Study on drag coefficient of rising bubble in still water

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shi, M. Y.; Qi, Mei; Yi, C. G.; Liu, D. Y.; Zhang, K. X.

2017-09-01

Research on the behavior of a rising bubble in still water is on the basis of Newton's theory of classical mechanics. Develop a calculation analysis and an experimental process of bubble rising behavior in order to search for an appropriate way of valuing drag coefficient, which is the key element toward this issue. Analyze the adaptability of the drag coefficient; compare the theoretical model to the real experimental model of rising bubble behavior. The result turns out that the change rate of radius could be ignored according to the analysis; the acceleration phase is transient; final velocity and the diameter of bubble do relate to the drag coefficient, but have no obvious relation with the depth of water. After series of inference analysis of the bubble behavior and experimental demonstration, a new drag coefficient and computing method is proposed.

Quantification of Methane Gas Flux and Bubble Fate on the Eastern Siberian Arctic Shelf Utilizing Calibrated Split-beam Echosounder Data.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weidner, E. F.; Mayer, L. A.; Weber, T. C.; Jerram, K.; Jakobsson, M.; Chernykh, D.; Ananiev, R.; Mohammad, R.; Semiletov, I. P.

2016-12-01

On the Eastern Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS) subsea permafrost, shallow gas hydrates, and trapped free gas hold an estimated 1400 Gt of methane. Recent observations of methane bubble plumes and high concentrations of dissolved methane in the water column indicate methane release via ebullition. Methane gas released from the shallow ESAS (<50 m average depth) has high potential to be transported to the atmosphere. To directly and quantitatively address the magnitude of methane flux and the fate of rising bubbles in the ESAS, methane seeps were mapped with a broadband split-beam echosounder as part of the Swedish-Russian-US Arctic Ocean Investigation of Climate-Cryosphere-Carbon Interactions program (SWERUS-C3). Acoustic measurements were made over a broad range of frequencies (16 to 29 kHz). The broad bandwidth provided excellent discrimination of individual targets in the water column, allowing for the identification of single bubbles. Absolute bubble target strength values were determined by compensating apparent target strength measurements for beam pattern effects via standard calibration techniques. The bubble size distribution of seeps with individual bubble signatures was determined by exploiting bubble target strength models over the broad range of frequencies. For denser seeps, with potential higher methane flux, bubble size distribution was determined via extrapolation from seeps in similar geomorphological settings. By coupling bubble size distributions with rise velocity measurements, which are made possible by split-beam target tracking, methane gas flux can be estimated. Of the 56 identified seeps in the SWERUS data set, individual bubbles scatterers were identified in more than half (31) of the seeps. Preliminary bubble size distribution results indicate bubble radii range from 0.75 to 3.0 mm, with relatively constant bubble size distribution throughout the water column. Initial rise velocity observations indicate bubble rise velocity increases with

Diffuse interface simulation of bubble rising process: a comparison of adaptive mesh refinement and arbitrary lagrange-euler methods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Ye; Cai, Jiejin; Li, Qiong; Yin, Huaqiang; Yang, Xingtuan

2018-06-01

Gas-liquid two phase flow exists in several industrial processes and light-water reactors (LWRs). A diffuse interface based finite element method with two different mesh generation methods namely, the Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) and the Arbitrary Lagrange Euler (ALE) methods is used to model the shape and velocity changes in a rising bubble. Moreover, the calculating speed and mesh generation strategies of AMR and ALE are contrasted. The simulation results agree with the Bhagat's experiments, indicating that both mesh generation methods can simulate the characteristics of bubble accurately. We concluded that: the small bubble rises as elliptical with oscillation, whereas a larger bubble (11 mm > d > 7 mm) rises with a morphology between the elliptical and cap type with a larger oscillation. When the bubble is large (d > 11 mm), it rises up as a cap type, and the amplitude becomes smaller. Moreover, it takes longer to achieve the stable shape from the ellipsoid to the spherical cap type with the increase of the bubble diameter. The results also show that for smaller diameter case, the ALE method uses fewer grids and has a faster calculation speed, but the AMR method can solve the case of a large geometry deformation efficiently.

Experimental study on wake structure of single rising clean bubble

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sato, Ayaka; Takedomi, Yuta; Shirota, Minori; Sanada, Toshiyuki; Watanabe, Masao

2007-11-01

Wake structure of clean bubble rising in quiescent silicone oil solution of photochromic dye is experimentally studied. A single bubble is generated, immediately after UV sheet light illuminates the part of the liquid just above the bubble generation nozzle in order to activate photochromic dye. Once the bubble passes across the colored part of the liquid, the bubble is accompanied by some portion of activated dye tracers; hence the flow structure in the rear of the single rising bubble is visualized. We capture stereo images of both wake structure and bubble motion. We study how wake structure changes with the increase in bubble size. We observe the stable axisymmetric wake structure, which is called `standing eddy' when bubble size is relatively small, and then wake structure becomes unstable and starts to oscillate with the increase in bubble size. With further increase in bubble size, a pair of streamwise vortices, which is called `double thread', is observed. We discuss in detail this transition from the steady wake to unsteady wake structure, especially double thread wake development and hairpin vortices shedding, in relation to the transition from rectilinear to spiral or zigzag bubble motions.

Gas depletion through single gas bubble diffusive growth and its effect on subsequent bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moreno Soto, Alvaro; Prosperetti, Andrea; Lohse, Detlef; van der Meer, Devaraj; Physics of Fluid Group Collaboration; MCEC Netherlands CenterMultiscale Catalytic Energy Conversion Collaboration

2016-11-01

In weakly supersaturated mixtures, bubbles are known to grow quasi-statically as diffusion-driven mass transfer governs the process. In the final stage of the evolution, before detachment, there is an enhancement of mass transfer, which changes from diffusion to natural convection. Once the bubble detaches, it leaves behind a gas-depleted area. The diffusive mass transfer towards that region cannot compensate for the amount of gas which is taken away by the bubble. Consequently, the consecutive bubble will grow in an environment which contains less gas than for the previous one. This reduces the local supersaturation of the mixture around the nucleation site, leading to a reduced bubble growth rate. We present quantitative experimental data on this effect and the theoretical model for depletion during the bubble growth rate. This work was supported by the Netherlands Center for Multiscale Catalytic Energy Conversion (MCEC), an NWO Gravitation programme funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science of the government of the Netherlands.

Physical data measurements and mathematical modelling of simple gas bubble experiments in glass melts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Weinberg, Michael C.

1986-01-01

In this work consideration is given to the problem of the extraction of physical data information from gas bubble dissolution and growth measurements. The discussion is limited to the analysis of the simplest experimental systems consisting of a single, one component gas bubble in a glassmelt. It is observed that if the glassmelt is highly under- (super-) saturated, then surface tension effects may be ignored, simplifying the task of extracting gas diffusivity values from the measurements. If, in addition, the bubble rise velocity is very small (or very large) the ease of obtaining physical property data is enhanced. Illustrations are given for typical cases.

Numerical simulation of superheated vapor bubble rising in stagnant liquid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Samkhaniani, N.; Ansari, M. R.

2017-09-01

In present study, the rising of superheated vapor bubble in saturated liquid is simulated using volume of fluid method in OpenFOAM cfd package. The surface tension between vapor-liquid phases is considered using continuous surface force method. In order to reduce spurious current near interface, Lafaurie smoothing filter is applied to improve curvature calculation. Phase change is considered using Tanasawa mass transfer model. The variation of saturation temperature in vapor bubble with local pressure is considered with simplified Clausius-Clapeyron relation. The couple velocity-pressure equation is solved using PISO algorithm. The numerical model is validated with: (1) isothermal bubble rising and (2) one-dimensional horizontal film condensation. Then, the shape and life time history of single superheated vapor bubble are investigated. The present numerical study shows vapor bubble in saturated liquid undergoes boiling and condensation. It indicates bubble life time is nearly linear proportional with bubble size and superheat temperature.

Oceanic Gas Bubble Measurements Using an Acoustic Bubble Spectrometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wilson, S. J.; Baschek, B.; Deane, G.

2008-12-01

Gas bubble injection by breaking waves contributes significantly to the exchange of gases between atmosphere and ocean at high wind speeds. In this respect, CO2 is primarily important for the global ocean and climate, while O2 is especially relevant for ecosystems in the coastal ocean. For measuring oceanic gas bubble size distributions, a commercially available Dynaflow Acoustic Bubble Spectrometer (ABS) has been modified. Two hydrophones transmit and receive selected frequencies, measuring attenuation and absorption. Algorithms are then used to derive bubble size distributions. Tank test were carried out in order to test the instrument performance.The software algorithms were compared with Commander and Prosperetti's method (1989) of calculating sound speed ratio and attenuation for a known bubble distribution. Additional comparisons with micro-photography were carried out in the lab and will be continued during the SPACE '08 experiment in October 2008 at Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory. The measurements of gas bubbles will be compared to additional parameters, such as wind speed, wave height, white cap coverage, or dissolved gases.

