Sample records for global wind energy

  1. Global sensitivity analysis in wind energy assessment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tsvetkova, O.; Ouarda, T. B.

    2012-12-01

    Wind energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources. Nevertheless, it is not yet a common source of energy, although there is enough wind potential to supply world's energy demand. One of the most prominent obstacles on the way of employing wind energy is the uncertainty associated with wind energy assessment. Global sensitivity analysis (SA) studies how the variation of input parameters in an abstract model effects the variation of the variable of interest or the output variable. It also provides ways to calculate explicit measures of importance of input variables (first order and total effect sensitivity indices) in regard to influence on the variation of the output variable. Two methods of determining the above mentioned indices were applied and compared: the brute force method and the best practice estimation procedure In this study a methodology for conducting global SA of wind energy assessment at a planning stage is proposed. Three sampling strategies which are a part of SA procedure were compared: sampling based on Sobol' sequences (SBSS), Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) and pseudo-random sampling (PRS). A case study of Masdar City, a showcase of sustainable living in the UAE, is used to exemplify application of the proposed methodology. Sources of uncertainty in wind energy assessment are very diverse. In the case study the following were identified as uncertain input parameters: the Weibull shape parameter, the Weibull scale parameter, availability of a wind turbine, lifetime of a turbine, air density, electrical losses, blade losses, ineffective time losses. Ineffective time losses are defined as losses during the time when the actual wind speed is lower than the cut-in speed or higher than the cut-out speed. The output variable in the case study is the lifetime energy production. Most influential factors for lifetime energy production are identified with the ranking of the total effect sensitivity indices. The results of the present

  2. Assessment of Global Wind Energy Resource Utilization Potential

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ma, M.; He, B.; Guan, Y.; Zhang, H.; Song, S.

    2017-09-01

    Development of wind energy resource (WER) is a key to deal with climate change and energy structure adjustment. A crucial issue is to obtain the distribution and variability of WER, and mine the suitable location to exploit it. In this paper, a multicriteria evaluation (MCE) model is constructed by integrating resource richness and stability, utilization value and trend of resource, natural environment with weights. The global resource richness is assessed through wind power density (WPD) and multi-level wind speed. The utilizable value of resource is assessed by the frequency of effective wind. The resource stability is assessed by the coefficient of variation of WPD and the frequency of prevailing wind direction. Regression slope of long time series WPD is used to assess the trend of WER. All of the resource evaluation indicators are derived from the atmospheric reanalysis data ERA-Interim with spatial resolution 0.125°. The natural environment factors mainly refer to slope and land-use suitability, which are derived from multi-resolution terrain elevation data 2010 (GMTED 2010) and GlobalCover2009. Besides, the global WER utilization potential map is produced, which shows most high potential regions are located in north of Africa. Additionally, by verifying that 22.22 % and 48.8 9% operational wind farms fall on medium-high and high potential regions respectively, the result can provide a basis for the macroscopic siting of wind farm.

  3. Global energy regulation in the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere system

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Sato, T.

    1985-01-01

    Some basic concepts which are essential in the understanding of global energy regulation in the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere system are introduced. The importance of line-tying concept is particularly emphasized in connection with the solar wind energy, energy release in the magnetosphere and energy dissipation in the ionosphere.

  4. Global Wind Map

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Journal of College Science Teaching, 2005

    2005-01-01

    This brief article describes a new global wind-power map that has quantified global wind power and may help planners place turbines in locations that can maximize power from the winds and provide widely available low-cost energy. The researchers report that their study can assist in locating wind farms in regions known for strong and consistent…

  5. Evaluation of global onshore wind energy potential and generation costs.

    PubMed

    Zhou, Yuyu; Luckow, Patrick; Smith, Steven J; Clarke, Leon

    2012-07-17

    In this study, we develop an updated global estimate of onshore wind energy potential using reanalysis wind speed data, along with updated wind turbine technology performance, land suitability factors, cost assumptions, and explicit consideration of transmission distance in the calculation of transmission costs. We find that wind has the potential to supply a significant portion of the world energy needs, although this potential varies substantially by region and with assumptions such as on what types of land can be used to site wind farms. Total global economic wind potential under central assumptions, that is, intermediate between optimistic and pessimistic, is estimated to be approximately 119.5 petawatt hours per year (13.6 TW) at less than 9 cents/kWh. A sensitivity analysis of eight key parameters is presented. Wind potential is sensitive to a number of input parameters, particularly wind speed (varying by -70% to +450% at less than 9 cents/kWh), land suitability (by -55% to +25%), turbine density (by -60% to +80%), and cost and financing options (by -20% to +200%), many of which have important policy implications. As a result of sensitivities studied here we suggest that further research intended to inform wind supply curve development focus not purely on physical science, such as better resolved wind maps, but also on these less well-defined factors, such as land-suitability, that will also have an impact on the long-term role of wind power.

  6. Southward shift of the global wind energy resource under high carbon dioxide emissions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Karnauskas, Kristopher B.; Lundquist, Julie K.; Zhang, Lei

    2018-01-01

    The use of wind energy resource is an integral part of many nations' strategies towards realizing the carbon emissions reduction targets set forth in the Paris Agreement, and global installed wind power cumulative capacity has grown on average by 22% per year since 2006. However, assessments of wind energy resource are usually based on today's climate, rather than taking into account that anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions continue to modify the global atmospheric circulation. Here, we apply an industry wind turbine power curve to simulations of high and low future emissions scenarios in an ensemble of ten fully coupled global climate models to investigate large-scale changes in wind power across the globe. Our calculations reveal decreases in wind power across the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes and increases across the tropics and Southern Hemisphere, with substantial regional variations. The changes across the northern mid-latitudes are robust responses over time in both emissions scenarios, whereas the Southern Hemisphere changes appear critically sensitive to each individual emissions scenario. In addition, we find that established features of climate change can explain these patterns: polar amplification is implicated in the northern mid-latitude decrease in wind power, and enhanced land-sea thermal gradients account for the tropical and southern subtropical increases.

  7. Wind energy and Turkey.

    PubMed

    Coskun, Aynur Aydin; Türker, Yavuz Özhan

    2012-03-01

    The global energy requirement for sustaining economic activities, meeting social needs and social development is increasing daily. Environmentally friendly, renewable energy resources are an alternative to the primary non-renewable energy resources, which devastate ecosystems in order to meet increasing demand. Among renewable energy sources such as hydropower, biopower, geothermal power and solar power, wind power offers distinct advantages to Turkey. There is an increasing tendency toward wind globally and the European Union adjusted its legal regulations in this regard. As a potential EU Member state, Turkey is going through a similar process. The number of institutional and legal regulations concerning wind power has increased in recent years; technical infrastructure studies were completed, and some important steps were taken in this regard. This study examines the way in which Turkey has developed support for wind power, presents a SWOT analysis of the wind power sector in Turkey and a projection was made for the concrete success expected to be accomplished in the future.

  8. The analysis sensitivity to tropical winds from the Global Weather Experiment

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Paegle, J.; Paegle, J. N.; Baker, W. E.

    1986-01-01

    The global scale divergent and rotational flow components of the Global Weather Experiment (GWE) are diagnosed from three different analyses of the data. The rotational flow shows closer agreement between the analyses than does the divergent flow. Although the major outflow and inflow centers are similarly placed in all analyses, the global kinetic energy of the divergent wind varies by about a factor of 2 between different analyses while the global kinetic energy of the rotational wind varies by only about 10 percent between the analyses. A series of real data assimilation experiments has been performed with the GLA general circulation model using different amounts of tropical wind data during the First Special Observing Period of the Global Weather Experiment. In exeriment 1, all available tropical wind data were used; in the second experiment, tropical wind data were suppressed; while, in the third and fourth experiments, only tropical wind data with westerly and easterly components, respectively, were assimilated. The rotational wind appears to be more sensitive to the presence or absence of tropical wind data than the divergent wind. It appears that the model, given only extratropical observations, generates excessively strong upper tropospheric westerlies. These biases are sufficiently pronounced to amplify the globally integrated rotational flow kinetic energy by about 10 percent and the global divergent flow kinetic energy by about a factor of 2. Including only easterly wind data in the tropics is more effective in controlling the model error than including only westerly wind data. This conclusion is especially noteworthy because approximately twice as many upper tropospheric westerly winds were available in these cases as easterly winds.

  9. Global Auroral Energy Deposition during Substorm Onset Compared with Local Time and Solar Wind IMF Conditions

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Spann, J. F.; Brittnacher, M.; Fillingim, M. O.; Germany, G. A.; Parks, G. K.

    1998-01-01

    The global images made by the Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) aboard the IASTP/Polar Satellite are used to derive the global auroral energy deposited in the ionosphere resulting from electron precipitation. During a substorm onset, the energy deposited and its location in local time are compared to the solar wind IMF conditions. Previously, insitu measurements of low orbiting satellites have made precipitating particle measurements along the spacecraft track and global images of the auroral zone, without the ability to quantify energy parameters, have been available. However, usage of the high temporal, spatial, and spectral resolution of consecutive UVI images enables quantitative measurement of the energy deposited in the ionosphere not previously available on a global scale. Data over an extended period beginning in January 1997 will be presented.

  10. EDITORIAL: Wind energy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mann, Jakob; Nørkær Sørensen, Jens; Morthorst, Poul-Erik

    2008-01-01

    addressed within the issue is how much conventional power production can be replaced by the ceaseless wind, with the question of how Greece's target of 29% renewables by 2020 is to be met efficiently. Other topics include an innovative way to determine the power curve of a turbine experimentally more accurately, the use of fluid dynamics tools to investigate the implications of placing vortex generators on wind turbine blades (thereby possibly improving their efficiency) and a study of the perception of wind turbine noise. It turns out that a small but significant fraction of wind turbine neighbours feel that turbine generated noise impairs their ability to rest. The annoyance is correlated with a negative attitude towards the visual impact on the landscape, but what is cause and effect is too early to say. As mentioned there is a rush for wind turbines in many countries. However, this positive development for the global climate is currently limited by practical barriers. One bottleneck is the difficulties for the sub-suppliers of gears and other parts to meet the demand. Another is the difficulties to meet the demand for engineers specialized in wind. For that reason the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) recently launched the world's first Wind Energy Masters Program. Here and elsewhere in the world of wind education and research we should really speed up now, as our chances of contributing to emission free energy production and a healthier global climate have never been better. Focus on Wind Energy Contents The articles below represent the first accepted contributions and further additions will appear in the near future. Wind turbines—low level noise sources interfering with restoration? Eja Pedersen and Kerstin Persson Waye On the effect of spatial dispersion of wind power plants on the wind energy capacity credit in Greece George Caralis, Yiannis Perivolaris, Konstantinos Rados and Arthouros Zervos Large-eddy simulation of spectral coherence in a wind turbine wake

  11. The resilience of Australian wind energy to climate change

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Evans, Jason P.; Kay, Merlinde; Prasad, Abhnil; Pitman, Andy

    2018-02-01

    The Paris Agreement limits global average temperature rise to 2 °C and commits to pursuing efforts in limiting warming to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. This will require rapid reductions in the emissions of greenhouse gases and the eventual decarbonisation of the global economy. Wind energy is an established technology to help achieve emissions reductions, with a cumulative global installed capacity of ~486 GW (2016). Focusing on Australia, we assess the future economic viability of wind energy using a 12-member ensemble of high-resolution regional climate simulations forced by Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) output. We examine both near future (around 2030) and far future (around 2070) changes. Extractable wind power changes vary across the continent, though the most spatially coherent change is a small but significant decrease across southern regions. The cost of future wind energy generation, measured via the Levelised Cost of Energy (LCOE), increases negligibly in the future in regions with significant existing installed capacity. Technological developments in wind energy generation more than compensate for projected small reductions in wind, decreasing the LCOE by around 30%. These developments ensure viability for existing wind farms, and enhance the economic viability of proposed wind farms in Western Australian and Tasmania. Wind energy is therefore a resilient source of electricity over most of Australia and technological innovation entering the market will open new regions for energy production in the future.

  12. The influence of large-scale wind power on global climate.

    PubMed

    Keith, David W; Decarolis, Joseph F; Denkenberger, David C; Lenschow, Donald H; Malyshev, Sergey L; Pacala, Stephen; Rasch, Philip J

    2004-11-16

    Large-scale use of wind power can alter local and global climate by extracting kinetic energy and altering turbulent transport in the atmospheric boundary layer. We report climate-model simulations that address the possible climatic impacts of wind power at regional to global scales by using two general circulation models and several parameterizations of the interaction of wind turbines with the boundary layer. We find that very large amounts of wind power can produce nonnegligible climatic change at continental scales. Although large-scale effects are observed, wind power has a negligible effect on global-mean surface temperature, and it would deliver enormous global benefits by reducing emissions of CO(2) and air pollutants. Our results may enable a comparison between the climate impacts due to wind power and the reduction in climatic impacts achieved by the substitution of wind for fossil fuels.

  13. Saturation wind power potential and its implications for wind energy.

    PubMed

    Jacobson, Mark Z; Archer, Cristina L

    2012-09-25

    Wind turbines convert kinetic to electrical energy, which returns to the atmosphere as heat to regenerate some potential and kinetic energy. As the number of wind turbines increases over large geographic regions, power extraction first increases linearly, but then converges to a saturation potential not identified previously from physical principles or turbine properties. These saturation potentials are >250 terawatts (TW) at 100 m globally, approximately 80 TW at 100 m over land plus coastal ocean outside Antarctica, and approximately 380 TW at 10 km in the jet streams. Thus, there is no fundamental barrier to obtaining half (approximately 5.75 TW) or several times the world's all-purpose power from wind in a 2030 clean-energy economy.

  14. A global wind resource atlas including high-resolution terrain effects

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hahmann, Andrea; Badger, Jake; Olsen, Bjarke; Davis, Neil; Larsen, Xiaoli; Badger, Merete

    2015-04-01

    Currently no accurate global wind resource dataset is available to fill the needs of policy makers and strategic energy planners. Evaluating wind resources directly from coarse resolution reanalysis datasets underestimate the true wind energy resource, as the small-scale spatial variability of winds is missing. This missing variability can account for a large part of the local wind resource. Crucially, it is the windiest sites that suffer the largest wind resource errors: in simple terrain the windiest sites may be underestimated by 25%, in complex terrain the underestimate can be as large as 100%. The small-scale spatial variability of winds can be modelled using novel statistical methods and by application of established microscale models within WAsP developed at DTU Wind Energy. We present the framework for a single global methodology, which is relative fast and economical to complete. The method employs reanalysis datasets, which are downscaled to high-resolution wind resource datasets via a so-called generalization step, and microscale modelling using WAsP. This method will create the first global wind atlas (GWA) that covers all land areas (except Antarctica) and 30 km coastal zone over water. Verification of the GWA estimates will be done at carefully selected test regions, against verified estimates from mesoscale modelling and satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR). This verification exercise will also help in the estimation of the uncertainty of the new wind climate dataset. Uncertainty will be assessed as a function of spatial aggregation. It is expected that the uncertainty at verification sites will be larger than that of dedicated assessments, but the uncertainty will be reduced at levels of aggregation appropriate for energy planning, and importantly much improved relative to what is used today. In this presentation we discuss the methodology used, which includes the generalization of wind climatologies, and the differences in local and spatially

  15. Will surface winds weaken in response to global warming?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ma, Jian; Foltz, Gregory R.; Soden, Brian J.; Huang, Gang; He, Jie; Dong, Changming

    2016-12-01

    The surface Walker and tropical tropospheric circulations have been inferred to slow down from historical observations and model projections, yet analysis of large-scale surface wind predictions is lacking. Satellite measurements of surface wind speed indicate strengthening trends averaged over the global and tropical oceans that are supported by precipitation and evaporation changes. Here we use corrected anemometer-based observations to show that the surface wind speed has not decreased in the averaged tropical oceans, despite its reduction in the region of the Walker circulation. Historical simulations and future projections for climate change also suggest a near-zero wind speed trend averaged in space, regardless of the Walker cell change. In the tropics, the sea surface temperature pattern effect acts against the large-scale circulation slow-down. For higher latitudes, the surface winds shift poleward along with the eddy-driven mid-latitude westerlies, resulting in a very small contribution to the global change in surface wind speed. Despite its importance for surface wind speed change, the influence of the SST pattern change on global-mean rainfall is insignificant since it cannot substantially alter the global energy balance. As a result, the precipitation response to global warming remains ‘muted’ relative to atmospheric moisture increase. Our results therefore show consistency between projections and observations of surface winds and precipitation.

  16. Resolving Environmental Effects of Wind Energy

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sinclair, Karin C; DeGeorge, Elise M; Copping, Andrea E.

    Concerns for potential wildlife impacts resulting from land-based and offshore wind energy have created challenges for wind project development. Research is not always adequately supported, results are neither always readily accessible nor are they satisfactorily disseminated, and so decisions are often made based on the best available information, which may be missing key findings. The potential for high impacts to avian and bat species and marine mammals have been used by wind project opponents to stop, downsize, or severely delay project development. The global nature of the wind industry - combined with the understanding that many affected species cross-national boundaries,more » and in many cases migrate between continents - also points to the need to collaborate on an international level. The International Energy Agency (IEA) Wind Technology Collaborative Programs facilitates coordination on key research issues. IEA Wind Task 34 - WREN: Working Together to Resolve Environmental Effects of Wind Energy-is a collaborative forum to share lessons gained from field research and modeling, including management methods, wildlife monitoring methods, best practices, study results, and successful approaches to mitigating impacts and addressing the cumulative effects of wind energy on wildlife.« less

  17. Saturation wind power potential and its implications for wind energy

    PubMed Central

    Jacobson, Mark Z.; Archer, Cristina L.

    2012-01-01

    Wind turbines convert kinetic to electrical energy, which returns to the atmosphere as heat to regenerate some potential and kinetic energy. As the number of wind turbines increases over large geographic regions, power extraction first increases linearly, but then converges to a saturation potential not identified previously from physical principles or turbine properties. These saturation potentials are >250 terawatts (TW) at 100 m globally, approximately 80 TW at 100 m over land plus coastal ocean outside Antarctica, and approximately 380 TW at 10 km in the jet streams. Thus, there is no fundamental barrier to obtaining half (approximately 5.75 TW) or several times the world’s all-purpose power from wind in a 2030 clean-energy economy. PMID:23019353

  18. Projecting Wind Energy Potential Under Climate Change with Ensemble of Climate Model Simulations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jain, A.; Shashikanth, K.; Ghosh, S.; Mukherjee, P. P.

    2013-12-01

    Recent years have witnessed an increasing global concern over energy sustainability and security, triggered by a number of issues, such as (though not limited to): fossil fuel depletion, energy resource geopolitics, economic efficiency versus population growth debate, environmental concerns and climate change. Wind energy is a renewable and sustainable form of energy in which wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. Global warming and differential surface heating may significantly impact the wind velocity and hence the wind energy potential. Sustainable design of wind mills requires understanding the impacts of climate change on wind energy potential, which we evaluate here with multiple General Circulation Models (GCMs). GCMs simulate the climate variables globally considering the greenhouse emission scenarios provided as Representation Concentration path ways (RCPs). Here we use new generation climate model outputs obtained from Coupled model Intercomparison Project 5(CMIP5). We first compute the wind energy potential with reanalysis data (NCEP/ NCAR), at a spatial resolution of 2.50, where the gridded data is fitted to Weibull distribution and with the Weibull parameters, the wind energy densities are computed at different grids. The same methodology is then used, to CMIP5 outputs (resultant of U-wind and V-wind) of MRI, CMCC, BCC, CanESM, and INMCM4 for historical runs. This is performed separately for four seasons globally, MAM, JJA, SON and DJF. We observe the muti-model average of wind energy density for historic period has significant bias with respect to that of reanalysis product. Here we develop a quantile based superensemble approach where GCM quantiles corresponding to selected CDF values are regressed to reanalysis data. It is observed that this regression approach takes care of both, bias in GCMs and combination of GCMs. With superensemble, we observe that the historical wind energy density resembles quite well with

  19. A new approach to wind energy: Opportunities and challenges

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dabiri, John O.; Greer, Julia R.; Koseff, Jeffrey R.; Moin, Parviz; Peng, Jifeng

    2015-03-01

    Despite common characterizations of modern wind energy technology as mature, there remains a persistent disconnect between the vast global wind energy resource—which is 20 times greater than total global power consumption—and the limited penetration of existing wind energy technologies as a means for electricity generation worldwide. We describe an approach to wind energy harvesting that has the potential to resolve this disconnect by geographically distributing wind power generators in a manner that more closely mirrors the physical resource itself. To this end, technology development is focused on large arrays of small wind turbines that can harvest wind energy at low altitudes by using new concepts of biology-inspired engineering. This approach dramatically extends the reach of wind energy, as smaller wind turbines can be installed in many places that larger systems cannot, especially in built environments. Moreover, they have lower visual, acoustic, and radar signatures, and they may pose significantly less risk to birds and bats. These features can be leveraged to attain cultural acceptance and rapid adoption of this new technology, thereby enabling significantly faster achievement of state and national renewable energy targets than with existing technology alone. Favorable economics stem from an orders-of-magnitude reduction in the number of components in a new generation of simple, mass-manufacturable (even 3D-printable), vertical-axis wind turbines. However, this vision can only be achieved by overcoming significant scientific challenges that have limited progress over the past three decades. The following essay summarizes our approach as well as the opportunities and challenges associated with it, with the aim of motivating a concerted effort in basic and applied research in this area.

  20. Wind energy systems

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Stewart, H. J.

    1978-01-01

    A discussion on wind energy systems involved with the DOE wind energy program is presented. Some of the problems associated with wind energy systems are discussed. The cost, efficiency, and structural design of wind energy systems are analyzed.

  1. Quantifying uncertainties in wind energy assessment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Patlakas, Platon; Galanis, George; Kallos, George

    2015-04-01

    The constant rise of wind energy production and the subsequent penetration in global energy markets during the last decades resulted in new sites selection with various types of problems. Such problems arise due to the variability and the uncertainty of wind speed. The study of the wind speed distribution lower and upper tail may support the quantification of these uncertainties. Such approaches focused on extreme wind conditions or periods below the energy production threshold are necessary for a better management of operations. Towards this direction, different methodologies are presented for the credible evaluation of potential non-frequent/extreme values for these environmental conditions. The approaches used, take into consideration the structural design of the wind turbines according to their lifespan, the turbine failures, the time needed for repairing as well as the energy production distribution. In this work, a multi-parametric approach for studying extreme wind speed values will be discussed based on tools of Extreme Value Theory. In particular, the study is focused on extreme wind speed return periods and the persistence of no energy production based on a weather modeling system/hind cast/10-year dataset. More specifically, two methods (Annual Maxima and Peaks Over Threshold) were used for the estimation of extreme wind speeds and their recurrence intervals. Additionally, two different methodologies (intensity given duration and duration given intensity, both based on Annual Maxima method) were implied to calculate the extreme events duration, combined with their intensity as well as the event frequency. The obtained results prove that the proposed approaches converge, at least on the main findings, for each case. It is also remarkable that, despite the moderate wind speed climate of the area, several consequent days of no energy production are observed.

  2. Wind energy.

    PubMed

    Leithead, W E

    2007-04-15

    From its rebirth in the early 1980s, the rate of development of wind energy has been dramatic. Today, other than hydropower, it is the most important of the renewable sources of power. The UK Government and the EU Commission have adopted targets for renewable energy generation of 10 and 12% of consumption, respectively. Much of this, by necessity, must be met by wind energy. The US Department of Energy has set a goal of 6% of electricity supply from wind energy by 2020. For this potential to be fully realized, several aspects, related to public acceptance, and technical issues, related to the expected increase in penetration on the electricity network and the current drive towards larger wind turbines, need to be resolved. Nevertheless, these challenges will be met and wind energy will, very likely, become increasingly important over the next two decades. An overview of the technology is presented.

  3. Benchmark Study of Global Clean Energy Manufacturing | Advanced

    Science.gov Websites

    Manufacturing Research | NREL Benchmark Study of Global Clean Energy Manufacturing Benchmark Study of Global Clean Energy Manufacturing Through a first-of-its-kind benchmark study, the Clean Energy Technology End Product.' The study examined four clean energy technologies: wind turbine components

  4. Global potential for wind-generated electricity

    PubMed Central

    Lu, Xi; McElroy, Michael B.; Kiviluoma, Juha

    2009-01-01

    The potential of wind power as a global source of electricity is assessed by using winds derived through assimilation of data from a variety of meteorological sources. The analysis indicates that a network of land-based 2.5-megawatt (MW) turbines restricted to nonforested, ice-free, nonurban areas operating at as little as 20% of their rated capacity could supply >40 times current worldwide consumption of electricity, >5 times total global use of energy in all forms. Resources in the contiguous United States, specifically in the central plain states, could accommodate as much as 16 times total current demand for electricity in the United States. Estimates are given also for quantities of electricity that could be obtained by using a network of 3.6-MW turbines deployed in ocean waters with depths <200 m within 50 nautical miles (92.6 km) of closest coastlines. PMID:19549865

  5. Offshore Wind Initiatives at the U.S. Department of Energy

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    None, None

    Coastal and Great Lakes states account for nearly 80% of U.S. electricity demand, and the winds off the shores of these coastal load centers have a technical resource potential twice as large as the nation’s current electricity use. With the costs of offshore wind energy falling globally and the first U.S. offshore wind farm installed off the coast of Block Island, Rhode Island in 2016, offshore wind has the potential to contribute significantly to a clean, affordable, and secure national energy mix. To support the development of a world-class offshore wind industry, the U.S. Department of Energy has been supportingmore » a broad portfolio of offshore wind research, development, and demonstration projects since 2011 and released a new National Offshore Wind Strategy jointly with the U.S. Department of the Interior in 2016.« less

  6. Global solar wind variations over the last four centuries.

    PubMed

    Owens, M J; Lockwood, M; Riley, P

    2017-01-31

    The most recent "grand minimum" of solar activity, the Maunder minimum (MM, 1650-1710), is of great interest both for understanding the solar dynamo and providing insight into possible future heliospheric conditions. Here, we use nearly 30 years of output from a data-constrained magnetohydrodynamic model of the solar corona to calibrate heliospheric reconstructions based solely on sunspot observations. Using these empirical relations, we produce the first quantitative estimate of global solar wind variations over the last 400 years. Relative to the modern era, the MM shows a factor 2 reduction in near-Earth heliospheric magnetic field strength and solar wind speed, and up to a factor 4 increase in solar wind Mach number. Thus solar wind energy input into the Earth's magnetosphere was reduced, resulting in a more Jupiter-like system, in agreement with the dearth of auroral reports from the time. The global heliosphere was both smaller and more symmetric under MM conditions, which has implications for the interpretation of cosmogenic radionuclide data and resulting total solar irradiance estimates during grand minima.

  7. Global solar wind variations over the last four centuries

    PubMed Central

    Owens, M. J.; Lockwood, M.; Riley, P.

    2017-01-01

    The most recent “grand minimum” of solar activity, the Maunder minimum (MM, 1650–1710), is of great interest both for understanding the solar dynamo and providing insight into possible future heliospheric conditions. Here, we use nearly 30 years of output from a data-constrained magnetohydrodynamic model of the solar corona to calibrate heliospheric reconstructions based solely on sunspot observations. Using these empirical relations, we produce the first quantitative estimate of global solar wind variations over the last 400 years. Relative to the modern era, the MM shows a factor 2 reduction in near-Earth heliospheric magnetic field strength and solar wind speed, and up to a factor 4 increase in solar wind Mach number. Thus solar wind energy input into the Earth’s magnetosphere was reduced, resulting in a more Jupiter-like system, in agreement with the dearth of auroral reports from the time. The global heliosphere was both smaller and more symmetric under MM conditions, which has implications for the interpretation of cosmogenic radionuclide data and resulting total solar irradiance estimates during grand minima. PMID:28139769

  8. Wind Energy Facilities

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Laurie, Carol

    2017-02-01

    This book takes readers inside the places where daily discoveries shape the next generation of wind power systems. Energy Department laboratory facilities span the United States and offer wind research capabilities to meet industry needs. The facilities described in this book make it possible for industry players to increase reliability, improve efficiency, and reduce the cost of wind energy -- one discovery at a time. Whether you require blade testing or resource characterization, grid integration or high-performance computing, Department of Energy laboratory facilities offer a variety of capabilities to meet your wind research needs.

  9. Wind Energy Facilities

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

    This book takes readers inside the places where daily discoveries shape the next generation of wind power systems. Energy Department laboratory facilities span the United States and offer wind research capabilities to meet industry needs. The facilities described in this book make it possible for industry players to increase reliability, improve efficiency, and reduce the cost of wind energy -- one discovery at a time. Whether you require blade testing or resource characterization, grid integration or high-performance computing, Department of Energy laboratory facilities offer a variety of capabilities to meet your wind research needs.

  10. Comparisons of Solar Wind Coupling Parameters with Auroral Energy Deposition Rates

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Elsen, R.; Brittnacher, M. J.; Fillingim, M. O.; Parks, G. K.; Germany G. A.; Spann, J. F., Jr.

    1997-01-01

    Measurement of the global rate of energy deposition in the ionosphere via auroral particle precipitation is one of the primary goals of the Polar UVI program and is an important component of the ISTP program. The instantaneous rate of energy deposition for the entire month of January 1997 has been calculated by applying models to the UVI images and is presented by Fillingim et al. In this session. A number of parameters that predict the rate of coupling of solar wind energy into the magnetosphere have been proposed in the last few decades. Some of these parameters, such as the epsilon parameter of Perrault and Akasofu, depend on the instantaneous values in the solar wind. Other parameters depend on the integrated values of solar wind parameters, especially IMF Bz, e.g. applied flux which predicts the net transfer of magnetic flux to the tail. While these parameters have often been used successfully with substorm studies, their validity in terms of global energy input has not yet been ascertained, largely because data such as that supplied by the ISTP program was lacking. We have calculated these and other energy coupling parameters for January 1997 using solar wind data provided by WIND and other solar wind monitors. The rates of energy input predicted by these parameters are compared to those measured through UVI data and correlations are sought. Whether these parameters are better at providing an instantaneous rate of energy input or an average input over some time period is addressed. We also study if either type of parameter may provide better correlations if a time delay is introduced; if so, this time delay may provide a characteristic time for energy transport in the coupled solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere system.

  11. Wind-Driven Global Evolution of Protoplanetary Disks

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bai, Xue-Ning

    It has been realized in the recent years that magnetized disk winds disk- likely play a decisive role in the global evolution of protoplanetary disks protoplanetary evolution (PPDs). Motivated by recent local simulations local , we first describe a global magnetized disk wind model, from which wind-driven accretion rate -rate wind-driven and wind mass loss rate can be reliably estimated. Both rates are shown to strongly depend on the amount of magnetic flux magnetic threading the disk. Wind kinematics is also affected by thermodynamics in the wind zone (particularly far UV heating/ionization), and the mass loss process loss- can be better termed as "magneto-photoevaporation." We then construct a framework of PPD global evolution global that incorporates wind-driven and viscously driven accretion viscously-driven as well as wind mass loss. For typical PPD accretion rates, the required field strength would lead to wind mass loss rate at least comparable to disk accretion rate, and mass loss is most significant in the outer disk (beyond ˜ 10 AU). Finally, we discuss the transport of magnetic flux in PPDs, which largely governs the long-term evolution long-term of PPDs.

  12. Kansas Wind Energy Consortium

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Gruenbacher, Don

    2015-12-31

    This project addresses both fundamental and applied research problems that will help with problems defined by the DOE “20% Wind by 2030 Report”. In particular, this work focuses on increasing the capacity of small or community wind generation capabilities that would be operated in a distributed generation approach. A consortium (KWEC – Kansas Wind Energy Consortium) of researchers from Kansas State University and Wichita State University aims to dramatically increase the penetration of wind energy via distributed wind power generation. We believe distributed generation through wind power will play a critical role in the ability to reach and extend themore » renewable energy production targets set by the Department of Energy. KWEC aims to find technical and economic solutions to enable widespread implementation of distributed renewable energy resources that would apply to wind.« less

  13. 75 FR 47301 - Cedro Hill Wind LLC; Butler Ridge Wind Energy Center, LLC; High Majestic Wind Energy Center, LLC...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-05

    ...- 000; EG10-34-000; EG10-34-000; EG10-35-000; EG10-36-000; EG10-37-000; EG10-38-000] Cedro Hill Wind LLC; Butler Ridge Wind Energy Center, LLC; High Majestic Wind Energy Center, LLC; Wessington Wind Energy Center, LLC; Juniper Canyon Wind Power LLC; Loraine Windpark Project, LLC; White Oak Energy LLC; Meadow...

  14. Wind Energy Workforce Development: A Roadmap to a Wind Energy Educational Infrastructure (Presentation)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Baring-Gould, I.

    2011-05-01

    Wind Powering America national technical director Ian Baring-Gould made this presentation about workforce development in the wind energy industry to an audience at the American Wind Energy Association's annual WINDPOWER conference in Anaheim. The presentation outlines job projections from the 20% Wind Energy by 2030 report and steps to take at all levels of educational institutions to meet those projections.

  15. Stabilization of Wind Energy Conversion System with Hydrogen Generator by Using EDLC Energy Storage System

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shishido, Seiji; Takahashi, Rion; Murata, Toshiaki; Tamura, Junji; Sugimasa, Masatoshi; Komura, Akiyoshi; Futami, Motoo; Ichinose, Masaya; Ide, Kazumasa

    The spread of wind power generation is progressed hugely in recent years from a viewpoint of environmental problems including global warming. Though wind power is considered as a very prospective energy source, wind power fluctuation due to the random fluctuation of wind speed has still created some problems. Therefore, research has been performed how to smooth the wind power fluctuation. This paper proposes Energy Capacitor System (ECS) for the smoothing of wind power which consists of Electric Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC) and power electronics devices and works as an electric power storage system. Moreover, hydrogen has received much attention in recent years from a viewpoint of exhaustion problem of fossil fuel. Therefore it is also proposed that a hydrogen generator is installed at the wind farm to generate hydrogen. In this paper, the effectiveness of the proposed system is verified by the simulation analyses using PSCAD/EMTDC.

  16. Raptor interactions with wind energy: Case studies from around the world

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Watson, Richard T.; Kolar, Patrick S.; Ferrer, Miguel; Nygård, Torgeir; Johnston, Naira; Hunt, W. Grainger; Smit-Robinson, Hanneline A.; Farmer, Christopher J; Huso, Manuela; Katzner, Todd

    2018-01-01

    The global potential for wind power generation is vast, and the number of installations is increasing rapidly. We review case studies from around the world of the effects on raptors of wind-energy development. Collision mortality, displacement, and habitat loss have the potential to cause population-level effects, especially for species that are rare or endangered. The impact on raptors has much to do with their behavior, so careful siting of wind-energy developments to avoid areas suited to raptor breeding, foraging, or migration would reduce these effects. At established wind farms that already conflict with raptors, reduction of fatalities may be feasible by curtailment of turbines as raptors approach, and offset through mitigation of other human causes of mortality such as electrocution and poisoning, provided the relative effects can be quantified. Measurement of raptor mortality at wind farms is the subject of intense effort and study, especially where mitigation is required by law, with novel statistical approaches recently made available to improve the notoriously difficult-to-estimate mortality rates of rare and hard-to-detect species. Global standards for wind farm placement, monitoring, and effects mitigation would be a valuable contribution to raptor conservation worldwide.

  17. WIND MEASUREMENTS WITH HIGH-ENERGY DOPPLER LIDAR

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Koch, Grady J.; Kavaya, Michael J.; Barnes, Bruce W.; Beyon, Jeffrey Y.; Petros, Mulugeta; Jirong, Yu; Amzajerdian, Farzin; Slingh, Upendra N.

    2006-01-01

    Coherent lidars at 2-micron wavelengths from holmium or thulium solid-state lasers have been in use to measure wind for applications in meteorology, aircraft wake vortex tracking, and turbulence detection [1,2,3] These field-deployed lidars, however, have generally been of a pulse energy of a few millijoules, limiting their range capability or restricting operation to regions of high aerosol concentration such as the atmospheric boundary layer. Technology improvements in the form of high-energy pulsed lasers, low noise detectors, and high optical quality telescopes are being evaluated to make wind measurements to long ranges or low aerosol concentrations. This research is aimed at developing lidar technology for satellite-based observation of wind on a global scale. The VALIDAR project was initiated to demonstrate a high pulse energy coherent Doppler lidar. VALIDAR gets its name from the concept of validation lidar, in that it can serve as a calibration and validation source for future airborne and spaceborne lidar missions. VALIDAR is housed within a mobile trailer for field measurements.

  18. The Etesian wind system and wind energy potential over the Aegean Sea

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dafka, Stella; Xoplaki, Elena; Garcia-Bustamante, Elena; Toreti, Andrea; Zanis, Prodromos; Luterbacher, Juerg

    2013-04-01

    The Mediterranean region lies in an area of great climatic interest since it is influenced by some of the most relevant mechanisms of the global climate system. In the frame of the three Europe 2020 priorities for a smart, sustainable and inclusive economy delivering high levels of employment, productivity and social cohesion, the Mediterranean energy plan is of paramount importance at the European level, being an area with a significant potential for renewable energy from natural sources that could play an important role in responding to climate change effects over the region. We present preliminary results on a study of the Etesian winds in the past, present and future time. We investigate the variability and predictability of the wind field over the Aegean. Statistical downscaling based on several methodologies will be applied (e.g. canonical correlation analysis and multiple linear regression). Instrumental time series, Era-Interim and the 20CR reanalyses will be used. Large-scale climate drivers as well as the influence of local/regional factors and their interaction with the Etesian wind field will be addressed. Finally, the Etesian wind resources on the present and future climate will be assessed in order to identify the potential areas suitable for the establishment of wind farms and the production of wind power in the Aegean Sea.

  19. Wind Energy Workforce Development & Jobs

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Tegen, Suzanne

    The United States needs a skilled and qualified wind energy workforce to produce domestic clean power. To assist with wind energy workforce development, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and National Renewable Energy Laboratory are engaged with several efforts.This presentation by Suzanne Tegen describes these efforts, including a wind industry survey, DOE's Wind Career Map, the DOE Wind Vision report, and an in-depth discussion of the Jobs & Economic Development Impacts Model.

  20. Wind Energy Modeling and Simulation | Wind | NREL

    Science.gov Websites

    Wind Energy Modeling and Simulation Wind Turbine Modeling and Simulation Wind turbines are unique wind turbines. It enables the analysis of a range of wind turbine configurations, including: Two- or (SOWFA) employs computational fluid dynamics to allow users to investigate wind turbine and wind power

  1. Wind/water energy converter

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Paulkovich, J.

    1979-01-01

    Device will convert wind, water, tidal or wave energy into electrical or mechanical energy. Is comprised of windmill-like paddles or blades synchronously geared to orient themselves to wind direction for optimum energy extraction.

  2. Toward Robust and Efficient Climate Downscaling for Wind Energy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vanvyve, E.; Rife, D.; Pinto, J. O.; Monaghan, A. J.; Davis, C. A.

    2011-12-01

    This presentation describes a more accurate and economical (less time, money and effort) wind resource assessment technique for the renewable energy industry, that incorporates innovative statistical techniques and new global mesoscale reanalyzes. The technique judiciously selects a collection of "case days" that accurately represent the full range of wind conditions observed at a given site over a 10-year period, in order to estimate the long-term energy yield. We will demonstrate that this new technique provides a very accurate and statistically reliable estimate of the 10-year record of the wind resource by intelligently choosing a sample of ±120 case days. This means that the expense of downscaling to quantify the wind resource at a prospective wind farm can be cut by two thirds from the current industry practice of downscaling a randomly chosen 365-day sample to represent winds over a "typical" year. This new estimate of the long-term energy yield at a prospective wind farm also has far less statistical uncertainty than the current industry standard approach. This key finding has the potential to reduce significantly market barriers to both onshore and offshore wind farm development, since insurers and financiers charge prohibitive premiums on investments that are deemed to be high risk. Lower uncertainty directly translates to lower perceived risk, and therefore far more attractive financing terms could be offered to wind farm developers who employ this new technique.

  3. A Wind Forecasting System for Energy Application

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Courtney, Jennifer; Lynch, Peter; Sweeney, Conor

    2010-05-01

    Accurate forecasting of available energy is crucial for the efficient management and use of wind power in the national power grid. With energy output critically dependent upon wind strength there is a need to reduce the errors associated wind forecasting. The objective of this research is to get the best possible wind forecasts for the wind energy industry. To achieve this goal, three methods are being applied. First, a mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) model called WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) is being used to predict wind values over Ireland. Currently, a gird resolution of 10km is used and higher model resolutions are being evaluated to establish whether they are economically viable given the forecast skill improvement they produce. Second, the WRF model is being used in conjunction with ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) ensemble forecasts to produce a probabilistic weather forecasting product. Due to the chaotic nature of the atmosphere, a single, deterministic weather forecast can only have limited skill. The ECMWF ensemble methods produce an ensemble of 51 global forecasts, twice a day, by perturbing initial conditions of a 'control' forecast which is the best estimate of the initial state of the atmosphere. This method provides an indication of the reliability of the forecast and a quantitative basis for probabilistic forecasting. The limitation of ensemble forecasting lies in the fact that the perturbed model runs behave differently under different weather patterns and each model run is equally likely to be closest to the observed weather situation. Models have biases, and involve assumptions about physical processes and forcing factors such as underlying topography. Third, Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) is being applied to the output from the ensemble forecasts in order to statistically post-process the results and achieve a better wind forecasting system. BMA is a promising technique that will offer calibrated

  4. Status of wind-energy conversion

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Thomas, R. L.; Savino, J. M.

    1973-01-01

    The utilization of wind energy is technically feasible as evidenced by the many past demonstrations of wind generators. The cost of energy from the wind has been high compared to fossil fuel systems; a sustained development effort is needed to obtain economical systems. The variability of the wind makes it an unreliable source on a short term basis. However, the effects of this variability can be reduced by storage systems or connecting wind generators to: (1) fossil fuel systems; (2) hydroelectric systems; or (3) dispersing them throughout a large grid network. Wind energy appears to have the potential to meet a significant amount of our energy needs.

  5. U.S. Hail Frequency and the Global Wind Oscillation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gensini, Vittorio A.; Allen, John T.

    2018-02-01

    Changes in Earth relative atmospheric angular momentum can be described by an index known as the Global Wind Oscillation. This global index accounts for changes in Earth's atmospheric budget of relative angular momentum through interactions of tropical convection anomalies, extratropical dynamics, and engagement of surface torques (e.g., friction and mountain). It is shown herein that U.S. hail events are more (less) likely to occur in low (high) atmospheric angular momentum base states when excluding weak Global Wind Oscillation days, with the strongest relationships found in the boreal spring and fall. Severe, significant severe, and giant hail events are more likely to occur during Global Wind Oscillation phases 8, 1, 2, and 3 during the peak of U.S. severe weather season. Lower frequencies of hail events are generally found in Global Wind Oscillation phases 4-7 but vary based on Global Wind Oscillation amplitude and month. In addition, probabilistic anomalies of atmospheric ingredients supportive of hail producing supercell thunderstorms closely mimic locations of reported hail frequency, helping to corroborate report results.

  6. From technology transfer to local manufacturing: China's emergence in the global wind power industry

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lewis, Joanna Ingram

    This dissertation examines the development of China's large wind turbine industry, including the players, the status of the technology, and the strategies used to develop turbines for the Chinese market. The primary goals of this research project are to identify the models of international technology transfer that have been used among firms in China's wind power industry; examine to what extent these technology transfers have contributed to China's ability to locally manufacture large wind turbine technology; and evaluate China's ability to become a major player in the global wind industry. China is a particularly important place to study the opportunities for and dynamics of clean energy development due to its role in global energy consumption. China is the largest coal consuming and producing nation in the world, and consequently the second largest national emitter of carbon dioxide after only the United States. Energy consumption and carbon emissions are growing rapidly, and China is expected to surpass the US and become the largest energy consuming nation and carbon dioxide emitter in coming decades. The central finding of this dissertation is that even though each firm involved in the large wind turbine manufacturing industry in China has followed a very different pathway of technology procurement for the Chinese market, all of the firms are increasing the utilization of locally-manufactured components, and many are doing so without transferring turbine technology or the associated intellectual property. Only one fully Chinese-owned firm, Goldwind, has succeeded in developing a commercially available large wind turbine for the Chinese market. No Chinese firms or foreign firms are manufacturing turbines in China for export overseas, though many have stated plans to do so. There already exists a possible niche market for the smaller turbines that are currently being made in China, particularly in less developed countries that are looking for less expensive

  7. Bats and wind energy: a literature synthesis and annotated bibliography

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Ellison, Laura E.

    2012-01-01

    Turbines have been used to harness energy from wind for hundreds of years. However, with growing concerns about climate change, wind energy has only recently entered the mainstream of global electricity production. Since early on in the development of wind-energy production, concerns have arisen about the potential impacts of turbines to wildlife; these concerns have especially focused on the mortality of birds. Despite recent improvements to turbines that have resulted in reduced mortality of birds, there is clear evidence that bat mortality at wind turbines is of far greater conservation concern. Bats of certain species are dying by the thousands at turbines across North America, and the species consistently affected tend to be those that rely on trees as roosts and most migrate long distances. Turbine-related bat mortalities are now affecting nearly a quarter of all bat species occurring in the United States and Canada. Most documented bat mortality at wind-energy facilities has occurred in late summer and early fall and has involved tree bats, with hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus) being the most prevalent among fatalities. This literature synthesis and annotated bibliography focuses on refereed journal publications and theses about bats and wind-energy development in North America (United States and Canada). Thirty-six publications and eight theses were found, and their key findings were summarized. These publications date from 1996 through 2011, with the bulk of publications appearing from 2007 to present, reflecting the relatively recent conservation concerns about bats and wind energy. The idea for this Open-File Report formed while organizing a joint U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service/U.S. Geological Survey "Bats and Wind Energy Workshop," on January 25-26, 2012. The purposes of the workshop were to develop a list of research priorities to support decision making concerning bats with respect to siting and operations of wind-energy facilities across the United

  8. Residual Energy Spectrum of Solar Wind Turbulence

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, C. H. K.; Bale, S. D.; Salem, C. S.; Maruca, B. A.

    2013-06-01

    It has long been known that the energy in velocity and magnetic field fluctuations in the solar wind is not in equipartition. In this paper, we present an analysis of 5 yr of Wind data at 1 AU to investigate the reason for this. The residual energy (difference between energy in velocity and magnetic field fluctuations) was calculated using both the standard magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) normalization for the magnetic field and a kinetic version, which includes temperature anisotropies and drifts between particle species. It was found that with the kinetic normalization, the fluctuations are closer to equipartition, with a mean normalized residual energy of σr = -0.19 and mean Alfvén ratio of r A = 0.71. The spectrum of residual energy, in the kinetic normalization, was found to be steeper than both the velocity and magnetic field spectra, consistent with some recent MHD turbulence predictions and numerical simulations, having a spectral index close to -1.9. The local properties of residual energy and cross helicity were also investigated, showing that globally balanced intervals with small residual energy contain local patches of larger imbalance and larger residual energy at all scales, as expected for nonlinear turbulent interactions.

  9. Evaluation model of wind energy resources and utilization efficiency of wind farm

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ma, Jie

    2018-04-01

    Due to the large amount of abandoned winds in wind farms, the establishment of a wind farm evaluation model is particularly important for the future development of wind farms In this essay, consider the wind farm's wind energy situation, Wind Energy Resource Model (WERM) and Wind Energy Utilization Efficiency Model(WEUEM) are established to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the wind farm. Wind Energy Resource Model (WERM) contains average wind speed, average wind power density and turbulence intensity, which assessed wind energy resources together. Based on our model, combined with the actual measurement data of a wind farm, calculate the indicators using the model, and the results are in line with the actual situation. We can plan the future development of the wind farm based on this result. Thus, the proposed establishment approach of wind farm assessment model has application value.

  10. Advanced Performance Hydraulic Wind Energy

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Jones, Jack A.; Bruce, Allan; Lam, Adrienne S.

    2013-01-01

    The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, has developed a novel advanced hydraulic wind energy design, which has up to 23% performance improvement over conventional wind turbine and conventional hydraulic wind energy systems with 5 m/sec winds. It also has significant cost advantages with levelized costs equal to coal (after carbon tax rebate). The design is equally applicable to tidal energy systems and has passed preliminary laboratory proof-of-performance tests, as funded by the Department of Energy.

  11. Wind energy utilization: A bibliography

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1975-01-01

    Bibliography cites documents published to and including 1974 with abstracts and references, and is indexed by topic, author, organization, title, and keywords. Topics include: Wind Energy Potential and Economic Feasibility, Utilization, Wind Power Plants and Generators, Wind Machines, Wind Data and Properties, Energy Storage, and related topics.

  12. Offshore Wind Energy

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Strach-Sonsalla, Mareike; Stammler, Matthias; Wenske, Jan

    In 1991, the Vindeby Offshore Wind Farm, the first offshore wind farm in the world, started feeding electricity to the grid off the coast of Lolland, Denmark. Since then, offshore wind energy has developed from this early experiment to a multibillion dollar market and an important pillar of worldwide renewable energy production. Unit sizes grew from 450 kW at Vindeby to the 7.5 MW-class offshore wind turbines (OWT ) that are currently (by October 2014) in the prototyping phase. This chapter gives an overview of the state of the art in offshore wind turbine (OWT) technology and introduces the principlesmore » of modeling and simulating an OWT. The OWT components -- including the rotor, nacelle, support structure, control system, and power electronics -- are introduced, and current technological challenges are presented. The OWT system dynamics and the environment (wind and ocean waves) are described from the perspective of OWT modelers and designers. Finally, an outlook on future technology is provided. The descriptions in this chapter are focused on a single OWT -- more precisely, a horizontal-axis wind turbine -- as a dynamic system. Offshore wind farms and wind farm effects are not described in detail in this chapter, but an introduction and further references are given.« less

  13. Energy 101: Wind Turbines - 2014 Update

    ScienceCinema

    None

    2018-05-11

    See how wind turbines generate clean electricity from the power of wind. The video highlights the basic principles at work in wind turbines, and illustrates how the various components work to capture and convert wind energy to electricity. This updated version also includes information on the Energy Department's efforts to advance offshore wind power. Offshore wind energy footage courtesy of Vestas.

