf of Mexico following the Deepwater Horizon submarine oil release. Evidence suggests that it is necessary to sample at the mm scale to fully characterize events that occur on the monthly time-scale for continental slope sediments. PMID:27585268

  15. Sediment Core Extrusion Method at Millimeter Resolution Using a Calibrated, Threaded-rod.

    PubMed

    Schwing, Patrick T; Romero, Isabel C; Larson, Rebekka A; O'Malley, Bryan J; Fridrik, Erika E; Goddard, Ethan A; Brooks, Gregg R; Hastings, David W; Rosenheim, Brad E; Hollander, David J; Grant, Guy; Mulhollan, Jim

    2016-08-17

    Aquatic sediment core subsampling is commonly performed at cm or half-cm resolution. Depending on the sedimentation rate and depositional environment, this resolution provides records at the annual to decadal scale, at best. An extrusion method, using a calibrated, threaded-rod is presented here, which allows for millimeter-scale subsampling of aquatic sediment cores of varying diameters. Millimeter scale subsampling allows for sub-annual to monthly analysis of the sedimentary record, an order of magnitude higher than typical sampling schemes. The extruder consists of a 2 m aluminum frame and base, two core tube clamps, a threaded-rod, and a 1 m piston. The sediment core is placed above the piston and clamped to the frame. An acrylic sampling collar is affixed to the upper 5 cm of the core tube and provides a platform from which to extract sub-samples. The piston is rotated around the threaded-rod at calibrated intervals and gently pushes the sediment out the top of the core tube. The sediment is then isolated into the sampling collar and placed into an appropriate sampling vessel (e.g., jar or bag). This method also preserves the unconsolidated samples (i.e., high pore water content) at the surface, providing a consistent sampling volume. This mm scale extrusion method was applied to cores collected in the northern Gulf of Mexico following the Deepwater Horizon submarine oil release. Evidence suggests that it is necessary to sample at the mm scale to fully characterize events that occur on the monthly time-scale for continental slope sediments.

  16. Slow plastic strain rate compressive flow in binary CoAl intermetallics

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Whittenberger, J. D.

    1985-01-01

    Constant-velocity elevated temperature compression tests have been conducted on a series of binary CoAl intermetallics produced by hot extrusion of blended prealloyed powders. The as-extruded materials were polycrystalline, and they retained their nominal 10-micron grain size after being tested between 1100 and 1400 K at strain rates ranging from 2 x 10 to the -4th to 2 x 10 to the -7th per sec. Significant plastic flow was obtained in all cases; while cracking was observed, much of this could be due to failure at matrix-oxide interfaces along extrusion stringers rather than to solely intergranular fracture. A maximum in flow strength occurs at an aluminum-to-cobalt ratio of 0.975, and the stress exponent appears to be constant for aluminum-to-cobalt ratios of 0.85 or more. It is likely that very aluminum-deficient materials deform by a different mechanism than do other compositions.

  17. Different ligand exchange solvents effect on the densification of CuIn0.7Ga0.3Se2 prepared using the heating-up method

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yang, Chang-Ting; Hsiang, Hsing-I.

    2017-12-01

    The effects of different ligand exchange solvents and heat treatment conditions on the densification and microstructure development of CuIn0.7Ga0.3Se2 (CIGS) crystallites synthesized using the heating-up method were studied in this work. The heat treatment effects on the organic molecules and crystalline structure were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was observed that oleylamine (OLA) adsorbed onto the CIGS surface was difficult to remove during sintering. Ligand-exchange with m-xylene or 1-hexanethiol can promote the removal of oleylamine adsorbed onto the CIGS surface and prevent the residual carbon from forming during sintering, which leads to grain growth and densification. A dense CuIn0.7Ga0.3Se2 can be obtained using the precursor powders after ligand-exchange with 1-hexanethiol and m-xylene to remove organic molecules and sintering at 600 °C for 2 h under Se atmosphere.

  18. Modelling and optimisation of enzymatic extrusion pretreatment of broken rice for rice wine manufacture.

    PubMed

    Li, Hongyan; Wei, Benxi; Wu, Chunsen; Zhang, Bao; Xu, Xueming; Jin, Zhengyu; Tian, Yaoqi

    2014-05-01

    The manufacture of Chinese rice wine involves an uneconomical, time-consuming, and environmentally unfriendly pretreatment process. In this study, the enzymatic extrusion of broken rice was applied to the brewing of rice wine. The response surface methodology was used to study the effects of the barrel temperature (BT), moisture content (MC), and amylase concentration (AC) on the alcohol yield. A second-order polynomial model had a good fit to the experimental data and the coefficient of determination (R(2)) was 0.9879. According to the model, the optimal parameters required to obtain the highest alcoholic degree of 17.94% were: BT=100.14°C, MC=43%, and AC=1.45‰. Under these optimal conditions, the alcoholic degree actually reached 18.3%, which was close to the value predicted by the model. Enzymatic extrusion improved the yeast growth and alcohol yield during the fermentation process. The fermentation recovery and efficiency of processed rice wine were 38.07% and 94.66%, respectively. Crown Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  19. FORMING TUBES AND RODS OF URANIUM METAL BY EXTRUSION

    DOEpatents

    Creutz, E.C.

    1959-01-27

    A method and apparatus are presented for the extrusion of uranium metal. Since uranium is very brittle if worked in the beta phase, it is desirable to extrude it in the gamma phase. However, in the gamma temperature range thc uranium will alloy with the metal of the extrusion dic, and is readily oxidized to a great degree. According to this patent, uranium extrusion in thc ganmma phase may be safely carried out by preheating a billet of uranium in an inert atmosphere to a trmperature between 780 C and 1100 C. The heated billet is then placed in an extrusion apparatus having dies which have been maintained at an elevated temperature for a sufficient length of time to produce an oxide film, and placing a copper disc between the uranium billet and the die.

  20. A microscopic study investigating the structure of SnSe surfaces

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kim, Sang-ui; Duong, Anh-Tuan; Cho, Sunglae; Rhim, S. H.; Kim, Jungdae

    2016-09-01

    SnSe has been widely studied due to its many potential applications that take advantage of its excellent thermoelectric, photovoltaic, and optoelectronic properties. However, experimental investigations into the microscopic structure of SnSe remain largely unexplored. Herein, for the first time, the atomic and electronic structures of SnSe surfaces are studied by a home-built low temperature scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The cleaved surface of SnSe is comprised of covalently bonded Se and Sn atoms in zigzag patterns. However, rectangular periodicity was observed in the atomic images of SnSe surfaces for filled and empty state probing. Detailed atomic structures are analyzed by DFT calculations, indicating that the bright extrusions of both filled and empty state images are mostly located at the positions of Sn atoms.

  1. Wear properties of 10 vol.% silicon carbide particulate-reinforced aluminum composite fabricated by powder injection molding

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Patcharawit, T.; Ngeekoh, A.; Chuankrekkul, N.

    2017-09-01

    Wear properties of aluminum matrix composites reinforced with silicon carbide particulate of 10 vol.% addition was investigated in as-sintered and heat-treated conditions under varying loads at -5, -25, -45 and -65N using a ball on flat type of wear test. The composite was fabricated by powder injection molding and sintering at 650 °C for 3 hours. Solution treatment was carried out at 550 °C for 2 hours followed by age-hardening at 160 °C for 6 hours. SEM and XRD results indicated Al and SiCp are present as matrix and reinforcement, while AlN, Al2Cu and Mg2Si were also detected. Further precipitation of Al2Cu and Mg2Si in heat-treated samples promoted maximum macro and micro Vickers hardness values, which were achieved at 161 and 157 Hv respectively. Wear weight loss increased with increasing minus load level. The coefficient of friction was found in the range of 0.042-0.048. Wear mechanisms were determined as the combination of abrasive, adhesion and oxidation.

  2. Calibrator device for the extrusion of cable coatings

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Garbacz, Tomasz; Dulebová, Ľudmila; Spišák, Emil; Dulebová, Martina

    2016-05-01

    This paper presents selected results of theoretical and experimental research works on a new calibration device (calibrators) used to produce coatings of electric cables. The aim of this study is to present design solution calibration equipment and present a new calibration machine, which is an important element of the modernized technology extrusion lines for coating cables. As a result of the extrusion process of PVC modified with blowing agents, an extrudate in the form of an electrical cable was obtained. The conditions of the extrusion process were properly selected, which made it possible to obtain a product with solid external surface and cellular core.

  3. 75 FR 48618 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Model AS-365N2, AS 365 N3, and SA-365N1 Helicopters

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-11

    ... aluminum tail rotor (T/R) blade pitch control shaft with a steel T/R blade pitch control shaft. This... are intended to prevent failure of the T/R blade pitch control shaft, loss of T/R control, and... an aluminum T/R blade pitch control shaft, part number (P/N) 365A33.6161.20 or P/N 365A33.6161.21...

  4. Optimization of extrusion conditions for the production of instant grain amaranth-based porridge flour.

    PubMed

    Akande, Olamide A; Nakimbugwe, Dorothy; Mukisa, Ivan M

    2017-11-01

    Malnutrition is one of the foremost causes of death among children below 5 years in developing countries. Development of nutrient-dense food formulations using locally available crops has been proposed as a means to combat this menace. This study optimized the extrusion process for the production of a nutritious amaranth-based porridge flour. Least cost formulations containing grain amaranth, groundnut, iron-rich beans, pumpkin, orange-fleshed sweet potato, carrot, and maize were developed and evaluated by a sensory panel ( n  = 30) for acceptability using the 9-point hedonic scale. Extrusion process of the most acceptable porridge flour was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Barrel temperature (130-170°C) and feed moisture content (14%-20%) were the independent variables which significantly ( p  < .05) affected in vitro protein digestibility, vitamin A retention, total polyphenol, phytic content, and iron and zinc extractabilities. Optimization of the extrusion process improved the nutritional quality of the instant flour.

  5. Degradation Mechanisms in Aluminum Matrix Composites: Alumina/Aluminum and Boron/Aluminum. Ph.D. Thesis - North Carolina State Univ. at Raleigh

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Olsen, G. C.

    1981-01-01

    The effects of fabrication and long term thermal exposure (up to 10,000 hours at 590 K) on two types of aluminum matrix composites were examined. An alumina/aluminum composite, was made of continuous alpha Al2O3 fibers in a matrix of commercially pure aluminum alloyed with 2.8% lithium. The mechanical properties of the material, the effect of isothermal exposure, cyclic thermal exposure, and fatigue are presented. Two degradation mechanisms are identified. One was caused by formation of a nonstoichiometric alumina during fabrication, the other by a loss of lithium to a surface reaction during long term thermal exposure. The other composite, boron/aluminum, made of boron fibers in an aluminum matrix, was investigated using five different aluminum alloys for the matrices. The mechanical properties of each material and the effect of isothermal and cyclic thermal exposure are presented. The effects of each alloy constituent on the degradation mechanisms are discussed. The effects of several reactions between alloy constituents and boron fibers on the composite properties are discussed.

  6. Functionality of extrusion--texturized whey proteins.

    PubMed

    Onwulata, C I; Konstance, R P; Cooke, P H; Farrell, H M

    2003-11-01

    Whey, a byproduct of the cheesemaking process, is concentrated by processors to make whey protein concentrates (WPC) and isolates (WPI). Only 50% of whey proteins are used in foods. In order to increase their usage, texturizing WPC, WPI, and whey albumin is proposed to create ingredients with new functionality. Extrusion processing texturizes globular proteins by shearing and stretching them into aligned or entangled fibrous bundles. In this study, WPC, WPI, and whey albumin were extruded in a twin screw extruder at approximately 38% moisture content (15.2 ml/min, feed rate 25 g/min) and, at different extrusion cook temperatures, at the same temperature for the last four zones before the die (35, 50, 75, and 100 degrees C, respectively). Protein solubility, gelation, foaming, and digestibility were determined in extrudates. Degree of extrusion-induced insolubility (denaturation) or texturization, determined by lack of solubility at pH 7 for WPI, increased from 30 to 60, 85, and 95% for the four temperature conditions 35, 50, 75, and 100 degrees C, respectively. Gel strength of extruded isolates increased initially 115% (35 degrees C) and 145% (50 degrees C), but gel strength was lost at 75 and 100 degrees C. Denaturation at these melt temperatures had minimal effect on foaming and digestibility. Varying extrusion cook temperature allowed a new controlled rate of denaturation, indicating that a texturized ingredient with a predetermined functionality based on degree of denaturation can be created.

  7. Making Ceramic/Polymer Parts By Extrusion Stereolithography

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Stuffle, Kevin; Mulligan, A.; Creegan, P.; Boulton, J. M.; Lombardi, J. L.; Calvert, P. D.

    1996-01-01

    Extrusion stereolithography developmental method of computer-controlled manufacturing of objects out of ceramic/polymer composite materials. Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) software used to create image of desired part and translate image into motion commands for combination of mechanisms moving resin dispenser. Extrusion performed in coordination with motion of dispenser so buildup of extruded material takes on size and shape of desired part. Part thermally cured after deposition.

  8. Microstructure characterization of LAE442 magnesium alloy processed by extrusion and ECAP

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Minárik, Peter; Král, Robert; Pešička, Josef

    2016-02-15

    The magnesium alloy LAE442 was processed by extrusion and equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) to achieve ultrafine grained microstructure. Detailed characterization of the microstructure was performed by scanning electron microscope, electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscope. The initial, as-cast, microstructure consisted of large grains of ~ 1 mm. The grain refinement due to the processing by severe plastic deformation led to a decrease of the average grain size to ~ 1.7 μm after the final step of ECAP. A detailed characterization of secondary phases showed the precipitation of Al{sub 11}RE{sub 3}, Al{sub 2}Ca and Al{sub 10}RE{sub 2}Mn{submore » 7} intermetallic phases. X-ray diffraction measurements proved that Li is dissolved within the magnesium matrix in the as-cast condition. Newly formed Al{sub 3}Li phase was observed after ECAP. The texture formation due to the extrusion and ECAP was different from that in the other magnesium alloys due to the activation of non-basal slip systems as a result of the decrease of the c/a ratio. - Highlights: • Combined extrusion and equal channel angular pressing results in significant grain refinement by factor 1000 approximately. • Al{sub 11}RE{sub 3}, Al{sub 2}Ca and Al{sub 10}RE{sub 2}Mn{sub 7} secondary phases are present in the as-cast material while Li was dissolved in the Mg matrix. • Extrusion and ECAP have no effect on the composition of the secondary phases but they influence strongly their distribution. • Texture evolution is affected by decrease of c/a ratio due to the presence of Li and resulting activation of non-basal slip.« less

  9. Advanced powder metallurgy aluminum alloys via rapid solidification technology, phase 2

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ray, Ranjan; Jha, Sunil C.

    1987-01-01

    Marko's rapid solidification technology was applied to processing high strength aluminum alloys. Four classes of alloys, namely, Al-Li based (class 1), 2124 type (class 2), high temperature Al-Fe-Mo (class 3), and PM X7091 type (class 4) alloy, were produced as melt-spun ribbons. The ribbons were pulverized, cold compacted, hot-degassed, and consolidated through single or double stage extrusion. The mechanical properties of all four classes of alloys were measured at room and elevated temperatures and their microstructures were investigated optically and through electron microscopy. The microstructure of class 1 Al-Li-Mg alloy was predominantly unrecrystallized due to Zr addition. Yield strengths to the order of 50 Ksi were obtained, but tensile elongation in most cases remained below 2 percent. The class 2 alloys were modified composition of 2124 aluminum alloy, through addition of 0.6 weight percent Zr and 1 weight percent Ni. Nickel addition gave rise to a fine dispersion of intermetallic particles resisting coarsening during elevated temperature exposure. The class 2 alloy showed good combination of tensile strength and ductility and retained high strength after 1000 hour exposure at 177 C. The class 3 Al-Fe-Mo alloy showed high strength and good ductility both at room and high temperatures. The yield and tensile strength of class 4 alloy exceeded those of the commercial 7075 aluminum alloy.

  10. Effect of Aluminum Addition on the Evolution of Microstructure, Crystallographic Texture and Mechanical Properties of Single Phase Hexagonal Close Packed Mg-Li Alloys

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bhagat Singh, P.; Sabat, R. K.; Kumaran, S.; Suwas, S.

    2018-02-01

    In the present investigation, an effort has been made to understand the effect of aluminum addition to α Mg-Li alloys. The corresponding composition Mg-4Li- xAl ( x = 0, 2, 4 and 6 wt.%) alloys have been prepared by stir casting route under an argon environment. Extrusion was carried out at 300 °C with the extrusion ratio of 15:1. Significant grain refinement was observed after extrusion. X-ray diffraction-based investigation of the cast and extruded alloys showed the presence of intermetallic compounds such as Mg17Al12 and AlLi in the Al-rich alloys namely, Mg-4Li- xAl ( x = 4 and 6 wt.%). These precipitates were also present in the extruded plus annealed samples, indicating the stability of the precipitates at high temperature. The bulk x-ray texture measurement revealed a crystallographic texture where the c-axis of the h.c.p crystals was perpendicular to the extrusion direction (ED) for extruded sample. A texture transition was observed on annealing. The c-axis was oriented parallel to the ED. Mechanical properties of the cast, extruded and extruded plus annealed material illustrate that the addition of Al led to enhancement in hardness, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength.

  11. 21 CFR 118.10 - Recordkeeping requirements for the Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) prevention plan.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Recordkeeping requirements for the Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) prevention plan. 118.10 Section 118.10 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION... TRANSPORTATION OF SHELL EGGS § 118.10 Recordkeeping requirements for the Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) prevention...

  12. 21 CFR 118.10 - Recordkeeping requirements for the Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) prevention plan.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Recordkeeping requirements for the Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) prevention plan. 118.10 Section 118.10 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION... TRANSPORTATION OF SHELL EGGS § 118.10 Recordkeeping requirements for the Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) prevention...

  13. 21 CFR 118.10 - Recordkeeping requirements for the Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) prevention plan.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Recordkeeping requirements for the Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) prevention plan. 118.10 Section 118.10 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION... TRANSPORTATION OF SHELL EGGS § 118.10 Recordkeeping requirements for the Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) prevention...

  14. 21 CFR 118.10 - Recordkeeping requirements for the Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) prevention plan.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Recordkeeping requirements for the Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) prevention plan. 118.10 Section 118.10 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION... TRANSPORTATION OF SHELL EGGS § 118.10 Recordkeeping requirements for the Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) prevention...

  15. 21 CFR 118.10 - Recordkeeping requirements for the Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) prevention plan.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Recordkeeping requirements for the Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) prevention plan. 118.10 Section 118.10 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION... TRANSPORTATION OF SHELL EGGS § 118.10 Recordkeeping requirements for the Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) prevention...

  16. 40 CFR 721.10023 - Benzenamine, N-phenyl-, ar ar′-(C9-rich C88-10-branched alkyl) derivs.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Benzenamine, N-phenyl-, ar arâ²-(C9... Significant New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.10023 Benzenamine, N-phenyl-, ar ar′-(C9-rich C88...) The chemical substance identified as benzenamine, N-phenyl-, ar,ar′-(C9-rich C8-10-branched alkyl...

  17. Hot-melt co-extrusion: requirements, challenges and opportunities for pharmaceutical applications.

    PubMed

    Vynckier, An-Katrien; Dierickx, Lien; Voorspoels, Jody; Gonnissen, Yves; Remon, Jean Paul; Vervaet, Chris

    2014-02-01

    Co-extrusion implies the simultaneous hot-melt extrusion of two or more materials through the same die, creating a multi-layered extrudate. It is an innovative continuous production technology that offers numerous advantages over traditional pharmaceutical processing techniques. This review provides an overview of the co-extrusion equipment, material requirements and medical and pharmaceutical applications. The co-extrusion equipment needed for pharmaceutical production has been summarized. Because the geometrical design of the die dictates the shape of the final product, different die types have been discussed. As one of the major challenges at the moment is shaping the final product in a continuous way, an overview of downstream solutions for processing co-extrudates into drug products is provided. Layer adhesion, extrusion temperature and viscosity matching are pointed out as most important requirements for material selection. Examples of medical and pharmaceutical applications are presented and some recent findings considering the production of oral drug delivery systems have been summarized. Co-extrusion provides great potential for the continuous production of fixed-dose combination products which are gaining importance in pharmaceutical industry. There are still some barriers to the implementation of co-extrusion in the pharmaceutical industry. The optimization of downstream processing remains a point of attention. © 2013 Royal Pharmaceutical Society.

  18. Oceanic corrosion test of bare and zinc-protected aluminum alloys for seawater heat exchangers

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Sasscer, D. S.; Morgan, T. O.; Rivera, C.; Ernst, R.; Scott, A. C.; Summerson, T. J.

    1982-01-01

    Bare 3004 tubes, 7072 Alclad 3004 tubes, and bare and zinc diffusion treated 3003 extrusions from a brazed aluminum, plate-fin heat exchanger were exposed to 1.8 m/sec flowing seawater aboard an open ocean test facility moored 3.4 km off the southeast coast of Puerto Rico. After six months exposure, the average corrosion rates for most varieties of aluminum materials converged to a low value of 0.015 mm/yr (0.6 mils/yr). Pitting did not occur in bare 3003 and 3004 samples during the six month test. Pitting did occur to varying degrees in the Alclad and zinc diffusion treated material, but did not penetrate to the base metal. Biofouling countermeasures (intermittent chlorination and brushing) did not affect the corrosion rates to any significant extent. Intermittent chlorination at a level of 0.5 ppm for 28 minutes daily controlled microbiofouling of the samples but did not prevent the development of a macrobiofouling community in areas of the plumbing with low flow.

  19. Directing collagen fibers using counter-rotating cone extrusion.

    PubMed

    Hoogenkamp, Henk R; Bakker, Gert-Jan; Wolf, Louis; Suurs, Patricia; Dunnewind, Bertus; Barbut, Shai; Friedl, Peter; van Kuppevelt, Toin H; Daamen, Willeke F

    2015-01-01

    The bio-inspired engineering of tissue equivalents should take into account anisotropic morphology and the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix. This especially applies to collagen fibrils, which have various, but highly defined, orientations throughout tissues and organs. There are several methods available to control the alignment of soluble collagen monomers, but the options to direct native insoluble collagen fibers are limited. Here we apply a controlled counter-rotating cone extrusion technology to engineer tubular collagen constructs with defined anisotropy. Driven by diverging inner and outer cone rotation speeds, collagen fibrils from bovine skin were extruded and precipitated onto mandrels as tubes with oriented fibers and bundles, as examined by second harmonic generation microscopy and quantitative image analysis. A clear correlation was found whereby the direction and extent of collagen fiber alignment during extrusion were a function of the shear forces caused by a combination of the cone rotation and flow direction. A gradual change in the fiber direction, spanning +50 to -40°, was observed throughout the sections of the sample, with an average decrease ranging from 2.3 to 2.6° every 10μm. By varying the cone speeds, the collagen constructs showed differences in elasticity and toughness, spanning 900-2000kPa and 19-35mJ, respectively. Rotational extrusion presents an enabling technology to create and control the (an)isotropic architecture of collagen constructs for application in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Copyright © 2014 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  20. Structural centrosome aberrations sensitize polarized epithelia to basal cell extrusion.

    PubMed

    Ganier, Olivier; Schnerch, Dominik; Nigg, Erich A

    2018-06-01

    Centrosome aberrations disrupt tissue architecture and may confer invasive properties to cancer cells. Here we show that structural centrosome aberrations, induced by overexpression of either Ninein-like protein (NLP) or CEP131/AZI1, sensitize polarized mammalian epithelia to basal cell extrusion. While unperturbed epithelia typically dispose of damaged cells through apical dissemination into luminal cavities, certain oncogenic mutations cause a switch in directionality towards basal cell extrusion, raising the potential for metastatic cell dissemination. Here we report that NLP-induced centrosome aberrations trigger the preferential extrusion of damaged cells towards the basal surface of epithelial monolayers. This switch in directionality from apical to basal dissemination coincides with a profound reorganization of the microtubule cytoskeleton, which in turn prevents the contractile ring repositioning that is required to support extrusion towards the apical surface. While the basal extrusion of cells harbouring NLP-induced centrosome aberrations requires exogenously induced cell damage, structural centrosome aberrations induced by excess CEP131 trigger the spontaneous dissemination of dying cells towards the basal surface from MDCK cysts. Thus, similar to oncogenic mutations, structural centrosome aberrations can favour basal extrusion of damaged cells from polarized epithelia. Assuming that additional mutations may promote cell survival, this process could sensitize epithelia to disseminate potentially metastatic cells. © 2018 The Authors.

  1. Comparison of apical and coronal extrusions using reciprocating and rotary instrumentation systems.

    PubMed

    Lu, Yan; Chen, Min; Qiao, Feng; Wu, Ligeng

    2015-08-07

    The aim of this study was to compare the apical and coronal extrusions by using two reciprocating and two rotary instrumentation systems. Eighty extracted human single-rooted anterior teeth were randomly assigned to four groups. Four different root canal instrumentation systems were used according to the manufacturers instructions, including two reciprocating single-file systems, Reciproc and WaveOne, and two full-sequence rotary BLX and ProTaper instruments. Debris collected from the coronal by the instruments and apical extrusions were quantified respectively. After drying the collections, the mean weight of debris collected from apical and coronal extrusions was assessed using an electronic balance and analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis H and Mann-Whitney U tests. Statistically significant differences in the apical extrusion were observed among the four groups. Reciproc and WaveOne instruments produced significantly less debris than BLX and ProTaper instruments (P < 0.05). All of the systems produced apical extrusion of debris. However, reciprocating single-file systems produced less apical extrusion than full-sequence rotary systems. No relationship was observed between apical and coronal extrusions.

  2. Corrosion control of cement-matrix and aluminum-matrix composites

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hou, Jiangyuan

    Corrosion control of composite materials, particularly aluminum-matrix and cement-matrix composites, was addressed by surface treatment, composite formulation and cathodic protection. Surface treatment methods studied include anodization in the case of aluminum-matrix composites and oxidation treatment (using water) in the case of steel rebar for reinforcing concrete. The effects of reinforcement species (aluminum nitride (AIN) versus silicon carbide (SiC) particles) in the aluminum-matrix composites and of admixtures (carbon fibers, silica fume, latex and methylcellulose) in concrete on the corrosion resistance of composites were addressed. Moreover, the effect of admixtures in concrete and of admixtures in mortar overlay (as anode on concrete) on the efficiency of cathodic protection of steel reinforced concrete was studied. For SiC particle filled aluminum, anodization was performed successfully in an acid electrolyte, as for most aluminum alloys. However, for AlN particle filled aluminum, anodization needs to be performed in an alkaline (0.7 N NaOH) electrolyte instead. The concentration of NaOH in the electrolyte was critical. It was found that both silica fume and latex improved the corrosion resistance of rebar in concrete in both Ca(OH)sb2 and NaCl solutions, mainly because these admixtures decreased the water absorptivity. Silica fume was more effective than latex. Methylcellulose improved the corrosion resistance of rebar in concrete a little in Ca(OH)sb2 solution. Carbon fibers decreased the corrosion resistance of rebar in concrete, but this effect could be made up for by either silica fume or latex, such that silica fume was more effective than latex. Surface treatment in the form of water immersion for two days was found to improve the corrosion resistance of rebar in concrete. This treatment resulted in a thin uniform layer of black iron oxide (containing Fesp{2+}) on the entire rebar surface except on the cross-sectional surface. Prior to the

  3. Salmonella Inactivation During Extrusion of an Oat Flour Model Food.

    PubMed

    Anderson, Nathan M; Keller, Susanne E; Mishra, Niharika; Pickens, Shannon; Gradl, Dana; Hartter, Tim; Rokey, Galen; Dohl, Christopher; Plattner, Brian; Chirtel, Stuart; Grasso-Kelley, Elizabeth M

    2017-03-01

    Little research exists on Salmonella inactivation during extrusion processing, yet many outbreaks associated with low water activity foods since 2006 were linked to extruded foods. The aim of this research was to study Salmonella inactivation during extrusion of a model cereal product. Oat flour was inoculated with Salmonella enterica serovar Agona, an outbreak strain isolated from puffed cereals, and processed using a single-screw extruder at a feed rate of 75 kg/h and a screw speed of 500 rpm. Extrudate samples were collected from the barrel outlet in sterile bags and immediately cooled in an ice-water bath. Populations were determined using standard plate count methods or a modified most probable number when populations were low. Reductions in population were determined and analyzed using a general linear model. The regression model obtained for the response surface tested was Log (N R /N O ) = 20.50 + 0.82T - 141.16a w - 0.0039T 2 + 87.91a w 2 (R 2 = 0.69). The model showed significant (p < 0.05) linear and quadratic effects of a w and temperature and enabled an assessment of critical control parameters. Reductions of 0.67 ± 0.14 to 7.34 ± 0.02 log CFU/g were observed over ranges of a w (0.72 to 0.96) and temperature (65 to 100 °C) tested. Processing conditions above 82 °C and 0.89 a w achieved on average greater than a 5-log reduction of Salmonella. Results indicate that extrusion is an effective means for reducing Salmonella as most processes commonly employed to produce cereals and other low water activity foods exceed these parameters. Thus, contamination of an extruded food product would most likely occur postprocessing as a result of environmental contamination or through the addition of coatings and flavorings. © 2017 Institute of Food Technologists®.

  4. Fabrication of High Strength Lightweight Metals for Armor and Structural Applications: Large Scale Equal Channel Angular Extrusion Processing of Aluminum 5083 Alloy

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-06-01

    ARL-TR-8047 ● JUNE 2017 US Army Research Laboratory Fabrication of High -Strength Lightweight Metals for Armor and Structural...to the originator. ARL-TR-8047 ● JUNE 2017 US Army Research Laboratory Fabrication of High -Strength Lightweight Metals for...Fabrication of High -Strength Lightweight Metals for Armor and Structural Applications: Large-Scale Equal Channel Angular Extrusion Processing of

  5. Low-Temperature Plasma Coating for Aluminum

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2001-03-01

    AFRL-ML-WP-TR-2001-4104 LOW-TEMPERATURE PLASMA COATING FOR ALUMINUM DR. HIROTSUGU YASUDA CENTER FOR SURFACE SCIENCE & PLASMA TECHNOLOGY...Date 00032001 Report Type N/A Dates Covered (from... to) - Title and Subtitle Low-Temperature Plasma Coating for Aluminum Contract Number...REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED Final, 6/29/1996 - 3/31/2001 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE LOW-TEMPERATURE PLASMA COATING FOR ALUMINUM 5. FUNDING NUMBERS C

  6. Planar Ohmic Contacts to Al 0.45 Ga 0.55 N/Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 N High Electron Mobility Transistors

    DOE PAGES

    Klein, Brianna A.; Baca, Albert G.; Armstrong, Andrew M.; ...