Investigating the role of gas bubble formation and entrapment in contaminated aquifers: Reactive transport modelling

USGS Publications Warehouse

Amos, Richard T.; Mayer, K. Ulrich

2006-01-01

In many natural and contaminated aquifers, geochemical processes result in the production or consumption of dissolved gases. In cases where methanogenesis or denitrification occurs, the production of gases may result in the formation and growth of gas bubbles below the water table. Near the water table, entrapment of atmospheric gases during water table rise may provide a significant source of O2 to waters otherwise depleted in O2. Furthermore, the presence of bubbles will affect the hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer, resulting in changes to the groundwater flow regime. The interactions between physical transport, biogeochemical processes, and gas bubble formation, entrapment and release is complex and requires suitable analysis tools. The objective of the present work is the development of a numerical model capable of quantitatively assessing these processes. The multicomponent reactive transport code MIN3P has been enhanced to simulate bubble growth and contraction due to in-situ gas production or consumption, bubble entrapment due to water table rise and subsequent re-equilibration of the bubble with ambient groundwater, and permeability changes due to trapped gas phase saturation. The resulting formulation allows for the investigation of complex geochemical systems where microbially mediated redox reactions both produce and consume gases as well as affect solution chemistry, alkalinity, and pH. The enhanced model has been used to simulate processes in a petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated aquifer where methanogenesis is an important redox process. The simulations are constrained by data from a crude oil spill site near Bemidji, MN. Our results suggest that permeability reduction in the methanogenic zone due to in-situ formation of gas bubbles, and dissolution of entrapped atmospheric bubbles near the water table, both work to attenuate the dissolved gas plume emanating from the source zone. Furthermore, the simulations demonstrate that under the given

Investigating the role of gas bubble formation and entrapment in contaminated aquifers: Reactive transport modelling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amos, Richard T.; Ulrich Mayer, K.

2006-09-01

In many natural and contaminated aquifers, geochemical processes result in the production or consumption of dissolved gases. In cases where methanogenesis or denitrification occurs, the production of gases may result in the formation and growth of gas bubbles below the water table. Near the water table, entrapment of atmospheric gases during water table rise may provide a significant source of O 2 to waters otherwise depleted in O 2. Furthermore, the presence of bubbles will affect the hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer, resulting in changes to the groundwater flow regime. The interactions between physical transport, biogeochemical processes, and gas bubble formation, entrapment and release is complex and requires suitable analysis tools. The objective of the present work is the development of a numerical model capable of quantitatively assessing these processes. The multicomponent reactive transport code MIN3P has been enhanced to simulate bubble growth and contraction due to in-situ gas production or consumption, bubble entrapment due to water table rise and subsequent re-equilibration of the bubble with ambient groundwater, and permeability changes due to trapped gas phase saturation. The resulting formulation allows for the investigation of complex geochemical systems where microbially mediated redox reactions both produce and consume gases as well as affect solution chemistry, alkalinity, and pH. The enhanced model has been used to simulate processes in a petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated aquifer where methanogenesis is an important redox process. The simulations are constrained by data from a crude oil spill site near Bemidji, MN. Our results suggest that permeability reduction in the methanogenic zone due to in-situ formation of gas bubbles, and dissolution of entrapped atmospheric bubbles near the water table, both work to attenuate the dissolved gas plume emanating from the source zone. Furthermore, the simulations demonstrate that under the given

On the role of sea-state in bubble-mediated air-sea gas flux during a winter storm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liang, Jun-Hong; Emerson, Steven R.; D'Asaro, Eric A.; McNeil, Craig L.; Harcourt, Ramsey R.; Sullivan, Peter P.; Yang, Bo; Cronin, Meghan F.

2017-04-01

Oceanic bubbles play an important role in the air-sea exchange of weakly soluble gases at moderate to high wind speeds. A Lagrangian bubble model embedded in a large eddy simulation model is developed to study bubbles and their influence on dissolved gases in the upper ocean. The transient evolution of mixed-layer dissolved oxygen and nitrogen gases at Ocean Station Papa (50°N, 145°W) during a winter storm is reproduced with the model. Among different physical processes, gas bubbles are the most important in elevating dissolved gas concentrations during the storm, while atmospheric pressure governs the variability of gas saturation anomaly (the relative departure of dissolved gas concentration from the saturation concentration). For the same wind speed, bubble-mediated gas fluxes are larger during rising wind with smaller wave age than during falling wind with larger wave age. Wave conditions are the primary cause for the bubble gas flux difference: when wind strengthens, waves are less-developed with respect to wind, resulting in more frequent large breaking waves. Bubble generation in large breaking waves is favorable for a large bubble-mediated gas flux. The wave-age dependence is not included in any existing bubble-mediated gas flux parameterizations.

Prediction of the rate of the rise of an air bubble in nanofluids in a vertical tube.

PubMed

Cho, Heon Ki; Nikolov, Alex D; Wasan, Darsh T

2018-04-19

Our recent experiments have demonstrated that when a bubble rises through a nanofluid (a liquid containing dispersed nanoparticles) in a vertical tube, a nanofluidic film with several particle layers is formed between the gas bubble and the glass tube wall, which significantly changes the bubble velocity due to the nanoparticle layering phenomenon in the film. We calculated the structural nanofilm viscosity as a function of the number of particle layers confined in it and found that the film viscosity increases rather steeply when the film contains only one or two particle layers. The nanofilm viscosity was found to be several times higher than the bulk viscosity of the fluid. Consequently, the Bretherton equation cannot accurately predict the rate of the rise of a slow-moving long bubble in a vertical tube in a nanofluid because it is valid only for very thick films and uses the bulk viscosity of the fluid. However, in this brief note, we demonstrate that the Bretherton equation can indeed be used for predicting the rate of the rise of a long single bubble through a vertical tube filled with a nanofluid by simply replacing the bulk viscosity with the proper structural nanofilm viscosity of the fluid. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc.

A bubble-based microfluidic gas sensor for gas chromatographs.

PubMed

Bulbul, Ashrafuzzaman; Kim, Hanseup

2015-01-07

We report a new proof-of-concept bubble-based gas sensor for a gas chromatography system, which utilizes the unique relationship between the diameters of the produced bubbles with the gas types and mixture ratios as a sensing element. The bubble-based gas sensor consists of gas and liquid channels as well as a nozzle to produce gas bubbles through a micro-structure. It utilizes custom-developed software and an optical camera to statistically analyze the diameters of the produced bubbles in flow. The fabricated gas sensor showed that five types of gases (CO2, He, H2, N2, and CH4) produced (1) unique volumes of 0.44, 0.74, 1.03, 1.28, and 1.42 nL (0%, 68%, 134%, 191%, and 223% higher than that of CO2) and (2) characteristic linear expansion coefficients (slope) of 1.38, 2.93, 3.45, 5.06, and 5.44 nL/(kPa (μL s(-1))(-1)). The gas sensor also demonstrated that (3) different gas mixture ratios of CO2 : N2 (100 : 0, 80 : 20, 50 : 50, 20 : 80 and 0 : 100) generated characteristic bubble diameters of 48.95, 77.99, 71.00, 78.53 and 99.50 μm, resulting in a linear coefficient of 10.26 μm (μL s(-1))(-1). It (4) successfully identified an injection (0.01 μL) of pentane (C5) into a continuous carrier gas stream of helium (He) by monitoring bubble diameters and creating a chromatogram and demonstrated (5) the output stability within only 5.60% variation in 67 tests over a month.

Increasing of Gas Bubbling at Wariishi Flowing Spring, Central Japan, before and after the 2014 Ontake Volcano Eruption

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kimata, F.; Tasaka, S.; Asai, Y.

2016-12-01

Wariishi Spa is locating at Atotsugawa active fault, and it is an flowing spring from the 850m depth by the bore hole. The spring is coming from the rain fall through the geological boundary. Discharge was measured 100L/minute by manual every week in 1977. In 1990, measurement system was updated to 1Hz by electromagnetic flowmeter system. Co-seismic discharge rises are measured for about 100 examples of the earthquake occurrence in around area. The discharge rise is decreasing asymptotic convergence with time. In 2011 Tohoku Earthquake, the discharge of spring is a rise of 30 L/minutes, and it took 1 and half year to return to 20 L/minute. Ontake Volcano is one of the active volcanoes in same mountain range, but it is located about 50 km south from the Wariishi spa. There are three active volcanoes between Wariishi Spa and Ontake Volcano. The volcano was erupted in a phreatic explosion on September 27, 2014. There is no observation of the discharge change at the eruption in the hot spring. There are other hot spring systems in Wariishi spa. The spa has a periodic spring with one to two-hour frequencies. The periodic frequencies are depended on the discharge volume. Therefore, at the co-seismic discharge rise, the shortenings of periodic frequencies are observed. Hence, the mechanism of main discharge and periodic spring is located at the depth of 850 m. Based on discussion on time series of discharge spa, there are observed many pulsed noises between the periodic springs. The noises are caused by gas bubbling from the precise examinations. It is suggested that gas bubbling is different mechanism with periodic spring, because no effects on the periodic spring frequency. Bubbling is sourced from more deep than 850 m. Gas bubbling was observed about 50 times between the periodic spa around the Ontake volcano eruption. There is no report on such gas bubbling rise since 2012. Discussed above, it is suggested some changes of strain field at central Japan, especially in

Gas transfer in a bubbly wake flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karn, A.; Gulliver, J. S.; Monson, G. M.; Ellis, C.; Arndt, R. E. A.; Hong, J.