  14. Insuring wind energy production

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    D'Amico, Guglielmo; Petroni, Filippo; Prattico, Flavio

    2017-02-01

    This paper presents an insurance contract that the supplier of wind energy may subscribe in order to immunize the production of electricity against the volatility of the wind speed process. The other party of the contract may be any dispatchable energy producer, like gas turbine or hydroelectric generator, which can supply the required energy in case of little or no wind. The adoption of a stochastic wind speed model allows the computation of the fair premium that the wind power supplier has to pay in order to hedge the risk of inadequate output of electricity at any time. Recursive type equations are obtained for the prospective mathematical reserves of the insurance contract and for their higher order moments. The model and the validity of the results are illustrated through a numerical example.

  15. A Global Look at Future Trends in the Renewable Energy Resource

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, S.; Freedman, J. M.; Kirk-Davidoff, D. B.; Brower, M.

    2017-12-01

    With the aggressive deployment of utility-scale and distributed generation of wind and solar energy systems, an accurate estimate of the uncertainty associated with future resource trends and plant performance is crucial in maintaining financial integrity in the renewable energy markets. With continuing concerns regarding climate change, the move towards energy resiliency, and the cost-competitiveness of renewables, a rapidly expanding fleet of utility-scale wind and solar power facilities and distributed generation of both resources is now being incorporated into the electric distribution grid. Although solar and wind account for about 3% of global power production, renewable energy is now and will continue to be the world's fastest-growing energy source. With deeper penetration of renewables, confidence in future power production output on a spectrum of temporal and spatial scales is crucial to grid stability for long-term planning and achieving national and international targets in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Here, we use output from a diverse subset of Earth System Models (Climate Model Inter-comparison Project-Phase 5 members) to produce projected trends and uncertainties in regional and global seasonal and inter-annual wind and solar power production and respective capacity factors through the end of the 21st century. Our trends and uncertainty analysis focuses on the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. For wind and solar energy production estimates, we extract surface layer wind (extrapolated to hub height), irradiance, cloud fraction, and temperature (air temperature affects density [hence wind power production] and the efficiency of photovoltaic [PV] systems), output from the CMIP5 ensemble mean fields for the period 2020 - 2099 and an historical baseline for POR of 1986 - 2005 (compared with long-term observations and the ERA-Interim Reanalysis). Results include representative statistics such as the

  16. Status of wind-energy conversion

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Thomas, R. L.; Savino, J. M.

    1973-01-01

    The utilization of wind energy is technically feasible as evidenced by the many past demonstrations of wind generators. The cost of energy from the wind has been high compared to fossil fuel systems. A sustained development effort is needed to obtain economical systems. The variability of the wind makes it an unreliable source on a short-term basis. However, the effects of this variability can be reduced by storage systems or connecting wind generators to fossil fuel systems, hydroelectric systems, or dispersing them throughout a large grid network. The NSF and NASA-Lewis Research Center have sponsored programs for the utilization of wind energy.

  17. Wind energy development in the United States: Can state-level policies promote efficient development of wind energy capacity?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Goldstein, Blair S.

    In the absence of strong U.S. federal renewable energy policies, state governments have taken the lead in passing legislation to promote wind energy. Studies have shown that many of these policies, including Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS), have aided in the development of wind energy capacity nationwide. This paper seeks to analyze whether these state-level policies have led to an efficient development of U.S. wind energy. For the purposes of this paper, wind energy development is considered efficient if competitive markets enable wind capacity to be built in the most cost effective manner, allowing states to trade wind energy between high wind potential states and low wind potential states. This concept is operationalized by analyzing how state policies that incentivize the in-state development of wind energy impact where wind capacity is developed. A multivariate regression model examining wind capacity in the 48 contiguous United States that had some wind capacity between 1999 and 2008 found these in-state policies are associated with increased wind capacity, controlling for states' wind potential. The results suggest that state-level policies are distorting where wind is developed. These findings support the enactment of a more comprehensive federal energy policy, such as a national RPS, a cap-and-trade program, or a targeted federal transmission policy. These federal policies could spur national markets that would result in the more efficient development of U.S. wind energy.

  18. Solar wind and high energy particle effects in the middle atmosphere

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Lastovicka, Jan

    1989-01-01

    The solar wind variability and high energy particle effects in the neutral middle atmosphere are not much known. These factors are important in the high latitude upper mesosphere, lower thermosphere energy budget. They influence temperature, composition (minor constituents of nitric oxide, ozone), circulation (wind system) and airflow. The vertical and latitudinal structures of such effects, mechanisms of downward penetration of energy and questions of energy abundance are largely to be solved. The most important recent finding seems to be the discovery of the role of highly relativistic electrons in the middle atmosphere at L = 3 - 8 (Baker et al., 1987). The solar wind and high energy particle flux variability appear to form a part of the chain of possible Sun-weather (climate) relationships. The importance of such studies in the nineties is emphasized by their role in big international programs STEP and IGBP - Global Change.

  19. Predicting Near-surface Winds with WindNinja for Wind Energy Applications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wagenbrenner, N. S.; Forthofer, J.; Shannon, K.; Butler, B.

    2016-12-01

    WindNinja is a high-resolution diagnostic wind model widely used by operational wildland fire managers to predict how near-surface winds may influence fire behavior. Many of the features which have made WindNinja successful for wildland fire are also important for wind energy applications. Some of these features include flexible runtime options which allow the user to initialize the model with coarser scale weather model forecasts, sparse weather station observations, or a simple domain-average wind for what-if scenarios; built-in data fetchers for required model inputs, including gridded terrain and vegetation data and operational weather model forecasts; relatively fast runtimes on simple hardware; an extremely user-friendly interface; and a number of output format options, including KMZ files for viewing in Google Earth and GeoPDFs which can be viewed in a GIS. The recent addition of a conservation of mass and momentum solver based on OpenFOAM libraries further increases the utility of WindNinja to modelers in the wind energy sector interested not just in mean wind predictions, but also in turbulence metrics. Here we provide an evaluation of WindNinja forecasts based on (1) operational weather model forecasts and (2) weather station observations provided by the MesoWest API. We also compare the high-resolution WindNinja forecasts to the coarser operational weather model forecasts. For this work we will use the High Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model and the North American Mesoscale (NAM) model. Forecasts will be evaluated with data collected in the Birch Creek valley of eastern Idaho, USA between June-October 2013. Near-surface wind, turbulence data, and vertical wind and temperature profiles were collected at very high spatial resolution during this field campaign specifically for use in evaluating high-resolution wind models like WindNinja. This work demonstrates the ability of WindNinja to generate very high-resolution wind forecasts for wind energy

  20. Careers in Wind Energy

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Liming, Drew; Hamilton, James

    2011-01-01

    As a common form of renewable energy, wind power is generating more than just electricity. It is increasingly generating jobs for workers in many different occupations. Many workers are employed on wind farms: areas where groups of wind turbines produce electricity from wind power. Wind farms are frequently located in the midwestern, western, and…

  1. Wind energy: A renewable energy option

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Zimmerman, J. S.

    1977-01-01

    Wind turbine generator research programs administered by the Energy Research and Development Administration are examined. The design and operation of turbine demonstration models are described. Wind assessments were made to determine the feasibility of using wind generated power for various parts of the country.

  2. Wind energy conversion system

    DOEpatents

    Longrigg, Paul

    1987-01-01

    The wind energy conversion system includes a wind machine having a propeller connected to a generator of electric power, the propeller rotating the generator in response to force of an incident wind. The generator converts the power of the wind to electric power for use by an electric load. Circuitry for varying the duty factor of the generator output power is connected between the generator and the load to thereby alter a loading of the generator and the propeller by the electric load. Wind speed is sensed electro-optically to provide data of wind speed upwind of the propeller, to thereby permit tip speed ratio circuitry to operate the power control circuitry and thereby optimize the tip speed ratio by varying the loading of the propeller. Accordingly, the efficiency of the wind energy conversion system is maximized.

  3. NASA presentation. [wind energy conversion systems planning

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Thomas, R. L.

    1973-01-01

    The development of a wind energy system is outlined that supplies reliable energy at a cost competitive with other energy systems. A government directed industry program with strong university support is recommended that includes meteorological studies to estimate wind energy potentials and determines favorable regions and sites for wind power installations. Key phases of the overall program are wind energy conversion systems, meteorological wind studies, energy storage systems, and environmental impact studies. Performance testing with a prototype wind energy conversion and storage system is projected for Fiscal 1977.

  4. On the properties of energy transfer in solar wind turbulence.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sorriso-Valvo, Luca; Marino, Raffaele; Chen, Christopher H. K.; Wicks, Robert; Nigro, Giuseppina

    2017-04-01

    Spacecraft observations have shown that the solar wind plasma is heated during its expansion in the heliosphere. The necessary energy is made available at small scales by a turbulent cascade, although the nature of the heating processes is still debated. Because of the intermittent nature of turbulence, the small-scale energy is inhomogeneously distributed in space, resulting for example in the formation of highly localized current sheets and eddies. In order to understand the small-scale plasma processes occurring in the solar wind, the global and local properties of such energy distribution must be known. Here we study such properties using a proxy derived from the Von Karman-Howart relation for magnetohydrodynamics. The statistical properties of the energy transfer rate in the fluid range of scales are studied in detail using WIND spacecraft plasma and magnetic field measurements and discussed in the framework of the multifractal turbulent cascade. Dependence of the energy dissipation proxy on the solar wind conditions (speed, type, solar activity...) is analysed, and its evolution during solar wind expansion in the heliosphere is described using Helios II and Ulysses measurements. A comparison with other proxies, such as the PVI, is performed. Finally, the local singularity properties of the energy dissipation proxy are conditionally compared to the corresponding particle velocity distributions. This allows the identification of specific plasma features occurring near turbulent dissipation events, and could be used as enhanced mode trigger in future space missions.

  5. Wind Energy Deployment in Isolated Islanded Power Systems: Challenges & Realities (Poster)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Baring-Gould, I.

    Rising costs of fuels, energy surety, and the carbon impacts of diesel fuel are driving remote and islanded communities dependent on diesel power generation to look for alternatives. Over the past few years, interest in using wind energy to reduce diesel fuel consumption has increased dramatically, potentially providing economic, environmental, social, and security benefits to the energy supply of isolated and islanded communities. However, the task of implementing such systems has remained elusive and subject to many cases of lower-than-expected performance. This poster describes the current status of integrating higher contribution wind technology into islanded power systems, the progress ofmore » recent initiatives implemented by the U.S. Department of Energy and Interior, and some of the lingering technical and commercial challenges. Operating experience from a number of power systems is described. The worldwide market for wind development in islanded communities (some of these supplying large domestic loads) provides a strong market niche for the wind industry, even in the midst of a slow global recovery.« less

  6. Science Activities in Energy: Wind Energy.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Oak Ridge Associated Universities, TN.

    Included in this science activities energy package are 12 activities related to wind energy for elementary students. Each activity is outlined on a single card and is introduced by a question. Topics include: (1) At what time of day is there enough wind to make electricity where you live?; (2) Where is the windiest spot on your schoolground?; and…

  7. SMES for wind energy systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Paul Antony, Anish

    Renewable energy sources are ubiquitous, wind energy in particular is one of the fastest growing forms of renewable energy, yet the stochastic nature of wind creates fluctuations that threaten the stability of the electrical grid. In addition to stability with increased wind energy, the need for additional load following capability is a major concern hindering increased wind energy penetration. Improvements in power electronics are required to increase wind energy penetration, but these improvements are hindered by a number of limitations. Changes in physical weather conditions, insufficient capacity of the transmission line and inaccurate wind forecasting greatly stymie their effect and ultimately lead to equipment damage. With this background, the overall goal of this research effort is to pitch a case for superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) by (1) optimally designing the SMES to be coupled with wind turbines thus reducing wind integration challenges and (2) to help influence decision makers in either increasing superconducting wire length/fill factor or improving superconducting splice technology thereby increasing the storage capacity of the SMES. Chapter 1 outlines the scope of this thesis by answering the following questions (1) why focus on wind energy? (2) What are the problems associated with increasing wind energy on the electric grid? (3) What are the current solutions related to wind integration challenges and (4) why SMES? Chapter 2, presents a detailed report on the study performed on categorizing the challenges associated with integrating wind energy into the electric grid. The conditions under which wind energy affected the electric grid are identified both in terms of voltage stability and excess wind generation. Chapter 3, details a comprehensive literature review on the different superconducting wires. A technology assessment of the five selected superconductors: [Niobium Titanium (NbTi), Niobium Tin (Nb3Sn), Bismuth strontium calcium

  8. Wind power: The new energy policy 1

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    1991-10-01

    Increasing use of renewable energy sources is an important aspect of the new energy policy of the State government of Schleswig-Holstein. Technical and industrial innovation are involved. By expanding and developing these regionally available inexhaustible energy sources to generate electricity and heat, we are contributing to environmental protection and helping to reduce adverse affects on the climate. We are also taking our limited resources into account and expanding energy generation in a logical manner. Wind energy is the most attractive renewable energy source for Schleswig-Holstein because our State is well known for its strong winds and constant fresh breeze. For this reason the State government has made expansion of wind energy one of its primary areas of emphasis. The goals of our promotion measures includes ongoing technical and engineering development of wind energy facilities, increasing the level of use of the wind, and increasing the percentage of wind energy used for power generation. This brochure is intended to demonstrate the significance and possibilities of wind energy for our State, to outline the legal requirements for erecting wind energy facilities, and to explain the many promotion measures. It represents a favorable breeze for wind.

  9. Wind Energy at NREL's National Wind Technology Center

    ScienceCinema

    None

    2017-12-09

    It is a pure, plentiful natural resource. Right now wind is in high demand and it holds the potential to transform the way we power our homes and businesses. NREL is at the forefront of wind energy research and development. NREL's National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) is a world-class facility dedicated to accelerating and deploying wind technology.

  10. A Global Perspective: NASA's Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources (POWER) Project

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Zhang, Taiping; Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr.; Chandler, William S.; Hoell, James M.; Westberg, David; Whitlock, Charles H.

    2007-01-01

    The Prediction of the Worldwide Energy Resources (POWER) Project, initiated under the NASA Science Mission Directorate Applied Science Energy Management Program, synthesizes and analyzes data on a global scale that are invaluable to the renewable energy industries, especially to the solar and wind energy sectors. The POWER project derives its data primarily from NASA's World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)/Global Energy and Water cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Surface Radiation Budget (SRB) project (Version 2.9) and the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) assimilation model (Version 4). The latest development of the NASA POWER Project and its plans for the future are presented in this paper.

  11. Philippines Wind Energy Resource Atlas Development

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Elliott, D.

    2000-11-29

    This paper describes the creation of a comprehensive wind energy resource atlas for the Philippines. The atlas was created to facilitate the rapid identification of good wind resource areas and understanding of the salient wind characteristics. Detailed wind resource maps were generated for the entire country using an advanced wind mapping technique and innovative assessment methods recently developed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

  12. Introduction to wind energy systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wagner, H.-J.

    2017-07-01

    This article presents the basic concepts of wind energy and deals with the physics and mechanics of operation. It describes the conversion of wind energy into rotation of turbine, and the critical parameters governing the efficiency of this conversion. After that it presents an overview of various parts and components of windmills. The connection to the electrical grid, the world status of wind energy use for electricity production, the cost situation and research and development needs are further aspects which will be considered.

  13. Introduction to wind energy systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wagner, H.-J.

    2015-08-01

    This article presents the basic concepts of wind energy and deals with the physics and mechanics of operation. It describes the conversion of wind energy into rotation of turbine, and the critical parameters governing the efficiency of this conversion. After that it presents an overview of various parts and components of windmills. The connection to the electrical grid, the world status of wind energy use for electricity production, the cost situation and research and development needs are further aspects which will be considered.

  14. Wind energy education projects. Final report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ziegler, P.; Conlon, T.R.; Arcadi, T.

    Two projects under DOE's Small-Scale Appropriate Energy Technology Grants Program have educated the public in a hands on way about wind energy systems. The first was awarded to Peter Ziegler of Berkeley, California, to design and build a walk-through exhibition structure powered by an adjoining wind-generator. This Wind Energy Pavilion was erected at Fort Funston in the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. It currently serves both as an enclosure for batteries and a variety of monitoring instruments, and as a graphic environment where the public can learn about wind energy. The second project, entitled Wind and Kid Power, involved anmore » educational program for a classroom of first through third grades in the Vallejo, Unified School District. The students studied weather, measured wind speeds and built small models of wind machines. They also built a weather station, and learned to use weather instruments. The grant funds enabled them to actually build and erect a Savonius wind machine at the Loma Vista Farm School.« less

  15. Wind Vision: Updating the DOE 20% Wind Energy by 2030 Report (Poster)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Baring-Gould, E. I.

    The 20% Wind Energy by 2030 report was developed as part of the Advanced Energy Initiative. Published in 2008, the report was largely based on information collected and analyzed in 2006. Much has changed since then, including shifts in technology, markets, and policy. The industry needs a new, clear, vision for wind power that is shared among stakeholders from the U.S. government, industry, academia, and NGO communities. At WINDPOWER 2013, the U.S. Department of Energy, in partnership with the American Wind Energy Association and the Wind Energy Foundation, launched a project to update the 20% report with new objectives. Thismore » conference poster outlines the elements of the new Wind Vision.« less

  16. Powering embedded electronics for wind turbine monitoring using multi-source energy harvesting techniques

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Anton, S. R.; Taylor, S. G.; Raby, E. Y.; Farinholt, K. M.

    2013-03-01

    With a global interest in the development of clean, renewable energy, wind energy has seen steady growth over the past several years. Advances in wind turbine technology bring larger, more complex turbines and wind farms. An important issue in the development of these complex systems is the ability to monitor the state of each turbine in an effort to improve the efficiency and power generation. Wireless sensor nodes can be used to interrogate the current state and health of wind turbine structures; however, a drawback of most current wireless sensor technology is their reliance on batteries for power. Energy harvesting solutions present the ability to create autonomous power sources for small, low-power electronics through the scavenging of ambient energy; however, most conventional energy harvesting systems employ a single mode of energy conversion, and thus are highly susceptible to variations in the ambient energy. In this work, a multi-source energy harvesting system is developed to power embedded electronics for wind turbine applications in which energy can be scavenged simultaneously from several ambient energy sources. Field testing is performed on a full-size, residential scale wind turbine where both vibration and solar energy harvesting systems are utilized to power wireless sensing systems. Two wireless sensors are investigated, including the wireless impedance device (WID) sensor node, developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), and an ultra-low power RF system-on-chip board that is the basis for an embedded wireless accelerometer node currently under development at LANL. Results indicate the ability of the multi-source harvester to successfully power both sensors.

  17. Wind Energy | Climate Neutral Research Campuses | NREL

    Science.gov Websites

    turbine or wind farm is one of the few technologies that supplies renewable energy at the scale required . Before determining whether a site is suitable for a wind turbine, read the Wind Energy Siting Handbook Community College has installed a wind turbine on site and now offers an Associate Degree in wind energy and

  18. New Approaches To Off-Shore Wind Energy Management Exploiting Satellite EO Data

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Morelli, Marco; Masini, Andrea; Venafra, Sara; Potenza, Marco Alberto Carlo

    2013-12-01

    Wind as an energy resource has been increasingly in focus over the past decades, starting with the global oil crisis in the 1970s. The possibility of expanding wind power production to off-shore locations is attractive, especially in sites where wind levels tend to be higher and more constant. Off-shore high-potential sites for wind energy plants are currently being looked up by means of wind atlases, which are essentially based on NWP (Numerical Weather Prediction) archive data and that supply information with low spatial resolution and very low accuracy. Moreover, real-time monitoring of active off- shore wind plants is being carried out using in-situ installed anemometers, that are not very reliable (especially on long time periods) and that should be periodically substituted when malfunctions or damages occur. These activities could be greatly supported exploiting archived and near real-time satellite imagery, that could provide accurate, global coverage and high spatial resolution information about both averaged and near real-time off-shore windiness. In this work we present new methodologies aimed to support both planning and near-real-time monitoring of off-shore wind energy plants using satellite SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar) imagery. Such methodologies are currently being developed in the scope of SATENERG, a research project funded by ASI (Italian Space Agency). SAR wind data are derived from radar backscattering using empirical geophysical model functions, thus achieving greater accuracy and greater resolution with respect to other wind measurement methods. In detail, we calculate wind speed from X-band and C- band satellite SAR data, such as Cosmo-SkyMed (XMOD2) and ERS and ENVISAT (CMOD4) respectively. Then, using also detailed models of each part of the wind plant, we are able to calculate the AC power yield expected behavior, which can be used to support either the design of potential plants (using historical series of satellite images) or the

  19. 77 FR 48138 - Topaz Solar Farms LLC; High Plains Ranch II, LLC; Bethel Wind Energy LLC; Rippey Wind Energy LLC...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-08-13

    ... Ranch II, LLC; Bethel Wind Energy LLC; Rippey Wind Energy LLC; Pacific Wind, LLC; Colorado Highlands Wind, LLC; Shooting Star Wind Project, LLC; Notice of Effectiveness of Exempt Wholesale Generator or...

  20. Wind energy potential analysis in Al-Fattaih-Darnah

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Tjahjana, Dominicus Danardono Dwi Prija, E-mail: danar1405@gmail.com; Salem, Abdelkarim Ali, E-mail: keemsalem@gmail.com; Himawanto, Dwi Aries, E-mail: dwiarieshimawanto@gmail.com

    2016-03-29

    In this paper the wind energy potential in Al-Fattaih-Darnah, Libya, had been studied. Wind energy is very attractive because it can provide a clean and renewable energy. Due mostly to the uncertainty caused by the chaotic characteristics of wind near the earth’s surface, wind energy characteristic need to be investigated carefully in order to get consistent power generation. This investigation was based on one year wind data measured in 2003. As a result of the analysis, wind speed profile and wind energy potential have been developed. The wind energy potential of the location is looked very promising to generate electricity.more » The annual wind speed of the site is 8.21 m/s and the wind speed carrying maximum energy is 7.97 m/s. The annual power density of the site is classified into class 3. The Polaris P50-500 wind turbine can produce 768.39 M Wh/year and has capacity factor of 17.54%.« less

  1. National Offshore Wind Energy Grid Interconnection Study

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Daniel, John P.; Liu, Shu; Ibanez, Eduardo

    2014-07-30

    The National Offshore Wind Energy Grid Interconnection Study (NOWEGIS) considers the availability and potential impacts of interconnecting large amounts of offshore wind energy into the transmission system of the lower 48 contiguous United States. A total of 54GW of offshore wind was assumed to be the target for the analyses conducted. A variety of issues are considered including: the anticipated staging of offshore wind; the offshore wind resource availability; offshore wind energy power production profiles; offshore wind variability; present and potential technologies for collection and delivery of offshore wind energy to the onshore grid; potential impacts to existing utility systemsmore » most likely to receive large amounts of offshore wind; and regulatory influences on offshore wind development. The technologies considered the reliability of various high-voltage ac (HVAC) and high-voltage dc (HVDC) technology options and configurations. The utility system impacts of GW-scale integration of offshore wind are considered from an operational steady-state perspective and from a regional and national production cost perspective.« less

  2. Global Network of Slow Solar Wind

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Crooker, N. U.; Antiochos, S. K.; Zhao, X.; Neugebauer, M.

    2012-01-01

    The streamer belt region surrounding the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) is generally treated as the primary or sole source of the slow solar wind. Synoptic maps of solar wind speed predicted by the Wang-Sheeley-Arge model during selected periods of solar cycle 23, however, show many areas of slow wind displaced from the streamer belt. These areas commonly have the form of an arc that is connected to the streamer belt at both ends. The arcs mark the boundaries between fields emanating from different coronal holes of the same polarity and thus trace the paths of belts of pseudostreamers, i.e., unipolar streamers that form over double arcades and lack current sheets. The arc pattern is consistent with the predicted topological mapping of the narrow open corridor or singular separator line that must connect the holes and, thus, consistent with the separatrix-web model of the slow solar wind. Near solar maximum, pseudostreamer belts stray far from the HCS-associated streamer belt and, together with it, form a global-wide web of slow wind. Recognition of pseudostreamer belts as prominent sources of slow wind provides a new template for understanding solar wind stream structure, especially near solar maximum.

  3. The problem of the second wind turbine - a note on a common but flawed wind power estimation method

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gans, F.; Miller, L. M.; Kleidon, A.

    2010-06-01

    Several recent wind power estimates suggest how this renewable resource can meet all of the current and future global energy demand with little impact on the atmosphere. These estimates are calculated using observed wind speeds in combination with specifications of wind turbine size and density to quantify the extractable wind power. Here we show that this common methodology is flawed because it does not account for energy removal by the turbines that is necessary to ensure the conservation of energy. We will first illustrate the common but flawed methodology using parameters from a recent global quantification of wind power in a simple experimental setup. For a small number of turbines at small scales, the conservation of energy hardly results in a difference when compared to the common method. However, when applied at large to global scales, the ability of radiative gradients to generate a finite amount of kinetic energy needs to be taken into account. Using the same experimental setup, we use the simplest method to ensure the conservation of energy to show a non-negligble decrease in wind velocity after the first turbine that will successively result in lower extraction of the downwind turbines. We then show how the conservation of energy inevitably results in substantially lower estimates of wind power at the global scale. Because conservation of energy is fundamental, we conclude that ultimately environmental constraints set the upper limit for wind power availability at the larger scale rather than detailed engineering specifications of the wind turbine design and placement.

  4. Magnetofluid Simulations of the Global Solar Wind Including Pickup Ions and Turbulence Modeling

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Goldstein, Melvyn L.; Usmanov, Arcadi V.; Matthaeus, William H.

    2011-01-01

    I will describe a three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic model of the solar wind that takes into account turbulent heating of the wind by velocity and magnetic fluctuations as well as a variety of effects produced by interstellar pickup protons. In this report, the interstellar pickup protons are treated as one fluid and the protons and electrons are treated together as a second fluid. The model equations include a Reynolds decomposition of the plasma velocity and magnetic field into mean and fluctuating quantities, as well as energy transfer from interstellar pickup protons to solar wind protons that results in the deceleration of the solar wind. The model is used to simulate the global steady-state structure of the solar wind in the region from 0.3 to 100 AU. Where possible, the model is compared with Voyager data. Initial results from generalization to a three-fluid model is described elsewhere in this session.

  5. Wind Energy Systems.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Conservation and Renewable Energy Inquiry and Referral Service (DOE), Silver Spring, MD.

    During the 1920s and 1930s, millions of wind energy systems were used on farms and other locations far from utility lines. However, with passage of the Rural Electrification Act in 1939, cheap electricity was brought to rural areas. After that, the use of wind machines dramatically declined. Recently, the rapid rise in fuel prices has led to a…

  6. Application and verification of ECMWF seasonal forecast for wind energy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Žagar, Mark; Marić, Tomislav; Qvist, Martin; Gulstad, Line

    2015-04-01

    A good understanding of long-term annual energy production (AEP) is crucial when assessing the business case of investing in green energy like wind power. The art of wind-resource assessment has emerged into a scientific discipline on its own, which has advanced at high pace over the last decade. This has resulted in continuous improvement of the AEP accuracy and, therefore, increase in business case certainty. Harvesting the full potential output of a wind farm or a portfolio of wind farms depends heavily on optimizing operation and management strategy. The necessary information for short-term planning (up to 14 days) is provided by standard weather and power forecasting services, and the long-term plans are based on climatology. However, the wind-power industry is lacking quality information on intermediate scales of the expected variability in seasonal and intra-annual variations and their geographical distribution. The seasonal power forecast presented here is designed to bridge this gap. The seasonal power production forecast is based on the ECMWF seasonal weather forecast and the Vestas' high-resolution, mesoscale weather library. The seasonal weather forecast is enriched through a layer of statistical post-processing added to relate large-scale wind speed anomalies to mesoscale climatology. The resulting predicted energy production anomalies, thus, include mesoscale effects not captured by the global forecasting systems. The turbine power output is non-linearly related to the wind speed, which has important implications for the wind power forecast. In theory, the wind power is proportional to the cube of wind speed. However, due to the nature of turbine design, this exponent is close to 3 only at low wind speeds, becomes smaller as the wind speed increases, and above 11-13 m/s the power output remains constant, called the rated power. The non-linear relationship between wind speed and the power output generally increases sensitivity of the forecasted power

  7. Lessons learned from Ontario wind energy disputes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fast, Stewart; Mabee, Warren; Baxter, Jamie; Christidis, Tanya; Driver, Liz; Hill, Stephen; McMurtry, J. J.; Tomkow, Melody

    2016-02-01

    Issues concerning the social acceptance of wind energy are major challenges for policy-makers, communities and wind developers. They also impact the legitimacy of societal decisions to pursue wind energy. Here we set out to identify and assess the factors that lead to wind energy disputes in Ontario, Canada, a region of the world that has experienced a rapid increase in the development of wind energy. Based on our expertise as a group comprising social scientists, a community representative and a wind industry advocate engaged in the Ontario wind energy situation, we explore and suggest recommendations based on four key factors: socially mediated health concerns, the distribution of financial benefits, lack of meaningful engagement and failure to treat landscape concerns seriously. Ontario's recent change from a feed-in-tariff-based renewable electricity procurement process to a competitive bid process, albeit with more attention to community engagement, will only partially address these concerns.

  8. Wind energy applications guide

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    anon.

    2001-01-01

    The brochure is an introduction to various wind power applications for locations with underdeveloped transmission systems, from remote water pumping to village electrification. It includes an introductory section on wind energy, including wind power basics and system components and then provides examples of applications, including water pumping, stand-alone systems for home and business, systems for community centers, schools, and health clinics, and examples in the industrial area. There is also a page of contacts, plus two specific example applications for a wind-diesel system for a remote station in Antarctica and one on wind-diesel village electrification in Russia.

  9. High-energy, 2µm laser transmitter for coherent wind LIDAR

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Singh, Upendra N.; Yu, Jirong; Kavaya, Michael J.; Koch, Grady J.

    2017-11-01

    A coherent Doppler lidar at 2μm wavelength has been built with higher output energy (300 mJ) than previously available. The laser transmitter is based on the solid-state Ho:Tm:LuLiF, a NASA Langley Research Center invented laser material for higher extraction efficiency. This diode pumped injection seeded MOPA has a transform limited line width and diffraction limited beam quality. NASA Langley Research Center is developing coherent wind lidar transmitter technology at eye-safe wavelength for satellite-based observation of wind on a global scale. The ability to profile wind is a key measurement for understanding and predicting atmospheric dynamics and is a critical measurement for improving weather forecasting and climate modeling. We would describe the development and performance of an engineering hardened 2μm laser transmitter for coherent Doppler wind measurement from ground/aircraft/space platform.

  10. Investigation on wind energy-compressed air power system.

    PubMed

    Jia, Guang-Zheng; Wang, Xuan-Yin; Wu, Gen-Mao

    2004-03-01

    Wind energy is a pollution free and renewable resource widely distributed over China. Aimed at protecting the environment and enlarging application of wind energy, a new approach to application of wind energy by using compressed air power to some extent instead of electricity put forward. This includes: explaining the working principles and characteristics of the wind energy-compressed air power system; discussing the compatibility of wind energy and compressor capacity; presenting the theoretical model and computational simulation of the system. The obtained compressor capacity vs wind power relationship in certain wind velocity range can be helpful in the designing of the wind power-compressed air system. Results of investigations on the application of high-pressure compressed air for pressure reduction led to conclusion that pressure reduction with expander is better than the throttle regulator in energy saving.

  11. Wind energy developments in the 20th century

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Vargo, D. J.

    1974-01-01

    Wind turbine systems for generating electrical power have been tested in many countries. Representative examples of turbines which have produced from 100 to 1250 kW are described. The advantages of wind energy consist of its being a nondepleting, nonpolluting, and free fuel source. Its disadvantages relate to the variability of wind and the high installation cost per kilowatt of capacity of wind turbines when compared to other methods of electric-power generation. High fuel costs and potential resource scarcity have led to a five-year joint NASA-NSF program to study wind energy. The program will study wind energy conversion and storage systems with respect to cost effectiveness, and will attempt to estimate national wind-energy potential and develop techniques for generator site selection. The studies concern a small-systems (50-250 kW) project, a megawatt-systems (500-3000 kW) project, supporting research and technology, and energy storage. Preliminary economic analyses indicate that wind-energy conversion can be competitive in high-average-wind areas.

  12. Wind Energy Basics | NREL

    Science.gov Websites

    less turbulent wind. Turbines catch the wind's energy with their propeller-like blades. Usually, two or three blades are mounted on a shaft to form a rotor. A blade acts much like an airplane wing. When the

  13. Analysis of wind energy generation possibilities with various rotor types at disadvantageous wind condition zones

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bieniek, Andrzej

    2017-10-01

    The paper describe possibilities of energy generation using various rotor types but especially with multi-blade wind engine operates in the areas with unfavourable wind condition. The paper presents also wind energy conversion estimation results presented based on proposed solution of multi-blade wind turbine of outer diameter of 4 m. Based on the wind distribution histogram from the disadvantage wind condition zones (city of Basel) and taking into account design and estimated operating indexes of the considered wind engine rotor an annual energy generation was estimated. Also theoretical energy generation using various types of wind turbines operates at disadvantage wind conditions zones were estimated and compared. The conducted analysis shows that introduction of multi-blade wind rotor instead of the most popular 3- blades or vertical axis rotors results of about 5% better energy generation. Simultaneously there are energy production also at very disadvantages wind condition at wind speed lower then 4 m s-1. Based on considered construction of multi-blade wind engine the rise of rotor mounting height from 10 to 30 m results with more then 300 % better results in terms of electric energy generation.

  14. Mars Global Digital Dune Database (MGD3): Global dune distribution and wind pattern observations

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Hayward, Rosalyn K.; Fenton, Lori; Titus, Timothy N.

    2014-01-01

    The Mars Global Digital Dune Database (MGD3) is complete and now extends from 90°N to 90°S latitude. The recently released south pole (SP) portion (MC-30) of MGD3 adds ∼60,000 km2 of medium to large-size dark dune fields and ∼15,000 km2 of sand deposits and smaller dune fields to the previously released equatorial (EQ, ∼70,000 km2), and north pole (NP, ∼845,000 km2) portions of the database, bringing the global total to ∼975,000 km2. Nearly all NP dunes are part of large sand seas, while the majority of EQ and SP dune fields are individual dune fields located in craters. Despite the differences between Mars and Earth, their dune and dune field morphologies are strikingly similar. Bullseye dune fields, named for their concentric ring pattern, are the exception, possibly owing their distinctive appearance to winds that are unique to the crater environment. Ground-based wind directions are derived from slipface (SF) orientation and dune centroid azimuth (DCA), a measure of the relative location of a dune field inside a crater. SF and DCA often preserve evidence of different wind directions, suggesting the importance of local, topographically influenced winds. In general however, ground-based wind directions are broadly consistent with expected global patterns, such as polar easterlies. Intriguingly, between 40°S and 80°S latitude both SF and DCA preserve their strongest, though different, dominant wind direction, with transport toward the west and east for SF-derived winds and toward the north and west for DCA-derived winds.

  15. Offshore Wind Energy Resource Assessment for Alaska

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Doubrawa Moreira, Paula; Scott, George N.; Musial, Walter D.

    This report quantifies Alaska's offshore wind resource capacity while focusing on its unique nature. It is a supplement to the existing U.S. Offshore Wind Resource Assessment, which evaluated the offshore wind resource for all other U.S. states. Together, these reports provide the foundation for the nation's offshore wind value proposition. Both studies were developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The analysis presented herein represents the first quantitative evidence of the offshore wind energy potential of Alaska. The technical offshore wind resource area in Alaska is larger than the technical offshore resource area of all other coastal U.S. states combined.more » Despite the abundant wind resource available, significant challenges inhibit large-scale offshore wind deployment in Alaska, such as the remoteness of the resource, its distance from load centers, and the wealth of land available for onshore wind development. Throughout this report, the energy landscape of Alaska is reviewed and a resource assessment analysis is performed in terms of gross and technical offshore capacity and energy potential.« less

  16. An improved global wind resource estimate for integrated assessment models

    DOE PAGES

    Eurek, Kelly; Sullivan, Patrick; Gleason, Michael; ...

    2017-11-25

    This study summarizes initial steps to improving the robustness and accuracy of global renewable resource and techno-economic assessments for use in integrated assessment models. We outline a method to construct country-level wind resource supply curves, delineated by resource quality and other parameters. Using mesoscale reanalysis data, we generate estimates for wind quality, both terrestrial and offshore, across the globe. Because not all land or water area is suitable for development, appropriate database layers provide exclusions to reduce the total resource to its technical potential. We expand upon estimates from related studies by: using a globally consistent data source of uniquelymore » detailed wind speed characterizations; assuming a non-constant coefficient of performance for adjusting power curves for altitude; categorizing the distance from resource sites to the electric power grid; and characterizing offshore exclusions on the basis of sea ice concentrations. The product, then, is technical potential by country, classified by resource quality as determined by net capacity factor. Additional classifications dimensions are available, including distance to transmission networks for terrestrial wind and distance to shore and water depth for offshore. We estimate the total global wind generation potential of 560 PWh for terrestrial wind with 90% of resource classified as low-to-mid quality, and 315 PWh for offshore wind with 67% classified as mid-to-high quality. These estimates are based on 3.5 MW composite wind turbines with 90 m hub heights, 0.95 availability, 90% array efficiency, and 5 MW/km 2 deployment density in non-excluded areas. We compare the underlying technical assumption and results with other global assessments.« less

  17. An improved global wind resource estimate for integrated assessment models

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Eurek, Kelly; Sullivan, Patrick; Gleason, Michael

    This study summarizes initial steps to improving the robustness and accuracy of global renewable resource and techno-economic assessments for use in integrated assessment models. We outline a method to construct country-level wind resource supply curves, delineated by resource quality and other parameters. Using mesoscale reanalysis data, we generate estimates for wind quality, both terrestrial and offshore, across the globe. Because not all land or water area is suitable for development, appropriate database layers provide exclusions to reduce the total resource to its technical potential. We expand upon estimates from related studies by: using a globally consistent data source of uniquelymore » detailed wind speed characterizations; assuming a non-constant coefficient of performance for adjusting power curves for altitude; categorizing the distance from resource sites to the electric power grid; and characterizing offshore exclusions on the basis of sea ice concentrations. The product, then, is technical potential by country, classified by resource quality as determined by net capacity factor. Additional classifications dimensions are available, including distance to transmission networks for terrestrial wind and distance to shore and water depth for offshore. We estimate the total global wind generation potential of 560 PWh for terrestrial wind with 90% of resource classified as low-to-mid quality, and 315 PWh for offshore wind with 67% classified as mid-to-high quality. These estimates are based on 3.5 MW composite wind turbines with 90 m hub heights, 0.95 availability, 90% array efficiency, and 5 MW/km 2 deployment density in non-excluded areas. We compare the underlying technical assumption and results with other global assessments.« less

  18. Storing wind energy into electrical accumulators

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dordescu, M.; Petrescu, D. I.; Erdodi, G. M.

    2016-12-01

    Shall be determined, in this work, the energy stored in the accumulators electrical, AE, at a wind system operating at wind speeds time-varying. mechanical energy caught in the turbine from the wind, (TV), is transformed into electrical energy by the generator synchronous with the permanent magnets, GSMP. The Generator synchronous with the permanent magnets saws, via a rectifier, energy in a battery AE, finished in a choice of two: variant 1-unregulated rectifier and variant of the 2-controlled rectifier and task adapted. Through simulation determine the differences between the two versions

  19. Comparative analysis of wind energy production in Oklahoma

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ermilova, Ekaterina Alexeevna

    Scope and method of study. In the last decades humanity has realized the necessity of developing alternative energy sources for its efficient economic development and simple survival in the future. During the last 30 years major improvements were made in renewable energy technologies and they started to become competitive with traditional energy sources (fossil fuels), especially with consideration of external costs. Among the renewable energy sources, wind energy is one of the cheapest and fastest growing nowadays. Oklahoma is a very promising site for wind energy development considering its excellent wind resources. Developing wind energy can allow not only electricity production for in-state consumption, but also exporting to other states. The development of wind energy could encourage economic growth with very few adverse impacts on the environment. However, traditional energy sources are still the cheapest and, thus, the introduction of the wind energy in Oklahoma should be critically analyzed from economic, ecological and social points of view. The goal of this study is to conduct analysis of wind energy electricity production in Oklahoma on the four main stages: (1) Investment Analysis from Private Perspective: Calculate present value net benefits for wind energy and traditional energy (natural gas), make sure that both of them are positive. (2) Investment Analysis from Social Perspective: Evaluate present value net private benefits (PVNPB) and present value net social benefit from both projects (PVNSB). (3) Government Subsidy Analysis: recognize the necessity of the subsidies and evaluate the amount of subsidies if any. (4) Investment Analysis from a Geographic Perspective: determine economic feasibility of wind power generation for 77 Oklahoma counties. Findings and conclusions. The final output of the study is the recommendations concerning wind energy development in Oklahoma with consideration of economic efficiency, ecological and social impacts. Study

  20. Bird and bat species' global vulnerability to collision mortality at wind farms revealed through a trait-based assessment.

    PubMed

    Thaxter, Chris B; Buchanan, Graeme M; Carr, Jamie; Butchart, Stuart H M; Newbold, Tim; Green, Rhys E; Tobias, Joseph A; Foden, Wendy B; O'Brien, Sue; Pearce-Higgins, James W

    2017-09-13

    Mitigation of anthropogenic climate change involves deployments of renewable energy worldwide, including wind farms, which can pose a significant collision risk to volant animals. Most studies into the collision risk between species and wind turbines, however, have taken place in industrialized countries. Potential effects for many locations and species therefore remain unclear. To redress this gap, we conducted a systematic literature review of recorded collisions between birds and bats and wind turbines within developed countries. We related collision rate to species-level traits and turbine characteristics to quantify the potential vulnerability of 9538 bird and 888 bat species globally. Avian collision rate was affected by migratory strategy, dispersal distance and habitat associations, and bat collision rates were influenced by dispersal distance. For birds and bats, larger turbine capacity (megawatts) increased collision rates; however, deploying a smaller number of large turbines with greater energy output reduced total collision risk per unit energy output, although bat mortality increased again with the largest turbines. Areas with high concentrations of vulnerable species were also identified, including migration corridors. Our results can therefore guide wind farm design and location to reduce the risk of large-scale animal mortality. This is the first quantitative global assessment of the relative collision vulnerability of species groups with wind turbines, providing valuable guidance for minimizing potentially serious negative impacts on biodiversity. © 2017 The Author(s).

  1. Assessing climate change impacts on the near-term stability of the wind energy resource over the United States

    PubMed Central

    Pryor, S. C.; Barthelmie, R. J.

    2011-01-01

    The energy sector comprises approximately two-thirds of global total greenhouse gas emissions. For this and other reasons, renewable energy resources including wind power are being increasingly harnessed to provide electricity generation potential with negligible emissions of carbon dioxide. The wind energy resource is naturally a function of the climate system because the “fuel” is the incident wind speed and thus is determined by the atmospheric circulation. Some recent articles have reported historical declines in measured near-surface wind speeds, leading some to question the continued viability of the wind energy industry. Here we briefly articulate the challenges inherent in accurately quantifying and attributing historical tendencies and making robust projections of likely future wind resources. We then analyze simulations from the current generation of regional climate models and show, at least for the next 50 years, the wind resource in the regions of greatest wind energy penetration will not move beyond the historical envelope of variability. Thus this work suggests that the wind energy industry can, and will, continue to make a contribution to electricity provision in these regions for at least the next several decades. PMID:21536905

  2. Assessing climate change impacts on the near-term stability of the wind energy resource over the United States.

    PubMed

    Pryor, S C; Barthelmie, R J

    2011-05-17

    The energy sector comprises approximately two-thirds of global total greenhouse gas emissions. For this and other reasons, renewable energy resources including wind power are being increasingly harnessed to provide electricity generation potential with negligible emissions of carbon dioxide. The wind energy resource is naturally a function of the climate system because the "fuel" is the incident wind speed and thus is determined by the atmospheric circulation. Some recent articles have reported historical declines in measured near-surface wind speeds, leading some to question the continued viability of the wind energy industry. Here we briefly articulate the challenges inherent in accurately quantifying and attributing historical tendencies and making robust projections of likely future wind resources. We then analyze simulations from the current generation of regional climate models and show, at least for the next 50 years, the wind resource in the regions of greatest wind energy penetration will not move beyond the historical envelope of variability. Thus this work suggests that the wind energy industry can, and will, continue to make a contribution to electricity provision in these regions for at least the next several decades.

  3. Wind energy developments in the 20th century

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Vargo, D. J.

    1974-01-01

    Wind turbine systems of the past are reviewed and wind energy is reexamined as a future source of power. Various phases and objectives of the Wind Energy Program are discussed. Conclusions indicate that wind generated energy must be considered economically competitive with other power production methods.

  4. DOE/NREL supported wind energy activities in Alaska

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Drouilhet, S.

    1997-12-01

    This paper describes three wind energy projects implemented in Alaska. The first, a sustainable technology energy partnerships (STEP) wind energy deployment project in Kotzebue will install 6 AOC 15/50 wind turbines and connect to the existing village diesel grid, consisting of approximately 1 MW average load. It seeks to develop solutions to the problems of arctic wind energy installations (transport, foundations, erection, operation, and maintenance), to establish a wind turbine test site, and to establish the Kotzebue Electric Association as a training and deployment center for wind/diesel technology in rural Alaska. The second project, a large village medium-penetration wind/diesel system,more » also in Kotzebue, will install a 1-2 MW windfarm, which will supplement the AOC turbines of the STEP project. The program will investigate the impact of medium penetration wind energy on power quality and system stability. The third project, the Alaska high-penetration wind/diesel village power pilot project in Wales will install a high penetration (80-100%) wind/diesel system in a remote Alaskan village. The system will include about 180 kW installed wind capacity, meeting an average village load of about 60 kW. This program will provide a model for high penetration wind retrofits to village diesel power systems and build the capability in Alaska to operate, maintain, and replicate wind/diesel technology. The program will also address problems of: effective use of excess wind energy; reliable diesel-off operation; and the role of energy storage.« less

  5. Application of global weather and climate model output to the design and operation of wind-energy systems

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Curry, Judith

    This project addressed the challenge of providing weather and climate information to support the operation, management and planning for wind-energy systems. The need for forecast information is extending to longer projection windows with increasing penetration of wind power into the grid and also with diminishing reserve margins to meet peak loads during significant weather events. Maintenance planning and natural gas trading is being influenced increasingly by anticipation of wind generation on timescales of weeks to months. Future scenarios on decadal time scales are needed to support assessment of wind farm siting, government planning, long-term wind purchase agreements and the regulatorymore » environment. The challenge of making wind forecasts on these longer time scales is associated with a wide range of uncertainties in general circulation and regional climate models that make them unsuitable for direct use in the design and planning of wind-energy systems. To address this challenge, CFAN has developed a hybrid statistical/dynamical forecasting scheme for delivering probabilistic forecasts on time scales from one day to seven months using what is arguably the best forecasting system in the world (European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting, ECMWF). The project also provided a framework to assess future wind power through developing scenarios of interannual to decadal climate variability and change. The Phase II research has successfully developed an operational wind power forecasting system for the U.S., which is being extended to Europe and possibly Asia.« less

  6. Multifluid Simulations of the Global Solar Wind Including Pickup Ions and Turbulence Modeling

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Goldstein, Melvyn L.; Usmanov, A. V.

    2011-01-01

    I will describe a three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic model of the solar wind that takes into account turbulent heating of the wind by velocity and magnetic fluctuations as well as a variety of effects produced by interstellar pickup protons. The interstellar pickup protons are treated in the model as one fluid and the protons and electrons are treated together as a second fluid. The model equations include a Reynolds decomposition of the plasma velocity and magnetic field into mean and fluctuating quantities, as well as energy transfer from interstellar pickup protons to solar wind protons that results in the deceleration of the solar wind. The model is used to simulate the global steady-state structure of the solar wind in the region from 0.3 to 100 AU. The simulation assumes that the background magnetic field on the Sun is either a dipole (aligned or tilted with respect to the solar rotation axis) or one that is deduced from solar magnetograms.

  7. Wind Energy Resource Atlas of the Dominican Republic

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Elliott, D.; Schwartz, M.; George, R.

    2001-10-01

    The Wind Energy Resource Atlas of the Dominican Republic identifies the wind characteristics and the distribution of the wind resource in this country. This major project is the first of its kind undertaken for the Dominican Republic. The information contained in the atlas is necessary to facilitate the use of wind energy technologies, both for utility-scale power generation and off-grid wind energy applications. A computerized wind mapping system developed by NREL generated detailed wind resource maps for the entire country. This technique uses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to produce high-resolution (1-square kilometer) annual average wind resource maps.

  8. SimWIND: A Geospatial Infrastructure Model for Wind Energy Production and Transmission

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Middleton, R. S.; Phillips, B. R.; Bielicki, J. M.

    2009-12-01

    Wind is a clean, enduring energy resource with a capacity to satisfy 20% or more of the electricity needs in the United States. A chief obstacle to realizing this potential is the general paucity of electrical transmission lines between promising wind resources and primary load centers. Successful exploitation of this resource will therefore require carefully planned enhancements to the electric grid. To this end, we present the model SimWIND for self-consistent optimization of the geospatial arrangement and cost of wind energy production and transmission infrastructure. Given a set of wind farm sites that satisfy meteorological viability and stakeholder interest, our model simultaneously determines where and how much electricity to produce, where to build new transmission infrastructure and with what capacity, and where to use existing infrastructure in order to minimize the cost for delivering a given amount of electricity to key markets. Costs and routing of transmission line construction take into account geographic and social factors, as well as connection and delivery expenses (transformers, substations, etc.). We apply our model to Texas and consider how findings complement the 2008 Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) Competitive Renewable Energy Zones (CREZ) Transmission Optimization Study. Results suggest that integrated optimization of wind energy infrastructure and cost using SimWIND could play a critical role in wind energy planning efforts.