    2017-09-23

    Here, we present a low resistance, straightforward planar ohmic contact for Al 0.45Ga 0.55N/Al 0.3Ga 0.7N high electron mobility transistors. Five metal stacks (a/Al/b/Au; a = Ti, Zr, V, Nb/Ti; b = Ni, Mo, V) were evaluated at three individual annealing temperatures (850, 900, and 950°C). The Ti/Al/Ni/Au achieved the lowest specific contact resistance at a 900°C anneal temperature. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed a metal-semiconductor interface of Ti-Al-Au for an ohmic (900°C anneal) and a Schottky (850°C anneal) Ti/Al/Ni/Au stack. HEMTs were fabricated using the optimized recipe with resulting contacts that had room-temperature specific contact resistances of ρ c = 2.5 × 10 -5 Ω cm², sheet resistances of R SH = 3.9 kΩ/more » $$\\blacksquare$$, and maximum current densities of 75 mA/mm (at VGATE of 2 V). Electrical measurements from -50 to 200°C had decreasing specific contact resistance and increasing sheet resistance, with increasing temperature. These contacts enabled state-of-the-art performance of Al 0.45Ga 0.55N/Al 0.3Ga 0.7N HEMTs.« less

  7. Planar Ohmic Contacts to Al 0.45 Ga 0.55 N/Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 N High Electron Mobility Transistors

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Klein, Brianna A.; Baca, Albert G.; Armstrong, Andrew M.

    Here, we present a low resistance, straightforward planar ohmic contact for Al 0.45Ga 0.55N/Al 0.3Ga 0.7N high electron mobility transistors. Five metal stacks (a/Al/b/Au; a = Ti, Zr, V, Nb/Ti; b = Ni, Mo, V) were evaluated at three individual annealing temperatures (850, 900, and 950°C). The Ti/Al/Ni/Au achieved the lowest specific contact resistance at a 900°C anneal temperature. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed a metal-semiconductor interface of Ti-Al-Au for an ohmic (900°C anneal) and a Schottky (850°C anneal) Ti/Al/Ni/Au stack. HEMTs were fabricated using the optimized recipe with resulting contacts that had room-temperature specific contact resistances of ρ c = 2.5 × 10 -5 Ω cm², sheet resistances of R SH = 3.9 kΩ/more » $$\\blacksquare$$, and maximum current densities of 75 mA/mm (at VGATE of 2 V). Electrical measurements from -50 to 200°C had decreasing specific contact resistance and increasing sheet resistance, with increasing temperature. These contacts enabled state-of-the-art performance of Al 0.45Ga 0.55N/Al 0.3Ga 0.7N HEMTs.« less

  8. 40 CFR Table F-1 to Subpart F of... - Slope and Overvoltage Coefficients for the Calculation of PFC Emissions From Aluminum Production

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 22 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Slope and Overvoltage Coefficients for the Calculation of PFC Emissions From Aluminum Production F Table F-1 to Subpart F of Part 98...—Slope and Overvoltage Coefficients for the Calculation of PFC Emissions From Aluminum Production...

  9. 40 CFR Table F-1 to Subpart F of... - Slope and Overvoltage Coefficients for the Calculation of PFC Emissions From Aluminum Production

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Slope and Overvoltage Coefficients for the Calculation of PFC Emissions From Aluminum Production F Table F-1 to Subpart F of Part 98...—Slope and Overvoltage Coefficients for the Calculation of PFC Emissions From Aluminum Production...

  10. 40 CFR Table F-1 to Subpart F of... - Slope and Overvoltage Coefficients for the Calculation of PFC Emissions From Aluminum Production

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Slope and Overvoltage Coefficients for the Calculation of PFC Emissions From Aluminum Production F Table F-1 to Subpart F of Part 98...—Slope and Overvoltage Coefficients for the Calculation of PFC Emissions From Aluminum Production...

  11. 40 CFR Table F-1 to Subpart F of... - Slope and Overvoltage Coefficients for the Calculation of PFC Emissions From Aluminum Production

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 22 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Slope and Overvoltage Coefficients for the Calculation of PFC Emissions From Aluminum Production F Table F-1 to Subpart F of Part 98...—Slope and Overvoltage Coefficients for the Calculation of PFC Emissions From Aluminum Production...

  12. Historical review of die drool phenomenon during plastics extrusion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Musil, Jan; Zatloukal, Martin

    2013-04-01

    Die drool phenomenon is defined as unwanted spontaneous accumulation of extruded polymer melt on open faces of extrusion die during extrusion process. Such accumulated material builds up on the die exit and frequently or continually sticks onto the extruded product and thus damages it. Since die drool appears, extrusion process must be shut down and die exit must be manually cleaned which is time and money consuming. Although die drool is complex phenomenon and its formation mechanism is not fully understood yet, variety of proposed explanations of its formation mechanism and also many ways to its elimination can be found in open literature. Our review presents in historical order breakthrough works in the field of die drool research, shows many ways to suppress it, introduces methods for its quantitative evaluation and composition analysis and summarizes theories of die drool formation mechanism which can be helpful for extrusion experts.

  13. Microstructural Evaluation of Inductively Sintered Aluminum Matrix Nanocomposites Reinforced with Silicon Carbide and/or Graphene Nanoplatelets for Tribological Applications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Islam, Mohammad; Khalid, Yasir; Ahmad, Iftikhar; Almajid, Abdulhakim A.; Achour, Amine; Dunn, Theresa J.; Akram, Aftab; Anwar, Saqib

    2018-04-01

    Silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles (NP) and/or graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) were incorporated into the aluminum matrix through colloidal dispersion and mixing of the powders, followed by consolidation using a high-frequency induction heat sintering process. All the nanocomposite samples exhibited high densification (> 96 pct) with a maximum increase in Vickers microhardness by 92 pct relative to that of pure aluminum. The tribological properties of the samples were determined at the normal frictional forces of 10 and 50 N. At relatively low load of 10 N, the adhesive wear was found to be the predominant wear mechanism, whereas in the case of a 50 N normal load, there was significant contribution from abrasive wear possibly by hard SiC NP. From wear tests, the values for the coefficient of friction (COF) and the normalized wear rate were determined. The improvement in hardness and wear resistance may be attributed to multiple factors, including high relative density, uniform SiC and GNP dispersion in the aluminum matrix, grain refinement through GNP pinning, as well as inhibition of dislocation movement by SiC NP. The nanocomposite sample containing 10 SiC and 0.5 GNP (by wt pct) yielded the maximum wear resistance at 10 N normal load. Microstructural characterization of the nanocomposite surfaces and wear debris was performed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The synergistic effect of the GNP and SiC nanostructures accounts for superior wear resistance in the aluminum matrix nanocomposites.

  14. Microstructural Evaluation of Inductively Sintered Aluminum Matrix Nanocomposites Reinforced with Silicon Carbide and/or Graphene Nanoplatelets for Tribological Applications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Islam, Mohammad; Khalid, Yasir; Ahmad, Iftikhar; Almajid, Abdulhakim A.; Achour, Amine; Dunn, Theresa J.; Akram, Aftab; Anwar, Saqib

    2018-07-01

    Silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles (NP) and/or graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) were incorporated into the aluminum matrix through colloidal dispersion and mixing of the powders, followed by consolidation using a high-frequency induction heat sintering process. All the nanocomposite samples exhibited high densification (> 96 pct) with a maximum increase in Vickers microhardness by 92 pct relative to that of pure aluminum. The tribological properties of the samples were determined at the normal frictional forces of 10 and 50 N. At relatively low load of 10 N, the adhesive wear was found to be the predominant wear mechanism, whereas in the case of a 50 N normal load, there was significant contribution from abrasive wear possibly by hard SiC NP. From wear tests, the values for the coefficient of friction (COF) and the normalized wear rate were determined. The improvement in hardness and wear resistance may be attributed to multiple factors, including high relative density, uniform SiC and GNP dispersion in the aluminum matrix, grain refinement through GNP pinning, as well as inhibition of dislocation movement by SiC NP. The nanocomposite sample containing 10 SiC and 0.5 GNP (by wt pct) yielded the maximum wear resistance at 10 N normal load. Microstructural characterization of the nanocomposite surfaces and wear debris was performed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The synergistic effect of the GNP and SiC nanostructures accounts for superior wear resistance in the aluminum matrix nanocomposites.

  15. 10.3%-efficient submicron-thick Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells with absorber fabricated by sputtering In2Se3, CuGaSe2 and Cu2Se targets

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Peng, Xiao; Zhao, Ming; Zhuang, Daming; Sun, Rujun; Zhang, Leng; Wei, Yaowei; Lv, Xunyan; Wu, Yixuan; Ren, Guoan

    2018-06-01

    We reported a new method to fabricate submicron-thick CIGS with smooth surface by sputtering In2Se3, CuGaSe2 and Cu2Se targets with post-selenization. The influence of gallium content on the properties of CIGS thin film was evaluated by the crystallinity and the cells performance. The most suitable value of Ga content in our submicron-thick CIGS is 0.32 and cells based on it demonstrated the highest efficiency of 10.3%.

  16. The use of aluminum nitride to improve Aluminum-26 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry measurements and production of Radioactive Ion Beams

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Janzen, Meghan S.; Galindo-Uribarri, Alfredo; Liu, Yuan; Mills, Gerald D.; Romero-Romero, Elisa; Stracener, Daniel W.

    2015-10-01

    We present results and discuss the use of aluminum nitride as a promising source material for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) and Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs) science applications of 26Al isotopes. The measurement of 26Al in geological samples by AMS is typically conducted on Al2O3 targets. However, Al2O3 is not an ideal source material because it does not form a prolific beam of Al- required for measuring low-levels of 26Al. Multiple samples of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), aluminum nitride (AlN), mixed Al2O3-AlN as well as aluminum fluoride (AlF3) were tested and compared using the ion source test facility and the stable ion beam (SIB) injector platform at the 25-MV tandem electrostatic accelerator at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Negative ion currents of atomic and molecular aluminum were examined for each source material. It was found that pure AlN targets produced substantially higher beam currents than the other materials and that there was some dependence on the exposure of AlN to air. The applicability of using AlN as a source material for geological samples was explored by preparing quartz samples as Al2O3 and converting them to AlN using a carbothermal reduction technique, which involved reducing the Al2O3 with graphite powder at 1600 °C within a nitrogen atmosphere. The quartz material was successfully converted to AlN. Thus far, AlN proves to be a promising source material and could lead towards increasing the sensitivity of low-level 26Al AMS measurements. The potential of using AlN as a source material for nuclear physics is also very promising by placing 26AlN directly into a source to produce more intense radioactive beams of 26Al.

  17. RECOVERY OF METAL USING ALUMINUM DISPLACEMENT

    EPA Science Inventory

    The removal of typical metals (Cu, Pb, Sn, Ni) from printed circuit and metal finishing waste streams was evaluated using displacement with aluminum. he metal is recovered as non-hazardous metal particles and can be recycled by smelting. n acceptable aluminum metal configuration ...

  18. Role of E-cadherin in membrane-cortex interaction probed by nanotube extrusion.

    PubMed

    Tabdanov, Erdem; Borghi, Nicolas; Brochard-Wyart, Françoise; Dufour, Sylvie; Thiery, Jean-Paul

    2009-03-18

    This study aims to define the role of E-cadherin (Ecad) engagement in cell-cell contact during membrane-cortex interaction. As a tool, we used a hydrodynamic membrane tube extrusion technique to characterize the mechanical interaction between the plasma membrane and the underlying cortical cytoskeleton. Cells were anchored on 4.5 microm beads coated with polylysine (PL) to obtain nonspecific cell adhesion or with an antibody against Ecad to mimic specific Ecad-mediated cell adhesion. We investigated tube length dynamics L(t) over time and through successive extrusions applied to the cell at regular time intervals. A constant slow velocity was observed for the first extrusion, for PL-attached cells. Subsequent extrusions had two phases: an initial high-velocity regime followed by a low-velocity regime. Successive extrusions gradually weakened the binding of the membrane around the tube neck to the underlying cortical cytoskeleton. Cells specifically attached via Ecad first exhibited a very low extrusion velocity regime followed by a faster extrusion regime similar to nonspecific extrusion. This indicates that Ecad strengthens the membrane-cortical cytoskeleton interaction, but only in a restricted area corresponding to the site of contact between the cell and the bead. Occasional giant "cortex" tubes were extruded with specifically anchored cells, demonstrating that the cortex remained tightly bound to the membrane through Ecad-mediated adhesion at the contact site.

  19. Role of E-Cadherin in Membrane-Cortex Interaction Probed by Nanotube Extrusion

    PubMed Central

    Tabdanov, Erdem; Borghi, Nicolas; Brochard-Wyart, Françoise; Dufour, Sylvie; Thiery, Jean-Paul

    2009-01-01

    This study aims to define the role of E-cadherin (Ecad) engagement in cell-cell contact during membrane-cortex interaction. As a tool, we used a hydrodynamic membrane tube extrusion technique to characterize the mechanical interaction between the plasma membrane and the underlying cortical cytoskeleton. Cells were anchored on 4.5 μm beads coated with polylysine (PL) to obtain nonspecific cell adhesion or with an antibody against Ecad to mimic specific Ecad-mediated cell adhesion. We investigated tube length dynamics L(t) over time and through successive extrusions applied to the cell at regular time intervals. A constant slow velocity was observed for the first extrusion, for PL-attached cells. Subsequent extrusions had two phases: an initial high-velocity regime followed by a low-velocity regime. Successive extrusions gradually weakened the binding of the membrane around the tube neck to the underlying cortical cytoskeleton. Cells specifically attached via Ecad first exhibited a very low extrusion velocity regime followed by a faster extrusion regime similar to nonspecific extrusion. This indicates that Ecad strengthens the membrane-cortical cytoskeleton interaction, but only in a restricted area corresponding to the site of contact between the cell and the bead. Occasional giant “cortex” tubes were extruded with specifically anchored cells, demonstrating that the cortex remained tightly bound to the membrane through Ecad-mediated adhesion at the contact site. PMID:19289070

  20. Basics of Compounding: Hot Melt Extrusion.

    PubMed

    DePasquale, Seth

    2017-01-01

    Hot Melt Extrusion, a production process that has been around for quite some time, has the ability to produce innovative compounds not previously achievable with conventional methods. However, many variables need to be considered prior to production. The use of small-scale extruders and 3D printers provides compounders a pathway for developing new dosage forms at a minimal cost while initial research is being completed. This article discusses the uses of Hot Melt Extrusion, the equipment used, the current and future applications, and the challenges with the technology. Copyright© by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding, Inc.

  1. Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of 2099-T83 Extrusions in two Different Environments

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Goma, Franck Armel Tchitembo; Larouche, Daniel; Bois-Brochu, Alexandre; Blais, Carls; Boselli, Julien; Brochu, Mathieu

    Aluminum-lithium alloy 2099-T83 is an advanced material with superior mechanical properties, as compared to traditional alloys used in structural applications, and has been selected for use in the latest generation of airplanes. While this alloy exhibits improved fatigue crack growth (FCG) performance over non-Li alloys, it is of interest to simulate the impact of fluctuating loads under variable temperature during airplane service, particularly in terms of the potential effects of material processing history. In the present paper, the FCG behavior in an Integrally Stiffened Panel (ISP) has been investigated both at room temperature and at 243 K. It has been shown that the resistance to crack growth in a cold environment was higher than in ambient laboratory air. Results of this investigation are discussed from the microfractographic point of view, with regard to the variation of the local extrusion aspect ratio, a parameter which correlates with both the crystallographic texture and the grain structure.

  2. Modeling the Shock Ignition of a Copper Oxide Aluminum Thermite

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lee, Kibaek; Stewart, D. Scott; Clemenson, Michael; Glumac, Nick; Murzyn, Christopher

    2015-06-01

    An experimental ``striker confinement'' shock compression test was developed in the Glumac-group at the University of Illinois to study ignition and reaction in composite reactive materials. These include thermitic and intermetallic reactive powders. The test places a sample of materials such as a thermite mixture of copper oxide and aluminum powders that are initially compressed to about 80 percent full density. Two RP-80 detonators simultaneously push steel bars into reactive material and the resulting compression causes shock compaction of the material and rapid heating. At that point one observes significant reaction and propagation of fronts. But the fronts are peculiar in that they are comprised of reactive events that can be traced to the reaction/diffusion of the initially separated reactants of copper oxide and aluminum that react at their mutual interfaces that nominally make copper liquid and aluminum oxide products. We discuss our model of the shock ignition of the copper oxide aluminum thermite in the context of the striker experiment and how a Gibbs formulation model, that includes multi-components for liquid and solid phases of aluminum, copper oxide, copper and aluminum oxide can predict the events observed at the particle scale in the experiments. Supported by HDTRA1-10-1-0020 (DTRA), N000014-12-1-0555 (ONR).

  3. Extrusion cast explosive

    DOEpatents

    Scribner, Kenneth J.

    1985-01-01

    Improved, multiphase, high performance, high energy, extrusion cast explosive compositions, comprising, a crystalline explosive material; an energetic liquid plasticizer; a urethane prepolymer, comprising a blend of polyvinyl formal, and polycaprolactone; a polyfunctional isocyanate; and a catalyst are disclosed. These new explosive compositions exhibit higher explosive content, a smooth detonation front, excellent stability over long periods of storage, and lower sensitivity to mechanical stimulants.

  4. Ultrafine nanoporous palladium-aluminum film fabricated by citric acid-assisted hot-water-treatment of aluminum-palladium alloy film

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Harumoto, Takashi; Tamura, Yohei; Ishiguro, Takashi, E-mail: ishiguro@rs.noda.tus.ac.jp

    Hot-water-treatment has been adapted to fabricate ultrafine nanoporous palladium-aluminum film from aluminum-palladium alloy film. Using citric acid as a chelating agent, a precipitation of boehmite (aluminum oxide hydroxide, AlOOH) on the nanoporous palladium-aluminum film was suppressed. According to cross-sectional scanning transmission electron microscopy observations, the ligament/pore sizes of the prepared nanoporous film were considerably small (on the order of 10 nm). Since this fabrication method only requires aluminum alloy film and hot-water with chelating agent, the ultrafine nanoporous film can be prepared simply and environmentally friendly.

  5. Magnetic resonance imaging evidence of meniscal extrusion in medial meniscus posterior root tear.

    PubMed

    Choi, Chul-Jun; Choi, Yun-Jin; Lee, Jae-Jeong; Choi, Chong-Hyuk

    2010-12-01

    The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relation between meniscal extrusion on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and tearing of the posterior root of the medial meniscus, as well as to understand the relation between meniscal extrusion and chondral lesions. From January 2007 to December 2008, 387 consecutive cases of medial meniscal tears were treated arthroscopically. Of these cases, 248 (64.1%) with MRI were reviewed. Arthroscopic findings were reviewed for the type of tear and medial compartment cartilage lesion. Root tear was defined as a radial tear in the posterior horn of the medial meniscus near the tibial spine (i.e., within 5 mm of the root attachment). An MRI scan of the knee was used to evaluate the presence and extent of meniscal extrusion. Meniscal extrusion of 3 mm or greater was considered pathologic. Arthroscopic findings were compared with respect to the extent of meniscal extrusion. There were 98 male patients and 150 female patients. The mean age was 53.5 years (range, 15 to 81 years). The results showed 127 cases (51.2%) in which the medial meniscus had meniscal extrusion of 3 mm or greater. Posterior root tears were found in 66 (26.6%) of the 248 knees. The mean meniscal extrusion in patients with root tear was 3.8 ± 1.4 mm, whereas the mean extrusion of those who had no root tear was 2.7 ± 1.3 mm. We found an association between pathologic meniscal extrusion and root tear (P < .001). Meniscal extrusion showed a low positive predictive value (39%) and specificity (58%) with regard to the meniscal root tear. Meniscal extrusion was also significantly correlated with severity of chondral lesions (P < .001). Considerable extrusion (≥3 mm) can be associated with tearing of the medial meniscus root and chondral lesion of the medial femoral condyle. Level IV, therapeutic case series. Copyright © 2010 Arthroscopy Association of North America. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  6. Mineral phases and metals in baghouse dust from secondary aluminum production.

    PubMed

    Huang, Xiao-Lan; El Badawy, Amro M; Arambewela, Mahendranath; Adkins, Renata; Tolaymat, Thabet

    2015-09-01

    Baghouse dust (BHD) is a solid waste generated by air pollution control systems during secondary aluminum processing (SAP). Management and disposal of BHD can be challenging in the U.S. and elsewhere. In this study, the mineral phases, metal content and metal leachability of 78 BHD samples collected from 13 different SAP facilities across the U.S. were investigated. The XRD semi-quantitative analysis of BHD samples suggests the presence of metallic aluminum, aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride and its oxides, spinel, elpasolite as well as diaspora. BHD also contains halite, sylvite and fluorite, which are used as fluxes in SAP activities. Total aluminum (Al) in the BHD samples averaged 18% by weight. Elevated concentrations of trace metals (>100 μg L(-1) As; >1000 μg L(-1) Cu, Mn, Se, Pb, Mn and Zn) were also detected in the leachate. The U.S. toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) results showed that some samples leached above the toxicity limit for Cd, Pb and Se. Exceeding the TCLP limits in all sample is independent of facilities generating the BHD. From the metal content perspective only, it appears that BHD has a higher potential to exhibit toxicity characteristics than salt cake (the largest waste stream generated by SAP facilities). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  7. Debris extrusion and foraminal deformation produced by reciprocating instruments made of thermally treated NiTi wires.

    PubMed

    Frota, Myrna Maria Arcanjo; Bernardes, Ricardo Affonso; Vivan, Rodrigo Ricci; Vivacqua-Gomes, Nilton; Duarte, Marco Antonio Hungaro; Vasconcelos, Bruno Carvalho de

    2018-01-18

    To evaluate the amount of apically extruded debris, percentage of foraminal enlargement and apical foramen (AF) deformation that occurred during root canal preparation with different reciprocation systems: Reciproc, WaveOne (M-Wire), and ProDesign R (Shape Memory Technology Wire) at two different working lengths (WLs): 0.0 and 1.0 mm beyond the AF. The AF of 120 root canals in 60 mesial roots of mandibular molars were photographed with stereomicroscope and randomly assigned into four groups: manual, Reciproc (REC), WaveOne (WO), and ProDesign R (PDR); subsequently, they were further subdivided according to the WL (n=15). Teeth were instrumented, coupled to a dual collecting chamber, and then another photograph of each AF was captured. Extrusion was analysed by determining the weight of extruded debris. Each AF diameter was measured in pre- and post-instrumentation images to determine deformation, which was analysed, and afterwards the final format of AFs was classified (circular/oval/deformed). We found no significant differences when analysing each system at different WLs. When considering each WL, REC and WO showed highest extrusion values (P<.05); for AF enlargement, differences were observed only for WO, when it was used beyond the AF; differences were observed among M-Wire groups beyond the AF (P<.05). AF deformation was observed in all groups; PDR showed the lowest AF deformation values at both WLs; M-Wire groups showed 50% strain beyond the AF. Authors concluded that beyond the apical limit, the alloy and taper are important aspects when considering extrusion and deformation.

  8. Hot electron generation by aluminum oligomers in plasmonic ultraviolet photodetectors.

    PubMed

    Ahmadivand, Arash; Sinha, Raju; Vabbina, Phani Kiran; Karabiyik, Mustafa; Kaya, Serkan; Pala, Nezih

    2016-06-13

    We report on an integrated plasmonic ultraviolet (UV) photodetector composed of aluminum Fano-resonant heptamer nanoantennas deposited on a Gallium Nitride (GaN) active layer which is grown on a sapphire substrate to generate significant photocurrent via formation of hot electrons by nanoclusters upon the decay of nonequilibrium plasmons. Using the plasmon hybridization theory and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, it is shown that the generation of hot carriers by metallic clusters illuminated by UV beam leads to a large photocurrent. The induced Fano resonance (FR) minimum across the UV spectrum allows for noticeable enhancement in the absorption of optical power yielding a plasmonic UV photodetector with a high responsivity. It is also shown that varying the thickness of the oxide layer (Al2O3) around the nanodisks (tox) in a heptamer assembly adjusted the generated photocurrent and responsivity. The proposed plasmonic structure opens new horizons for designing and fabricating efficient opto-electronics devices with high gain and responsivity.

  9. Apical extrusion of debris: a literature review of an inherent occurrence during root canal treatment.

    PubMed

    Tanalp, J; Güngör, T

    2014-03-01

    Extrusion of intracanal debris as well as irrigants is a common occurrence during root canal treatment, and no instrument or technique has thoroughly solved this problem. Because flare-ups may arise with any irritation directed towards periapical tissues, a shaping or irrigation technique should minimize the risk of apical extrusion, even though it may not be prevented. There has been a rapid evolution of root canal instruments and irrigation systems through the last decade, and many have been assessed for their debris extrusion potential. The purpose of this review was to identify publications regarding the evaluation of debris, bacteria and irrigant extrusion during root canal treatment. A PubMed, Ovid and MEDLINE search was conducted using the keywords "apical extrusion", "debris extrusion" and "endodontic treatment". The literature search extended over a period of more than 30 years up to 2012. Content of the review was limited to apical extrusion of debris and irrigants, extrusion of liquid by irrigation methods and bacterial extrusion. Issues relevant to apical extrusion were obtained by further search in the reference sections of the retrieved articles. The review provides an update on the current status of apical extrusion. © 2013 International Endodontic Journal. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  10. Long Term Upper Ocean Study (LOTUS) at 34 deg N, 70 deg W: Meteorological Sensors, Data, and Heat Fluxes for May-October 1982 (LOTUS-3 and LOTUS-4).

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1983-09-01

    6061 aluminum alloy. The watertight hull is divided into three chambers and a central in- strument well. The entire hull, except for the instrument...see calibration curve in Fig. 7). The aluminum cups have a turning radius of . -l , 4.4 cm and a threshold less than 0.7 m s o The cup assembly has a...of sheet aluminum and has a threshold less than 0.7 m al* The vane utilizes a 10 ohm conductive-plastic potentiometer mounted in the lower part of the

  11. Extrusion cast explosive

    DOEpatents

    Scribner, K.J.

    1985-01-29

    Improved, multiphase, high performance, high energy, extrusion cast explosive compositions, comprising, a crystalline explosive material; an energetic liquid plasticizer; a urethane prepolymer, comprising a blend of polyvinyl formal, and polycaprolactone; a polyfunctional isocyanate; and a catalyst are disclosed. These new explosive compositions exhibit higher explosive content, a smooth detonation front, excellent stability over long periods of storage, and lower sensitivity to mechanical stimulants. 1 fig.

  12. Extrusion cast explosive

    DOEpatents

    Scribner, K.J.

    1985-11-26

    Disclosed is an improved, multiphase, high performance, high energy, extrusion cast explosive compositions, comprising, a crystalline explosive material; an energetic liquid plasticizer; a urethane prepolymer, comprising a blend of polyvinyl formal, and polycaprolactone; a polyfunctional isocyanate; and a catalyst. These new explosive compositions exhibit higher explosive content, a smooth detonation front, excellent stability over long periods of storage, and lower sensitivity to mechanical stimulants. 1 fig.

  13. A brief review of extrusion-based tissue scaffold bio-printing.

    PubMed

    Ning, Liqun; Chen, Xiongbiao

    2017-08-01

    Extrusion-based bio-printing has great potential as a technique for manipulating biomaterials and living cells to create three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds for damaged tissue repair and function restoration. Over the last two decades, advances in both engineering techniques and life sciences have evolved extrusion-based bio-printing from a simple technique to one able to create diverse tissue scaffolds from a wide range of biomaterials and cell types. However, the complexities associated with synthesis of materials for bio-printing and manipulation of multiple materials and cells in bio-printing pose many challenges for scaffold fabrication. This paper presents an overview of extrusion-based bio-printing for scaffold fabrication, focusing on the prior-printing considerations (such as scaffold design and materials/cell synthesis), working principles, comparison to other techniques, and to-date achievements. This paper also briefly reviews the recent development of strategies with regard to hydrogel synthesis, multi-materials/cells manipulation, and process-induced cell damage in extrusion-based bio-printing. The key issue and challenges for extrusion-based bio-printing are also identified and discussed along with recommendations for future, aimed at developing novel biomaterials and bio-printing systems, creating patterned vascular networks within scaffolds, and preserving the cell viability and functions in scaffold bio-printing. The address of these challenges will significantly enhance the capability of extrusion-based bio-printing. Copyright © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  14. First wall design of aluminum alloy R-tokamak

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hamada, Y.; Matsuoka, K.; Ogawa, Y.; Kitagawa, S.; Toi, K.; Yamazaki, K.; Abe, Y.; Amano, T.; Fujita, J.; Kaneko, O.; Kawahata, K.; Kuroda, T.; Matsuura, K.; Midzuno, Y.; Naitou, H.; Noda, N.; Ohkubo, K.; Oka, Y.; Sakurai, K.; Tanahashi, S.; Watari, T.

    1984-05-01

    A design study of a low-activation D-T tokamak Reacting Plasma Project In Nagoya has been finished. The study emphasizes the vacuum vessel and the bumper limiter. Our choice of materials (aluminum vacuum vessel, copper conductors, aluminum TF coil case and lead shield) results in a radiation level of about 1 × 10 -3 times that of a TFTR type design, and 1 × 10 -4 times that of JET type design, at 2 weeks after one D-T shot. Thick graphite tiles will be fixed directly on the aluminum vacuum vessel using aluminum spring washers and bolts. With this simplified structure of the bumper limiter, the inner surface temperature of the thick aluminum vacuum vessel will be less than 120°C which is required to reduce the overaging effect of the aluminum alloy.

  15. Microstructure and thermal stability of Cu/Zr0.3Al0.7N/Zr0.2Al0.8N/Al34O60N6 cermet-based solar selective absorbing coatings

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Meng, Jian-ping; Guo, Rui-rui; Li, Hu; Zhao, Lu-ming; Liu, Xiao-peng; Li, Zhou

    2018-05-01

    Solar selective absorbing coatings play a valuable role in photo-thermal conversion for high efficiency concentrating solar power systems (CSP). In this paper, a novel Cu/Zr0.3Al0.7N/Zr0.2Al0.8N/Al34O60N6 cermet-based solar selective absorbing coating was successfully deposited by ion beam assisted deposition. The optical properties, microstructure and element distribution in depth were investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry, UV-vis-NIR spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), respectively. A high absorptance of 0.953 and a low thermal emittance of 0.079 at 400 °C are obtained by the integral computation according to the whole reflectance from 300 nm to 28,800 nm. After annealing treatment at 400 °C (in vacuum) for 192 h, the deposited coating exhibits the high thermal stability. Whereas, the photothermal conversion efficiency decreases from 12.10 to 6.86 due to the emittance increase after annealing at 600 °C for 192 h. Meanwhile, the nitrogen atom in the Zr0.3Al0.7N sub-layer diffuses toward the adjacent sub-layer due to the spinodal decomposition of metastable c-ZrAlN and the phase transition from c-AlN to h-AlN, which leads to the composition of the Zr0.3Al0.7N sub-layer deviates the initial design. This phenomenon has a guide effect for the thermal-stability improvement of cermet coatings. Additionally, a serious diffusion between copper and silicon substrate also contributes to the emittance increase.