2016-05-01

The present work reports simultaneous bubble size and gas transfer measurements in a bubbly wake flow of a hydrofoil, designed to be similar to a hydroturbine blade. Bubble size was measured by a shadow imaging technique and found to have a Sauter mean diameter of 0.9 mm for a reference case. A lower gas flow rate, greater liquid velocities, and a larger angle of attack all resulted in an increased number of small size bubbles and a reduced weighted mean bubble size. Bubble-water gas transfer is measured by the disturbed equilibrium technique. The gas transfer model of Azbel (1981) is utilized to characterize the liquid film coefficient for gas transfer, with one scaling coefficient to reflect the fact that characteristic turbulent velocity is replaced by cross-sectional mean velocity. The coefficient was found to stay constant at a particular hydrofoil configuration while it varied within a narrow range of 0.52-0.60 for different gas/water flow conditions.

Formation of soap bubbles by gas jet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Maolei; Li, Min; Chen, Zhiyuan; Han, Jifeng; Liu, Dong

2017-12-01

Soap bubbles can be easily generated by various methods, while their formation process is complicated and still worth studying. A model about the bubble formation process was proposed in the study by Salkin et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 077801 (2016)] recently, and it was reported that the bubbles were formed when the gas blowing velocity was above one threshold. However, after a detailed study of these experiments, we found that the bubbles could be generated in two velocity ranges which corresponded to the laminar and turbulent gas jet, respectively, and the predicted threshold was only effective for turbulent gas flow. The study revealed that the bubble formation was greatly influenced by the aerodynamics of the gas jet blowing to the film, and these results will help to further understand the formation mechanism of the soap bubble as well as the interaction between the gas jet and the thin liquid film.

Exploring the mechanisms of rising bubbles in marine biofouling prevention

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Menesses, Mark; Belden, Jesse; Dickenson, Natasha; Bird, James

2015-11-01

Fluid motion, such as flow past a ship, is known to inhibit the growth of marine biofouling. Bubbles rising along a submerged structure also exhibit this behavior, which is typically attributed to buoyancy induced flow. However, the bubble interface may also have a direct influence on inhibiting growth that is independent of the surrounding flow. Here we aim to decouple these two mechanisms through a combination of field and laboratory experiments. In this study, a wall jet and a stream of bubbles are used to create two flows near a submerged solid surface where biofouling occurs. The flow structure characteristics were recorded using PIV. This experimental analysis allows for us to compare the efficacy of each flow relative to its flow parameters. Exploration of the mechanisms at play in the prevention of biofouling by use of rising bubbles provides a foundation to predict and optimize this antifouling technique under various conditions.

Bubble behavior characteristics based on virtual binocular stereo vision

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xue, Ting; Xu, Ling-shuang; Zhang, Shang-zhen

2018-01-01

The three-dimensional (3D) behavior characteristics of bubble rising in gas-liquid two-phase flow are of great importance to study bubbly flow mechanism and guide engineering practice. Based on the dual-perspective imaging of virtual binocular stereo vision, the 3D behavior characteristics of bubbles in gas-liquid two-phase flow are studied in detail, which effectively increases the projection information of bubbles to acquire more accurate behavior features. In this paper, the variations of bubble equivalent diameter, volume, velocity and trajectory in the rising process are estimated, and the factors affecting bubble behavior characteristics are analyzed. It is shown that the method is real-time and valid, the equivalent diameter of the rising bubble in the stagnant water is periodically changed, and the crests and troughs in the equivalent diameter curve appear alternately. The bubble behavior characteristics as well as the spiral amplitude are affected by the orifice diameter and the gas volume flow.

Rising dynamics of a bubble confined in vertical cells with rectangular cross-sections

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Murano, Mayuko; Okumura, Ko

2017-11-01

Recently, the drag friction acting on a fluid drop in confined space has been actively studied. Here, we investigate the rising velocity of a bubble in a vertical cell with a rectangular cross-section, both theoretically and experimentally, in which understanding of the drag force acting on the rising bubble is crucial. Although the drag force in such confined space could involve several regimes, we study a special case in which the bubble is long and the aspect-ratio of the rectangular cross-section of the cell is high. As a result, we found new scaling law for the rising velocity and the drag force, and confirmed the laws experimentally. Crossover to the rising dynamics in a Hele-Shaw cell will be also discussed.

Propagation of Pressure Waves, Caused by a Thermal Shock, in Liquid Metals Containing Gas Bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Okita, Kohei; Takagi, Shu; Matsumoto, Yoichiro

The propagation of pressure waves caused by a thermal shock in liquid mercury containing micro gas bubbles has been simulated numerically. In the present study, we clarify the influences of the introduced bubble size and void fraction on the absorption of thermal expansion of liquid mercury and attenuation of pressure waves. The mass, momentum and energy conservation equations for both bubbly mixture and gas inside each bubble are solved, in which the bubble dynamics is represented by the Keller equation. The results show that when the initial void fraction is larger than the rate of the thermal expansion of liquid mercury, the pressure rise caused by the thermal expansion decreases with decreasing the bubble radius, because of the increase of the natural frequency of bubbly mixture. On the other hand, as the bubble radius increases, the peak of pressure waves which propagate at the sound speed of mixture decreases gradually due to the dispersion effect of mixture. When the natural frequency of the mixture with large bubbles is lower than that of the thremal shock, the peak pressure at the wall increases because the pressure waves propagate through the mixture at the sound speed of liquid mercury. The comparison of the results with and without heat transfer through the gas liquid interface shows that the pressure waves are attenuated greatly by the thermal damping effect with the decrease of the void fraction which enhances the nonlinearity of bubble oscillation.

Gas Bubble Migration and Trapping in Porous Media: Pore-Scale Simulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mahabadi, Nariman; Zheng, Xianglei; Yun, Tae Sup; van Paassen, Leon; Jang, Jaewon

2018-02-01

Gas bubbles can be naturally generated or intentionally introduced in sediments. Gas bubble migration and trapping affect the rate of gas emission into the atmosphere or modify the sediment properties such as hydraulic and mechanical properties. In this study, the migration and trapping of gas bubbles are simulated using the pore-network model extracted from the 3D X-ray image of in situ sediment. Two types of bubble size distribution (mono-sized and distributed-sized cases) are used in the simulation. The spatial and statistical bubble size distribution, residual gas saturation, and hydraulic conductivity reduction due to the bubble trapping are investigated. The results show that the bubble size distribution becomes wider during the gas bubble migration due to bubble coalescence for both mono-sized and distributed-sized cases. And the trapped bubble fraction and the residual gas saturation increase as the bubble size increases. The hydraulic conductivity is reduced as a result of the gas bubble trapping. The reduction in hydraulic conductivity is apparently observed as bubble size and the number of nucleation points increase.

Preliminary study of the effects of a reversible chemical reaction on gas bubble dissolution. [for space glass refining

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Weinberg, M. C.

1982-01-01

A preliminary investigation is carried out of the effects of a reversible chemical reaction on the dissolution of an isolated, stationary gas bubble in a glass melt. The exact governing equations for the model system are formulated and analyzed. The approximate quasi-steady-state version of these equations is solved analytically, and a calculation is made of bubble dissolution rates. The results are then compared with numerical solutions obtained from the finite difference form of the exact governing equations. It is pointed out that in the microgravity condition of space, the buoyant rise of a gas bubble in a glass melt will be negligible on the time scale of most experiments. For this reason, a determination of the behavior of a stationary gas bubble in a melt is relevant for an understanding of glass refining in space.

Layered storage of biogenic methane-enriched gas bubbles in peat: A lumped capacitance model controlled by soil structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, X.; Comas, X.; Binley, A. M.; Slater, L. D.

2017-12-01

Methane can accumulate in the gaseous phase in peats, and enter the atmosphere as gas bubbles with a mass flux higher than that via diffusion and plant-mediated pathways. A complete understanding of the mechanisms regulating bubble storage in peats remains incomplete. We developed a layered model to quantify the storage of gas bubbles over a peat column based on a general lumped capacitance model. This conceptual model was applied to explain the effects of peat structure on bubble storage at different depths observed in a laboratory experiment. A peat monolith was collected from the Everglades, a subtropical wetland located in Florida (USA), and kept submerged in a cuboid chamber over 102 days until gas bubble saturation was achieved. Time-lapse ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was used to estimate changes in gas content of each layer and the corresponding average dimensions of stored gas bubbles. The results highlight a hotspot layer of bubble accumulation at depths between 5 and 10 cm below the monolith surface. Bubbles in this shallow hotspot layer were larger relative to those in deeper layers, whilst the degree of decomposition of the upper layers was generally smaller than that of the lower layers based on von Post humification tests. X-ray Computer tomography (CT) was applied to resin-impregnated peat sections from different depths and the results showed that a higher porosity promotes bubbles storage. The stored gas bubbles were released by changing water levels and the air CH4 concentrations above the peat monolith were measured using a flow-through chamber system to confirm the high CH4 concentration in the stored bubbles. Our findings suggest that bubble capacitance is related to the difference in size between gas bubbles and peat pores. This work has implications for better understanding how changes in water table elevation associated with climate change and sea level rise (particularly for freshwater wetlands near coastal areas like the Everglades) may

An analytical approach to the rise velocity of periodic bubble trains in non-Newtonian fluids.