  9. Wind energy in electric power production, preliminary study

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lento, R.; Peltola, E.

    1984-01-01

    The wind speed conditions in Finland have been studied with the aid of the existing statistics of the Finnish Meteorological Institute. With the aid of the statistics estimates on the available wind energy were also made. Eight hundred wind power plants, 1.5 MW each, on the windiest west coast would produce about 2 TWh energy per year. Far more information on the temporal, geographical and vertical distribution of the wind speed than the present statistics included is needed when the available wind energy is estimated, when wind power plants are dimensioned optimally, and when suitable locations are chosen for them. The investment costs of a wind power plant increase when the height of the tower or the diameter of the rotor is increased, but the energy production increases, too. Thus, overdimensioning the wind power plant in view of energy needs or the wind conditions caused extra costs. The cost of energy produced by wind power can not yet compete with conventional energy, but the situation changes to the advantage of wind energy, if the real price of the plants decreases (among other things due to large series production and increasing experience), or if the real price of fuels rises. The inconvinience on the environment caused by the wind power plants is considered insignificant. The noise caused by the plant attenuates rapidly with distance. No harmful effects to birds and other animals caused by the wind power plants have been observed in the studies made abroad. Parts of the plant getting loose during an accident, or ice forming on the blades are estimated to fly even from a large plant only a few hundred meters.

  10. Wind Energy Applications and Training Symposium

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sixteen representatives from 11 developing nations participated in the 1990 Wind Energy Applications and Training Symposium (WEATS) program. Consistent with previous symposia, the format included classroom-style training and field trip experiences to acquaint the participants with the history and progress of wind energy development in the U.S., technologically and economically. Brief presentations about wind energy development in all the countries represented were made by the participants. Several reports were prepared and presented along with slides for further explanation. The one-on-one symposium wrap-up session on the last day continues to be a good method of discovering what can be the next step in working with each country to develop their wind energy potential. Seventeen papers have been indexed separately for inclusion on the data base.

  11. Operation of a wind turbine-flywheel energy storage system under conditions of stochastic change of wind energy.

    PubMed

    Tomczewski, Andrzej

    2014-01-01

    The paper presents the issues of a wind turbine-flywheel energy storage system (WT-FESS) operation under real conditions. Stochastic changes of wind energy in time cause significant fluctuations of the system output power and as a result have a negative impact on the quality of the generated electrical energy. In the author's opinion it is possible to reduce the aforementioned effects by using an energy storage of an appropriate type and capacity. It was assumed that based on the technical parameters of a wind turbine-energy storage system and its geographical location one can determine the boundary capacity of the storage, which helps prevent power cuts to the grid at the assumed probability. Flywheel energy storage was selected due to its characteristics and technical parameters. The storage capacity was determined based on an empirical relationship using the results of the proposed statistical and energetic analysis of the measured wind velocity courses. A detailed algorithm of the WT-FESS with the power grid system was developed, eliminating short-term breaks in the turbine operation and periods when the wind turbine power was below the assumed level.

  12. Operation of a Wind Turbine-Flywheel Energy Storage System under Conditions of Stochastic Change of Wind Energy

    PubMed Central

    2014-01-01

    The paper presents the issues of a wind turbine-flywheel energy storage system (WT-FESS) operation under real conditions. Stochastic changes of wind energy in time cause significant fluctuations of the system output power and as a result have a negative impact on the quality of the generated electrical energy. In the author's opinion it is possible to reduce the aforementioned effects by using an energy storage of an appropriate type and capacity. It was assumed that based on the technical parameters of a wind turbine-energy storage system and its geographical location one can determine the boundary capacity of the storage, which helps prevent power cuts to the grid at the assumed probability. Flywheel energy storage was selected due to its characteristics and technical parameters. The storage capacity was determined based on an empirical relationship using the results of the proposed statistical and energetic analysis of the measured wind velocity courses. A detailed algorithm of the WT-FESS with the power grid system was developed, eliminating short-term breaks in the turbine operation and periods when the wind turbine power was below the assumed level. PMID:25215326

  13. An Experiment on Wind Energy

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lombardo, Vincenzo; Fiordilino, Emilio; Gallitto, Aurelio Agliolo; Aglieco, Pasquale

    2012-01-01

    We discuss an experiment on wind energy performed with home-made apparatus. The experiment reproduces a laboratory windmill, which can pump water from a lower level to a higher one. By measuring the gain of the gravitational potential energy of the pumped water, one can determine the power extracted from the wind. The activity was carried out with…

  14. Modeling Innovations Advance Wind Energy Industry

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    2009-01-01

    In 1981, Glenn Research Center scientist Dr. Larry Viterna developed a model that predicted certain elements of wind turbine performance with far greater accuracy than previous methods. The model was met with derision from others in the wind energy industry, but years later, Viterna discovered it had become the most widely used method of its kind, enabling significant wind energy technologies-like the fixed pitch turbines produced by manufacturers like Aerostar Inc. of Westport, Massachusetts-that are providing sustainable, climate friendly energy sources today.

  15. Exploring the calibration of a wind forecast ensemble for energy applications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Heppelmann, Tobias; Ben Bouallegue, Zied; Theis, Susanne

    2015-04-01

    In the German research project EWeLiNE, Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) and Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology (IWES) are collaborating with three German Transmission System Operators (TSO) in order to provide the TSOs with improved probabilistic power forecasts. Probabilistic power forecasts are derived from probabilistic weather forecasts, themselves derived from ensemble prediction systems (EPS). Since the considered raw ensemble wind forecasts suffer from underdispersiveness and bias, calibration methods are developed for the correction of the model bias and the ensemble spread bias. The overall aim is to improve the ensemble forecasts such that the uncertainty of the possible weather deployment is depicted by the ensemble spread from the first forecast hours. Additionally, the ensemble members after calibration should remain physically consistent scenarios. We focus on probabilistic hourly wind forecasts with horizon of 21 h delivered by the convection permitting high-resolution ensemble system COSMO-DE-EPS which has become operational in 2012 at DWD. The ensemble consists of 20 ensemble members driven by four different global models. The model area includes whole Germany and parts of Central Europe with a horizontal resolution of 2.8 km and a vertical resolution of 50 model levels. For verification we use wind mast measurements around 100 m height that corresponds to the hub height of wind energy plants that belong to wind farms within the model area. Calibration of the ensemble forecasts can be performed by different statistical methods applied to the raw ensemble output. Here, we explore local bivariate Ensemble Model Output Statistics at individual sites and quantile regression with different predictors. Applying different methods, we already show an improvement of ensemble wind forecasts from COSMO-DE-EPS for energy applications. In addition, an ensemble copula coupling approach transfers the time-dependencies of the raw

  16. A Worldwide Plan to Eliminate Global Warming, Air Pollution, and Energy Instability With Wind, Water, and Sunlight (WWS)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jacobson, M. Z.; Delucchi, M. A.

    2011-12-01

    Global warming, air pollution mortality, and energy insecurity are three of the most significant problems facing the world today. This talk discusses a plan to solve the problems by powering 100% of the world's energy for all purposes, including electricity, transportation, industrial processes, and heating/cooling, with wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) within the next 20-40 years. It reviews and ranks major proposed energy solutions to global warming, air pollution mortality, and energy insecurity while considering other impacts of the proposed solutions, such as on water supply, land use, resource availability, reliability, wildlife, and catastrophic risk. It then evaluates a scenario for powering the world on the energy options determined to be the best while also considering materials, transmission infrastructure, costs, and politics. The study concludes that powering the world with WWS electric power technologies and a conversion from combustion to electricity and electrolytically-produced hydrogen is the cleanest and safest method of solving these problems. Due to the efficiency of electricity, such a conversion reduces world power demand by 30%. Methods of ensuring reliability of WWS electric power are available and will be demonstrated. We also conclude that neither liquid biofuels for transportation (including ethanol or biodiesel from any source), solid biofuels for home heating and cooking, biomass for electricity, conventional or fracked natural gas for electricity or transportation, nuclear power, nor coal with carbon capture (clean coal) are nearly so clean or safe as WWS technologies so are not recommended, either as bridge technologies or in the long term. Our plan calls for all new energy to be supplied by WWS-electricity-hydrogen resources no later than 2030 and all existing non-WWS infrastructure to be eliminated no later than 2050. We find that the plan is technically and economically feasible but politically challenging.

  17. In Brief: Impacts of wind energy assessed

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zielinski, Sarah

    2007-05-01

    By 2020, greater use of wind energy could reduce carbon dioxide emissions by the U.S. energy sector by about 4.5%. However, greater effort is needed to address potentially negative impacts of this growing energy source, according to a new report from a committee of the U.S. National Research Council. Potential impacts of wind energy projects include deaths of birds and bats, reduced value of property located near a turbine, and habitat loss and fragmentation. However, because these are generally local projects, there is little information available to determine the cumulative effects of wind turbines over a whole region. The report makes several recommendations on how to improve regulation at the local, state, and federal levels. The report also sets out a guide for evaluating wind-energy projects, which includes questions about potential environmental, economic, cultural, and aesthetic impacts. The report, ``Environmental Impacts of Wind-Energy Projects,'' is available at http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11935

  18. IEA Task 32: Wind Lidar Systems for Wind Energy Deployment (LIDAR)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Kuhn, Martin; Trabucchi, Davide; Clifton, Andrew

    2016-05-25

    Under the International Energy Agency Wind Implementing Agreement (IEA Wind) Task 11, researchers started examining novel applications for remote sensing and the issues around them during the 51st topical expert meeting about remote sensing in January 2007. The 59th topical expert meeting organized by Task 11 in October 2009 was also dedicated to remote sensing, and the first draft of the Task's recommended practices on remote sensing was published in January 2013. The results of the Task 11 topical expert meetings provided solid groundwork for a new IEA Wind Task 32 on wind lidar technologies. Members of the wind communitymore » identified the need to consolidate the knowledge about wind lidar systems to facilitate their use, and to investigate how to exploit the advantages offered by this technology. This was the motivation that led to the start of IEA Wind Task 32 'Lidar Application for Wind Energy Deployment' in November 2011. The kick-off was meeting was held in May 2012.« less

  19. Wind Energy Workforce Development: Engineering, Science, & Technology

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Lesieutre, George A.; Stewart, Susan W.; Bridgen, Marc

    2013-03-29

    Broadly, this project involved the development and delivery of a new curriculum in wind energy engineering at the Pennsylvania State University; this includes enhancement of the Renewable Energy program at the Pennsylvania College of Technology. The new curricula at Penn State includes addition of wind energy-focused material in more than five existing courses in aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, engineering science and mechanics and energy engineering, as well as three new online graduate courses. The online graduate courses represent a stand-alone Graduate Certificate in Wind Energy, and provide the core of a Wind Energy Option in an online intercollege professional Mastersmore » degree in Renewable Energy and Sustainability Systems. The Pennsylvania College of Technology erected a 10 kilowatt Xzeres wind turbine that is dedicated to educating the renewable energy workforce. The entire construction process was incorporated into the Renewable Energy A.A.S. degree program, the Building Science and Sustainable Design B.S. program, and other construction-related coursework throughout the School of Construction and Design Technologies. Follow-on outcomes include additional non-credit opportunities as well as secondary school career readiness events, community outreach activities, and public awareness postings.« less

  20. Energy by the Numbers: Collegiate Wind Competition

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    None

    2016-05-19

    The U.S. Department of Energy Collegiate Wind Competition prepares students from multiple disciplines to enter tomorrow’s wind energy workforce. As part of the competition, undergraduate students build and test a wind turbine, establish a deployment strategy, and develop and deliver a business plan.

  1. Stochastic Analysis of Wind Energy for Wind Pump Irrigation in Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Raju, M. M.; Kumar, A.; Bisht, D.; Rao, D. B.

    2014-09-01

    The rapid escalation in the prices of oil and gas as well as increasing demand for energy has attracted the attention of scientists and researchers to explore the possibility of generating and utilizing the alternative and renewable sources of wind energy in the long coastal belt of India with considerable wind energy resources. A detailed analysis of wind potential is a prerequisite to harvest the wind energy resources efficiently. Keeping this in view, the present study was undertaken to analyze the wind energy potential to assess feasibility of the wind-pump operated irrigation system in the coastal region of Andhra Pradesh, India, where high ground water table conditions are available. The stochastic analysis of wind speed data were tested to fit a probability distribution, which describes the wind energy potential in the region. The normal and Weibull probability distributions were tested; and on the basis of Chi square test, the Weibull distribution gave better results. Hence, it was concluded that the Weibull probability distribution may be used to stochastically describe the annual wind speed data of coastal Andhra Pradesh with better accuracy. The size as well as the complete irrigation system with mass curve analysis was determined to satisfy various daily irrigation demands at different risk levels.

  2. U.S. Wind Energy Manufacturing and Supply Chain: A Competitiveness Analysis

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Fullenkamp, Patrick H; Holody, Diane S

    The goal of the project was to develop a greater understanding of the key factors determining wind energy component manufacturing costs and pricing on a global basis in order to enhance the competitiveness of U.S. manufacturers, and to reduce installed systems cost. Multiple stakeholders including DOE, turbine OEMs, and large component manufactures will all benefit by better understanding the factors determining domestic competitiveness in the emerging offshore and next generation land-based wind industries. Major objectives of this project were to: 1. Carry out global cost and process comparisons for 5MW jacket foundations, blades, towers, and permanent magnet generators; 2. Assessmore » U.S. manufacturers’ competitiveness and potential for cost reduction; 3. Facilitate informed decision-making on investments in U.S. manufacturing; 4. Develop an industry scorecard representing the readiness of the U.S. manufacturers’ to produce components for the next generations of wind turbines, nominally 3MW land-based and 5MW offshore; 5. Disseminate results through the GLWN Wind Supply Chain GIS Map, a free website that is the most comprehensive public database of U.S. wind energy suppliers; 6. Identify areas and develop recommendations to DOE on potential R&D areas to target for increasing domestic manufacturing competitiveness, per DOE’s Clean Energy Manufacturing Initiative (CEMI). Lists of Deliverables 1. Cost Breakdown Competitive Analyses of four product categories: tower, jacket foundation, blade, and permanent magnet (PM) generator. The cost breakdown for each component includes a complete Bill of Materials with net weights; general process steps for labor; and burden adjusted by each manufacturer for their process categories of SGA (sales general and administrative), engineering, logistics cost to a common U.S. port, and profit. 2. Value Stream Map Competitiveness Analysis: A tool that illustrates both information and material flow from the point of getting a

  3. Offshore Wind Energy Systems Engineering Curriculum Development

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    McGowan, Jon G.; Manwell, James F.; Lackner, Matthew A.

    2012-12-31

    Utility-scale electricity produced from offshore wind farms has the potential to contribute significantly to the energy production of the United States. In order for the U.S. to rapidly develop these abundant resources, knowledgeable scientists and engineers with sound understanding of offshore wind energy systems are critical. This report summarizes the development of an upper-level engineering course in "Offshore Wind Energy Systems Engineering." This course is designed to provide students with a comprehensive knowledge of both the technical challenges of offshore wind energy and the practical regulatory, permitting, and planning aspects of developing offshore wind farms in the U.S. This coursemore » was offered on a pilot basis in 2011 at the University of Massachusetts and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), TU Delft, and GL Garrad Hassan have reviewed its content. As summarized in this report, the course consists of 17 separate topic areas emphasizing appropriate engineering fundamentals as well as development, planning, and regulatory issues. In addition to the course summary, the report gives the details of a public Internet site where references and related course material can be obtained. This course will fill a pressing need for the education and training of the U.S. workforce in this critically important area. Fundamentally, this course will be unique due to two attributes: an emphasis on the engineering and technical aspects of offshore wind energy systems, and a focus on offshore wind energy issues specific to the United States.« less

  4. Preliminary results of the large experimental wind turbine phase of the national wind energy program

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Thomas, R. L.; Sholes, J. E.

    1975-01-01

    A major phase of the wind energy program is the development of reliable wind turbines for supplying cost-competitive electrical energy. This paper discusses the preliminary results of two projects in this phase of the program. First an experimental 100 kW wind turbine design and its status are reviewed. Also discussed are the results of two parallel design studies for determining the configurations and power levels for wind turbines with minimum energy costs. These studies show wind energy costs of 7 to 1.5 c/kWH for wind turbines produced in quantities of 100 to 1000 a year and located at sites having average winds of 12 to 18 mph.

  5. 2011 Cost of Wind Energy Review

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Tegen, S.; Lantz, E.; Hand, M.

    2013-03-01

    This report describes the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for a typical land-based wind turbine installed in the United States in 2011, as well as the modeled LCOE for a fixed-bottom offshore wind turbine installed in the United States in 2011. Each of the four major components of the LCOE equation are explained in detail, such as installed capital cost, annual energy production, annual operating expenses, and financing, and including sensitivity ranges that show how each component can affect LCOE. These LCOE calculations are used for planning and other purposes by the U.S. Department of Energy's Wind Program.

  6. Statistical downscaling of IPCC sea surface wind and wind energy predictions for U.S. east coastal ocean, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yao, Zhigang; Xue, Zuo; He, Ruoying; Bao, Xianwen; Song, Jun

    2016-08-01

    A multivariate statistical downscaling method is developed to produce regional, high-resolution, coastal surface wind fields based on the IPCC global model predictions for the U.S. east coastal ocean, the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), and the Caribbean Sea. The statistical relationship is built upon linear regressions between the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) spaces of a cross- calibrated, multi-platform, multi-instrument ocean surface wind velocity dataset (predictand) and the global NCEP wind reanalysis (predictor) over a 10 year period from 2000 to 2009. The statistical relationship is validated before applications and its effectiveness is confirmed by the good agreement between downscaled wind fields based on the NCEP reanalysis and in-situ surface wind measured at 16 National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoys in the U.S. east coastal ocean and the GOM during 1992-1999. The predictand-predictor relationship is applied to IPCC GFDL model output (2.0°×2.5°) of downscaled coastal wind at 0.25°×0.25° resolution. The temporal and spatial variability of future predicted wind speeds and wind energy potential over the study region are further quantified. It is shown that wind speed and power would significantly be reduced in the high CO2 climate scenario offshore of the mid-Atlantic and northeast U.S., with the speed falling to one quarter of its original value.

  7. An Improved Global Wind Resource Estimate for Integrated Assessment Models: Preprint

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Eurek, Kelly; Sullivan, Patrick; Gleason, Michael

    This paper summarizes initial steps to improving the robustness and accuracy of global renewable resource and techno-economic assessments for use in integrated assessment models. We outline a method to construct country-level wind resource supply curves, delineated by resource quality and other parameters. Using mesoscale reanalysis data, we generate estimates for wind quality, both terrestrial and offshore, across the globe. Because not all land or water area is suitable for development, appropriate database layers provide exclusions to reduce the total resource to its technical potential. We expand upon estimates from related studies by: using a globally consistent data source of uniquelymore » detailed wind speed characterizations; assuming a non-constant coefficient of performance for adjusting power curves for altitude; categorizing the distance from resource sites to the electric power grid; and characterizing offshore exclusions on the basis of sea ice concentrations. The product, then, is technical potential by country, classified by resource quality as determined by net capacity factor. Additional classifications dimensions are available, including distance to transmission networks for terrestrial wind and distance to shore and water depth for offshore. We estimate the total global wind generation potential of 560 PWh for terrestrial wind with 90% of resource classified as low-to-mid quality, and 315 PWh for offshore wind with 67% classified as mid-to-high quality. These estimates are based on 3.5 MW composite wind turbines with 90 m hub heights, 0.95 availability, 90% array efficiency, and 5 MW/km2 deployment density in non-excluded areas. We compare the underlying technical assumption and results with other global assessments.« less

  8. 2017 Publications Demonstrate Advancements in Wind Energy Research

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    In 2017, wind energy experts at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) made significant strides to advance wind energy. Many of these achievements were presented in articles published in scientific and engineering journals and technical reports that detailed research accomplishments in new and progressing wind energy technologies. During fiscal year 2017, NREL wind energy thought leaders shared knowledge and insights through 45 journal articles and 25 technical reports, benefiting academic and national-lab research communities; industry stakeholders; and local, state, and federal decision makers. Such publications serve as important outreach, informing the public of how NREL wind research, analysis, and deploymentmore » activities complement advanced energy growth in the United States and around the world. The publications also illustrate some of the noteworthy outcomes of U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) and Laboratory Directed Research and Development funding, as well as funding and facilities leveraged through strategic partnerships and other collaborations.« less

  9. A new wind energy conversion system

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Smetana, F. O.

    1975-01-01

    It is presupposed that vertical axis wind energy machines will be superior to horizontal axis machines on a power output/cost basis and the design of a new wind energy machine is presented. The design employs conical cones with sharp lips and smooth surfaces to promote maximum drag and minimize skin friction. The cones are mounted on a vertical axis in such a way as to assist torque development. Storing wind energy as compressed air is thought to be optimal and reasons are: (1) the efficiency of compression is fairly high compared to the conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy in storage batteries; (2) the release of stored energy through an air motor has high efficiency; and (3) design, construction, and maintenance of an all-mechanical system is usually simpler than for a mechanical to electrical conversion system.

  10. Aleutian Pribilof Islands Wind Energy Feasibility Study

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bruce A. Wright

    2012-03-27

    Under this project, the Aleutian Pribilof Islands Association (APIA) conducted wind feasibility studies for Adak, False Pass, Nikolski, Sand Point and St. George. The DOE funds were also be used to continue APIA's role as project coordinator, to expand the communication network quality between all participants and with other wind interest groups in the state and to provide continued education and training opportunities for regional participants. This DOE project began 09/01/2005. We completed the economic and technical feasibility studies for Adak. These were funded by the Alaska Energy Authority. Both wind and hydro appear to be viable renewable energy optionsmore » for Adak. In False Pass the wind resource is generally good but the site has high turbulence. This would require special care with turbine selection and operations. False Pass may be more suitable for a tidal project. APIA is funded to complete a False Pass tidal feasibility study in 2012. Nikolski has superb potential for wind power development with Class 7 wind power density, moderate wind shear, bi-directional winds and low turbulence. APIA secured nearly $1M from the United States Department of Agriculture Rural Utilities Service Assistance to Rural Communities with Extremely High Energy Costs to install a 65kW wind turbine. The measured average power density and wind speed at Sand Point measured at 20m (66ft), are 424 W/m2 and 6.7 m/s (14.9 mph) respectively. Two 500kW Vestas turbines were installed and when fully integrated in 2012 are expected to provide a cost effective and clean source of electricity, reduce overall diesel fuel consumption estimated at 130,000 gallons/year and decrease air emissions associated with the consumption of diesel fuel. St. George Island has a Class 7 wind resource, which is superior for wind power development. The current strategy, led by Alaska Energy Authority, is to upgrade the St. George electrical distribution system and power plant. Avian studies in Nikolski

  11. Overview of Existing Wind Energy Ordinances

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Oteri, F.

    2008-12-01

    Due to increased energy demand in the United States, rural communities with limited or no experience with wind energy now have the opportunity to become involved in this industry. Communities with good wind resources may be approached by entities with plans to develop the resource. Although these opportunities can create new revenue in the form of construction jobs and land lease payments, they also create a new responsibility on the part of local governments to ensure that ordinances will be established to aid the development of safe facilities that will be embraced by the community. The purpose of this reportmore » is to educate and engage state and local governments, as well as policymakers, about existing large wind energy ordinances. These groups will have a collection of examples to utilize when they attempt to draft a new large wind energy ordinance in a town or county without existing ordinances.« less

  12. Economics of wind energy for irrigation pumping

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lansford, R. R.; Supalla, R. J.; Gilley, J. R.; Martin, D. L.

    1980-07-01

    The economic questions associated with wind power as an energy source for irrigation under different situations with seven regions of the nation were studied. Target investment costs for wind turbines used for irrigation pumping and policy makers with bases for adjusting taxes to make alternative sources of energy investments more attractive are analyzed. Three types of wind systems are considered for each of the seven regions. The three types of wind powered irrigation systems evaluated for each region are: (1) wind assist combustion engines (diesel, natural gas, propane panel); (2) wind assist electric engines, with or without sale of surplus electricity; and (3) stand alone reservoir systems with gravity flow reservoirs.

  13. Energy and globalization

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Birjandi, Hossein Saremi

    Before the Industrial Revolution, nations required no energy fuel. People relied on human, animal, and wind and waterpower for energy need. Energy (oil) has resettled populations, elected officials in the free world, or changed the governments of the energy rich countries by force. Energy fueled wars, played the major factor in the might of those who have it or more importantly the abilities to acquire it by force. This dissertation researches the primacy of oil as an energy source from the time of oil's discovery to the present times. Between 1945 and 1960, the use of oil and gas doubled as power was generated for industries as steel, cement, metalworking and more important of all filling station hoses into automobiles gas tanks, thus energy swept people and societies quite literally off their feet. One in every six jobs in the industrial world hired by the giant automotive industries. The big five American oil companies spurred on by special tax benefit, these companies grew to gigantic sizes by taking out the best part of the nation's oil. Then, for greater growth, they leaped overseas and built up an immensely profitable system, in alliance with Anglo-Dutch Shell and British Petroleum, known as seven sisters. On the other side of the world, the energy producing nations form an alliance mainly to protect themselves from downward price fluctuations of oil. The struggle for survival in the global energy market forced those countries to get together and form OPEC, which is referred as an "oil cartel".

  14. Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Sri Lanka and the Maldives

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Elliott, D.; Schwartz, M.; Scott, G.

    2003-08-01

    The Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, produced by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL's) wind resource group identifies the wind characteristics and distribution of the wind resource in Sri Lanka and the Maldives. The detailed wind resource maps and other information contained in the atlas facilitate the identification of prospective areas for use of wind energy technologies, both for utility-scale power generation and off-grid wind energy applications.

  15. Reliability of Wind Speed Data from Satellite Altimeter to Support Wind Turbine Energy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Uti, M. N.; Din, A. H. M.; Omar, A. H.

    2017-10-01

    Satellite altimeter has proven itself to be one of the important tool to provide good quality information in oceanographic study. Nowadays, most countries in the world have begun in implementation the wind energy as one of their renewable energy for electric power generation. Many wind speed studies conducted in Malaysia using conventional method and scientific technique such as anemometer and volunteer observing ships (VOS) in order to obtain the wind speed data to support the development of renewable energy. However, there are some limitations regarding to this conventional method such as less coverage for both spatial and temporal and less continuity in data sharing by VOS members. Thus, the aim of this research is to determine the reliability of wind speed data by using multi-mission satellite altimeter to support wind energy potential in Malaysia seas. Therefore, the wind speed data are derived from nine types of satellite altimeter starting from year 1993 until 2016. Then, to validate the reliability of wind speed data from satellite altimeter, a comparison of wind speed data form ground-truth buoy that located at Sabah and Sarawak is conducted. The validation is carried out in terms of the correlation, the root mean square error (RMSE) calculation and satellite track analysis. As a result, both techniques showing a good correlation with value positive 0.7976 and 0.6148 for point located at Sabah and Sarawak Sea, respectively. It can be concluded that a step towards the reliability of wind speed data by using multi-mission satellite altimeter can be achieved to support renewable energy.

  16. IEA Wind Task 26: The Past and Future Cost of Wind Energy, Work Package 2

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Lantz, E.; Wiser, R.; Hand, M.

    2012-05-01

    Over the past 30 years, wind power has become a mainstream source of electricity generation around the world. However, the future of wind power will depend a great deal on the ability of the industry to continue to achieve cost of energy reductions. In this summary report, developed as part of the International Energy Agency Wind Implementing Agreement Task 26, titled 'The Cost of Wind Energy,' we provide a review of historical costs, evaluate near-term market trends, review the methods used to estimate long-term cost trajectories, and summarize the range of costs projected for onshore wind energy across an arraymore » of forward-looking studies and scenarios. We also highlight the influence of high-level market variables on both past and future wind energy costs.« less

  17. The Impact of Coastal Terrain on Offshore Wind and Implications for Wind Energy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Strobach, Edward Justin

    The development of offshore wind energy is moving forward as one of several options for carbon-free energy generation along the populous US east coast. Accurate assessments of the wind resource are essential and can significantly lower financing costs that have been a barrier to development. Wind resource assessment in the Mid-Atlantic region is challenging since there are no long-term measurements of winds across the rotor span. Features of the coastal and inland terrain, such as such as the Appalachian mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, are known to lead to complex mesoscale wind regimes onshore, including low-level jets (LLJs), downslope winds and sea breezes. Little is known, however, about whether or how the inland physiography impacts the winds offshore. This research is based on the first comprehensive set of offshore wind observations in the Maryland Wind Energy Area gathered during a UMBC measurement campaign. The presentation will include a case study of a strong nocturnal LLJ that persisted for several hours before undergoing a rapid breakdown and loss of energy to smaller scales. Measurements from an onshore wind profiler and radiosondes, together with North American Regional Analysis (NARR) and a high resolution Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model simulation, are used to untangle the forcing mechanisms on synoptic, regional and local scales that led to the jet and its collapse. The results suggest that the evolution of LLJs were impacted by a downslope wind from the Appalachians that propagated offshore riding atop a shallow near-surface boundary layer across the coastal plain. Baroclinic forcing from low sea surface temperatures (SSTs) due to coastal upwelling is also discussed. Smaller scale details of the LLJ breakdown are analyzed using a wave/mean flow/turbulence interaction approach. The case study illustrates several characteristics of low-level winds offshore that are important for wind energy, including LLJs, strong wind shear, turbulence

  18. CWEX (Crop/Wind-Energy Experiment): Measurements of the interaction between crop agriculture and wind power

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rajewski, Daniel Andrew

    The current expansion of wind farms in the U.S. Midwest promotes an alternative renewable energy portfolio to conventional energy sources derived from fossil fuels. The construction of wind turbines and large wind farms within several millions of cropland acres creates a unique interaction between two unlike energy sources: electric generation by wind and bio-fuel production derived from crop grain and plant tissues. Wind turbines produce power by extracting mean wind speed and converting a portion of the flow to turbulence downstream of each rotor. Turbine-scale turbulence modifies fluxes of momentum, heat, moisture, and other gaseous constituents (e.g. carbon dioxide) between the crop canopy and the atmospheric boundary layer. Conversely, crop surfaces and tillage elements produce drag on the hub-height wind resource, and the release of sensible and latent heat flux from the canopy or soil influences the wind speed profile. The Crop-Wind Energy Experiment (CWEX) measured momentum, energy, and CO2 fluxes at several locations within the leading line of turbines in a large operational wind farm, and overall turbines promote canopy mixing of wind speed, temperature, moisture, and carbon dioxide in both the day and night. Turbine-generated perturbations of these fluxes are dependent on several factors influencing the turbine operation (e.g. wind speed, wind direction, stability, orientation of surrounding turbines within a wind park) and the cropland surface (e.g. crop type and cultivar, planting density, chemical application, and soil composition and drainage qualities). Additional strategies are proposed for optimizing the synergy between crop and wind power.

  19. Preliminary results of the large experimental wind turbine phase of the national wind energy program

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Thomas, R. L.; Sholes, T.; Sholes, J. E.

    1975-01-01

    The preliminary results of two projects in the development phase of reliable wind turbines designed to supply cost-competitive electrical energy were discussed. An experimental 100 kW wind turbine design and its status are first reviewed. The results of two parallel design studies for determining the configurations and power levels for wind turbines with minimum energy costs are also discussed. These studies predict wind energy costs of 1.5 to 7 cents per kW-h for wind turbines produced in quantities of 100 to 1000 per year and located at sites having average winds of 12 to 18 mph.

  20. Wind and solar energy resources on the 'Roof of the World'

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zandler, Harald; Morche, Thomas; Samimi, Cyrus

    2015-04-01

    The Eastern Pamirs of Tajikistan, often referred to as 'Roof of the World', are an arid high mountain plateau characterized by severe energy poverty that may have great potential for renewable energy resources due to the prevailing natural conditions. The lack of energetic infrastructure makes the region a prime target for decentralized integration of wind and solar power. However, up to date no scientific attempt to assess the regional potential of these resources has been carried out. In this context, it is particularly important to evaluate if wind and solar energy are able to provide enough power to generate thermal energy, as other thermal energy carriers are scarce or unavailable and the existing alternative, local harvest of dwarf shrubs, is unsustainable due to the slow regeneration in this environment. Therefore, this study examines the feasibility of using wind and solar energy as thermal energy sources. Financial frame conditions were set on a maximum amount of five million Euros. This sum provides a realistic scenario as it is based on the current budget of the KfW development bank to finance the modernization of the local hydropower plant in the regions only city, Murghab, with about 1500 households. The basis for resource assessment is data of four climate stations, erected for this purpose in 2012, where wind speed, wind direction, global radiation and temperature are measured at a half hourly interval. These measurements confirm the expectation of a large photovoltaic potential and high panel efficiency with up to 84 percent of extraterrestrial radiation reaching the surface and only 16 hours of temperatures above 25°C were measured in two years at the village stations on average. As these observations are only point measurements, radiation data and the ASTER GDEM was used to train a GIS based solar radiation model to spatially extrapolate incoming radiation. With mean validation errors ranging from 5% in July (minimum) to 15% in December (maximum

  1. Contribution of wind energy to the energy balance of a combined solar and wind energy system. Part 1: System description, data acquisition and system performance

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ferger, R.; Machens, U.

    1985-05-01

    A one-family house was equipped with a combined solar and wind energy system plus a night storage heater to measure the seasonal complementary contribution of wind and solar energy to energy demand. Project implementation, problems encountered and modifications to the initial system are described. Meteorological and operational data and house consumption data were recorded on computer-based measuring system. Data on the combined effects of and interdependence between solar collector and wind energy converter are discussed.

  2. Assessment of wind energy potential in Poland

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Starosta, Katarzyna; Linkowska, Joanna; Mazur, Andrzej

    2014-05-01

    The aim of the presentation is to show the suitability of using numerical model wind speed forecasts for the wind power industry applications in Poland. In accordance with the guidelines of the European Union, the consumption of wind energy in Poland is rapidly increasing. According to the report of Energy Regulatory Office from 30 March 2013, the installed capacity of wind power in Poland was 2807MW from 765 wind power stations. Wind energy is strongly dependent on the meteorological conditions. Based on the climatological wind speed data, potential energy zones within the area of Poland have been developed (H. Lorenc). They are the first criterion for assessing the location of the wind farm. However, for exact monitoring of a given wind farm location the prognostic data from numerical model forecasts are necessary. For the practical interpretation and further post-processing, the verification of the model data is very important. Polish Institute Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute (IMWM-NRI) runs an operational model COSMO (Consortium for Small-scale Modelling, version 4.8) using two nested domains at horizontal resolutions of 7 km and 2.8 km. The model produces 36 hour and 78 hour forecasts from 00 UTC, for 2.8 km and 7 km domain resolutions respectively. Numerical forecasts were compared with the observation of 60 SYNOP and 3 TEMP stations in Poland, using VERSUS2 (Unified System Verification Survey 2) and R package. For every zone the set of statistical indices (ME, MAE, RMSE) was calculated. Forecast errors for aerological profiles are shown for Polish TEMP stations at Wrocław, Legionowo and Łeba. The current studies are connected with a topic of the COST ES1002 WIRE-Weather Intelligence for Renewable Energies.

  3. Economics of wind energy for utilities

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mccabe, T. F.; Goldenblatt, M. K.

    1982-01-01

    Utility acceptance of this technology will be contingent upon the establishment of both its technical and economic feasibility. This paper presents preliminary results from a study currently underway to establish the economic value of central station wind energy to certain utility systems. The results for the various utilities are compared specifically in terms of three parameters which have a major influence on the economic value: (1) wind resource, (2) mix of conventional generation sources, and (3) specific utility financial parameters including projected fuel costs. The wind energy is derived from modeling either MOD-2 or MOD-0A wind turbines in wind resources determined by a year of data obtained from the DOE supported meteorological towers with a two-minute sampling frequency. In this paper, preliminary results for six of the utilities studied are presented and compared.

  4. Wind Vision: A New Era for Wind Power in the United States (Highlights); U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    None

    2015-03-01

    This is a four-part Wind Vision project, consisting of Wind Vision Highlights, Executive Summary, a Full Report, and Appendix. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Wind Program, in close cooperation with the wind industry, led a comprehensive analysis to evaluate future pathways for the wind industry. The Wind Vision report updates and expands upon the DOE's 2008 report, 20% Wind Energy by 2030, and defines the societal, environmental, and economic benefits of wind power in a scenario with wind energy supplying 10% of national end-use electricity demand by 2020, 20% by 2030, and 35% by 2050.

  5. 76 FR 78641 - Cedar Creek Wind Energy, LLC, Milford Wind Corridor Phase I, LLC; Notice of Filing

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-19

    ... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Docket No. RC11-1-002; Docket No. RC11-2-002] Cedar Creek Wind Energy, LLC, Milford Wind Corridor Phase I, LLC; Notice of Filing Take...) June 16, 2011 Order.\\1\\ \\1\\ Cedar Creek Wind Energy, LLC and Milford Wind Corridor Phase I, LLC, 135...

  6. Characteristics and Trade-Offs of Doppler Lidar Global Wind Profiling

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Kavaya, Michael J.; Emmitt, G David

    2004-01-01

    Accurate, global profiling of wind velocity is highly desired by NASA, NOAA, the DOD/DOC/NASA Integrated Program Office (IPO)/NPOESS, DOD, and others for many applications such as validation and improvement of climate models, and improved weather prediction. The most promising technology to deliver this measurement from space is Doppler Wind Lidar (DWL). The NASA/NOAA Global Tropospheric Wind Sounder (GTWS) program is currently in the process of generating the science requirements for a space-based sensor. In order to optimize the process of defining science requirements, it is important for the scientific and user community to understand the nature of the wind measurements that DWL can make. These measurements are very different from those made by passive imaging sensors or by active radar sensors. The purpose of this paper is to convey the sampling characteristics and data product trade-offs of an orbiting DWL.

  7. Maximum wind energy extraction strategies using power electronic converters

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Quincy Qing

    2003-10-01

    This thesis focuses on maximum wind energy extraction strategies for achieving the highest energy output of variable speed wind turbine power generation systems. Power electronic converters and controls provide the basic platform to accomplish the research of this thesis in both hardware and software aspects. In order to send wind energy to a utility grid, a variable speed wind turbine requires a power electronic converter to convert a variable voltage variable frequency source into a fixed voltage fixed frequency supply. Generic single-phase and three-phase converter topologies, converter control methods for wind power generation, as well as the developed direct drive generator, are introduced in the thesis for establishing variable-speed wind energy conversion systems. Variable speed wind power generation system modeling and simulation are essential methods both for understanding the system behavior and for developing advanced system control strategies. Wind generation system components, including wind turbine, 1-phase IGBT inverter, 3-phase IGBT inverter, synchronous generator, and rectifier, are modeled in this thesis using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The simulation results have been verified by a commercial simulation software package, PSIM, and confirmed by field test results. Since the dynamic time constants for these individual models are much different, a creative approach has also been developed in this thesis to combine these models for entire wind power generation system simulation. An advanced maximum wind energy extraction strategy relies not only on proper system hardware design, but also on sophisticated software control algorithms. Based on literature review and computer simulation on wind turbine control algorithms, an intelligent maximum wind energy extraction control algorithm is proposed in this thesis. This algorithm has a unique on-line adaptation and optimization capability, which is able to achieve maximum wind energy conversion efficiency through

  8. Impact of Parameterized Lee Wave Drag on the Energy Budget of an Eddying Global Ocean Model

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-08-26

    Teixeira, J., Peng, M., Hogan, T.F., Pauley, R., 2002. Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS): Forcing for ocean models...Impact of parameterized lee wave drag on the energy budget of an eddying global ocean model David S. Trossman a,⇑, Brian K. Arbic a, Stephen T...input and output terms in the total mechanical energy budget of a hybrid coordinate high-resolution global ocean general circulation model forced by winds

  9. Fishermen's Energy Atlantic City Wind Farm

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wissemann, Chris

    Fishermen's Energy Atlantic City Wind Farm final report under US DOE Advanced Technology Demonstration project documents achievements developing a demonstration scale offshore wind project off the coast of New Jersey.

  10. Wind Energy Resource Atlas of the Philippines

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Elliott, D.; Schwartz, M.; George, R.

    2001-03-06

    This report contains the results of a wind resource analysis and mapping study for the Philippine archipelago. The study's objective was to identify potential wind resource areas and quantify the value of those resources within those areas. The wind resource maps and other wind resource characteristic information will be used to identify prospective areas for wind-energy applications.

  11. Factors of Renewable Energy Deployment and Empirical Studies of United States Wind Energy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Can Sener, Serife Elif

    Considered essential for countries' development, energy demand is growing worldwide. Unlike conventional sources, the use of renewable energy sources has multiple benefits, including increased energy security, sustainable economic growth, and pollution reduction, in particular greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, there is a considerable difference in the share of renewable energy sources in national energy portfolios. This dissertation contains a series of studies to provide an outlook on the existing renewable energy deployment literature and empirically identify the factors of wind energy generation capacity and wind energy policy diffusion in the U.S. The dissertation begins with a systematic literature review to identify drivers and barriers which could help in understanding the diverging paths of renewable energy deployment for countries. In the analysis, economic, environmental, and social factors are found to be drivers, whereas political, regulatory, technical potential and technological factors are not classified as either a driver or a barrier (i.e., undetermined). Each main category contains several subcategories, among which only national income is found to have a positive impact, whereas all other subcategories are considered undetermined. No significant barriers to the deployment of renewable energy sources are found over the analyzed period. Wind energy deployment within the states related to environmental and economic factors was seldom discussed in the literature. The second study of the dissertation is thus focused on the wind energy deployment in the United States. Wind energy is among the most promising clean energy sources and the United States has led the world in per capita newly installed generation capacity since 2000. In the second study, using a fixed-effects panel data regression analysis, the significance of a number of economic and environmental factors are investigated for 39 states from 2000 to 2015. The results suggested that the

  12. Wind-energy storage

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gordon, L. H.

    1980-01-01

    Program SIMWEST can model wind energy storage system using any combination of five types of storage: pumped hydro, battery, thermal, flywheel, and pneumatic. Program is tool to aid design of optional system for given application with realistic simulation for further evaluation and verification.

  13. Wind offering in energy and reserve markets

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Soares, T.; Pinson, P.; Morais, H.

    2016-09-01

    The increasing penetration of wind generation in power systems to fulfil the ambitious European targets will make wind power producers to play an even more important role in the future power system. Wind power producers are being incentivized to participate in reserve markets to increase their revenue, since currently wind turbine/farm technologies allow them to provide ancillary services. Thus, wind power producers are to develop offering strategies for participation in both energy and reserve markets, accounting for market rules, while ensuring optimal revenue. We consider a proportional offering strategy to optimally decide upon participation in both markets by maximizing expected revenue from day-ahead decisions while accounting for estimated regulation costs for failing to provide the services. An evaluation of considering the same proportional splitting of energy and reserve in both day- ahead and balancing market is performed. A set of numerical examples illustrate the behavior of such strategy. An important conclusion is that the optimal split of the available wind power between energy and reserve strongly depends upon prices and penalties on both market trading floors.

  14. Magnetic energy flow in the solar wind.

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Modisette, J. L.

    1972-01-01

    Discussion of the effect of rotation (tangential flow) of the solar wind on the conclusions of Whang (1971) suggesting an increase in the solar wind velocity due to the conversion of magnetic energy to kinetic energy. It is shown that the effect of the rotation of the sun on the magnetic energy flow results in most of the magnetic energy being transported by magnetic shear stress near the sun.

  15. Conversion of magnetic field energy into kinetic energy in the solar wind

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Whang, Y. C.

    1972-01-01

    The outflow of the solar magnetic field energy (the radial component of the Poynting vector) per steradian is inversely proportional to the solar wind velocity. It is a decreasing function of the heliocentric distance. When the magnetic field effect is included in the one-fluid model of the solar wind, the transformation of magnetic field energy into kinetic energy during the expansion process increases the solar wind velocity at 1 AU by 17 percent.

  16. Wind Energy Finance (WEF): An Online Calculator for Economic Analysis of Wind Projects

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    2004-02-01

    This brochure provides an overview of Wind Energy Finance (WEF), a free online cost of energy calculator developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory that provides quick, detailed economic evaluation of potential utility-scale wind energy projects. The brochure lists the features of the tool, the inputs and outputs that a user can expect, visuals of the screens and a Cash Flow Results table, and contact information.

  17. 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Review

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Tegen, S.; Hand, M.; Maples, B.

    2012-04-01

    This document provides a detailed description of NREL's levelized cost of wind energy equation, assumptions and results in 2010, including historical cost trends and future projections for land-based and offshore utility-scale wind.

  18. 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Review

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Tegen, S.; Hand, M.; Maples, B.

    2012-04-01

    This document provides a detailed description of NREL's levelized cost of wind energy equation, assumptions, and results in 2010, including historical cost trends and future projections for land-based and offshore utility-scale wind.

  19. Energy Storage Opportunities and Capabilities in a Type 3 Wind Turbine Generator: Preprint

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Muljadi, Eduard; Gevorgian, Vahan; Hoke, Andy

    Wind power plants and other renewable power plants with power electronic interfaces are capable of delivering frequency response (both governor and/or inertial response) to the grid by a control action; thus, the reduction of available online inertia as conventional power plants are retired can be compensated by designing renewable power plant controls to include frequency response. The source of energy to be delivered as inertial response is determined by the type of generation and control strategy chosen. The cost of energy storage is expected to drop over time, and global research activities on energy storage are very active, funded bothmore » by the private industry and governments. Different industry sectors (e.g., transportation, energy) are the major drivers of the recent storage research and development. This work investigates the opportunities and capabilities of deploying energy storage in renewable power plants. In particular, we focus on wind power plants with doubly-fed induction generators, or Type 3 wind turbine generator (WTGs). We find that the total output power of a system with Type 3 WTGs with energy storage can deliver a power boost during inertial response that is up to 45% higher than one without energy storage without affecting the torque limit, thus enabling an effective delivery of ancillary services to the grid.« less

  20. Development of large wind energy power generation system

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1985-01-01

    The background and development of an experimental 100 kW wind-energy generation system are described, and the results of current field tests are presented. The experimental wind turbine is a two-bladed down-wind horizontal axis propeller type with a 29.4 m diameter rotor and a tower 28 m in height. The plant was completed in March, 1983, and has been undergoing trouble-free tests since then. The present program calls for field tests during two years from fiscal 1983 to 1984. The development of technologies relating to the linkage and operation of wind-energy power generation system networks is planned along with the acquisition of basic data for the development of a large-scale wind energy power generation system.

  1. Wind, Wave, and Tidal Energy Without Power Conditioning

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Jones, Jack A.

    2013-01-01

    Most present wind, wave, and tidal energy systems require expensive power conditioning systems that reduce overall efficiency. This new design eliminates power conditioning all, or nearly all, of the time. Wind, wave, and tidal energy systems can transmit their energy to pumps that send high-pressure fluid to a central power production area. The central power production area can consist of a series of hydraulic generators. The hydraulic generators can be variable displacement generators such that the RPM, and thus the voltage, remains constant, eliminating the need for further power conditioning. A series of wind blades is attached to a series of radial piston pumps, which pump fluid to a series of axial piston motors attached to generators. As the wind is reduced, the amount of energy is reduced, and the number of active hydraulic generators can be reduced to maintain a nearly constant RPM. If the axial piston motors have variable displacement, an exact RPM can be maintained for all, or nearly all, wind speeds. Analyses have been performed that show over 20% performance improvements with this technique over conventional wind turbines

  2. The Wind Energy Potential of Kurdistan, Iran

    PubMed Central

    Arefi, Farzad; Moshtagh, Jamal; Moradi, Mohammad

    2014-01-01

    In the current work by using statistical methods and available software, the wind energy assessment of prone regions for installation of wind turbines in, Qorveh, has been investigated. Information was obtained from weather stations of Baneh, Bijar, Zarina, Saqez, Sanandaj, Qorveh, and Marivan. The monthly average and maximum of wind speed were investigated between the years 2000–2010 and the related curves were drawn. The Golobad curve (direction and percentage of dominant wind and calm wind as monthly rate) between the years 1997–2000 was analyzed and drawn with plot software. The ten-minute speed (at 10, 30, and 60 m height) and direction (at 37.5 and 10 m height) wind data were collected from weather stations of Iranian new energy organization. The wind speed distribution during one year was evaluated by using Weibull probability density function (two-parametrical), and the Weibull curve histograms were drawn by MATLAB software. According to the average wind speed of stations and technical specifications of the types of turbines, the suitable wind turbine for the station was selected. Finally, the Divandareh and Qorveh sites with favorable potential were considered for installation of wind turbines and construction of wind farms. PMID:27355042

  3. Summary of atmospheric wind design criteria for wind energy conversion system development

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Frost, W.; Turner, R. E.

    1979-01-01

    Basic design values are presented of significant wind criteria, in graphical format, for use in the design and development of wind turbine generators for energy research. It is a condensed version of portions of the Engineering Handbook on the Atmospheric Environmental Guidelines for Use in Wind Turbine Generator Development.

  4. Blowing in the wind: evaluating wind energy projects on the national forests

    Treesearch

    Kerry Schlichting; Evan Mercer

    2011-01-01

    The 650 million ac of federal lands are facing increased scrutiny for wind energy development. As a result, the US Forest Service has been directed to develop policies and procedures for siting wind energy projects. We incorporate geospatial site suitability analysis with applicable policy and management principles to illustrate the use of a Spatial Decision Support...

  5. Wind Energy Developments: Incentives In Selected Countries

    EIA Publications

    1999-01-01

    This paper discusses developments in wind energy for the countries with significant wind capacity. After a brief overview of world capacity, it examines development trends, beginning with the United States - the number one country in wind electric generation capacity until 1997.