  16. 46 CFR 154.195 - Aluminum cargo tank: Steel enclosure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... Equipment Hull Structure § 154.195 Aluminum cargo tank: Steel enclosure. (a) An aluminum cargo tank and its dome must be enclosed by the vessel's hull structure or a separate steel cover. (b) The steel cover for... 46 Shipping 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Aluminum cargo tank: Steel enclosure. 154.195 Section...

  17. 46 CFR 154.195 - Aluminum cargo tank: Steel enclosure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... Equipment Hull Structure § 154.195 Aluminum cargo tank: Steel enclosure. (a) An aluminum cargo tank and its dome must be enclosed by the vessel's hull structure or a separate steel cover. (b) The steel cover for... 46 Shipping 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Aluminum cargo tank: Steel enclosure. 154.195 Section...

  18. 46 CFR 154.195 - Aluminum cargo tank: Steel enclosure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Equipment Hull Structure § 154.195 Aluminum cargo tank: Steel enclosure. (a) An aluminum cargo tank and its dome must be enclosed by the vessel's hull structure or a separate steel cover. (b) The steel cover for... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Aluminum cargo tank: Steel enclosure. 154.195 Section...

  19. 46 CFR 154.195 - Aluminum cargo tank: Steel enclosure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... Equipment Hull Structure § 154.195 Aluminum cargo tank: Steel enclosure. (a) An aluminum cargo tank and its dome must be enclosed by the vessel's hull structure or a separate steel cover. (b) The steel cover for... 46 Shipping 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Aluminum cargo tank: Steel enclosure. 154.195 Section...

  20. 46 CFR 154.195 - Aluminum cargo tank: Steel enclosure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Equipment Hull Structure § 154.195 Aluminum cargo tank: Steel enclosure. (a) An aluminum cargo tank and its dome must be enclosed by the vessel's hull structure or a separate steel cover. (b) The steel cover for... 46 Shipping 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Aluminum cargo tank: Steel enclosure. 154.195 Section...

  1. PVC extrusion development and production for the NOvA neutrino experiment

    DOE PAGES

    Talaga, R. L.; Grudzinski, J. J.; Phan-Budd, S.; ...

    2017-03-08

    We have produced large and highly-reflective open-cell PVC extrusions for the NOvA neutrino oscillation experiment. The extrusions were sealed, instrumented, assembled into self-supporting detector blocks, and filled with liquid scintillator. Each Far Detector block stands 15.7 m high, is 15.7 m wide and 2.1 m thick. More than 22,000 extrusions were produced with high dimensional tolerance and robust mechanical strength. This paper provides an overview of the NOvA Far Detector, describes the preparation of the custom PVC powder, and the making of the extrusions. As a result, quality control was a key element in the production and is described inmore » detail.« less

  2. Vertical MoSe2-MoO x p-n heterojunction and its application in optoelectronics.

    PubMed

    Chen, Xiaoshuang; Liu, Guangbo; Hu, Yunxia; Cao, Wenwu; Hu, PingAn; Hu, Wenping

    2018-01-26

    The hybrid n-type 2D transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD)/p-type oxide van der Waals (vdW) heterojunction nanosheets consist of 2D layered MoSe 2 (the n-type 2D material) and MoO x (the p-type oxide) which are grown on SiO 2 /Si substrates for the first time via chemical vapor deposition technique, displaying the regular hexagon structures with the average length dimension of sides of ∼8 μm. Vertical MoSe 2 -MoO x p-n heterojunctions demonstrate obviously current-rectifying characteristic, and it can be tuned via gate voltage. What is more, the photodetector based on vertical MoSe 2 -MoO x heterojunctions displays optimal photoresponse behavior, generating the responsivity, detectivity, and external quantum efficiency to 3.4 A W -1 , 0.85 × 10 8 Jones, and 1665.6%, respectively, at V ds  = 5 V with the light wavelength of 254 nm under 0.29 mW cm -2 . These results furnish a building block on investigating the flexible and transparent properties of vdW and further optimizing the structure of the devices for better optoelectronic and electronic performance.

  3. Doping dependent crystal structures and optoelectronic properties of n-type CdSe:Ga nanowries.

    PubMed

    Hu, Zhizhong; Zhang, Xiujuan; Xie, Chao; Wu, Chunyan; Zhang, Xiaozhen; Bian, Liang; Wu, Yiming; Wang, Li; Zhang, Yuping; Jie, Jiansheng

    2011-11-01

    Although CdSe nanostructures possess excellent electrical and optical properties, efforts to make nano-optoelectronic devices from CdSe nanostructures have been hampered by the lack of efficient methods to rationally control their structural and electrical characteristics. Here, we report CdSe nanowires (NWs) with doping dependent crystal structures and optoelectronic properties by using gallium (Ga) as the efficient n-type dopant via a simple thermal co-evaporation method. The phase change of CdSe NWs from wurtzite to zinc blende with increased doping level is observed. Systematical measurements on the transport properties of the CdSe:Ga NWs reveal that the NW conductivity could be tuned in a wide range of near nine orders of magnitude by adjusting the Ga doping level and a high electron concentration up to 4.5 × 10(19) cm(-3) is obtained. Moreover, high-performance top-gate field-effect transistors are constructed based on the individual CdSe:Ga NWs by using high-κ HfO(2) as the gate dielectric. The great potential of the CdSe:Ga NWs as high-sensitive photodetectors and nanoscale light emitters is also exploited, revealing the promising applications of the CdSe:Ga NWs in new-generation nano-optoelectronics.

  4. Low temperature aluminum nitride thin films for sensory applications

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Yarar, E.; Zamponi, C.; Piorra, A.

    2016-07-15

    A low-temperature sputter deposition process for the synthesis of aluminum nitride (AlN) thin films that is attractive for applications with a limited temperature budget is presented. Influence of the reactive gas concentration, plasma treatment of the nucleation surface and film thickness on the microstructural, piezoelectric and dielectric properties of AlN is investigated. An improved crystal quality with respect to the increased film thickness was observed; where full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the AlN films decreased from 2.88 ± 0.16° down to 1.25 ± 0.07° and the effective longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient (d{sub 33,f}) increased from 2.30 ± 0.32 pm/Vmore » up to 5.57 ± 0.34 pm/V for film thicknesses in the range of 30 nm to 2 μm. Dielectric loss angle (tan δ) decreased from 0.626% ± 0.005% to 0.025% ± 0.011% for the same thickness range. The average relative permittivity (ε{sub r}) was calculated as 10.4 ± 0.05. An almost constant transversal piezoelectric coefficient (|e{sub 31,f}|) of 1.39 ± 0.01 C/m{sup 2} was measured for samples in the range of 0.5 μm to 2 μm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations performed on thin (100 nm) and thick (1.6 μm) films revealed an (002) oriented AlN nucleation and growth starting directly from the AlN-Pt interface independent of the film thickness and exhibit comparable quality with the state-of-the-art AlN thin films sputtered at much higher substrate temperatures.« less

  5. Hot-melt extrusion microencapsulation of quercetin for taste-masking.

    PubMed

    Khor, Chia Miang; Ng, Wai Kiong; Kanaujia, Parijat; Chan, Kok Ping; Dong, Yuancai

    2017-02-01

    Besides its poor dissolution rate, the bitterness of quercetin also poses a challenge for further development. Using carnauba wax, shellac or zein as the shell-forming excipient, this work aimed to microencapsulate quercetin by hot-melt extrusion for taste-masking. In comparison with non-encapsulated quercetin, the microencapsulated powders exhibited significantly reduced dissolution in the simulated salivary pH 6.8 medium indicative of their potentially good taste-masking efficiency in the order of zein > carnauba wax > shellac. In vitro bitterness analysis by electronic tongue confirmed the good taste-masking efficiency of the microencapsulated powders. In vitro digestion results showed that carnauba wax and shellac-microencapsulated powders presented comparable dissolution rate with the pure quercetin in pH 1.0 (gastric) and 6.8 (intestine) medium; while zein-microencapsulated powders exhibited a remarkably slower dissolution rate. Crystallinity of quercetin was slightly reduced after microencapsulation while its chemical structure remained unchanged. Hot-melt extrusion microencapsulation could thus be an attractive technique to produce taste-masked bioactive powders.

  6. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-3Fe alloy processed by equal channel angular extrusion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fuxiao, Yu; Fang, Liu; Dazhi, Zhao; Toth, Laszlo S.

    2014-08-01

    Al-Fe alloys are attractive for applications at temperatures beyond those normally associated with the conventional aluminum alloys. Under proper solidification condition, a full eutectic microstructure can be generated in Al-Fe alloys at Fe concentration well in excess of the eutectic composition of 1.8 wt.% Fe. The microstructure in this case is characterized by the metastable regular eutectic Al-Al6Fe fibers of nano-scale in diameter, instead of the equilibrium eutectic Al-Al3Fe phase. In this study, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Al-3Fe alloy with metastable Al6Fe particles deformed by equal channel angular extrusion were investigated. Severe plastic deformation results in a microstructure consisting of submicron equiaxed Al grains with a uniform distribution of submicron Al6Fe particles on the grain boundaries. The room temperature tensile properties of the alloy with this microstructure will be presented.

  7. Carotenoid Stability during Dry Milling, Storage, and Extrusion Processing of Biofortified Maize Genotypes.

    PubMed

    Ortiz, Darwin; Ponrajan, Amudhan; Bonnet, Juan Pablo; Rocheford, Torbert; Ferruzzi, Mario G

    2018-05-09

    Translation of the breeding efforts designed to biofortify maize ( Z. mays) genotypes with higher levels of provitamin A carotenoid (pVAC) content for sub-Saharan Africa is dependent in part on the stability of carotenoids during postharvest through industrial and in-home food processing operations. The purpose of this study was to simulate production of commercial milled products by determining the impact of dry milling and extrusion processing on carotenoid stability in three higher pVAC maize genotypes (C17xDE3, Orange ISO, Hi27xCML328). Pericarp and germ removal of biofortified maize kernels resulted in ∼10% loss of total carotenoids. Separating out the maize flour fraction (<212 μm) resulted in an additional ∼15% loss of total carotenoids. Carotenoid degradation was similar across milled maize fractions. Dry-milled products of Orange ISO and Hi27xCML328 genotypes showed ∼28% pVAC loss after 90-days storage. Genotype C17xDE3, with highest levels of all- trans-β-carotene, showed a 68% pVAC loss after 90-day storage. Extrusion processing conditions were optimal at 35% extrusion moisture, producing fully cooked instant maize flours with high pVAC retention (70-93%). These results support the notion that postharvest losses in maize milled fractions may be dependent, in part, on genotype and that extrusion processing may provide an option for preserving biofortified maize products.

  8. Aluminum Alloy and Article Cast Therefrom

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Lee, Jonathan A. (Inventor); Chen, Po-Shou (Inventor)

    2003-01-01

    A cast article from an aluminum alloy, which has improved mechanical properties at elevated temperatures, has the following composition in weight percent: Silicon 14 - 25.0, Copper 5.5 - 8.0, Iron 0.05 - 1.2, Magnesium 0.5 - 1.5, Nickel 0.05 - 0.9, Manganese 0.05 - 1.0, Titanium 0.05 - 1.2, Zirconium 0.05 - 1.2, Vanadium 0.05 - 1.2, Zinc 0.05 - 0.9, Phosphorus 0.001 - 0.1, and the balance is Aluminum, wherein the silicon-to-magnesium ratio is 10 - 25, and the copper-to-magnesium ratio is 4 - 15. The aluminum alloy contains a simultaneous dispersion of three types of Al3X compound particles (X=Ti, V, Zr) having a LI2, crystal structure, and their lattice parameters are coherent to the aluminum matrix lattice. A process for producing this cast article is also disclosed, as well as a metal matrix composite, which includes the aluminum alloy serving as a matrix and containing up to about 60% by volume of a secondary filler material.

  9. Apical Extrusion of Irrigants in Immature Permanent Teeth by Using EndoVac and Needle Irrigation: An In Vitro Study

    PubMed Central

    Velmurugan, N; Sooriaprakas, C; Jain, Preetham

    2014-01-01

    Objective: Immature teeth have a large apical opening and thin divergent or parallel dentinal walls; hence, with conventional needle irrigation there is a very high possibility of extrusion. This study was done to compare the apical extrusion of NaOCl in an immature root delivered using EndoVac and needle irrigation. Materials and Methods: Eighty freshly extracted maxillary central incisors were decoronated followed by access cavity preparation. Modified organotypic protocol was performed to create an open apex; then, the samples were divided into four groups (n=20): EndoVac Microcannula (group I), EndoVac Macrocannula (group II), NaviTip irrigation needle (group III) and Max-i-Probe Irrigating needle (group IV); 9.0 ml of 3% sodium hypochlorite was delivered slowly over a period of 60 seconds. Extruded irrigants were collected in a vial and analysed statistically. Results: Group I, group III and group IV showed 100% extrusion (20/20) but group II showed only 40% extrusion (8/20). The difference in this respect between group II and other groups was statistically significant (P<0.001). With regards to the volume of extrusion, group II had only 0.23 ml of extruded irrigant. Group I extruded 7.53ml of the irrigant. Group III and group IV extruded the entire volume of irrigant delivered. Conclusion: EndoVac Macrocannula resulted in the least extrusion of irrigant in immature teeth when compared to EndoVac Microcannula and conventional needle irrigation. PMID:25584055

  10. Cell Extrusion: A Stress-Responsive Force for Good or Evil in Epithelial Homeostasis.

    PubMed

    Ohsawa, Shizue; Vaughen, John; Igaki, Tatsushi

    2018-02-05

    Epithelial tissues robustly respond to internal and external stressors via dynamic cellular rearrangements. Cell extrusion acts as a key regulator of epithelial homeostasis by removing apoptotic cells, orchestrating morphogenesis, and mediating competitive cellular battles during tumorigenesis. Here, we delineate the diverse functions of cell extrusion during development and disease. We emphasize the expanding role for apoptotic cell extrusion in exerting morphogenetic forces, as well as the strong intersection of cell extrusion with cell competition, a homeostatic mechanism that eliminates aberrant or unfit cells. While cell competition and extrusion can exert potent, tumor-suppressive effects, dysregulation of either critical homeostatic program can fuel cancer progression. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  11. The use of aluminum nitride to improve Aluminum-26 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry measurements and production of Radioactive Ion Beams

    DOE PAGES

    Janzen, Meghan S.; Galindo-Uribarri, Alfredo; Liu, Yuan; ...

    2015-06-29

    In this paper, we present results and discuss the use of aluminum nitride as a promising source material for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) and Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs) science applications of 26Al isotopes. The measurement of 26Al in geological samples by AMS is typically conducted on Al 2O 3 targets. However, Al 2O 3 is not an ideal source material because it does not form a prolific beam of Al - required for measuring low-levels of 26Al. Multiple samples of aluminum oxide (Al 2O 3), aluminum nitride (AlN), mixed Al 2O 3–AlN as well as aluminum fluoride (AlF 3) weremore » tested and compared using the ion source test facility and the stable ion beam (SIB) injector platform at the 25-MV tandem electrostatic accelerator at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Negative ion currents of atomic and molecular aluminum were examined for each source material. It was found that pure AlN targets produced substantially higher beam currents than the other materials and that there was some dependence on the exposure of AlN to air. The applicability of using AlN as a source material for geological samples was explored by preparing quartz samples as Al 2O 3 and converting them to AlN using a carbothermal reduction technique, which involved reducing the Al 2O 3 with graphite powder at 1600°C within a nitrogen atmosphere. The quartz material was successfully converted to AlN. Thus far, AlN proves to be a promising source material and could lead towards increasing the sensitivity of low-level 26Al AMS measurements. In conclusion, the potential of using AlN as a source material for nuclear physics is also very promising by placing 26AlN directly into a source to produce more intense radioactive beams of 26Al.« less

  12. In Vitro Toxicity of Aluminum Nanoparticles in Human Keratinocytes

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-03-01

    additives, and antiperspirants (ATSDR, 2006) has resulted in a continuous exposure to low concentrations of aluminum. Traditionally, elemental...Aluminum is not designated as an occupational skin hazard; however, aluminum compounds in underarm antiperspirants have been shown to cause... Antiperspirants Using Aluminum-26”, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 39(2): 163-168 (February 2001). 71 Gregus, Zoltán and Curtis D. Klaassen. “Mechanisms

  13. Fatigue Crack-Growth Resistance of Aluminum Alloys Under Spectrum Loading. Volume 2. Aluminum Lithium Alloys.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1985-12-01

    Effects on Fatigue Crack Propagation in 2024 -T3 Aluminum Alloy ," Eng. Frac. Mech, * Vol. 8, 1976, p. 657...Retardation Behavior of 7075 * and 2024 Aluminum Alloys ," ASTNI STP 631, 1977. 89 hill". .A•, - . 34. Chanani, G.R., "Investigation of Effects of Saltwater...1.0 9,අ &M Ma ki-L6 &Ŗ &- La 06 lin "Ll Ull 1.25 "A Lm Wit Rtlc()FIV WtklLl’-"- ll*A FATIGUE CRACK-GROWTH RESISTANCE OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS

  14. Effect of Aluminum on Characterization of ZnTe/n-Si Heterojunction Photo detector

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Maki, Samir A.; Hassun, Hanan K.

    2018-05-01

    Aluminum doped zinc telluride ZnTenSi thin films of (400nm) thickness with (005 01 015 and 02) wt % were deposited on the glass substrate and nSi wafer to fabricate ZnTenSi heterojunction Photodetector by using thermal vacuum evaporation technique Structural optical electrical and photovoltaic properties are investigated for the samples XRD analysis shows that all the deposited ZnTenSi films show polycrystalline structure with cubic phases and highest sharp peak corresponding to (111) planes and from AFM images shows the surface roughness increase with increase Al percentage ratio The optical absorption measurement of the films was find from transmittance ranges in the variety of wavelength (400 1000) nm and the optical energy band gap decrease from 224 eV to 186 eV dependent upon the Aluminum ratio in the films moreover our studies contain the calculation of the electrical properties of hetero junction were obtained via IV (dark and light condition) and C V measurement The photoelectric properties indicated rise illumination current of heterojunctions through increasing both of incident lighting intensity and Aluminum dopant The values of specific detectivity and quantum efficiency are calculated for all samples also the best spectral response occurs when Al doping ratio 02% The high photo sensitivity and comparatively fast response haste are attributable to in height crystal quality of the [ZnTe ] thin films.

  15. 76 FR 22342 - National Standard 10 Guidelines

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-04-21

    ... safety of human life at sea.'' NMFS published final guidelines for NS10 in 1998 (63 FR 24212; May 1, 1998... of human life at sea, including whether and to what extent such measures may affect the safety of...; and an explanation that the phrase ``safety of human life at sea'' refers to both the safety of a...

  16. Low temperature thermoelectric properties of Bi2-xSbxTeSe2 crystals near the n-p crossover

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fuccillo, M. K.; Charles, M. E.; Hor, Y. S.; Jia, Shuang; Cava, R. J.

    2012-07-01

    Seebeck coefficients, electrical resistivities, thermal conductivities and figure of merit ZT of Bi2-xSbxTeSe2 crystals (x=0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2) measured along the hexagonal basal plane are presented. The crystals gradually change from n- to p-type with increasing Sb content, with the crossover lying in the region between x=1.0 and 1.1. The crossover is accounted for by a simple (p-n) electron-hole compensation model, as supported by carrier concentrations determined from Hall measurements. ZT was found to be maximized near the crossover on the p-type side, with the high electrical resistance of the Se-rich crystals apparently the limiting factor in the performance. These materials may serve as a basis for future nanostructuring or doping studies.

  17. Calcium citrate without aluminum antacids does not cause aluminum retention in patients with functioning kidneys

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Sakhaee, K.; Wabner, C. L.; Zerwekh, J. E.; Copley, J. B.; Pak, L.; Poindexter, J. R.; Pak, C. Y.

    1993-01-01

    It has been suggested that calcium citrate might enhance aluminum absorption from food, posing a threat of aluminum toxicity even in patients with normal renal function. We therefore measured serum and urinary aluminum before and following calcium citrate therapy in patients with moderate renal failure and in normal subjects maintained on constant metabolic diets with known aluminum content (967-1034 mumol/day, or 26.1-27.9 mg/day, in patients and either 834 or 1579 mumol/day, or 22.5 and 42.6 mg/day, in normal subjects). Seven patients with moderate renal failure (endogenous creatinine clearance of 43 ml/min) took 50 mmol (2 g) calcium/day as effervescent calcium citrate with meals for 17 days. Eight normal women received 25 mmol (1 g) calcium/day as tricalcium dicitrate tablets with meals for 7 days. In patients with moderate renal failure, serum and urinary aluminum were normal before treatment at 489 +/- 293 SD nmol/l (13.2 +/- 7.9 micrograms/l) and 767 +/- 497 nmol/day (20.7 +/- 13.4 micrograms/day), respectively. They remained within normal limits and did not change significantly during calcium citrate treatment (400 +/- 148 nmol/l and 600 +/- 441 nmol/day, respectively). Similarly, no significant change in serum and urinary aluminum was detected in normal women during calcium citrate administration (271 +/- 59 vs 293 +/- 85 nmol/l and 515 +/- 138 vs 615 +/- 170 nmol/day, respectively). In addition, skeletal bone aluminum content did not change significantly in 14 osteoporotic patients (endogenous creatinine clearance of 68.5 ml/min) treated for 24 months with calcium citrate, 10 mmol calcium twice/day separately from meals (29.3 +/- 13.9 ng/mg ash bone to 27.9 +/0- 10.4, P = 0.727). In them, histomorphometric examination did not show any evidence of mineralization defect. Thus, calcium citrate given alone without aluminum-containing drugs does not pose a risk of aluminum toxicity in subjects with normal or functioning kidneys, when it is administered on an

  18. Effects of raw material extrusion and steam conditioning on feed pellet quality and nutrient digestibility of growing meat rabbits.

    PubMed

    Liao, Kuoyao; Cai, Jingyi; Shi, Zhujun; Tian, Gang; Yan, Dong; Chen, Delin

    2017-06-01

    This study was conducted to investigate the effects of raw material extrusion and steam conditioning on feed pellet quality and nutrient digestibility of growing meat rabbits, in order to determine appropriate rabbit feed processing methods and processing parameters. In Exp. 1, an orthogonal design was adopted. Barrel temperature, material moisture content and feed rate were selected as test factors, and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content was selected as an evaluation index to research the optimum extrusion parameters. In Exp. 2, a two-factor design was adopted. Four kinds of rabbit feeds were processed and raw material extrusion adopted optimum extrusion parameters of Exp. 1. A total of 40 healthy and 42-day-old rabbits with similar weight were used in a randomized design, which consisted of 4 groups and 10 replicates in each group (1 rabbits in each replicate). The adaptation period lasted for 7 d, and the digestion trial lasted for 4 d. The results showed as follows: 1) ADF was significantly affected by barrel temperature ( P  < 0.05); the optimum extrusion parameters were barrel temperature 125 °C, moisture content 16% and feed rate 9 Hz. 2) Raw material extrusion and steam conditioning both significantly decreased powder percentage, pulverization ratio and protein solubility ( P  < 0.05), significantly improved hardness and starch gelatinization degree of rabbit feed ( P  < 0.05). They both had significant interaction effects on the processing quality of rabbit feed ( P  < 0.05). 3) Extrusion significantly improved the apparent digestibility of dry matter and total energy ( P  < 0.05). Extrusion and steam conditioning both significantly improved the apparent digestibility of crude fiber (CF), ADF and NDF ( P  < 0.05), but they had no interaction effects on the apparent digestibility of rabbit feed. Thus, using extrusion and steam conditioning technology at the same time in the weaning rabbits feed processing can improve the pellet quality and

  19. Micromechanics of an Extrusion in High-Cycle Fatigue

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1988-08-22

    length of R would be longer than the slot by an amount referred to as the "static extrusion" by Mughrabi et al . (1983). This e,,. causes an initial... Mughrabi (1980) in their studies of persistent slip bands. Extrusions and intru- sions in fatigue specimens were also observed by a number of other...interstitial dislocation dipoles, and a negative e("i by vacancy dipoles. Recently, Antoncpoulus, Brown and Winter (1976) and Mughrabi , Wang, Differt and

  20. Nuevas observaciones de 3C10 con el VLA*: estudio de la expansión

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Reynoso, E. M.; Moffett, D. A.:; Dubner, G. M.; Giacani, E. B.; Reynolds, S. P.; Goss, W. M.; Dickel, J.

    Se presentan nuevos resultados sobre la expansión del remanente de la supernova de Tycho a lo largo de un intervalo de 10.9 años, comparando nuevas observaciones tomadas con el VLA a 1375 y 1635 MHz durante 1994 y 1995, con observaciones previas realizadas entre 1983 y 1984 (Dickel y col. ~1991 AJ 101, 2151), usando las mismas configuraciones, anchos de banda, calibradores y tiempos de integración. El coeficiente de expansión se calcula para sectores radiales de 4o de ancho cada uno, ajustando la correlación cruzada de las derivadas de los perfiles promedio para cada época. A partir de la expansión medida, se estima el índice (parámetro de expansión) de la ley potencial R∝ tm como m≡ d ln R/d ln t . Este valor se compara con coeficientes teóricos para diferentes fases evolutivas de remanentes de supernova.

  1. Embedded Multimaterial Extrusion Bioprinting.

    PubMed

    Rocca, Marco; Fragasso, Alessio; Liu, Wanjun; Heinrich, Marcel A; Zhang, Yu Shrike

    2018-04-01

    Embedded extrusion bioprinting allows for the generation of complex structures that otherwise cannot be achieved with conventional layer-by-layer deposition from the bottom, by overcoming the limits imposed by gravitational force. By taking advantage of a hydrogel bath, serving as a sacrificial printing environment, it is feasible to extrude a bioink in freeform until the entire structure is deposited and crosslinked. The bioprinted structure can be subsequently released from the supporting hydrogel and used for further applications. Combining this advanced three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technique with a multimaterial extrusion printhead setup enables the fabrication of complex volumetric structures built from multiple bioinks. The work described in this paper focuses on the optimization of the experimental setup and proposes a workflow to automate the bioprinting process, resulting in a fast and efficient conversion of a virtual 3D model into a physical, extruded structure in freeform using the multimaterial embedded bioprinting system. It is anticipated that further development of this technology will likely lead to widespread applications in areas such as tissue engineering, pharmaceutical testing, and organs-on-chips.

  2. Parenteral drug products containing aluminum as an ingredient or a contaminant: Response to Food and Drug Administration notice of intent and request for information. ASCN/A. S. P. E. N. Working Group on Standards for Aluminum Content of Parenteral Nutrition Solutions

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    1991-03-01

    Aluminum remains a significant contaminant of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions and may be elevated in bone, urine, and plasma of infants receiving TPN. Aluminum accumulation in tissues of uremic patients and adult TPN patients has been associated with low-turnover bone disease. Furthermore, aluminum has also been linked with encephalopathy and anemia in uremic patients and with hepatic cholestasis in experimental animals. Because of the toxic effects of aluminum, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently published a notice of intent to set an upper limit of 25 micrograms/L for aluminum in large-volume parenterals and to require manufacturers of small-volumemore » parenterals, such as calcium and phosphate salts, to measure aluminum content and note this content on the package label. The ASCN/A.S.P.E.N. Working Group on Standards for Aluminum Content of Parenteral Nutrition Solutions supports these intentions and further urges the FDA to require that cumulative aluminum intake in terms of safe, unsafe, and toxic quantities of aluminum per kilogram be made known to physicians and pharmacists preparing the TPN solutions, to ensure that manufacturers use appropriate control procedures in aluminum measurements, and to employ a standard unit of aluminum measurement.« less

  3. 49 CFR 178.512 - Standards for steel or aluminum boxes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Standards for steel or aluminum boxes. 178.512... PACKAGINGS Non-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.512 Standards for steel or aluminum boxes. (a) The following are identification codes for steel or aluminum boxes: (1) 4A for a steel box; and...

  4. 49 CFR 178.512 - Standards for steel or aluminum boxes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Standards for steel or aluminum boxes. 178.512... FOR PACKAGINGS Non-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.512 Standards for steel or aluminum boxes. (a) The following are identification codes for steel or aluminum boxes: (1) 4A for a steel...

  5. 49 CFR 178.512 - Standards for steel or aluminum boxes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Standards for steel or aluminum boxes. 178.512... PACKAGINGS Non-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.512 Standards for steel or aluminum boxes. (a) The following are identification codes for steel or aluminum boxes: (1) 4A for a steel box; and...

  6. Debris extrusion and foraminal deformation produced by reciprocating instruments made of thermally treated NiTi wires

    PubMed Central

    Frota, Myrna Maria Arcanjo; Bernardes, Ricardo Affonso; Vivan, Rodrigo Ricci; Vivacqua-Gomes, Nilton; Duarte, Marco Antonio Hungaro; de Vasconcelos, Bruno Carvalho

    2018-01-01

    Abstract Objective To evaluate the amount of apically extruded debris, percentage of foraminal enlargement and apical foramen (AF) deformation that occurred during root canal preparation with different reciprocation systems: Reciproc, WaveOne (M-Wire), and ProDesign R (Shape Memory Technology Wire) at two different working lengths (WLs): 0.0 and 1.0 mm beyond the AF. Material and methods The AF of 120 root canals in 60 mesial roots of mandibular molars were photographed with stereomicroscope and randomly assigned into four groups: manual, Reciproc (REC), WaveOne (WO), and ProDesign R (PDR); subsequently, they were further subdivided according to the WL (n=15). Teeth were instrumented, coupled to a dual collecting chamber, and then another photograph of each AF was captured. Extrusion was analysed by determining the weight of extruded debris. Each AF diameter was measured in pre- and post-instrumentation images to determine deformation, which was analysed, and afterwards the final format of AFs was classified (circular/oval/deformed). Results We found no significant differences when analysing each system at different WLs. When considering each WL, REC and WO showed highest extrusion values (P<.05); for AF enlargement, differences were observed only for WO, when it was used beyond the AF; differences were observed among M-Wire groups beyond the AF (P<.05). AF deformation was observed in all groups; PDR showed the lowest AF deformation values at both WLs; M-Wire groups showed 50% strain beyond the AF. Conclusion Authors concluded that beyond the apical limit, the alloy and taper are important aspects when considering extrusion and deformation. PMID:29364346

  7. Manufacturing Methods for Process Effects on Aluminum Casting Allowables

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1985-03-01

    silicon ingot (25% Si) 4 . Copper as copper shot 5. Manganese as aluminum manganese ingot (10% Mn) 6 . Titanium and boron as titanium -boron wire 7. Silver...in stock form 4 . Silver in granule form. 5. Manganese (10 percent) in button form 6 . 201 refining salt ( Titanium -Boron) Melt chemistry is adjusted to...FAFB, OH 45433 4 . PERFORIN41N ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 5. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMSER(S) NOR 85-119 AFWAL-TR-.84- 4 117 I 6 *. NAME OF

  8. 76 FR 13065 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Model AS-365N2, AS 365 N3, and SA-365N1 Helicopters

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-10

    ... replacing the aluminum tail rotor (T/R) blade pitch control shaft with a steel T/R blade pitch control shaft... prevent failure of the T/R blade pitch control shaft, loss of T/R control, and subsequent loss of control... SA-365N1 helicopters, all serial numbers, with an aluminum T/R blade pitch control shaft, part number...