PubMed

Frank, X; Li, H Z; Funfschilling, D

2005-01-01

The present study aims at providing insight into the acceleration mechanism of a bubble chain rising in shear-thinning viscoelastic fluids. The experimental investigation by the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), birefringence visualisation and rheological simulation shows that two aspects are central to bubble interactions in such media: the stress creation by the passage of bubbles, and their relaxation due to the fluid's memory forming an evanescent corridor of reduced viscosity. Interactions between bubbles were taken into account mainly through a linear superposition of the stress evolution behind each bubble. An analytical approach together with the rheological consideration was developed to compute the rise velocity of a bubble chain in function of the injection period and bubble volume. The model predictions compare satisfactorily with the experimental investigation.

Dynamics of the liquid film around elongated bubbles rising in vertical capillaries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Magnini, Mirco; Khodaparast, Sepideh; Matar, Omar K.; Stone, Howard A.; Thome, John R.

2017-11-01

We performed a theoretical, numerical and experimental study on elongated bubbles rising in vertical tubes in co-current liquid flows. The flow conditions were characterized by capillary, Reynolds and Bond numbers within the range of Ca = 0.005 - 0.1 , Re = 1 - 2000 and Bo = 0 - 20 . Direct numerical simulations of the two-phase flows are run with a self-improved version of OpenFOAM, implementing a coupled Level Set and Volume of Fluid method. A theoretical model based on an extension of the traditional Bretherton theory, accounting for inertia and the gravity force, is developed to obtain predictions of the profiles of the front and rear menisci of the bubble, liquid film thickness and bubble velocity. Different from the traditional theory for bubbles rising in a stagnant liquid, the gravity force impacts the flow already when Bo < 4 . Gravity effects speed up the bubble compared to the Bo = 0 case, making the liquid film thicker and reducing the amplitude of the undulation on the surface of the bubble near its tail. Gravity effects are more apparent in the visco-capillary regime, i.e. when the Reynolds number is below 1.

Bubble transport and sticking in gas embolotherapy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bull, Joseph

2002-11-01

Pressure-driven bubble transport in a two-dimensional, bifurcating channel is investigated as a model of gas emboli transport in the microcirculation. Gas emboli are relevant to a number of clinical situations, and our particular interest is a novel gas embolotherapy technique, which involves using gas bubbles to occlude blood flow to tumors. This minimally invasive treatment modality allows selective delivery of emboli. The bubbles originate as 6 micron-diameter liquid droplets of perfluorocarbon (PFC), mixed in saline, and are injected into the vascular system. The droplet forms are small enough to pass through capillary beds, so they can circulate until the next stage of the therapy. By strategically placing an ultrasound source over the artery feeding the tumor, the droplets may be vaporized at that location. Our model is developed using the Stokes equation subject to interfacial and wall boundary conditions, and is solved using the boundary element method. The conditions under which bubbles 'stick' to the channel walls and occlude flow are investigated. Clinically, these results are important because the location and homogeneity of bubble sticking determines the degree of tumor necrosis and the efficacy of the treatment.

Dynamic morphology of gas hydrate on a methane bubble in water: Observations and new insights for hydrate film models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Warzinski, Robert P.; Lynn, Ronald; Haljasmaa, Igor; Leifer, Ira; Shaffer, Frank; Anderson, Brian J.; Levine, Jonathan S.

2014-10-01

Predicting the fate of subsea hydrocarbon gases escaping into seawater is complicated by potential formation of hydrate on rising bubbles that can enhance their survival in the water column, allowing gas to reach shallower depths and the atmosphere. The precise nature and influence of hydrate coatings on bubble hydrodynamics and dissolution is largely unknown. Here we present high-definition, experimental observations of complex surficial mechanisms governing methane bubble hydrate formation and dissociation during transit of a simulated oceanic water column that reveal a temporal progression of deep-sea controlling mechanisms. Synergistic feedbacks between bubble hydrodynamics, hydrate morphology, and coverage characteristics were discovered. Morphological changes on the bubble surface appear analogous to macroscale, sea ice processes, presenting new mechanistic insights. An inverse linear relationship between hydrate coverage and bubble dissolution rate is indicated. Understanding and incorporating these phenomena into bubble and bubble plume models will be necessary to accurately predict global greenhouse gas budgets for warming ocean scenarios and hydrocarbon transport from anthropogenic or natural deep-sea eruptions.

Gas Diffusion in Fluids Containing Bubbles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zak, M.; Weinberg, M. C.

1982-01-01

Mathematical model describes movement of gases in fluid containing many bubbles. Model makes it possible to predict growth and shrink age of bubbles as function of time. New model overcomes complexities involved in analysis of varying conditions by making two simplifying assumptions. It treats bubbles as point sources, and it employs approximate expression for gas concentration gradient at liquid/bubble interface. In particular, it is expected to help in developing processes for production of high-quality optical glasses in space.

GAS AND BUBBLE PRODUCTION BY SIPHONOPHORES.

DTIC Science & Technology

Gas-filled siphonophore floats collected from a deep scattering layer (DSL) were photographed in the act of voluntarily expelling bubbles of nearly...Such free bubbles, together with the siphonophore floats themselves, constitute a biological family of potentially resonant sonar targets

In Situ Raman Spectroscopic Observations of Gas-Saturated Rising Oil droplets: Simulation with Decane as an Oil-Equivalent Substitute

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peltzer, E. T.; Walz, P. M.; Brewer, P. G.

2016-02-01

Oil droplets rising from the sea floor, whether from seeps or well leakage, contain very large quantities of dissolved gas that profoundly affects their density and critical oil-water interfacial characteristics. The primary dissolved gas is methane which may be up to 30% of the molar volume. This can create a hydrate skin as the methane gas is shed from the oil as it rises through the water column, thus decreasing in pressure and increasing in temperature, and steadily changing the rising droplet buoyancy. We have explored this phenomenon by executing controlled ROV based experiments with a "bubble cup" technique in which a small volume of gas saturated decane (saturated with pure methane, a mix of methane and nitrogen , or a mix of methane and CO2) is interrogated by laser Raman spectroscopy. The use of decane as an oil "substitute" is required since natural oil samples are highly fluorescent due to the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. We have devised Matlab techniques for extracting the spectroscopic dissolved methane signal from the thicket of decane peaks that surround it. We have directly observed the rate at which gases are lost from the "oil" per unit area at depths in the water column that are both within and outside the hydrate forming phase boundary. We have compared the behavior of both a non-hydrate forming dissolved gas (nitrogen) with CO2 where the hydrate phase boundary is at significantly shallower depth. The results indicate complex interfacial behavior and physical chemistry. We did not observe direct gas bubble formation on the decane outer surface but did observe gas bubble formation within the oil droplets as they rose through the water column. Because there are significant energy barriers for homogeneous bubble formation within the decane phase, we took this as evidence of significant gas super-saturation within the oil droplet. The gas loss rates increased significantly in all cases when the hydrate phase boundary was crossed.

Desulfurization kinetics of molten copper by gas bubbling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fukunaka, Y.; Nishikawa, K.; Sohn, H. S.; Asaki, Z.

1991-02-01

Molten copper with 0.74 wt pct sulfur content was desulfurized at 1523 K by bubbling Ar-O2 gas through a submerged nozzle. The reaction rate was significantly influenced not only by the oxygen partial pressure but also by the gas flow rate. Little evolution of SO2 gas was observed in the initial 10 seconds of the oxidation; however, this was followed by a period of high evolution rate of SO2 gas. The partial pressure of SO2 gas decreased with further progress of the desulfurization. The effect of the immersion depth of the submerged nozzle was negligible. The overall reaction is decomposed to two elementary reactions: the desulfurization and the dissolution rate of oxygen. The assumptions were made that these reactions are at equilibrium and that the reaction rates are controlled by mass transfer rates within and around the gas bubble. The time variations of sulfur and oxygen contents in the melt and the SO2 partial pressure in the off-gas under various bubbling conditions were well explained by the mathematical model combined with the reported thermodynamic data of these reactions. Based on the present model, it was anticipated that the oxidation rate around a single gas bubble was mainly determined by the rate of gas-phase mass transfer, but all oxygen gas blown into the melt was virtually consumed to the desulfurization and dissolution reactions before it escaped from the melt surface.

Simulation Studies on Cooling of Cryogenic Propellant by Gas Bubbling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sandilya, Pavitra; Saha, Pritam; Sengupta, Sonali

Injection cooling was proposed to store cryogenic liquids (Larsen et al. [1], Schmidt [2]). When a non-condensable gas is injected through a liquid, the liquid component would evaporate into the bubble if its partial pressure in the bubble is lower than its vapour pressure. This would tend to cool the liquid. Earlier works on injection cooling was analysed by Larsen et al. [1], Schmidt [2], Cho et al. [3] and Jung et al. [4], considering instantaneous mass transfer and finite heat transfer between gas bubble and liquid. It is felt that bubble dynamics (break up, coalescence, deformation, trajectory etc.) should also play a significant role in liquid cooling. The reported work are based on simple assumptions like single bubble, zero bubble deformation, and no inter-bubble interactions. Hence in this work, we propose a lumped parameter model considering both heat and mass interactions between bubble and the liquid to gain a preliminary insight into the cooling phenomenon during gas injection through a liquid.