  6. Onshore-offshore wind energy resource evaluation based on synergetic use of multiple satellite data and meteorological stations in Jiangsu Province, China

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wei, Xianglin; Duan, Yuewei; Liu, Yongxue; Jin, Song; Sun, Chao

    2018-05-01

    The demand for efficient and cost-effective renewable energy is increasing as traditional sources of energy such as oil, coal, and natural gas, can no longer satisfy growing global energy demands. Among renewable energies, wind energy is the most prominent due to its low, manageable impacts on the local environment. Based on meteorological data from 2006 to 2014 and multi-source satellite data (i.e., Advanced Scatterometer, Quick Scatterometer, and Windsat) from 1999 to 2015, an assessment of the onshore and offshore wind energy potential in Jiangsu Province was performed by calculating the average wind speed, average wind direction, wind power density, and annual energy production (AEP). Results show that Jiangsu has abundant wind energy resources, which increase from inland to coastal areas. In onshore areas, wind power density is predominantly less than 200 W/m2, while in offshore areas, wind power density is concentrates in the range of 328-500 W/m2. Onshore areas comprise more than 13,573.24 km2, mainly located in eastern coastal regions with good wind farm potential. The total wind power capacity in onshore areas could be as much as 2.06 x 105 GWh. Meanwhile, offshore wind power generation in Jiangsu Province is calculated to reach 2 x 106 GWh, which is approximately four times the electricity demand of the entire Jiangsu Province. This study validates the effective application of Advanced Scatterometer, Quick Scatterometer, and Windsat data to coastal wind energy monitoring in Jiangsu. Moreover, the methodology used in this study can be effectively applied to other similar coastal zones.

  7. 77 FR 14010 - Rocky Ridge Wind Project, LLC, Blackwell Wind, LLC, CPV Cimarron Renewable Energy Company, LLC...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-03-08

    ..., EG12-18-000, EG12-19-000, EG12- 20-000, EG12-21-000, EG12-22-000, EG12-23-000] Rocky Ridge Wind Project, LLC, Blackwell Wind, LLC, CPV Cimarron Renewable Energy Company, LLC, Minco Wind Interconnection Services, LLC, Shiloh III Lessee, LLC, California Ridge Wind Energy LLC, Perrin Ranch Wind, LLC, Erie Wind...

  8. Wind Energy Conference, Boulder, Colo., April 9-11, 1980, Technical Papers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    1980-03-01

    Papers are presented concerning the technology, and economics of wind energy conversion systems. Specific topics include the aerodynamic analysis of the Darrieus rotor, the numerical calculation of the flow near horizontal-axis wind turbine rotors, the calculation of dynamic wind turbine rotor loads, markets for wind energy systems, an oscillating-wing windmill, wind tunnel tests of wind rotors, wind turbine generator wakes, the application of a multi-speed electrical generator to wind turbines, the feasibility of wind-powered systems for dairy farms, and wind characteristics over uniform and complex terrain. Attention is also given to performance tests of the DOE/NASA MOD-1 2000-kW wind turbine generator, the assessment of utility-related test data, offshore wind energy conversion systems, and the optimization of wind energy utilization economics through load management.

  9. Assessment of Offshore Wind Energy Leasing Areas for the BOEM Massachusetts Wind Energy Area

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Musial, W.; Parker, Z.; Fields, M.

    2013-12-01

    The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), under an interagency agreement with the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), is providing technical assistance to identify and delineate leasing areas for offshore wind energy development within the Atlantic Coast Wind Energy Areas (WEAs) established by BOEM. This report focuses on NREL's development of three delineated leasing area options for the Massachusetts (MA) WEA and the technical evaluation of these leasing areas. The overarching objective of this study is to develop a logical process by which the MA WEA can be subdivided into non-overlapping leasing areas for BOEM'smore » use in developing an auction process in a renewable energy lease sale. NREL worked with BOEM to identify an appropriate number of leasing areas and proposed three delineation alternatives within the MA WEA based on the boundaries announced in May 2012. A primary output of the interagency agreement is this report, which documents the methodology, including key variables and assumptions, by which the leasing areas were identified and delineated.« less

  10. Rosebud Sioux Wind Energy Project

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Tony Rogers

    2008-04-30

    In 1998, through the vision of the late Alex “Little Soldier” Lunderman (1928-2000) and through the efforts of the Rosebud Sioux Tribal Utilities Commission, and with assistance from Intertribal Council on Utility Policy (COUP), and Distributed Generation, Inc (DISGEN). The Rosebud Sioux Tribe applied and was awarded in 1999 a DOE Cooperative Grant to build a commercial 750 Kw wind turbine, along with a 50/50 funding grant from the Department of Energy and a low interest loan from the Rural Utilities Service, United States Department of Agriculture, the Rosebud Sioux Tribe commissioned a single 750 kilowatt NEG Micon wind turbinemore » in March of 2003 near the Rosebud Casino. The Rosebud Sioux Wind Energy Project (Little Soldier “Akicita Cikala”) Turbine stands as a testament to the vision of a man and the Sicangu Oyate.« less

  11. Wind energy potential assessment to estimate performance of selected wind turbine in northern coastal region of Semarang-Indonesia

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Premono, B. S.; Tjahjana, D. D. D. P.; Hadi, S.

    2017-01-01

    The aims of this paper are to investigate the characteristic of the wind speed and wind energy potential in the northern coastal region of Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. The wind data was gained from Meteorological Station of Semarang, with ten-min average time series wind data for one year period, at the height of 10 m. Weibull distribution has been used to determine the wind power density and wind energy density of the site. It was shown that the value of the two parameters, shape parameter k, and scale parameter c, were 3.37 and 5.61 m/s, respectively. The annual mean wind speed and wind speed carrying the maximum energy were 5.32 m/s and 6.45 m/s, respectively. Further, the annual energy density at the site was found at a value of 103.87 W/m2, and based on Pacific North-west Laboratory (PNL) wind power classification, at the height of 10 m, the value of annual energy density is classified into class 2. The commercial wind turbine is chosen to simulate the wind energy potential of the site. The POLARIS P25-100 is most suitable to the site. It has the capacity factor 29.79% and can produce energy 261 MWh/year.

  12. Status report of wind energy programs in the Philippines

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Benavidez, P.J.

    1996-12-31

    This paper discusses the wind resource assessment activities being undertaken by the National Power Corporation at the extreme northern part of Luzon island. Preliminary results from the 10-month wind data are presented. This will give prospective wind developers all idea oil tile vast resources of wind energy available in the northern part of the country. This paper will also discuss briefly the stand-alone 10 kW wind turbine system that was commissioned early this year and the guidelines being drafted for the entry of new and renewable energy sources in the country`s energy generation mix. 4 figs., 1 tab.

  13. Proceedings: Panel on Information Dissemination for Wind Energy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Weis, P.

    1980-04-01

    A program for coordinating and strengthening technical information activities related to the commercialization of solar energy research and development results is described. The program contains a project for each of the following technologies: biomass; ocean thermal energy conversion; photovoltaics; solar thermal power; and wind energy conversion systems. In addition to the production and dissemination of several types of information materials, the wind energy project aims to support efforts of others in the field. The meeting is the first attempt to acquaint people with the information activities of others, to discuss information needs as an aid to planning, and to promote cooperation in disseminating information on wind energy.

  14. Optimizing Lidar Scanning Strategies for Wind Energy Measurements (Invited)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Newman, J. F.; Bonin, T. A.; Klein, P.; Wharton, S.; Chilson, P. B.

    2013-12-01

    Environmental concerns and rising fossil fuel prices have prompted rapid development in the renewable energy sector. Wind energy, in particular, has become increasingly popular in the United States. However, the intermittency of available wind energy makes it difficult to integrate wind energy into the power grid. Thus, the expansion and successful implementation of wind energy requires accurate wind resource assessments and wind power forecasts. The actual power produced by a turbine is affected by the wind speeds and turbulence levels experienced across the turbine rotor disk. Because of the range of measurement heights required for wind power estimation, remote sensing devices (e.g., lidar) are ideally suited for these purposes. However, the volume averaging inherent in remote sensing technology produces turbulence estimates that are different from those estimated by a sonic anemometer mounted on a standard meteorological tower. In addition, most lidars intended for wind energy purposes utilize a standard Doppler beam-swinging or Velocity-Azimuth Display technique to estimate the three-dimensional wind vector. These scanning strategies are ideal for measuring mean wind speeds but are likely inadequate for measuring turbulence. In order to examine the impact of different lidar scanning strategies on turbulence measurements, a WindCube lidar, a scanning Halo lidar, and a scanning Galion lidar were deployed at the Southern Great Plains Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) site in Summer 2013. Existing instrumentation at the ARM site, including a 60-m meteorological tower and an additional scanning Halo lidar, were used in conjunction with the deployed lidars to evaluate several user-defined scanning strategies. For part of the experiment, all three scanning lidars were pointed at approximately the same point in space and a tri-Doppler analysis was completed to calculate the three-dimensional wind vector every 1 second. In another part of the experiment, one of

  15. Solar Wind - Magnetosheath - Magnetopause Interactions in Global Hybrid-Vlasov Simulations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hoilijoki, S.; Pfau-Kempf, Y.; Ganse, U.; Hietala, H.; Cassak, P.; Walsh, B.; Juusola, L.; Jarvinen, R.; von Alfthan, S.; Palmroth, M.

    2017-12-01

    We present results of interactions of solar wind and Earth's magnetosphere in global hybrid-Vlasov simulations carried out using the Vlasiator model. Vlasiator propagates ions as velocity distribution functions by solving the Vlasov equation and electrons are treated as charge-neutralizing massless fluid. Vlasiator simulations show a strong coupling between the ion scale and global scale physics. Global scale phenomena affect the local physics and the local phenomena impact the global system. Our results have shown that mirror mode waves growing in the quasi-perpendicular magnetosheath have an impact on the local reconnection rates at the dayside magnetopause. Furthermore, multiple X-line reconnection at the dayside magnetopause leads to the formation of magnetic islands (2D flux transfer events), which launch bow waves upstream propagating through the magnetosheath. These steep bow waves have the ability to accelerate ions in the magnetosheath. When the bow waves reach the bow shock they are able to bulge the shock locally. The bulge in the shock decreases the angle between the interplanetary magnetic field and the shock normal and allows ions to be reflected back to the solar wind along the magnetic field lines. Consequently, Vlasiator simulations show that magnetosheath fluctuations affect magnetopause reconnection and reconnection may influence particle acceleration and reflection in the magnetosheath and solar wind.

  16. Domestic Wind Energy Workforce; NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Tegen, Suzanne

    2015-07-30

    A robust workforce is essential to growing domestic wind manufacturing capabilities. NREL researchers conducted research to better understand today's domestic wind workforce, projected needs for the future, and how existing and new education and training programs can meet future needs. This presentation provides an overview of this research and the accompanying industry survey, as well as the Energy Department's Career Maps, Jobs & Economic Development Impacts models, and the Wind for Schools project.

  17. Energy optimization for a wind DFIG with flywheel energy storage

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Hamzaoui, Ihssen, E-mail: hamzaoui-ihssen2000@yahoo.fr; Laboratory of Instrumentation, Faculty of Electronics and Computer, University of Khemis Miliana, Ain Defla; Bouchafaa, Farid, E-mail: fbouchafa@gmail.com

    2016-07-25

    The type of distributed generation unit that is the subject of this paper relates to renewable energy sources, especially wind power. The wind generator used is based on a double fed induction Generator (DFIG). The stator of the DFIG is connected directly to the network and the rotor is connected to the network through the power converter with three levels. The objective of this work is to study the association a Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) in wind generator. This system is used to improve the quality of electricity provided by wind generator. It is composed of a flywheel; anmore » induction machine (IM) and a power electronic converter. A maximum power tracking technique « Maximum Power Point Tracking » (MPPT) and a strategy for controlling the pitch angle is presented. The model of the complete system is developed in Matlab/Simulink environment / to analyze the results from simulation the integration of wind chain to networks.« less

  18. Renewable energy and sustainable communities: Alaska's wind generator experience.

    PubMed

    Konkel, R Steven

    2013-01-01

    In 1984, the Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development (DCED) issued the State's first inventory/economic assessment of wind generators, documenting installed wind generator capacity and the economics of replacing diesel-fuel-generated electricity. Alaska's wind generation capacity had grown from hundreds of installed kilowatts to over 15.3 megawatts (MW) by January 2012. This article reviews data and conclusions presented in "Alaska's Wind Energy Systems; Inventory and Economic Assessment" (1). (Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development, S. Konkel, 1984). It provides a foundation and baseline for understanding the development of this renewable energy source. Today's technologies have evolved at an astonishing pace; a typical generator in an Alaska wind farm now is likely rated at 1.5-MW capacity, compared to the single-kilowatt (kW) machines present in 1984. Installed capacity has mushroomed, illustrated by Unalakleet's 600-kW wind farm dwarfing the original three 10-kW machines included in the 1984 inventory. Kodiak Electric had three 1.5-MW turbines installed at Pillar Mountain in 2009, with three additional turbines of 4.5-MW capacity installed in 2012. Utilities now actively plan for wind generation and compete for state funding. State of Alaska energy policy provides the context for energy project decision-making. Substantial renewable energy fund (REF) awards--$202,000,000 to date for 227 REF projects in the first 5 cycles of funding--along with numerous energy conservation programs--are now in place. Increasing investment in wind is driven by multiple factors. Stakeholders have interests both in public policy and meeting private investment objectives. Wind generator investors should consider project economics and potential impacts of energy decisions on human health. Specifically this article considers: changing environmental conditions in remote Alaska villages, impacts associated with climate change on human health, progress in

  19. A Wind Energy Powered Wireless Temperature Sensor Node

    PubMed Central

    Zhang, Chuang; He, Xue-Feng; Li, Si-Yu; Cheng, Yao-Qing; Rao, Yang

    2015-01-01

    A wireless temperature sensor node composed of a piezoelectric wind energy harvester, a temperature sensor, a microcontroller, a power management circuit and a wireless transmitting module was developed. The wind-induced vibration energy harvester with a cuboid chamber of 62 mm × 19.6 mm × 10 mm converts ambient wind energy into electrical energy to power the sensor node. A TMP102 temperature sensor and the MSP430 microcontroller are used to measure the temperature. The power management module consists of LTC3588-1 and LT3009 units. The measured temperature is transmitted by the nRF24l01 transceiver. Experimental results show that the critical wind speed of the harvester was about 5.4 m/s and the output power of the harvester was about 1.59 mW for the electrical load of 20 kΩ at wind speed of 11.2 m/s, which was sufficient to power the wireless sensor node to measure and transmit the temperature every 13 s. When the wind speed increased from 6 m/s to 11.5 m/s, the self-powered wireless sensor node worked normally. PMID:25734649

  20. A wind energy powered wireless temperature sensor node.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Chuang; He, Xue-Feng; Li, Si-Yu; Cheng, Yao-Qing; Rao, Yang

    2015-02-27

    A wireless temperature sensor node composed of a piezoelectric wind energy harvester, a temperature sensor, a microcontroller, a power management circuit and a wireless transmitting module was developed. The wind-induced vibration energy harvester with a cuboid chamber of 62 mm × 19.6 mm × 10 mm converts ambient wind energy into electrical energy to power the sensor node. A TMP102 temperature sensor and the MSP430 microcontroller are used to measure the temperature. The power management module consists of LTC3588-1 and LT3009 units. The measured temperature is transmitted by the nRF24l01 transceiver. Experimental results show that the critical wind speed of the harvester was about 5.4 m/s and the output power of the harvester was about 1.59 mW for the electrical load of 20 kΩ at wind speed of 11.2 m/s, which was sufficient to power the wireless sensor node to measure and transmit the temperature every 13 s. When the wind speed increased from 6 m/s to 11.5 m/s, the self-powered wireless sensor node worked normally.

  1. Simulation of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer for Wind Energy Applications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Marjanovic, Nikola

    Energy production from wind is an increasingly important component of overall global power generation, and will likely continue to gain an even greater share of electricity production as world governments attempt to mitigate climate change and wind energy production costs decrease. Wind energy generation depends on wind speed, which is greatly influenced by local and synoptic environmental forcings. Synoptic forcing, such as a cold frontal passage, exists on a large spatial scale while local forcing manifests itself on a much smaller scale and could result from topographic effects or land-surface heat fluxes. Synoptic forcing, if strong enough, may suppress the effects of generally weaker local forcing. At the even smaller scale of a wind farm, upstream turbines generate wakes that decrease the wind speed and increase the atmospheric turbulence at the downwind turbines, thereby reducing power production and increasing fatigue loading that may damage turbine components, respectively. Simulation of atmospheric processes that span a considerable range of spatial and temporal scales is essential to improve wind energy forecasting, wind turbine siting, turbine maintenance scheduling, and wind turbine design. Mesoscale atmospheric models predict atmospheric conditions using observed data, for a wide range of meteorological applications across scales from thousands of kilometers to hundreds of meters. Mesoscale models include parameterizations for the major atmospheric physical processes that modulate wind speed and turbulence dynamics, such as cloud evolution and surface-atmosphere interactions. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used in this dissertation to investigate the effects of model parameters on wind energy forecasting. WRF is used for case study simulations at two West Coast North American wind farms, one with simple and one with complex terrain, during both synoptically and locally-driven weather events. The model's performance with different

  2. 2015 Cost of Wind Energy Review

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Mone, Christopher; Hand, Maureen; Bolinger, Mark

    This report uses representative commercial projects to estimate the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for both land-based and offshore wind plants in the United States for 2015. Scheduled to be published on an annual basis, the analysis relies on both market and modeled data to maintain an up-to-date understanding of wind generation cost trends and drivers. It is intended to provide insight into current component-level costs and a basis for understanding variability in the LCOE across the industry. Data and tools developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) are used in this analysis to inform wind technology cost projections,more » goals, and improvement opportunities.« less

  3. 2014 Cost of Wind Energy Review

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Mone, Christopher; Stehly, Tyler; Maples, Ben

    2015-10-01

    This report uses representative commercial projects to estimate the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for both land-based and offshore wind plants in the United States for 2014. Scheduled to be published on an annual basis, the analysis relies on both market and modeled data to maintain an up-to-date understanding of wind generation cost trends and drivers. It is intended to provide insight into current component-level costs and a basis for understanding variability in the LCOE across the industry. Data and tools developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) are used in this analysis to inform wind technology cost projections,more » goals, and improvement opportunities.« less

  4. Wind-To-Hydrogen Energy Pilot Project

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ron Rebenitsch; Randall Bush; Allen Boushee

    2009-04-24

    WIND-TO-HYDROGEN ENERGY PILOT PROJECT: BASIN ELECTRIC POWER COOPERATIVE In an effort to address the hurdles of wind-generated electricity (specifically wind's intermittency and transmission capacity limitations) and support development of electrolysis technology, Basin Electric Power Cooperative (BEPC) conducted a research project involving a wind-to-hydrogen system. Through this effort, BEPC, with the support of the Energy & Environmental Research Center at the University of North Dakota, evaluated the feasibility of dynamically scheduling wind energy to power an electrolysis-based hydrogen production system. The goal of this project was to research the application of hydrogen production from wind energy, allowing for continued wind energymore » development in remote wind-rich areas and mitigating the necessity for electrical transmission expansion. Prior to expending significant funding on equipment and site development, a feasibility study was performed. The primary objective of the feasibility study was to provide BEPC and The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) with sufficient information to make a determination whether or not to proceed with Phase II of the project, which was equipment procurement, installation, and operation. Four modes of operation were considered in the feasibility report to evaluate technical and economic merits. Mode 1 - scaled wind, Mode 2 - scaled wind with off-peak, Mode 3 - full wind, and Mode 4 - full wind with off-peak In summary, the feasibility report, completed on August 11, 2005, found that the proposed hydrogen production system would produce between 8000 and 20,000 kg of hydrogen annually depending on the mode of operation. This estimate was based on actual wind energy production from one of the North Dakota (ND) wind farms of which BEPC is the electrical off-taker. The cost of the hydrogen produced ranged from $20 to $10 per kg (depending on the mode of operation). The economic sensitivity analysis performed as part of the

  5. Wind Power Energy in Southern Brazil: evaluation using a mesoscale meteorological model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Krusche, Nisia; Stoevesandt, Bernhard; Chang, Chi-Yao; Peralta, Carlos

    2015-04-01

    In recent years, several wind farms were build in the coast of Rio Grande do Sul state. This region of Brazil was identified, in wind energy studies, as most favorable to the development of wind power energy, along with the Northeast part of the country. Site assessments of wind power, over long periods to estimate the power production and forecasts over short periods can be used for planning of power distribution and enhancements on Brazil's present capacity to use this resource. The computational power available today allows the simulation of the atmospheric flow in great detail. For instance, one of the authors participated in a research that demonstrated the interaction between the lake and maritime breeze in this region through the use of a atmospheric model. Therefore, we aim to evaluate simulations of wind conditions and its potential to generate energy in this region. The model applied is the Weather Research and Forecasting , which is the mesoscale weather forecast software. The calculation domain is centered in 32oS and 52oW, in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul state. The initial conditions of the simulation are taken from the global weather forecast in the time period from October 1st to October 31st, 2006. The wind power potential was calculated for a generic turbine, with a blade length of 52 m, using the expression: P=1/2*d*A*Cp*v^3, where P is the wind power energy (in Watts), d is the density (equal to 1.23 kg/m^3), A is the area section, which is equal to 8500 m2 , and v is the intensity of the velocity. The evaluation was done for a turbine placed at 50 m and 150 m of height. A threshold was chosen for a turbine production of 1.5 MW to estimate the potential of the site. In contrast to northern Brazilian region, which has a rather constant wind condition, this region shows a great variation of power output due to the weather variability. During the period of the study, at least three frontal systems went over the region, and thre was a

  6. Measurement of global oceanic winds from Seasat-SMMR and its comparison with Seasat-SASS and ALT derived winds

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Pandey, Prem C.

    1987-01-01

    The retrieval of ocean-surface wind speed from different channel combinations of Seasat SMMR measurements is demonstrated. Wind speeds derived using the best two channel subsets (10.6 H and 18.0 V) were compared with in situ data collected during the Joint Air-Sea Interaction (JASIN) experiment and an rms difference of 1.5 m/s was found. Global maps of wind speed generated with the present algorithm show that the averaged winds are arranged in well-ordered belts.

  7. Avian collision risk models for wind energy impact assessments

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Masden, E.A., E-mail: elizabeth.masden@uhi.ac.uk; Cook, A.S.C.P.

    2016-01-15

    With the increasing global development of wind energy, collision risk models (CRMs) are routinely used to assess the potential impacts of wind turbines on birds. We reviewed and compared the avian collision risk models currently available in the scientific literature, exploring aspects such as the calculation of a collision probability, inclusion of stationary components e.g. the tower, angle of approach and uncertainty. 10 models were cited in the literature and of these, all included a probability of collision of a single bird colliding with a wind turbine during passage through the rotor swept area, and the majority included a measuremore » of the number of birds at risk. 7 out of the 10 models calculated the probability of birds colliding, whilst the remainder used a constant. We identified four approaches to calculate the probability of collision and these were used by others. 6 of the 10 models were deterministic and included the most frequently used models in the UK, with only 4 including variation or uncertainty in some way, the most recent using Bayesian methods. Despite their appeal, CRMs have their limitations and can be ‘data hungry’ as well as assuming much about bird movement and behaviour. As data become available, these assumptions should be tested to ensure that CRMs are functioning to adequately answer the questions posed by the wind energy sector. - Highlights: • We highlighted ten models available to assess avian collision risk. • Only 4 of the models included variability or uncertainty. • Collision risk models have limitations and can be ‘data hungry’. • It is vital that the most appropriate model is used for a given task.« less

  8. Changes in European wind energy generation potential within a 1.5 °C warmer world

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hosking, J. Scott; MacLeod, D.; Phillips, T.; Holmes, C. R.; Watson, P.; Shuckburgh, E. F.; Mitchell, D.

    2018-05-01

    Global climate model simulations from the ‘Half a degree Additional warming, Prognosis and Projected Impacts’ (HAPPI) project were used to assess how wind power generation over Europe would change in a future world where global temperatures reach 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. Comparing recent historical (2006–2015) and future 1.5 °C forcing experiments highlights that the climate models demonstrate a northward shift in the Atlantic jet, leading to a significant (p < 0.01) increase in surface winds over the UK and Northern Europe and a significant (p < 0.05) reduction over Southern Europe. We use a wind turbine power model to transform daily near-surface (10 m) wind speeds into daily wind power output, accounting for sub-daily variability, the height of the turbine, and power losses due to transmission and distribution of electricity. To reduce regional model biases we use bias-corrected 10 m wind speeds. We see an increase in power generation potential over much of Europe, with the greatest increase in load factor over the UK of around four percentage points. Increases in variability are seen over much of central and northern Europe with the largest seasonal change in summer. Focusing on the UK, we find that wind energy production during spring and autumn under 1.5 °C forcing would become as productive as it is currently during the peak winter season. Similarly, summer winds would increase driving up wind generation to resemble levels currently seen in spring and autumn. We conclude that the potential for wind energy in Northern Europe may be greater than has been previously assumed, with likely increases even in a 1.5 °C warmer world. While there is the potential for Southern Europe to see a reduction in their wind resource, these decreases are likely to be negligible.

  9. Solar energy system with wind vane

    DOEpatents

    Grip, Robert E

    2015-11-03

    A solar energy system including a pedestal defining a longitudinal axis, a frame that is supported by the pedestal and that is rotateable relative to the pedestal about the longitudinal axis, the frame including at least one solar device, and a wind vane operatively connected to the frame to urge the frame relative to the pedestal about the longitudinal axis in response to wind acting on the wind vane.

  10. Impact of wind farms with energy storage on transient stability

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bowman, Douglas Allen

    Today's energy infrastructure will need to rapidly expand in terms of reliability and flexibility due to aging infrastructure, changing energy market conditions, projected load increases, and system reliability requirements. Over the few decades, several states in the U.S. are now requiring an increase in wind penetration. These requirements will have impacts on grid reliability given the inherent intermittency of wind generation and much research has been completed on the impact of wind on grid reliability. Energy storage has been proposed as a tool to provide greater levels of reliability; however, little research has occurred in the area of wind with storage and its impact on stability given different possible scenarios. This thesis addresses the impact of wind farm penetration on transient stability when energy storage is added. The results show that battery energy storage located at the wind energy site can improve the stability response of the system.

  11. IEA Wind Task 26 - Multi-national Case Study of the Financial Cost of Wind Energy; Work Package 1 Final Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Schwabe, P.; Lensink, S.; Hand, M.

    2011-03-01

    The lifetime cost of wind energy is comprised of a number of components including the investment cost, operation and maintenance costs, financing costs, and annual energy production. Accurate representation of these cost streams is critical in estimating a wind plant's cost of energy. Some of these cost streams will vary over the life of a given project. From the outset of project development, investors in wind energy have relatively certain knowledge of the plant's lifetime cost of wind energy. This is because a wind energy project's installed costs and mean wind speed are known early on, and wind generation generallymore » has low variable operation and maintenance costs, zero fuel cost, and no carbon emissions cost. Despite these inherent characteristics, there are wide variations in the cost of wind energy internationally, which is the focus of this report. Using a multinational case-study approach, this work seeks to understand the sources of wind energy cost differences among seven countries under International Energy Agency (IEA) Wind Task 26 - Cost of Wind Energy. The participating countries in this study include Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. Due to data availability, onshore wind energy is the primary focus of this study, though a small sample of reported offshore cost data is also included.« less

  12. 76 FR 76333 - Notification for Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-07

    ...-1279; Notice No. 11-07] Notification for Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES) AGENCY: Federal Aviation... CFR) part 77, ``Safe, Efficient Use and Preservation of the Navigable Airspace,'' to airborne wind energy systems (AWES). In addition, this notice requests information from airborne wind energy system...

  13. Assessment of Offshore Wind Energy Leasing Areas for the BOEM New Jersey Wind Energy Area

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Musial, W.; Elliott, D.; Fields, J.

    2013-10-01

    The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), under an interagency agreement with the U.S. Department of the Interior's Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), is providing technical assistance to identify and delineate leasing areas for offshore wind energy development within the Atlantic Coast Wind Energy Areas (WEAs) established by BOEM. This report focuses on NREL's development and evaluation of the delineations for the New Jersey (NJ) WEA. The overarching objective of this study is to develop a logical process by which the New Jersey WEA can be subdivided into non-overlapping leasing areas for BOEM's use in developing an auction process inmore » a renewable energy lease sale. NREL identified a selection of leasing areas and proposed delineation boundaries within the established NJ WEA. The primary output of the interagency agreement is this report, which documents the methodology, including key variables and assumptions, by which the leasing areas were identified and delineated.« less

  14. SIMWEST - A simulation model for wind energy storage systems

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Edsinger, R. W.; Warren, A. W.; Gordon, L. H.; Chang, G. C.

    1978-01-01

    This paper describes a comprehensive and efficient computer program for the modeling of wind energy systems with storage. The level of detail of SIMWEST (SImulation Model for Wind Energy STorage) is consistent with evaluating the economic feasibility as well as the general performance of wind energy systems with energy storage options. The software package consists of two basic programs and a library of system, environmental, and control components. The first program is a precompiler which allows the library components to be put together in building block form. The second program performs the technoeconomic system analysis with the required input/output, and the integration of system dynamics. An example of the application of the SIMWEST program to a current 100 kW wind energy storage system is given.

  15. Is This the Only Hope for Reversing Global Warming? Transitioning Each Country's All-Purpose Energy to 100% Electricity Powered by Wind, Water, and Solar

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jacobson, M. Z.

    2016-12-01

    Global warming, air pollution, and energy insecurity are three of the most significant problems facing the world today. Can these problems be solved with existing technologies implemented on a large scale or do we need to wait for a miracle technology? This talk discusses the development of technical and economic plans to convert the energy infrastructure of each of 139 countries of the world to those powered by 100% wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) for all purposes using existing technology along with efficiency measures. All purposes includes electricity, transportation, heating/cooling, industry, and agriculture/forestry/fishing. The roadmaps propose using existing WWS generator technologies along with existing electrical transportation, heating/cooling, and industrial devices and appliances, plus existing electricity storage technologies, (CSP with storage, pumped hydroelectric storage, and existing hydroelectric power) and existing heat/cold storage technologies (water, ice, and rocks) for the transitions. They envision 80% conversion to WWS by 2030 and 100% by 2050. WWS not only replaces business-as-usual (BAU) power, but also reduces 2050 BAU demand due to the higher work to energy ratio of WWS electricity over combustion, the elimination of energy for mining, transporting, and processing fuels, and improvements in end-use efficiency beyond BAU. The study examines job creation versus loss, land use requirements, air pollution mortality and morbidity cost differences, and global warming cost differences due to the conversion in each country. Results suggest that implementing these roadmaps will stabilize energy prices because fuel costs are zero; reduce international conflict by creating energy-independent countries; reduce energy poverty; reduce power disruption by decentralizing power; and avoid exploding CO2 levels. Thus, the study concludes that a 100% WWS transition provides at least one solution to global warming Please see http

  16. A Vision for Systems Engineering Applied to Wind Energy (Presentation)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Felker, F.; Dykes, K.

    2015-01-01

    This presentation was given at the Third Wind Energy Systems Engineering Workshop on January 14, 2015. Topics covered include the importance of systems engineering, a vision for systems engineering as applied to wind energy, and application of systems engineering approaches to wind energy research and development.

  17. Geophysical Potential for Wind Energy over the Open Oceans

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Possner, A.; Caldeira, K.

    2017-12-01

    Wind turbines continuously remove kinetic energy from the lower troposphere thereby reducing the wind speed near hub height. The rate of electricity generation in large wind farms containing multiple wind arrays is therefore constrained by the rate of kinetic energy replenishment from the atmosphere above. In particular, this study focuses on the maximum sustained transport of kinetic energy through the troposphere to the lowest hundreds of meters above the surface. In recent years, a growing body of research argues that the rate of generated power is limited to around 1.5 Wm-2 within large wind farms. However, in this study we demonstrate that considerably higher power generation rates may be sustainable over some open ocean areas in giant wind farms. We find that in the North Atlantic maximum extraction rates of up to 6.7 Wm-2 may be sustained by the atmosphere in the annual mean over giant wind farm areas approaching the size of Greenland. In contrast, only a third of this rate is sustained on land for areas of equivalent size. Our simulations indicate a fundamental difference in response of the troposphere and its vertical kinetic energy flux to giant near-surface wind farms. We find that the surface heat flux from the oceans to the atmosphere may play an important role in creating regions where large sustained rates of downward transport of kinetic energy and thus rates of kinetic energy extraction may be geophysically possible. While no commercial-scale deep-water wind turbines yet exist, our results suggest that such technologies, if they became technically and economically feasible, could potentially provide civilization-scale power.

  18. DOE/NREL supported wind energy activities in Indonesia

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Drouilhet, S.

    1997-12-01

    This paper describes three wind energy related projects which are underway in Indonesia. The first is a USAID/Winrock Wind for Island and Nongovernmental Development (WIND) project. The objectives of this project are to train local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the siting, installation, operation, and maintenance of small wind turbines. Then to install up to 20 wind systems to provide electric power for productive end uses while creating micro-enterprises which will generate enough revenue to sustain the wind energy systems. The second project is a joint Community Power Corporation/PLN (Indonesian National Electric Utility) case study of hybrid power systems in villagemore » settings. The objective is to evaluate the economic viability of various hybrid power options for several different situations involving wind/photovoltaics/batteries/diesel. The third project is a World Bank/PLN preliminary market assessment for wind/diesel hybrid systems. The objective is to estimate the size of the total potential market for wind/diesel hybrid power systems in Indonesia. The study will examine both wind retrofits to existing diesel mini-grids and new wind-diesel plants in currently unelectrified villages.« less

  19. Renewable energy and sustainable communities: Alaska's wind generator experience†

    PubMed Central

    Konkel, R. Steven

    2013-01-01

    Background In 1984, the Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development (DCED) issued the State's first inventory/economic assessment of wind generators, documenting installed wind generator capacity and the economics of replacing diesel-fuel-generated electricity. Alaska's wind generation capacity had grown from hundreds of installed kilowatts to over 15.3 megawatts (MW) by January 2012. Method This article reviews data and conclusions presented in “Alaska's Wind Energy Systems; Inventory and Economic Assessment” (1). (Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development, S. Konkel, 1984). It provides a foundation and baseline for understanding the development of this renewable energy source. Results Today's technologies have evolved at an astonishing pace; a typical generator in an Alaska wind farm now is likely rated at 1.5-MW capacity, compared to the single-kilowatt (kW) machines present in 1984. Installed capacity has mushroomed, illustrated by Unalakleet's 600-kW wind farm dwarfing the original three 10-kW machines included in the 1984 inventory. Kodiak Electric had three 1.5-MW turbines installed at Pillar Mountain in 2009, with three additional turbines of 4.5-MW capacity installed in 2012. Utilities now actively plan for wind generation and compete for state funding. Discussion State of Alaska energy policy provides the context for energy project decision-making. Substantial renewable energy fund (REF) awards – $202,000,000 to date for 227 REF projects in the first 5 cycles of funding – along with numerous energy conservation programs – are now in place. Increasing investment in wind is driven by multiple factors. Stakeholders have interests both in public policy and meeting private investment objectives. Wind generator investors should consider project economics and potential impacts of energy decisions on human health. Specifically this article considers:changing environmental conditions in remote Alaska villages,impacts associated

  20. Wind-energy Science, Technology and Research (WindSTAR) Consortium: Curriculum, Workforce Development, and Education Plan Final Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Manwell, James

    2013-03-19

    The purpose of the project is to modify and expand the current wind energy curriculum at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and to develop plans to expand the graduate program to a national scale. The expansion plans include the foundational steps to establish the American Academy of Wind Energy (AAWE). The AAWE is intended to be a cooperative organization of wind energy research, development, and deployment institutes and universities across North America, whose mission will be to develop and execute joint RD&D projects and to organize high-level science and education in wind energy

  1. Wind energy potential assessment of Cameroon's coastal regions for the installation of an onshore wind farm.

    PubMed

    Arreyndip, Nkongho Ayuketang; Joseph, Ebobenow; David, Afungchui

    2016-11-01

    For the future installation of a wind farm in Cameroon, the wind energy potentials of three of Cameroon's coastal cities (Kribi, Douala and Limbe) are assessed using NASA average monthly wind data for 31 years (1983-2013) and compared through Weibull statistics. The Weibull parameters are estimated by the method of maximum likelihood, the mean power densities, the maximum energy carrying wind speeds and the most probable wind speeds are also calculated and compared over these three cities. Finally, the cumulative wind speed distributions over the wet and dry seasons are also analyzed. The results show that the shape and scale parameters for Kribi, Douala and Limbe are 2.9 and 2.8, 3.9 and 1.8 and 3.08 and 2.58, respectively. The mean power densities through Weibull analysis for Kribi, Douala and Limbe are 33.7 W/m2, 8.0 W/m2 and 25.42 W/m2, respectively. Kribi's most probable wind speed and maximum energy carrying wind speed was found to be 2.42 m/s and 3.35 m/s, 2.27 m/s and 3.03 m/s for Limbe and 1.67 m/s and 2.0 m/s for Douala, respectively. Analysis of the wind speed and hence power distribution over the wet and dry seasons shows that in the wet season, August is the windiest month for Douala and Limbe while September is the windiest month for Kribi while in the dry season, March is the windiest month for Douala and Limbe while February is the windiest month for Kribi. In terms of mean power density, most probable wind speed and wind speed carrying maximum energy, Kribi shows to be the best site for the installation of a wind farm. Generally, the wind speeds at all three locations seem quite low, average wind speeds of all the three studied locations fall below 4.0m/s which is far below the cut-in wind speed of many modern wind turbines. However we recommend the use of low cut-in speed wind turbines like the Savonius for stand alone low energy needs.

  2. International Collaboration on Offshore Wind Energy Under IEA Annex XXIII

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Musial, W.; Butterfield, S.; Lemming, J.

    This paper defines the purpose of IEA Annex XXIII, the International Collaboration on Offshore Wind Energy. This international collaboration through the International Energy Agency (IEA) is an efficient forum from which to advance the technical and environmental experiences collected from existing offshore wind energy projects, as well as the research necessary to advance future technology for deep-water wind energy technology.

  3. DOE SBIR Phase II Final Technical Report - Assessing Climate Change Effects on Wind Energy

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Whiteman, Cameron; Capps, Scott

    Specialized Vertum Partners software tools were prototyped, tested and commercialized to allow wind energy stakeholders to assess the uncertainties of climate change on wind power production and distribution. This project resulted in three commercially proven products and a marketing tool. The first was a Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) based resource evaluation system. The second was a web-based service providing global 10m wind data from multiple sources to wind industry subscription customers. The third product addressed the needs of our utility clients looking at climate change effects on electricity distribution. For this we collaborated on the Santa Ana Wildfiremore » Threat Index (SAWTi), which was released publicly last quarter. Finally to promote these products and educate potential users we released “Gust or Bust”, a graphic-novel styled marketing publication.« less

  4. Scope of wind energy in Bangladesh and simulation analysis of three different horizontal axis wind turbine blade shapes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Khan, Md. Arif-Ul Islam; Das, Swapnil; Dey, Saikat

    2017-12-01

    : Economic growth and energy demand are intertwined. Therefore, one of the most important concerns of the government and in the world is the need for energy security. Currently, the world relies on coal, crude oil and natural gas for energy generati on. However, the energy crisis together with climate change and depletion of oil have become major concerns to all countries. Therefore, alternative energy resources such as wind energy attracted interest from both public and private sectors to invest in energy generation from this source extensively. Both Vertical and Horizontal axis wind turbine can be used for this purpose. But, Horizontal axis is the most promising between them due to its efficiency and low expense. Bangladesh being a tropical country does have a lot of wind flow at different seasons of the year. However, there are some windy locations in which wind energy projects could be feasible. In this project a detailed review of the current st ate-of-art for wind turbine blade design is presented including theoretical maximum efficiency, Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) blade design, simulation power and COP values for different blade material. By studying previously collected data on the wind resources available in B angladesh at present and by analyzing this data, this paper will discuss the scope of wind energy in Bangladesh.

  5. Wind Energy Forecasting: A Collaboration of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and Xcel Energy

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Parks, K.; Wan, Y. H.; Wiener, G.

    2011-10-01

    The focus of this report is the wind forecasting system developed during this contract period with results of performance through the end of 2010. The report is intentionally high-level, with technical details disseminated at various conferences and academic papers. At the end of 2010, Xcel Energy managed the output of 3372 megawatts of installed wind energy. The wind plants span three operating companies1, serving customers in eight states2, and three market structures3. The great majority of the wind energy is contracted through power purchase agreements (PPAs). The remainder is utility owned, Qualifying Facilities (QF), distributed resources (i.e., 'behind the meter'),more » or merchant entities within Xcel Energy's Balancing Authority footprints. Regardless of the contractual or ownership arrangements, the output of the wind energy is balanced by Xcel Energy's generation resources that include fossil, nuclear, and hydro based facilities that are owned or contracted via PPAs. These facilities are committed and dispatched or bid into day-ahead and real-time markets by Xcel Energy's Commercial Operations department. Wind energy complicates the short and long-term planning goals of least-cost, reliable operations. Due to the uncertainty of wind energy production, inherent suboptimal commitment and dispatch associated with imperfect wind forecasts drives up costs. For example, a gas combined cycle unit may be turned on, or committed, in anticipation of low winds. The reality is winds stayed high, forcing this unit and others to run, or be dispatched, to sub-optimal loading positions. In addition, commitment decisions are frequently irreversible due to minimum up and down time constraints. That is, a dispatcher lives with inefficient decisions made in prior periods. In general, uncertainty contributes to conservative operations - committing more units and keeping them on longer than may have been necessary for purposes of maintaining reliability. The downside is

  6. How important is getting the land surface energy exchange correct in WRF for wind energy forecasting?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wharton, S.; Simpson, M.; Osuna, J. L.; Newman, J. F.; Biraud, S.

    2013-12-01

    Wind power forecasting is plagued with difficulties in accurately predicting the occurrence and intensity of atmospheric conditions at the heights spanned by industrial-scale turbines (~ 40 to 200 m above ground level). Better simulation of the relevant physics would enable operational practices such as integration of large fractions of wind power into power grids, scheduling maintenance on wind energy facilities, and deciding design criteria based on complex loads for next-generation turbines and siting. Accurately simulating the surface energy processes in numerical models may be critically important for wind energy forecasting as energy exchange at the surface strongly drives atmospheric mixing (i.e., stability) in the lower layers of the planetary boundary layer (PBL), which in turn largely determines wind shear and turbulence at heights found in the turbine rotor-disk. We hypothesize that simulating accurate a surface-atmosphere energy coupling should lead to more accurate predictions of wind speed and turbulence at heights within the turbine rotor-disk. Here, we tested 10 different land surface model configurations in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model including Noah, Noah-MP, SSiB, Pleim-Xiu, RUC, and others to evaluate (1) the accuracy of simulated surface energy fluxes to flux tower measurements, (2) the accuracy of forecasted wind speeds to observations at rotor-disk heights, and (3) the sensitivity of forecasting hub-height rotor disk wind speed to the choice of land surface model. WRF was run for four, two-week periods covering both summer and winter periods over the Southern Great Plains ARM site in Oklahoma. Continuous measurements of surface energy fluxes and lidar-based wind speed, direction and turbulence were also available. The SGP ARM site provided an ideal location for this evaluation as it centrally located in the wind-rich Great Plains and multi-MW wind farms are rapidly expanding in the area. We found significant differences in

  7. Simple Activity Demonstrates Wind Energy Principles

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Roman, Harry T.

    2012-01-01

    Wind energy is an exciting and clean energy option often described as the fastest-growing energy system on the planet. With some simple materials, teachers can easily demonstrate its key principles in their classroom. (Contains 1 figure and 2 tables.)

  8. Advanced Offshore Wind Energy - Atlantic Consortium

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Kempton, Willett

    This project developed relationships among the lead institution, U of Delaware, wind industry participants from 11 companies, and two other universities in the region. The participating regional universities were University of Maryland and Old Dominion University. Research was carried out in six major areas: Analysis and documentation of extreme oceanic wind events & their impact on design parameters, calibration of corrosivity estimates measured on a coastal turbine, measurment and modeling of tower structures, measurement and modeling of the tribology of major drive components, and gearbox conditioning monitoring using acoustic sensors. The project also had several educational goals, including establishing amore » course in wind energy and training graduate students. Going beyond these goals, three new courses were developed, a graduate certificate program in wind power was developed and approved, and an exchange program in wind energy was established with Danish Technical University. Related to the installation of a Gamesa G90 turbine on campus and a Gamesa-UD research program established in part due to this award, several additional research projects have been carried out based on mutual industry-university interests, and funded by turbine revenues. This award and the Gamesa partnership have jointly led to seven graduate students receiving full safety and climb training, to become “research climbers” as part of their wind power training, and contributing to on-turbine research. As a result of the educational program, already six graduate students have taken jobs in the US wind industry.« less

  9. Wind energy: Resources, systems, and regional strategies

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Grubb, M.J.; Meyer, N.I.

    1993-12-31

    Wind power is already cost competitive with conventional modes of electricity generation under certain conditions and could, if widely exploited, meet 20 percent or more of the world`s electricity needs within the next four to five decades. The greatest wind potential exists in North America, the former Soviet Union, Africa, and (to a lesser extent), South America, Australia, southern Asia, and parts of Europe. In all these areas, wind can make a significant contribution to the energy supply. In regions of the developing world and in island communities, wind can operate with storage and displace diesel fuel. In more developedmore » areas, wind-generated electricity can be channeled directly into the grid, providing an environmentally benign alternative to fossil fuels. Indeed, wind power can contribute as much as 25 to 45 percent of a grid`s energy supply before economic penalties become prohibitive; the presence of storage facilities or hydroelectric power would increase wind`s share still further. Despite a promising future, opportunities for wind power development are probably being missed because too little is known about either the resource or the technology. International efforts are badly needed to obtain better data and to disseminate technological information around the world. Even then, the extent to which wind is exploited will depend on public reaction and on the willingness of governments to embrace the technology. Action that governments might take to promote wind include providing strategic incentives to further its deployment, funding research on wind resources, taxing fossil fuels to reflect their social costs, and allowing independent wind generators adequate access to electricity systems. 74 refs., 15 figs., 10 tabs.« less

  10. Prediction of Wind Energy Resources (PoWER) Users Guide

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-01-01

    ARL-TR-7573● JAN 2016 US Army Research Laboratory Prediction of Wind Energy Resources (PoWER) User’s Guide by David P Sauter...not return it to the originator. ARL-TR-7573 ● JAN 2016 US Army Research Laboratory Prediction of Wind Energy Resources (PoWER...2016 2. REPORT TYPE Final 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 09/2015–11/2015 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Prediction of Wind Energy Resources (PoWER) User’s

  11. The Current State of Additive Manufacturing in Wind Energy Systems

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Mann, Margaret; Palmer, Sierra; Lee, Dominic

    Wind power is an inexhaustible form of energy that is being captured throughout the U.S. to power the engine of our economy. A robust, domestic wind industry promises to increase U.S. industry growth and competitiveness, strengthen U.S. energy security independence, and promote domestic manufacturing nationwide. As of 2016, ~82GW of wind capacity had been installed, and wind power now provides more than 5.5% of the nation’s electricity and supports more than 100,000 domestic jobs, including 500 manufacturing facilities in 43 States. To reach the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) 2015 Wind Vision study scenario of wind power serving 35% ofmore » the nation's end-use demand by 2050, significant advances are necessary in all areas of wind technologies and market. An area that can greatly impact the cost and rate of innovation in wind technologies is the use of advanced manufacturing, with one of the most promising areas being additive manufacturing (AM). Considering the tremendous promise offered by advanced manufacturing, it is the purpose of this report to identify the use of AM in the production and operation of wind energy systems. The report has been produced as a collaborative effort for the DOE Wind Energy Technology Office (WETO), between Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).« less

  12. Hardening Doppler Global Velocimetry Systems for Large Wind Tunnel Applications

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Meyers, James F.; Lee, Joseph W.; Fletcher, Mark T.; South, Bruce W.

    2004-01-01

    The development of Doppler Global Velocimetry from a laboratory curiosity to a wind tunnel instrumentation system is discussed. This development includes system advancements from a single velocity component to simultaneous three components, and from a steady state to instantaneous measurement. Improvements to system control and stability are discussed along with solutions to real world problems encountered in the wind tunnel. This on-going development program follows the cyclic evolution of understanding the physics of the technology, development of solutions, laboratory and wind tunnel testing, and reevaluation of the physics based on the test results.

  13. Performance characteristics of aerodynamically optimum turbines for wind energy generators

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rohrbach, C.; Worobel, R.

    1975-01-01

    This paper presents a brief discussion of the aerodynamic methodology for wind energy generator turbines, an approach to the design of aerodynamically optimum wind turbines covering a broad range of design parameters, some insight on the effect on performance of nonoptimum blade shapes which may represent lower fabrication costs, the annual wind turbine energy for a family of optimum wind turbines, and areas of needed research. On the basis of the investigation, it is concluded that optimum wind turbines show high performance over a wide range of design velocity ratios; that structural requirements impose constraints on blade geometry; that variable pitch wind turbines provide excellent power regulation and that annual energy output is insensitive to design rpm and solidity of optimum wind turbines.

  14. A hybrid reconfigurable solar and wind energy system

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gadkari, Sagar A.

    We study the feasibility of a novel hybrid solar-wind hybrid system that shares most of its infrastructure and components. During periods of clear sunny days the system will generate electricity from the sun using a parabolic concentrator. The concentrator is formed by individual mirror elements and focuses the light onto high intensity vertical multi-junction (VMJ) cells. During periods of high wind speeds and at night, the same concentrator setup will be reconfigured to channel the wind into a wind turbine which will be used to harness wind energy. In this study we report on the feasibility of this type of solar/wind hybrid energy system. The key mechanisms; optics, cooling mechanism of VMJ cells and air flow through the system were investigated using simulation tools. The results from these simulations, along with a simple economic analysis giving the levelized cost of energy for such a system are presented. An iterative method of design refinement based on the simulation results was used to work towards a prototype design. The levelized cost of the system achieved in the economic analysis shows the system to be a good alternative for a grid isolated site and could be used as a standalone system in regions of lower demand. The new approach to solar wind hybrid system reported herein will pave way for newer generation of hybrid systems that share common infrastructure in addition to the storage and distribution of energy.