  9. Coulomb Excitation of 78,80Se and the radioactive 84Se (N = 50) isotopes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Galindo-Uribarri, A.; Padilla-Rodal, E.; Garcia-Ruiz, R. F.; Allmond, J. M.; Batchelder, J. C.; Beene, J. R.; Lagergren, K. B.; Mueller, P. E.; Radford, D. C.; Stracener, D. W.; Urrego-Blanco, J. P.; Varner, R. L.; Yu, C.-H.

    2011-10-01

    Coulomb excitation is a purely electromagnetic excitation process of nuclear states due to the Coulomb field of two colliding nuclei. It is a very precise tool to measure excitation probabilities and provide insight on the collectivity of nuclear excitations and in particular on nuclear shapes. We have measured the B(E2) value of various nuclei in the mass A ~ 80 region using particle-gamma coincidences with the HyBall and Clarion arrays at HRIBF. The Coulomb excitation of various projectile-target combinations (ASe on 12C, 24Mg, 27Al and 50Ti) allow the use of consistency cross checks and the systematic study of isotopic and isotonic chains using both stable and radioactive nuclei under almost identical experimental conditions.We present new results for 78Se, 80Se and the radioactive nucleus 84Se (N = 50). Research sponsored by the Office of Nuclear Physics, U.S. Department of Energy and CONACyT Grant 103366.

  10. Study to elucidate formation pathways of selected roast-smelling odorants upon extrusion cooking.

    PubMed

    Davidek, Tomas; Festring, Daniel; Dufossé, Thierry; Novotny, Ondrej; Blank, Imre

    2013-10-30

    The formation pathways of the N-containing roast-smelling compounds 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, 2-acetyl-1(or 3),4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, and their structural analogues 2-propionyl-1-pyrroline and 2-propionyl-1(or 3),4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine were studied upon extrusion cooking using the CAMOLA approach. The samples were produced under moderate extrusion conditions (135 °C, 20% moisture, 400 rpm) employing a rice-based model recipe enriched with flavor precursors ([U-(13)C6]-D-glucose, D-glucose, glycine, L-proline, and L-ornithine). The obtained data indicate that the formation of these compounds upon extrusion follows pathways similar to those reported for nonsheared model systems containing D-glucose and L-proline. 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline is formed (i) by acylation of 1-pyrroline via C2 sugar fragments (major pathway) and (ii) via ring-opening of 1-pyrroline incorporating C3 sugar fragments (minor pathway), whereas 2-propionyl-1-pyrroline incorporates exclusively C3 sugar fragments. 2-Acetyl-1(or 3),4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine and the corresponding propionyl analogue incorporate C3 and C4 sugar fragments, respectively. In addition, it has been shown that the formation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in low-moisture systems depends on the pH value of the reaction mixture.

  11. Extrusion die and method

    DOEpatents

    Lipp, G. Daniel

    1994-05-03

    A method and die apparatus for manufacturing a honeycomb body of triangular cell cross-section and high cell density, the die having a combination of (i) feedholes feeding slot intersections and (ii) feedholes feeding slot segments not supplied from slot intersections, whereby a reduction in feedhole count is achieved while still retaining good extrusion efficiency and extrudate uniformity.

  12. Electroless nickel plating on stainless steels and aluminum

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1966-01-01

    Procedures for applying an adherent electroless nickel plating on 303 SE, 304, and 17-7 PH stainless steels, and 7075 aluminum alloy was developed. When heat treated, the electroless nickel plating provides a hard surface coating on a high strength, corrosion resistant substrate.

  13. Dissolution and Separation of Aluminum and Aluminosilicates

    DOE PAGES

    McFarlane, Joanna; Benker, Dennis; DePaoli, David W.; ...

    2015-12-19

    The selection of an aluminum alloy for target irradiation affects post-irradiation target dissolution and separations. Recent tests with aluminum alloy 6061 yielded greater than expected precipitation in the dissolver, forming up to 10 wt.% solids of aluminum hydroxides and aluminosilicates. Aluminosilicate dissolution presents challenges in a number of different areas, metals extraction from minerals, flyash treatment, and separations from aluminum alloys. We present experimental work that attempts to maximize dissolution of aluminum metal, along with silicon, magnesium, and copper impurities, through control of temperature, the rate of reagent addition, and incubation time. Aluminum phase transformations have been identified as amore » function of time and temperature, using X-ray diffraction. Solutions have been analyzed using wet chemical methods and X-ray fluorescence. Our data have been compared with published calculations of aluminum phase diagrams. Approaches are given to enhance the dissolution of aluminum and aluminosilicate phases in caustic solution.« less

  14. Effects of organic solutes on chemical reactions of aluminum

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Lind, Carol J.; Hem, John David

    1975-01-01

    Concentrations of organic matter in the general range of 1-10 milligrams per litre organic carbon are common in natural water, and many naturally occurrin7 organic compounds form aluminum complexes. The aluminum concentrations in near-neutral pH solutions may be 10-100 times higher than the values predicted from solubility data if formation of such organic complexes is ignored. The processes of polymerization of aluminum hydroxide and precipitation of gibbsite are inhibited by the presence of the organic flavone compound quercetin in concentrations as low as 10 x -5.3 mole per litre. Quercetin forms a complex, with a probable molar ratio of 1:2 aluminum to quercetin, that has a formation constant (f12) of about 10 12. A complex with a higher aluminum-quercetin ratio also was observed, but this material tends to evolve into a compound of low solubility that removes aluminum from solution. In the presence of both dissolved aluminum and aqueous silica, low concentrations of quercetin improved the yield of crystallized kaolinite and halloysite. Small amounts of well-shaped kaolinite and halloysite crystals were identified by electron microscopy in solutions with pH's in the range 6.5-8.5 after 155 days aging in one experimer t and 481 days aging in a repeated experiment. The bulk of the precipitated material was amorphous to X-rays, and crystalline material was too small a proportion of the total to give identifiable X-ray diffraction peaks. The precipitates had aluminum-silicon ratios near 1, and their solubility corresponded to that found by Hem, Roberson, Lind, and Polzer (1973) for similar aluminosilicate precipitated in the absence of organic solutes. The improved yield of crystalline material obtained in the presence of quercetin probably is the result of the influence of the organic compound on the aluminum hydroxide polymerization process. Natural water containing color imparted by organic material tends to be higher in aluminum than would be predicted by p

  15. Effect of strain-path change on the anisotropic mechanical properties of a commercially pure aluminum

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sun, P. L.; Huang, S. J.

    2017-07-01

    Samples of commercially pure aluminum were subjected to equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) using a 90° square die by routes A and C, where the specimens are not rotated and are rotated 180° between extrusion passes, respectively. Qualitatively similar anisotropic responses under compressive loading along the three orthogonal directions of the ECAE billet are seen in both cases. The plastic anisotropy is related to the effect of strain-path change, namely that different slip activities are induced for specimens loaded along different directions with respect to the last ECAE pass. The anisotropic mechanical behavior is more evident in the sample deformed by route C. Considering the shear patterns imposed in each ECAE route, the characteristics of dislocations introduced in ECAE should affect the mechanical response in post-ECAE loading. It is suggested that during the ECAE process, dislocations on fewer slip systems are activated in route C than in route A, and therefore, a stronger plastic anisotropy results in this sample. The as-ECAE specimens were also heat treated to achieve a recovery-annealed state. The plastic anisotropy persists in the annealed specimens to slightly reduced extent, which can be ascribed to partial annihilation of preexisting dislocations.

  16. Electrostatic Self-Assembly of Diamond Nanoparticles onto Al- and N-Polar Sputtered Aluminum Nitride Surfaces.

    PubMed

    Yoshikawa, Taro; Reusch, Markus; Zuerbig, Verena; Cimalla, Volker; Lee, Kee-Han; Kurzyp, Magdalena; Arnault, Jean-Charles; Nebel, Christoph E; Ambacher, Oliver; Lebedev, Vadim

    2016-11-17

    Electrostatic self-assembly of diamond nanoparticles (DNPs) onto substrate surfaces (so-called nanodiamond seeding) is a notable technique, enabling chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of nanocrystalline diamond thin films on non-diamond substrates. In this study, we examine this technique onto differently polarized (either Al- or N-polar) c -axis oriented sputtered aluminum nitride (AlN) film surfaces. This investigation shows that Al-polar films, as compared to N-polar ones, obtain DNPs with higher density and more homogeneously on their surfaces. The origin of these differences in density and homogeneity is discussed based on the hydrolysis behavior of AlN surfaces in aqueous suspensions.

  17. Electrostatic Self-Assembly of Diamond Nanoparticles onto Al- and N-Polar Sputtered Aluminum Nitride Surfaces

    PubMed Central

    Yoshikawa, Taro; Reusch, Markus; Zuerbig, Verena; Cimalla, Volker; Lee, Kee-Han; Kurzyp, Magdalena; Arnault, Jean-Charles; Nebel, Christoph E.; Ambacher, Oliver; Lebedev, Vadim

    2016-01-01

    Electrostatic self-assembly of diamond nanoparticles (DNPs) onto substrate surfaces (so-called nanodiamond seeding) is a notable technique, enabling chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of nanocrystalline diamond thin films on non-diamond substrates. In this study, we examine this technique onto differently polarized (either Al- or N-polar) c-axis oriented sputtered aluminum nitride (AlN) film surfaces. This investigation shows that Al-polar films, as compared to N-polar ones, obtain DNPs with higher density and more homogeneously on their surfaces. The origin of these differences in density and homogeneity is discussed based on the hydrolysis behavior of AlN surfaces in aqueous suspensions. PMID:28335345

  18. Microfabrication of three-dimensional filters for liposome extrusion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Baldacchini, Tommaso; Nuñez, Vicente; LaFratta, Christopher N.; Grech, Joseph S.; Vullev, Valentine I.; Zadoyan, Ruben

    2015-03-01

    Liposomes play a relevant role in the biomedical field of drug delivery. The ability of these lipid vesicles to encapsulate and transport a variety of bioactive molecules has fostered their use in several therapeutic applications, from cancer treatments to the administration of drugs with antiviral activities. Size and uniformity are key parameters to take into consideration when preparing liposomes; these factors greatly influence their effectiveness in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. A popular technique employed to achieve the optimal liposome dimension (around 100 nm in diameter) and uniform size distribution is repetitive extrusion through a polycarbonate filter. We investigated two femtosecond laser direct writing techniques for the fabrication of three-dimensional filters within a microfluidics chip for liposomes extrusion. The miniaturization of the extrusion process in a microfluidic system is the first step toward a complete solution for lab-on-a-chip preparation of liposomes from vesicles self-assembly to optical characterization.

  19. Fracture toughness measurements of three titanium alloy extrusions

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    DeSisto, T.S.

    1973-07-01

    Plane strain static K/sub Ic/ and dynamic Kid measurements were obtained on 3-in. dia. titanium alloy extrusions which received a 5.9: 1 reduction followed by air cooling. The alloys investigated were Ti-6Al--6V--2Sn, Ti--8Mo-- 8V--2Fe--3Al, and Ti-- 11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta III). Compact tension specimens were used to obtain K/sub Ic/ measurements and precracked standard Charpy V- notched specimens were used to obtain Kid measurements. The highest K/sub Ic/ and K /sub Id/ values were obtained from the Beta III extrusion while the lowest K/sub Ic/ and K/sub Id/ values were obtained for the Ti-8Mo--8V--2Fe -- 3Al extrusion. Good agreement was found tomore » exist between K/sub Ic/ values obtained from precracked Charpy V-notch specimens and compact tension specimens. (auth)« less

  20. Spontaneous extrusion of a stainless steel glaucoma drainage implant (Ex-PRESS).

    PubMed

    Tavolato, M; Babighian, S; Galan, A

    2006-01-01

    To report a case of spontaneous extrusion of a stainless steel glaucoma drainage implant (Ex-PRESS). An Ex-PRESS was implanted under the conjunctiva in a 76-year-old man with primary open-angle glaucoma. Two years after implantation, the Ex-Press extruded spontaneously. Despite this adverse event, there was no increase in intraocular pressure. This is the first report of spontaneous extrusion of an Ex-PRESS device. Implanting the device under a scleral flap should be considered to avoid adverse events such as extrusion or conjunctival erosion.

  1. Effect of water-cooling treatment times on properties of friction stir welded joints of 7N01-T4 aluminum alloy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, T. H.; Wang, Y.; Fang, X. F.; Liang, P.; Zhao, Y.; Li, Y. H.; Liu, X. M.

    2018-02-01

    Due to the deformation caused by residual stress in the welding process, welded components need treatment to reduce welding distortion. In this paper, several different times of flame-heating and water-cooling treatment were subjected to the friction stir welding joints of 15mm thick 7N01P-T4 aluminum alloy sheets to study the microstructure variation of friction stir welding joints of 7N01P-T4 aluminum alloy, and to analyze the effect on micro-hardness, tensile and fracture mechanical properties. This investigation will be helpful to optimize treatment methods and provide instruction on industrial production.

  2. Numerical studies of temperature effect on the extrusion fracture and swell of plastic micro-pipe

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ren, Zhong; Huang, Xingyuan; Xiong, Zhihua

    2018-03-01

    Temperature is a key factor that impacts extrusion forming quality of plastic micro-pipe. In this study, the effect of temperature on extrusion fracture and swell of plastic micro-pipe was investigated by numerical method. Under a certain of the melt’s flow volume, the extrusion pattern, extrusion swelling ratio of melt are obtained under different temperatures. Results show that the extrusion swelling ratio of plastic micro-pipe decreases with increasing of temperature. In order to study the reason of temperature effect, the physical distributions of plastic micro-pipe are gotten. Numerical results show that the viscosity, pressure, stress value of melt are all decreased with the increasing of temperature, which leads to decrease the extrusion swell and fracture phenomenon for the plastic micro-pipe.

  3. Obtaining ready-to-eat blue corn expanded snacks with anthocyanins using an extrusion process and response surface methodology.

    PubMed

    Escalante-Aburto, Anayansi; Ramírez-Wong, Benjamín; Torres-Chávez, Patricia Isabel; López-Cervantes, Jaime; Figueroa-Cárdenas, Juan de Dios; Barrón-Hoyos, Jesús Manuel; Morales-Rosas, Ignacio; Ponce-García, Néstor; Gutiérrez-Dorado, Roberto

    2014-12-15

    Extrusion is an alternative technology for the production of nixtamalized products. The aim of this study was to obtain an expanded nixtamalized snack with whole blue corn and using the extrusion process, to preserve the highest possible total anthocyanin content, intense blue/purple coloration (color b) and the highest expansion index. A central composite experimental design was used. The extrusion process factors were: feed moisture (FM, 15%-23%), calcium hydroxide concentration (CHC, 0%-0.25%) and final extruder temperature (T, 110-150 °C). The chemical and physical properties evaluated in the extrudates were moisture content (MC, %), total anthocyanins (TA, mg·kg(-1)), pH, color (L, a, b) and expansion index (EI). ANOVA and surface response methodology were applied to evaluate the effects of the extrusion factors. FM and T significantly affected the response variables. An optimization step was performed by overlaying three contour plots to predict the best combination region. The extrudates were obtained under the following optimum factors: FM (%) = 16.94, CHC (%) = 0.095 and T (°C) = 141.89. The predicted extrusion processing factors were highly accurate, yielding an expanded nixtamalized snack with 158.87 mg·kg(-1) TA (estimated: 160 mg·kg(-1)), an EI of 3.19 (estimated: 2.66), and color parameter b of -0.44 (estimated: 0.10).

  4. Extrusion conditions affect chemical composition and in vitro digestion of select food ingredients.

    PubMed

    Dust, Jolene M; Gajda, Angela M; Flickinger, Elizabeth A; Burkhalter, Toni M; Merchen, Neal R; Fahey, George C

    2004-05-19

    An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of extrusion conditions on chemical composition and in vitro hydrolytic and fermentative digestion of barley grits, cornmeal, oat bran, soybean flour, soybean hulls, and wheat bran. Extrusion conditions altered crude protein, fiber, and starch concentrations of ingredients. Organic matter disappearance (OMD) increased for extruded versus unprocessed samples of barley grits, cornmeal, and soybean flour that had been hydrolytically digested. After 8 h of fermentative digestion, OMD decreased as extrusion conditions intensified for barley grits and cornmeal but increased for oat bran, soybean hulls, and wheat bran. Total short-chain fatty acid production decreased as extrusion conditions intensified for barley grits, soybean hulls, and soybean flour. These data suggest that the effects of extrusion conditions on ingredient composition and digestion are influenced by the unique chemical characteristics of individual substrates.

  5. Hot-melt extrusion of sugar-starch-pellets.

    PubMed

    Yeung, Chi-Wah; Rein, Hubert

    2015-09-30

    Sugar-starch-pellets (syn. sugar spheres) are usually manufactured through fluidized bed granulation or wet extrusion techniques. This paper introduces hot-melt extrusion (HME) as an alternative method to manufacture sugar-starch-pellets. A twin-screw extruder coupled with a Leistritz Micro Pelletizer (LMP) cutting machine was utilized for the extrusion of different types (normal-, waxy-, and high-amlyose) of corn starch, blended with varying amounts of sucrose. Pellets were characterized for their physicochemical properties including crystallinity, particle size distribution, tensile strength, and swelling expansion. Furthermore, the influence of sugar content and humidity on the product was investigated. Both sucrose and water lowered the Tg of the starch system allowing a convenient extrusion process. Mechanical strength and swelling behavior could be associated with varying amylose and amylopectin. X-ray powder diffractometric (XRPD) peaks of increasing sucrose contents appeared above 30%. This signified the oversaturation of the extruded starch matrix system with sucrose. Otherwise, had the dissolved sucrose been embedded into the molten starch matrix, no crystalline peak could have been recognized. The replacement of starch with sucrose reduced the starch pellets' swelling effect, which resulted in less sectional expansion (SEI) and changed the surface appearance. Further, a nearly equal tensile strength could be detected for sugar spheres with more than 40% sucrose. This observation stands in good relation with the analyzed values of the commercial pellets. Both techniques (fluidized bed and HME) allowed a high yield of spherical pellets (less friability) for further layering processes. Thermal influence on the sugar-starch system is still an obstacle to be controlled. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  6. Scanning Probe Investigation of Pitting Corrosion on Aluminum 5083 H131

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-05-01

    245–254. 10. Dolic, N.; Malina, J.; Begic Hadzipasic, A. Pit Nucleation on As-Cast Aluminum Alloy AW-5083 in 0.01M NaCl. Journal of Mining and...R. A.; Stratmann, M. Application of a Kelvin Microprobe to the Corrosion in Humid Atmospheres. J. Electrochem Soc. 1991, 138 (1), 55–61. 15

  7. Effect of strain and deformation route on grain boundary characteristics and recrystallization behavior of aluminum

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sakai, Tetsuo; Utsunomiya, Hiroshi; Takahashi, Yasuo

    2014-08-01

    The effect of strain and deformation route on the recrystallization behavior of aluminum sheets has been investigated using well lubricated cold rolling and continuous equal channel angular extrusion. Three different deformation routes in plane strain corresponding to (1) simple shear, (2) compression, and (3) the combination of simple shear and compression were performed on 1100 aluminum sheet. Fixed amounts of the equivalent strain of 1.28 and 1.06 were accumulated in each route. In case of the combined deformation route, the ratio of shear strain to the total equivalent strain was varied. The recrystallized grain size was finer if the combined deformation route was employed instead of the monotonic route under the same amount of equivalent strain at either strain level. The density of high angle grain boundaries that act as nucleation sites for recrystallization was higher in materials deformed by the combined route. The orientation imaging micrographs revealed that the change in deformation route is effective for introducing a larger number of new high angle grain boundaries with relatively low misorientation angle.

  8. High-power Laser Welding of Thick Steel-aluminum Dissimilar Joints

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lahdo, Rabi; Springer, André; Pfeifer, Ronny; Kaierle, Stefan; Overmeyer, Ludger

    According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a worldwide reduction of CO2-emissions is indispensable to avoid global warming. Besides the automotive sector, lightweight construction is also of high interest for the maritime industry in order to minimize CO2-emissions. Using aluminum, the weight of ships can be reduced, ensuring lower fuel consumption. Therefore, hybrid joints of steel and aluminum are of great interest to the maritime industry. In order to provide an efficient lap joining process, high-power laser welding of thick steel plates (S355, t = 5 mm) and aluminum plates (EN AW-6082, t = 8 mm) is investigated. As the weld seam quality greatly depends on the amount of intermetallic phases within the joint, optimized process parameters and control are crucial. Using high-power laser welding, a tensile strength of 10 kN was achieved. Based on metallographic analysis, hardness tests, and tensile tests the potential of this joining method is presented.

  9. Computer aided design of extrusion forming tools for complex geometry profiles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Goncalves, Nelson Daniel Ferreira

    In the profile extrusion, the experience of the die designer is crucial for obtaining good results. In industry, it is quite usual the need of several experimental trials for a specific extrusion die before a balanced flow distribution is obtained. This experimental based trial-and-error procedure is time and money consuming, but, it works, and most of the profile extrusion companies rely on such method. However, the competition is forcing the industry to look for more effective procedures and the design of profile extrusion dies is not an exception. For this purpose, computer aided design seems to be a good route. Nowadays, the available computational rheology numerical codes allow the simulation of complex fluid flows. This permits the die designer to evaluate and to optimize the flow channel, without the need to have a physical die and to perform real extrusion trials. In this work, a finite volume based numerical code was developed, for the simulation of non-Newtonian (inelastic) fluid and non-isothermal flows using unstructured meshes. The developed code is able to model the forming and cooling stages of profile extrusion, and can be used to aid the design of forming tools used in the production of complex profiles. For the code verification three benchmark problems were tested: flow between parallel plates, flow around a cylinder, and the lid driven cavity flow. The code was employed to design two extrusion dies to produce complex cross section profiles: a medical catheter die and a wood plastic composite profile for decking applications. The last was experimentally validated. Simple extrusion dies used to produced L and T shaped profiles were studied in detail, allowing a better understanding of the effect of the main geometry parameters on the flow distribution. To model the cooling stage a new implicit formulation was devised, which allowed the achievement of better convergence rates and thus the reduction of the computation times. Having in mind the

  10. Systematic approach to optimal design of induction heating installations for aluminum extrusion process

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zimin, L. S.; Sorokin, A. G.; Egiazaryan, A. S.; Filimonova, O. V.

    2018-03-01

    An induction heating system has a number of inherent benefits compared to traditional heating systems due to a non-contact heating process. It is widely used in vehicle manufacture, cast-rolling, forging, preheating before rolling, heat treatment, galvanizing and so on. Compared to other heating technologies, induction heating has the advantages of high efficiency, fast heating rate and easy control. The paper presents a new systematic approach to the design and operation of induction heating installations (IHI) in aluminum alloys production. The heating temperature in industrial complexes “induction heating - deformation” is not fixed in advance, but is determined in accordance with the maximization or minimization of the total economic performance during the process of metal heating and deformation. It is indicated that the energy efficient technological complex “IHI – Metal Forming (MF)” can be designed only with regard to its power supply system (PSS). So the task of designing systems of induction heating is to provide, together with the power supply system and forming equipment, the minimum energy costs for the metal retreating.

  11. 76 FR 71909 - Service Rules for the 698-806 MHz Band, Revision of the Commission's Rules Regarding Public...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-21

    ... No. 96-86; WT Docket No. 07-166; FCC 07-132] Service Rules for the 698-806 MHz Band, Revision of the... a Second Report and Order (``Second R &O'') released on August 10, 2007, FCC 07-132, and published.... [FR Doc. 2011-30049 Filed 11-18-11; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6712-01-P ...

  12. Apical extrusion of Enterococcus faecalis using three different rotary instrumentation techniques: an in vitro study.

    PubMed

    Taneja, Sonali; Kumari, Manju; Barua, Madhumita; Dudeja, Chetna; Malik, Meeta

    2015-01-01

    To compare the apical extrusion of Enterococcus faecalis after instrumentation with three different Ni-Ti rotary instruments- An in vitro study. In vitro study Methods and Material: Forty freshly extracted mandibular premolars were mounted in bacteria collection apparatus and root canals were contaminated with a suspension of Enterococcus faecalis. The contaminated teeth were divided into 4 groups of 10 teeth each according to rotary system used for instrumentation: Group1: Hyflex files, Group 2: GTX files, Group 3: Protaper files and Group 4: control group (no instrumentation). Bacteria extruded after preparations were collected into vials and microbiological samples were incubated in BHI broth for 24 hrs. The colony forming units were determined for each sample. Statistical analysis was done using one way ANOVA followed by post hoc independent " t" test. GTX files extruded least amount of bacteria followed by Hyflex files. Maximum extrusion of E. faecalis was seen in rotary Protaper group. Least amount of extrusion was seen with GTX files followed by Hyflex files and then rotary Protaper system.

  13. Hybrid k .p tight-binding model for intersubband optics in atomically thin InSe films

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Magorrian, S. J.; Ceferino, A.; Zólyomi, V.; Fal'ko, V. I.

    2018-04-01

    We propose atomic films of n -doped γ -InSe as a platform for intersubband optics in the infrared and far-infrared range, coupled to out-of-plane polarized light. Depending on the film thickness (number of layers) and the amount of n -doping of the InSe film, these transitions span from ˜0.7 eV for bilayer to ˜0.05 eV for 15-layer InSe. We use a hybrid k .p theory and tight-binding model, fully parametrized using density-functional theory, to predict their oscillator strengths and thermal linewidths at room temperature.

  14. Electrodeposition of gold particles on aluminum substrates containing copper.

    PubMed

    Olson, Tim S; Atanassov, Plamen; Brevnov, Dmitri A

    2005-01-27

    Electrodeposition of adhesive metal films on aluminum is traditionally preceded by the zincate process, which activates the aluminum surface. This paper presents an alternative approach for activation of aluminum by using films containing 99.5% aluminum and 0.5% copper. Aluminum/copper films are made amenable for subsequent electrodeposition by anodization followed by chemical etching of aluminum oxide. The electrodeposition of gold is monitored with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Analysis of EIS data suggests that electrodeposition of gold increases the interfacial capacitance from values typical for electrodes with thin oxide layers to values typical for metal electrodes. Scanning electron microscopy examination of aluminum/copper films following gold electrodeposition shows the presence of gold particles with densities of 10(5)-10(7) particles cm(-2). The relative standard deviation of mean particle diameters is approximately 25%. Evaluation of the micrographs suggests that the electrodeposition occurs by instantaneous nucleation followed by growth of three-dimensional semispherical particles. The gold particles, which are electrically connected to the conductive aluminum/copper film, support a reversible faradaic process for a soluble redox couple. The deposited gold particles are suitable for subsequent metallization of aluminum and fabrication of particle-type films with interesting catalytic, electrical, and optical properties.

  15. Experimental and theoretical investigation of three-dimensional nitrogen-doped aluminum clusters AI 8N - and AI 8N

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wang, Leiming; Huang, Wei; Wang, Lai S.

    The structure and electronic properties of the Al 8N - and Al 8N clusters were investigated by combined photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio studies. Congested photoelectron spectra were observed and experimental evidence was obtained for the presence of multiple isomers for Al 8N - Global minimum searches revealed several structures for Al 8N - with close energies. The calculated vertical detachment energies of the two lowest-lying isomers, which are of C 2v and C s symmetry, respectively, were shown to agree well with the experimental data. Unlike the three-dimensional structures of Al 6N - and Al 7N -, in whichmore » the dopant N atom has a high coordination number of 6,the dopant N atom in the two low-lying isomers of Al 8N - has a lower coordination number of 4 and 5, respectively. The competition between the Al–Al and Al–N interactions are shown to determine the global minimum structures of the doped aluminum clusters and results in the structural diversity for both Al 8N - and Al8N. © 2009 American Institute of Physics« less

  16. An experimental aluminum-fueled power plant

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vlaskin, M. S.; Shkolnikov, E. I.; Bersh, A. V.; Zhuk, A. Z.; Lisicyn, A. V.; Sorokovikov, A. I.; Pankina, Yu. V.

    2011-10-01

    An experimental co-generation power plant (CGPP-10) using aluminum micron powder (with average particle size up to 70 μm) as primary fuel and water as primary oxidant was developed and tested. Power plant can work in autonomous (unconnected from industrial network) nonstop regime producing hydrogen, electrical energy and heat. One of the key components of experimental plant is aluminum-water high-pressure reactor projected for hydrogen production rate of ∼10 nm3 h-1. Hydrogen from the reactor goes through condenser and dehumidifier and with -25 °C dew-point temperature enters into the air-hydrogen fuel cell 16 kW-battery. From 1 kg of aluminum the experimental plant produces 1 kWh of electrical energy and 5-7 kWh of heat. Power consumer gets about 10 kW of electrical power. Plant electrical and total efficiencies are 12% and 72%, respectively.

  17. 75 FR 70689 - Kaiser Aluminum Fabricated Products, LLC; Kaiser Aluminum-Greenwood Forge Division; Currently...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-18

    ... Fabricated Products, LLC; Kaiser Aluminum- Greenwood Forge Division; Currently Known As Contech Forgings, LLC..., South Carolina; Amended Certification Regarding Eligibility To Apply or Worker Adjustment Assistance In... Labor issued a Certification of Eligibility to Apply for Worker Adjustment Assistance on October 2, 2009...