Effervescence in champagne and sparkling wines: From grape harvest to bubble rise

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liger-Belair, Gérard

2017-01-01

Bubbles in a glass of champagne may seem like the acme of frivolity to most of people, but in fact they may rather be considered as a fantastic playground for any fluid physicist. Under standard tasting conditions, about a million bubbles will nucleate and rise if you resist drinking from your flute. The so-called effervescence process, which enlivens champagne and sparkling wines tasting, is the result of the complex interplay between carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolved in the liquid phase, tiny air pockets trapped within microscopic particles during the pouring process, and some both glass and liquid properties. In this tutorial review, the journey of yeast-fermented CO2 is reviewed (from its progressive dissolution in the liquid phase during the fermentation process, to its progressive release in the headspace above glasses). The most recent advances about the physicochemical processes behind the nucleation, and rise of gaseous CO2 bubbles, under standard tasting conditions, have been gathered hereafter. Let's hope that your enjoyment of champagne will be enhanced after reading this tutorial review dedicated to the unsuspected physics hidden right under your nose each time you enjoy a glass of bubbly.

900-m high gas plumes rising from marine sediments containing structure II hydrates at Vestnesa Ridge, offshore W-Svalbard

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smith, Andrew J.; Mienert, Jürgen; Bünz, Stefan; Greinert, Jens; Rasmussen, Tine L.

2013-04-01

We study an arctic sediment drift in ~1200 m water depth at Vestnesa Ridge, offshore western Svalbard. The ridge is spotted with pockmarks that range in size from a few meters to hundreds of meters in diameter and centimeters to tens of meters in height (e.g. Vogt et al., 1994). There is a strong negative-polarity seismic reflection below the ridge that is interpreted to record a negative impedance contrast marking the boundary between gas hydrate and water above and free gas and water below: it is the bottom-simulating reflector (BSR). Seismically transparent zones, interpreted as gas chimneys, extend from pockmarks at the seafloor to depths below the BSR (180-220 meters below the seafloor) (Bünz et al., 2012). Gas flares, gas hydrate, and methane-seep-specific biological communities (pogonphora and begiatoa bacterial mats) have been observed adjacent to pockmarks at the ridge (Bünz et al., 2012). We present new single-beam echosounding data that were acquired during 2010 and 2012 cruises on the R/V Helmer Hanssen at Vestnesa Ridge using a Simrad EK60 system that operates at frequencies of 18 and 38 kHz. During both cruises which lasted 3-5 days, we detected continuous bubble release from 4 separate pockmarks in 2010 and 6 separate pockmarks in 2012. There were no noticeable, short-term (hourly or daily) variations in the bubble release from the pockmarks, indicating that the venting from the pockmarks does not undergo rapid changes. Plumes from the pockmarks rise between 875 to 925m above the seafloor to a final water depth of 325 to 275m, respectively. This depth is in excellent agreement with the top of the hydrate stability zone (275 meters below sea level) for the gas composition of hydrate sampled at the ridge (96.31% C1; 3.36% C2; 0.21% C3; 0.11% IC4; 0.01% NC4). This suggests that hydrate skins are forming around the gas bubbles, inhibiting the dissolution of gas, and allowing the bubbles to rise to such great heights in the water column. Our results

Morphological Studies of Rising Equatorial Spread F Bubbles

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-11-01

depletions. In the present paper , we wish to discuss equatorial Spread F bubble shapes and vertical rise rates within the context of the collisional...simulation results are needed to ascertain which model fits best. All of the models described in this paper , based on collisional Rayleigh-Taylor type...Analysis of Barium Clouds - Semi-Annual Technical Report, RADC-TR-72-103, Vol. I, Avco Everett Reserach Laboratory, Everett, Mass., January 1972

Effect of Slotted Anode on Gas Bubble Behaviors in Aluminum Reduction Cell

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Meijia; Li, Baokuan; Li, Linmin; Wang, Qiang; Peng, Jianping; Wang, Yaowu; Cheung, Sherman C. P.

2017-12-01

In the aluminum reduction cells, gas bubbles are generated at the bottom of the anode which eventually reduces the effective current contact area and the system efficiency. To encourage the removal of gas bubbles, slotted anode has been proposed and increasingly adopted by some industrial aluminum reduction cells. Nonetheless, the exact gas bubble removal mechanisms are yet to be fully understood. A three-dimensional (3D) transient, multiphase flow mathematical model coupled with magnetohydrodynamics has been developed to investigate the effect of slotted anode on the gas bubble movement. The Eulerian volume of fluid approach is applied to track the electrolyte (bath)-molten aluminum (metal) interface. Meanwhile, the Lagrangian discrete particle model is employed to handle the dynamics of gas bubbles with considerations of the buoyancy force, drag force, virtual mass force, and pressure gradient force. The gas bubble coalescence process is also taken into account based on the O'Rourke's algorithm. The two-way coupling between discrete bubbles and fluids is achieved by the inter-phase momentum exchange. Numerical predictions are validated against the anode current variation in an industrial test. Comparing the results using slotted anode with the traditional one, the time-averaged gas bubble removal rate increases from 36 to 63 pct; confirming that the slotted anode provides more escaping ways and shortens the trajectories for gas bubbles. Furthermore, the slotted anode also reduces gas bubble's residence time and the probability of coalescence. Moreover, the bubble layer thickness in aluminum cell with slotted anode is reduced about 3.5 mm (17.4 pct), so the resistance can be cut down for the sake of energy saving and the metal surface fluctuation amplitude is significantly reduced for the stable operation due to the slighter perturbation with smaller bubbles.

Champagne experiences various rhythmical bubbling regimes in a flute.

PubMed

Liger-Belair, Gérard; Tufaile, Alberto; Jeandet, Philippe; Sartorelli, José-Carlos

2006-09-20

Bubble trains are seen rising gracefully from a few points on the glass wall (called nucleation sites) whenever champagne is poured into a glass. As time passes during the gas-discharging process, the careful observation of some given bubble columns reveals that the interbubble distance may change suddenly, thus revealing different rhythmical bubbling regimes. Here, it is reported that the transitions between the different bubbling regimes of some nucleation sites during gas discharging is a process which may be ruled by a strong interaction between tiny gas pockets trapped inside the nucleation site and/or also by an interaction between the tiny bubbles just blown from the nucleation site.

Buoyancy Driven Shear Flows of Bubble Suspensions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Koch, D. L.; Hill, R. J.; Chellppannair, T.; Zenit, R.; Zenit, R.; Spelt, P. D. M.

1999-01-01

In this work the gas volume fraction and the root-mean-squared fluid velocity are measured in buoyancy driven shear flows of bubble suspensions in a tall, inclined, rectangular channel. The experiments are performed under conditions where We << 1a nd Re >> 1, for which comparisons are made with kinetic theory and numerical simulations. Here Re = gamma(a(exp 2)/nu is the Reynolds number and We = rho(gamma(exp 2))a(exp 3)/sigma is the Weber number; gamma is the shear rate, a is the bubble radius, nu is the kinematic viscosity of the liquid, rho is the density of the liquid, and sigma is the surface tension of the gas/liquid interface. Kang et al. calculated the bubble phase pressure and velocity variance of sheared bubble suspensions under conditions where the bubbles are spherical and the liquid phase velocity field can be approximated using potential flow theory, i.e. We= 0 and Re >> 1. Such conditions can be achieved in an experiment using gas bubbles, with a radius of O(0.5mm), in water. The theory requires that there be no average relative motion of the gas and liquid phases, hence the motivation for an experimental program in microgravity. The necessity of performing preliminary, Earth based experiments, however, requires performing experiments where the gas phase rises in the liquid, which significantly complicates the comparison of experiments with theory. Rather than comparing experimental results with theory for a uniform, homogeneous shear flow, experiments can be compared directly with solutions of the averaged equations of motion for bubble suspensions. This requires accounting for the significant lift force acting on the gas phase when the bubbles rise parallel to the average velocity of the sheared suspension. Shear flows can be produced in which the bubble phase pressure gradient, arising from shear induced collisions amongst the bubbles, balances a body force (centrifugal or gravitational) on the gas phase. A steady, non-uniform gas volume fraction

Formation mechanism of gas bubble superlattice in UMo metal fuels: Phase-field modeling investigation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hu, Shenyang; Burkes, Douglas E.; Lavender, Curt A.

2016-07-08

Nano-gas bubble superlattices are often observed in irradiated UMo nuclear fuels. However, the for- mation mechanism of gas bubble superlattices is not well understood. A number of physical processes may affect the gas bubble nucleation and growth; hence, the morphology of gas bubble microstructures including size and spatial distributions. In this work, a phase-field model integrating a first-passage Monte Carlo method to investigate the formation mechanism of gas bubble superlattices was devel- oped. Six physical processes are taken into account in the model: 1) heterogeneous generation of gas atoms, vacancies, and interstitials informed from atomistic simulations; 2) one-dimensional (1-D) migration of interstitials; 3) irradiation-induced dissolution of gas atoms; 4) recombination between vacancies and interstitials; 5) elastic interaction; and 6) heterogeneous nucleation of gas bubbles. We found that the elastic interaction doesn’t cause the gas bubble alignment, and fast 1-D migration of interstitials alongmore » $$\\langle$$110$$\\rangle$$ directions in the body-centered cubic U matrix causes the gas bubble alignment along $$\\langle$$110$$\\rangle$$ directions. It implies that 1-D interstitial migration along [110] direction should be the primary mechanism of a fcc gas bubble superlattice which is observed in bcc UMo alloys. Simulations also show that fission rates, saturated gas concentration, and elastic interaction all affect the morphology of gas bubble microstructures.« less

Methane rising from the Deep: Hydrates, Bubbles, Oil Spills, and Global Warming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leifer, I.; Rehder, G. J.; Solomon, E. A.; Kastner, M.; Asper, V. L.; Joye, S. B.