  15. 75 FR 81637 - Commercial Lease for the Cape Wind Energy Project

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-28

    ... Commercial Lease for the Cape Wind Energy Project AGENCY: Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and... Renewable Energy Development on the Outer Continental Shelf (``OCS'') for the Cape Wind Energy Project... requirements of 30 CFR 285.231. The Lease is for the Cape Wind Energy Project (``Project'') which grants Cape...

  16. Wind Energy: A Maturing Power Supply Possibility.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Petersen, Erik Lundtang; And Others

    1987-01-01

    Suggests that wind energy for electrification will prove to be an appropriate technology with very positive socioeconomic benefits, especially in developing countries. Provides examples of projects conducted by a Danish wind research laboratory. (TW)

  17. Terminology Guideline for Classifying Offshore Wind Energy Resources

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Beiter, Philipp; Musial, Walt

    The purpose of this guideline is to establish a clear and consistent vocabulary for conveying offshore wind resource potential and to interpret this vocabulary in terms that are familiar to the oil and gas (O&G) industry. This involves clarifying and refining existing definitions of offshore wind energy resource classes. The terminology developed in this guideline represents one of several possible sets of vocabulary that may differ with respect to their purpose, data availability, and comprehensiveness. It was customized to correspond with established offshore wind practices and existing renewable energy industry terminology (e.g. DOE 2013, Brown et al. 2015) while conformingmore » to established fossil resource classification as best as possible. The developers of the guideline recognize the fundamental differences that exist between fossil and renewable energy resources with respect to availability, accessibility, lifetime, and quality. Any quantitative comparison between fossil and renewable energy resources, including offshore wind, is therefore limited. For instance, O&G resources are finite and there may be significant uncertainty associated with the amount of the resource. In contrast, aboveground renewable resources, such as offshore wind, do not generally deplete over time but can vary significantly subhourly, daily, seasonally, and annually. The intent of this guideline is to make these differences transparent and develop an offshore wind resource classification that conforms to established fossil resource classifications where possible. This guideline also provides methods to quantitatively compare certain offshore wind energy resources to O&G resource classes for specific applications. Finally, this guideline identifies areas where analogies to established O&G terminology may be inappropriate or subject to misinterpretation.« less

  18. Regional Analysis of Long-term Local and Synoptic Effects on Wind Velocity and Energy Patterns in Complex Terrain

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Belu, R.; Koracin, D. R.

    2017-12-01

    Investments in renewable energy are justified in both environmental and economic terms. Climate change risks call for mitigation strategies aimed to reduce pollutant emissions, while the energy supply is facing high uncertainty by the current or future global economic and political contexts. Wind energy is playing a strategic role in the efforts of any country for sustainable development and energy supply security. Wind energy is a weather and climate-dependent resource, having a natural spatio-temporal variability at time scales ranging from fraction of seconds to seasons and years, while at spatial scales is strongly affected by the topography and vegetation. Main objective of the study is to investigate spatio-temporal characteristics of the wind velocity in the Southwest U.S., that are relevant to wind energy assessment, analysis, development, operation, and grid integration, by using long-term multiple meteorological tower observations. Wind velocity data and other meteorological parameters from five towers, located near Tonopah, Nevada, operated between 2003 to 2008, and from three towers are located in Carson Valley, Nevada, operated between 2006 and 2014 were used in this study. Multi-annual wind speed data collected did not show significant increase trends with increasing elevation; the differences are mainly governed by the topographic complexity, including local atmospheric circulations. Auto- and cross-correlations show a strong coherence between the wind speed and direction with slowly decreasing amplitude of the multi-day periodicity with increasing lag periods. Besides pronounced diurnal periodicity at all locations, detrended fluctuation analysis also showed significant seasonal and annual periodicities, and long-memory persistence with similar characteristics. In spite of significant differences in mean wind speeds among the towers, due to location specifics, the relatively high auto- and cross-correlation coefficients among the towers indicate

  19. 2016 Offshore Wind Energy Resource Assessment for the United States

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Musial, Walt; Heimiller, Donna; Beiter, Philipp

    2016-09-01

    This report, the 2016 Offshore Wind Energy Resource Assessment for the United States, was developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and updates a previous national resource assessment study, and refines and reaffirms that the available wind resource is sufficient for offshore wind to be a large-scale contributor to the nation's electric energy supply.

  20. Quantifying the Benefits of Combining Offshore Wind and Wave Energy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stoutenburg, E.; Jacobson, M. Z.

    2009-12-01

    For many locations the offshore wind resource and the wave energy resource are collocated, which suggests a natural synergy if both technologies are combined into one offshore marine renewable energy plant. Initial meteorological assessments of the western coast of the United States suggest only a weak correlation in power levels of wind and wave energy at any given hour associated with the large ocean basin wave dynamics and storm systems of the North Pacific. This finding indicates that combining the two power sources could reduce the variability in electric power output from a combined wind and wave offshore plant. A combined plant is modeled with offshore wind turbines and Pelamis wave energy converters with wind and wave data from meteorological buoys operated by the US National Buoy Data Center off the coast of California, Oregon, and Washington. This study will present results of quantifying the benefits of combining wind and wave energy for the electrical power system to facilitate increased renewable energy penetration to support reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, and air and water pollution associated with conventional fossil fuel power plants.

  1. Climate information for the wind energy industry in the Mediterranean Region

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Calmanti, Sandro; Davis, Melanie; Schmidt, Peter; Dell'Aquila, Alessandro

    2013-04-01

    According to the World Wind Energy Association the total wind generation capacity worldwide has come close to cover 3% of the world's electricity demand in 2011. Thanks to the enormous resource potential and the relatively low costs of construction and maintenance of wind power plants, the wind energy sector will remain one of the most attractive renewable energy investment options. Studies reveal that climate variability and change pose a new challenge to the entire renewable energy sector, and in particular for wind energy. Stakeholders in the wind energy sector mainly use, if available, site-specific historical climate information to assess wind resources at a given project site. So far, this is the only source of information that investors (e.g., banks) are keen to accept for decisions concerning the financing of wind energy projects. However, one possible wind energy risk at the seasonal scale is the volatility of earnings from year to year investment. The most significant risk is therefore that not enough units of energy (or megawatt hours) can be generated from the project to capture energy sales to pay down debt in any given quarter or year. On the longer time scale the risk is that a project's energy yields fall short of their estimated levels, resulting in revenues that consistently come in below their projection, over the life of the project. The nature of the risk exposure determines considerable interest in wind scenarios, as a potential component of both the planning and operational phase of a renewable energy project. Fundamentally, by using climate projections, the assumption of stationary wind regimes can be compared to other scenarios where large scale changes in atmospheric circulation patterns may affect local wind regimes. In the framework of CLIM-RUN EU FP7 project, climate experts are exploring the potential of seasonal to decadal climate forecast techniques (time-frame 2012-2040) and regional climate scenarios (time horizon 2040+) over the

  2. The Impact of Natural Hazards such as Turbulent Wind Gusts on the Wind Energy Conversion Process

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wächter, M.; Hölling, M.; Milan, P.; Morales, A.; Peinke, J.

    2012-12-01

    Wind turbines operate in the atmospheric boundary layer, where they are exposed to wind gusts and other types of natural hazards. As the response time of wind turbines is typically in the range of seconds, they are affected by the small scale intermittent properties of the turbulent wind. We show evidence that basic features which are known for small-scale homogeneous isotropic turbulence, and in particular the well-known intermittency problem, have an important impact on the wind energy conversion process. Intermittent statistics include high probabilities of extreme events which can be related to wind gusts and other types of natural hazards. As a summarizing result we find that atmospheric turbulence imposes its intermittent features on the complete wind energy conversion process. Intermittent turbulence features are not only present in atmospheric wind, but are also dominant in the loads on the turbine, i.e. rotor torque and thrust, and in the electrical power output signal. We conclude that profound knowledge of turbulent statistics and the application of suitable numerical as well as experimental methods are necessary to grasp these unique features and quantify their effects on all stages of wind energy conversion.

  3. Portable Wind Energy Harvesters for Low-Power Applications: A Survey.

    PubMed

    Nabavi, Seyedfakhreddin; Zhang, Lihong

    2016-07-16

    Energy harvesting has become an increasingly important topic thanks to the advantages in renewability and environmental friendliness. In this paper, a comprehensive study on contemporary portable wind energy harvesters has been conducted. The electrical power generation methods of portable wind energy harvesters are surveyed in three major groups, piezoelectric-, electromagnetic-, and electrostatic-based generators. The paper also takes another view of this area by gauging the required mechanisms for trapping wind flow from ambient environment. In this regard, rotational and aeroelastic mechanisms are analyzed for the portable wind energy harvesting devices. The comparison between both mechanisms shows that the aeroelastic mechanism has promising potential in producing an energy harvester in smaller scale although how to maintain the resonator perpendicular to wind flow for collecting the maximum vibration is still a major challenge to overcome for this mechanism. Furthermore, this paper categorizes the previously published portable wind energy harvesters to macro and micro scales in terms of their physical dimensions. The power management systems are also surveyed to explore the possibility of improving energy conversion efficiency. Finally some insights and research trends are pointed out based on an overall analysis of the previously published works along the historical timeline.

  4. Growing a Wind Workforce: The National Wind Energy Skills Assessment Report (Poster)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Tegen, S.

    This poster summarizes results from the first published investigation into the detailed makeup of the wind energy workforce as well as a glance at the educational infrastructure and training needs of the wind industry. Insights from this research into the domestic wind workforce allow the private sector, educational institutions, and federal and state governments to make better informed workforce-related decisions based on the current data and future projections.

  5. Analysis of the balancing of the wind and solar energy resources in Andalusia (Southern Spain)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Santos-Alamillos, F. J.; Pozo-Vazquez, D.; Lara-Fanego, V.; Ruiz-Arias, J. A.; Hernandez-Alvaro, J.; Tova-Pescador, J.

    2010-09-01

    A higher penetration of the renewable energy in the electric system in the future will be conditioned to a reduction of the uncertainty of the yield. A way to obtain this goal is to analyze the balancing between the productions of different sources of renewable energy, trying to combine these productions. In this work we analyze, from a meteorological point of view, the balancing between wind and solar energy resources in Andalusia (southern Iberian Peninsula). To this end, wind speed and global radiation data corresponding to an one year integration of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model were analyzed. Two method of analysis were used: a point correlation analysis and a Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA). Results from these analyses allow obtaining, eventually, areas of local and distributed balancing between the wind and solar energy resources. The analysis was carried out separately for the different seasons of the year. Results showed, overall, a considerable balancing effect between the wind and solar resources in the mountain areas of the interior of the region, along the coast of the central part of the region and, specially, in the coastal area near the Gibraltar strait. Nevertheless, considerable differences were found between the seasons of the year, which may lead to compensating effects. Autumn proved to be the season with the most significant results.

  6. The Ether Wind and the Global Positioning System.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Muller, Rainer

    2000-01-01

    Explains how students can perform a refutation of the ether theory using information from the Global Positioning System (GPS). Discusses the functioning of the GPS, qualitatively describes how position determination would be affected by an ether wind, and illustrates the pertinent ideas with a simple quantitative model. (WRM)

  7. Assessment of Wind Datasets for Estimating Offshore Wind Energy along the Central California Coast

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Y. H.; Walter, R. K.; Ruttenberg, B.; White, C.

    2017-12-01

    Offshore renewable energy along the central California coastline has gained significant interest in recent years. We present a comprehensive analysis of near-surface wind datasets available in this region to facilitate future estimates of wind power generation potential. The analyses are based on local NDBC buoys, satellite-based measurements (QuickSCAT and CCMP V2.0), reanalysis products (NARR and MERRA), and a regional climate model (WRF). There are substantial differences in the diurnal signal during different months among the various products (i.e., satellite-based, reanalysis, and modeled) relative to the local buoys. Moreover, the datasets tended to underestimate wind speed under light wind conditions and overestimate under strong wind conditions. In addition to point-to-point comparisons against local buoys, the spatial variations of bias and error in both the reanalysis products and WRF model data in this region were compared against satellite-based measurements. NARR's bias and root-mean-square-error were generally small in the study domain and decreased with distance from coastlines. Although its smaller spatial resolution is likely to be insufficient to reveal local effects, the small bias and error in near-surface winds, as well as the availability of wind data at the proposed turbine hub heights, suggests that NARR is an ideal candidate for use in offshore wind energy production estimates along the central California coast. The framework utilized here could be applied in other site-specific regions where offshore renewable energy is being considered.

  8. Geophysical potential for wind energy over the open oceans

    PubMed Central

    2017-01-01

    Wind turbines continuously remove kinetic energy from the lower troposphere, thereby reducing the wind speed near hub height. The rate of electricity generation in large wind farms containing multiple wind arrays is, therefore, constrained by the rate of kinetic energy replenishment from the atmosphere above. In recent years, a growing body of research argues that the rate of generated power is limited to around 1.5 W m−2 within large wind farms. However, in this study, we show that considerably higher power generation rates may be sustainable over some open ocean areas. In particular, the North Atlantic is identified as a region where the downward transport of kinetic energy may sustain extraction rates of 6 W m−2 and above over large areas in the annual mean. Furthermore, our results indicate that the surface heat flux from the oceans to the atmosphere may play an important role in creating regions where sustained high rates of downward transport of kinetic energy and thus, high rates of kinetic energy extraction may be geophysical possible. While no commercial-scale deep water wind farms yet exist, our results suggest that such technologies, if they became technically and economically feasible, could potentially provide civilization-scale power. PMID:29073053

  9. Geophysical potential for wind energy over the open oceans.

    PubMed

    Possner, Anna; Caldeira, Ken

    2017-10-24

    Wind turbines continuously remove kinetic energy from the lower troposphere, thereby reducing the wind speed near hub height. The rate of electricity generation in large wind farms containing multiple wind arrays is, therefore, constrained by the rate of kinetic energy replenishment from the atmosphere above. In recent years, a growing body of research argues that the rate of generated power is limited to around 1.5 W m -2 within large wind farms. However, in this study, we show that considerably higher power generation rates may be sustainable over some open ocean areas. In particular, the North Atlantic is identified as a region where the downward transport of kinetic energy may sustain extraction rates of 6 W m -2 and above over large areas in the annual mean. Furthermore, our results indicate that the surface heat flux from the oceans to the atmosphere may play an important role in creating regions where sustained high rates of downward transport of kinetic energy and thus, high rates of kinetic energy extraction may be geophysical possible. While no commercial-scale deep water wind farms yet exist, our results suggest that such technologies, if they became technically and economically feasible, could potentially provide civilization-scale power.

  10. National Offshore Wind Energy Grid Interconnection Study Full Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Daniel, John P.; Liu, Shu; Ibanez, Eduardo

    2014-07-30

    The National Offshore Wind Energy Grid Interconnection Study (NOWEGIS) considers the availability and potential impacts of interconnecting large amounts of offshore wind energy into the transmission system of the lower 48 contiguous United States.

  11. Large wind energy converter: Growian 3 MW

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Koerber, F.; Thiele, H. A.

    1979-01-01

    The main features of the Growian wind energy converter are presented. Energy yield, environmental impact, and construction of the energy converter are discussed. Reliability of the windpowered system is assessed.

  12. Establishment of a National Wind Energy Center at University of Houston

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wang, Su Su

    The DOE-supported project objectives are to: establish a national wind energy center (NWEC) at University of Houston and conduct research to address critical science and engineering issues for the development of future large MW-scale wind energy production systems, especially offshore wind turbines. The goals of the project are to: (1) establish a sound scientific/technical knowledge base of solutions to critical science and engineering issues for developing future MW-scale large wind energy production systems, (2) develop a state-of-the-art wind rotor blade research facility at the University of Houston, and (3) through multi-disciplinary research, introducing technology innovations on advanced wind-turbine materials, processing/manufacturingmore » technology, design and simulation, testing and reliability assessment methods related to future wind turbine systems for cost-effective production of offshore wind energy. To achieve the goals of the project, the following technical tasks were planned and executed during the period from April 15, 2010 to October 31, 2014 at the University of Houston: (1) Basic research on large offshore wind turbine systems (2) Applied research on innovative wind turbine rotors for large offshore wind energy systems (3) Integration of offshore wind-turbine design, advanced materials and manufacturing technologies (4) Integrity and reliability of large offshore wind turbine blades and scaled model testing (5) Education and training of graduate and undergraduate students and post- doctoral researchers (6) Development of a national offshore wind turbine blade research facility The research program addresses both basic science and engineering of current and future large wind turbine systems, especially offshore wind turbines, for MW-scale power generation. The results of the research advance current understanding of many important scientific issues and provide technical information for solving future large wind turbines with advanced

  13. Three-Dimensional Wind Profiling of Offshore Wind Energy Areas With Airborne Doppler Lidar

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Koch, Grady J.; Beyon, Jeffrey Y.; Cowen, Larry J.; Kavaya, Michael J.; Grant, Michael S.

    2014-01-01

    A technique has been developed for imaging the wind field over offshore areas being considered for wind farming. This is accomplished with an eye-safe 2-micrometer wavelength coherent Doppler lidar installed in an aircraft. By raster scanning the aircraft over the wind energy area (WEA), a three-dimensional map of the wind vector can be made. This technique was evaluated in 11 flights over the Virginia and Maryland offshore WEAs. Heights above the ocean surface planned for wind turbines are shown to be within the marine boundary layer, and the wind vector is seen to show variation across the geographical area of interest at turbine heights.

  14. The impact of changing wind speeds on gas transfer and its effect on global air-sea CO2 fluxes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wanninkhof, R.; Triñanes, J.