  18. On the kinetics of transgranular particle embrittlement during simulated carburizing in steel containing grain-refining additions of aluminum and niobium plus aluminum

    DOE PAGES

    Leap, Michael Jerald

    2017-08-31

    Here, the kinetics of toughness degradation resulting from transgranular particle embrittlement are evaluated as a function of composition and processing history for simulated carburizing operations in air-melt steel containing grain-refining additions of aluminum and aluminum plus niobium. The kinetics of particle embrittlement are inherently linked to the ripening of AlN precipitates after extended austenitization in steel containing carbon contents representative of both the case and core of a carburized component. Embrittlement in steel containing AlN occurs with an activation energy similar to the value for aluminum diffusion in austenite, although an AlN volume fraction effect on the embrittlement kinetics ismore » manifested as decreases in activation energy with decreases in the [Al]/[N] ratio of steel. In contrast, the presence of niobium substantially retards the kinetics of particle embrittlement in steel containing 120–200 ppm N. Observations of AlN precipitates coated with Nb(C,N) indicate that the decreases in embrittlement kinetics are related to a reduction in the potential for AlN ripening during austenitization.« less

  19. On the kinetics of transgranular particle embrittlement during simulated carburizing in steel containing grain-refining additions of aluminum and niobium plus aluminum

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Leap, Michael Jerald

    Here, the kinetics of toughness degradation resulting from transgranular particle embrittlement are evaluated as a function of composition and processing history for simulated carburizing operations in air-melt steel containing grain-refining additions of aluminum and aluminum plus niobium. The kinetics of particle embrittlement are inherently linked to the ripening of AlN precipitates after extended austenitization in steel containing carbon contents representative of both the case and core of a carburized component. Embrittlement in steel containing AlN occurs with an activation energy similar to the value for aluminum diffusion in austenite, although an AlN volume fraction effect on the embrittlement kinetics ismore » manifested as decreases in activation energy with decreases in the [Al]/[N] ratio of steel. In contrast, the presence of niobium substantially retards the kinetics of particle embrittlement in steel containing 120–200 ppm N. Observations of AlN precipitates coated with Nb(C,N) indicate that the decreases in embrittlement kinetics are related to a reduction in the potential for AlN ripening during austenitization.« less

  20. Surface morphology of Al0.3Ga0.7N/Al2O3-high electron mobility transistor structure.

    PubMed

    Cörekçi, S; Usanmaz, D; Tekeli, Z; Cakmak, M; Ozçelik, S; Ozbay, E

    2008-02-01

    We present surface properties of buffer films (AIN and GaN) and Al0.3Gao.zN/Al2O3-High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) structures with/without AIN interlayer grown on High Temperature (HT)-AIN buffer/Al2O3 substrate and Al2O3 substrate. We have found that the GaN surface morphology is step-flow in character and the density of dislocations was about 10(8)-10(9) cm(-2). The AFM measurements also exhibited that the presence of atomic steps with large lateral step dimension and the surface of samples was smooth. The lateral step sizes are in the range of 100-250 nm. The typical rms values of HEMT structures were found as 0.27, 0.30, and 0.70 nm. HT-AIN buffer layer can have a significant impact on the surface morphology of Al0.3Ga0.7N/Al2O3-HEMT structures.

  1. Desensitization of atriopeptin stimulated accumulation and extrusion of cyclic GMP from a kidney epithelial cell line (MDCK).

    PubMed

    Woods, M; Houslay, M D

    1991-02-01

    Atriopeptin caused dose- (EC50 ca. 2 x 10(-8) M) and time-dependent increases in the intracellular concentration of cyclic GMP in the MDCK kidney epithelial cell line; an effect potentiated by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, IBMX. The atriopeptin-catalysed increase in cyclic GMP was transient and reached a maximum some 10-20 min after challenge of cells with atriopeptin. The basis for the transience of this increase was shown to be due to the desensitization of guanylate cyclase coupled with extrusion of cyclic GMP from the cells and the degradation of cyclic GMP by phosphodiesterase activity. Atriopeptin-catalysed extrusion of cyclic GMP was time- and dose-(EC50 ca. 1.5 x 10(-8) M) dependent and was inhibited by probenecid but not by high external cyclic GMP concentrations. The extrusion process underwent apparent desensitization as did guanylate cyclase with similar half lives (T1/2 of ca. 20 min). Desensitization was dose-dependent upon atriopeptin and did not appear to be mediated by elevated cyclic GMP concentrations as pre-incubation with 8-bromo cyclic GMP did not cause desensitization and the half-times for desensitization were similar whether or not IBMX was present. The majority of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity was found in the cytosol fraction of the cells and could be separated into two cyclic AMP specific forms and two cyclic GMP preferring forms.

  2. Dual-mechanism gastroretentive drug delivery system loaded with an amorphous solid dispersion prepared by hot-melt extrusion.

    PubMed

    Vo, Anh Q; Feng, Xin; Pimparade, Manjeet; Ye, Xinyou; Kim, Dong Wuk; Martin, Scott T; Repka, Michael A

    2017-05-01

    In the present study, we aimed to prepare a gastroretentive drug delivery system that would be both highly resistant to gastric emptying via multiple mechanisms and would also potentially induce in situ supersaturation. The bioadhesive floating pellets, loaded with an amorphous solid dispersion, were prepared in a single step of hot-melt extrusion technology. Hydroxypropyl cellulose (Klucel™ MF) and hypromellose (Benecel™ K15M) were used as matrix-forming polymers, and felodipine was used as the model drug. The foam pellets were fabricated based on the expansion of CO 2 , which was generated from sodium bicarbonate during the melt-extrusion process. A 2 n full factorial experimental design was utilized to investigate the effects of formulation compositions to the pellet properties. The melt-extrusion process transformed the crystalline felodipine into an amorphous state that was dispersed and "frozen" in the polymer matrix. All formulations showed high porosity and were able to float immediately, without lag time, on top of gastric fluid, and maintained their buoyancy over 12h. The pellet-specific floating force, which could be as high as 4800μN/g, increased significantly during the first hour, and was relatively stable until 9h. The sodium bicarbonate percentage was found to be most significantly effect to the floating force. The ex vivo bioadhesion force of the pellets to porcine stomach mucosa was approximately 5mN/pellet, which was more than five times higher than the gravitation force of the pellet saturated with water. Drug release was well controlled up to 12h in the sink condition of 0.5% sodium lauryl sulphate in 0.1N HCl. The dissolution at 1, 3, 5, and 8h were 5-12%, 25-45%, 55-80%, and ≥75% respectively for all 11 formulations. In biorelevant dissolution medium, a supersaturated solution was formed, and the concentration was maintained at around 2μg/mL, approximately 10-folds higher than that of the pure felodipine. All input factors

  3. 76 FR 4126 - Credit Watch Termination Initiative Termination of Origination Approval Agreements

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-01-24

    ... DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT [Docket No. FR- 5411-N-07] Credit Watch Termination Initiative Termination of Origination Approval Agreements AGENCY: Office of the Assistant Secretary for... (FHA) against HUD-approved mortgagees through the FHA Credit Watch Termination Initiative. This notice...

  4. 75 FR 57018 - Environmental Impact Statements; Notice of Availability

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-09-17

    ... 09/10/2010 Pursuant to 40 CFR 1506.9. Notice In accordance with Section 309(a) of the Clean Air Act... . Including the entire EIS comment letters on the Web site satisfies the Section 309(a) requirement to make..., IN, Comment Period Ends: 10/28/2010, Contact: Janice Osadczuk 317-226-7486. Revision to FR Notice 07...

  5. 40 CFR 180.415 - Aluminum tris (O-ethylphosphonate); tolerances for residues.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Lingonberry 40 None Nut, macadamia 0.20 None Onion, green 10.0 None Pea, succulent 0.3 None Pineapple 0.1 None... Vegetable, cucurbit, group 9 15 None Vegetable, leafy, except brassica, group 4 100 None (b) Section 18... registration, as defined in § 180.1(n), are established for residues of the fungicide aluminum tris (O...

  6. Orthodontic extrusion for pre-implant site enhancement: Principles and clinical guidelines.

    PubMed

    Alsahhaf, Abdulaziz; Att, Wael

    2016-07-01

    The aim of this paper is to provide a concise overview about the principles of pre-implant orthodontic extrusion, describe methods and techniques available and provide the clinicians with guidelines about its application. A number of reports describe orthodontic extrusion as a reliable method for pre-implant site enhancement. However, no standard protocols have been provided about the application of this technique. The literature database was searched for studies involving implant site enhancement by means of orthodontic extrusion. Information about the principles, indications and contraindications of this method, type of anchorage, force and time were obtained from the literature. Despite that the scarce data is largely limited to case reports and case series, implant site enhancement by means of orthodontic extrusion seems to be a promising option to improve soft and hard tissue conditions prior to implant placement. Orthodontic extrusion is being implemented as a treatment alternative to enhance hard and soft tissue prior to implant placement. While the current literature does not provide clear guidelines, the decision making for a specific approach seems to be based on the clinician's preferences. Clinical studies are needed to verify the validity of this treatment option. Copyright © 2016 Japan Prosthodontic Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  7. Ultra-thin ZnSe: Anisotropic and flexible crystal structure

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bacaksiz, C.; Senger, R. T.; Sahin, H.

    2017-07-01

    By performing density functional theory-based calculations, we investigate the structural, electronic, and mechanical properties of the thinnest ever ZnSe crystal [11]. The vibrational spectrum analysis reveals that the monolayer ZnSe is dynamically stable and has flexible nature with its soft phonon modes. In addition, a direct electronic band gap is found at the gamma point for the monolayer structure of ZnSe. We also elucidate that the monolayer ZnSe has angle dependent in-plane elastic parameters. In particular, the in-plane stiffness values are found to be 2.07 and 6.89 N/m for the arm-chair and zig-zag directions, respectively. The angle dependency is also valid for the Poisson ratio of the monolayer ZnSe. More significantly, the in-plane stiffness of the monolayer ZnSe is the one-tenth of Young modulus of bulk zb-ZnSe which indicates that the monolayer ZnSe is a quite flexible single layer crystal. With its flexible nature and in-plane anisotropic mechanical properties, the monolayer ZnSe is a good candidate for nanoscale mechanical applications.

  8. Co-extrusion of semi-finished aluminium-steel compounds

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Thürer, S. E.; Uhe, J.; Golovko, O.; Bonk, C.; Bouguecha, A.; Klose, C.; Behrens, B.-A.; Maier, H. J.

    2017-10-01

    The combination of light metals and steels allows for new lightweight components with wear-resistant functional surfaces. Within the Collaborative Research Centre 1153 novel process chains are developed for the manufacture of such hybrid components. Here, the production process of a hybrid bearing bushing made of the aluminium alloy EN AW-6082 and the case-hardened steel 20MnCr5 is developed. Hybrid semi-finished products are an attractive alternative to conventional ones resulting from massive forming processes where the individual components are joined after the forming process. The actual hybrid semi-finished products were manufactured using a lateral angular co-extrusion (LACE) process. The bearing bushings are subsequently produced by die forging. In the present study, a tool concept for the LACE process is described, which renders the continuous joining of a steel rod with an aluminium tube possible. During the LACE process, the rod is fed into the extrusion die at an angle of approx. 90°. Metallographic analysis of the hybrid profile showed that the mechanical bonding between the different materials begins about 75 mm after the edge of the aluminium sheath. In order to improve the bonding strength, the steel rod is to be preheated during extrusion. Systematic investigations using a dilatometer, considering the maximum possible co-extrusion process parameters, were carried out. The variable parameters for the dilatometer experiments were determined by numerical simulation. In order to form a bond between the materials, the oxide layer needs to be disrupted during the co-extrusion process. In an attempt to better understand this effect, a modified sample geometry with chamfered steel was developed for the dilatometer experiments. The influence of the process parameters on the formation of the intermetallic phase at the interface was analysed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. This article, which was originally published online on 16

  9. New Lithium- and Diamine-Intercalated Superconductors Lix(CnH2n+4N2)yMoSe2 (n = 2,6)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sato, Kazuki; Noji, Takashi; Hatakeda, Takehiro; Kawamata, Takayuki; Kato, Masatsune; Koike, Yoji

    2018-05-01

    We have succeeded in synthesizing new intercalation superconductors Lix(C2H8N2)yMoSe2 and Lix(C6H16N2)yMoSe2 with Tc = 4.2 and 3.8-6.0 K, respectively, via the co-intercalation of lithium and ethylenediamine or hexamethylenediamine into semiconducting 2H-MoSe2. It has been found that the Tc values are related not to the interlayer spacing between MoSe2 layers so much but to the electronic density of states (EDOS) at the Fermi level. Moreover, only Li-intercalated LixMoSe2 with a small interlayer spacing has been found to be non-superconducting. Accordingly, it has been concluded that not only a sufficient amount of EDOS at the Fermi level due to the charge transfer from intercalated Li to MoSe2 layers but also the enhancement of the two-dimensionality of the crystal structure and/or electronic structure due to the expansion of the interlayer spacing between MoSe2 layers is necessary for the appearance of superconductivity in MoSe2-based intercalation superconductors. The pairing mechanism and the analogy to the superconductivity in the electric double-layer transistors of 2H-MoX2 (X = S, Se, Te) are discussed.

  10. Method for producing through extrusion an anisotropic magnet with high energy product

    DOEpatents

    Chandhok, Vijay K.

    2004-09-07

    A method for producing an anisotropic magnet with high energy product through extrusion and, more specifically, by placing a particle charge of a composition from the which magnet is to be produced in a noncircular container, heating the container and particle charge and extruding the container and particle charge through a noncircular extrusion die in such a manner that one of the cross-sectional axes or dimension of the container and particle charge is held substantially constant during the extrusion to compact the particle charge to substantially full density by mechanical deformation produced during the extrusion to achieve a magnet with anisotropic magnetic properties along the axes or dimension thereof and, more specifically, a high energy product along the transverse of the smallest cross-sectional dimension of the extruded magnet.

  11. Comparison of updated Lagrangian FEM with arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian method for 3D thermo-mechanical extrusion of a tube profile

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kronsteiner, J.; Horwatitsch, D.; Zeman, K.

    2017-10-01

    Thermo-mechanical numerical modelling and simulation of extrusion processes faces several serious challenges. Large plastic deformations in combination with a strong coupling of thermal with mechanical effects leads to a high numerical demand for the solution as well as for the handling of mesh distortions. The two numerical methods presented in this paper also reflect two different ways to deal with mesh distortions. Lagrangian Finite Element Methods (FEM) tackle distorted elements by building a new mesh (called re-meshing) whereas Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) methods use an "advection" step to remap the solution from the distorted to the undistorted mesh. Another difference between conventional Lagrangian and ALE methods is the separate treatment of material and mesh in ALE, allowing the definition of individual velocity fields. In theory, an ALE formulation contains the Eulerian formulation as a subset to the Lagrangian description of the material. The investigations presented in this paper were dealing with the direct extrusion of a tube profile using EN-AW 6082 aluminum alloy and a comparison of experimental with Lagrangian and ALE results. The numerical simulations cover the billet upsetting and last until one third of the billet length is extruded. A good qualitative correlation of experimental and numerical results could be found, however, major differences between Lagrangian and ALE methods concerning thermo-mechanical coupling lead to deviations in the thermal results.

  12. Tribological Behavior of Aluminum Alloy AlSi10Mg-TiB2 Composites Produced by Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lorusso, Massimo; Aversa, Alberta; Manfredi, Diego; Calignano, Flaviana; Ambrosio, Elisa Paola; Ugues, Daniele; Pavese, Matteo

    2016-08-01

    Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) is an additive manufacturing technique for the production of parts with complex geometry and it is especially appropriate for structural applications in aircraft and automotive industries. Aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs) are promising materials for these applications because they are lightweight, ductile, and have a good strength-to-weight ratio This paper presents an investigation of microstructure, hardness, and tribological properties of AlSi10Mg alloy and AlSi10Mg alloy/TiB2 composites prepared by DMLS. MMCs were realized with two different compositions: 10% wt. of microsize TiB2, 1% wt. of nanosize TiB2. Wear tests were performed using a pin-on-disk apparatus on the prepared samples. Performances of AlSi10Mg samples manufactured by DMLS were also compared with the results obtained on AlSi10Mg alloy samples made by casting. It was found that the composites displayed a lower coefficient of friction (COF), but in the case of microsize TiB2 reinforcement the wear rate was higher than with nanosize reinforcements and aluminum alloy without reinforcement. AlSi10Mg obtained by DMLS showed a higher COF than AlSi10Mg obtained by casting, but the wear rate was higher in the latter case.

  13. 46 CFR 56.07-10 - Design conditions and criteria (modifies 101-104.7).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... ENGINEERING PIPING SYSTEMS AND APPURTENANCES Design § 56.07-10 Design conditions and criteria (modifies 101... system must not be greater than the internal design pressure defined in 104.1.2 of ASME B31.1 (incorporated by reference; see 46 CFR 56.01-2). (2) Where the maximum allowable working pressure of a system...

  14. The Effect of Impurities on the Processing of Aluminum Alloys

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Zi-Kui Liu; Shengjun Zhang; Qingyou Han

    2007-04-23

    thermodynamic database developed in this project, thermodynamic simulations were carried out to investigate the effect of sodium on the HTE of Al-Mg alloys. The simulation results indicated that the liquid miscibility gap resulting from the dissolved sodium in the molten material plays an important role in HTE. A liquid phase forms from the solid face-centered cubic (fcc) phase (most likely at grain boundaries) during cooling, resulting in the occurrence of HTE. Comparison of the thermodynamic simulation results with experimental measurements on the high-temperature ductility of an Al-5Mg-Na alloy shows that HTE occurs in the temperature range at which the liquid phase exists. Based on this fundamental understanding of the HTE mechanism during processing of aluminum alloy, an HTE sensitive zone and a hot-rolling safe zone of the Al-Mg-Na alloys are defined as functions of processing temperature and alloy composition. The tendency of HTE was evaluated based on thermodynamic simulations of the fraction of the intergranular sodium-rich liquid phase. Methods of avoiding HTE during rolling/extrusion of Al-Mg-based alloys were suggested. Energy and environmental benefits from the results of this project could occur through a number of avenues: (1) energy benefits accruing from reduced rejection rates of the aluminum sheet and bar, (2) reduced dross formation during the remelting of the aluminum rejects, and (3) reduced CO2 emission related to the energy savings. The sheet and extruded bar quantities produced in the United States during 2000 were 10,822 and 4,546 million pounds, respectively. It is assumed that 50% of the sheet and 10% of the bar will be affected by implementing the results of this project. With the current process, the rejection rate of sheet and bar is estimated at 5%. Assuming that at least half of the 5% rejection of sheet and bar will be eliminated by using the results of this project and that 4% of the aluminum will be lost through dross (Al2O3) during remelting

  15. The Energetics and Physiological Impact of Cohesin Extrusion.

    PubMed

    Vian, Laura; Pękowska, Aleksandra; Rao, Suhas S P; Kieffer-Kwon, Kyong-Rim; Jung, Seolkyoung; Baranello, Laura; Huang, Su-Chen; El Khattabi, Laila; Dose, Marei; Pruett, Nathanael; Sanborn, Adrian L; Canela, Andres; Maman, Yaakov; Oksanen, Anna; Resch, Wolfgang; Li, Xingwang; Lee, Byoungkoo; Kovalchuk, Alexander L; Tang, Zhonghui; Nelson, Steevenson; Di Pierro, Michele; Cheng, Ryan R; Machol, Ido; St Hilaire, Brian Glenn; Durand, Neva C; Shamim, Muhammad S; Stamenova, Elena K; Onuchic, José N; Ruan, Yijun; Nussenzweig, Andre; Levens, David; Aiden, Erez Lieberman; Casellas, Rafael

    2018-05-17

    Cohesin extrusion is thought to play a central role in establishing the architecture of mammalian genomes. However, extrusion has not been visualized in vivo, and thus, its functional impact and energetics are unknown. Using ultra-deep Hi-C, we show that loop domains form by a process that requires cohesin ATPases. Once formed, however, loops and compartments are maintained for hours without energy input. Strikingly, without ATP, we observe the emergence of hundreds of CTCF-independent loops that link regulatory DNA. We also identify architectural "stripes," where a loop anchor interacts with entire domains at high frequency. Stripes often tether super-enhancers to cognate promoters, and in B cells, they facilitate Igh transcription and recombination. Stripe anchors represent major hotspots for topoisomerase-mediated lesions, which promote chromosomal translocations and cancer. In plasmacytomas, stripes can deregulate Igh-translocated oncogenes. We propose that higher organisms have coopted cohesin extrusion to enhance transcription and recombination, with implications for tumor development. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  16. Two-dimensional n -InSe/p -GeSe(SnS) van der Waals heterojunctions: High carrier mobility and broadband performance

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Xia, Cong-xin; Du, Juan; Huang, Xiao-wei; Xiao, Wen-bo; Xiong, Wen-qi; Wang, Tian-xing; Wei, Zhong-ming; Jia, Yu; Shi, Jun-jie; Li, Jing-bo

    2018-03-01

    Recently, constructing van der Waals (vdW) heterojunctions by stacking different two-dimensional (2D) materials has been considered to be effective strategy to obtain the desired properties. Here, through first-principles calculations, we find theoretically that the 2D n -InSe/p -GeSe(SnS) vdW heterojunctions are the direct-band-gap semiconductor with typical type-II band alignment, facilitating the effective separation of photogenerated electron and hole pairs. Moreover, they possess the high optical absorption strength (˜105 ), broad spectrum width, and excellent carrier mobility (˜103c m2V-1s-1 ). Interestingly, under the influences of the interlayer coupling and external electric field, the characteristics of type-II band alignment is robust, while the band-gap values and band offset are tunable. These results indicate that 2D n -InSe/p -GeSe(SnS) heterojunctions possess excellent optoelectronic and transport properties, and thus can become good candidates for next-generation optoelectronic nanodevices.

  17. 78 FR 67177 - Center for Scientific Review; Amended Notice of Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-08

    ... Technology A Study Section, October 07, 2013, 08:00 a.m. to October 08, 2013, 05:00 p.m., Hilton Alexandria... September 10, 2013, 78 FR 175 Pgs. 55268-55270. The meeting will be held at the Hilton Rockville, 1750...

  18. Ministry of Defence Main Estimates 2009-10

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-07-02

    fR 2 M O G C ha ng es " 13 .7 " 13 .7 " 13 .7 0. 0 F le x C ap it al to R es ou rc e. 60 0. 0 60 0. 0...as h R el ea se 48 .9 48 .9 " 48 .9 0 0. 0 N D P B C os ts 13 2. 1 9. 5 14 1. 6 14 1. 6 0. 9 0. 9 R fR 1 T ot al 23 ,8 87 .1 11 ,6 32 .5 35 ,5 19 .6 17...rs O ut " 28 .0 " 28 .0 " 28 .0 R es er ve B id 2, 38 4. 3 42 2.

  19. 76 FR 12308 - Modernizing the FCC Form 477 Data Program; Correction

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-07

    ... FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 47 CFR Parts 1, 20, and 43 [WCB: WC Docket Nos. 07-38, 09-190, 10-132, 11-10; FCC 11-14] Modernizing the FCC Form 477 Data Program; Correction AGENCY: Federal..., Deputy Manager. [FR Doc. 2011-5095 Filed 3-4-11; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6712-01-P ...

  20. Stable N-CuInSe.sub.2 /iodide-iodine photoelectrochemical cell

    DOEpatents

    Cahen, David; Chen, Yih W.

    1985-01-01

    In a photoelectrochemical solar cell, stable output and solar efficiency in excess of 10% are achieved with a photoanode of n-CuInSe.sub.2 electrode material and an iodine/iodide redox couple used in a liquid electrolyte. The photoanode is prepared by treating the electrode material by chemical etching, for example in Br.sub.2 /MeOH; heating the etched electrode material in air or oxygen; depositing a surface film coating of indium on the electrode material after the initial heating; and thereafter again heating the electrode material in air or oxygen to oxidize the indium. The electrolyte is treated by the addition of Cu.sup.+ or Cu.sup.2+ salts and In.sup.3+ salts.

  1. Stable n-CuInSe/sub 2/iodide-iodine photoelectrochemical cell

    DOEpatents

    Cahen, D.; Chen, Y.W.

    1984-09-20

    In a photoelectrochemical solar cell, stable output and solar efficiency in excess of 10% are achieved with a photoanode of n-CuInSe/sub 2/ electrode material and an iodine/iodide redox couple used in a liquid electrolyte. The photoanode is prepared by treating the electrode material by chemical etching, for example in Br/sub 2//MeOH; heating the etched electrode material in air or oxygen; depositing a surface film coating of indium on the electrode material after the initial heating; and thereafter again heating the electrode material in air or oxygen to oxidize the indium. The electrolyte is treated by the addition of Cu/sup +/ or Cu/sup 2 +/ salts and in In/sup 3 +/ salts.

  2. Method of extruding and packaging a thin sample of reactive material including forming the extrusion die

    DOEpatents

    Lewandowski, Edward F.; Peterson, Leroy L.

    1985-01-01

    This invention teaches a method of cutting a narrow slot in an extrusion die with an electrical discharge machine by first drilling spaced holes at the ends of where the slot will be, whereby the oil can flow through the holes and slot to flush the material eroded away as the slot is being cut. The invention further teaches a method of extruding a very thin ribbon of solid highly reactive material such as lithium or sodium through the die in an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, argon or the like as in a glovebox. The invention further teaches a method of stamping out sample discs from the ribbon and of packaging each disc by sandwiching it between two aluminum sheets and cold welding the sheets together along an annular seam beyond the outer periphery of the disc. This provides a sample of high purity reactive material that can have a long shelf life.

  3. Method of extruding and packaging a thin sample of reactive material, including forming the extrusion die

    DOEpatents

    Lewandowski, E.F.; Peterson, L.L.

    1981-11-30

    This invention teaches a method of cutting a narrow slot in an extrusion die with an electrical discharge machine by first drilling spaced holes at the ends of where the slot will be, whereby the oil can flow through the holes and slot to flush the material eroded away as the slot is being cut. The invention further teaches a method of extruding a very thin ribbon of solid highly reactive material such as lithium or sodium through the die in an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, argon, or the like as in a glovebox. The invention further teaches a method of stamping out sample discs from the ribbon and of packaging each disc by sandwiching it between two aluminum sheets and cold welding the sheets together along an annular seam beyond the outer periphery of the disc. This provides a sample of high purity reactive material that can have a long shelf life.

  4. [Determination of Arsenic in Food Package Aluminum by Ultrasound Assisted Solid Phase Extraction/ICP-AES].

    PubMed

    Qin, Wen-xia; Gong, Qi; Li, Min; Deng, Li-xin; Mo, Li-shu; Li, Yan-lin

    2015-04-01

    Determination of arsenic in pure aluminum by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry was interfered by aluminum matrix. The experiment showed that when the mass concentration of Al was greater than or equal to 5 000 times the As in the test solution, the measurement error was greater than 5%. In order to eliminate the interference, strong acid cation exchange fiber (SACEF) was used as solid phase extraction agent to adsorb Al(3+). The extraction conditions included amount of SACEF, extraction time, temperature and pH were investigated. The optimal extraction conditions were that 0.9000 g SACEF was used to extract the aluminum from the sample solution of pH 2.0 at 55 °C for 5 min with the ultrasonic assist, and in this case, the arsenic in the form of arsenic acid was not extracted and left in the solution for the determination. The results showed that after treating 10. 00 mL test solution containing 1.00 µg arsenic and 20.0 mg aluminum, arsenic did not lose. The mass concentration of residual aluminum in the raffinate was about 2,000 times the As, which had not interfered the determination of arsenic. The detection limit (3 s) was 0.027 µg · mL(-1) and quantification limit (10 s) was 0.0091 µg · mL(-1). The proposed method was successfully applied to the separation and determination of arsenic in the synthetic samples, the aluminum cans and the barbecue aluminum foil. Recovery was in the range of 98.3%-105% and RSD (n = 3) was in the range of 0.1%-4.3%. The results showed that the content of arsenic in the aluminum cans and the aluminum barbecue foil was below the limited value of national standard (GB/T 3190-2008).

  5. 77 FR 5262 - Credit Watch Termination Initiative Termination of Direct Endorsement (DE) Approval

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-02

    ... DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT [Docket No. FR-5511-N-07] Credit Watch Termination Initiative Termination of Direct Endorsement (DE) Approval AGENCY: Office of the Assistant Secretary for... (FHA) against HUD-approved mortgagees through the FHA Credit Watch Termination Initiative. This notice...

  6. Fragilidad y su asociación con mortalidad, hospitalizaciones y dependencia funcional en mexicanos de 60 años o más

    PubMed Central

    de León González, Enrique Díaz; Pérez, Héctor Eloy Tamez; Hermosillo, Hugo Gutiérrez; Rodríguez, Javier Armando Cedillo; Torres, Gabriela

    2016-01-01

    Fundamento y objetivo Determinar la asociación entre fragilidad y mortalidad, dependencia funcional, caídas y hospitalizaciones en el Estudio Nacional de Salud y Envejecimiento en México (ENASEM). Sujetos y métodos Estudio prospectivo poblacional en México en el que se seleccionaron sujetos de 60 años o más, que fueron evaluados en las variables de fragilidad durante la primera vuelta del estudio en el año 2001 y que incluyó: dificultad para levantarse de una silla después de haber estado sentado(a) durante largo tiempo, pérdida de peso de 5 kilogramos o más en los últimos dos años y falta de energía. Los sujetos fueron catalogados como robustos, prefrágiles y frágiles cuando tenían cero, una o dos de las características anteriores, respectivamente. La mortalidad, hospitalizaciones, caídas y dependencia funcional fueron evaluadas en la segunda vuelta del estudio en el año 2003. Se calculó el riesgo relativo para cada una de las complicaciones, así como análisis multivariado con regresión de Cox para el caso de mortalidad y regresión logística para el resto. Resultados Los estados de prefragilidad y fragilidad se asociaron independientemente con mortalidad, con índices de riesgo ajustados de 1,61 (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%] 1,01-2,55) y 1,94 (IC 95% 1,20-3,13), respectivamente. Sólo el estado de fragilidad se asoció independientemente con hospitalización y dependencia funcional, con una razón de momios ajustada de 1,53 (IC 95% 1,13-2,07) y 3,07 (IC 95% 1,76-5,34), respectivamente. No hubo asociación entre los estados de prefragilidad y fragilidad con caídas. Conclusión El estado de fragilidad se asocia independientemente con mortalidad, hospitalizaciones y disfuncionalidad en actividades básicas de la vida diaria en los siguientes dos años en población mexicana. PMID:21612803

  7. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for in-line monitoring of polymer extrusion processes.

    PubMed

    Rohe, T; Becker, W; Kölle, S; Eisenreich, N; Eyerer, P

    1999-09-13

    In recent years, near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has become an analytical tool frequently used in many chemical production processes. In particular, on-line measurements are of interest to increase process stability and to document constant product quality. Application to polymer processing e.g. polymer extrusion, could even increase product quality. Interesting parameters are composition of the processed polymer, moisture, or reaction status in reactive extrusion. For this issue a transmission sensor was developed for application of NIR spectroscopy to extrusion processes. This sensor includes fibre optic probes and a measuring cell to be adapted to various extruders for in-line measurements. In contrast to infrared sensors, it only uses optical quartz components. Extrusion processes at temperatures up to 300 degrees C and pressures up to 37 MPa have been investigated. Application of multivariate data analysis (e.g. partial least squares, PLS) demonstrated the performance of the system with respect to process monitoring: in the case of polymer blending, deviations between predicted and actual polymer composition were quite low (in the range of +/-0.25%). So the complete system is suitable for harsh industrial environments and could lead to improved polymer extrusion processes.

  8. Modification of the anisotropy and strength differential effect of extruded AZ31 by extrusion-shear

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jaehnke, M.; Gensch, F.; Mueller, S.