2011-12-01

Elevated methane concentrations in near-surface waters and the atmosphere have been reported for seepage from depths of nearly 1 km at the Gulf of Mexico hydrate observatory (MC118), suggesting that for some methane sources, deepsea methane is not trapped and can contribute to atmospheric greenhouse gas budgets. Ebullition is key with important sensitivity to the formation of hydrate skins and oil coatings, high-pressure solubility, bubble size and bubble plume processes. Bubble ROV tracking studies showed survival to near thermocline depths. Studies with a numerical bubble propagation model demonstrated that consideration of structure I hydrate skins transported most methane only to mid-water column depths. Instead, consideration of structure II hydrates, which are stable to far shallower depths and appropriate for natural gas mixtures, allows bubbles to survive to far shallower depths. Moreover, model predictions of vertical methane and alkane profiles and bubble size evolution were in better agreement with observations after consideration of structure II hydrate properties as well as an improved implementation of plume properties, such as currents. These results demonstrate the importance of correctly incorporating bubble hydrate processes in efforts to predict the impact of deepsea seepage as well as to understand the fate of bubble-transported oil and methane from deepsea pipeline leaks and well blowouts. Application to the DWH spill demonstrated the importance of deepsea processes to the fate of spilled subsurface oil. Because several of these parameters vary temporally (bubble flux, currents, temperature), sensitivity studies indicate the importance of real-time monitoring data.

The hydrodynamics of bubble rise and impact with solid surfaces.

PubMed

Manica, Rogerio; Klaseboer, Evert; Chan, Derek Y C

2016-09-01

A bubble smaller than 1mm in radius rises along a straight path in water and attains a constant speed due to the balance between buoyancy and drag force. Depending on the purity of the system, within the two extreme limits of tangentially immobile or mobile boundary conditions at the air-water interface considerably different terminal speeds are possible. When such a bubble impacts on a horizontal solid surface and bounces, interesting physics can be observed. We study this physical phenomenon in terms of forces, which can be of colloidal, inertial, elastic, surface tension and viscous origins. Recent advances in high-speed photography allow for the observation of phenomena on the millisecond scale. Simultaneous use of such cameras to visualize both rise/deformation and the dynamics of the thin film drainage through interferometry are now possible. These experiments confirm that the drainage process obeys lubrication theory for the spectrum of micrometre to millimetre-sized bubbles that are covered in this review. We aim to bridge the colloidal perspective at low Reynolds numbers where surface forces are important to high Reynolds number fluid dynamics where the effect of the surrounding flow becomes important. A model that combines a force balance with lubrication theory allows for the quantitative comparison with experimental data under different conditions without any fitting parameter. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Review—Physicochemical hydrodynamics of gas bubbles in two phase electrochemical systems

PubMed Central

Taqieddin, Amir; Nazari, Roya; Rajic, Ljiljana; Alshawabkeh, Akram

2018-01-01

Electrochemical systems suffer from poor management of evolving gas bubbles. Improved understanding of bubbles behavior helps to reduce overpotential, save energy and enhance the mass transfer during chemical reactions. This work investigates and reviews the gas bubbles hydrodynamics, behavior, and management in electrochemical cells. Although the rate of bubble growth over the electrode surface is well understood, there is no reliable prediction of bubbles break-off diameter from the electrode surface because of the complexity of bubbles motion near the electrode surface. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) are the most common experimental techniques to measure bubble dynamics. Although the PIV is faster than LDA, both techniques are considered expensive and time-consuming. This encourages adapting Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods as an alternative to study bubbles behavior. However, further development of CFD methods is required to include coalescence and break-up of bubbles for better understanding and accuracy. The disadvantages of CFD methods can be overcome by using hybrid methods. The behavior of bubbles in electrochemical systems is still a complex challenging topic which requires a better understanding of the gas bubbles hydrodynamics and their interactions with the electrode surface and bulk liquid, as well as between the bubbles itself. PMID:29731515

Review-Physicochemical hydrodynamics of gas bubbles in two phase electrochemical systems.

PubMed

Taqieddin, Amir; Nazari, Roya; Rajic, Ljiljana; Alshawabkeh, Akram

2017-01-01

Electrochemical systems suffer from poor management of evolving gas bubbles. Improved understanding of bubbles behavior helps to reduce overpotential, save energy and enhance the mass transfer during chemical reactions. This work investigates and reviews the gas bubbles hydrodynamics, behavior, and management in electrochemical cells. Although the rate of bubble growth over the electrode surface is well understood, there is no reliable prediction of bubbles break-off diameter from the electrode surface because of the complexity of bubbles motion near the electrode surface. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) are the most common experimental techniques to measure bubble dynamics. Although the PIV is faster than LDA, both techniques are considered expensive and time-consuming. This encourages adapting Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods as an alternative to study bubbles behavior. However, further development of CFD methods is required to include coalescence and break-up of bubbles for better understanding and accuracy. The disadvantages of CFD methods can be overcome by using hybrid methods. The behavior of bubbles in electrochemical systems is still a complex challenging topic which requires a better understanding of the gas bubbles hydrodynamics and their interactions with the electrode surface and bulk liquid, as well as between the bubbles itself.

Taylor bubbles at high viscosity ratios: experiments and numerical simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hewakandamby, Buddhika; Hasan, Abbas; Azzopardi, Barry; Xie, Zhihua; Pain, Chris; Matar, Omar

2015-11-01

The Taylor bubble is a single long bubble which nearly fills the entire cross section of a liquid-filled circular tube, often occurring in gas-liquid slug flows in many industrial applications, particularly oil and gas production. The objective of this study is to investigate the fluid dynamics of three-dimensional Taylor bubble rising in highly viscous silicone oil in a vertical pipe. An adaptive unstructured mesh modelling framework is adopted here which can modify and adapt anisotropic unstructured meshes to better represent the underlying physics of bubble rising and reduce computational effort without sacrificing accuracy. The numerical framework consists of a mixed control volume and finite element formulation, a `volume of fluid'-type method for the interface-capturing based on a compressive control volume advection method, and a force-balanced algorithm for the surface tension implementation. Experimental results for the Taylor bubble shape and rise velocity are presented, together with numerical results for the dynamics of the bubbles. A comparison of the simulation predictions with experimental data available in the literature is also presented to demonstrate the capabilities of our numerical method. EPSRC Programme Grant, MEMPHIS, EP/K0039761/1.

Anterior chamber gas bubble emergence pattern during femtosecond LASIK-flap creation.

PubMed

Robert, Marie-Claude; Khreim, Nour; Todani, Amit; Melki, Samir A

2015-09-01

To characterise the emergence pattern of cavitation bubbles into the anterior chamber (AC) following femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)-flap creation Retrospective review of patients undergoing femtosecond LASIK surgery at Boston Laser, a private refractive surgery practice in Boston, Massachusetts, between December 2008 and February 2014. Patient charts were reviewed to identify all cases with gas bubble migration into the AC. Surgical videos were examined and the location of bubble entry was recorded separately for right and left eyes. Five thousand one hundred and fifty-eight patients underwent femtosecond LASIK surgery. Air bubble migration into the AC, presumably via the Schlemm's canal and trabecular meshwork, occurred in 1% of cases. Patients with AC bubbles had an average age of 33±8 years with a measured LASIK flap thickness of 96±21 μm. The occurrence of gas bubbles impaired iris registration in 64% of cases. Gas bubbles appeared preferentially in the nasal or inferior quadrants for right (92% of cases) and left (100% of cases) eyes. This bubble emergence pattern is significantly different from that expected with a random distribution (p<0.0001) and did not seem associated with decentration of the femtosecond laser docking system. The migration of gas bubbles into the AC is a rare occurrence during femtosecond laser flap creation. The preferential emergence of gas bubbles into the nasal and inferior quadrants of the AC may indicate a distinctive anatomy of the nasal Schlemm's canal. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

Observations of bubbles in natural seep flares at MC 118 and GC 600 using in situ quantitative imaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Binbin; Socolofsky, Scott A.; Breier, John A.; Seewald, Jeffrey S.

2016-04-01

This paper reports the results of quantitative imaging using a stereoscopic, high-speed camera system at two natural gas seep sites in the northern Gulf of Mexico during the Gulf Integrated Spill Research G07 cruise in July 2014. The cruise was conducted on the E/V Nautilus using the ROV Hercules for in situ observation of the seeps as surrogates for the behavior of hydrocarbon bubbles in subsea blowouts. The seeps originated between 890 and 1190 m depth in Mississippi Canyon block 118 and Green Canyon block 600. The imaging system provided qualitative assessment of bubble behavior (e.g., breakup and coalescence) and verified the formation of clathrate hydrate skins on all bubbles above 1.3 m altitude. Quantitative image analysis yielded the bubble size distributions, rise velocity, total gas flux, and void fraction, with most measurements conducted from the seafloor to an altitude of 200 m. Bubble size distributions fit well to lognormal distributions, with median bubble sizes between 3 and 4.5 mm. Measurements of rise velocity fluctuated between two ranges: fast-rising bubbles following helical-type trajectories and bubbles rising about 40% slower following a zig-zag pattern. Rise speed was uncorrelated with hydrate formation, and bubbles following both speeds were observed at both sites. Ship-mounted multibeam sonar provided the flare rise heights, which corresponded closely with the boundary of the hydrate stability zone for the measured gas compositions. The evolution of bubble size with height agreed well with mass transfer rates predicted by equations for dirty bubbles.