    2017-06-01

    An increase in global wind speeds over time is affecting the global uptake of CO2 by the ocean. We determine the impact of changing winds on gas transfer and CO2 uptake by using the recently updated, global high-resolution, cross-calibrated multiplatform wind product (CCMP-V2) and a fixed monthly pCO2 climatology. In particular, we assess global changes in the context of regional wind speed changes that are attributed to large-scale climate reorganizations. The impact of wind on global CO2 gas fluxes as determined by the bulk formula is dependent on several factors, including the functionality of the gas exchange-wind speed relationship and the regional and seasonal differences in the air-water partial pressure of CO2 gradient (ΔpCO2). The latter also controls the direction of the flux. Fluxes out of the ocean are influenced more by changes in the low-to-intermediate wind speed range, while ingassing is impacted more by changes in higher winds because of the regional correlations between wind and ΔpCO2. Gas exchange-wind speed parameterizations with a quadratic and third-order polynomial dependency on wind, each of which meets global constraints, are compared. The changes in air-sea CO2 fluxes resulting from wind speed trends are greatest in the equatorial Pacific and cause a 0.03-0.04 Pg C decade-1 increase in outgassing over the 27 year time span. This leads to a small overall decrease of 0.00 to 0.02 Pg C decade-1 in global net CO2 uptake, contrary to expectations that increasing winds increase net CO2 uptake.Plain Language SummaryThe effects of changing <span class="hlt">winds</span> are isolated from the total change in trends in <span class="hlt">global</span> air-sea CO2 fluxes over the last 27 years. The overall effect of increasing <span class="hlt">winds</span> over time has a smaller impact than expected as the impact in regions of outgassing is greater than for the regions acting as a CO2 sink.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750013723','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750013723"><span>Plans and status of the NASA-Lewis Research Center <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> project</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Thomas, R.; Puthoff, R.; Savino, J.; Johnson, W.</p> <p>1975-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> is investigated as a source of <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> program that is managed by the NASA-Lewis Research Center is described. The Lewis Research Center's <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Power Office, its organization, plans, and status are discussed. Major elements of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> power project included are: an experimental 100 kW <span class="hlt">wind</span>-turbine generator; first generation industry-built and user-operated <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine generators; and supporting research and technology tasks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/964208','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/964208"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> for Schools: Developing Education Programs to Train the Next Generation of the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Workforce</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Baring-Gould, I.; Flowers, L.; Kelly, M.</p> <p>2009-08-01</p> <p>This paper provides an overview of the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> for Schools project elements, including a description of host and collegiate school curricula developed for <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> and the status of the current projects. The paper also provides focused information on how schools, regions, or countries can become involved or implement similar projects to expand the social acceptance and understanding of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1911346L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1911346L"><span>Low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> ion outflow modulated by the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> input</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Kun; Wei, Yong; Andre, Mats; Eriksson, Anders; Haaland, Stein; Kronberg, Elena; Nilsson, Hans; Maes, Lukas</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Due to the spacecraft charging issue, it has been difficult to measure low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> ions of ionospheric origin in the magnetosphere. A recent study taking advantage of the spacecraft electric potential has found that the previously 'hidden' low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> ions is dominant in the magnetosphere. This comprehensive dataset of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> ions allows us to study the relationship between the ionospheric outflow and <span class="hlt">energy</span> input from the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> (ɛ). In this study, we discuss the ratios of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> input to the <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the ionospheric outflow. We show that the ɛ controls the ionospheric outflow when the ɛ is high, while the ionospheric outflow does not systematically change with the ɛ when the ɛ is low.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4970146','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4970146"><span>Portable <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Harvesters for Low-Power Applications: A Survey</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Nabavi, Seyedfakhreddin; Zhang, Lihong</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Energy</span> harvesting has become an increasingly important topic thanks to the advantages in renewability and environmental friendliness. In this paper, a comprehensive study on contemporary portable <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> harvesters has been conducted. The electrical power generation methods of portable <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> harvesters are surveyed in three major groups, piezoelectric-, electromagnetic-, and electrostatic-based generators. The paper also takes another view of this area by gauging the required mechanisms for trapping <span class="hlt">wind</span> flow from ambient environment. In this regard, rotational and aeroelastic mechanisms are analyzed for the portable <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> harvesting devices. The comparison between both mechanisms shows that the aeroelastic mechanism has promising potential in producing an <span class="hlt">energy</span> harvester in smaller scale although how to maintain the resonator perpendicular to <span class="hlt">wind</span> flow for collecting the maximum vibration is still a major challenge to overcome for this mechanism. Furthermore, this paper categorizes the previously published portable <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> harvesters to macro and micro scales in terms of their physical dimensions. The power management systems are also surveyed to explore the possibility of improving <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion efficiency. Finally some insights and research trends are pointed out based on an overall analysis of the previously published works along the historical timeline. PMID:27438834</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1366436','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1366436"><span>2015 Cost of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Review</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Moné, Christopher; Hand, Maureen; Bolinger, Mark</p> <p></p> <p>This report uses representative utility-scale projects to estimate the levelized cost of <span class="hlt">energy</span> (LCOE) for land-based and offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> plants in the United States. Data and results detailed here are derived from 2015 commissioned plants. More specifically, analysis detailed here relies on recent market data and state-of-the-art modeling capabilities to maintain an up-to-date understanding of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> cost trends and drivers. It is intended to provide insight into current component-level costs as well as a basis for understanding variability in LCOE across the industry. This publication reflects the fifth installment of this annual report.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RSPSA.47360726C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RSPSA.47360726C"><span>Bioinspired turbine blades offer new perspectives for <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cognet, V.; Courrech du Pont, S.; Dobrev, I.; Massouh, F.; Thiria, B.</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> is becoming a significant alternative solution for future <span class="hlt">energy</span> production. Modern turbines now benefit from engineering expertise, and a large variety of different models exists, depending on the context and needs. However, classical <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines are designed to operate within a narrow zone centred around their optimal working point. This limitation prevents the use of sites with variable <span class="hlt">wind</span> to harvest <span class="hlt">energy</span>, involving significant energetic and economic losses. Here, we present a new type of bioinspired <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine using elastic blades, which passively deform through the air loading and centrifugal effects. This work is inspired from recent studies on insect flight and plant reconfiguration, which show the ability of elastic wings or leaves to adapt to the <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions and thereby to optimize performance. We show that in the context of <span class="hlt">energy</span> production, the reconfiguration of the elastic blades significantly extends the range of operating regimes using only passive, non-consuming mechanisms. The versatility of the new turbine model leads to a large increase of the converted <span class="hlt">energy</span> rate, up to 35%. The fluid/elasticity mechanisms involved for the reconfiguration capability of the new blades are analysed in detail, using experimental observations and modelling.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030005486','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030005486"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> Tunnel Measurements of Shuttle Orbiter <span class="hlt">Global</span> Heating with Comparisons to Flight</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Berry, Scott A.; Merski, N. Ronald; Blanchard, Robert C.</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>An aerothermodynamic database of <span class="hlt">global</span> heating images was acquired of the Shuttle Orbiter in the NASA Langley Research Center 20-Inch Mach 6 Air Tunnel. These results were obtained for comparison to the <span class="hlt">global</span> infrared images of the Orbiter in flight from the infrared sensing aeroheating flight experiment (ISAFE). The most recent ISAFE results from STS-103, consisted of port side images, at hypersonic conditions, of the surface features that result from the strake vortex scrubbing along the side of the vehicle. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel results were obtained with the phosphor thermography system, which also provides <span class="hlt">global</span> information and thus is ideally suited for comparison to the <span class="hlt">global</span> flight results. The aerothermodynamic database includes both windward and port side heating images of the Orbiter for a range of angles of attack (20 to 40 deg), freestream unit Reynolds number (1 x 10(exp 6))/ft to 8 x 10(exp 6)/ft, body flap deflections (0, 5, and 10 deg), speed brake deflections (0 and 45 deg), as well as with boundary layer trips for forced transition to turbulence heating results. Sample <span class="hlt">global</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel heat transfer images were extrapolated to flight conditions for comparison to Orbiter flight data. A windward laminar case for an angle of attack of 40 deg was extrapolated to Mach 11.6 flight conditions for comparison to STS-2 flight thermocouple results. A portside <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel image for an angle of attack of 25 deg was extrapolated for Mach 5 flight conditions for comparison to STS-103 <span class="hlt">global</span> surface temperatures. The comparisons showed excellent qualitative agreement, however the extrapolated <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel results over-predicted the flight surface temperatures on the order of 5% on the windward surface and slightly higher on the portside.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1082756','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1082756"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> curriculum development at GWU</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hsu, Stephen M</p> <p></p> <p>A <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> curriculum has been developed at the George Washington University, School of Engineering and Applied Science. Surveys of student interest and potential employers expectations were conducted. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> industry desires a combination of mechanical engineering training with electrical engineering training. The curriculum topics and syllabus were tested in several graduate/undergraduate elective courses. The developed curriculum was then submitted for consideration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPhCS.524a2007M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPhCS.524a2007M"><span>Lidar-based Research and Innovation at DTU <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> - a Review</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mikkelsen, T.</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>As <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines during the past decade have increased in size so have the challenges met by the atmospheric boundary-layer meteorologists and the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> society to measure and characterize the huge-volume <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields surpassing and driving them. At the DTU <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> test site "Østerild" for huge <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines, the hub-height of a recently installed 8 MW Vestas V164 turbine soars 143 meters up above the ground, and its rotor of amazing 164 meters in diameter make the turbine tips flicker 225 meters into the sky. Following the revolution in photonics-based telecommunication at the turn of the Millennium new fibre-based <span class="hlt">wind</span> lidar technologies emerged and DTU <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span>, at that time embedded within Rise National Laboratory, began in collaboration with researchers from <span class="hlt">wind</span> lidar companies to measure remote sensed <span class="hlt">wind</span> profiles and turbulence structures within the atmospheric boundary layer with the emerging, at that time new, all-fibre-based 1.55 μ coherent detection <span class="hlt">wind</span> lidars. Today, ten years later, DTU <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> routinely deploys ground-based vertical profilers instead of met masts for high-precision measurements of mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> profiles and turbulence profiles. At the departments test site "Høvsøre" DTU <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> also routinely calibrate and accredit <span class="hlt">wind</span> lidar manufactures <span class="hlt">wind</span> lidars. Meanwhile however, new methodologies for power curve assessment based on ground-based and nacelle based lidars have also emerged. For improving the turbines power curve assessments and for advancing their control with feed-forward <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements experience has also been gained with <span class="hlt">wind</span> lidars installed on turbine nacelles and integrated into the turbines rotating spinners. A new mobile research infrastructure <span class="hlt">Wind</span>Scanner.dk has also emerged at DTU <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span>. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> and turbulence fields are today scanned from sets of three simultaneously in space and time synchronized scanning lidars. One set consists of three fast scanning continuous-wave based <span class="hlt">wind</span> lidars</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-04-02/pdf/2012-7840.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-04-02/pdf/2012-7840.pdf"><span>77 FR 19683 - Proposed Information Collection; Land-Based <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Guidelines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-04-02</p> <p>...-FF09F20000] Proposed Information Collection; Land-Based <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Guidelines AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife..., on an emergency basis, our request to collect information associated with the Land- Based <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span>... proposed <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> facilities may have on wildlife and their habitat. OMB approved our request and...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989weps....2......','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989weps....2......"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Program Summary. Volume 2: Research summaries, fiscal year 1988</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1989-04-01</p> <p>Activities by the Federal <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> program since the early 1980s have focused on developing a technology base necessary for industry to demonstrate the viability of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> as an alternative <span class="hlt">energy</span> supply. The Federal <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Program's research has targeted the sciences of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine dynamics and the development of advanced components and systems. These efforts have resulted in major advancements toward the development and commercialization of <span class="hlt">wind</span> technology as an alternative <span class="hlt">energy</span> source. The installation of more than 16,000 <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines in California by the end of 1987 provides evidence that commercial use of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> technology can be a viable source of electric power. Research in <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine sciences has focused on atmospheric fluid dynamics, aerodynamics, and structural dynamics. As outlines in the projects that are described in this document, advancements in atmospheric fluid dynamics have been made through the development and refinement of <span class="hlt">wind</span> characterization models and <span class="hlt">wind</span>/rotor interaction prediction codes. Recent gains in aerodynamics can be attributed to a better understanding of airfoil operations, using innovative research approaches such as flow-visualization techniques. Qualitative information and data from laboratory and field tests are being used to document fatigue damage processes. These data are being used to develop new theories and data bases for structural dynamics, and will help to achieve long-term unit life and lower capital and maintenance costs. Material characterization and modeling techniques have been improved to better analyze effects of stress and fatigue on system components.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1225154-wind-forecast-improvement-project-wfip-public-private-partnership-addressing-wind-energy-forecast-needs','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1225154-wind-forecast-improvement-project-wfip-public-private-partnership-addressing-wind-energy-forecast-needs"><span>The <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP). A Public-Private Partnership Addressing <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Forecast Needs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wilczak, James M.; Finley, Cathy; Freedman, Jeff</p> <p></p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP) is a public-private research program, the goals of which are to improve the accuracy of short-term (0-6 hr) <span class="hlt">wind</span> power forecasts for the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> industry and then to quantify the economic savings that accrue from more efficient integration of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> into the electrical grid. WFIP was sponsored by the U.S. Department of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> (DOE), with partners that include the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), private forecasting companies (<span class="hlt">Wind</span>Logics and AWS Truepower), DOE national laboratories, grid operators, and universities. WFIP employed two avenues for improving <span class="hlt">wind</span> power forecasts: first, through the collectionmore » of special observations to be assimilated into forecast models to improve model initial conditions; and second, by upgrading NWP forecast models and ensembles. The new observations were collected during concurrent year-long field campaigns in two high <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> resource areas of the U.S. (the upper Great Plains, and Texas), and included 12 <span class="hlt">wind</span> profiling radars, 12 sodars, 184 instrumented tall towers and over 400 nacelle anemometers (provided by private industry), lidar, and several surface flux stations. Results demonstrate that a substantial improvement of up to 14% relative reduction in power root mean square error (RMSE) was achieved from the combination of improved NOAA numerical weather prediction (NWP) models and assimilation of the new observations. Data denial experiments run over select periods of time demonstrate that up to a 6% relative improvement came from the new observations. The use of ensemble forecasts produced even larger forecast improvements. Based on the success of WFIP, DOE is planning follow-on field programs.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1437929','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1437929"><span>The <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Workforce Gap in the United States</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Tegen, Suzanne I; Keyser, David J</p> <p></p> <p>There are more than 100,000 jobs in the U.S. <span class="hlt">wind</span> industry today, and the second-fastest growing job in the United States in 2017 was <span class="hlt">wind</span> technician. A vibrant <span class="hlt">wind</span> industry needs workers, and students who graduate from <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> education and training programs need jobs. The goal of this research is to better understand the needs of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-related businesses, education and training requirements, and the make-up of current and future domestic workforces. Educators are developing and training future workers. Educational institutions need to know which courses to provide to connect students with potential employers and to justify their <span class="hlt">wind</span> energymore » programs by being able to place graduates into well-paying jobs. In interviews with 250 <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> firms and 50 educational institutions, many respondents reported difficulty hiring qualified candidates, while many educational institutions reported graduates not finding jobs in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> industry. We refer to this mismatch as the 'workforce gap.' This conference poster explores this gap.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=wind&id=EJ1004589','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=wind&id=EJ1004589"><span>Inspiring Educators to Teach <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Perez, Gustavo</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The need to teach students about alternative <span class="hlt">energy</span> will continue to gain importance given the increasing growth and demands of the renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> industry. This article describes an activity focused on <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> that the author introduced at the Annual STEM Symposium sponsored by Texas's Region One Education Service Center that can be…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25377179','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25377179"><span>An integrated assessment for <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> in Lake Michigan coastal counties.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nordman, Erik; VanderMolen, Jon; Gajewski, Betty; Isely, Paul; Fan, Yue; Koches, John; Damm, Sara; Ferguson, Aaron; Schoolmaster, Claire</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>The benefits and challenges of onshore and offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> development were assessed for a 4-county area of coastal Michigan. Economic, social, environmental, and spatial dimensions were considered. The coastal counties have suitable <span class="hlt">wind</span> resources for <span class="hlt">energy</span> development, which could contribute toward Michigan's 10% renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> standard. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> is cost-effective with contract prices less than the benchmark <span class="hlt">energy</span> price of a new coal-fired power plant. Constructing a 100 MW <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm could have a $54.7 million economic impact. A patchwork of township-level zoning ordinances regulates <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> siting. Voluntary collaborations among adjacent townships standardizing the ordinances could reduce regulatory complexity. A Delphi Inquiry on offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> in Lake Michigan elicited considerable agreement on its challenges, but little agreement on the benefits to coastal communities. Offshore turbines could be acceptable to the participants if they reduced pollution, benefited coastal communities, involved substantial public participation, and had minimal impact on property values and tourism. The US Coast Guard will take a risk-based approach to evaluating individual offshore developments and has no plans to issue blanket restrictions around the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms. Models showed that using <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> to reach the remainder of the 10% renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> standard could reduce SO2 , NOx , and CO2 pollution by 4% to 7%. Turbines are highly likely to impact the area's navigational and defense radar systems but planning and technological upgrades can reduce the impact. The integrated assessment shows that responsible <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> development can enhance the quality of life by reducing air pollution and associated health problems and enhancing economic development. Policies could reduce the negative impacts to local communities while preserving the benefits to the broader region. © 2015 SETAC.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA626067','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA626067"><span>An Analysis of the Use of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Audits, Solar Panels, and <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbines to Reduce <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Consumption from Non Renewable <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Sources</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2015-04-15</p> <p>the Use of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Audits, Solar Panels, and <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbines to Reduce <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Consumption from Non Renewable <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Sources <span class="hlt">Energy</span> is a National...Park, NC 27709-2211 <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Audits, <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Conservation, Renewable <span class="hlt">Energy</span>, Solar <span class="hlt">Energy</span>, <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine Use, <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Consumption REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 11...in non peer-reviewed journals: An Analysis of the Use of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Audits, Solar Panels, and <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbines to Reduce <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Consumption from Non</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1215350','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1215350"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> Integration National Dataset (<span class="hlt">WIND</span>) Toolkit; NREL (National Renewable <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Laboratory)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Draxl, Caroline; Hodge, Bri-Mathias</p> <p></p> <p>A webinar about the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Integration National Dataset (<span class="hlt">WIND</span>) Toolkit was presented by Bri-Mathias Hodge and Caroline Draxl on July 14, 2015. It was hosted by the Southern Alliance for Clean <span class="hlt">Energy</span>. The toolkit is a grid integration data set that contains meteorological and power data at a 5-minute resolution across the continental United States for 7 years and hourly power forecasts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-05-16/pdf/2013-11704.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-05-16/pdf/2013-11704.pdf"><span>78 FR 28842 - Searchlight <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Project Record of Decision (DOE/EIS-0413)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-05-16</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine generators (WTGs). The proposed Project includes a <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> facility and a 230-kV... DEPARTMENT OF <span class="hlt">ENERGY</span> Western Area Power Administration Searchlight <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Project Record of...), received a request from Searchlight <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span>, LLC (Searchlight) to interconnect its proposed Searchlight...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1009699','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1009699"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> for Schools: Fostering the Human Talent Supply Chain for a 20% <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Future (Poster)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Baring-Gould, I.</p> <p>2011-03-01</p> <p>As the United States dramatically expands <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> deployment, the industry is challenged with developing a skilled workforce and addressing public resistance. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Powering America's <span class="hlt">Wind</span> for Schools project addresses these issues by: 1) Developing <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Application Centers (WACs) at universities; WAC students assist in implementing school <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines and participate in <span class="hlt">wind</span> courses. 2) Installing small <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines at community "host" schools. 3) Implementing teacher training with interactive curricula at each host school.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800023374','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800023374"><span>Composite rotor blades for large <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> installations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kussmann, A.; Molly, J.; Muser, D.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>The design of large <span class="hlt">wind</span> power systems in Germany is reviewed with attention given to elaboration of the total <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> system, aerodynamic design of the rotor blade, and <span class="hlt">wind</span> loading effects. Particular consideration is given to the development of composite glass fiber/plastic or carbon fiber/plastic rotor blades for such installations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH11B2453R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH11B2453R"><span><span class="hlt">Global</span> solar magetic field organization in the extended corona: influence on the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and density over the cycle.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Réville, V.; Velli, M.; Brun, S.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The dynamics of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> depends intrinsically on the structure of the <span class="hlt">global</span> solar magnetic field, which undergoes fundamental changes over the 11yr solar cycle. For instance, the <span class="hlt">wind</span> terminal velocity is thought to be anti-correlated with the expansion factor, a measure of how the magnetic field varies with height in the solar corona, usually computed at a fixed height (≈ 2.5 Rȯ, the source surface radius which approximates the distance at which all magnetic field lines become open). However, the magnetic field expansion affects the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> in a more detailed way, its influence on the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> properties remaining significant well beyond the source surface: we demonstrate this using 3D <span class="hlt">global</span> MHD simulations of the solar corona, constrained by surface magnetograms over half a solar cycle (1989-2001). For models to comply with the constraints provided by observed characteristics of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>, namely, that the radial magnetic field intensity becomes latitude independent at some distance from the Sun (Ulysses observations beyond 1 AU), and that the terminal <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed is anti-correlated with the mass flux, they must accurately describe expansion beyond the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> critical point (even up to 10Rȯ and higher in our model). We also show that near activity minimum, expansion in the higher corona beyond 2.5 Rȯ is actually the dominant process affecting the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. We discuss the consequences of this result on the necessary acceleration profile of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>, the location of the sonic point and of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition by Alfvén waves.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1336011','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1336011"><span>Department of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> <span class="hlt">Wind</span>Sentinel Loan Program Description</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Shaw, William J.; Sturges, Mark H.</p> <p></p> <p>The U.S. Department of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> (DOE) currently owns two AXYS <span class="hlt">Wind</span>Sentinel buoys that collect a comprehensive set of meteorological and oceanographic data to support resource characterization for <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> offshore. The two buoys were delivered to DOE’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in September, 2014. After acceptance testing and initial performance testing and evaluation at PNNL’s Marine Sciences Laboratory in Sequim, Washington, the buoys have been deployed off the U.S. East Coast. One buoy was deployed approximately 42 km east of Virginia Beach, Virginia from December, 2014 through June, 2016. The second buoy was deployed approximately 5 km off Atlanticmore » City, New Jersey in November, 2015. Data from the buoys are available to the public. Interested parties can create an account and log in to http://offshoreweb.pnnl.gov. In response to a number of inquiries and unsolicited proposals, DOE’s <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Technologies Office is implementing a program, to be managed by PNNL, to lend the buoys to qualified parties for the purpose of acquiring <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource characterization data in areas of interest for offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> development. This document describes the buoys, the scope of the loans, the process of how borrowers will be selected, and the schedule for implementation of this program, including completing current deployments.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499131','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499131"><span>Emissions and temperature benefits: The role of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power in China.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Duan, Hongbo</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>As a non-fossil technology, <span class="hlt">wind</span> power has an enormous advantage over coal because of its role in climate change mitigation. Therefore, it is important to investigate how substituting <span class="hlt">wind</span> power for coal-fired electricity will affect emission reductions, changes in radiative forcing and rising temperatures, particularly in the context of emission limits. We developed an integrated methodology that includes two parts: an <span class="hlt">energy</span>-economy-environmental (3E) integrated model and an emission-temperature response model. The former is used to simulate the dynamic relationships between economic output, <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; the latter is used to evaluate changes in radiative forcing and warming. Under the present development projection, <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> cannot serve as a major force in curbing emissions, even under the strictest space-restraining scenario. China's temperature contribution to <span class="hlt">global</span> warming will be up to 21.76% if warming is limited to 2 degrees. With the <span class="hlt">wind</span>-for-coal power substitution, the corresponding contribution to <span class="hlt">global</span> radiative forcing increase and temperature rise will decrease by up to 10% and 6.57%, respectively. Substituting <span class="hlt">wind</span> power for coal-fired electricity has positive effects on emission reductions and warming control. However, <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> alone is insufficient for climate change mitigation. It forms an important component of the renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> portfolio used to combat <span class="hlt">global</span> warming. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070002993','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070002993"><span><span class="hlt">Global</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> and Aviation Concerns</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hendricks, Robert C.; Daggett, Dave; Anast, Peter; Lowery, Nathan</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>Renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources are usually diffuse and require large facilities. Biofuels work better, are more economical to produce for ground transportation, but sharply increase competition for food croplands. Noble laureate Richard Smalley (deceased-2005) conceptual 20 TWe power generation covers hundreds x hundreds of miles. Combined with Fuller s superconducting power grid system would enable renewable planetary <span class="hlt">energy</span>. A solar-<span class="hlt">wind</span> project in Australia will have a 7km diameter collector interfacing with a 1 km tower to extract 200 MW from <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines mounted at the base. GE <span class="hlt">Energy</span> s 3.5MW <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine is large and placing this in perspective, it is as if one were rotating a Boeing 747-200; the blade diameter is that large. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> turbines are rapidly gaining popularity in Europe and photovoltaic (PV) is expected to also expand rapidly. It becomes clear that we need (and still have time) to develop new sources of <span class="hlt">energy</span>. Hf 178 bombarded by X-rays produces Gamma-rays for heating. The reaction stops when the X-rays stop; the half life is about 30 years and seems manageable vs 30 000 years. Water splitting needs to be perused as do ultra fast ultra intense laser applications in terms of fusion and new materials developments including new ways to strip and re-bind hydrogen into fuels. New methods and tools for development are being found in quantum mechanical applications to macro-systems and need to be developed into a set of new tool boxes for development of these new <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1172936','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1172936"><span>2013 Cost of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Review</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Mone, C.; Smith, A.; Maples, B.</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>This report uses representative project types to estimate the levelized cost of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> (LCOE) in the United States for 2013. Scheduled to be published on an annual basis, it relies on both market and modeled data to maintain a current understanding of <span class="hlt">wind</span> generation cost trends and drivers. It is intended to provide insight into current component-level costs and a basis for understanding current component-level costs and a basis for understanding variability in the LCOE across the industry. Data and tools developed from this analysis are used to inform <span class="hlt">wind</span> technology cost projections, goals, and improvement opportunities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1415731','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1415731"><span>2016 Cost of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Review</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Stehly, Tyler J.; Heimiller, Donna M.; Scott, George N.</p> <p></p> <p>This report uses representative utility-scale projects to estimate the levelized cost of <span class="hlt">energy</span> (LCOE) for land-based and offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> power plants in the United States. Data and results detailed here are derived from 2016 commissioned plants. More specifically, analysis detailed here relies on recent market data and state-of-the-art modeling capabilities to maintain an up-to-date understanding of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> cost trends and drivers. This report is intended to provide insight into current component-level costs as well as a basis for understanding variability in LCOE across the country. This publication represents the sixth installment of this annual report.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=cost+AND+wind&pg=3&id=EJ325831','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=cost+AND+wind&pg=3&id=EJ325831"><span>The Geography of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span>: Problem Solving Activities.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Lahart, David E.; Allen, Rodney F.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>Today there are many attempts to use <span class="hlt">wind</span> machines to confront the increasing costs of electricity. Described are activities to help secondary students understand <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>, its distribution, applications, and limitations. (RM)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22689528-emissions-temperature-benefits-role-wind-power-china','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22689528-emissions-temperature-benefits-role-wind-power-china"><span>Emissions and temperature benefits: The role of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power in China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Duan, Hongbo, E-mail: hbduan@ucas.ac.cn</p> <p></p> <p>Background: As a non-fossil technology, <span class="hlt">wind</span> power has an enormous advantage over coal because of its role in climate change mitigation. Therefore, it is important to investigate how substituting <span class="hlt">wind</span> power for coal-fired electricity will affect emission reductions, changes in radiative forcing and rising temperatures, particularly in the context of emission limits. Methods: We developed an integrated methodology that includes two parts: an <span class="hlt">energy</span>-economy-environmental (3E) integrated model and an emission-temperature response model. The former is used to simulate the dynamic relationships between economic output, <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; the latter is used to evaluate changes in radiativemore » forcing and warming. Results: Under the present development projection, <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> cannot serve as a major force in curbing emissions, even under the strictest space-restraining scenario. China's temperature contribution to <span class="hlt">global</span> warming will be up to 21.76% if warming is limited to 2 degrees. With the <span class="hlt">wind</span>-for-coal power substitution, the corresponding contribution to <span class="hlt">global</span> radiative forcing increase and temperature rise will decrease by up to 10% and 6.57%, respectively. Conclusions: Substituting <span class="hlt">wind</span> power for coal-fired electricity has positive effects on emission reductions and warming control. However, <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> alone is insufficient for climate change mitigation. It forms an important component of the renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> portfolio used to combat <span class="hlt">global</span> warming. - Highlights: • We assess the warming benefits associated with substitution of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power for coal. • The effect of emission space limits on climate responses is deeply examined. • China is responsible for at most 21.76% of <span class="hlt">global</span> warming given the 2-degree target. • <span class="hlt">Wind</span> power alone may not be sufficient to face the challenge of climate change. • A fertile policy soil and an aggressive plan are necessary to boost renewables.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4568288','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4568288"><span>Reminiscences on the study of <span class="hlt">wind</span> waves</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>MITSUYASU, Hisashi</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">wind</span> blowing over sea surface generates tiny <span class="hlt">wind</span> waves. They develop with time and space absorbing <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>, and become huge <span class="hlt">wind</span> waves usually referred to ocean surface waves. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> waves cause not only serious sea disasters but also take important roles in the local and <span class="hlt">global</span> climate changes by affecting the fluxes of momentum, heat and gases (e.g. CO2) through the air-sea boundary. The present paper reviews the selected studies on <span class="hlt">wind</span> waves conducted by our group in the Research Institute for Applied Mechanics (RIAM), Kyushu University. The themes discussed are interactions between water waves and <span class="hlt">winds</span>, the <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrum of <span class="hlt">wind</span> waves, nonlinear properties of <span class="hlt">wind</span> waves, and the effects of surfactant on some air-sea interaction phenomena. PMID:25864467</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25864467','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25864467"><span>Reminiscences on the study of <span class="hlt">wind</span> waves.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mitsuyasu, Hisashi</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">wind</span> blowing over sea surface generates tiny <span class="hlt">wind</span> waves. They develop with time and space absorbing <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>, and become huge <span class="hlt">wind</span> waves usually referred to ocean surface waves. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> waves cause not only serious sea disasters but also take important roles in the local and <span class="hlt">global</span> climate changes by affecting the fluxes of momentum, heat and gases (e.g. CO2) through the air-sea boundary. The present paper reviews the selected studies on <span class="hlt">wind</span> waves conducted by our group in the Research Institute for Applied Mechanics (RIAM), Kyushu University. The themes discussed are interactions between water waves and <span class="hlt">winds</span>, the <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrum of <span class="hlt">wind</span> waves, nonlinear properties of <span class="hlt">wind</span> waves, and the effects of surfactant on some air-sea interaction phenomena.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1198477-statistical-spectral-analysis-wind-characteristics-relevant-wind-energy-assessment-using-tower-measurements-complex-terrain','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1198477-statistical-spectral-analysis-wind-characteristics-relevant-wind-energy-assessment-using-tower-measurements-complex-terrain"><span>Statistical and Spectral Analysis of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Characteristics Relevant to <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Assessment Using Tower Measurements in Complex Terrain</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Belu, Radian; Koracin, Darko</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The main objective of the study was to investigate spatial and temporal characteristics of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and direction in complex terrain that are relevant to <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> assessment and development, as well as to <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> system operation, management, and grid integration. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> data from five tall meteorological towers located in Western Nevada, USA, operated from August 2003 to March 2008, used in the analysis. The multiannual average <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds did not show significant increased trend with increasing elevation, while the turbulence intensity slowly decreased with an increase were the average <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and direction weremore » modeled using the Weibull and the von Mises distribution functions. The correlations show a strong coherence between the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and direction with slowly decreasing amplitude of the multiday periodicity with increasing lag periods. The spectral analysis shows significant annual periodicity with similar characteristics at all locations. The relatively high correlations between the towers and small range of the computed turbulence intensity indicate that <span class="hlt">wind</span> variability is dominated by the regional synoptic processes. Knowledge and information about daily, seasonal, and annual <span class="hlt">wind</span> periodicities are very important for <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> resource assessment, <span class="hlt">wind</span> power plant operation, management, and grid integration.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1225326','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1225326"><span>NWTC Aerodynamics Studies Improve <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Capture and Lower Costs of <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-Generated Electricity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2015-08-01</p> <p>Researchers at the National <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Technology Center (NWTC) at the National Renewable <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Laboratory (NREL) have expanded <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine aerodynamic research from blade and rotor aerodynamics to <span class="hlt">wind</span> plant and atmospheric inflow effects. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> capture from <span class="hlt">wind</span> plants is dependent on all of these aerodynamic interactions. Research at the NWTC is crucial to understanding how <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines function in large, multiple-row <span class="hlt">wind</span> plants. These conditions impact the cumulative fatigue damage of turbine structural components that ultimately effect the useful lifetime of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines. This work also is essential for understanding and maximizing turbine and <span class="hlt">wind</span> plant <span class="hlt">energy</span> production. Bothmore » turbine lifetime and <span class="hlt">wind</span> plant <span class="hlt">energy</span> production are key determinants of the cost of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-generated electricity.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhDT........94P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhDT........94P"><span><span class="hlt">Global</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> shifts: Future possibilities in historical perspective</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Podobnik, Bruce Michael</p> <p>2000-11-01</p> <p>This study adopts a macro-comparative, world-systems perspective in order to shed light on the dynamics that led to a <span class="hlt">global</span> shift away from primary reliance on coal and towards over-reliance on petroleum. It is argued that the interaction of three <span class="hlt">global</span> dynamics, those of geopolitical rivalry, commercial competition, and social unrest, undermined the nineteenth-century international coal system and paved the way for the consolidation of an international petroleum system in the twentieth century. Specifically, the historical analysis presented in this dissertation shows that: (1) intervention by state agents was absolutely crucial in the early development and later expansion of the international petroleum system; (2) private coal companies attempted to prevent the consolidation of an oil-based <span class="hlt">energy</span> system, but these older companies were out-competed by newer, multinational petroleum corporations; and (3) waves of labor unrest in established coal industries played a key role in prompting a relatively rapid shift away from coal and towards petroleum. Indeed, a key conclusion of this study is that pressures exerted by such social movements as labor unions, nationalist movements, and environmental coalitions have played as important a role in influencing <span class="hlt">energy</span> trajectories as the more commonly-recognized actions of governmental and corporate actors. By examining contemporary patterns of state and private investments in a cluster of new <span class="hlt">energy</span> technologies, as well as the growing influence of environmental regulations it is argued that <span class="hlt">global</span> dynamics are beginning to favor a shift towards new, more environmentally sustainable <span class="hlt">energy</span> technologies. The fuel cell is highlighted as one new <span class="hlt">energy</span> technology that is poised to enter into widespread diffusion in the coming decades, though potentials for expansions in <span class="hlt">wind</span>, solar, small-scale hydro-electric, and modern biomass systems are also examined. Although significant hurdles must be overcome, this study concludes by</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1054691','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1054691"><span>Final Report: An Undergraduate Minor in <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> at Iowa State University</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>James McCalley</p> <p></p> <p>This report describes an undergraduate minor program in <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> that has been developed at Iowa State University. The minor program targets engineering and meteorology students and was developed to provide interested students with focused technical expertise in <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> science and engineering, to increase their employability and ultimate effectiveness in this growing industry. The report describes the requirements of the minor program and courses that fulfill those requirements. Five new courses directly addressing <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> have been developed. Topical descriptions for these five courses are provided in this report. Six industry experts in various aspects of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> sciencemore » and engineering reviewed the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> minor program and provided detailed comments on the program structure, the content of the courses, and the employability in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> industry of students who complete the program. The general consensus is that the program is well structured, the course content is highly relevant, and students who complete it will be highly employable in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> industry. The detailed comments of the reviewers are included in the report.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BGeo...15.1701R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BGeo...15.1701R"><span>Uncertainty in the <span class="hlt">global</span> oceanic CO2 uptake induced by <span class="hlt">wind</span> forcing: quantification and spatial analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Roobaert, Alizée; Laruelle, Goulven G.; Landschützer, Peter; Regnier, Pierre</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The calculation of the air-water CO2 exchange (FCO2) in the ocean not only depends on the gradient in CO2 partial pressure at the air-water interface but also on the parameterization of the gas exchange transfer velocity (k) and the choice of <span class="hlt">wind</span> product. Here, we present regional and <span class="hlt">global</span>-scale quantifications of the uncertainty in FCO2 induced by several widely used k formulations and four <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed data products (CCMP, ERA, NCEP1 and NCEP2). The analysis is performed at a 1° × 1° resolution using the sea surface pCO2 climatology generated by Landschützer et al. (2015a) for the 1991-2011 period, while the regional assessment relies on the segmentation proposed by the Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP) project. First, we use k formulations derived from the <span class="hlt">global</span> 14C inventory relying on a quadratic relationship between k and <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed (k = c ṡ U102; Sweeney et al., 2007; Takahashi et al., 2009; Wanninkhof, 2014), where c is a calibration coefficient and U10 is the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed measured 10 m above the surface. Our results show that the range of <span class="hlt">global</span> FCO2, calculated with these k relationships, diverge by 12 % when using CCMP, ERA or NCEP1. Due to differences in the regional <span class="hlt">wind</span> patterns, regional discrepancies in FCO2 are more pronounced than <span class="hlt">global</span>. These <span class="hlt">global</span> and regional differences significantly increase when using NCEP2 or other k formulations which include earlier relationships (i.e., Wanninkhof, 1992; Wanninkhof et al., 2009) as well as numerous local and regional parameterizations derived experimentally. To minimize uncertainties associated with the choice of <span class="hlt">wind</span> product, it is possible to recalculate the coefficient c <span class="hlt">globally</span> (hereafter called c∗) for a given <span class="hlt">wind</span> product and its spatio-temporal resolution, in order to match the last evaluation of the <span class="hlt">global</span> k value. We thus performed these recalculations for each <span class="hlt">wind</span> product at the resolution and time period of our study but the resulting <span class="hlt">global</span> FCO2 estimates</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JGR...10411393E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JGR...10411393E"><span>Statistical distribution of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds and directions <span class="hlt">globally</span> observed by NSCAT</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ebuchi, Naoto</p> <p>1999-05-01</p> <p>In order to validate <span class="hlt">wind</span> vectors derived from the NASA scatterometer (NSCAT), statistical distributions of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds and directions over the <span class="hlt">global</span> oceans are investigated by comparing with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) <span class="hlt">wind</span> data. Histograms of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds and directions are calculated from the preliminary and reprocessed NSCAT data products for a period of 8 weeks. For <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed of the preliminary data products, excessive low <span class="hlt">wind</span> distribution is pointed out through comparison with ECMWF <span class="hlt">winds</span>. A hump at the lower <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed side of the peak in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed histogram is discernible. The shape of the hump varies with incidence angle. Incompleteness of the prelaunch geophysical model function, SASS 2, tentatively used to retrieve <span class="hlt">wind</span> vectors of the preliminary data products, is considered to cause the skew of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed distribution. On the contrary, histograms of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds of the reprocessed data products show consistent features over the whole range of incidence angles. Frequency distribution of <span class="hlt">wind</span> directions relative to spacecraft flight direction is calculated to assess self-consistency of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> directions. It is found that <span class="hlt">wind</span> vectors of the preliminary data products exhibit systematic directional preference relative to antenna beams. This artificial directivity is also considered to be caused by imperfections in the geophysical model function. The directional distributions of the reprocessed <span class="hlt">wind</span> vectors show less directivity and consistent features, except for very low <span class="hlt">wind</span> cases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JEMat.tmp..124A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JEMat.tmp..124A"><span>A Combined <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Management Algorithm for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine/Battery Hybrid System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Altin, Necmi; Eyimaya, Süleyman Emre</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>From an <span class="hlt">energy</span> management standpoint, natural phenomena such as solar irradiation and <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed are uncontrolled variables, so the correlation between the <span class="hlt">energy</span> generated by renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources and <span class="hlt">energy</span> demand cannot always be predicted. For this reason, <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage systems are used to provide more efficient renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> systems. In these systems, <span class="hlt">energy</span> management systems are used to control the <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage system and establish a balance between the generated power and the power demand. In addition, especially in <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines, rapidly varying <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds cause <span class="hlt">wind</span> power fluctuations, which threaten the power system stability, especially at high power levels. <span class="hlt">Energy</span> storage systems are also used to mitigate the power fluctuations and sustain the power system's stability. In these systems, another controller which controls the <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage system power to mitigate power fluctuations is required. These two controllers are different from each other. In this study, a combined <span class="hlt">energy</span> management algorithm is proposed which can perform both as an <span class="hlt">energy</span> control system and a power fluctuation mitigation system. The proposed controller is tested with <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion system modeled in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show that the proposed controller acts as an <span class="hlt">energy</span> management system while, at the same time, mitigating power fluctuations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018A%26A...612A..20K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018A%26A...612A..20K"><span><span class="hlt">Global</span> hot-star <span class="hlt">wind</span> models for stars from Magellanic Clouds</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Krtička, J.; Kubát, J.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>We provide mass-loss rate predictions for O stars from Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. We calculate <span class="hlt">global</span> (unified, hydrodynamic) model atmospheres of main sequence, giant, and supergiant stars for chemical composition corresponding to Magellanic Clouds. The models solve radiative transfer equation in comoving frame, kinetic equilibrium equations (also known as NLTE equations), and hydrodynamical equations from (quasi-)hydrostatic atmosphere to expanding stellar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. The models allow us to predict <span class="hlt">wind</span> density, velocity, and temperature (consequently also the terminal <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity and the mass-loss rate) just from basic <span class="hlt">global</span> stellar parameters. As a result of their lower metallicity, the line radiative driving is weaker leading to lower <span class="hlt">wind</span> mass-loss rates with respect to the Galactic stars. We provide a formula that fits the mass-loss rate predicted by our models as a function of stellar luminosity and metallicity. On average, the mass-loss rate scales with metallicity as Ṁ Z0.59. The predicted mass-loss rates are lower than mass-loss rates derived from Hα diagnostics and can be reconciled with observational results assuming clumping factor Cc = 9. On the other hand, the predicted mass-loss rates either agree or are slightly higher than the mass-loss rates derived from ultraviolet <span class="hlt">wind</span> line profiles. The calculated P V ionization fractions also agree with values derived from observations for LMC stars with Teff ≤ 40 000 K. Taken together, our theoretical predictions provide reasonable models with consistent mass-loss rate determination, which can be used for quantitative study of stars from Magellanic Clouds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SPIE.7643E..37T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SPIE.7643E..37T"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> harvesting using a piezo-composite generating element (PCGE)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tien, Cam Minh Tri; Goo, Nam-Seo</p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Energy</span> can be reclaimed and stored for later use to recharge a battery or power a device through a process called <span class="hlt">energy</span> harvesting. Piezoelectric is being widely investigated for use in harvesting surrounding <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources such as sun, <span class="hlt">wind</span>, tides, indoor lighting, body movement or machine vibration, etc. This paper introduces a <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> harvesting device using a Piezo-Composite Generating Element (PCGE). The PCGE is composed of layers of carbon/epoxy, PZT ceramic, and glass/epoxy cured at an elevated temperature. In the prototype, The PCGE performs as a secondary beam element. One end of the PCGE is attached on the frame of the device. The fan blade rotates in the direction of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> and hits the PCGE's tip. When the PCGE is excited, the effects of the beam deformation allow it to generate electric power. In <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel experiments, the PCGE is excited to vibrate at its first natural frequency and generates the power up to 8.5 mW. The prototype can harvest <span class="hlt">energy</span> in urban regions with minor <span class="hlt">wind</span> movement.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/5200257','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/5200257"><span>Studying <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>/bird interactions: a guidance document. Metrics and methods for determining or monitoring potential impacts on birds at existing and proposed <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> sites</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Anderson, R.; Morrison, M.; Sinclair, K.; Strickland, D.; Davis, H.; Kendall, W.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>In the 1980s little was known about the potential environmental effects associated with large scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> development. Although <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines have been used in farming and remote location applications throughout this country for centuries, impacts on birds resulting from these dispersed turbines had not been reported. Thus early <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> developments were planned, permitted, constructed, and operated with little consideration for the potential effects on birds. In the ensuing years <span class="hlt">wind</span> plant impacts on birds became a source of concern among a number of stakeholder groups. Based on the studies that have been done to date, significant levels of bird fatalities have been identified at only one major commercial <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> development in the United States. Research on <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>/bird interactions has spanned such a wide variety of protocols and vastly different levels of study effort that it is difficult to make comparisons among study findings. As a result there continues to be interest, confusion, and concern over <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> development's potential impacts on birds. Some hypothesize that technology changes, such as less dense <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms with larger, slower-moving turbines, will decrease the number of bird fatalities from <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines. Others hypothesize that, because the tip speed may be the same or faster, new turbines will not result in decreased bird fatalities but may actually increase bird impacts. Statistically significant data sets from scientifically rigorous studies will be required before either hypothesis can be tested.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhDT.......130F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhDT.......130F"><span>An assessment of renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> in Southern Africa: <span class="hlt">Wind</span>, solar, hydro</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fant, Charles William, IV</p> <p></p> <p>While electricity demand is rising quickly in the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP), the nations involved struggle to build the necessary infrastructure to meet the demand. In addition, the principal member---the Republic of South Africa---has made ambitious targets to reduce emissions via renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> technology. In this dissertation, three stand-alone studies on this subject are presented that address the future reliability of renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> in southern Africa, considering climate variability as well as long-term trends caused by climate change. In the first study, a suite of models are used to assess the vulnerability of the countries dependent on resources from the Zambezi River Basin to changes in climate. The study finds that the sectors most vulnerable to climate change are: hydropower in Zambia, irrigation in Zimbabwe and Mozambique, and flooding in Mozambique. In the second study, hourly reanalysis data is used to characterize <span class="hlt">wind</span> power intermittency and assess the value of interconnection in southern Africa. The study finds that <span class="hlt">wind</span> potential is high in Kenya, central Tanzania, and southern South Africa. With a closer look, <span class="hlt">wind</span> power resource in South Africa is unreliable (i.e. intermittent) and is weak when power demand is highest on all relevant time-scales. In the third study, presented in Chapter 4, we develop a risk profile for changes in the long-term mean of <span class="hlt">wind</span> and solar power sources. To do this, we use a statistical relationship between <span class="hlt">global</span> mean temperature and each local gridded <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and solar radiation from the GCMs. We find that only small changes in <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and solar radiation are predicted in the median of the distributions projected to 2050. Furthermore, at the extremes of the distribution, relatively significant changes are predicted in some parts of southern Africa, and are associated with low probability. Finally, in the conclusion chapter, limitations and assumptions are listed for each of the three studies</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=337283&Lab=NHEERL&keyword=science+AND+policy&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=337283&Lab=NHEERL&keyword=science+AND+policy&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>A Reexamination of the Emergy Input to a System from the <span class="hlt">Wind</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> absorbed in the <span class="hlt">global</span> boundary layer (GBL, 900 mb surface) is the basis for calculating the <span class="hlt">wind</span> emergy input for any system on the Earth’s surface. Estimates of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> emergy input to a system depend on the amount of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> dissipated, which can have a ra...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...75a2007B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...75a2007B"><span>Design of Hybrid Solar and <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Harvester for Fishing Boat</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Banjarnahor, D. A.; Hanifan, M.; Budi, E. M.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>In southern beach of West Java, Indonesia, there are many villagers live as fishermen. They use small boats for fishing, in one to three days. Therefore, they need a fish preservation system. Fortunately, the area has high potential of solar and <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>. This paper presents the design of a hybrid solar and <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> harvester to power a refrigerator in the fishing boat. The refrigerator should keep the fish in 2 - 4 °C. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> needed is 720 Wh daily. In the area, the daily average <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity is 4.27 m/s and the sun irradiation is 672 W/m2. The design combined two 100W solar panels and a 300W <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine. The testing showed that the solar panels can harvest 815 - 817 Wh of <span class="hlt">energy</span>, while the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine can harvest 43 - 62 Wh of <span class="hlt">energy</span> daily. Therefore, the system can fulfil the <span class="hlt">energy</span> requirement in fishing boat, although the solar panels were more dominant. To install the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine on the fishing-boat, a computational design had been conducted. The boat hydrostatic dimension was measured to determine its stability condition. To reach a stable equilibrium condition, the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine should be installed no more than 1.7 m of height.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MS%26E...78a2028P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MS%26E...78a2028P"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> cannot be Directed but Sails can be Adjusted for Malaysian Renewable <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Progress</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Palanichamy, C.; Nasir, Meseret; Veeramani, S.</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> has been the promising <span class="hlt">energy</span> technology since 1980s in terms of percentage of yearly growth of installed capacity. However the progress of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> has not been evenly distributed around the world. Particularly, in South East Asian countries like Malaysia and Singapore, though the Governments are keen on promoting <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> technology, it is not well practiced due to the low <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds. Owing to the recent advancements in <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine designs, even Malaysia is well suited for <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> by proper choice of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines. As evidence, this paper presents successful <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines with simulated study outcomes to encourage <span class="hlt">wind</span> power developments in Malaysia.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19760039530&hterms=Wind+Pump&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DWind%2BPump','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19760039530&hterms=Wind+Pump&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DWind%2BPump"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> utilization: A bibliography with abstracts - Cumulative volume 1944/1974</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1975-01-01</p> <p>Bibliography, up to 1974 inclusive, of articles and books on utilization of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power in <span class="hlt">energy</span> generation. Worldwide literature is surveyed, and short abstracts are provided in many cases. The citations are grouped by subject: (1) general; (2) utilization; (3) <span class="hlt">wind</span> power plants; (4) <span class="hlt">wind</span> power generators (rural, synchronous, remote station); (5) <span class="hlt">wind</span> machines (motors, pumps, turbines, windmills, home-built); (6) <span class="hlt">wind</span> data and properties; (7) <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage; and (8) related topics (control and regulation devices, <span class="hlt">wind</span> measuring devices, blade design and rotors, <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel simulation, aerodynamics). Gross-referencing is aided by indexes of authors, corporate sources, titles, and keywords.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.U53B..07J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.U53B..07J"><span>Evaluation of Proposed Solutions to <span class="hlt">Global</span> Warming, Air Pollution, and <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Security</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jacobson, M. Z.</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>This study reviews and ranks major proposed solutions to <span class="hlt">global</span> warming, air pollution mortality, and <span class="hlt">energy</span> security while considering other impacts of the proposed solutions, such as on water supply, land use, wildlife, resource availability, thermal pollution, water chemical pollution, nuclear proliferation, and undernutrition. Nine electric power sources and two liquid fuel options are considered. The electricity sources include solar-photovoltaics (PV), concentrated solar power (CSP), <span class="hlt">wind</span>, geothermal, hydroelectric, wave, tidal, nuclear, and coal with carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. The liquid fuel options include corn-E85 and cellulosic E85. To place the electric and liquid fuel sources on an equal footing, we examine their comparative abilities to address the problems mentioned by powering new-technology vehicles, including battery-electric vehicles (BEVs), hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs), and flex-fuel vehicles run on E85. Twelve combinations of <span class="hlt">energy</span> source-vehicle type are considered. Upon ranking and weighting each combination with respect to each of 11 impact categories, four clear divisions of ranking, or tiers, emerge. Tier 1 (highest-ranked) includes <span class="hlt">wind</span>-BEVs and <span class="hlt">wind</span>-HFCVs. Tier 2 includes CSP-BEVs, geothermal-BEVs, PV-BEVs, tidal-BEVs, and wave-BEVs. Tier 3 includes hydro-BEVs, nuclear-BEVs, and CCS-BEVs. Tier 4 includes corn- and cellulosic-E85. <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-BEVs ranked first in six out of 11 categories, including the two most important, mortality and climate damage reduction. Although HFCVs are less efficient than BEVs, <span class="hlt">wind</span>- HFCVs ranked second among all combinations. Tier 2 options provide significant benefits and are recommended. Tier 3 options are less desirable. However, hydroelectricity, which was ranked ahead of coal- CCS and nuclear with respect to climate and health, is an excellent load balancer, thus strongly recommended. The Tier-4 combinations (cellulosic- and corn-E85) were ranked lowest overall and with respect to</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1248798','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1248798"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> Plant Preconstruction <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Estimates. Current Practice and Opportunities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Clifton, Andrew; Smith, Aaron; Fields, Michael</p> <p>2016-04-19</p> <p>Understanding the amount of <span class="hlt">energy</span> that will be harvested by a <span class="hlt">wind</span> power plant each year and the variability of that <span class="hlt">energy</span> is essential to assessing and potentially improving the financial viability of that power plant. The preconstruction <span class="hlt">energy</span> estimate process predicts the amount of <span class="hlt">energy</span>--with uncertainty estimates--that a <span class="hlt">wind</span> power plant will deliver to the point of revenue. This report describes the preconstruction <span class="hlt">energy</span> estimate process from a technical perspective and seeks to provide insight into the financial implications associated with each step.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.434.3628B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.434.3628B"><span>Galactic cluster <span class="hlt">winds</span> in presence of a dark <span class="hlt">energy</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G. S.; Merafina, M.</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>We obtain a solution for the hydrodynamic outflow of the polytropic gas from the gravitating centre, in the presence of the uniform dark <span class="hlt">energy</span> (DE). The antigravity of DE is enlightening the outflow and makes the outflow possible at smaller initial temperature, at the same density. The main property of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> in the presence of DE is its unlimited acceleration after passing the critical point. In application of this solution to the <span class="hlt">winds</span> from galaxy clusters, we suggest that collision of the strongly accelerated <span class="hlt">wind</span> with another galaxy cluster, or with another galactic cluster <span class="hlt">wind</span>, could lead to the formation of a highest <span class="hlt">energy</span> cosmic rays.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19760057486&hterms=Wind+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3DWind%2Benergy','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19760057486&hterms=Wind+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3DWind%2Benergy"><span>ERDA-NASA <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> project ready to involve users</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Thomas, R.; Puthoff, R.; Savino, J.; Johnson, W.</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>The NASA contribution to the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Project is discussed. NASA is responsible for the following: (1) identification of cost-effective configurations and sizes of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-conversion systems, (2) the development of technology needed to produce these systems, (3) the design of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-conversion systems that are compatible with user requirements, particularly utility networks, and (4) technology transfer obtained from the program to stimulate rapid commercial application of <span class="hlt">wind</span> systems. Various elements of the NASA program are outlined, including industry-built user operation, the evaluation phase, the proposed plan and schedule for site selection and user involvement, supporting research and technology (e.g., <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage), and component and subsystem technology development.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-12-08/pdf/2010-30752.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-12-08/pdf/2010-30752.pdf"><span>75 FR 76453 - Top of the World <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span>, LLC; Kit Carson Windpower, LLC; Chestnut Flats <span class="hlt">Wind</span>, LLC; Minco...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-12-08</p> <p>... DEPARTMENT OF <span class="hlt">ENERGY</span> Federal <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Regulatory Commission [Docket Nos. EG10-65-000; EG10-66-000; EG10-67-000; EG10-68-000; EG10- 69-000; EG10-70-000; EG10-71-000] Top of the World <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span>, LLC; Kit Carson Windpower, LLC; Chestnut Flats <span class="hlt">Wind</span>, LLC; Minco <span class="hlt">Wind</span>, LLC; Arizona Solar One LLC; Criterion...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070031576','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070031576"><span>Requirements and Technology Advances for <span class="hlt">Global</span> <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Measurement with a Coherent Lidar: A Shrinking Gap</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kavaya, Michael J.; Kavaya, Michael J.; Yu, Jirong; Koch, Grady J.; Amzajerdian, Farzin; Singh, Upendra N.; Emmitt, G. David</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Early concepts to <span class="hlt">globally</span> measure vertical profiles of vector horizontal <span class="hlt">wind</span> from space planned on an orbit height of 525 km, a single pulsed coherent Doppler lidar system to cover the full troposphere, and a continuously rotating telescope/scanner that mandated a vertical line of sight <span class="hlt">wind</span> profile from each laser shot. Under these conditions system studies found that laser pulse <span class="hlt">energies</span> of approximately 20 J at 10 Hz pulse repetition rate with a rotating telescope diameter of approximately 1.5 m was required. Further requirements to use solid state laser technology and an eyesafe wavelength led to the relatively new 2-micron solid state laser. With demonstrated pulse <span class="hlt">energies</span> near 20 mJ at 5 Hz, and no demonstration of a rotating telescope maintaining diffraction limited performance in space, the technology gap between requirements and demonstration was formidable. Fortunately the involved scientists and engineers set out to reduce the gap, and through a combination of clever ideas and technology advances over the last 15 years, they have succeeded. This paper will detail the gap reducing factors and will present the current status.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...5E8322Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...5E8322Z"><span>From Dust Devil to Sustainable Swirling <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Mingxu; Luo, Xilian; Li, Tianyu; Zhang, Liyuan; Meng, Xiangzhao; Kase, Kiwamu; Wada, Satoshi; Yu, Chuck Wah; Gu, Zhaolin</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>Dust devils are common but meteorologically unique phenomena on Earth and on Mars. The phenomenon produces a vertical vortex motion in the atmosphere boundary layer and often occurs in hot desert regions, especially in the afternoons from late spring to early summer. Dust devils usually contain abundant <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>, for example, a maximum swirling <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity of up to 25 m/s, with a 15 m/s maximum vertical velocity and 5 m/s maximum near-surface horizontal velocity can be formed. The occurrences of dust devils cannot be used for <span class="hlt">energy</span> generation because these are generally random and short-lived. Here, a concept of sustained dust-devil-like whirlwind is proposed for the <span class="hlt">energy</span> generation. A prototype of a circular shed with pre-rotation vanes has been devised to generate the whirlwind flow by heating the air inflow into the circular shed. The pre-rotation vanes can provide the air inflow with angular momentum. The results of numerical simulations and experiment illustrate a promising potential of the circular shed for generating swirling <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> via the collection of low-temperature solar <span class="hlt">energy</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981IJAmE...2..197F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981IJAmE...2..197F"><span>Possibilities and limitations of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> utilisation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Feustel, J.</p> <p>1981-10-01</p> <p>The existing <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource, the most favorable locations, applications, and designs of windpowered generators are reviewed, along with descriptions of current and historic <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines and lines of research. Coastal regions, plains, hill summits, and mountains with funneling regions are noted to have the highest annual <span class="hlt">wind</span> averages, with <span class="hlt">energy</span> densities exceeding the annual solar insolation at average <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds of 5-7.9 m/sec. Applications for utility-grade power production, for irrigation, for mechanical heat production, and for pumped storage in water towers or reservoirs are mentioned, as well as electrical power production in remote areas and for hydrogen production by electrolysis. Power coefficients are discussed, with attention given to the German Growian 3 MW machine. It is shown that the least economically sound <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines, the machines with outputs below 100 kW, can vie with diesel plant economics in a good <span class="hlt">wind</span> regime if the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine operates for 15 yr.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-11-09/pdf/2010-28232.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-11-09/pdf/2010-28232.pdf"><span>75 FR 68780 - Cedar Creek <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span>, LLC; Notice of Filing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-11-09</p> <p>... DEPARTMENT OF <span class="hlt">ENERGY</span> Federal <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Regulatory Commission [Docket No. RC11-1-000] Cedar Creek <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span>, LLC; Notice of Filing November 2, 2010. Take notice that on October 27, 2010, Cedar Creek <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span>, LLC (Cedar Creek) filed an appeal with the Federal <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Regulatory Commission (Commission) of...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100026555','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100026555"><span>Compact, High <span class="hlt">Energy</span> 2-micron Coherent Doppler <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Lidar Development for NASA's Future 3-D <span class="hlt">Winds</span> Measurement from Space</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Singh, Upendra N.; Koch, Grady; Yu, Jirong; Petros, Mulugeta; Beyon, Jeffrey; Kavaya, Michael J.; Trieu, Bo; Chen, Songsheng; Bai, Yingxin; Petzar, paul; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20100026555'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20100026555_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20100026555_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20100026555_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20100026555_hide"></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This paper presents an overview of 2-micron laser transmitter development at NASA Langley Research Center for coherent-detection lidar profiling of <span class="hlt">winds</span>. The novel high-<span class="hlt">energy</span>, 2-micron, Ho:Tm:LuLiF laser technology developed at NASA Langley was employed to study laser technology currently envisioned by NASA for future <span class="hlt">global</span> coherent Doppler lidar <span class="hlt">winds</span> measurement. The 250 mJ, 10 Hz laser was designed as an integral part of a compact lidar transceiver developed for future aircraft flight. Ground-based <span class="hlt">wind</span> profiles made with this transceiver will be presented. NASA Langley is currently funded to build complete Doppler lidar systems using this transceiver for the DC-8 aircraft in autonomous operation. Recently, LaRC 2-micron coherent Doppler <span class="hlt">wind</span> lidar system was selected to contribute to the NASA Science Mission Directorate (SMD) Earth Science Division (ESD) hurricane field experiment in 2010 titled Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP). The Doppler lidar system will measure vertical profiles of horizontal vector <span class="hlt">winds</span> from the DC-8 aircraft using NASA Langley s existing 2-micron, pulsed, coherent detection, Doppler <span class="hlt">wind</span> lidar system that is ready for DC-8 integration. The measurements will typically extend from the DC-8 to the earth s surface. They will be highly accurate in both <span class="hlt">wind</span> magnitude and direction. Displays of the data will be provided in real time on the DC-8. The pulsed Doppler <span class="hlt">wind</span> lidar of NASA Langley Research Center is much more powerful than past Doppler lidars. The operating range, accuracy, range resolution, and time resolution will be unprecedented. We expect the data to play a key role, combined with the other sensors, in improving understanding and predictive algorithms for hurricane strength and track. 