    2018-05-01

    The extrusion of magnesium alloys results in a pronounced fiber texture in which the basal planes are mostly oriented parallel and the c-axes are oriented perpendicular to the extrusion direction. Due to this texture the Strength Differential Effect (SDE), which describes the strength difference between tensile and compression yield strength, and the elastic anisotropy in the sheet plane are obtained during extrusion. The objective of the investigation was to decrease the SDE and anisotropy through specifically influencing the microstructure and texture. To accomplish this objective, the forming processes extrusion (EX) and equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) were combined and integrated into one extrusion die. This combination is called extrusion-shear (ES). With an ES-die, billets of the magnesium alloy AZ31B were formed into a sheet with the thickness of 4 mm and the width of 70 mm. The angles of the used ECAP-applications in the ES-dies were set to 90° and 135°. The results show that the extrusion-shear process is able to decrease the anisotropy and SDE through transformation of the texture compared to conventional extrusion process. Also grain refinement could be observed. However, the outcomes seem to be very sensitive to the process parameters. Only by using the ES-die with an angle of 135° the desired effect could be accomplished.

  9. 49 CFR 178.512 - Standards for steel, aluminum or other metal boxes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Standards for steel, aluminum or other metal boxes...) SPECIFICATIONS FOR PACKAGINGS Non-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.512 Standards for steel, aluminum or other metal boxes. (a) The following are identification codes for steel, aluminum, or other...

  10. 49 CFR 178.512 - Standards for steel, aluminum or other metal boxes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Standards for steel, aluminum or other metal boxes...) SPECIFICATIONS FOR PACKAGINGS Non-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.512 Standards for steel, aluminum or other metal boxes. (a) The following are identification codes for steel, aluminum, or other...

  11. Physico-chemical properties and extrusion behaviour of selected common bean varieties.

    PubMed

    Natabirwa, Hedwig; Muyonga, John H; Nakimbugwe, Dorothy; Lungaho, Mercy

    2018-03-01

    Extrusion processing offers the possibility of processing common beans industrially into highly nutritious and functional products. However, there is limited information on properties of extrudates from different bean varieties and their association with raw material characteristics and extrusion conditions. In this study, physico-chemical properties of raw and extruded Bishaz, K131, NABE19, Roba1 and RWR2245 common beans were determined. The relationships between bean characteristics and extrusion conditions on the extrudate properties were analysed. Extrudate physico-chemical and pasting properties varied significantly (P < 0.05) among bean varieties. Expansion ratio and water solubility decreased, while bulk density, water absorption, peak and breakdown viscosities increased as feed moisture increased. Protein exhibited significant positive correlation (P < 0.05) with water solubility index, and negative correlations (P < 0.05) with water absorption, bulk density and pasting viscosities. Iron and dietary fibre showed positive correlation while total ash exhibited negative correlation with peak viscosity, final viscosity and setback. Similar trends were observed in principal component analysis. Extrudate physico-chemical properties were found to be associated with beans protein, starch, iron, zinc and fibre contents. Therefore, bean chemical composition may serve as an indicator for beans extrusion behaviour and could be useful in selection of beans for extrusion. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

  12. Single screw extrusion of apple pomace-enriched blends: Extrudate characteristics and determination of optimum processing conditions.

    PubMed

    Singha, Poonam; Muthukumarappan, Kasiviswanathan

    2018-07-01

    Response surface methodology was used to investigate the single screw extrusion of apple pomace-defatted soy flour-corn grits blends and the product properties. Five different blends at a level of 0-20% w/w apple pomace were extrusion cooked with varied barrel and die temperature (100-140℃), screw speed (100-200 rpm), and feed moisture content (14-20% wet basis). Increasing apple pomace content in the blends significantly ( P < 0.05) increased the bulk density, the total phenolic content, and the antioxidant activity of the extrudates. The expansion ratio increased with pomace inclusion level of 5% but decreased significantly ( P < 0.05) at higher levels of pomace inclusion (10-20%). Moisture content had quadratic influence on water absorption and solubility indices. Optimal extrusion cooking conditions most likely to produce apple pomace-enriched extruded snack products were at 140℃ barrel and die temperature, 20% feed moisture content, and 200 rpm screw speed. The results indicated active interaction between apple pomace and starch during expansion process.

  13. 21 CFR 73.1015 - Chromium-cobalt-aluminum oxide.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ...) Identity. The color additive chromium-cobalt-aluminum oxide is a blue-green pigment obtained by calcining a... percent each) of oxides of barium, boron, silicon, and nickel. (b) Specifications. Chromium-cobalt... milliliters of 0.5 N hydrochloric acid. (c) Uses and restrictions. The color additive chromium-cobalt-aluminum...

  14. 78 FR 65231 - Special Conditions: Bombardier Inc., Models BD-500-1A10 and BD-500-1A11 series airplanes...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-10-31

    ...-1A10 and BD-500-1A11 series airplanes will be fabricated using aluminum-lithium materials. The... all-aluminum-lithium fuselage. Experience has shown that eliminating the fire propagation of the... aluminum-lithium materials instead of conventional aluminum. This new type of material must provide...

  15. Ultrasound-Assist Extrusion Methods for the Fabrication of Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Polypropylene/Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

    PubMed Central

    Ávila-Orta, Carlos A.; Quiñones-Jurado, Zoe V.; Waldo-Mendoza, Miguel A.; Rivera-Paz, Erika A.; Cruz-Delgado, Víctor J.; Mata-Padilla, José M.; González-Morones, Pablo; Ziolo, Ronald F.

    2015-01-01

    Isotactic polypropylenes (iPP) with different melt flow indexes (MFI) were used to fabricate nanocomposites (NCs) with 10 wt % loadings of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using ultrasound-assisted extrusion methods to determine their effect on the morphology, melt flow, and electrical properties of the NCs. Three different types of iPPs were used with MFIs of 2.5, 34 and 1200 g/10 min. Four different NC fabrication methods based on melt extrusion were used. In the first method melt extrusion fabrication without ultrasound assistance was used. In the second and third methods, an ultrasound probe attached to a hot chamber located at the exit of the die was used to subject the sample to fixed frequency and variable frequency, respectively. The fourth method is similar to the first method, with the difference being that the carbon nanotubes were treated in a fluidized air-bed with an ultrasound probe before being used in the fabrication of the NCs with no ultrasound assistance during extrusion. The samples were characterized by MFI, Optical microscopy (OM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electrical surface resistivity, and electric charge. MFI decreases in all cases with addition of MWCNTs with the largest decrease observed for samples with the highest MFI. The surface resistivity, which ranged from 1013 to 105 Ω/sq, and electric charge, were observed to depend on the ultrasound-assisted fabrication method as well as on the melt flow index of the iPP. A relationship between agglomerate size and area ratio with electric charge was found. Several trends in the overall data were identified and are discussed in terms of MFI and the different fabrication methods. PMID:28793686

  16. Red-emitting manganese-doped aluminum nitride phosphor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cherepy, Nerine J.; Payne, Stephen A.; Harvey, Nicholas M.; Åberg, Daniel; Seeley, Zachary M.; Holliday, Kiel S.; Tran, Ich C.; Zhou, Fei; Martinez, H. Paul; Demeyer, Jessica M.; Drobshoff, Alexander D.; Srivastava, Alok M.; Camardello, Samuel J.; Comanzo, Holly A.; Schlagel, Deborah L.; Lograsso, Thomas A.

    2016-04-01

    We report high efficiency luminescence with a manganese-doped aluminum nitride red-emitting phosphor under 254 nm excitation, as well as its excellent lumen maintenance in fluorescent lamp conditions, making it a candidate replacement for the widely deployed europium-doped yttria red phosphor. Solid-state reaction of aluminum nitride powders with manganese metal at 1900 °C, 10 atm N2 in a reducing environment results in nitrogen deficiency, as revealed diffuse reflectance spectra. When these powders are subsequently annealed in flowing nitrogen at 1650 °C, higher nitrogen content is recovered, resulting in white powders. Silicon was added to samples as an oxygen getter to improve emission efficiency. NEXAFS spectra and DFT calculations indicate that the Mn dopant is divalent. From DFT calculations, the UV absorption band is proposed to be due to an aluminum vacancy coupled with oxygen impurity dopants, and Mn2+ is assumed to be closely associated with this site. In contrast with some previous reports, we find that the highest quantum efficiency with 254 nm excitation (Q.E. = 0.86 ± 0.14) is obtained in aluminum nitride with a low manganese doping level of 0.06 mol.%. The principal Mn2+ decay of 1.25 ms is assigned to non-interacting Mn sites, while additional components in the microsecond range appear with higher Mn doping, consistent with Mn clustering and resultant exchange coupling. Slower components are present in samples with low Mn doping, as well as strong afterglow, assigned to trapping on shallow traps followed by detrapping and subsequent trapping on Mn.

  17. Extrusion cycles of dome-forming eruptions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    de'Michieli Vitturi, M.; Clarke, A. B.; Neri, A.; Voight, B.

    2010-12-01

    We investigated the dynamics of magma ascent along a dome-forming conduit coupled with the formation and extrusion of a degassed plug at the top by a two-phase flow model. We treated the magma mixture as a liquid continuum with dispersed gas bubbles and crystals in thermodynamic equilibrium with the melt. A modified Poiseulle form of the viscous term for fully developed laminar flow in an elliptic conduit was assumed. During ascent, magma pressure decreases and water vapor exsolves and partially degasses from the melt as the melt simultaneously crystallizes, causing changes in mixture density and viscosity, which may eventually lead to the formation of a degassed plug sealing the conduit. The numerical model DOMEFLOW (de’ Michieli Vitturi et al., EPSL 2010) has been applied to dome-building eruptions using conditions approximately appropriate for the Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, which has led to a better understanding of the role of a plug on eruption periodicity. Two mechanisms, which have been proposed to cause periodicity, have been implemented in the model and their corresponding timescales explored. The first test applies a stick-slip model in which the plug is considered as solid and static/dynamic friction, as described in Iverson et al. [Nature 2006, 444, 439-43], replaces the viscous forces in the momentum equation. This mechanism yields cycle timescales of seconds to tens of seconds with values generally depending on assumed friction coefficients. Although not all constants and parameters have been explored for this model, we suggest that a stick-slip mechanism of this type cannot explain the cycles of extrusion and explosion typically observed at Montserrat (timescales of hours). The second mechanism does not consider friction but allows enhanced permeable gas loss in the shallow conduit, possibly due to connected porosity or micro- or macro-scale fractures. Enhanced permeable gas loss may lead to formation of a dense and rheologically

  18. Corrosion anisotropy of titanium deformed by the hydrostatic extrusion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chojnacka, A.; Kawalko, J.; Koscielny, H.; Guspiel, J.; Drewienkiewicz, A.; Bieda, M.; Pachla, W.; Kulczyk, M.; Sztwiertnia, K.; Beltowska-Lehman, E.

    2017-12-01

    The corrosion behaviour of titanium rods deformed by hydrostatic extrusion (HE) in artificial saliva (Carter-Brugirard's solution of pH 7.6) was investigated using open-circuit potentials (OCPs), (DC) potentiodynamic polarisation curves and (AC) electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Various electrochemical parameters (corrosion potential Ecorr, corrosion current (icorr), polarisation resistance Rp, charge transfer resistance Rct and oxide film resistance Rf) were analysed. Significant coherence was observed between results achieved from these procedures, i.e., all applied techniques showed the same trend for corrosion resistance. The obtained electrochemical data were then related to the microstructure parameters (crystallographic texture, grain size, grain boundary distribution and density) determined using the EBSD/SEM technique. It was found that the corrosion behaviour of titanium processed by the HE method was superior compared to the unprocessed Ti, and this was clearly dependent on the extrusion direction. The highest corrosion resistance was revealed for the HE-deformed Ti rod of the surface oriented longitudinal (parallel) to the extrusion direction.

  19. Chemical vapor deposition of aluminum oxide

    DOEpatents

    Gordon, Roy; Kramer, Keith; Liu, Xinye

    2000-01-01

    An aluminum oxide film is deposited on a heated substrate by CVD from one or more alkylaluminum alkoxide compounds having composition R.sub.n Al.sub.2 (OR').sub.6-n, wherein R and R' are alkyl groups and n is in the range of 1 to 5.

  20. Enhancement of emission efficiency of colloidal CdSe quantum dots on silicon substrate via an ultra-thin layer of aluminum oxide.

    PubMed

    Patty, K; Sadeghi, S M; Nejat, A; Mao, C-B

    2014-04-18

    We demonstrate that an ultra-thin layer of aluminum oxide can significantly enhance the emission efficiency of colloidal quantum dots on a Si substrate. For an ensemble of single quantum dots, our results show that this super brightening process can increase the fluorescence of CdSe quantum dots, forming well-resolved spectra, while in the absence of this layer the emission remains mostly at the noise level. We demonstrate that this process can be further enhanced with irradiation of the quantum dots, suggesting a significant photo-induced fluorescence enhancement via considerable suppression of non-radiative decay channels of the quantum dots. We study the impact of the Al oxide thickness on Si and interdot interactions, and discuss the results in terms of photo-induced catalytic properties of the Al oxide and the effects of such an oxide on the Coulomb blockade responsible for suppression of photo-ionization of the quantum dots.

  1. Bi2O2Se nanosheet: An excellent high-temperature n-type thermoelectric material

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yu, Jiabing; Sun, Qiang

    2018-01-01

    Motivated by the recent synthesis of an ultrathin film of layered Bi2O2Se [Wu et al., Nat. Nanotechnol. 12, 530 (2017); Wu et al., Nano Lett. 17, 3021 (2017)], we have systematically studied the thermoelectric properties of a Bi2O2Se nanosheet using first principles density functional theory combined with semiclassical Boltzmann transport theory. The calculated results indicate that the Bi2O2Se nanosheet exhibits a figure of merit (ZT) of 3.35 for optimal n-type doping at 800 K, which is much larger than the ZT value of 2.6 at 923 K in SnSe known as the most efficient thermoelectric material [Zhao et al., Nature 508, 373 (2014)]. Equally important, the high ZT in the n-type doped Bi2O2Se nanosheet highlights the efficiency of the reduced dimension on improving thermoelectric performance as compared with strain engineering by which the ZT of n-type doped bulk Bi2O2Se cannot be effectively enhanced.

  2. VIEW OF THE INSTALLATION OF AN EXTRUSION PRESS IN THE ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    VIEW OF THE INSTALLATION OF AN EXTRUSION PRESS IN THE HIGH BAY AREA OF BUILDING 865. THE EXTRUSION PRESS WAS USED TO PRODUCE CYLINDRICAL BARS, HOLLOW TUBES, AND SHAPES WITH IRREGULAR CROSS-SECTIONS BY FORCING PREHEATED METAL THROUGH A DIE ORIFICE UNDER HIGH PRESSURE. (5/22/70) - Rocky Flats Plant, Metal Research & Development Laboratory, South of Central Avenue at south end of terminus of Ninth Avenue, Golden, Jefferson County, CO

  3. Numerical investigations on the lateral angular co-extrusion of aluminium and steel

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Behrens, B.-A.; Klose, C.; Chugreev, A.; Thürer, S. E.; Uhe, J.

    2018-05-01

    In order to save weight and costs, different materials can be combined within one component. In the novel process chain being developed within the Collaborative Research Centre (CRC) 1153, joined semi-finished workpieces are used to produce hybrid solid components with locally adapted properties. Different materials are joined in an initial step before the forming process takes place. Hereby, the quality of the joining zone is improved by means of the thermo-mechanical treatment during the forming and machining processes. The lateral angular co-extrusion (LACE) approach is used to produce semi-finished workpieces because it allows for the production of coaxial semi-finished products consisting of aluminium and steel. In the further process chain, these semi-finished products are processed into hybrid bearing bushings with locally adapted properties by die forging. In the scope of this work, numerical investigations of the co-extrusion of aluminium-steel compounds were carried out using finite element (FE) simulation in order to examine the influence of the process parameters on the co-extrusion process. For this purpose, the relevant material properties of the aluminium alloy EN AW-6082 were determined experimentally and subsequently implemented in the numerical model. The obtained numerical model was used to study the impact of different ram speeds, press ratios and billet temperatures on the resulting extrusion forces and the material flow. The numerical results have been validated using force-time curves obtained from experimental extrusion tests carried out on a 2.5 MN laboratory extrusion press.

  4. Quantitative analysis of mechanical force required for cell extrusion in zebrafish embryonic epithelia.

    PubMed

    Yamada, Sohei; Iino, Takanori; Bessho, Yasumasa; Hosokawa, Yoichiroh; Matsui, Takaaki

    2017-10-15

    When cells in epithelial sheets are damaged by intrinsic or extrinsic causes, they are eliminated by extrusion from the sheet. Cell extrusion, which is required for maintenance of tissue integrity, is the consequence of contraction of actomyosin rings, as demonstrated by both molecular/cellular biological experimentation and numerical simulation. However, quantitative evaluation of actomyosin contraction has not been performed because of the lack of a suitable direct measurement system. In this study, we developed a new method using a femtosecond laser to quantify the contraction force of the actomyosin ring during cell extrusion in zebrafish embryonic epithelia. In this system, an epithelial cell in zebrafish embryo is first damaged by direct femtosecond laser irradiation. Next, a femtosecond laser-induced impulsive force is loaded onto the actomyosin ring, and the contraction force is quantified to be on the order of kPa as a unit of pressure. We found that cell extrusion was delayed when the contraction force was slightly attenuated, suggesting that a relatively small force is sufficient to drive cell extrusion. Thus, our method is suitable for the relative quantitative evaluation of mechanical dynamics in the process of cell extrusion, and in principle the method is applicable to similar phenomena in different tissues and organs of various species. © 2017. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.

  5. Controlling morphology and crystallite size of Cu(In{sub 0.7}Ga{sub 0.3})Se{sub 2} nano-crystals synthesized using a heating-up method

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Hsu, Wei-Hsiang; Hsiang, Hsing-I, E-mail: hsingi@mail.ncku.edu.tw; Chia, Chih-Ta

    2013-12-15

    CuIn{sub 0.7}Ga{sub 0.3}Se{sub 2}(CIGS) nano-crystals were successfully synthesized via a heating-up process. The non-coordinating solvent (1-octadecene) and selenium/cations ratio effects on the crystalline phase and crystallite size of CIGS nano-crystallites were investigated. It was observed that the CIGS nano-crystallite morphology changed from sheet into spherical shape as the amount of 1-octadecene addition was increased. CIGS nano-crystals were obtained in 9–20 nm sizes as the selenium/cations ratio increased. These results suggest that the monomer reactivity in the solution can be adjusted by changing the solvent type and selenium/cations ratio, hence affecting the crystallite size and distribution. - Graphical abstract: CuIn{sub 0.7}Ga{submore » 0.3}Se{sub 2}(CIGS) nano-crystals were successfully synthesized via a heating-up process in this study. The super-saturation in the solution can be adjusted by changing the OLA/ODE ratio and selenium/cation ratio.« less

  6. Providing plastic zone extrusion

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Manchiraju, Venkata Kiran; Feng, Zhili; David, Stan A.

    Plastic zone extrusion may be provided. First, a compressor may generate frictional heat in stock to place the stock in a plastic zone of the stock. Then, a conveyer may receive the stock in its plastic zone from the compressor and transport the stock in its plastic zone from the compressor. Next, a die may receive the stock in its plastic zone from the conveyer and extrude the stock to form a wire.

  7. Analog Modeling of the Interplay between Subduction and Lateral Extrusion in the European Alps

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    van Gelder, I. E.; Willingshofer, E.; Sokoutis, D.

    2014-12-01

    In the European Alps lateral extrusion is traditionally viewed as a lithospheric scale process that is related to northward indentation of a weak orogenic wedge (the eastern Alps) by a rigid indenter in upper plate position (the Adriatic plate). Critical for the efficiency of the extrusion process is the presence of a 'free boundary' at high angle to the indentation direction. The 'free boundary' in the eastern Alps is the result of the eastward extending Pannonian realm synchronous to indentation. However, indentation has become debatable as recent high-resolution tomography suggests that the Adriatic mantle lithosphere subducted under the extruding Alps. These findings raise first order questions related to: (a) the partitioning of deformation between lateral extrusion of the upper plate and coeval subduction of Adria, (b) the rheology of the lower and upper plates, and (c) the rheology of the plate contact controlling the amount of extrusion on the upper plate vs. accretion on the lower plate.In this analog modeling study, we couple for the first time lateral extrusion tectonics to subduction of the lower plate; thus, extrusion taking place in the upper plate. Within the lithospheric scale models, the lithospheres of the two plates are weakly coupled along an inclined boundary and have contrasting mantle lithosphere strength (stronger in the subducting plate). The interplay of extrusion vs subduction is inferred by varying the mechanical boundary conditions, e.g. the degree of resistance at the 'unconstrained' margin, the strength contrast between the upper and the lower plates and the width of the indented region.The experimental results emphasize that extrusion in the eastern Alps is compatible with coeval subduction of the Adriatic plate. The first experimental series suggests that the following mechanical conditions play a key role in the interplay between extrusion and subduction: (a) the extruding plate is weaker than the subducting plate, (b) the plate

  8. Pharmaceutical approaches to preparing pelletized dosage forms using the extrusion-spheronization process.

    PubMed

    Trivedi, Namrata R; Rajan, Maria Gerald; Johnson, James R; Shukla, Atul J

    2007-01-01

    Pelletized dosage forms date back to the 1950s, when the first product was introduced to the market. Since then, these dosage forms have gained considerable popularity because of their distinct advantages, such as ease of capsule filling because of better flow properties of the spherical pellets; enhancement of drug dissolution; ease of coating; sustained, controlled, or site-specific delivery of the drug from coated pellets; uniform packing; even distribution in the GI tract; and less GI irritation. Pelletized dosage forms can be prepared by a number of techniques, including drug layering on nonpareil sugar or microcrystalline cellulose beads, spray drying, spray congealing, rotogranulation, hot-melt extrusion, and spheronization of low melting materials or extrusion-spheronization of a wet mass. This review discusses recent developments in the pharmaceutical approaches that have been used to prepare pelletized dosage forms using the extrusion-spheronization process over the last decade. The review is divided into three parts: the first part discusses the extrusion-spheronization process, the second part discusses the effect of varying formulation and process parameters on the properties of the pellets, and the last part discusses the different approaches that have been used to prepare pelletized dosage forms using the extrusion-spheronization process.

  9. Mirror-finished superhydrophobic aluminum surfaces modified by anodic alumina nanofibers and self-assembled monolayers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nakajima, Daiki; Kikuchi, Tatsuya; Natsui, Shungo; Suzuki, Ryosuke O.

    2018-05-01

    We demonstrate mirror-finished superhydrophobic aluminum surfaces fabricated via the formation of anodic alumina nanofibers and subsequent modification with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). High-density anodic alumina nanofibers were formed on the aluminum surface via anodizing in a pyrophosphoric acid solution. The alumina nanofibers became tangled and bundled by further anodizing at low temperature because of their own weight, and the aluminum surface was completely covered by the long falling nanofibers. The nanofiber-covered aluminum surface exhibited superhydrophilic behavior, with a contact angle measuring less than 10°. As the nanofiber-covered aluminum surface was modified with n-alkylphosphonic acid SAMs, the water contact angle drastically shifted to superhydrophobicity, measuring more than 150°. The contact angle increased with the applied voltage during pyrophosphoric acid anodizing, the anodizing time, and the number of carbon atoms contained in the SAM molecules modified on the alumina nanofibers. By optimizing the anodizing and SAM-modification conditions, superhydrophobic behavior could be achieved with only a brief pyrophosphoric acid anodizing period of 3 min and subsequent simple immersion in SAM solutions. The superhydrophobic aluminum surface exhibited a high reflectance, measuring approximately 99% across most of the visible spectrum, similar to that of an electropolished aluminum surface. Therefore, our mirror-finished superhydrophobic aluminum surface based on anodic alumina nanofibers and SAMs can be used as a reflective mirror in various optical applications such as concentrated solar power systems.

  10. Cervical artificial disc extrusion after a paragliding accident.

    PubMed

    Niu, Tianyi; Hoffman, Haydn; Lu, Daniel C

    2017-01-01

    Cervical total disc replacement (TDR) is an established alternative to anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) with excellent long-term outcomes and low failure rates. Cases of implant failure and migration are scarce and primarily limited to several years postoperatively. The authors report a case of anterior extrusion of a C4-C5 ProDisc-C (DePuy Synthes, West Chester, PA, USA) cervical artificial disc (CAD) 14 months after placement due to minor trauma. A 33-year-old female who had undergone C4-C5 CAD implantation presented with neck pain and spasm after experiencing a paragliding accident. A 4 mm anterior protrusion of the CAD was seen on x-ray. She underwent removal of the CAD followed by anterior fusion. Other cases of CAD extrusion in the literature are discussed and the device's durability and testing are considered. Overall, CAD extrusion is a rare event. This case is likely the result of insufficient osseous integration. Patients undergoing cervical TDR should avoid high-risk activities to prevent trauma that could compromise the disc's placement, and future design/research should focus on how to enhance osseous integration at the interface while minimizing excessive heterotopic ossification.

  11. Facile synthesis of N-acetyl-L-cysteine capped CdHgSe quantum dots and selective determination of hemoglobin.

    PubMed

    Wang, Qingqing; Zhan, Guoqing; Li, Chunya

    2014-01-03

    Using N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) as a stabilizer, well water-dispersed, high-quality and stable CdHgSe quantum dots were facilely synthesized via a simple aqueous phase method. The as-prepared NAC capped CdHgSe quantum dots were thoroughly characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. A novel method for the selective determination of hemoglobin (Hb) was developed based on fluorescence quenching of the NAC capped CdHgSe quantum dots. A number of key factors including pH value of phosphate buffer solution, quantum dots concentration, the adding sequence of reagents and reaction time that influence the analytical performance of the NAC capped CdHgSe quantum dots in Hb determination were investigated. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the change of fluorescence intensity (ΔI) was linearly proportional to the concentration of Hb in the range of 4.0×10(-9)-4.4×10(-7) mol L(-1) with a detection limit of 2.0×10(-9) mol L(-1). The developed method has been successfully employed to determine Hb in human urine samples. Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier B.V.

  12. Process monitoring and visualization solutions for hot-melt extrusion: a review.

    PubMed

    Saerens, Lien; Vervaet, Chris; Remon, Jean Paul; De Beer, Thomas

    2014-02-01

    Hot-melt extrusion (HME) is applied as a continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing process for the production of a variety of dosage forms and formulations. To ensure the continuity of this process, the quality of the extrudates must be assessed continuously during manufacturing. The objective of this review is to provide an overview and evaluation of the available process analytical techniques which can be applied in hot-melt extrusion. Pharmaceutical extruders are equipped with traditional (univariate) process monitoring tools, observing barrel and die temperatures, throughput, screw speed, torque, drive amperage, melt pressure and melt temperature. The relevance of several spectroscopic process analytical techniques for monitoring and control of pharmaceutical HME has been explored recently. Nevertheless, many other sensors visualizing HME and measuring diverse critical product and process parameters with potential use in pharmaceutical extrusion are available, and were thoroughly studied in polymer extrusion. The implementation of process analytical tools in HME serves two purposes: (1) improving process understanding by monitoring and visualizing the material behaviour and (2) monitoring and analysing critical product and process parameters for process control, allowing to maintain a desired process state and guaranteeing the quality of the end product. This review is the first to provide an evaluation of the process analytical tools applied for pharmaceutical HME monitoring and control, and discusses techniques that have been used in polymer extrusion having potential for monitoring and control of pharmaceutical HME. © 2013 Royal Pharmaceutical Society.

  13. Enhancement of two dimensional electron gas concentrations due to Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} passivation on Al{sub 0.3}Ga{sub 0.7}N/GaN heterostructure: strain and interface capacitance analysis

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Dinara, Syed Mukulika, E-mail: smdinara.iit@gmail.com; Jana, Sanjay Kr.; Ghosh, Saptarsi

    2015-04-15

    Enhancement of two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) concentrations at Al{sub 0.3}Ga{sub 0.7}N/GaN hetero interface after a-Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} (SiN) passivation has been investigated from non-destructive High Resolution X-ray Diffraction (HRXRD) analysis, depletion depth and capacitance-voltage (C-V) profile measurement. The crystalline quality and strained in-plane lattice parameters of Al{sub 0.3}Ga{sub 0.7}N and GaN were evaluated from double axis (002) symmetric (ω-2θ) diffraction scan and double axis (105) asymmetric reciprocal space mapping (DA RSM) which revealed that the tensile strain of the Al{sub 0.3}Ga{sub 0.7}N layer increased by 15.6% after SiN passivation. In accordance with the predictions from theoretical solution of Schrödinger-Poisson’smore » equations, both electrochemical capacitance voltage (ECV) depletion depth profile and C-V characteristics analyses were performed which implied effective 9.5% increase in 2DEG carrier density after passivation. The enhancement of polarization charges results from increased tensile strain in the Al{sub 0.3}Ga{sub 0.7}N layer and also due to the decreased surface states at the interface of SiN/Al{sub 0.3}Ga{sub 0.7}N layer, effectively improving the carrier confinement at the interface.« less

  14. Effect of banana flour, screw speed and temperature on extrusion behaviour of corn extrudates.

    PubMed

    Kaur, Amritpal; Kaur, Seeratpreet; Singh, Mrinal; Singh, Narpinder; Shevkani, Khetan; Singh, Baljit

    2015-07-01

    Effect of extrusion parameters (banana flour, screw speed, extrusion temperature) on extrusion behaviour of corn grit extrudates were studied. Second order quadratic equations for extrusion properties as function of banana flour (BF), screwspeed (SS) and extrusion temperature (ET) were computed. BF had predominant effect on the Hunter color (L*, a*, b*) parameters of the extrudates. Addition of BF resulted in corn extrudates with higher L* and lower a* and b* values. Higher ET resulted in dark colored extrudates with lower L* and a* value. Higher SS enhanced the lightness of the extrudates. Expansion of the extrudates increased with increase in the level of BF and ET. WAI of the extrudates decreased with BF whereas increased with SS. However, reversed effect of BF and SS on WSI was observed. Flextural strength of the extrudates increased with increase in SS followed by BF and ET. The addition of BF and higher ET resulted in extrudates with higher oil uptake.

  15. Influence of interstitial V on structure and properties of ferecrystalline ([SnSe]{sub 1.15}){sub 1}(V{sub 1+x}Se{sub 2})n for n=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Falmbigl, M.; Putzky, D.; Ditto, J.