Behavior of bubbles in glassmelts. II - Dissolution of a stationary bubble containing a diffusing and a nondiffusing gas

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Weinberg, M. C.; Onorato, P. I. K.; Uhlmann, D. R.

1980-01-01

The effect of a foreign nondiffusing gas on the rate of shrinkage of an oxygen bubble in a soda-lime-silica melt was studied. The rate of change of bubble radius with time was computed using the quasi-stationary approximation. The effects of melt undersaturation and initial fraction of foreign gas in the bubble are considered and compared with those calculated using previously derived expressions.

Bubble video experiments in the marine waters off Panarea Island (Italy): real-world data for modelling CO2 bubble dissolution and evolution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beaubien, Stan; De Vittor, Cinzia; McGinnis, Dan; Bigi, Sabina; Comici, Cinzia; Ingrosso, Gianmarco; Lombardi, Salvatore; Ruggiero, Livio

2014-05-01

Carbon capture and storage is expected to provide an important, short-term contribution to mitigate global climate change due to anthropogenic emissions of CO2. Offshore reservoirs are particularly favourable, however concerns exist regarding the potential for CO2 leakage into the water column (with possible ecosystem impacts) and the atmosphere. Although laboratory experiments and modelling can examine these issues, the study of natural systems can provide a more complete and realistic understanding. For this reason the natural CO2 emission site off the coast of Panarea Island (Italy) was chosen for study within the EC-funded ECO2 project. The present paper discusses the results of field experiments conducted at this site to better understand the fate of CO2 gas bubbles as they rise through the water column, and to use this real-world data as input to test the predictive capabilities of a bubble model. Experiments were conducted using a 1m wide x 1m deep x 3m tall, hollow-tube structure equipped with a vertical guide on the front face and a dark, graduated cloth for contrast and depth reference on the back. A Plexiglas box was filled with the naturally emitted gas and fixed on the seafloor inside the structure. Tubes exit the top of the box to make bubbles of different diameters, while valves on each tube control bubble release rate. Bubble rise velocity was measured by tracking each bubble with a HD video camera mounted in the guide and calculating values over 20 cm intervals. Bubble diameter was measured by filming the bubbles as they collide with a graduated Plexiglas sheet deployed horizontally at the measurement height. Bubble gas was collected at different heights using a funnel and analysed in the laboratory for CO2, O2+Ar, N2, and CH4. Water parameters were measured by performing a CTD cast beside the structure and collecting water samples at four depths using a Niskin bottle; samples were analysed in the laboratory for all carbonate system species, DO

CONTINUOUSLY SENSITIVE BUBBLE CHAMBER

DOEpatents

Good, R.H.

1959-08-18

A radiation detector of the bubble chamber class is described which is continuously sensitive and which does not require the complex pressure cycling equipment characteristic of prior forms of the chamber. The radiation sensitive element is a gas-saturated liquid and means are provided for establishing a thermal gradient across a region of the liquid. The gradient has a temperature range including both the saturation temperature of the liquid and more elevated temperatures. Thus a supersaturated zone is created in which ionizing radiations may give rise to visible gas bubbles indicative of the passage of the radiation through the liquid. Additional means are provided for replenishing the supply of gas-saturated liquid to maintaincontinuous sensitivity.

Numerical simulation of the distribution of individual gas bubbles in shaped sapphire crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Borodin, A. V.; Borodin, V. A.

2017-11-01

The simulation of the effective density of individual gas bubbles in a two-phase melt, consisting of a liquid and gas bubbles, is performed using the virtual model of the thermal unit. Based on the studies, for the first time the theoretically and experimentally grounded mechanism of individual gas bubbles formation in shaped sapphire is proposed. It is shown that the change of the melt flow pattern in crucible affects greatly the bubble density at the crystallization front, and in the crystal. The obtained results allowed reducing the number of individual gas bubbles in sapphire sheets.

Production of Gas Bubbles in Reduced Gravity Environments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Oguz, Hasan N.; Takagi, Shu; Misawa, Masaki

1996-01-01

In a wide variety of applications such as waste water treatment, biological reactors, gas-liquid reactors, blood oxygenation, purification of liquids, etc., it is necessary to produce small bubbles in liquids. Since gravity plays an essential role in currently available techniques, the adaptation of these applications to space requires the development of new tools. Under normal gravity, bubbles are typically generated by forcing gas through an orifice in a liquid. When a growing bubble becomes large enough, the buoyancy dominates the surface tension force causing it to detach from the orifice. In space, the process is quite different and the bubble may remain attached to the orifice indefinitely. The most practical approach to simulating gravity seems to be imposing an ambient flow to force bubbles out of the orifice. In this paper, we are interested in the effect of an imposed flow in 0 and 1 g. Specifically, we investigate the process of bubble formation subject to a parallel and a cross flow. In the case of parallel flow, we have a hypodermic needle in a tube from which bubbles can be produced. On the other hand, the cross flow condition is established by forcing bubbles through an orifice on a wall in a shear flow. The first series of experiments have been performed under normal gravity conditions and the working fluid was water. A high quality microgravity facility has been used for the second type and silicone oil is used as the host liquid.

Two-Dimensional Numerical Simulations of Ultrasound in Liquids with Gas Bubble Agglomerates: Examples of Bubbly-Liquid-Type Acoustic Metamaterials (BLAMMs)

PubMed Central

Vanhille, Christian

2017-01-01

This work deals with a theoretical analysis about the possibility of using linear and nonlinear acoustic properties to modify ultrasound by adding gas bubbles of determined sizes in a liquid. We use a two-dimensional numerical model to evaluate the effect that one and several monodisperse bubble populations confined in restricted areas of a liquid have on ultrasound by calculating their nonlinear interaction. The filtering of an input ultrasonic pulse performed by a net of bubbly-liquid cells is analyzed. The generation of a low-frequency component from a single cell impinged by a two-frequency harmonic wave is also studied. These effects rely on the particular dispersive character of attenuation and nonlinearity of such bubbly fluids, which can be extremely high near bubble resonance. They allow us to observe how gas bubbles can change acoustic signals. Variations of the bubbly medium parameters induce alterations of the effects undergone by ultrasound. Results suggest that acoustic signals can be manipulated by bubbles. This capacity to achieve the modification and control of sound with oscillating gas bubbles introduces the concept of bubbly-liquid-based acoustic metamaterials (BLAMMs). PMID:28106748

Two-Dimensional Numerical Simulations of Ultrasound in Liquids with Gas Bubble Agglomerates: Examples of Bubbly-Liquid-Type Acoustic Metamaterials (BLAMMs).

PubMed

Vanhille, Christian

2017-01-17

This work deals with a theoretical analysis about the possibility of using linear and nonlinear acoustic properties to modify ultrasound by adding gas bubbles of determined sizes in a liquid. We use a two-dimensional numerical model to evaluate the effect that one and several monodisperse bubble populations confined in restricted areas of a liquid have on ultrasound by calculating their nonlinear interaction. The filtering of an input ultrasonic pulse performed by a net of bubbly-liquid cells is analyzed. The generation of a low-frequency component from a single cell impinged by a two-frequency harmonic wave is also studied. These effects rely on the particular dispersive character of attenuation and nonlinearity of such bubbly fluids, which can be extremely high near bubble resonance. They allow us to observe how gas bubbles can change acoustic signals. Variations of the bubbly medium parameters induce alterations of the effects undergone by ultrasound. Results suggest that acoustic signals can be manipulated by bubbles. This capacity to achieve the modification and control of sound with oscillating gas bubbles introduces the concept of bubbly-liquid-based acoustic metamaterials (BLAMMs).

Numerical simulation of a bubble rising in an environment consisting of Xanthan gum

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aguirre, Víctor A.; Castillo, Byron A.; Narvaez, Christian P.

2017-09-01

An improved numerical algorithm for front tracking method is developed to simulate a bubble rising in viscous liquid. In the new numerical algorithm, volume correction is introduced to conserve the bubble volume while tracking the bubble's rising and deforming. Volume flux conservation is adopted to solve the Navier-Stokes equation for fluid flow using finite volume method. Non-Newtonian fluids are widely used in industry such as feed and energy industries. In this research we used Xanthan gum which is a microbiological polysaccharide. In order to obtain the properties of the Xanthan gum, such as viscosity, storage and loss modulus, shear rate, etc., it was necessary to do an amplitude sweep and steady flow test in a rheometer with a concentric cylinder as geometry. Based on the data given and using a numerical regression, the coefficients required by Giesekus model are obtained. With these coefficients, it is possible to simulate the comportment of the fluid by the use of the developed algorithm. Once the data given by OpenFOAM is acquired, it is compared with the experimental data.

Bubble composition of natural gas seeps discovered along the Cascadia Continental Margin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baumberger, T.; Merle, S. G.; Embley, R. W.; Seabrook, S.; Raineault, N.; Lilley, M. D.; Evans, L. J.; Walker, S. L.; Lupton, J. E.