1</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.U22A..03M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.U22A..03M"><span>Development and Application of Advanced Weather Prediction Technologies for the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Industry (Invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mahoney, W. P.; Wiener, G.; Liu, Y.; Myers, W.; Johnson, D.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> decision makers are required to make critical judgments on a daily basis with regard to <span class="hlt">energy</span> generation, distribution, demand, storage, and integration. Accurate knowledge of the present and future state of the atmosphere is vital in making these decisions. As <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> portfolios expand, this forecast problem is taking on new urgency because <span class="hlt">wind</span> forecast inaccuracies frequently lead to substantial economic losses and constrain the national expansion of renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span>. Improved weather prediction and precise spatial analysis of small-scale weather events are crucial for renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> management. In early 2009, the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) began a collaborative project with Xcel <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Services, Inc. to perform research and develop technologies to improve Xcel <span class="hlt">Energy</span>'s ability to increase the amount of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> in their generation portfolio. The agreement and scope of work was designed to provide highly detailed, localized <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> forecasts to enable Xcel <span class="hlt">Energy</span> to more efficiently integrate electricity generated from <span class="hlt">wind</span> into the power grid. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> prediction technologies are designed to help Xcel <span class="hlt">Energy</span> operators make critical decisions about powering down traditional coal and natural gas-powered plants when sufficient <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> is predicted. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> prediction technologies have been designed to cover Xcel <span class="hlt">Energy</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> resources spanning a region from Wisconsin to New Mexico. The goal of the project is not only to improve Xcel Energy’s <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> prediction capabilities, but also to make technological advancements in <span class="hlt">wind</span> and <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> prediction, expand our knowledge of boundary layer meteorology, and share the results across the renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> industry. To generate <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> forecasts, NCAR is incorporating observations of current atmospheric conditions from a variety of sources including satellites, aircraft, weather radars, ground-based weather stations, <span class="hlt">wind</span> profilers, and even <span class="hlt">wind</span> sensors on</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1369566','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1369566"><span>Technology Performance Report: Duke <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Notrees <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Storage Demonstration Project</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wehner, Jeff; Mohler, David; Gibson, Stuart</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>Duke <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Renewables owns and operates the Notrees <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Farm in west Texas’s Ector and Winkler counties. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm, which was commissioned in April 2009, has a total capacity of 152.6 MW generated by 55 Vestas V82 turbines, one Vestas 1-V90 experimental turbine, and 40 GE 1.5-MW turbines. The Vestas V82 turbines have a generating capacity of 1.65 MW each, the Vestas V90 turbine has a generating capacity of 1.86 MW, and the GE turbines have a generating capacity of 1.5 MW each. The objective of the Notrees <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Storage Demonstration Project is to validate that <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage increasesmore » the value and practical application of intermittent <span class="hlt">wind</span> generation and is commercially viable at utility scale. The project incorporates both new and existing technologies and techniques to evaluate the performance and potential of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage. In addition, it could serve as a model for others to adopt and replicate. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> power resources are expected to play a significant part in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from electric power generation by 2030. However, the large variability and intermittent nature of <span class="hlt">wind</span> presents a barrier to integrating it within electric markets, particularly when competing against conventional generation that is more reliable. In addition, <span class="hlt">wind</span> power production often peaks at night or other times when demand and electricity prices are lowest. <span class="hlt">Energy</span> storage systems can overcome those barriers and enable <span class="hlt">wind</span> to become a valuable asset and equal competitor to conventional fossil fuel generation.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC13K0883F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC13K0883F"><span>Evaluation of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Production in Texas using Geographic Information Systems (GIS)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ferrer, L. M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Texas has the highest installed <span class="hlt">wind</span> capacity in the United States. The purpose of this research was to estimate the theoretical <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine <span class="hlt">energy</span> production and the utilization ratio of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines in Texas. Windfarm data was combined applying Geographic Information System (GIS) methodology to create an updated GIS <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine database, including location and technical specifications. Applying GIS diverse tools, the windfarm data was spatially joined with National Renewable <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Laboratory (NREL) <span class="hlt">wind</span> data to calculate the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed at each turbine hub. The power output for each turbine at the hub <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed was evaluated by the GIS system according the respective turbine model power curve. In total over 11,700 turbines are installed in Texas with an estimated <span class="hlt">energy</span> output of 60 GWh per year and an average utilization ratio of 0.32. This research indicates that applying GIS methodologies will be crucial in the growth of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> and efficiency in Texas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990JGR....9522275B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990JGR....9522275B"><span>Seasat scatterometer versus scanning multichannel microwave radiometer <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds: A comparison on a <span class="hlt">global</span> scale</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Boutin, J.; Etcheto, J.</p> <p>1990-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds obtained from the Seasat A scatterometer system (SASS) and scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) using two different algorithms were compared on a <span class="hlt">global</span> scale. The temperature dependence of the sea surface emissivity was shown to be incorrectly modelled. After correcting this effect, regional differences up to ± 3 m s-1 are still observed between both instruments, even though they balance in <span class="hlt">global</span> averaging, resulting in no bias between the <span class="hlt">global</span> data sets. Validation experiments of satellite <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds should take into account this possibility of regional biases and insure the validity of the measurements everywhere in the <span class="hlt">global</span> ocean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhDT.......214W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhDT.......214W"><span>Selling <span class="hlt">wind</span>: Lessons in green niche marketing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Worden, Gregory Edward</p> <p></p> <p>Concern about <span class="hlt">global</span> warming, <span class="hlt">energy</span> independence, and threats to oil supply have increased attention on <span class="hlt">wind</span> and other forms of renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span>. Yet after more than twenty years, the <span class="hlt">wind</span> industry remains dependent on government interventions. This research examined the potential of renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> credits (RECs) to help <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> become profitable. Messages used to promote <span class="hlt">wind</span> and solar <span class="hlt">energy</span> RECs were compared with those for sustainable building materials. Findings confirm a still immature approach to marketing and sales. None of those interviewed either recognized the value of or had taken action to ensure customer retention nor recognized the role socially conscious and active consumers might play in promoting and helping develop the industry. Recommended actions include continuing research on effective marketing strategies and development of a coordinated industry message.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MAP...130...81K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MAP...130...81K"><span>Impact of active and break <span class="hlt">wind</span> spells on the demand-supply balance in <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> in India</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kulkarni, Sumeet; Deo, M. C.; Ghosh, Subimal</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>With an installed capacity of over 19,000 MW, the <span class="hlt">wind</span> power currently accounts for almost 70% of the total installed capacity among the renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> sector in India. The extraction of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power mainly depends on prevailing meteorology which is strongly influenced by monsoon variability. The monsoon season is characterized by significant fluctuations in between periods of wet and dry spells. During the dry spells, the demand for power from agriculture and cooling equipment increases, whereas during the wet periods, such demand reduces, although, at the same time, the power supply increases because of strong westerly <span class="hlt">winds</span> contributing to an enhanced production of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>. At this backdrop, we aim to assess the impact of intra-seasonal <span class="hlt">wind</span> variability on the balance of <span class="hlt">energy</span> supply and demand during monsoon seasons in India. Further, we explore the probable cause of <span class="hlt">wind</span> variability by relating it to El Nino events. It is observed that the active and break phases in <span class="hlt">wind</span> significantly impact the overall <span class="hlt">wind</span> potential output. Although the dry spells are generally found to reduce the overall <span class="hlt">wind</span> potential, their impact on the potential seems to have declined after the year 2000. The impact of meteorological changes on variations in <span class="hlt">wind</span> power studied in this work should find applications typically in taking investment decisions on conventional generation facilities, like thermal, which are currently used to maintain the balance of power supply and demand.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981nhu..rept.....L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981nhu..rept.....L"><span>Study of a <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion system in New Hampshire</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lockwood, J.; Kraft, G.; Pregent, G.; Smukler, L.</p> <p>1981-08-01</p> <p>Concern over conventional <span class="hlt">energy</span> costs and supplies is currently strong, particularly in New England region where eighty percent of the total <span class="hlt">energy</span> is oil based; furthermore, forty percent of this region's total <span class="hlt">energy</span> is OPEC oil. These figures contrast with national averages of forty-seven and thirteen percent, respectively (1). The quest to develop alternative and renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources indigenous to New England is understandable in light of these figures. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> is one such source. The study of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> can be divided into three basic areas; these are technical, legal-institutional, and financial. The technical area encompasses collection and analysis of <span class="hlt">wind</span> data, selection and installation of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines and peripheral equipment, and operation and maintenance. The legal-institutional area encompasses the resolution of such issues as land use policies, power contracts, and state and federal regulations. The financial area encompasses the examination of investment opportunities made available by various site-machine combinations and the selling of such opportunities to the investment community.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930072865&hterms=european+working+hours&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Deuropean%2Bworking%2Bhours','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930072865&hterms=european+working+hours&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Deuropean%2Bworking%2Bhours"><span>Use of <span class="hlt">wind</span> data in <span class="hlt">global</span> modelling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pailleux, J.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>The European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is producing operational <span class="hlt">global</span> analyses every 6 hours and operational <span class="hlt">global</span> forecasts every day from the 12Z analysis. How the <span class="hlt">wind</span> data are used in the ECMWF golbal analysis is described. For each current <span class="hlt">wind</span> observing system, its ability to provide initial conditions for the forecast model is discussed as well as its weaknesses. An assessment of the impact of each individual system on the quality of the analysis and the forecast is given each time it is possible. Sometimes the deficiencies which are pointed out are related not only to the observing system itself but also to the optimum interpolation (OI) analysis scheme; then some improvements are generally possible through ad hoc modifications of the analysis scheme and especially tunings of the structure functions. Examples are given. The future observing network over the North Atlantic is examined. Several countries, coordinated by WMO, are working to set up an 'Operational WWW System Evaluation' (OWSE), in order to evaluate the operational aspects of the deployment of new systems (ASDAR, ASAP). Most of the new systems are expected to be deployed before January 1987, and in order to make the best use of the available resources during the deployment phase, some network studies are carried out at the present time, by using simulated data for ASDAR and ASAP systems. They are summarized.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=wind&pg=5&id=EJ850033','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=wind&pg=5&id=EJ850033"><span>Breezy Power: From <span class="hlt">Wind</span> to <span class="hlt">Energy</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Claymier, Bob</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>This lesson combines the science concepts of renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> and producing electricity with the technology concepts of design, constraints, and technology's impact on the environment. Over five class periods, sixth-grade students "work" for a fictitious power company as they research <span class="hlt">wind</span> as an alternative <span class="hlt">energy</span> source and design and test a…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MsT..........8D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MsT..........8D"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> on the horizon in British Columbia. A review and evaluation of the British Columbia <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> planning framework</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Day, Jason</p> <p></p> <p>This study examines the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> planning frameworks from ten North American jurisdictions, drawing important lessons that British Columbia could use to build on its current model which has been criticized for its limited scope and restriction of local government powers. This study contributes to similar studies conducted by Kimrey (2006), Longston (2006), and Eriksen (2009). This study concludes that inclusion of <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource zones delineated through strategic environmental assessment, programme assessment, and conducting research-oriented studies could improve the current British Columbia planning framework. The framework should also strengthen its bat impact assessment practices and incorporate habitat compensation. This research also builds upon Rosenberg's (2008) <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> planning framework typologies. I conclude that the typology utilized in Texas should be employed in British Columbia in order to facilitate utilizing <span class="hlt">wind</span> power. The only adaptation needed is the establishment of a cross-jurisdictional review committee for project assessment to address concerns about local involvement and site-specific environmental and social concerns.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4290411','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4290411"><span>New perspectives in offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Failla, Giuseppe; Arena, Felice</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The design of offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines is one of the most fascinating challenges in renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span>. Meeting the objective of increasing power production with reduced installation and maintenance costs requires a multi-disciplinary approach, bringing together expertise in different fields of engineering. The purpose of this theme issue is to offer a broad perspective on some crucial aspects of offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines design, discussing the state of the art and presenting recent theoretical and experimental studies. PMID:25583869</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1412658-converting-wind-energy-ammonia-lower-pressure','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1412658-converting-wind-energy-ammonia-lower-pressure"><span>Converting <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> to Ammonia at Lower Pressure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Malmali, Mahdi; Reese, Michael; McCormick, Alon V.</p> <p></p> <p>Renewable <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> can be used to make ammonia. However, <span class="hlt">wind</span>-generated ammonia costs about twice that made from a traditional fossil-fuel driven process. To reduce the production cost, we replace the conventional ammonia condensation with a selective absorber containing metal halides, e.g., calcium chloride, operating at near synthesis temperatures. With this reaction-absorption process, ammonia can be synthesized at 20 bar from air, water, and <span class="hlt">wind</span>-generated electricity, with rates comparable to the conventional process running at 150–300 bar. In our reaction-absorption process, the rate of ammonia synthesis is now controlled not by the chemical reaction but largely by the pump usedmore » to recycle the unreacted gases. The results suggest an alternative route to distributed ammonia manufacture which can locally supply nitrogen fertilizer and also a method to capture stranded <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> as a carbon-neutral liquid fuel.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1412658-converting-wind-energy-ammonia-lower-pressure','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1412658-converting-wind-energy-ammonia-lower-pressure"><span>Converting <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> to Ammonia at Lower Pressure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Malmali, Mahdi; Reese, Michael; McCormick, Alon V.; ...</p> <p>2017-11-07</p> <p>Renewable <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> can be used to make ammonia. However, <span class="hlt">wind</span>-generated ammonia costs about twice that made from a traditional fossil-fuel driven process. To reduce the production cost, we replace the conventional ammonia condensation with a selective absorber containing metal halides, e.g., calcium chloride, operating at near synthesis temperatures. With this reaction-absorption process, ammonia can be synthesized at 20 bar from air, water, and <span class="hlt">wind</span>-generated electricity, with rates comparable to the conventional process running at 150–300 bar. In our reaction-absorption process, the rate of ammonia synthesis is now controlled not by the chemical reaction but largely by the pump usedmore » to recycle the unreacted gases. The results suggest an alternative route to distributed ammonia manufacture which can locally supply nitrogen fertilizer and also a method to capture stranded <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> as a carbon-neutral liquid fuel.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770013614','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770013614"><span>Coupled dynamics analysis of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hoffman, J. A.</p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>A qualitative description of all key elements of a complete <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> system computer analysis code is presented. The analysis system addresses the coupled dynamics characteristics of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> systems, including the interactions of the rotor, tower, nacelle, power train, control system, and electrical network. The coupled dynamics are analyzed in both the frequency and time domain to provide the basic motions and loads data required for design, performance verification and operations analysis activities. Elements of the coupled analysis code were used to design and analyze candidate rotor articulation concepts. Fundamental results and conclusions derived from these studies are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..294a2081V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..294a2081V"><span>Experimental model of a <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vasar, C.; Rat, C. L.; Prostean, O.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> domain represents an important issue for the sustainable development of the mankind in the actual context of increasing demand for <span class="hlt">energy</span> along with the increasing pollution that affect the environment. A significant quota of the clean <span class="hlt">energy</span> is represented by the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>. As a consequence, the developing of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion systems (WECS) in order to achieve high energetic performances (efficiency, stability, availability, competitive cost etc) represents a topic of permanent actuality. Testing and developing of an optimized control strategy for a WECS direct implemented on a real energetic site is quite difficult and not cost efficient. Thus a more convenient solution consists in a flexible laboratory setup which requires an experimental model of a WECS. Such approach would allow the simulation of various real conditions very similar with existing energetic sites. This paper presents a grid-connected <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine emulator. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine is implemented through a real-time Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) emulator, which will be analyzed extensively in the paper. The HIL system uses software implemented in the LabVIEW programming environment to control an ABB ACS800 electric drive. ACS800 has the task of driving an induction machine coupled to a permanent magnet synchronous generator. The power obtained from the synchronous generator is rectified, filtered and sent to the main grid through a controlled inverter. The control strategy is implemented on a NI CompactRIO (cRIO) platform.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..12210658L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..12210658L"><span>Cold Ion Outflow Modulated by the Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Input and Tilt of the Geomagnetic Dipole</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Kun; Wei, Y.; André, M.; Eriksson, A.; Haaland, S.; Kronberg, E. A.; Nilsson, H.; Maes, L.; Rong, Z. J.; Wan, W. X.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> input into the Earth's magnetosphere-ionosphere system drives ionospheric outflow, which plays an important role in both the magnetospheric dynamics and evolution of the atmosphere. However, little is known about the cold ion outflow with <span class="hlt">energies</span> lower than a few tens of eV, as the direct measurement of cold ions is difficult because a spacecraft gains a positive electric charge due to the photoemission effect, which prevents cold ions from reaching the onboard detectors. A recent breakthrough in the measurement technique using Cluster spacecraft revealed that cold ions dominate the ion population in the magnetosphere. This new technique yields a comprehensive data set containing measurements of the velocities and densities of cold ions for the years 2001-2010. In this paper, this data set is used to analyze the cold ion outflow from the ionosphere. We found that about 0.1% of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> input is transformed to the kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> of cold ion outflow at the topside ionosphere. We also found that the geomagnetic dipole tilt can significantly affect the density of cold ion outflow, modulating the outflow rate of cold ion kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span>. These results give us clues to study the evolution of ionospheric outflow with changing <span class="hlt">global</span> magnetic field and solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> condition in the history.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740008681','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740008681"><span>A proposed national <span class="hlt">wind</span> power R and D program. [offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> power system for electric <span class="hlt">energy</span> supplies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Heronemus, W.</p> <p>1973-01-01</p> <p>An offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> power system is described that consists of <span class="hlt">wind</span> driven electrical dc generators mounted on floating towers in offshore waters. The output from the generators supplies underwater electrolyzer stations in which water is converted into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen is piped to shore for conversion to electricity in fuel cell stations. It is estimated that this system can produce 159 x 10 to the ninth power kilowatt-hours per year. It is concluded that solar <span class="hlt">energy</span> - and that includes <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> - is the only way out of the US <span class="hlt">energy</span> dilemma in the not too distant future.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT........52K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT........52K"><span>Scaling Characteristics of Mesoscale <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Fields in the Lower Atmospheric Boundary Layer: Implications for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kiliyanpilakkil, Velayudhan Praju</p> <p></p> <p>Atmospheric motions take place in spatial scales of sub-millimeters to few thousands of kilometers with temporal changes in the atmospheric variables occur in fractions of seconds to several years. Consequently, the variations in atmospheric kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> associated with these atmospheric motions span over a broad spectrum of space and time. The mesoscale region acts as an <span class="hlt">energy</span> transferring regime between the <span class="hlt">energy</span> generating synoptic scale and the <span class="hlt">energy</span> dissipating microscale. Therefore, the scaling characterizations of mesoscale <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields are significant in the accurate estimation of the atmospheric <span class="hlt">energy</span> budget. Moreover, the precise knowledge of the scaling characteristics of atmospheric mesoscale <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields is important for the validation of the numerical models those focus on <span class="hlt">wind</span> forecasting, dispersion, diffusion, horizontal transport, and optical turbulence. For these reasons, extensive studies have been conducted in the past to characterize the mesoscale <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields. Nevertheless, the majority of these studies focused on near-surface and upper atmosphere mesoscale regimes. The present study attempt to identify the existence and to quantify the scaling of mesoscale <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields in the lower atmospheric boundary layer (ABL; in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine layer) using <span class="hlt">wind</span> observations from various research-grade instruments (e.g., sodars, anemometers). The scaling characteristics of the mesoscale <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds over diverse homogeneous flat terrains, conducted using structure function based analysis, revealed an altitudinal dependence of the scaling exponents. This altitudinal dependence of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed scaling may be attributed to the buoyancy forcing. Subsequently, we use the framework of extended self-similarity (ESS) to characterize the observed scaling behavior. In the ESS framework, the relative scaling exponents of the mesoscale atmospheric boundary layer <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed exhibit quasi-universal behavior; even far beyond the inertial range of turbulence (Delta</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA619700','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA619700"><span>Control Strategy: <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Powered Variable Chiller with Thermal Ice Storage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>New York, 2013. [8] A. Togelou et al., “<span class="hlt">Wind</span> power forecasting in the absence of historical data,” IEEE trans. on sustainable <span class="hlt">energy</span>, vol. 3, no...<span class="hlt">WIND</span> <span class="hlt">ENERGY</span> POWERED VARIABLE CHILLER WITH THERMAL ICE STORAGE by Rex A. Boonyobhas December 2014 Thesis Advisor: Anthony J. Gannon Co...AND DATES COVERED December 20 14 Master ’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS CONTROL STRATEGY: <span class="hlt">WIND</span> <span class="hlt">ENERGY</span> POWERED VARIABLE CHILLER</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRA..123.2398B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRA..123.2398B"><span>Diurnal Variations in <span class="hlt">Global</span> Joule Heating Morphology and Magnitude Due To Neutral <span class="hlt">Winds</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Billett, D. D.; Grocott, A.; Wild, J. A.; Walach, M.-T.; Kosch, M. J.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>In the polar ionosphere, variations in Joule heating are significantly controlled by changes in plasma convection, such as that brought about by changes in the interplanetary magnetic field. However, another important consideration when calculating Joule heating is the velocity difference between this plasma and the neutral thermosphere colocated with the ionosphere. Neutral <span class="hlt">wind</span> data are often difficult to obtain on a <span class="hlt">global</span> scale; thus, Joule heating has often previously been calculated assuming that neutral velocities are small and can therefore be neglected. Previous work has shown the effect of neutral <span class="hlt">winds</span> on Joule heating estimations to be more significant than originally thought; however, the diurnal variations of the neutrals due to changes in solar pressure gradients and Coriolis forces have yet to have their impact on Joule heating assessed. We show this universal time effect to be significant in calculating Joule heating and thus can differ significantly from that calculated by neglecting the neutrals. In this study, we use empirical models for the neutral <span class="hlt">wind</span>, conductivities, and magnetic field to create Northern Hemispheric patterns of Joule heating for approximately 800,000 individual plasma convection patterns generated using data from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network. From this, a statistical analysis of how Joule heating varies in morphology and magnitude with universal time is shown for differing seasons and levels of geomagnetic activity. We find that neutral <span class="hlt">winds</span> do play a significant role in the morphology and total <span class="hlt">energy</span> output of Joule heating.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1279433-reactive-power-planning-under-high-penetration-wind-energy-using-benders-decomposition','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1279433-reactive-power-planning-under-high-penetration-wind-energy-using-benders-decomposition"><span>Reactive power planning under high penetration of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> using Benders decomposition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Xu, Yan; Wei, Yanli; Fang, Xin; ...</p> <p>2015-11-05</p> <p>This study addresses the optimal allocation of reactive power volt-ampere reactive (VAR) sources under the paradigm of high penetration of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>. Reactive power planning (RPP) in this particular condition involves a high level of uncertainty because of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power characteristic. To properly model <span class="hlt">wind</span> generation uncertainty, a multi-scenario framework optimal power flow that considers the voltage stability constraint under the worst <span class="hlt">wind</span> scenario and transmission N 1 contingency is developed. The objective of RPP in this study is to minimise the total cost including the VAR investment cost and the expected generation cost. Therefore RPP under this condition ismore » modelled as a two-stage stochastic programming problem to optimise the VAR location and size in one stage, then to minimise the fuel cost in the other stage, and eventually, to find the <span class="hlt">global</span> optimal RPP results iteratively. Benders decomposition is used to solve this model with an upper level problem (master problem) for VAR allocation optimisation and a lower problem (sub-problem) for generation cost minimisation. Impact of the potential reactive power support from doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is also analysed. Lastly, case studies on the IEEE 14-bus and 118-bus systems are provided to verify the proposed method.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1040788','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1040788"><span>Final Technical Report Laramie County Community College: Utility-Scale <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Technology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Douglas P. Cook</p> <p></p> <p>The Utility-Scale <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Technology U.S. Department of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> (DOE) grant EE0000538, provided a way ahead for Laramie County Community College (LCCC) to increase educational and training opportunities for students seeking an Associate of Applied Science (AAS) or Associate of Science (AS) degree in <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Technology. The DOE grant enabled LCCC to program, schedule, and successfully operate multiple <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> technology cohorts of up to 20-14 students per cohort simultaneously. As of this report, LCCC currently runs four cohorts. In addition, the DOE grant allowed LCCC to procure specialized LABVOLT electronic equipment that directly supports is <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> technologymore » curriculum.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23505130','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23505130"><span>Implications of nonrandom seed abscission and <span class="hlt">global</span> stilling for migration of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-dispersed plant species.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Thompson, Sally E; Katul, Gabriel G</p> <p>2013-06-01</p> <p>Migration of plant populations is a potential survival response to climate change that depends critically on seed dispersal. Biological and physical factors determine dispersal and migration of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-dispersed species. Recent field and <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel studies demonstrate biological adaptations that bias seed release toward conditions of higher <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity, promoting longer dispersal distances and faster migration. However, another suite of international studies also recently highlighted a <span class="hlt">global</span> decrease in near-surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds, or '<span class="hlt">global</span> stilling'. This study assessed the implications of both factors on potential plant population migration rates, using a mechanistic modeling framework. Nonrandom abscission was investigated using models of three seed release mechanisms: (i) a simple drag model; (ii) a seed deflection model; and (iii) a 'wear and tear' model. The models generated a single functional relationship between the frequency of seed release and statistics of the near-surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> environment, independent of the abscission mechanism. An Inertial-Particle, Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian Closure model (IP-CELC) was used to investigate abscission effects on seed dispersal kernels and plant population migration rates under contemporary and potential future <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions (based on reported <span class="hlt">global</span> stilling trends). The results confirm that nonrandom seed abscission increased dispersal distances, particularly for light seeds. The increases were mitigated by two physical feedbacks: (i) although nonrandom abscission increased the initial acceleration of seeds from rest, the sensitivity of the seed dispersal to this initial condition declined as the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed increased; and (ii) while nonrandom abscission increased the mean dispersal length, it reduced the kurtosis of seasonal dispersal kernels, and thus the chance of long-distance dispersal. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> stilling greatly reduced the modeled migration rates under biased seed release conditions. Thus, species that require</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1377798','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1377798"><span>Roadmap to the multidisciplinary design analysis and optimisation of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Perez-Moreno, S. Sanchez; Zaaijer, M. B.; Bottasso, C. L.</p> <p></p> <p>Here, a research agenda is described to further encourage the application of Multidisciplinary Design Analysis and Optimisation (MDAO) methodologies to <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> systems. As a group of researchers closely collaborating within the International <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Agency (IEA) <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Task 37 for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Systems Engineering: Integrated Research, Design and Development, we have identified challenges that will be encountered by users building an MDAO framework. This roadmap comprises 17 research questions and activities recognised to belong to three research directions: model fidelity, system scope and workflow architecture. It is foreseen that sensible answers to all these questions will enable to more easilymore » apply MDAO in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> domain. Beyond the agenda, this work also promotes the use of systems engineering to design, analyse and optimise <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines and <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms, to complement existing compartmentalised research and design paradigms.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1377798-roadmap-multidisciplinary-design-analysis-optimisation-wind-energy-systems','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1377798-roadmap-multidisciplinary-design-analysis-optimisation-wind-energy-systems"><span>Roadmap to the multidisciplinary design analysis and optimisation of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Perez-Moreno, S. Sanchez; Zaaijer, M. B.; Bottasso, C. L.; ...</p> <p>2016-10-03</p> <p>Here, a research agenda is described to further encourage the application of Multidisciplinary Design Analysis and Optimisation (MDAO) methodologies to <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> systems. As a group of researchers closely collaborating within the International <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Agency (IEA) <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Task 37 for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Systems Engineering: Integrated Research, Design and Development, we have identified challenges that will be encountered by users building an MDAO framework. This roadmap comprises 17 research questions and activities recognised to belong to three research directions: model fidelity, system scope and workflow architecture. It is foreseen that sensible answers to all these questions will enable to more easilymore » apply MDAO in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> domain. Beyond the agenda, this work also promotes the use of systems engineering to design, analyse and optimise <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines and <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms, to complement existing compartmentalised research and design paradigms.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810055592&hterms=energy+consumption&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Denergy%2Bconsumption','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810055592&hterms=energy+consumption&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Denergy%2Bconsumption"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> coupling between the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> and the magnetosphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Akasofu, S.-I.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>A description is given of the path leading to the first approximation expression for the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>-magnetosphere <span class="hlt">energy</span> coupling function (epsilon), which correlates well with the total <span class="hlt">energy</span> consumption rate (U sub T) of the magnetosphere. It is shown that epsilon is the primary factor controlling the time development of magnetospheric substorms and storms. The finding of this particular expression epsilon indicates how the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> couples its <span class="hlt">energy</span> to the magnetosphere; the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> and the magnetosphere make up a dynamo. In fact, the power generated by the dynamo can be identified as epsilon through the use of a dimensional analysis. In addition, the finding of epsilon suggests that the magnetosphere is closer to a directly driven system than to an unloading system which stores the generated <span class="hlt">energy</span> before converting it to substorm and storm <span class="hlt">energies</span>. The finding of epsilon and its implications is considered to have significantly advanced and improved the understanding of magnetospheric processes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22520043-energy-dissipation-processes-solar-wind-turbulence','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22520043-energy-dissipation-processes-solar-wind-turbulence"><span><span class="hlt">ENERGY</span> DISSIPATION PROCESSES IN SOLAR <span class="hlt">WIND</span> TURBULENCE</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wang, Y.; Wei, F. S.; Feng, X. S.</p> <p></p> <p>Turbulence is a chaotic flow regime filled by irregular flows. The dissipation of turbulence is a fundamental problem in the realm of physics. Theoretically, dissipation ultimately cannot be achieved without collisions, and so how turbulent kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> is dissipated in the nearly collisionless solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> is a challenging problem. Wave particle interactions and magnetic reconnection (MR) are two possible dissipation mechanisms, but which mechanism dominates is still a controversial topic. Here we analyze the dissipation region scaling around a solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> MR region. We find that the MR region shows unique multifractal scaling in the dissipation range, while the ambientmore » solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbulence reveals a monofractal dissipation process for most of the time. These results provide the first observational evidences for intermittent multifractal dissipation region scaling around a MR site, and they also have significant implications for the fundamental <span class="hlt">energy</span> dissipation process.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AIPC.1159...11A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AIPC.1159...11A"><span>Integration of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbines with Compressed Air <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Storage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Arsie, I.; Marano, V.; Rizzo, G.; Moran, M.</p> <p>2009-08-01</p> <p>Some of the major limitations of renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources are represented by their low power density and intermittent nature, largely depending upon local site and unpredictable weather conditions. These problems concur to increase the unit costs of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power, so limiting their diffusion. By coupling storage systems with a <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm, some of the major limitations of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power, such as a low power density and an unpredictable nature, can be overcome. After an overview on storage systems, the Compressed Air <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Storage (CAES) is analyzed, and the state of art on such systems is discussed. A Matlab/Simulink model of a hybrid power plant consisting of a <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm coupled with CAES is then presented. The model has been successfully validated starting from the operating data of the McIntosh CAES Plant in Alabama. Time-series neural network-based <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed forecasting are employed to determine the optimal daily operation strategy for the storage system. A detailed economic analysis has been carried out: investment and maintenance costs are estimated based on literature data, while operational costs and revenues are calculated according to <span class="hlt">energy</span> market prices. As shown in the paper, the knowledge of the expected available <span class="hlt">energy</span> is a key factor to optimize the management strategies of the proposed hybrid power plant, allowing to obtain environmental and economic benefits.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...52a2031Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...52a2031Y"><span>Roadmap of retail electricity market reform in China: assisting in mitigating <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> curtailment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yu, Dezhao; Qiu, Huadong; Yuan, Xiang; Li, Yuan; Shao, Changzheng; Lin, You; Ding, Yi</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Among the renewable <span class="hlt">energies</span>, <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> has gained the rapidest development in China. Moreover <span class="hlt">wind</span> power generation has been penetrated into power system in a large scale. However, the high level <span class="hlt">wind</span> curtailment also indicates a low efficiency of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> utilization over the last decade in China. One of the primary constraints on the utilization of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> is the lack of an electricity market, in which renewable <span class="hlt">energies</span> can compete equally with traditional fossil fuel generation. Thus the new round electric power industry reform is essential in China. The reform involves implementing new pricing mechanism, introducing retail-side competition, promoting the consumption of renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The new round reform can be a promising solution for promoting the development and consumption of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> generation in China. Based on proposed reform policies of electric power industry, this paper suggests a roadmap for retail electricity market reform of China, which consists of three stages. Barriers to the efficient utilization of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> are also analysed. Finally, this paper introduces several efficient measures for mitigating <span class="hlt">wind</span> curtailment in each stage of reform.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29117138','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29117138"><span>Computational Modelling of Materials for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine Blades: Selected DTU <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Activities.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mikkelsen, Lars Pilgaard; Mishnaevsky, Leon</p> <p>2017-11-08</p> <p>Computational and analytical studies of degradation of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine blade materials at the macro-, micro-, and nanoscale carried out by the modelling team of the Section Composites and Materials Mechanics, Department of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span>, DTU, are reviewed. Examples of the analysis of the microstructural effects on the strength and fatigue life of composites are shown. Computational studies of degradation mechanisms of <span class="hlt">wind</span> blade composites under tensile and compressive loading are presented. The effect of hybrid and nanoengineered structures on the performance of the composite was studied in computational experiments as well.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5706225','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5706225"><span>Computational Modelling of Materials for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine Blades: Selected DTU <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Activities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Computational and analytical studies of degradation of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine blade materials at the macro-, micro-, and nanoscale carried out by the modelling team of the Section Composites and Materials Mechanics, Department of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span>, DTU, are reviewed. Examples of the analysis of the microstructural effects on the strength and fatigue life of composites are shown. Computational studies of degradation mechanisms of <span class="hlt">wind</span> blade composites under tensile and compressive loading are presented. The effect of hybrid and nanoengineered structures on the performance of the composite was studied in computational experiments as well. PMID:29117138</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800011423','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800011423"><span>The NASA/MSFC <span class="hlt">global</span> reference atmospheric model: MOD 3 (with spherical harmonic <span class="hlt">wind</span> model)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Justus, C. G.; Fletcher, G. R.; Gramling, F. E.; Pace, W. B.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>Improvements to the <span class="hlt">global</span> reference atmospheric model are described. The basic model includes monthly mean values of pressure, density, temperature, and geostrophic <span class="hlt">winds</span>, as well as quasi-biennial and small and large scale random perturbations. A spherical harmonic <span class="hlt">wind</span> model for the 25 to 90 km height range is included. Below 25 km and above 90 km, the GRAM program uses the geostrophic <span class="hlt">wind</span> equations and pressure data to compute the mean <span class="hlt">wind</span>. In the altitudes where the geostrophic <span class="hlt">wind</span> relations are used, an interpolation scheme is employed for estimating <span class="hlt">winds</span> at low latitudes where the geostrophic <span class="hlt">wind</span> relations being to mesh down. Several sample <span class="hlt">wind</span> profiles are given, as computed by the spherical harmonic model. User and programmer manuals are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4813902','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4813902"><span>A High-Efficiency <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Harvester for Autonomous Embedded Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Brunelli, Davide</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Energy</span> harvesting is currently a hot research topic, mainly as a consequence of the increasing attractiveness of computing and sensing solutions based on small, low-power distributed embedded systems. Harvesting may enable systems to operate in a deploy-and-forget mode, particularly when power grid is absent and the use of rechargeable batteries is unattractive due to their limited lifetime and maintenance requirements. This paper focuses on <span class="hlt">wind</span> flow as an <span class="hlt">energy</span> source feasible to meet the <span class="hlt">energy</span> needs of a small autonomous embedded system. In particular the contribution is on the electrical converter and system integration. We characterize the micro-<span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine, we define a detailed model of its behaviour, and then we focused on a highly efficient circuit to convert <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> into electrical <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The optimized design features an overall volume smaller than 64 cm3. The core of the harvester is a high efficiency buck-boost converter which performs an optimal power point tracking. Experimental results show that the <span class="hlt">wind</span> generator boosts efficiency over a wide range of operating conditions. PMID:26959018</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26959018','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26959018"><span>A High-Efficiency <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Harvester for Autonomous Embedded Systems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Brunelli, Davide</p> <p>2016-03-04</p> <p><span class="hlt">Energy</span> harvesting is currently a hot research topic, mainly as a consequence of the increasing attractiveness of computing and sensing solutions based on small, low-power distributed embedded systems. Harvesting may enable systems to operate in a deploy-and-forget mode, particularly when power grid is absent and the use of rechargeable batteries is unattractive due to their limited lifetime and maintenance requirements. This paper focuses on <span class="hlt">wind</span> flow as an <span class="hlt">energy</span> source feasible to meet the <span class="hlt">energy</span> needs of a small autonomous embedded system. In particular the contribution is on the electrical converter and system integration. We characterize the micro-<span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine, we define a detailed model of its behaviour, and then we focused on a highly efficient circuit to convert <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> into electrical <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The optimized design features an overall volume smaller than 64 cm³. The core of the harvester is a high efficiency buck-boost converter which performs an optimal power point tracking. Experimental results show that the <span class="hlt">wind</span> generator boosts efficiency over a wide range of operating conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..154a2001P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..154a2001P"><span>GIS-based approach for the evaluation of offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> power potential for Gujarat</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Patel, Dhrumin; Nagababu, Garlapati; Radadia, Nishil; Parsana, Sohil; Sheth, Mohak; Sheth, Nisarg</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>In the current <span class="hlt">global</span> scenario, India is increasing its focus towards the methods to enrich the benefits of non-renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources as much as possible due to their key advantage of having low carbon footprint. India has already emerged as a key <span class="hlt">global</span> player in on-shore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> and to achieve its annual <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> production demand of 50 GWh, avenues other than current options have been researched on. Offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> has experienced remarkable growth worldwide but has not yet been harnessed sufficiently in India, despite addressing many of environmental and economic concerns. The present study focuses on offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource assessment on Indian exclusive economic zone (EEZ) around Gujarat region. The geographical information system (GIS) methodology has been used to develop maps of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed, power density and capacity factor maps. Further, careful consideration has been accorded for expulsion of marine protected areas, shipping transportation lines, fishing zones, and migratory bird movements. The resultant available area has been considered for annual <span class="hlt">energy</span> production considering data from Siemens <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine 3.6. The results obtained shows that offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> can offset twice the annual <span class="hlt">energy</span> demand of entire country with a potential <span class="hlt">energy</span> production of more than 2580 TWh.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1711318K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1711318K"><span>Evaluation of representativeness of near-surface <span class="hlt">winds</span> in station measurements, <span class="hlt">global</span> and regional reanalysis for Germany</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kaspar, Frank; Kaiser-Weiss, Andrea K.; Heene, Vera; Borsche, Michael; Keller, Jan</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Within the preparation activities for a European COPERNICUS Climate Change Service (C3S) several ongoing research projects analyse the potential of <span class="hlt">global</span> and regional model-based climate reanalyses for applications. A user survey in the FP7-project CORE-CLIMAX revealed that surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> (10 m) is among the most frequently used parameters of <span class="hlt">global</span> reanalysis products. The FP7 project UERRA (Uncertainties in Ensembles of Regional Re-Analysis) has the focus on regional European reanalysis and the associated uncertainties, also from a user perspective. Especially in the field of renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> planning and production there is a need for climatological information across all spatial scales, i.e., from climatology at a certain site to the spatial scale of national or continental renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> production. Here, we focus on a comparison of <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements of the Germany's meteorological service (Deutscher Wetterdienst, DWD) with <span class="hlt">global</span> reanalyses of ECWMF and a regional reanalysis for Europe based on DWD's NWP-model COSMO (performed by the Hans-Ertel-Center for Weather Research, University of Bonn). Reanalyses can provide valuable additional information on larger scale variability, e.g. multi-annual variation over Germany. However, changes in the observing system, model errors and biases have to be carefully considered. On the other hand, the ground-based observation networks partly suffer from change of the station distribution, changes in instrumentation, measurements procedures and quality control as well as local changes which might modify their spatial representativeness. All these effects might often been unknown or hard to characterize, although plenty of the meta-data information has been recorded for the German stations. One focus of the presentation will be the added-value of the regional reanalysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1374963','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1374963"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Finance in the United States: Current Practice and Opportunities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Schwabe, Paul D.; Feldman, David J.; Settle, Donald E.</p> <p></p> <p>In the United States, investment in <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> has averaged nearly $13.6 billion annually since 2006 with more than $140 billion invested cumulatively over that period (BNEF 2017). This sizable investment activity demonstrates the persistent appeal of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> and its increasing role in the U.S electricity generation portfolio. Despite its steady investment levels over the last decade, some investors still consider <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> as a specialized asset class. Limited familiarity with the asset class both limit the pool of potential investors and drive up costs for investors. This publication provides an overview of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> project development process, capitalmore » sources and financing structures commonly used, and traditional and emerging procurement methods. It also provides a high-level demonstration of how financing rates impact a project's all-in cost of <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The goal of the publication is to provide a representative and wide-ranging resource for the <span class="hlt">wind</span> development and financing processes.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/952891','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/952891"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> for Schools: Developing Educational Programs to Train the Next Generation of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Experts (Poster)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Baring-Gould, I.; Flowers, L.; Kelly, M.</p> <p>2009-05-01</p> <p>As the world moves toward a vision of expanded <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>, the industry is faced with the challenges of obtaining a skilled workforce and addressing local <span class="hlt">wind</span> development concerns. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Powering America's <span class="hlt">Wind</span> for Schools Program works to address these issues. The program installs small <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines at community "host" schools while developing <span class="hlt">wind</span> application centers at higher education institutions. Teacher training with interactive and interschool curricula is implemented at each host school, while students at the universities assist in implementing the host school systems while participating in other <span class="hlt">wind</span> course work. This poster provides an overview of the program'smore » objectives, goals, approach, and results.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820042725&hterms=Wind+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DWind%2Benergy','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820042725&hterms=Wind+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DWind%2Benergy"><span>Solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer through the magnetopause of an open magnetosphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lee, L. C.; Roederer, J. G.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>An expression is derived for the total power, transferred from the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> to an open magnetosphere, which consists of the electromagnetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> rate and the particle kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> rate. The total rate of <span class="hlt">energy</span> transferred from the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> to an open magnetosphere mainly consists of kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span>, and the kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> flux is carried by particles, penetrating from the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> into the magnetosphere, which may contribute to the observed flow in the plasma mantle and which will eventually be convected slowly toward the plasma sheet by the electric field as they flow down the tail. While the electromagnetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> rate controls the near-earth magnetospheric activity, the kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> rate should dominate the dynamics of the distant magnetotail.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.U23A0017Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.U23A0017Z"><span>A <span class="hlt">GLOBAL</span> ASSESSMENT OF SOLAR <span class="hlt">ENERGY</span> RESOURCES: NASA's Prediction of Worldwide <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Resources (POWER) Project</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, T.; Stackhouse, P. W., Jr.; Chandler, W.; Hoell, J. M.; Westberg, D.; Whitlock, C. H.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>NASA's POWER project, or the Prediction of the Worldwide <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Resources project, synthesizes and analyzes data on a <span class="hlt">global</span> scale. The products of the project find valuable applications in the solar and <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> sectors of the renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> industries. The primary source data for the POWER project are NASA's World Climate Research Project (WCRP)/<span class="hlt">Global</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> and Water cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Surface Radiation Budget (SRB) project (Release 3.0) and the <span class="hlt">Global</span> Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) assimilation model (V 4.0.3). Users of the POWER products access the data through NASA's Surface meteorology and Solar <span class="hlt">Energy</span> (SSE, Version 6.0) website (http://power.larc.nasa.gov). Over 200 parameters are available to the users. The spatial resolution is 1 degree by 1 degree now and will be finer later. The data covers from July 1983 to December 2007, a time-span of 24.5 years, and are provided as 3-hourly, daily and monthly means. As of now, there have been over 18 million web hits and over 4 million data file downloads. The POWER products have been systematically validated against ground-based measurements, and in particular, data from the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) archive, and also against the National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB). Parameters such as minimum, maximum, daily mean temperature and dew points, relative humidity and surface pressure are validated against the National Climate Data Center (NCDC) data. SSE feeds data directly into Decision Support Systems including RETScreen International clean <span class="hlt">energy</span> project analysis software that is written in 36 languages and has greater than 260,000 users worldwide.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1216743','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1216743"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> applications for municipal water services: Opportunities, situational analyses, and case studies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Flowers, L.; Miner-Nordstrom, L.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>As communities grow, greater demands are placed on water supplies, wastewater services, and the electricity needed to power the growing water services infrastructure. Water is also a critical resource for thermoelectric power plants. Future population growth in the United States is therefore expected to heighten competition for water resources. Especially in arid U.S. regions, communities may soon face hard choices with respect to water and electric power. Many parts of the United States with increasing water stresses also have significant <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> resources. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> power is the fastest-growing electric generation source in the United States and is decreasing in costmore » to be competitive with thermoelectric generation. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> can potentially offer communities in water-stressed areas the option of economically meeting increasing <span class="hlt">energy</span> needs without increasing demands on valuable water resources. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> can also provide targeted <span class="hlt">energy</span> production to serve critical local water-system needs. The U.S. Department of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> (DOE) <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Technologies Program has been exploring the potential for <span class="hlt">wind</span> power to meet growing challenges for water supply and treatment. The DOE is currently characterizing the U.S. regions that are most likely to benefit from <span class="hlt">wind</span>-water applications and is also exploring the associated technical and policy issues associated with bringing <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> to bear on water resource challenges.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999WiEn....2...25K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999WiEn....2...25K"><span>Towards a mature offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> technology - guidelines from the opti-OWECS project</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kühn, M.; Bierbooms, W. A. A. M.; van Bussel, G. J. W.; Cockerill, T. T.; Harrison, R.; Ferguson, M. C.; Göransson, B.; Harland, L. A.; Vugts, J. H.; Wiecherink, R.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>The article reviews the main results of the recent European research project Opti-OWECS (Structural and Economic Optimisation of Bottom-Mounted Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Converters'), which has significantly improved the understanding of the requirements for a large-scale utilization of offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>. An integrated design approach was demonstrated for a 300 MW offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm at a demanding North Sea site. Several viable solutions were obtained and one was elaborated to include the design of all major components. Simultaneous structural and economic optimization took place during the different design stages. An offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> converter founded on a soft-soft monopile was tailored with respect to the distinct characteristics of dynamic <span class="hlt">wind</span> and wave loading. The operation and maintenance behaviour of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm was analysed by Monte Carlo simulations. With an optimized maintenance strategy and suitable hardware a high availability was achieved. Based upon the experience from the structural design, cost models for offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms were developed and linked to a European database of the offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> potential. This enabled the first consistent estimate of cost of offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> for entire European regions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1454489-expert-elicitation-survey-future-wind-energy-nbsp-costs','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1454489-expert-elicitation-survey-future-wind-energy-nbsp-costs"><span>Expert elicitation survey on future <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> costs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Wiser, Ryan; Jenni, Karen; Seel, Joachim; ...</p> <p>2016-09-12</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> supply has grown rapidly over the last decade. However, the long-term contribution of <span class="hlt">wind</span> to future <span class="hlt">energy</span> supply, and the degree to which policy support is necessary to motivate higher levels of deployment, depends - in part - on the future costs of both onshore and offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span>. In this paper, we summarize the results of an expert elicitation survey of 163 of the world's foremost <span class="hlt">wind</span> experts, aimed at better understanding future costs and technology advancement possibilities. Results suggest significant opportunities for cost reductions, but also underlying uncertainties. Under the median scenario, experts anticipate 24-30% reductions bymore » 2030 and 35-41% reductions by 2050 across the three <span class="hlt">wind</span> applications studied. Costs could be even lower: experts predict a 10% chance that reductions will be more than 40% by 2030 and more than 50% by 2050. Insights gained through expert elicitation complement other tools for evaluating cost-reduction potential, and help inform policy and planning, R & D and industry strategy.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1325512-expert-elicitation-survey-future-wind-energycosts','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1325512-expert-elicitation-survey-future-wind-energycosts"><span>Expert elicitation survey on future <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> costs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wiser, Ryan; Jenni, Karen; Seel, Joachim</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> supply has grown rapidly over the last decade. However, the long-term contribution of <span class="hlt">wind</span> to future <span class="hlt">energy</span> supply, and the degree to which policy support is necessary to motivate higher levels of deployment, depends -- in part -- on the future costs of both onshore and offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span>. Here, we summarize the results of an expert elicitation survey of 163 of the world's foremost <span class="hlt">wind</span> experts, aimed at better understanding future costs and technology advancement possibilities. Results suggest significant opportunities for cost reductions, but also underlying uncertainties. Under the median scenario, experts anticipate 24-30% reductions by 2030 andmore » 35-41% reductions by 2050 across the three <span class="hlt">wind</span> applications studied. Costs could be even lower: experts predict a 10% chance that reductions will be more than 40% by 2030 and more than 50% by 2050. Insights gained through expert elicitation complement other tools for evaluating cost-reduction potential, and help inform policy and planning, R&D and industry strategy.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1454489','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1454489"><span>Expert elicitation survey on future <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> costs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wiser, Ryan; Jenni, Karen; Seel, Joachim</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> supply has grown rapidly over the last decade. However, the long-term contribution of <span class="hlt">wind</span> to future <span class="hlt">energy</span> supply, and the degree to which policy support is necessary to motivate higher levels of deployment, depends - in part - on the future costs of both onshore and offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span>. In this paper, we summarize the results of an expert elicitation survey of 163 of the world's foremost <span class="hlt">wind</span> experts, aimed at better understanding future costs and technology advancement possibilities. Results suggest significant opportunities for cost reductions, but also underlying uncertainties. Under the median scenario, experts anticipate 24-30% reductions bymore » 2030 and 35-41% reductions by 2050 across the three <span class="hlt">wind</span> applications studied. Costs could be even lower: experts predict a 10% chance that reductions will be more than 40% by 2030 and more than 50% by 2050. Insights gained through expert elicitation complement other tools for evaluating cost-reduction potential, and help inform policy and planning, R & D and industry strategy.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatCo...5E4929B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatCo...5E4929B"><span>Flutter-driven triboelectrification for harvesting <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bae, Jihyun; Lee, Jeongsu; Kim, Seongmin; Ha, Jaewook; Lee, Byoung-Sun; Park, Youngjun; Choong, Chweelin; Kim, Jin-Baek; Wang, Zhong Lin; Kim, Ho-Young; Park, Jong-Jin; Chung, U.-In</p> <p>2014-09-01</p> <p>Technologies to harvest electrical <span class="hlt">energy</span> from <span class="hlt">wind</span> have vast potentials because <span class="hlt">wind</span> is one of the cleanest and most sustainable <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources that nature provides. Here we propose a flutter-driven triboelectric generator that uses contact electrification caused by the self-sustained oscillation of flags. We study the coupled interaction between a fluttering flexible flag and a rigid plate. In doing so, we find three distinct contact modes: single, double and chaotic. The flutter-driven triboelectric generator having small dimensions of 7.5 × 5 cm at <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed of 15 ms-1 exhibits high-electrical performances: an instantaneous output voltage of 200 V and a current of 60 μA with a high frequency of 158 Hz, giving an average power density of approximately 0.86 mW. The flutter-driven triboelectric generation is a promising technology to drive electric devices in the outdoor environments in a sustainable manner.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018LatJP..55b..28Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018LatJP..55b..28Z"><span>The Control Principles of the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Based DC Microgrid</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zaleskis, G.; Rankis, I.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>According to the strategical objectives of the use of the renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources, it is important to minimise <span class="hlt">energy</span> consumption of conventional power grid by effective use of the renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources and provi-ding stable operation of the consumers. The main aim of research is to develop technical solutions that can provide effective operation of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> generators in the small power DC microgrids, which also means <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion at as wider generator speed range as possible.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/390857-accurate-aircraft-wind-measurements-using-global-positioning-system-gps','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/390857-accurate-aircraft-wind-measurements-using-global-positioning-system-gps"><span>Accurate aircraft <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements using the <span class="hlt">global</span> positioning system (GPS)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Dobosy, R.J.; Crawford, T.L., McMillen, R.T., Dumas, E.J.</p> <p>1996-11-01</p> <p>High accuracy measurements of the spatial distribution of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed are required in the study of turbulent exchange between the atmosphere and the earth. The use of a differential <span class="hlt">global</span> positioning system (GPS) to determine the sensor velocity vector component of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed is discussed in this paper. The results of noise and rocking testing are summarized, and fluxes obtained from the GPS-based methods are compared to those measured from systems on towers and airplanes. The GPS-based methods provided usable measurements that compared well with tower and aircraft data at a significantly lower cost. 21 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29460237','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29460237"><span>A Comparison of the Impacts of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> and Unconventional Gas Development on Land-use and Ecosystem Services: An Example from the Anadarko Basin of Oklahoma, USA.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Davis, Kendall M; Nguyen, Michael N; McClung, Maureen R; Moran, Matthew D</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The United States <span class="hlt">energy</span> industry is transforming with the rapid development of alternative <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources and technological advancements in fossil fuels. Two major changes include the growth of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines and unconventional oil and gas. We measured land-use impacts and associated ecosystem services costs of unconventional gas and <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> development within the Anadarko Basin of the Oklahoma Woodford Shale, an area that has experienced large increases in both <span class="hlt">energy</span> sectors. Unconventional gas wells developed three times as much land compared to <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines (on a per unit basis), resulting in higher ecosystem services costs for gas. Gas wells had higher impacts on intensive agricultural lands (i.e., row crops) compared to <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines that had higher impacts on natural grasslands/pastures. Because <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines produced on average less <span class="hlt">energy</span> compared to gas wells, the average land-use-related ecosystem cost per gigajoule of <span class="hlt">energy</span> produced was almost the same. Our results demonstrate that both unconventional gas and <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> have substantial impacts on land use, which likely affect wildlife populations and land-use-related ecosystem services. Although <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> does not have the associated greenhouse gas emissions, we suggest that the direct impacts on ecosystems in terms of land use are similar to unconventional fossil fuels. Considering the expected rapid <span class="hlt">global</span> expansion of these two forms of <span class="hlt">energy</span> production, many ecosystems are likely to be at risk.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1339937','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1339937"><span>Benchmarks of <span class="hlt">Global</span> Clean <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Manufacturing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sandor, Debra; Chung, Donald; Keyser, David</p> <p></p> <p>The Clean <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Manufacturing Analysis Center (CEMAC), sponsored by the U.S. Department of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> (DOE) Office of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Efficiency and Renewable <span class="hlt">Energy</span> (EERE), provides objective analysis and up-to-date data on <span class="hlt">global</span> supply chains and manufacturing of clean <span class="hlt">energy</span> technologies. Benchmarks of <span class="hlt">Global</span> Clean <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Manufacturing sheds light on several fundamental questions about the <span class="hlt">global</span> clean technology manufacturing enterprise: How does clean <span class="hlt">energy</span> technology manufacturing impact national economies? What are the economic opportunities across the manufacturing supply chain? What are the <span class="hlt">global</span> dynamics of clean <span class="hlt">energy</span> technology manufacturing?</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1390777','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1390777"><span>An Integrated Approach To Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Assessment: Great Lakes 3D <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Barthelmie, R. J.; Pryor, S. C.</p> <p></p> <p>This grant supported fundamental research into the characterization of flow parameters of relevance to the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> industry focused on offshore and the coastal zone. A major focus of the project was application of the latest generation of remote sensing instrumentation and also integration of measurements and numerical modeling to optimize characterization of time-evolving atmospheric flow parameters in 3-D. Our research developed a new data-constrained <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Atlas for the Great Lakes, and developed new insights into flow parameters in heterogeneous environments. Four experiments were conducted during the project: At a large operating onshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm in May 2012; At themore » National Renewable <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Laboratory National <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Technology Center (NREL NWTC) during February 2013; At the shoreline of Lake Erie in May 2013; and At the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Institute of Canada on Prince Edward Island in May 2015. The experiment we conducted in the coastal zone of Lake Erie indicated very complex flow fields and the frequent presence of upward momentum fluxes and resulting distortion of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed profile at turbine relevant heights due to swells in the Great Lakes. Additionally, our data (and modeling) indicate the frequent presence of low level jets at 600 m height over the Lake and occasions when the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed profile across the rotor plane may be impacted by this phenomenon. Experimental data and modeling of the fourth experiment on Prince Edward Island showed that at 10-14 m escarpment adjacent to long-overseas fetch the zone of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed decrease before the terrain feature and the increase at (and slightly downwind of) the escarpment is ~3–5% at turbine hub-heights. Additionally, our measurements were used to improve methods to compute the uncertainty in lidar-derived flow properties and to optimize lidar-scanning strategies. For example, on the basis of the experimental data we collected plus those from one of our research partners we advanced a new</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25583869','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25583869"><span>New perspectives in offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Failla, Giuseppe; Arena, Felice</p> <p>2015-02-28</p> <p>The design of offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines is one of the most fascinating challenges in renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span>. Meeting the objective of increasing power production with reduced installation and maintenance costs requires a multi-disciplinary approach, bringing together expertise in different fields of engineering. The purpose of this theme issue is to offer a broad perspective on some crucial aspects of offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines design, discussing the state of the art and presenting recent theoretical and experimental studies. © 2015 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhDT.......130H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhDT.......130H"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> Storage on the Grid and the Short-term Variability of <span class="hlt">Wind</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hittinger, Eric Stephen</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> generation presents variability on every time scale, which must be accommodated by the electric grid. Limited quantities of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power can be successfully integrated by the current generation and demand-side response mix but, as deployment of variable resources increases, the resulting variability becomes increasingly difficult and costly to mitigate. In Chapter 2, we model a co-located power generation/<span class="hlt">energy</span> storage block composed of <span class="hlt">wind</span> generation, a gas turbine, and fast-ramping <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage. A scenario analysis identifies system configurations that can generate power with 30% of <span class="hlt">energy</span> from <span class="hlt">wind</span>, a variability of less than 0.5% of the desired power level, and an average cost around $70/MWh. While <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage technologies have existed for decades, fast-ramping grid-level storage is still an immature industry and is experiencing relatively rapid improvements in performance and cost across a variety of technologies. Decreased capital cost, increased power capability, and increased efficiency all would improve the value of an <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage technology and each has cost implications that vary by application, but there has not yet been an investigation of the marginal rate of technical substitution between storage properties. The analysis in chapter 3 uses engineering-economic models of four emerging fast-ramping <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage technologies to determine which storage properties have the greatest effect on cost-of-service. We find that capital cost of storage is consistently important, and identify applications for which power/<span class="hlt">energy</span> limitations are important. In some systems with a large amount of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power, the costs of <span class="hlt">wind</span> integration have become significant and market rules have been slowly changing in order to internalize or control the variability of <span class="hlt">wind</span> generation. Chapter 4 examines several potential market strategies for mitigating the effects of <span class="hlt">wind</span> variability and estimate the effect that each strategy would have on the operation and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1361022','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1361022"><span>Hexcrete Tower for Harvesting <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> at Taller Hub Heights - Budget Period 2</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sritharan, Sri</p> <p></p> <p>Interest in designing taller towers for <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> production in the United States (U.S.) has been steadily growing. In May 2015, it was revealed that taller towers will make <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> production a reality in all 50 states, including some states that have nearly zero renewables in their <span class="hlt">energy</span> portfolio. Facilitating <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> production feasibility in all 50 states will no doubt contribute to increasing the electricity produced by <span class="hlt">wind</span> from 4.5% in 2013 to a targeted scenario of 35% by 2050 in the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Vision report. This project focuses on the Hexcrete tower concept developed for tall towers usingmore » High Strength Concrete (HSC) and/or Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC). Among other benefits, the Hexcrete concept overcomes transportation and logistical challenges, thus facilitating construction of towers with hub heights of 100-m (328-ft) and higher. The goal of this project is to facilitate widespread deployment of Hexcrete towers for harvesting <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> at 120 to 140-m (394 to 459-ft) hub heights and reduce the Levelized Cost of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> (LCOE) of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> production in the U.S. The technical scope of the project includes detailed design and optimization of at least three <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine towers using the Hexcrete concept together with experimental validation and LCOE analyses and development of a commercialization plan.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ERL....11d4024A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ERL....11d4024A"><span>Ground-level climate at a peatland <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm in Scotland is affected by <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine operation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Armstrong, Alona; Burton, Ralph R.; Lee, Susan E.; Mobbs, Stephen; Ostle, Nicholas; Smith, Victoria; Waldron, Susan; Whitaker, Jeanette</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">global</span> drive to produce low-carbon <span class="hlt">energy</span> has resulted in an unprecedented deployment of onshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines, representing a significant land use change for <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> generation with uncertain consequences for local climatic conditions and the regulation of ecosystem processes. Here, we present high-resolution data from a <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm collected during operational and idle periods that shows the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm affected several measures of ground-level climate. Specifically, we discovered that operational <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines raised air temperature by 0.18 °C and absolute humidity (AH) by 0.03 g m-3 during the night, and increased the variability in air, surface and soil temperature throughout the diurnal cycle. Further, the microclimatic influence of turbines on air temperature and AH decreased logarithmically with distance from the nearest turbine. These effects on ground-level microclimate, including soil temperature, have uncertain implications for biogeochemical processes and ecosystem carbon cycling, including soil carbon stocks. Consequently, understanding needs to be improved to determine the overall carbon balance of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016E%26ES...40a2043C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016E%26ES...40a2043C"><span>Design of multi-<span class="hlt">energy</span> Helds coupling testing system of vertical axis <span class="hlt">wind</span> power system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chen, Q.; Yang, Z. X.; Li, G. S.; Song, L.; Ma, C.