    2015-11-15

    A series of ferecrystalline compounds ([SnSe]{sub 1.15}){sub 1}(V{sub 1+x}Se{sub 2}){sub n} with n=1–6 and a thin film V{sub 1+x}Se{sub 2} were synthesized utilizing the modulated elemental reactant technique. The effect of interstitial V-atoms ranging from 0.13≤x≤0.42 in different compounds on structure and electrical properties of these intergrowth compounds is reported. The presence of the interstitial V-atoms for n>1 was confirmed by Rietveld refinements as well as HAADF-STEM cross sections. The off-stoichiometry in the thin film V{sub 1.13}Se{sub 2} causes a suppression of the charge density wave, similar to the effect of non-stoichiometry observed for the bulk compound. The charge densitymore » wave of ([SnSe]{sub 1.15}){sub 1}(V{sub 1+x}Se{sub 2}){sub 1,} however, is not affected by the non-stoichiometry due to its incorporation as volume inclusions or due to the quasi 2-dimensionality of the isolated VSe{sub 2} layer. In the compounds ([SnSe]{sub 1.15}){sub 1}(V{sub 1+x}Se{sub 2}){sub n} with n=2–6, the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity approaches bulk-like behavior. - Highlights: • Ferecrystalline thin film compounds with interstitial V-atoms were synthesized. • Interstitial atoms cause an expansion of the superlattice. • The charge density wave transition in the V{sub 1.13}VSe{sub 2} film is strongly suppressed. • Interstitial V has a minor influence on the CDW transition of the ferecrystals.« less

  16. Lateral Meniscal Allograft Transplant via a Medial Approach Leads to Less Extrusion.

    PubMed

    Choi, Nam-Hong; Choi, Jeong-Ki; Yang, Bong-Seok; Lee, Doe-Hyun; Victoroff, Brian N

    2017-10-01

    Accurate positioning of the bony bridge is crucial to prevent extrusion of meniscal allografts after transplant. However, oblique or lateralized placement of the bony bridge of the lateral meniscal allograft may occur due to technical error or a limited visual field. The patellar tendon may be an obstacle to approaching the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus, resulting in a laterally placed allograft. Therefore, lateral meniscal transplant through a medial arthrotomy would be an alternative approach. However, no report exists regarding allograft extrusion when comparing medial and lateral arthrotomy techniques in lateral meniscal transplants. Extrusion of the midbody of the allograft is less severe and the rotation of the bony bridge is less oblique in lateral meniscal allograft transplants through the medial parapatellar approach than those through the lateral approach. Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. A bony bridge was used to perform 55 lateral meniscal transplants through either a medial or a lateral arthrotomy. Thirty-two allografts were transplanted through a medial arthrotomy and 23 were transplanted through a lateral arthrotomy, not randomly. Because correct positioning of the bony trough through the medial arthrotomy was easier than that through the lateral arthrotomy, the method of the arthrotomy was changed for the latter. The procedure for both groups was identical except for the arthrotomy technique, and rehabilitation was identical for both groups. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging was conducted for all patients to measure the postoperative extrusion and obliquity of the bony bridge of the allograft. On the coronal view, extrusion was measured as the distance between the outer edge of the articular cartilage of the lateral tibial plateau and the outer edge of the meniscal allograft. On the axial view, a line (line B) was drawn along the longitudinal axis of the bony bridge. The posterior tibial condylar tangential line was drawn between the

  17. 75 FR 1596 - Grant of Authority for Subzone Status, Reynolds Packaging LLC (Aluminum Foil Liner Stock...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-01-12

    ... Status, Reynolds Packaging LLC (Aluminum Foil Liner Stock), Louisville, Kentucky Pursuant to its...-purpose subzone at the aluminum foil liner stock manufacturing and distribution facilities of Reynolds... manufacturing and distribution of aluminum foil liner stock and aluminum foil at the facilities of Reynolds...

  18. Liquidus Projections of Bi-Se-Ga and Bi-Se-Te Ternary Systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lin, Po-han; Chen, Sinn-wen; Hwang, Jenn-dong; Chu, Hsu-shen

    2016-12-01

    This study determines the liquidus projections of both Bi-Se-Ga and Bi-Se-Te ternary systems which are constituent ternary systems of promising Bi-Se-Te-Ga thermoelectric materials. Ternary Bi-Se-Ga and Bi-Se-Te alloys are prepared. Their primary solidification phases are experimentally determined, and thermal analysis experiments are carried out. The liquidus projections are determined based on the ternary experimental results and phase diagrams of constituent binary systems. The Bi-Se-Ga system includes seven primary solidification phases, Bi, Ga, GaSe, Ga2Se3, Se, Bi2Se3, and (Bi2)n(Bi2Se3)m. In the Bi-Se-Te system, there are five primary solidification phases, Bi, (Bi2)n(Bi2Te3)m, Bi2(Se,Te)3, (Se,Te), and (Bi2)n(Bi2Se3)m. Both the (Bi2)n(Bi2Te3)m and (Bi2)n(Bi2Se3)m phases are not a single phase, but a collection of series undetermined phases. Large miscibility gaps are observed in the Bi-Se-Ga system. The temperatures of the invariant reactions, Liquid + Bi + GaSe = Ga and Liquid + Ga2Se3 = Bi + GaSe, are at 495 K (222 °C) and 533 K (260 °C), respectively.

  19. Growth and properties of wide bandgap (MgSe)n(ZnxCd1-xSe)m short-period superlattices

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Garcia, Thor A.; Tamargo, Maria C.

    2017-12-01

    We report the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth and properties of (MgSe)n(ZnxCd1-x Se)m short-period superlattices(SPSLs) for potential application in II-VI devices grown on InP substrates. SPSL structures up to 1 μm thick with effective bandgaps ranging from 2.6 eV to above 3.42 eV are grown and characterized, extending the typical range possible for the ZnxCdyMg1-x-ySe random alloy beyond 3.2 eV. Additionally, ZnxCd1-xSe single and multiple quantum well structures using the SPSL barriers are also grown and investigated. The structures are characterized utilizing reflection high-energy electron diffraction, X-ray reflectance, X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence. We observed layer-by-layer growth and smoother interfaces in the QWs grown with SPSL when compared to the ZnxCdyMg1-x-ySe random alloy. The results indicate that this materials platform is a good candidate to replace the random alloy in wide bandgap device applications.

  20. SOLID STATE BONDING OF THORIUM WITH ALUMINUM

    DOEpatents

    Storchhelm, S.

    1959-12-01

    A method is described for bonding thorium and aluminum by placing clean surfaces of thorium and aluminum in contact with each other and hot pressing the metals together in a protective atmosphere at a temperature of about 375 to 575 deg C and at a pressure of at least 10 tsi to effect a bond.

  1. Osmotic mechanism of the loop extrusion process

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yamamoto, Tetsuya; Schiessel, Helmut

    2017-09-01

    The loop extrusion theory assumes that protein factors, such as cohesin rings, act as molecular motors that extrude chromatin loops. However, recent single molecule experiments have shown that cohesin does not show motor activity. To predict the physical mechanism involved in loop extrusion, we here theoretically analyze the dynamics of cohesin rings on a loop, where a cohesin loader is in the middle and unloaders at the ends. Cohesin monomers bind to the loader rather frequently and cohesin dimers bind to this site only occasionally. Our theory predicts that a cohesin dimer extrudes loops by the osmotic pressure of cohesin monomers on the chromatin fiber between the two connected rings. With this mechanism, the frequency of the interactions between chromatin segments depends on the loading and unloading rates of dimers at the corresponding sites.

  2. Characterization of Electronic Materials HgZnSe and HgZnTe Using Innovative and Conventional Techniques

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Tanton, George; Kesmodel, Roy; Burden, Judy; Su, Ching-Hua; Cobb, Sharon D.; Lehoczky, S. L.

    2000-01-01

    , obtained by combining results from conventional Hall measurements of the free carrier concentration with Faraday rotation measurements, will also be presented. One example of how this type of information was derived is illustrated in the following figure which shows Faraday rotation vs wavelength modeled for Hg(l-x)ZnxSe at a temperature of 300K and x=0.07. The plasma contribution, total Faraday rotation, and interband contribution to the Faraday rotation, are designated in the Figure as del(p), FR tot, and del(i) respectively. Experimentally measured values of FR tot, each indicated by + , agree acceptably well with the model at the probe wavelength of 10.6 microns. The model shows that at the probe wavelength, practically all the rotation is due to the plasma component, which can be expressed as delta(sub p)= 2pi(e(sup 3))NBL/c(sup 2)nm*(sup 2) omega(sup 2). In this equation, delta(sub p) is the rotation angle due to the free carrier plasma, N is the free carrier concentration, B the magnetic field strength, L the thickness of the sample, n the index of refraction, omega the probe radiation frequency, c the speed of light, e the electron charge, and m* the effective mass. A measurement of N by conventional techniques, combined with a measurement of the Faraday rotation angle allows m* to be accurately determined since it is an inverse square function.

  3. Apical extrusion of debris in four different endodontic instrumentation systems: A meta-analysis.

    PubMed

    Western, J Sylvia; Dicksit, Daniel Devaprakash

    2017-01-01

    All endodontic instrumentation systems tested so far, promote apical extrusion of debris, which is one of the main causes of postoperative pain, flare ups, and delayed healing. Of this meta-analysis was to collect and analyze in vitro studies quantifying apically extruded debris while using Hand ProTaper (manual), ProTaper Universal (rotary), Wave One (reciprocating), and self-adjusting file (SAF; vibratory) endodontic instrumentation systems and to determine methods which produced lesser extrusion of debris apically. An extensive electronic database search was done in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, LILACS, and Google Scholar from inception until February 2016 using the key terms "Apical Debris Extrusion, extruded material, and manual/rotary/reciprocating/SAF systems." A systematic search strategy was followed to extract 12 potential articles from a total of 1352 articles. The overall effect size was calculated from the raw mean difference of weight of apically extruded debris. Statistically significant difference was seen in the following comparisons: SAF < Wave One, SAF < Rotary ProTaper. Apical extrusion of debris was invariably present in all the instrumentation systems analyzed. SAF system seemed to be periapical tissue friendly as it caused reduced apical extrusion compared to Rotary ProTaper and Wave One.

  4. Photoemission study of tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum/aluminum oxide/tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum interface

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ding Huanjun; Zorba, Serkan; Gao Yongli

    2006-12-01

    The evolution of the interface electronic structure of a sandwich structure involving aluminum oxide and tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq), i.e. (Alq/AlO{sub x}/Alq), has been investigated with photoemission spectroscopy. Strong chemical reactions have been observed due to aluminum deposition onto the Alq substrate. The subsequent oxygen exposure releases some of the Alq molecules from the interaction with aluminum. Finally, the deposition of the top Alq layer leads to an asymmetry in the electronic energy level alignment with respect to the AlO{sub x} interlayer.

  5. Effects of pelleting, extrusion, or extrusion and pelleting on energy and nutrient digestibility in diets containing different levels of fiber and fed to growing pigs.

    PubMed

    Rojas, O J; Vinyeta, E; Stein, H H

    2016-05-01

    An experiment was conducted to determine effects of pelleting, extrusion, and extrusion and pelleting on energy and nutrient digestibility in diets containing low, medium, or high concentrations of fiber. Three diets were formulated: 1) the low-fiber diet contained corn and soybean meal; 2) the medium-fiber diet contained corn, soybean meal, and 25% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS); and 3) the high-fiber diet contained corn, soybean meal, 25% DDGS, and 20% soybean hulls. Each diet was divided into 4 batches after mixing. One batch was not further processed and was fed in a meal form, one batch was pelleted at 85°C, one batch was extruded at 115°C using a single-screw extruder, and one batch was extruded at 115°C and then pelleted at 85°C. Thus, 12 different diets were produced. Twenty-four growing pigs (26.5 ± 1.5 kg initial BW) had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum and were allotted to the 12 diets in a split-plot design with 8 pigs allotted to the low-fiber diets, the medium-fiber diets, and the high-fiber diets, respectively. Diets were fed to the pigs during four 14-d periods. Within each type of diet, the 8 pigs were fed the diets produced using the 4 processing technologies. Therefore, there were 8 replicate pigs per diet. Pigs were adjusted to their diets for 14 d before the experiment was initiated. Each of the four 14-d periods consisted of 5 d for adaptation, 5 d of fecal collection according to the marker to marker approach, and ileal digesta were collected on d 13 and 14. Results indicated that pelleting, extrusion, or extrusion and pelleting improved ( < 0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility of starch and most indispensable AA. In most cases, there were no differences between the pelleted, the extruded, and the extruded and pelleted diets. The apparent total tract digestibility of GE was also improved ( < 0.05) by pelleting and by the combination of extrusion and pelleting. The ME of pelleted diets was greater ( < 0.05) than

  6. Effects of some extrusion variables on physicochemical characteristics of extruded corn starch-passion fruit pulp (Passiflora edulis) snacks.

    PubMed

    Cortés, R Nallely Falfán; Guzmán, Iñigo Verdalet; Martínez-Bustos, Fernando

    2014-12-01

    The aim of this work was to study the effect of the addition of passion fruit pulp (PFP: 0-7%), the variation of barrel temperature in the third zone extruder (BT: 80-140 °C) and feed moisture (FM:16-30%) in a blend of corn starch and passion fruit pulp on different physicochemical characteristics of directly expanded snacks by extrusion technology. Single-screw laboratory extruder and a central, composite, rotatable experimental design were used. Expansion index of extrudates ranged between 1.0 and 1.8. Decreasing of feed moisture (18%), passion fruit pulp concentration (1.42%) and the increasing of barrel temperature (127 °C) resulted in higher expansion index. The increasing of feed moisture and passion fruit pulp concentration resulted in higher penetration force values of extrudates. The passion fruit pulp concentration showed a highly significant effect (p ≤ 0.01) on the L *, a * and b * parameters. Passion fruit pulp has a reasonable source of β-carotene, proteins and dietary fibers that can be added to expanded snacks.

  7. Se(VI) Reduction and the Precipitation of Se(0) Precipitation by the Facultative Bacterium Enterobacter Cloacae SLD1a-1 is Regulated by FNR

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Yee,N.; Ma, J.; Dalia, A.

    2007-01-01

    The fate of selenium in the environment is controlled, in part, by microbial selenium oxyanion reduction and Se(0) precipitation. In this study, we identified a genetic regulator that controls selenate reductase activity in the Se-reducing bacterium Enterobacter cloacae SLD1a-1. Heterologous expression of the global anaerobic regulatory gene fnr (fumarate nitrate reduction regulator) from E. cloacae in the non-Se-reducing strain Escherichia coli S17-1 activated the ability to reduce Se(VI) and precipitate insoluble Se(0) particles. Se(VI) reduction by E. coli S17-1 containing the fnr gene occurred at rates similar to those for E. cloacae, with first-order reaction constants of k = 2.07more » x 10{sup -2} h{sup -1} and k = 3.36 x 10{sup -2} h{sup -1}, respectively, and produced elemental selenium particles with identical morphologies and short-range atomic orders. Mutation of the fnr gene in E. cloacae SLD1a-1 resulted in derivative strains that were deficient in selenate reductase activity and unable to precipitate elemental selenium. Complementation by the wild-type fnr sequence restored the ability of mutant strains to reduce Se(VI). Our findings suggest that Se(VI) reduction and the precipitation of Se(0) by facultative anaerobes are regulated by oxygen-sensing transcription factors and occur under suboxic conditions.« less

  8. Quadrupole collectivity beyond N = 50 in neutron- rich Se and Kr isotopes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Elman, Brandon; Gade, A.; Barofsky, D.; Bender, P. C.; Bowry, M.; Hjorth-Jensen, M.; Kemper, K. W.; Lipschutz, S.; Lunderberg, E.; Sachmpazidi, N.; Terpstra, N.; Walters, W. B.; Weisshaar, D.; Westerberg, A.; Williams, S. J.; Wimmer, K.

    2017-09-01

    We will present results on measuring the B (E 2 ;01+ ->2n+) strength for the neutron-rich 88,90Kr and 86Se isotopes from intermediate-energy Coulomb excitation. The electric quadrupole transition strengths to the first 2+ state complete, with considerably improved uncertainties, the evolution of quadrupole collectivity in the Kr and Se isotopes approaching N = 60 , for which 90Kr and 86Se had previously been the most uncertain. We also report significant excitation strength to several higher lying 2+ states in the krypton isotopes. The results confirm shell model calculations in the π (fpg) - ν (sdg) shell with only a minimally tuned shell model setup that is based on a nucleon-nucleon interaction derived from effective field theory with effective charges adjusted to 86Kr.

  9. Red-emitting manganese-doped aluminum nitride phosphor

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Cherepy, Nerine J.; Payne, Stephen A.; Harvey, Nicholas M.

    2016-02-10

    Here, we report high efficiency luminescence with a manganese-doped aluminum nitride red-emitting phosphor under 254 nm excitation, as well as its excellent lumen maintenance in fluorescent lamp conditions, making it a candidate replacement for the widely deployed europium-doped yttria red phosphor. Solid-state reaction of aluminum nitride powders with manganese metal at 1900 °C, 10 atm N2 in a reducing environment results in nitrogen deficiency, as revealed diffuse reflectance spectra. When these powders are subsequently annealed in flowing nitrogen at 1650 °C, higher nitrogen content is recovered, resulting in white powders. Silicon was added to samples as an oxygen getter tomore » improve emission efficiency. NEXAFS spectra and DFT calculations indicate that the Mn dopant is divalent. From DFT calculations, the UV absorption band is proposed to be due to an aluminum vacancy coupled with oxygen impurity dopants, and Mn2+ is assumed to be closely associated with this site. In contrast with some previous reports, we find that the highest quantum efficiency with 254 nm excitation (Q.E. = 0.86 ± 0.14) is obtained in aluminum nitride with a low manganese doping level of 0.06 mol.%. The principal Mn2+ decay of 1.25 ms is assigned to non-interacting Mn sites, while additional components in the microsecond range appear with higher Mn doping, consistent with Mn clustering and resultant exchange coupling. Slower components are present in samples with low Mn doping, as well as strong afterglow, assigned to trapping on shallow traps followed by detrapping and subsequent trapping on Mn.« less

  10. Reactive Extrusion of Zein with Glyoxal

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Cross-linked zein has been produced using glyoxal as the cross-linking reagent via reactive extrusion for the first time in a twin screw extruder using dilute sodium hydroxide as catalyst. Tri(ethylene glycol) was used as a plasticizer for various items. The extrudate was then ground and processed...

  11. 29 CFR 1606.8 - Harassment.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 4 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Harassment. 1606.8 Section 1606.8 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION GUIDELINES ON DISCRIMINATION BECAUSE... to Guidelines on Discrimination Because of Sex, § 1604.11(a) n. 1, 45 FR 7476 sy 74677 (November 10...

  12. 29 CFR 1606.8 - Harassment.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 4 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Harassment. 1606.8 Section 1606.8 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION GUIDELINES ON DISCRIMINATION BECAUSE... to Guidelines on Discrimination Because of Sex, § 1604.11(a) n. 1, 45 FR 7476 sy 74677 (November 10...

  13. 29 CFR 1606.8 - Harassment.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 4 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Harassment. 1606.8 Section 1606.8 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION GUIDELINES ON DISCRIMINATION BECAUSE... to Guidelines on Discrimination Because of Sex, § 1604.11(a) n. 1, 45 FR 7476 sy 74677 (November 10...

  14. 29 CFR 1606.8 - Harassment.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 4 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Harassment. 1606.8 Section 1606.8 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION GUIDELINES ON DISCRIMINATION BECAUSE... to Guidelines on Discrimination Because of Sex, § 1604.11(a) n. 1, 45 FR 7476 sy 74677 (November 10...

  15. 29 CFR 1606.8 - Harassment.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Harassment. 1606.8 Section 1606.8 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION GUIDELINES ON DISCRIMINATION BECAUSE... to Guidelines on Discrimination Because of Sex, § 1604.11(a) n. 1, 45 FR 7476 sy 74677 (November 10...

  16. The Effects of Fortification of Legumes and Extrusion on the Protein Digestibility of Wheat Based Snack

    PubMed Central

    Patil, Swapnil S.; Brennan, Margaret A.; Mason, Susan L.; Brennan, Charles S.

    2016-01-01

    Cereal food products are an important part of the human diet with wheat being the most commonly consumed cereal in many parts of the world. Extruded snack products are increasing in consumer interest due to their texture and ease of use. However, wheat based foods are rich in starch and are associated with high glycaemic impact products. Although legume materials are generally rich in fibre and protein and may be of high nutritive value, there is a paucity of research regarding their use in extruded snack food products. The aim of this study was to prepare wheat-based extrudates using four different legume flours: lentil, chickpea, green pea, and yellow pea flour. The effects of adding legumes to wheat-based snacks at different levels (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) during extrusion were investigated in terms of protein digestibility. It was observed that fortification of snacks with legumes caused a slight increase in the protein content by 1%–1.5% w/w, and the extrusion technique increased the protein digestibility by 37%–62% w/v. The product developed by extrusion was found to be low in fat and moisture content. PMID:28231121

  17. The Effects of Fortification of Legumes and Extrusion on the Protein Digestibility of Wheat Based Snack.

    PubMed

    Patil, Swapnil S; Brennan, Margaret A; Mason, Susan L; Brennan, Charles S

    2016-04-06

    Cereal food products are an important part of the human diet with wheat being the most commonly consumed cereal in many parts of the world. Extruded snack products are increasing in consumer interest due to their texture and ease of use. However, wheat based foods are rich in starch and are associated with high glycaemic impact products. Although legume materials are generally rich in fibre and protein and may be of high nutritive value, there is a paucity of research regarding their use in extruded snack food products. The aim of this study was to prepare wheat-based extrudates using four different legume flours: lentil, chickpea, green pea, and yellow pea flour. The effects of adding legumes to wheat-based snacks at different levels (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) during extrusion were investigated in terms of protein digestibility. It was observed that fortification of snacks with legumes caused a slight increase in the protein content by 1%-1.5% w/w, and the extrusion technique increased the protein digestibility by 37%-62% w/v. The product developed by extrusion was found to be low in fat and moisture content.

  18. Nanoparticles of wurtzite aluminum nitride from the nut shells

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Qadri, S. B.; Gorzkowski, E. P.; Rath, B. B.; Feng, C. R.; Amarasinghe, R.

    2016-11-01

    Nanoparticles of aluminum nitride were produced from a thermal treatment of a mixture of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and shells of almond, cashew, coconuts, pistachio, and walnuts in a nitrogen atmosphere at temperatures in excess of 1450 °C. By selecting the appropriate ratios of each nut powder to Al2O3, it is shown that stoichiometric aluminum nitride can be produced by carbo-thermal reduction in nitrogen atmosphere. Using x-ray diffraction analysis, Raman scattering and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, it is demonstrated that aluminum nitride consists of pure wurtzite phase. Transmission electron microscopy showed the formation of nanoparticles and in some cases nanotubes of AlN.

  19. 77 FR 41993 - Privacy Act of 1974; Proposed New Routine Use-HUD's Routine Use Inventory

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-17

    ... DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT [Docket No. FR-5613-N-07] Privacy Act of 1974... Housing and Urban Development, Office of the Chief Information Officer, is establishing 24 ``blanket... the Rules Docket Clerk, Office of General Counsel, Department of Housing and Urban Development, 451...

  20. Electrically Conductive Anodized Aluminum Surfaces

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Nguyen, Trung Hung

    2006-01-01

    Anodized aluminum components can be treated to make them sufficiently electrically conductive to suppress discharges of static electricity. The treatment was conceived as a means of preventing static electric discharges on exterior satin-anodized aluminum (SAA) surfaces of spacecraft without adversely affecting the thermal-control/optical properties of the SAA and without need to apply electrically conductive paints, which eventually peel off in the harsh environment of outer space. The treatment can also be used to impart electrical conductivity to anodized housings of computers, medical electronic instruments, telephoneexchange equipment, and other terrestrial electronic equipment vulnerable to electrostatic discharge. The electrical resistivity of a typical anodized aluminum surface layer lies between 10(exp 11) and 10(exp 13) Omega-cm. To suppress electrostatic discharge, it is necessary to reduce the electrical resistivity significantly - preferably to < or = 10(exp 9) Omega-cm. The present treatment does this. The treatment is a direct electrodeposition process in which the outer anodized surface becomes covered and the pores in the surface filled with a transparent, electrically conductive metal oxide nanocomposite. Filling the pores with the nanocomposite reduces the transverse electrical resistivity and, in the original intended outer-space application, the exterior covering portion of the nanocomposite would afford the requisite electrical contact with the outer-space plasma. The electrical resistivity of the nanocomposite can be tailored to a value between 10(exp 7) and 10(exp 12) Omega-cm. Unlike electrically conductive paint, the nanocomposite becomes an integral part of the anodized aluminum substrate, without need for adhesive bonding material and without risk of subsequent peeling. The electrodeposition process is compatible with commercial anodizing production lines. At present, the electronics industry uses expensive, exotic

  1. 10B(n, Z) measurements in the energy range 0.7 to 5.0 MeV

    DOE PAGES

    Massey, T. N.; Ralston, J.; Grimes, S. M.; ...

    2014-09-03

    Four ΔE E telescopes were used at the WNR (n,Z) station to investigate the production of charged particles from 10B. The telescope consisted of a gas proportional detector and a silicon surface barrier detector. The flux was determined using a 238U fission chamber. A clear separation of the ground state alpha group and first excited state a was not achieved due to the target thickness. Proton emission was also observed. Furthermore, the proton branch was up to an order of magnitude larger than predicted in ENDF/B-VII A simple R-matrix analysis has been performed on the available data

  2. Cervical artificial disc extrusion after a paragliding accident

    PubMed Central

    Niu, Tianyi; Hoffman, Haydn; Lu, Daniel C.

    2017-01-01

    Background: Cervical total disc replacement (TDR) is an established alternative to anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) with excellent long-term outcomes and low failure rates. Cases of implant failure and migration are scarce and primarily limited to several years postoperatively. The authors report a case of anterior extrusion of a C4-C5 ProDisc-C (DePuy Synthes, West Chester, PA, USA) cervical artificial disc (CAD) 14 months after placement due to minor trauma. Case Description: A 33-year-old female who had undergone C4-C5 CAD implantation presented with neck pain and spasm after experiencing a paragliding accident. A 4 mm anterior protrusion of the CAD was seen on x-ray. She underwent removal of the CAD followed by anterior fusion. Other cases of CAD extrusion in the literature are discussed and the device's durability and testing are considered. Conclusion: Overall, CAD extrusion is a rare event. This case is likely the result of insufficient osseous integration. Patients undergoing cervical TDR should avoid high-risk activities to prevent trauma that could compromise the disc's placement, and future design/research should focus on how to enhance osseous integration at the interface while minimizing excessive heterotopic ossification. PMID:28781915

  3. Aluminum Complexes of N2O23- Formazanate Ligands Supported by Phosphine Oxide Donors.

    PubMed

    Maar, Ryan R; Rabiee Kenaree, Amir; Zhang, Ruizhong; Tao, Yichen; Katzman, Benjamin D; Staroverov, Viktor N; Ding, Zhifeng; Gilroy, Joe B

    2017-10-16

    The synthesis and characterization of a new family of phosphine oxide supported aluminum formazanate complexes (7a,b, 8a, 9a) are reported. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the aluminum atoms in the complexes adopt an octahedral geometry in the solid state. The equatorial positions are occupied by an N 2 O 2 3- formazanate ligand, and the axial positions are occupied by L-type phosphine oxide donors. UV-vis absorption spectroscopy revealed that the complexes were strongly absorbing (ε ≈ 30000 M -1 cm -1 ) between 500 and 700 nm. The absorption maxima in this region were simulated using time-dependent density functional theory. With the exception of 3-cyano-substituted complex 7b, which showed maximum luminescence intensity in the presence of excess phosphine oxide, the title complexes are nonemissive in solution and the solid state. The electrochemical properties of the complexes were probed using cyclic voltammetry. Each complex underwent sequential one-electron oxidations in potential ranges of -0.12 to 0.29 V and 0.62 to 0.97 V, relative to the ferrocene/ferrocenium redox couple. Electrochemical reduction events were observed at potentials between -1.34 and -1.75 V. In combination with tri-n-propylamine as a coreactant, complex 7b acted as an electrochemiluminescence emitter with a maximum electrochemiluminescence intensity at a wavelength of 735 nm, red-shifted relative to the photoluminescence maximum of the same compound.

  4. Respiratory Disorders in Aluminum Smelter Workers

    PubMed Central

    Søyseth, Vidar

    2014-01-01

    Objectives: Summarizing the knowledge status, including the morphology, possible etiological factors, and clinical expression of aluminum potroom asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease related to aluminum potroom exposure. Methods: A review of the literature from the last two decades as it appears in PubMed. Results: There is substantial evidence for the existence of potroom asthma, although the incidence seems to decline over the last 10 years. Increased mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and longitudinal decline in forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration has been shown in aluminum potroom workers. Morphological manifestations in bronchial biopsies and the inflammatory markers NO and eosinophils in airway tissue and blood are consistent with asthma in general. The causative agent(s) is (are) not known. Conclusions: Reduction of exposure and cessation of smoking seem to be the major preventive measures to avoid respiratory disorders in the aluminum industry. PMID:24806727

  5. Heavy Mg-doping of (Al,Ga)N films for potential applications in deep ultraviolet light-emitting structures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liang, Y. H.; Towe, E.

    2018-03-01

    Doping of high aluminum-containing (Al,Ga)N thin films has remained a challenging problem that has hindered progress in the development of deep ultraviolet light-emitters. This paper reports on the synthesis and use of heavily doped (Al,Ga)N films in deep ultraviolet (˜274 nm) light-emitting structures; these structures were synthesized by molecular beam epitaxy under liquid-metal growth conditions that facilitate the incorporation of extremely high density of Mg dopant impurities (up to 5 × 1019 cm-3) into aluminum-rich (Al,Ga)N thin films. Prototypical light-emitting diode structures incorporating Al0.7Ga0.3N films doped with Mg impurities that ionize to give free hole carrier concentrations of up to 6 × 1017 cm-3 exhibit external quantum efficiencies of up 0.56%; this is an improvement from previous devices made from molecular beam epitaxy-grown materials. This improvement is believed to be due to the high hole carrier concentration enabled by the relatively low activation energy of 220 meV compared to the expected values of 408-507 meV for Al0.7Ga0.3N films.

  6. Improved corn protein (zein) extrusion processing

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Melt processing using a single and twin screw extruder has been carried out on zein where extrusion temperatures were varied between 100ºC and 300ºC. In addition, melt reprocessing (up to seven times) of zein was undertaken using a single screw extruder. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and t...

  7. Aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate in MCF-10F, human breast epithelial cells: a hole burning study.

    PubMed Central

    Milanovich, N; Reinot, T; Hayes, J M; Small, G J

    1998-01-01

    Laser-induced holes are burned in the absorption spectrum of aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (APT) in MCF-10F, human breast epithelial cells. The hole burning mechanism is shown to be nonphotochemical. The fluorescence excitation spectra and hole spectra are compared with those of APT in hyperquenched glassy films of water, ethanol, and methanol. The results show that the APT is in an acidic, aqueous environment with a hydrogen-bonded network similar to that of glassy water, but showing the influence of other cellular components. Pressure shifts of holes allow the local compressibility about the APT to be determined. PMID:9591692

  8. 10 CFR 1044.07 - How can you find out if a particular person is authorized to receive a protected disclosure?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false How can you find out if a particular person is authorized to receive a protected disclosure? 1044.07 Section 1044.07 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) SECURITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTED DISCLOSURES UNDER SECTION 3164 OF THE NATIONAL DEFENSE AUTHORIZATION ACT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000 § 1044.07...