2016-12-01

Gas hydrates and gas-filled pockets present in sedimentary deposits have been recognized as large reservoirs for reduced carbon in the Earth's crust. This is particularly relevant in geological settings with high carbon input, such as continental margins. During expedition NA072 on the E/V Nautilus (operated by the Ocean Exploration Trust Inc.) in June 2016, the U.S. Cascadia Continental Margin (Washington, Oregon and northern California) was explored for gas seepage from sediments. During this expedition, over 400 bubble plumes at water depths ranging from 125 and 1640 m were newly discovered, and five of them were sampled for gas bubble composition using specially designed gas tight fluid samplers mounted on the Hercules remotely operated vehicle (ROV). These gas bubble samples were collected at four different depths, 494 m (rim of Astoria Canyon), 615 and 620 m (SW Coquille Bank), 849 m (floor of Astoria Canyon) and 1227 m (Heceta SW). At the two deeper sites, exposed hydrate was present in the same area where bubbles were seeping out from the seafloor. Other than the escaping gas bubbles, no other fluid flow was visible. However, the presence of bacterial mats point to diffuse fluid flow present in the affected area. In this study we present the results of the currently ongoing geochemical analysis of the gas bubbles released at the different sites and depths. Noble gas analysis, namely helium and neon, will give information about the source of the helium as well as about potential fractionation between helium and neon associated with gas hydrates. The characterization of these gas samples will also include total gas (CO2, H2, N2, O2, Ar, CH4 and other hydrocarbons) and stable isotope analysis (C and H). This dataset will reveal the chemical composition of the seeping bubbles as well as give information about the possible sources of the carbon contained in the seeping gas.

Decompression vs. Decomposition: Distribution, Amount, and Gas Composition of Bubbles in Stranded Marine Mammals

PubMed Central

de Quirós, Yara Bernaldo; González-Diaz, Oscar; Arbelo, Manuel; Sierra, Eva; Sacchini, Simona; Fernández, Antonio

2012-01-01

Gas embolic lesions linked to military sonar have been described in stranded cetaceans including beaked whales. These descriptions suggest that gas bubbles in marine mammal tissues may be more common than previously thought. In this study we have analyzed gas amount (by gas score) and gas composition within different decomposition codes using a standardized methodology. This broad study has allowed us to explore species-specific variability in bubble prevalence, amount, distribution, and composition, as well as masking of bubble content by putrefaction gases. Bubbles detected within the cardiovascular system and other tissues related to both pre- and port-mortem processes are a common finding on necropsy of stranded cetaceans. To minimize masking by putrefaction gases, necropsy, and gas sampling must be performed as soon as possible. Before 24 h post mortem is recommended but preferably within 12 h post mortem. At necropsy, amount of bubbles (gas score) in decomposition code 2 in stranded cetaceans was found to be more important than merely presence vs. absence of bubbles from a pathological point of view. Deep divers presented higher abundance of gas bubbles, mainly composed of 70% nitrogen and 30% CO2, suggesting a higher predisposition of these species to suffer from decompression-related gas embolism. PMID:22675306

Effects of hyperbaric exposure on eyes with intraocular gas bubbles.

PubMed

Jackman, S V; Thompson, J T

1995-01-01

Air travel is known to be potentially hazardous for patients with intraocular gas bubbles, and the external pressure changes associated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy and scuba diving could be similarly dangerous. Rabbits with a perfluoropropane/air gas mixture filling approximately 60% of the vitreous cavity of the right eye were exposed to 3 different hyperbaric pressure profiles to an equivalent depth of 33 feet. The first group were a control group and were not exposed to hyperbaric pressures. The second group remained at an equivalent depth of 33 feet for 30 minutes, and the third group remained at 33 feet for 1 minute. Both groups ascended to normal atmospheric pressure at a rate of 1 foot per minute. The fourth group remained at 33 feet for 1 minute and then ascended at a rate of 0.2 feet per minute. In all eyes with an intraocular gas bubble, intraocular pressure dropped to zero when the atmospheric pressure was increased, and rose to more than 50 mmHg when the atmospheric pressure was returned to normal. Pressures in excess of 50 mmHg were sustained for 10 minutes or longer in each rabbit exposed to one of the hyperbaric profiles. No significant intraocular pressure changes were observed in eyes without an intraocular gas bubble or eyes not exposed to hyperbaric pressure. Marked elevation in intraocular pressure occurs as a result of hyperbaric exposure in eyes with an intraocular gas bubble. Hyperbaric exposure is therefore not advisable for patients with intraocular gas bubbles.

Natural oscillations of a gas bubble in a liquid-filled cavity located in a viscoelastic medium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Doinikov, Alexander A.; Marmottant, Philippe

2018-04-01

The present study is motivated by cavitation phenomena that occur in the stems of trees. The internal pressure in tree conduits can drop down to significant negative values. This drop gives rise to cavitation bubbles, which undergo high-frequency eigenmodes. The aim of the present study is to determine the parameters of the bubble natural oscillations. To this end, a theory is developed that describes the pulsation of a spherical bubble located at the center of a spherical cavity surrounded by an infinite solid medium. It is assumed that the medium inside the bubble is a gas-vapor mixture, the cavity is filled with a compressible viscous liquid, and the medium surrounding the cavity behaves as a viscoelastic solid. The theoretical solution takes into account the outgoing acoustic wave produced by the bubble pulsation, the incoming wave caused by reflection from the liquid-solid boundary, and the outgoing wave propagating in the solid. A dispersion equation for the calculation of complex wavenumbers of the bubble eigenmodes is derived. Approximate analytical solutions to the dispersion equation are found. Numerical simulations are performed to reveal the effect of different physical parameters on the resonance frequency and the attenuation coefficient of the bubble oscillations.

Linear bubble plume model for hypolimnetic oxygenation: Full-scale validation and sensitivity analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Singleton, V. L.; Gantzer, P.; Little, J. C.

2007-02-01

An existing linear bubble plume model was improved, and data collected from a full-scale diffuser installed in Spring Hollow Reservoir, Virginia, were used to validate the model. The depth of maximum plume rise was simulated well for two of the three diffuser tests. Temperature predictions deviated from measured profiles near the maximum plume rise height, but predicted dissolved oxygen profiles compared very well with observations. A sensitivity analysis was performed. The gas flow rate had the greatest effect on predicted plume rise height and induced water flow rate, both of which were directly proportional to gas flow rate. Oxygen transfer within the hypolimnion was independent of all parameters except initial bubble radius and was inversely proportional for radii greater than approximately 1 mm. The results of this work suggest that plume dynamics and oxygen transfer can successfully be predicted for linear bubble plumes using the discrete-bubble approach.

Liter-scale production of uniform gas bubbles via parallelization of flow-focusing generators.

PubMed

Jeong, Heon-Ho; Yadavali, Sagar; Issadore, David; Lee, Daeyeon

2017-07-25

Microscale gas bubbles have demonstrated enormous utility as versatile templates for the synthesis of functional materials in medicine, ultra-lightweight materials and acoustic metamaterials. In many of these applications, high uniformity of the size of the gas bubbles is critical to achieve the desired properties and functionality. While microfluidics have been used with success to create gas bubbles that have a uniformity not achievable using conventional methods, the inherently low volumetric flow rate of microfluidics has limited its use in most applications. Parallelization of liquid droplet generators, in which many droplet generators are incorporated onto a single chip, has shown great promise for the large scale production of monodisperse liquid emulsion droplets. However, the scale-up of monodisperse gas bubbles using such an approach has remained a challenge because of possible coupling between parallel bubbles generators and feedback effects from the downstream channels. In this report, we systematically investigate the effect of factors such as viscosity of the continuous phase, capillary number, and gas pressure as well as the channel uniformity on the size distribution of gas bubbles in a parallelized microfluidic device. We show that, by optimizing the flow conditions, a device with 400 parallel flow focusing generators on a footprint of 5 × 5 cm 2 can be used to generate gas bubbles with a coefficient of variation of less than 5% at a production rate of approximately 1 L h -1 . Our results suggest that the optimization of flow conditions using a device with a small number (e.g., 8) of parallel FFGs can facilitate large-scale bubble production.

Vertical rise velocity of equatorial plasma bubbles estimated from Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR) observations and HIRB model simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tulasi Ram, S.; Ajith, K. K.; Yokoyama, T.; Yamamoto, M.; Niranjan, K.

2017-06-01

The vertical rise velocity (Vr) and maximum altitude (Hm) of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) were estimated using the two-dimensional fan sector maps of 47 MHz Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR), Kototabang, during May 2010 to April 2013. A total of 86 EPBs were observed out of which 68 were postsunset EPBs and remaining 18 EPBs were observed around midnight hours. The vertical rise velocities of the EPBs observed around the midnight hours are significantly smaller ( 26-128 m/s) compared to those observed in postsunset hours ( 45-265 m/s). Further, the vertical growth of the EPBs around midnight hours ceases at relatively lower altitudes, whereas the majority of EPBs at postsunset hours found to have grown beyond the maximum detectable altitude of the EAR. The three-dimensional numerical high-resolution bubble (HIRB) model with varying background conditions are employed to investigate the possible factors that control the vertical rise velocity and maximum attainable altitudes of EPBs. The estimated rise velocities from EAR observations at both postsunset and midnight hours are, in general, consistent with the nonlinear evolution of EPBs from the HIRB model. The smaller vertical rise velocities (Vr) and lower maximum altitudes (Hm) of EPBs during midnight hours are discussed in terms of weak polarization electric fields within the bubble due to weaker background electric fields and reduced background ion density levels.