  9. 10 CFR 1044.07 - How can you find out if a particular person is authorized to receive a protected disclosure?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false How can you find out if a particular person is authorized to receive a protected disclosure? 1044.07 Section 1044.07 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) SECURITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTED DISCLOSURES UNDER SECTION 3164 OF THE NATIONAL DEFENSE AUTHORIZATION ACT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000 § 1044.07...

  10. 10 CFR 1044.07 - How can you find out if a particular person is authorized to receive a protected disclosure?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false How can you find out if a particular person is authorized to receive a protected disclosure? 1044.07 Section 1044.07 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) SECURITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTED DISCLOSURES UNDER SECTION 3164 OF THE NATIONAL DEFENSE AUTHORIZATION ACT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000 § 1044.07...

  11. 10 CFR 1044.07 - How can you find out if a particular person is authorized to receive a protected disclosure?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false How can you find out if a particular person is authorized to receive a protected disclosure? 1044.07 Section 1044.07 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) SECURITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTED DISCLOSURES UNDER SECTION 3164 OF THE NATIONAL DEFENSE AUTHORIZATION ACT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000 § 1044.07...

  12. 10 CFR 1044.07 - How can you find out if a particular person is authorized to receive a protected disclosure?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false How can you find out if a particular person is authorized to receive a protected disclosure? 1044.07 Section 1044.07 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) SECURITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTED DISCLOSURES UNDER SECTION 3164 OF THE NATIONAL DEFENSE AUTHORIZATION ACT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000 § 1044.07...

  13. Aluminum enhances inflammation and decreases mucosal healing in experimental colitis in mice

    PubMed Central

    Pineton de Chambrun, G; Body-Malapel, M; Frey-Wagner, I; Djouina, M; Deknuydt, F; Atrott, K; Esquerre, N; Altare, F; Neut, C; Arrieta, M C; Kanneganti, T-D; Rogler, G; Colombel, J-F; Cortot, A; Desreumaux, P; Vignal, C

    2014-01-01

    The increasing incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) in developing countries has highlighted the critical role of environmental pollutants as causative factors in their pathophysiology. Despite its ubiquity and immune toxicity, the impact of aluminum in the gut is not known. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of environmentally relevant intoxication with aluminum in murine models of colitis and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Oral administration of aluminum worsened intestinal inflammation in mice with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid- and dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis and chronic colitis in interleukin 10-negative (IL10−/−) mice. Aluminum increased the intensity and duration of macroscopic and histologic inflammation, colonic myeloperoxidase activity, inflammatory cytokines expression, and decreased the epithelial cell renewal compared with control animals. Under basal conditions, aluminum impaired intestinal barrier function. In vitro, aluminum induced granuloma formation and synergized with lipopolysaccharide to stimulate inflammatory cytokines expression by epithelial cells. Deleterious effects of aluminum on intestinal inflammation and mucosal repair strongly suggest that aluminum might be an environmental IBD risk factor. PMID:24129165

  14. Precooked bran-enriched wheat flour using extrusion: dietary fiber profile and sensory characteristics.

    PubMed

    Gajula, H; Alavi, S; Adhikari, K; Herald, T

    2008-05-01

    The effect of precooking by extrusion processing on the dietary fiber profile of wheat flour substituted with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% wheat bran was evaluated. Depending on the level of bran, total dietary fiber (TDF) and soluble dietary fiber (SDF) in uncooked flours ranged from 4.2% to 17.2% and 1.5% to 2.4%, respectively. Precooking by extrusion significantly increased SDF in flours (by 22% to 73%); although in most cases it also led to a significant decrease in TDF. Cookies and tortillas produced from uncooked and precooked flours with 0% and 20% substituted bran were evaluated for consumer acceptability using a 9-point hedonic scale. With a few exceptions, all cookies had scores ranging from 6 to 7 ("like slightly" to "like moderately") for each attribute, including overall acceptability, appearance, texture, crumbliness, and flavor. Tortillas were rated for the same attributes except for crumbliness, which was replaced with chewiness. In most cases, tortilla scores ranged from 5 to 7 ("neither like nor dislike" to "like moderately"). Consumer acceptability scores of cookies from uncooked flour did not change significantly with increase in bran substitution from 0% to 20%. However, consumer scores for tortillas did decrease significantly with increase in bran level. Extrusion precooking of the flours did not improve the consumer acceptability of cookies and tortillas; however, it did improve their dietary fiber profile by increasing the SDF significantly.

  15. Rapid fabrication of a micro-ball lens array by extrusion for optical fiber applications.

    PubMed

    Shen, S C; Huang, J C

    2009-07-20

    Batch-fabrication of a micro-ball lens array (MBA) could not only reduce micro assembly costs but also replace conventional ball lenses or costly GRINs (Gradient Refractive Index) without compromising performance. Compared with conventional half-spherical micro-lenses, the MBA is a spherical micro-lens that can focus light in all directions, thus providing the flexibility required for optical applications. Current MBAs are made of SU-8 photoresist by an extrusion process rather than the traditional thermal reflow process. The aim of this study was to develop a new process for MBA batch-fabrication, performed at ambient temperature, by spin-coating SU-8 onto a silicon-wafer surface, which serves as an extrusion plate, and extruding it through a nozzle to form an MBA. The nozzle consists of a nozzle orifice and nozzle cavity, the former being defined and made from SU-8 photoresist using ultra-violet (UV) lithography, which results in good mechanical properties. In this paper, the fabrication of 4 x 4 MBAs with diameters ranging from 60 to 550 um is described. Optical measurements indicated a diameter variance within 3% and a maximum coupling efficiency of approximately 62% when the single mode fiber (SMF) was placed at a distance of 10 um from the MBA. The results of this study proved that MBA fabrication by the extrusion process can enhance the coupling efficiency.

  16. Reduction of Fumonisin Toxicity by Extrusion and Nixtamalization (Alkaline Cooking).

    PubMed

    Voss, Kenneth; Ryu, Dojin; Jackson, Lauren; Riley, Ronald; Gelineau-van Waes, Janee

    2017-08-23

    Fumonisins are mycotoxins found in corn. They are toxic to animals and cause cancer in rodents and neural tube defects in LM/Bc mice. Reducing their concentrations in corn-based foods is therefore desirable. Chemical analysis or in vitro bioassays of food extracts might not detect toxic fumonisin reaction products that are unknown or unextractable from food matrices, thus potentially underestimating in vivo toxicity. The effectiveness of two common cooking methods, extrusion and nixtamalization (alkaline cooking), to reduce the toxicity of fumonisin-contaminated corn grits (extrusion) and whole kernel corn (nixtamalization) was shown by means of rat feeding bioassays using fumonisin-specific kidney effects as indicators of potential toxicity. A third bioassay showed that in contrast to fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ), hydrolyzed fumonisin B 1 (HFB 1 ; formed from FB 1 during nixtamalization) did not cause neural tube defects in LM/Bc mice. The findings indicate that extrusion and nixtamalization reduce the potential toxicity of FB 1 -contaminated corn.

  17. Development of poloxamer gel formulations via hot-melt extrusion technology.

    PubMed

    Mendonsa, Nicole S; Murthy, S Narasimha; Hashemnejad, Seyed Meysam; Kundu, Santanu; Zhang, Feng; Repka, Michael A

    2018-02-15

    Poloxamer gels are conventionally prepared by the "hot" or the "cold" process. But these techniques have some disadvantages such as high energy consumption, requires expensive equipment and often have scale up issues. Therefore, the objective of this work was to develop poloxamer gels by hot-melt extrusion technology. The model drug selected was ketoprofen. The formulations developed were 30% and 40% poloxamer gels. Of these formulations, the 30% poloxamer gels were selected as ideal gels. DSC and XRD studies showed an amorphous nature of the drug after extrusion. It was observed from the permeation studies that with increasing poloxamer concentration, a decrease in drug permeation was obtained. Other studies conducted for the formulations included in-vitro release studies, texture analysis, rheological studies and pH measurements. In conclusion, the hot-melt extrusion technology could be successfully employed to develop poloxamer gels by overcoming the drawbacks associated with the conventional techniques. Published by Elsevier B.V.

  18. Decaying Lava Extrusion Rate at El Reventador Volcano, Ecuador, Measured Using High-Resolution Satellite Radar

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Arnold, D. W. D.; Biggs, J.; Anderson, K.; Vallejo Vargas, S.; Wadge, G.; Ebmeier, S. K.; Naranjo, M. F.; Mothes, P.

    2017-12-01

    Lava extrusion at erupting volcanoes causes rapid changes in topography and morphology on the order of tens or even hundreds of meters. Satellite radar provides a method for measuring changes in topographic height over a given time period to an accuracy of meters, either by measuring the width of radar shadow cast by steep sided features, or by measuring the difference in radar phase between two sensors separated in space. We measure height changes, and hence estimate extruded lava volume flux, at El Reventador, Ecuador, between 2011 and 2016, using data from the RADARSAT-2 and TanDEM-X satellite missions. We find that 39 new lava flows were extruded between 9 February 2012 and 24 August 2016, with a cumulative volume of 44.8M m3 dense rock equivalent and a gradually decreasing eruption rate. The average dense rock rate of lava extrusion during this time is 0.31 ± 0.02 m3 s-1, which is similar to the long-term average from 1972 to 2016. Apart from a volumetrically small dyke opening event between 9 March and 10 June 2012, lava extrusion at El Reventador is not accompanied by any significant magmatic ground deformation. We use a simple physics-based model to estimate that the volume of the magma reservoir under El Reventador is greater than 3 km3. Our lava extrusion data can be equally well fit by models representing a closed reservoir depressurising during the eruption with no magma recharge, or an open reservoir with a time-constant magma recharge rate of up to 0.35 ± 0.01 m3 s-1.

  19. Jet Stream Converges Prior to 6.8M Niigata Chuetsu-oki Earthquake of Japan on 2007/07/16

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wu, H.

    2007-12-01

    The 6.8M Niigata Chuetsu-oki earthquake occurred on 2007/07/16 and resulted in 11 deaths and at least 1000 injuries have been reported, and 342 buildings were completely destroyed. The 108km/hr isobar jet stream line converged around an epicenter on 2007/07/01 12:00 and 2007/07/02 06:00. Before a devastating earthquake occurs, the underground water level usually changes caused by the rock squishing or loosening. This study assumed that rock squishing or loosening caused air inhalation or exhalation that creates an internal gravity wave. This phenomenon will change the jet streams at an altitude of 10 km. Ps. The predicted Data:07/06/26-07/07/26 Japan(37.4N140.0E)M 6.0 100% The Actual Data: 07/07/16 Japan (37.576N138.469E) 6.6M 10km This earthquake prediction had been predicted on http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/wu10002002/ and sent to Dr. Dimitar Ouzounov in advance.

  20. Tracking the Effect of Adatom Electronegativity on Systematically Modified AlGaN/GaN Schottky Interfaces.

    PubMed

    Reiner, Maria; Pietschnig, Rudolf; Ostermaier, Clemens

    2015-10-21

    The influence of surface modifications on the Schottky barrier height for gallium nitride semiconductor devices is frequently underestimated or neglected in investigations thereof. We show that a strong dependency of Schottky barrier heights for nickel/aluminum-gallium nitride (0001) contacts on the surface terminations exists: a linear correlation of increasing barrier height with increasing electronegativity of superficial adatoms is observed. The negatively charged adatoms compete with the present nitrogen over the available gallium (or aluminum) orbital to form an electrically improved surface termination. The resulting modification of the surface dipoles and hence polarization of the surface termination causes observed band bending. Our findings suggest that the greatest Schottky barrier heights are achieved by increasing the concentration of the most polarized fluorine-gallium (-aluminum) bonds at the surface. An increase in barrier height from 0.7 to 1.1 eV after a 15% fluorine termination is obtained with ideality factors of 1.10 ± 0.05. The presence of surface dipoles that are changing the surface energy is proven by the sessile drop method as the electronegativity difference and polarization influences the contact angle. The extracted decrease in the Lifshitz-van-der-Waals component from 48.8 to 40.4 mJ/m(2) with increasing electronegativity and concentration of surface adatoms confirms the presence of increasing surface dipoles: as the polarizability of equally charged anions decreases with increasing electronegativity, the diiodomethane contact angles increase significantly from 14° up to 39° after the 15% fluorine termination. Therefore, a linear correlation between increasing anion electronegativity of the (Al)GaN termination and total surface energy within a 95% confidence interval is obtained. Furthermore, our results reveal a generally strong Lewis basicity of (Al)GaN surfaces explaining the high chemical inertness of the surfaces.

  1. Electrically conductive containment vessel for molten aluminum

    DOEpatents

    Holcombe, C.E.; Scott, D.G.

    1984-06-25

    The present invention is directed to a containment vessel which is particularly useful in melting aluminum. The vessel of the present invention is a multilayered vessel characterized by being electrically conductive, essentially nonwettable by and nonreactive with molten aluminum. The vessel is formed by coating a tantalum substrate of a suitable configuration with a mixture of yttria and particulate metal 10 borides. The yttria in the coating inhibits the wetting of the coating while the boride particulate material provides the electrical conductivity through the vessel. The vessel of the present invention is particularly suitable for use in melting aluminum by ion bombardment.

  2. Apical extrusion of debris in four different endodontic instrumentation systems: A meta-analysis

    PubMed Central

    Western, J. Sylvia; Dicksit, Daniel Devaprakash

    2017-01-01

    Background: All endodontic instrumentation systems tested so far, promote apical extrusion of debris, which is one of the main causes of postoperative pain, flare ups, and delayed healing. Objectives: Of this meta-analysis was to collect and analyze in vitro studies quantifying apically extruded debris while using Hand ProTaper (manual), ProTaper Universal (rotary), Wave One (reciprocating), and self-adjusting file (SAF; vibratory) endodontic instrumentation systems and to determine methods which produced lesser extrusion of debris apically. Methodology: An extensive electronic database search was done in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, LILACS, and Google Scholar from inception until February 2016 using the key terms “Apical Debris Extrusion, extruded material, and manual/rotary/reciprocating/SAF systems.” A systematic search strategy was followed to extract 12 potential articles from a total of 1352 articles. The overall effect size was calculated from the raw mean difference of weight of apically extruded debris. Results: Statistically significant difference was seen in the following comparisons: SAF < Wave One, SAF < Rotary ProTaper. Conclusions: Apical extrusion of debris was invariably present in all the instrumentation systems analyzed. SAF system seemed to be periapical tissue friendly as it caused reduced apical extrusion compared to Rotary ProTaper and Wave One. PMID:28761250

  3. Apical extrusion of debris by supplementary files used for retreatment: An ex vivo comparative study

    PubMed Central

    Pawar, Ajinkya M.; Pawar, Mansing; Metzger, Zvi; Thakur, Bhagyashree

    2016-01-01

    Aim: This study evaluated whether using supplementary files for removing root canal filling residues after ProTaper Universal Retreatment files (RFs) increased the debris extrusion apically. Materials and Methods: Eighty mandibular premolars with single root and canal were instrumented with ProTaper Universal rotary system (SX-F3) and obturated. The samples were divided randomly into four groups (n = 20). Group 1 served as a control; only ProTaper Universal RFs D1–D3 were used, and the extruded debris was weighed. Groups 2, 3, and 4 were the experimental groups, receiving a twofold retreatment protocol: Removal of the bulk, followed by the use of supplementary files. The bulk was removed by RFs, followed by the use of ProTaper NEXT (PTN), WaveOne (WO), and Self-Adjusting File (SAF) for removal of the remaining root filling residues. Debris extruded apically were weighed and compared to the control group. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey's test. Results: All the three experimental groups presented significant difference (P < .01). The post hoc Tukey's test confirmed that Group 4 (SAF) exhibited significantly less (P < .01) debris extrusion between the three groups tested. Conclusion: SAF results in less extrusion of debris when used as supplementary file to remove root-filling residues, compared to WO and PTN. PMID:27099416

  4. A sodium–aluminum hybrid battery

    DOE PAGES

    Sun, Xiao-Guang; Zhang, Zhizhen; Guan, Hong Yu; ...

    2017-03-07

    We present novel hybrid batteries that are fabricated using an aluminum anode, a sodium intercalation cathode Na 3V 2(PO 4) 3 (NVP), and a sodium/aluminum dual salt electrolyte based on NaAlCl 4 and an eutectic mixture of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMImC) and aluminum chloride. Cyclic voltammograms indicate that increasing the molar concentration of AlCl 3 in the electrolyte is beneficial to high coulombic efficiency of aluminum deposition/stripping, which, unfortunately, results in lower coulombic efficiency of sodium extraction/insertion in the cathode. Therefore, EMImC–AlCl 3 with a molar ratio of 1–1.1 is used for battery evaluation. The hybrid battery with 1.0 M NaAlClmore » 4 exhibits a discharge voltage of 1.25 V and a cathodic capacity of 99 mA h g -1 at a current rate of C/10. In addition, the hybrid battery exhibits good rate performance and long-term cycling stability while maintaining a high coulombic efficiency of 98%. It is also demonstrated that increasing salt concentration can further enhance the cycling performance of the hybrid battery. X-ray diffraction analysis of the NVP electrodes under different conditions confirms that the main cathode reaction is indeed Na extraction/insertion. Based on all earth-abundant elements, the new Na–Al hybrid battery is very attractive for stationary and grid energy storage applications.« less

  5. A sodium–aluminum hybrid battery

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sun, Xiao-Guang; Zhang, Zhizhen; Guan, Hong Yu

    We present novel hybrid batteries that are fabricated using an aluminum anode, a sodium intercalation cathode Na 3V 2(PO 4) 3 (NVP), and a sodium/aluminum dual salt electrolyte based on NaAlCl 4 and an eutectic mixture of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMImC) and aluminum chloride. Cyclic voltammograms indicate that increasing the molar concentration of AlCl 3 in the electrolyte is beneficial to high coulombic efficiency of aluminum deposition/stripping, which, unfortunately, results in lower coulombic efficiency of sodium extraction/insertion in the cathode. Therefore, EMImC–AlCl 3 with a molar ratio of 1–1.1 is used for battery evaluation. The hybrid battery with 1.0 M NaAlClmore » 4 exhibits a discharge voltage of 1.25 V and a cathodic capacity of 99 mA h g -1 at a current rate of C/10. In addition, the hybrid battery exhibits good rate performance and long-term cycling stability while maintaining a high coulombic efficiency of 98%. It is also demonstrated that increasing salt concentration can further enhance the cycling performance of the hybrid battery. X-ray diffraction analysis of the NVP electrodes under different conditions confirms that the main cathode reaction is indeed Na extraction/insertion. Based on all earth-abundant elements, the new Na–Al hybrid battery is very attractive for stationary and grid energy storage applications.« less

  6. Growth and Characterization Studies of InGaN for Optoelectronics, Electronics and Photovoltaic Applications

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-12-04

    emitting diodes 6. Optical and material characterization of ZnO nanostructures 7. Fabrication of anodized - aluminum - oxide ( AAO ) ? preparing for patterned...Using InGaN for improving the efficiency of solar cell Theme: MOCVD and MBE growths of nitride and oxide semiconductor nanostructures for energy...0 20 40 60 80 100 120 P L E n h a n c e m e n t R a t i o Wavelength (nm) Silver -- 13X Gold --4X Aluminum -- 10X 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 I n

  7. Studies on Microstructure and Thermoelectric Properties of p-Type Bi-Sb-Te Based Alloys by Gas Atomization and Hot Extrusion Processes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Park, Ki-Chan; Madavali, Babu; Kim, Eun-Bin; Koo, Kyung-Wan; Hong, Soon-Jik

    2017-05-01

    p-Type Bi2Te3 + 75% Sb2Te3 based thermoelectric materials were fabricated via gas atomization and the hot extrusion process. The gas atomized powder showed a clean surface with a spherical shape, and expanded in a wide particle size distribution (average particle size 50 μm). The phase of the fabricated extruded and R-extruded bars was identified using x-ray diffraction. The relative densities of both the extruded and R-extruded samples were measured by Archimedes principle with ˜98% relative density. The R-extruded bar exhibited finer grain microstructure than that of single extrusion process, which was attributed to a recrystallization mechanism during the fabrication. The R-extruded sample showed improved Vickers hardness compared to the extruded sample due to its fine grain microstructure. The electrical conductivity improved for the extruded sample whereas the Seebeck coefficient decreases due to its high carrier concentration. The peak power factor, ˜4.26 × 10-3 w/mK2 was obtained for the single extrusion sample, which is higher than the R-extrusion sample owing to its high electrical properties.

  8. 46 CFR 190.07-1 - Application.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Application. 190.07-1 Section 190.07-1 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT Structural Fire Protection § 190.07-1 Application. (a) The provisions of this subpart, with the...

  9. 46 CFR 195.07-1 - Application.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Application. 195.07-1 Section 195.07-1 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS VESSEL CONTROL AND MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT Anchors, Chains, and Hawsers § 195.07-1 Application. (a) The provisions of...

  10. Effect of extrusion conditions on physicochemical and sensorial properties of corn-broad beans (Vicia faba) spaghetti type pasta.

    PubMed

    Giménez, M A; González, R J; Wagner, J; Torres, R; Lobo, M O; Samman, N C

    2013-01-15

    Corn-broad bean spaghetti type pasta was made with a corn/broad bean flour blend in a 70:30 ratio, through an extrusion-cooking process (Brabender 10 DN single-screw extruder with a 3:1 compression ratio). The effect of temperature (T=80, 90 and 100°C) and moisture (M=28%, 31% and 34%) on the extrusion responses (specific consumption of mechanical energy and pressure) and the quality of this pasta-like product (expansion, cooking-related losses, water absorption, firmness and stickiness) was assessed. The structural changes of starch were studied by means of DSC and XRD. The extrusion-cooking process, at M=28% and T=100°C, is appropriate to obtain corn-broad bean spaghetti-type pasta with high protein and dietary fibre content and adequate quality. The cooking characteristics and resistance to overcooking depended on the degree of gelatinisation and formation of amylose-lipid complexes. The critical gelatinisation point was 46.55%; beyond that point, the quality of the product declines. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  11. Apical debris extrusion associated with oval shaped canals: a comparative study of WaveOne vs Self-Adjusting File.

    PubMed

    Farmakis, Eleftherios Terry R; Sotiropoulos, G G; Abràmovitz, I; Solomonov, M

    2016-11-01

    The aim was to evaluate ex vivo apical debris extrusion associated with WaveOne and Self-Adjusting File instruments when used in oval canals. Twenty-four extracted human mandibular premolars with oval-shaped canals were assigned in two equal groups. Following coronal cavity preparation, a glide path was created. Group A was subjected to canal preparation using a WaveOne primary file, which was used along with syringe and needle irrigation and 10 mL of 2.4 % NaOCl solution, followed by flushing with 10 mL of 17 % EDTA solution, activation with EndoActivator for 1 min and final flushing with 10 mL of 2.4 % NaOCl solution, and activation for 30 s. Group B, the SAF system was used with continuous simultaneous irrigation, provided by the system's pump. The irrigant was supplied at 5 mL/min, alternating every minute between 2.4 % NaOCl solution and 17 % EDTA solution, over a total of 4 min followed by final flushing with 10 mL of 2.4 % NaOCl solution. Extruded apical debris from each root canal was collected into a preweighed glass vial and dried. The mean weight of the debris from each group was assessed and analyzed statistically. Both systems resulted in apical debris extrusion. The WaveOne system was associated with a statistically significant greater mean mass of apically extruded debris (2.18 ± 0.44 mg) than the SAF system (0.49 ± 0.33 mg, permutation-based Wilcoxon test, p < 0.001). Both WaveOne and the SAF systems were associated with apical debris extrusion. The amount of debris extruded by the WaveOne system was 4.4 times greater than that extruded by the SAF system. The results of the present ex vivo comparative study cannot be directly applied to the clinical situation. Difference between both groups remains completely unclear; maybe the amount of extrusion is harmless in both groups or similarly deleterious for the periradicular tissues in both groups or may be dose-related to the amount of the extruded material.

  12. Reuse of Aluminum Dross as an Engineered Product

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dai, Chen; Apelian, Diran

    To prevent the leaching of landfilled aluminum dross waste and save the energy consumed by recovering metallic aluminum from dross, aluminum dross is reused as an engineering product directly rather than "refurbished" ineffectively. The concept is to reduce waste and to reuse. Two kinds of aluminum dross from industrial streams were selected and characterized. We have shown that dross can be applied directly, or accompanied with a simple conditioning process, to manufacture refractory components. Dross particles below 50 mesh are most effective. Mechanical property evaluations revealed the possibility for dross waste to be utilized as filler in concrete, resulting in up to 40% higher flexural strength and 10% higher compressive strength compared to pure cement, as well as cement with sand additions. The potential usage of aluminum dross as a raw material for such engineering applications is presented and discussed.

  13. Extrusion Processing of Raw Food Materials and by-products: A Review.

    PubMed

    Offiah, Vivian; Kontogiorgos, Vassilis; Falade, Kolawole O

    2018-05-22

    Extrusion technology has rapidly transformed the food industry with its numerous advantages over other processing methods. It offers a platform for processing different products from various food groups by modifying minor or major ingredients and processing conditions. Although cereals occupy a large portion of the extruded foods market, several other types of raw materials have been used. Extrusion processing of various food groups, including cereals and pseudo cereals, roots and tubers, pulses and oilseeds, fruits and vegetables, and animal products, as well as structural and nutritional changes in these food matrices are reviewed. Value addition by extrusion to food processing wastes and by-products from fruits and vegetables, dairy, meat and seafood, cereals and residues from starch, syrup and alcohol production, and oilseed processing are also discussed. Extrusion presents an economical technology for incorporating food processing residues and by-products back into the food stream. In contemporary scenarios, rising demand for extruded products with functional ingredients, attributed to evolving lifestyles and preferences, have led to innovations in the form, texture, color and content of extruded products. Information presented in this review would be of importance to processors and researchers as they seek to enhance nutritional quality and delivery of extruded products.

  14. Dissolution Mechanism for High Melting Point Transition Elements in Aluminum Melt

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lee, Young E.; Houser, Stephen L.

    When added cold in aluminum melt, the alloying process for compacts of transition metal elements such as Mn, Fe, Cr, Ni, Ti, Cu, and Zn takes a sequence of incubation, exothermic reactions to form intermetallic compounds, and dispersion of the alloying elements into aluminum melt. The experiments with Cr compacts show that the incubation period is affected by the content of ingredient Al and size of compacts and by size of Cr particles. Incubation period becomes longer as the content of ingredient aluminum in compact decreases, and this prolonged incubation period negatively impacts the dissolution of the alloying elements in aluminum. Once liquid aluminum forms at reaction sites, the exothermic reaction takes place quickly and significantly raises the temperature of the compacts. As the result of it, the compacts swell in volume with a sponge like structure. Such porous structure encourages the penetration of liquid aluminum from the melt. The compacts become weak mechanically, and the alloying elements are dispersed and entrained in aluminum melt as discrete and small sized units. When Cr compacts are deficient in aluminum, the unreacted Cr particles are encased by the intermetallic compounds in the dispersed particles. They are carried in the melt flow and continue the dissolution reaction in aluminum. The entire dissolution process of Cr compacts completes within 10 to 15 minutes with a full recovery when the aluminum content is 10 to 20% in compacts.

  15. A positive SeHCAT test results in fewer subsequent investigations in patients with chronic diarrhoea.

    PubMed

    Turner, James M; Pattni, Sanjeev S; Appleby, Richard N; Walters, Julian Rf

    2017-10-01

    Chronic diarrhoea is a common condition, resulting from a number of different disorders. Bile acid diarrhoea, occurring in about a third of these patients, is often undiagnosed. We hypothesised that a positive diagnosis of bile acid diarrhoea would reduce the need for subsequent investigations for alternative diagnoses. Patients previously recruited to a study of chronic diarrhoea who had selenium homocholic acid taurine (SeHCAT) testing and subsequent follow-up at our institution were identified. In a retrospective analysis, the numbers of defined investigations undertaken from the first 3 months after SeHCAT in the following 5 years were compared. 90 patients were identified with primary bile acid diarrhoea (SeHCAT retention <15%, n=36) or idiopathic diarrhoea (SeHCAT retention >15%, n=54). Follow-up had been performed on 29 and 39 subjects, respectively, with no differences in previous investigations or the last contact date. In the follow-up period, the proportions of these patients who had undergone endoscopic procedures (gastroscopy, colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy) were the same. However, there was a higher proportion of patients in the SeHCAT-negative group who had other investigations, including imaging, physiological tests and blood tests (p=0.037). The use of cross-sectional imaging was significantly higher in this group (p=0.015) with greater proportions having CT (0.44 vs 0.10) and MRI (0.26 vs 0.07). Ultrasound use and the number of blood tests were higher in the SeHCAT-negative group whereas the SeHCAT-positive group attended more clinic appointments (p=0.013). A positive diagnosis of bile acid diarrhoea, made by a SeHCAT test, resulted in reduced use of diagnostic investigations over the subsequent 5 years.

  16. 49 CFR 178.511 - Standards for aluminum and steel jerricans.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Standards for aluminum and steel jerricans. 178... steel jerricans. (a) The following are identification codes for aluminum and steel jerricans: (1) 3A1 for a non-removable head steel jerrican; (2) 3A2 for a removable head steel jerrican; (3) 3B1 for a...

  17. 49 CFR 178.511 - Standards for aluminum and steel jerricans.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Standards for aluminum and steel jerricans. 178... steel jerricans. (a) The following are identification codes for aluminum and steel jerricans: (1) 3A1 for a non-removable head steel jerrican; (2) 3A2 for a removable head steel jerrican; (3) 3B1 for a...

  18. 49 CFR 178.511 - Standards for aluminum and steel jerricans.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Standards for aluminum and steel jerricans. 178... steel jerricans. (a) The following are identification codes for aluminum and steel jerricans: (1) 3A1 for a non-removable head steel jerrican; (2) 3A2 for a removable head steel jerrican; (3) 3B1 for a...

  19. 49 CFR 178.511 - Standards for aluminum and steel jerricans.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Standards for aluminum and steel jerricans. 178... steel jerricans. (a) The following are identification codes for aluminum and steel jerricans: (1) 3A1 for a non-removable head steel jerrican; (2) 3A2 for a removable head steel jerrican; (3) 3B1 for a...

  20. 49 CFR 178.511 - Standards for aluminum and steel jerricans.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Standards for aluminum and steel jerricans. 178... steel jerricans. (a) The following are identification codes for aluminum and steel jerricans: (1) 3A1 for a non-removable head steel jerrican; (2) 3A2 for a removable head steel jerrican; (3) 3B1 for a...