</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>The conversion efficiency of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> is the focus of researches and concerns as one of the renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The present methods of enhancing the conversion efficiency are mostly improving the <span class="hlt">wind</span> rotor structure, optimizing the generator parameters and <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage controller and so on. Because the conversion process involves in <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion of multi-<span class="hlt">energy</span> fields such as <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>, mechanical <span class="hlt">energy</span> and electrical <span class="hlt">energy</span>, the coupling effect between them will influence the overall conversion efficiency. In this paper, using system integration analysis technology, a testing system based on multi-<span class="hlt">energy</span> field coupling (MEFC) of vertical axis <span class="hlt">wind</span> power system is proposed. When the maximum efficiency of <span class="hlt">wind</span> rotor is satisfied, it can match to the generator function parameters according to the output performance of <span class="hlt">wind</span> rotor. The voltage controller can transform the unstable electric power to the battery on the basis of optimizing the parameters such as charging times, charging voltage. Through the communication connection and regulation of the upper computer system (UCS), it can make the coupling parameters configure to an optimal state, and it improves the overall conversion efficiency. This method can test the whole <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine (WT) performance systematically and evaluate the design parameters effectively. It not only provides a testing method for system structure design and parameter optimization of <span class="hlt">wind</span> rotor, generator and voltage controller, but also provides a new testing method for the whole performance optimization of vertical axis <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion system (WECS).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760021144','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760021144"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> shear detection using measurement of aircraft total <span class="hlt">energy</span> change</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Joppa, R. G.</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>Encounters with <span class="hlt">wind</span> shears are of concern and have caused major accidents, particularly during landing approaches. Changes in the longitudinal component of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> affect the aircraft by changing its kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> with respect to the air. It is shown that an instrument which will measure and display the rate of change of total <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the aircraft with respect to the air will give a leading indication of <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear problems. The concept is outlined and some instrumentation and display considerations are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..163a2009C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..163a2009C"><span>Overview of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> market and renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> policy in Romania</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chioncel, C. P.; Tirian, G. O.; Gillich, N.; Hatiegan, C.; Spunei, E.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The modern, developed society becomes aware of the necessity to conserve and protect the environment, increasing the gained benefits from a rational use of the natural resources. The pollution and the limitation of the fossil fuels, associated with the political situation worldwide that affects direct the <span class="hlt">energy</span> strategies, have opened opportunities in the area of operation renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources. The development of the exploitation of renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources is directly linked to the <span class="hlt">energy</span> politic, which, in terms of Romania, has the focus to integrate into the European Union <span class="hlt">energy</span> strategy. The year 2014 brought in Romania many legislative changes to the renewable support scheme, that proves, once again, the legislative unpredictability and limitations introduced by the legislator ”during the game” that overthrew all economic profitability calculation of the existent and planned investments in this sector. The actual stage of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> across Europe and the particular situation in Romania are highlighted; also a 2020 forecast for Romania tries to evaluate the perspective for the <span class="hlt">wind</span>, and general, renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> market. The actual Romanian renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> support scheme, mainly regulated by “Law 220/2008” ends December 2016. The so-called “ready to build” projects especially <span class="hlt">wind</span>- or hydropower, can’t be finalized until this deadline, being unable to qualify to the existing, mainly to inoperable, support scheme. Another legislation that has to clarify how investments in renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> will be supported is still not in place, blocking any project development, implementation and economical benefit of the producer. The paper presents in this respect an updated overview of the Romanian renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> sector and its perspective.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhDT.......140B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhDT.......140B"><span>Reliability and cost/worth evaluation of generating systems utilizing <span class="hlt">wind</span> and solar <span class="hlt">energy</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bagen</p> <p></p> <p>The utilization of renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> resources such as <span class="hlt">wind</span> and solar <span class="hlt">energy</span> for electric power supply has received considerable attention in recent years due to adverse environmental impacts and fuel cost escalation associated with conventional generation. At the present time, <span class="hlt">wind</span> and/or solar <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources are utilized to generate electric power in many applications. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> and solar <span class="hlt">energy</span> will become important sources for power generation in the future because of their environmental, social and economic benefits, together with public support and government incentives. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> and sunlight are, however, unstable and variable <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources, and behave far differently than conventional sources. <span class="hlt">Energy</span> storage systems are, therefore, often required to smooth the fluctuating nature of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion system especially in small isolated applications. The research work presented in this thesis is focused on the development and application of reliability and economic benefits assessment associated with incorporating <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>, solar <span class="hlt">energy</span> and <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage in power generating systems. A probabilistic approach using sequential Monte Carlo simulation was employed in this research and a number of analyses were conducted with regards to the adequacy and economic assessment of generation systems containing <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>, solar <span class="hlt">energy</span> and <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage. The evaluation models and techniques incorporate risk index distributions and different operating strategies associated with diesel generation in small isolated systems. Deterministic and probabilistic techniques are combined in this thesis using a system well-being approach to provide useful adequacy indices for small isolated systems that include renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> and <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage. The concepts presented and examples illustrated in this thesis will help power system planners and utility managers to assess the reliability and economic benefits of utilizing <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion systems, solar <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19750063730&hterms=Wind+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DWind%2Benergy','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19750063730&hterms=Wind+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DWind%2Benergy"><span>Plans and status of the NASA-Lewis Research Center <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> project</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Thomas, R.; Puthoff, R.; Savino, J.; Johnson, W.</p> <p>1975-01-01</p> <p>This report describes that portion of the national five-year <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> program that is being managed by the NASA-Lewis Research Center for the ERDA. The Lewis Research Center's <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Power Office, its organization and plans and status are briefly described. The three major elements of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> project at Lewis are the experimental 100 kW <span class="hlt">wind</span>-turbine generator; the first generation industry-built and user-operated <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine generators; and the supporting research and technology tasks which are each briefly described.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.773a2091C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.773a2091C"><span>Airflow <span class="hlt">energy</span> harvesting with high <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocities for industrial applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chew, Z. J.; Tuddenham, S. B.; Zhu, M.</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>An airflow <span class="hlt">energy</span> harvester capable of harvesting <span class="hlt">energy</span> from vortices at high speed is presented in this paper. The airflow <span class="hlt">energy</span> harvester is implemented using a modified helical Savonius turbine and an electromagnetic generator. A power management module with maximum power point finding capability is used to manage the harvested <span class="hlt">energy</span> and convert the low voltage magnitude from the generator to a usable level for wireless sensors. The airflow <span class="hlt">energy</span> harvester is characterized using vortex generated by air hitting a plate in a <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel. By using an aircraft environment with <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed of 17 m/s as case study, the output power of the airflow <span class="hlt">energy</span> harvester is measured to be 126 mW. The overall efficiency of the power management module is 45.76 to 61.2%, with maximum power point tracking efficiency of 94.21 to 99.72% for <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed of 10 to 18 m/s, and has a quiescent current of 790 nA for the maximum power point tracking circuit.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014icee.book..439S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014icee.book..439S"><span>Profitability Analysis of Residential <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbines with Battery <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Storage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>She, Ying; Erdem, Ergin; Shi, Jing</p> <p></p> <p>Residential <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines are often accompanied by an <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage system for the off-the-grid users, instead of the on-the-grid users, to reduce the risk of black-out. In this paper, we argue that residential <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines with battery <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage could actually be beneficial to the on-the-grid users as well in terms of monetary gain from differential pricing for buying electricity from the grid and the ability to sell electricity back to the grid. We develop a mixed-integer linear programming model to maximize the profit of a residential <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine system while meeting the daily household electricity consumption. A case study is designed to investigate the effects of differential pricing schemes and sell-back schemes on the economic output of a 2-kW <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine with lithium battery storage. Overall, based on the current settings in California, a residential <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine with battery storage carries more economical benefits than the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine alone.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/768504','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/768504"><span>Environmental Assessment Expanded Ponnequin <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Project Weld County, Colorado</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>N /A</p> <p>1999-03-02</p> <p>The U.S.Department of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> (DOE) has considered a proposal from the State of Colorado, Office of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Conservation (OEC), for funding construction of the Expanded Ponnequin <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Project in Weld County, Colorado. OEC plans to enter into a contracting arrangement with Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCO) for the completion of these activities. PSCo, along with its subcontractors and business partners, are jointly developing the Expanded Ponnequin <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Project. DOE completed an environmental assessment of the original proposed project in August 1997. Since then, the geographic scope and the design of the project changed, necessitating additional review of the projectmore » under the National Environmental Policy Act. The project now calls for the possible construction of up to 48 <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines on State and private lands. PSCo and its partners have initiated construction of the project on private land in Weld County, Colorado. A substation, access road and some <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines have been installed. However, to date, DOE has not provided any funding for these activities. DOE, through its Commercialization Ventures Program, has solicited applications for financial assistance from state <span class="hlt">energy</span> offices, in a teaming arrangement with private-sector organizations, for projects that will accelerate the commercialization of emerging renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> technologies. The Commercialization Ventures Program was established by the Renewable <span class="hlt">Energy</span> and <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Efficiency Technology Competitiveness Act of 1989 (P.L. 101-218) as amended by the <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Policy Act of 1992 (P.L. 102-486). The Program seeks to assist entry into the marketplace of newly emerging renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> technologies, or of innovative applications of existing technologies. In short, an emerging renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> technology is one which has already proven viable but which has had little or no operational experience. The Program is managed by the Department of <span class="hlt">Energy</span>, Office of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Efficiency and Renewable</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6680354-europe-looks-wind','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6680354-europe-looks-wind"><span>Europe looks to <span class="hlt">wind</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Gipe, P.</p> <p>1989-09-01</p> <p>The European Economic Community (EEC) sees a guaranteed market for 4,000 MW of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> through the year 2000, according to Komninos Diamantaras, <span class="hlt">wind</span> program manager for the EEC in Brussels. Diamantaras says the European political climate for <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> has changed for the better because of increased attention to air pollution's effect on <span class="hlt">global</span> weather. He added that during the past year several common market members have announced plans to develop substantial amounts of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The United Kingdom, Denmark and the Netherlands have each stated their intent to build 1,000 MW of <span class="hlt">wind</span> generation by the turn ofmore » the century, and Italy recently announced plans to add from 300-600 MW. Germany has also made plans to promote <span class="hlt">wind</span> generation. The decision to include firms from non-EEC countries is left to the utility. Whether a U.S. firm will be permitted to bid on a EEC-member tender may be determined by its relation to European manufacturers. Regardless of the EEC's policy towards U.S. firms, member states may still exclude bidding by foreign firms for state subsidized projects when they are experimental. Just what is meant by experimental is has yet to be determined.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27973732','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27973732"><span>Projected changes in prevailing <span class="hlt">winds</span> for transatlantic migratory birds under <span class="hlt">global</span> warming.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>La Sorte, Frank A; Fink, Daniel</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>A number of terrestrial bird species that breed in North America cross the Atlantic Ocean during autumn migration when travelling to their non-breeding grounds in the Caribbean or South America. When conducting oceanic crossings, migratory birds tend to associate with mild or supportive <span class="hlt">winds</span>, whose speed and direction may change under <span class="hlt">global</span> warming. The implications of these changes for transoceanic migratory bird populations have not been addressed. We used occurrence information from eBird (1950-2015) to estimate the geographical location of population centres at a daily temporal resolution across the annual cycle for 10 transatlantic migratory bird species. We used this information to estimate the location and timing of autumn migration within the transatlantic flyway. We estimated how prevailing <span class="hlt">winds</span> are projected to change within the transatlantic flyway during this time using daily <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed anomalies (1996-2005 and 2091-2100) from 29 Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models implemented under CMIP5. Autumn transatlantic migrants have the potential to encounter strong westerly crosswinds early in their transatlantic journey at intermediate and especially high migration altitudes, strong headwinds at low and intermediate migration altitudes within the Caribbean that increase in strength as the season progresses, and weak tailwinds at intermediate and high migration altitudes east of the Caribbean. The CMIP5 simulations suggest that, during this century, the likelihood of autumn transatlantic migrants encountering strong westerly crosswinds will diminish. As <span class="hlt">global</span> warming progresses, the need for species to compensate or drift under the influence of strong westerly crosswinds during the initial phase of their autumn transatlantic journey may be diminished. Existing strategies that promote headwind avoidance and tailwind assistance will likely remain valid. Thus, climate change may reduce time and <span class="hlt">energy</span> requirements and the chance of mortality or</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA02455&hterms=coverage&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dcoverage','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA02455&hterms=coverage&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dcoverage"><span>Sea<span class="hlt">Winds</span> <span class="hlt">Global</span> Coverage with Detail of Hurricane Floyd</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p><p/>The distribution of ocean surface <span class="hlt">winds</span> over the Atlantic Ocean, based on September 1999 data from NASA's Sea<span class="hlt">Winds</span> instrument on the QuikScat satellite, shows <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction (white streamlines) at a resolution of 25 kilometers (15.5 miles), superimposed on the color image indicating <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed.<p/>Over the ocean, the strong (seen in violet) trade <span class="hlt">winds</span> blow steadily from the cooler subtropical oceans to warm waters just north of the equator. The air rises over these warm waters and sinks in the subtropics at the horse latitudes. Low <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds are indicated in blue. In the mid-latitudes, the high vorticity caused by the rotation of the Earth generates the spirals of weather systems. The North Atlantic is dominated by a high-pressure system, whose anti-cyclonic (clockwise) flow creates strong <span class="hlt">winds</span> blowing parallel to the coast of Spain and Morocco. This creates strong ocean upwelling and cold temperature. Hurricane Floyd, with its high <span class="hlt">winds</span> (yellow), is clearly visible west of the Bahamas. Tropical depression Gert is seen as it was forming in the tropical mid-Atlantic (as an anti-clockwise spiral); it later developed into a full-blown hurricane.<p/>Because the atmosphere is largely transparent to microwaves, Sea<span class="hlt">Winds</span> is able to cover 93 percent of the <span class="hlt">global</span> oceans, under both clear and cloudy conditions, in a single day, with the capability of a synoptic view of the ocean. The high resolution of the data also gives detailed description of small and intense weather systems, like Hurricane Floyd. The image in the insert is based on data specially produced at 12.5 kilometers (7.7 miles). In the insert, white arrows of <span class="hlt">wind</span> vector are imposed on the color image of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. The insert represents a 3-degree area occupied by Hurricane Floyd. After these data were acquired, Hurricane Floyd turned north. Its strength and proximity to the Atlantic coast of the U.S. caused the largest evacuation of citizens in U.S. history. Its landfall on September 16, 1999</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20004920','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20004920"><span>Planners to the rescue: spatial planning facilitating the development of offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jay, Stephen</p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>The development of offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> has started to take place surprisingly quickly, especially in North European waters. This has taken the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> industry out of the territory of planning systems that usually govern the siting of <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms on land, and into the world of departmental, sectoral regulation of marine activities. Although this has favoured the expansion of offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> in some respects, evidence suggests that the practice and principles of spatial planning can make an important contribution to the proper consideration of proposals for offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> arrays. This is especially so when a strategic planning process is put in place for marine areas, in which offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> is treated as part of the overall configuration of marine interests, so that adjustments can be made in the interests of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The current process of marine planning in the Netherlands is described as an illustration of this. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MNRAS.458.1214Q','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MNRAS.458.1214Q"><span>Super-Eddington stellar <span class="hlt">winds</span> driven by near-surface <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Quataert, Eliot; Fernández, Rodrigo; Kasen, Daniel; Klion, Hannah; Paxton, Bill</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>We develop analytic and numerical models of the properties of super-Eddington stellar <span class="hlt">winds</span>, motivated by phases in stellar evolution when super-Eddington <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition (via, e.g. unstable fusion, wave heating, or a binary companion) heats a region near the stellar surface. This appears to occur in the giant eruptions of luminous blue variables (LBVs), Type IIn supernovae progenitors, classical novae, and X-ray bursts. We show that when the <span class="hlt">wind</span> kinetic power exceeds Eddington, the photons are trapped and behave like a fluid. Convection does not play a significant role in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> transport. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> properties depend on the ratio of a characteristic speed in the problem v_crit˜ (dot{E} G)^{1/5} (where dot{E} is the heating rate) to the stellar escape speed near the heating region vesc(rh). For vcrit ≳ vesc(rh), the <span class="hlt">wind</span> kinetic power at large radii dot{E}_w ˜ dot{E}. For vcrit ≲ vesc(rh), most of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> is used to unbind the <span class="hlt">wind</span> material and thus dot{E}_w ≲ dot{E}. Multidimensional hydrodynamic simulations without radiation diffusion using FLASH and one-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations with radiation diffusion using MESA are in good agreement with the analytic predictions. The photon luminosity from the <span class="hlt">wind</span> is itself super-Eddington but in many cases the photon luminosity is likely dominated by `internal shocks' in the <span class="hlt">wind</span>. We discuss the application of our models to eruptive mass-loss from massive stars and argue that the <span class="hlt">wind</span> models described here can account for the broad properties of LBV outflows and the enhanced mass-loss in the years prior to Type IIn core-collapse supernovae.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1215297','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1215297"><span>United States Supports Distributed <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Technology Improvements; NREL (National Renewable <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Laboratory)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sinclair, Karin</p> <p>2015-06-15</p> <p>This presentation provides information on the activities conducted through the Competitiveness Improvement Project (CIP), initiated in 2012 by the U.S. Department of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> (DOE) and executed through the National Renewable <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Laboratory (NREL) to support the distributed <span class="hlt">wind</span> industry. The CIP provides research and development funding and technical support to improve distributed <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine technology and increase the competitiveness of U.S. small and midsize <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine manufacturers. Through this project, DOE/NREL assists U.S. manufacturers to lower the levelized cost of <span class="hlt">energy</span> of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines through component improvements, manufacturing process upgrades, and turbine testing. Ultimately, this support is expected to leadmore » to turbine certification through testing to industry-recognized <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine performance and safety standards.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC13J0867H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC13J0867H"><span><span class="hlt">Global</span> map of solar power production efficiency, considering micro climate factors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hassanpour Adeh, E.; Higgins, C. W.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Natural resources degradation and greenhouse gas emissions are creating a <span class="hlt">global</span> crisis. Renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> is the most reliable option to mitigate this environmental dilemma. Abundancy of solar <span class="hlt">energy</span> makes it highly attractive source of electricity. The existing <span class="hlt">global</span> spatial maps of available solar <span class="hlt">energy</span> are created with various models which consider the irradiation, latitude, cloud cover, elevation, shading and aerosols, and neglect the influence of local meteorological conditions. In this research, the influences of microclimatological variables on solar <span class="hlt">energy</span> productivity were investigated with an in-field study at the Rabbit Hills solar arrays near Oregon State University. The local studies were extended to a <span class="hlt">global</span> level, where <span class="hlt">global</span> maps of solar power were produced, taking the micro climate variables into account. These variables included: temperature, relative humidity, <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed, <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction, solar radiation. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> balance approach was used to synthesize the data and compute the efficiencies. The results confirmed that the solar power efficiency can be directly affected by the air temperature and <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMPA41A1964V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMPA41A1964V"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> prospecting: socio-economic value of a new <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource assessment technique based on a NASA Earth science dataset</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vanvyve, E.; Magontier, P.; Vandenberghe, F. C.; Delle Monache, L.; Dickinson, K.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> is amongst the fastest growing sources of renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> in the U.S. and could supply up to 20 % of the U.S power production by 2030. An accurate and reliable <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource assessment for prospective <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm sites is a challenging task, yet is crucial for evaluating the long-term profitability and feasibility of a potential development. We have developed an accurate and computationally efficient <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource assessment technique for prospective <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm sites, which incorporates innovative statistical techniques and the new NASA Earth science dataset MERRA. This technique produces a <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource estimate that is more accurate than that obtained by the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> industry's standard technique, while providing a reliable quantification of its uncertainty. The focus now is on evaluating the socio-economic value of this new technique upon using the industry's standard technique. Would it yield lower financing costs? Could it result in lower electricity prices? Are there further down-the-line positive consequences, e.g. job creation, time saved, greenhouse gas decrease? Ultimately, we expect our results will inform efforts to refine and disseminate the new technique to support the development of the U.S. renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> infrastructure. In order to address the above questions, we are carrying out a cost-benefit analysis based on the net present worth of the technique. We will describe this approach, including the cash-flow process of <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm financing, how the <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource assessment factors in, and will present current results for various hypothetical candidate <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm sites.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29793079','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29793079"><span>Shifts in <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> potential following land-use driven vegetation dynamics in complex terrain.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fang, Jiannong; Peringer, Alexander; Stupariu, Mihai-Sorin; Pǎtru-Stupariu, Ileana; Buttler, Alexandre; Golay, Francois; Porté-Agel, Fernando</p> <p>2018-10-15</p> <p>Many mountainous regions with high <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> potential are characterized by multi-scale variabilities of vegetation in both spatial and time dimensions, which strongly affect the spatial distribution of <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource and its time evolution. To this end, we developed a coupled interdisciplinary modeling framework capable of assessing the shifts in <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> potential following land-use driven vegetation dynamics in complex mountain terrain. It was applied to a case study area in the Romanian Carpathians. The results show that the overall shifts in <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> potential following the changes of vegetation pattern due to different land-use policies can be dramatic. This suggests that the planning of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> project should be integrated with the land-use planning at a specific site to ensure that the expected <span class="hlt">energy</span> production of the planned <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm can be reached over its entire lifetime. Moreover, the changes in the spatial distribution of <span class="hlt">wind</span> and turbulence under different scenarios of land-use are complex, and they must be taken into account in the micro-siting of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines to maximize <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> production and minimize fatigue loads (and associated maintenance costs). The proposed new modeling framework offers, for the first time, a powerful tool for assessing long-term variability in local <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> potential that emerges from land-use change driven vegetation dynamics over complex terrain. Following a previously unexplored pathway of cause-effect relationships, it demonstrates a new linkage of agro- and forest policies in landscape development with an ultimate trade-off between renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> production and biodiversity targets. Moreover, it can be extended to study the potential effects of micro-climatic changes associated with <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms on vegetation development (growth and patterning), which could in turn have a long-term feedback effect on <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource distribution in mountainous regions. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19820015812','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19820015812"><span>The UTRC <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion system performance analysis for horizontal axis <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines (WECSPER)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Egolf, T. A.; Landgrebe, A. J.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>The theory for the UTRC <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Conversion System Performance Analysis (WECSPER) for the prediction of horizontal axis <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine performance is presented. Major features of the analysis are the ability to: (1) treat the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine blades as lifting lines with a prescribed wake model; (2) solve for the wake-induced inflow and blade circulation using real nonlinear airfoil data; and (3) iterate internally to obtain a compatible wake transport velocity and blade loading solution. This analysis also provides an approximate treatment of wake distortions due to tower shadow or <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear profiles. Finally, selected results of internal UTRC application of the analysis to existing <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines and correlation with limited test data are described.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EaFut...5..948J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EaFut...5..948J"><span>Roadmaps to Transition Countries to 100% Clean, Renewable <span class="hlt">Energy</span> for All Purposes to Curtail <span class="hlt">Global</span> Warming, Air Pollution, and <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Risk</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jacobson, Mark Z.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Solving the problems of <span class="hlt">global</span> warming, air pollution, and <span class="hlt">energy</span> security requires a massive effort by individuals, communities, businesses, nonprofits, and policy makers around the world. The first step in that process is to have a plan. To that end, roadmaps to transition 139 countries of the world to 100% clean, renewable <span class="hlt">wind</span>, water, and solar power for all <span class="hlt">energy</span> purposes (electricity, transportation, heating, cooling, industry, agriculture, forestry, and fishing) by 2050, with 80% by 2030, have been developed. The evolution, characteristics, and impacts to date of these plans are briefly described.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23157916','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23157916"><span>Occupational contact dermatitis in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> industry.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lárraga-Piñones, G; Heras-Mendaza, F; Conde-Salazar, L</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>In 2010, <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> coverage in Spain increased by 16%, making the country the world's fourth largest producer in a fast-developing industry that is also a source of employment. Occupational skin diseases in this field have received little attention. The present study aims to describe the main characteristics of skin diseases affecting workers in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> industry and the allergens involved. We performed a descriptive, observational study of workers from the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> industry with suspected contact dermatitis who were referred to the occupational dermatology clinic of the National School of Occupational Medicine (Escuela Nacional de Medicina del Trabajo) between 2009 and 2011. We took both a clinical history and an occupational history, and patients underwent a physical examination and patch testing with the materials used in their work. We studied 10 workers (8 men, 2 women), with a mean age of 33.7 years. The main finding was dermatitis, which affected the face, eyelids, forearms, and hands. Sensitization to epoxy resins was detected in 4 workers, 1 of whom was also sensitized to epoxy curing agents. One worker was sensitized to bisphenol F resin but had a negative result with epoxy resin from the standard series. In the 5 remaining cases, the final diagnosis was irritant contact dermatitis due to fiberglass. Occupational skin diseases are increasingly common in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> industry. The main allergens are epoxy resins. Fiberglass tends to produce irritation. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier España, S.L. and AEDV. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.7349A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.7349A"><span>On the integration of <span class="hlt">wind</span> and solar <span class="hlt">energy</span> to provide a total <span class="hlt">energy</span> supply in the USA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Archer, Cristina; Mills, David; Cheng, Weili; Sloggy, Matthew; Liebig, Edwin; Rhoades, Alan</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>This study examines the feasibility of using renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> - mostly <span class="hlt">wind</span> and solar radiation - as the primary source of <span class="hlt">energy</span> in the USA, under the assumption that a nationwide electric transmission grid is in place. Previous studies have shown that solar or <span class="hlt">wind</span> alone can power the present U.S. grid on average. Other studies have shown that solar output from California and Texas using <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage is well correlated with the state <span class="hlt">energy</span> load on an hour by hour basis throughout the year and with the U.S. national load on a monthly basis. This study explores scenarios for use of <span class="hlt">wind</span> and solar <span class="hlt">energy</span> together at the national scale on an hour by hour basis to determine if such a combination is a better match to national seasonal load scenarios than either of the two alone on an hour-by-hour basis. Actual hour by hour national load data from the year 2006 are used as a basis, with some scenarios incorporating vehicle sector electrification and building heating and cooling using electric heat pumps. Hourly <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed data were calculated at the hub height of 80 m above the ground for the year 2006 at over 150 windy locations in the continental U.S. using an extrapolation technique based on 10-m <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed measurements and vertical sounding profiles. Using a 1.5 MW <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine as benchmark, the hourly <span class="hlt">wind</span> power production nationwide was determined at all suitable locations. Similarly, the hourly output from solar plants, with and without thermal storage, was calculated based on Ausra's model assuming that the solar production would occur in the Southwest, the area with the greatest solar radiation density in the U.S. Hourly electricity demand for the year 2006 was obtained nationwide from a variety of sources, including the Federal <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Regulation Commission. Hourly residential heating and cooking, industrial heat processing, and future electrified transportation loads were calculated from monthly and yearly <span class="hlt">energy</span> consumption data from the <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Information</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1006308','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1006308"><span>Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbines - Estimated Noise from Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine, Monhegan Island, Maine: Environmental Effects of Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Development</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Aker, Pamela M.; Jones, Anthony M.; Copping, Andrea E.</p> <p>2010-11-23</p> <p>Deep C <span class="hlt">Wind</span>, a consortium headed by the University of Maine will test the first U.S. offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> platforms in 2012. In advance of final siting and permitting of the test turbines off Monhegan Island, residents of the island off Maine require reassurance that the noise levels from the test turbines will not disturb them. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, at the request of the University of Maine, and with the support of the U.S. Department of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Program, modeled the acoustic output of the planned test turbines.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MS%26E...78a2042T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MS%26E...78a2042T"><span>The Feasibility of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> and Solar <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Application for Oil and Gas Offshore Platform</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tiong, Y. K.; Zahari, M. A.; Wong, S. F.; Dol, S. S.</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> is an <span class="hlt">energy</span> which is freely available in nature such as <span class="hlt">winds</span> and solar <span class="hlt">energy</span>. It plays a critical role in greening the <span class="hlt">energy</span> sector as these sources of <span class="hlt">energy</span> produce little or no pollution to environment. This paper will focus on capability of renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> (<span class="hlt">wind</span> and solar) in generating power for offshore application. Data of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds and solar irradiation that are available around SHELL Sabah Water Platform for every 10 minutes, 24 hours a day, for a period of one year are provided by SHELL Sarawak Sdn. Bhd. The suitable <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine and photovoltaic panel that are able to give a high output and higher reliability during operation period are selected by using the tabulated data. The highest power output generated using single <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> application is equal to 492 kW while for solar <span class="hlt">energy</span> application is equal to 20 kW. Using the calculated data, the feasibility of renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> is then determined based on the platform <span class="hlt">energy</span> demand.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25621885','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25621885"><span>Community investment in <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms: funding structure effects in <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> infrastructure development.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Beery, Joshua A; Day, Jennifer E</p> <p>2015-03-03</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> development is an increasingly popular form of renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> infrastructure in rural areas. Communities generally perceive socioeconomic benefits accrue and that community funding structures are preferable to corporate structures, yet lack supporting quantitative data to inform <span class="hlt">energy</span> policy. This study uses the Everpower <span class="hlt">wind</span> development, to be located in Midwestern Ohio, as a hypothetical modeling environment to identify and examine socioeconomic impact trends arising from corporate, community and diversified funding structures. Analysis of five National Renewable <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Laboratory Jobs and Economic Development Impact models incorporating local economic data and review of relevant literature were conducted. The findings suggest that community and diversified funding structures exhibit 40-100% higher socioeconomic impact levels than corporate structures. Prioritization of funding sources and retention of federal tax incentives were identified as key elements. The incorporation of local shares was found to mitigate the negative effects of foreign private equity, local debt financing increased economic output and opportunities for private equity investment were identified. The results provide the groundwork for <span class="hlt">energy</span> policies focused to maximize socioeconomic impacts while creating opportunities for inclusive economic participation and improved social acceptance levels fundamental to the deployment of renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> technology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1215792','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1215792"><span>Integration of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Systems into Power Engineering Education Program at UW-Madison</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Venkataramanan, Giri; Lesieutre, Bernard; Jahns, Thomas</p> <p></p> <p>This project has developed an integrated curriculum focused on the power engineering aspects of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> systems that builds upon a well-established graduate educational program at UW- Madison. Five new courses have been developed and delivered to students. Some of the courses have been offered on multiple occasions. The courses include: Control of electric drives for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Power applications, Utility Applications of Power Electronics (<span class="hlt">Wind</span> Power), Practicum in Small <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbines, Utility Integration of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Power, and <span class="hlt">Wind</span> and Weather for Scientists and Engineers. Utility Applications of Power Electronics (<span class="hlt">Wind</span> Power) has been provided for distance education as well asmore » on-campus education. Several industrial internships for students have been organized. Numerous campus seminars that provide discussion on emerging issues related to <span class="hlt">wind</span> power development have been delivered in conjunction with other campus events. Annual student conferences have been initiated, that extend beyond <span class="hlt">wind</span> power to include sustainable <span class="hlt">energy</span> topics to draw a large group of stakeholders. <span class="hlt">Energy</span> policy electives for engineering students have been identified for students to participate through a certificate program. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> turbines build by students have been installed at a UW-Madison facility, as a test-bed. A Master of Engineering program in Sustainable Systems Engineering has been initiated that incorporates specializations that include in <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> curricula. The project has enabled UW-Madison to establish leadership at graduate level higher education in the field of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power integration with the electric grid.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-03-12/pdf/2013-05594.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-03-12/pdf/2013-05594.pdf"><span>78 FR 15737 - Incidental Take Permit Amendment and Supplemental Environmental Assessment for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span>...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-03-12</p> <p>...] Incidental Take Permit Amendment and Supplemental Environmental Assessment for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Development... of a revised habitat conservation plan (revised HCP) and accompanying documents for <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> development by San Francisco <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Farm LLC (formerly <span class="hlt">Wind</span>Mar R.E.) (Permittee). The revised HCP analyzes take...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160012695','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160012695"><span>Marli: Mars Lidar for <span class="hlt">Global</span> <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Profiles and Aerosol Profiles from Orbit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Abshire, J. B.; Guzewich, S. D.; Smith, M. D.; Riris, H.; Sun, X.; Gentry, B. M.; Yu, A.; Allan, G. R.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The Mars Exploration Analysis Group's Next Orbiter Science Analysis Group (NEXSAG) has recently identified atmospheric <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements as one of 5 top compelling science objectives for a future Mars orbiter. To date, only isolated lander observations of martian <span class="hlt">winds</span> exist. <span class="hlt">Winds</span> are the key variable to understand atmospheric transport and answer fundamental questions about the three primary cycles of the martian climate: CO2, H2O, and dust. However, the direct lack of observations and imprecise and indirect inferences from temperature observations leave many basic questions about the atmospheric circulation unanswered. In addition to addressing high priority science questions, direct <span class="hlt">wind</span> observations from orbit would help validate 3D general circulation models (GCMs) while also providing key input to atmospheric reanalyses. The dust and CO2 cycles on Mars are partially coupled and their influences on the atmospheric circulation modify the <span class="hlt">global</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> field. Dust absorbs solar infrared radiation and its variable spatial distribution forces changes in the atmospheric temperature and <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields. Thus it is important to simultaneously measure the height-resolved <span class="hlt">wind</span> and dust profiles. MARLI provides a unique capability to observe these variables continuously, day and night, from orbit.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1056287','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1056287"><span>A Feasibility Study to Evaluate <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Potential on the Navajo Nation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Terry Battiest</p> <p>2012-11-30</p> <p>The project, A Feasibility Study to Evaluate <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Potential on the Navajo Nation, is funded under a solicitation issued by the U.S. Department of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Tribal <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Program. Funding provided by the grant allowed the Navajo Nation to measure <span class="hlt">wind</span> potential at two sites, one located within the boundaries of the Navajo Nation and the other off-reservation during the project period (September 5, 2005 - September 30, 2009). The recipient for the grant award is the Navajo Tribal Utility Authority (NTUA). The grant allowed the Navajo Nation and NTUA manage the <span class="hlt">wind</span> feasibility from initial site selection through themore » decision-making process to commit to a site for <span class="hlt">wind</span> generation development. The grant activities help to develop human capacity at NTUA and help NTUA to engage in renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> generation activities, including not only <span class="hlt">wind</span> but also solar and biomass. The final report also includes information about development activities regarding the sited included in the grant-funded feasibility study.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=methane&pg=3&id=ED114270','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=methane&pg=3&id=ED114270"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> Primer: Solar, Water, <span class="hlt">Wind</span>, and Biofuels.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Portola Inst., Inc., Menlo Park, CA.</p> <p></p> <p>This is a comprehensive, fairly technical book about renewable forms of <span class="hlt">energy</span>--solar, water, <span class="hlt">wind</span>, and biofuels. The biofuels section covers biomass <span class="hlt">energy</span>, agriculture, aquaculture, alcohol, methane, and wood. The focus is on small-scale systems which can be applied to the needs of the individual, small group, or community. More than one-fourth…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984STIN...8429364B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984STIN...8429364B"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> converter GROWIAN 2</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Braun, D.; Kloeppel, V.; Marsch, G.; Meggle, R.; Mehlhose, R.; Schoebe, B.; Wennekers, R.</p> <p>1984-04-01</p> <p>Multi MW <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion systems in the rotor class of 135 m diam are described. A variable-speed horizontal-axis downwind machine with a one-bladed teetering rotor and a guyed soft steel tower was investigated and a 1 to 3 scaled demonstrator with a rotor diameter of 48 m was built. The demonstrator will undergo a 2 year verification test program.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25520946','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25520946"><span>Legal requirements for human-health based appeals of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> projects in ontario.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Engel, Albert M</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>In 2009, the government of the province of Ontario, Canada passed new legislation to promote the development of renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> facilities, including <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> facilities in the province. Throughout the legislative process, concerns were raised with respect to the effect of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> facilities on human health. Ultimately, the government established setbacks and sound level limits for <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> facilities and provided Ontario residents with the right to appeal the approval of a <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> facility on the ground that engaging in the facility in accordance with its approval will cause serious harm to human health. The first approval of a <span class="hlt">wind</span> facility under the new legislation was issued in 2010 and since then, Ontario's Environmental Review Tribunal as well as Ontario's courts has been considering evidence proffered by appellants seeking revocation of approvals on the basis of serious harm to human health. To date, the evidence has been insufficient to support the revocation of a <span class="hlt">wind</span> facility approval. This article reviews the legal basis for the dismissal of human-health based appeals.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A11F1942M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A11F1942M"><span>Validation of High <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Retrievals from the Cyclone <span class="hlt">Global</span> Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) Mission</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McKague, D. S.; Ruf, C. S.; Balasubramaniam, R.; Clarizia, M. P.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The Cyclone <span class="hlt">Global</span> Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) mission, launched in December of 2016, provides all-weather observations of sea surface <span class="hlt">winds</span>. Using GPS-based bistatic reflectometry, the CYGNSS satellites can estimate sea surface <span class="hlt">winds</span> even through a hurricane eye wall. This, combined with the high temporal resolution of the CYGNSS constellation (median revisit time of 2.8 hours), yields unprecedented ability to estimate hurricane strength <span class="hlt">winds</span>. While there are a number of other sources of sea surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> estimates, such as buoys, dropsondes, passive and active microwave from aircraft and satellite, and models, the combination of all-weather, high accuracy, short revisit time, high spatial coverage, and continuous operation of the CYGNSS mission enables significant advances in the understanding, monitoring, and prediction of cyclones. Validating CYGNSS <span class="hlt">wind</span> retrievals over the bulk of the <span class="hlt">global</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed distribution, which peaks at around 7 meters per second, is relatively straight-forward, requiring spatial-temporal matching of observations with independent sources (such as those mentioned above). Validating CYGNSS <span class="hlt">wind</span> retrievals for "high" <span class="hlt">winds</span> (> 20 meters per second), though, is problematic. Such <span class="hlt">winds</span> occur only in intense storms. While infrequent, making validation opportunities also infrequent and problematic due to their intense nature, such storms are important to study because of the high potential for damage and loss of life. This presentation will describe the efforts of the CYGNSS Calibration/Validation team to gather measurements of high sea surface <span class="hlt">winds</span> for development and validation of the CYGNSS geophysical model function (GMF), which forms the basis of retrieving <span class="hlt">winds</span> from CYGNSS observations. The bulk of these observations come from buoy measurements as well as aircraft ("hurricane hunter") measurements from passive microwave and dropsondes. These data are matched in space and time to CYGNSS observations for training of the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ems..confE.213M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ems..confE.213M"><span>Dynamical downscaling of <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields for <span class="hlt">wind</span> power applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mengelkamp, H.-T.; Huneke, S.; Geyer, J.</p> <p>2010-09-01</p> <p>Dynamical downscaling of <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields for <span class="hlt">wind</span> power applications H.-T. Mengelkamp*,**, S. Huneke**, J, Geyer** *GKSS Research Center Geesthacht GmbH **anemos Gesellschaft für Umweltmeteorologie mbH Investments in <span class="hlt">wind</span> power require information on the long-term mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> potential and its temporal variations on daily to annual and decadal time scales. This information is rarely available at specific <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm sites. Short-term on-site measurements usually are only performed over a 12 months period. These data have to be set into the long-term perspective through correlation to long-term consistent <span class="hlt">wind</span> data sets. Preliminary <span class="hlt">wind</span> information is often asked for to select favourable <span class="hlt">wind</span> sites over regional and country wide scales. Lack of high-quality <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements at weather stations was the motivation to start high resolution <span class="hlt">wind</span> field simulations The simulations are basically a refinement of <span class="hlt">global</span> scale reanalysis data by means of high resolution simulations with an atmospheric mesoscale model using high-resolution terrain and land-use data. The 3-dimensional representation of the atmospheric state available every six hours at 2.5 degree resolution over the globe, known as NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data, forms the boundary conditions for continuous simulations with the non-hydrostatic atmospheric mesoscale model MM5. MM5 is nested in itself down to a horizontal resolution of 5 x 5 km². The simulation is performed for different European countries and covers the period 2000 to present and is continuously updated. Model variables are stored every 10 minutes for various heights. We have analysed the <span class="hlt">wind</span> field primarily. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> data set is consistent in space and time and provides information on the regional distribution of the long-term mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> potential, the temporal variability of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> potential, the vertical variation of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> potential, and the temperature, and pressure distribution (air density). In the context of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power these data are used </p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5082810','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5082810"><span>Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Climate Projection Using UPSCALE Climate Data under the RCP8.5 Emission Scenario</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gross, Markus; Magar, Vanesa</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p> provide some guidance for <span class="hlt">wind</span> power developers and policy makers to prepare and adapt for climate change impacts on <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> production. Although offshore locations around Mexico were used as a case study, the dataset is <span class="hlt">global</span> and hence the methodology presented can be readily applied at any desired location. PMID:27788208</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27788208','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27788208"><span>Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Climate Projection Using UPSCALE Climate Data under the RCP8.5 Emission Scenario.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gross, Markus; Magar, Vanesa</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p> some guidance for <span class="hlt">wind</span> power developers and policy makers to prepare and adapt for climate change impacts on <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> production. Although offshore locations around Mexico were used as a case study, the dataset is <span class="hlt">global</span> and hence the methodology presented can be readily applied at any desired location.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5717795-global-energy-demand','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5717795-global-energy-demand"><span><span class="hlt">Global</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> demand to 2060</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Starr, C.</p> <p></p> <p>The projection of <span class="hlt">global</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> demand to the year 2060 is of particular interest because of its relevance to the current greenhouse concerns. The long-term growth of <span class="hlt">global</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> demand in the time scale of climatic change has received relatively little attention in the public discussion of national policy alternatives. The sociological, political, and economic issues have rarely been mentioned in this context. This study emphasizes that the two major driving forces are <span class="hlt">global</span> population growth and economic growth (gross national product per capita), as would be expected. The modest annual increases assumed in this study result in a yearmore » 2060 annual <span class="hlt">energy</span> use of >4 times the total <span class="hlt">global</span> current use (year 1986) if present trends continue, and >2 times with extreme efficiency improvements in <span class="hlt">energy</span> use. Even assuming a zero per capita growth for <span class="hlt">energy</span> and economics, the population increase by the year 2060 results in a 1.5 times increase in total annual <span class="hlt">energy</span> use.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1239597','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1239597"><span>Cloud County Community College <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Technology Project and Renewable <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Center of Excellence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Graham, Bruce</p> <p></p> <p>Cloud County Community College's (CCCC) <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Technology (WET) program is a leader in the renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> movement across Kansas and the USA. The field of renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> is a growing industry which continues to experience high demand for career opportunities. This CCCC/DOE project entailed two phases: 1) the installation of two Northwind 100 <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines, and 2) the continued development of the WET program curriculum, including enhancement of the CCCC Blade Repair Certificate program. This report provides a technical account of the total work performed, and is a comprehensive description of the results achieved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800008194','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800008194"><span>Overview of Federal <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> program</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ancona, D. F.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>The objectives and strategies of the Federal <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> program are described. Changes in the program structure and some of the additions to the program are included. Upcoming organizational changes and some budget items are discussed, with particular emphasis on recent significant events regarding new approvals.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10856203','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10856203"><span>The solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>-magnetosphere-ionosphere system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lyon</p> <p>2000-06-16</p> <p>The solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>, magnetosphere, and ionosphere form a single system driven by the transfer of <span class="hlt">energy</span> and momentum from the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> to the magnetosphere and ionosphere. Variations in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> can lead to disruptions of space- and ground-based systems caused by enhanced currents flowing into the ionosphere and increased radiation in the near-Earth environment. The coupling between the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> and the magnetosphere is mediated and controlled by the magnetic field in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> through the process of magnetic reconnection. Understanding of the <span class="hlt">global</span> behavior of this system has improved markedly in the recent past from coordinated observations with a constellation of satellite and ground instruments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29504039','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29504039"><span>Comparison of Recent Oil and Gas, <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span>, and Other Anthropogenic Landscape Alteration Factors in Texas Through 2014.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pierre, Jon Paul; Wolaver, Brad D; Labay, Benjamin J; LaDuc, Travis J; Duran, Charles M; Ryberg, Wade A; Hibbitts, Toby J; Andrews, John R</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Recent research assessed how hydrocarbon and <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> expansion has altered the North American landscape. Less understood, however, is how this <span class="hlt">energy</span> development compares to other anthropogenic land use changes. Texas leads U.S. hydrocarbon production and <span class="hlt">wind</span> power generation and has a rapidly expanding population. Thus, for ~47% of Texas (~324,000 km 2 ), we mapped the 2014 footprint of <span class="hlt">energy</span> activities (~665,000 oil and gas wells, ~5700 <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines, ~237,000 km oil and gas pipelines, and ~2000 km electrical transmission lines). We compared the footprint of <span class="hlt">energy</span> development to non-<span class="hlt">energy</span>-related activities (agriculture, roads, urbanization) and found direct landscape alteration from all factors affects ~23% of the study area (~76,000 km 2 ), led by agriculture (~16%; ~52,882 km 2 ). Oil and gas activities altered <1% of the study area (2081 km 2 ), with 838 km 2 from pipelines and 1242 km 2 from well pad construction-and that the median Eagle Ford well pad is 7.7 times larger than that in the Permian Basin (16,200 vs. 2100 m 2 ). <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> occupied <0.01% (~24 km 2 ), with ~14 km 2 from turbine pads and ~10 km 2 from power transmission lines. We found that edge effects of widely-distributed <span class="hlt">energy</span> infrastructure caused more indirect landscape alteration than larger, more concentrated urbanization and agriculture. This study presents a novel technique to quantify and compare anthropogenic activities causing both direct and indirect landscape alteration. We illustrate this landscape-mapping framework in Texas for the Spot-tailed Earless Lizard (Holbrookia lacerata); however, the approach can be applied to a range of species in developing regions <span class="hlt">globally</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MS%26E..161a2079K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MS%26E..161a2079K"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> turbines: current status, obstacles, trends and technologies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Konstantinidis, E. I.; Botsaris, P. N.</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>The last decade the installation of <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms around the world is spreading rapidly and <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> has become a significant factor for promoting sustainable development. The scope of the present study is to indicate the present status of <span class="hlt">global</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> power expansion as well as the current state of the art in the field of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine technology. The RAM (reliability/availability/maintenance) section is also examined and the Levelized Cost of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> for onshore/ offshore electricity production is presented. Negative consequences that go with the rapid expansion of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power like accidents, environmental effects, etc. are highlighted. Especially visual impact to the landscape and noise pollution are some factors that provoke social reactions. Moreover, the complicated and long permitted process of a <span class="hlt">wind</span> power plant, the high capital cost of the investment and the grid instability due to the intermittent nature of <span class="hlt">wind</span>, are also significant obstacles in the development of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> production. The current trends in the field of research and development of onshore and offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> power production are analyzed. Finally the present study is trying to achieve an estimation of where the <span class="hlt">wind</span> industry targets for the years to come.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/978478','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/978478"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> for Schools: Developing Educational Programs to Train a New Workforce and the Next Generation of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Experts (Poster)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Flowers, L.; Baring-Gould, I.</p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>As the United States dramatically expands <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> deployment, the industry is challenged with developing a skilled workforce and addressing public resistance. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Powering America's <span class="hlt">Wind</span> for Schools project addresses these issues by: Developing <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Application Centers (WACs) at universities; installing small <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines at community "host" schools; and implementing teacher training with interactive curricula at each host school.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1357174-polymer-piezoelectric-energy-harvesters-low-wind-speed','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1357174-polymer-piezoelectric-energy-harvesters-low-wind-speed"><span>Polymer Piezoelectric <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Harvesters for Low <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Speed</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Li, Dong Jun; Hong, Seungbum; Gu, Shiyuan; ...</p> <p>2014-01-06</p> <p>We fabricated polymer piezoelectric <span class="hlt">energy</span> harvesters (PEHs) that can generate electric power at <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed of less than 4.7 m/s due to their high sensitivity to <span class="hlt">wind</span>. In order to optimize their operating conditions, we evaluated three distinct PEH operation modes under the boundary conditions of single-side clamping. We found that a PEH connected to an external load of 120 kΩ shows the largest output power of 0.98 μW at 3.9m/s, with <span class="hlt">wind</span> incident on its side (mode I). We attribute this result to large bending and torsion involved in this operation mode.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19800059934&hterms=cost+wind&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dcost%2Bwind','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19800059934&hterms=cost+wind&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dcost%2Bwind"><span>Low cost composite materials for <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Weingart, O.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">winding</span> process utilizing a low-cost E-glass fabric called transverse-filament tape for low-cost production of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine generators (WTG) is described. The process can be carried out continuously at high speed to produce large one-piece parts with tapered wall thicknesses on a tapered mandrel. It is being used to manufacture blades for the NASA/DOE 200-ft-diameter MOD-1 WTG and Rockwell/DOE 40-kW small <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion system (SWECS).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-07-14/pdf/2011-17638.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-07-14/pdf/2011-17638.pdf"><span>76 FR 41510 - Draft Environmental Impact Statement and Habitat Conservation Plan for Commercial <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span>...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-07-14</p> <p>...] Draft Environmental Impact Statement and Habitat Conservation Plan for Commercial <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span>... regional- level construction, operation, and maintenance associated with multiple commercial <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>...; Attention: Laila Lienesch; Facsimile: 505/248-6922 (Attention: Laila Lienesch); E-Mail: <span class="hlt">WindEnergy</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFMPA31A0826P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFMPA31A0826P"><span>A <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Blueprint for Policy Makers (case study: Santa Barbara County, CA)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Prull, D. S.; Ling, F.; Valencia, A.; Kammen, D.</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>Over the past 5 years <span class="hlt">wind</span> power has been the fastest-growing <span class="hlt">energy</span> source worldwide with an annual average growth rate exceeding 30%. In 2006, 3,400 megawatts of new capacity are expected in the United States alone, representing a 40% growth rate. At a present cost of 3-7ȩnt per kilowatt hour, <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> has become a viable option in the <span class="hlt">energy</span> market. Despite this rapid growth, many city and county policy makers know little about their local potential for <span class="hlt">wind</span> development. As a case study, a <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> blueprint was created for Santa Barbara County, California. A detailed GIS analysis shows that Santa Barbara County has a gross onshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource of over 1815 MW (with a ~32% capacity factor) although only 10-12% is suitable for utility-scale development (class 3 <span class="hlt">winds</span> or higher). This 216 MW resource represents 163 tons of avoided CO_2 emissions resulting from coal fire electrical production each year (assuming the national average of 1.5lbs CO_2 emitted per kWh). In addition, potential offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> sites within 50 nautical miles of the Santa Barbara County coast could supply up to 15 GW, far exceeding the <span class="hlt">energy</span> demands of the county (~570 MW). An economic impact analysis indicates that more than 600 jobs would be created as a result of onshore development. We address concerns such as impacts on wildlife, noise, and view shed. This <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> blueprint can serve as an example on how to effectively relate technical issues to both policy members and the public.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1043765','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1043765"><span>Social Acceptance of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span>: Managing and Evaluating Its Market Impacts (Presentation)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Baring-Gould, I.</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>As with any industrial-scale technology, <span class="hlt">wind</span> power has impacts. As <span class="hlt">wind</span> technology deployment becomes more widespread, a defined opposition will form as a result of fear of change and competing <span class="hlt">energy</span> technologies. As the easy-to-deploy sites are developed, the costs of developing at sites with deployment barriers will increase, therefore increasing the total cost of power. This presentation provides an overview of <span class="hlt">wind</span> development stakeholders and related stakeholder engagement questions, <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Department activities that provide <span class="hlt">wind</span> project deployment information, and the quantification of deployment barriers and costs in the continental United States.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.A31F0093D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.A31F0093D"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> and Solar <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Resource Assessment for Navy Installations in the Midwestern US</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Darmenova, K.; Apling, D.; Higgins, G. J.; Carnes, J.; Smith, C.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>A stable supply of <span class="hlt">energy</span> is critical for sustainable economic development and the ever-increasing demand for <span class="hlt">energy</span> resources drives the need for alternative weather-driven renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> solutions such as solar and <span class="hlt">wind</span>-generated power. Recognizing the importance of <span class="hlt">energy</span> as a strategic resource, the Department of the Navy has focused on <span class="hlt">energy</span> efficient solutions aiming to increase tactical and shore <span class="hlt">energy</span> security and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Implementing alternative <span class="hlt">energy</span> solutions will alleviate the Navy installations demands on the National power grid, however transitioning to renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources is a complex multi-stage process that involves initial investment in resource assessment and feasibility of building solar and <span class="hlt">wind</span> power systems in Navy's facilities. This study focuses on the <span class="hlt">wind</span> and solar <span class="hlt">energy</span> resource assessment for Navy installations in the Midwestern US. We use the dynamically downscaled datasets at 12 km resolution over the Continental US generated with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to derive the <span class="hlt">wind</span> climatology in terms of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed, direction, and <span class="hlt">wind</span> power at 20 m above the surface for 65 Navy facilities. In addition, we derived the transmissivity of the atmosphere, diffuse radiation fraction, cloud cover and seasonal <span class="hlt">energy</span> potential for a zenith facing surface with unobstructed horizon for each installation location based on the results of a broadband radiative transfer model and our cloud database based on 17-years of GOES data. Our analysis was incorporated in a GIS framework in combination with additional infrastructure data that enabled a synergistic resource assessment based on the combination of climatological and engineering factors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AAS...20924602S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AAS...20924602S"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> Storage Systems as a Compliment to <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Power</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sieling, Jared D.; Niederriter, C. F.; Berg, D. A.</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>As Gustavus Adolphus College prepares to install two <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines on campus, we are faced with the question of what to do with the excess electricity that is generated. Since the College pays a substantial demand charge, it would seem fiscally responsible to store the <span class="hlt">energy</span> and use it for peak shaving, instead of selling it to the power company at their avoided cost. We analyzed six currently available systems: hydrogen <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage, flywheels, pumped hydroelectric storage, battery storage, compressed air storage, and superconducting magnetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage, for <span class="hlt">energy</span> and financial suitability. Potential <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine production is compared to consumption to determine the <span class="hlt">energy</span> deficit or excess, which is fed into a model for each of the storage systems. We will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each of the storage systems and their suitability for <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage and peak shaving in this situation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1330445','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1330445"><span>An Error-Reduction Algorithm to Improve Lidar Turbulence Estimates for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Newman, Jennifer F.; Clifton, Andrew</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>Currently, cup anemometers on meteorological (met) towers are used to measure <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds and turbulence intensity to make decisions about <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine class and site suitability. However, as modern turbine hub heights increase and <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> expands to complex and remote sites, it becomes more difficult and costly to install met towers at potential sites. As a result, remote sensing devices (e.g., lidars) are now commonly used by <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm managers and researchers to estimate the flow field at heights spanned by a turbine. While lidars can accurately estimate mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds and <span class="hlt">wind</span> directions, there is still a largemore » amount of uncertainty surrounding the measurement of turbulence with lidars. This uncertainty in lidar turbulence measurements is one of the key roadblocks that must be overcome in order to replace met towers with lidars for <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> applications. In this talk, a model for reducing errors in lidar turbulence estimates is presented. Techniques for reducing errors from instrument noise, volume averaging, and variance contamination are combined in the model to produce a corrected value of the turbulence intensity (TI), a commonly used parameter in <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>. In the next step of the model, machine learning techniques are used to further decrease the error in lidar TI estimates.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7247801-design-stand-alone-brackish-water-desalination-wind-energy-system-jordan','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7247801-design-stand-alone-brackish-water-desalination-wind-energy-system-jordan"><span>Design of stand-alone brackish water desalination <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> system for Jordan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Habali, S.M.; Saleh, I.A.</p> <p>1994-06-01</p> <p>More than 100 underground water wells drilled in Jordan are known to have brackish water with total desolved solids (TDS) over 1500 ppm but not greater than 4000 ppm. The world standard for potable water limits the TDS count to 500 ppm in addition to being free from live microorganisms or dangerous mineral and organic substances. A reverse osmosis desalination scheme powered by a stand-alone <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> converter (WEC) is proposed to produce fresh water water from wells located in potentially high-<span class="hlt">wind</span> sites. The purpose of this study if to present the main design parameters and economic estimates of amore » <span class="hlt">wind</span>-assisted RO system using a diesel engine as the baseline <span class="hlt">energy</span> source and an electric <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine for the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> source. It is found that brackish water pumping and desalinating using WECs costs 0.67 to 1.16 JD/m[sup 3] (JD = Jordanian Dinar, 1US$ = 0.68 JD), which is less than using conventional diesel engines especially in remote areas. In addition, the <span class="hlt">wind</span>-reverse osmosis system becomes more economically feasible for higher annual production rates or in good <span class="hlt">wind</span> regimes.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.A31F0197L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.A31F0197L"><span>On the Integration of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> and Solar <span class="hlt">Energy</span> to Provide a Total <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Supply in the U.S</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liebig, E. C.; Rhoades, A.; Sloggy, M.; Mills, D.; Archer, C. L.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>This study examines the feasibility of using renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> - mostly <span class="hlt">wind</span> and solar radiation - as the primary sources of <span class="hlt">energy</span> in the U.S., under the assumption that a nationwide electric transmission grid is in place. Previous studies have shown that solar output from California and Texas using <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage is well correlated with the state <span class="hlt">energy</span> load on an hour by hour basis throughout the year and with the US national load on a monthly basis. Other studies have shown that solar or <span class="hlt">wind</span> alone can power the present US grid on average. This study explores scenarios for use of <span class="hlt">wind</span> and solar <span class="hlt">energy</span> together at the national scale on an hour by hour basis to determine if such a combination is a better match to national seasonal load scenarios than either of the two alone on an hour-by-hour basis. Actual hour by hour national load data from a particular year will be used as a basis, with some scenarios incorporating vehicle sector electrification and building heating and cooling using electric heat pumps. Hydro and geothermal generation can provide additional controllable output, when needed, to fulfill the hourly electricity and/or <span class="hlt">energy</span> needs. Hourly <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed data were calculated at the hub height of 80 m above the ground for the year 2006 at over 150 windy locations in the continental US using an extrapolation technique based on 10-m <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed measurements and vertical sounding profiles. Using a 1.5 MW <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine as benchmark, the hourly <span class="hlt">wind</span> power production nationwide was determined at all locations. Similarly, the hourly output from solar plants, with and without thermal storage, was calculated based on Ausra’s model assuming that the solar production would occur in the Southwest, the area with the greatest solar radiation density in the U.S. Hourly electricity demand for the year 2006 was obtained nationwide from a variety of sources, including the Federal <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Regulation Commission. Hourly residential heating and cooking, industrial heat</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-05-18/pdf/2012-12075.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-05-18/pdf/2012-12075.pdf"><span>77 FR 29633 - Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> VII, LLC, Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> IX, LLC, Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> X, LLC, Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> XI, LLC, Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> XII, LLC...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-05-18</p> <p>... DEPARTMENT OF <span class="hlt">ENERGY</span> Federal <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Regulatory Commission [Docket No. EL12-68-000] Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> VII, LLC, Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> IX, LLC, Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> X, LLC, Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> XI, LLC, Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> XII, LLC, Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> XIII, LLC, Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> XIV, LLC, Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> XV, LLC, Alta Windpower Development, LLC, TGP Development Company, LLC...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-05-03/pdf/2010-10218.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-05-03/pdf/2010-10218.pdf"><span>75 FR 23263 - Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> I, LLC; Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> II, LLC; Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> III, LLC; Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> IV, LLC; Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> V, LLC...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-05-03</p> <p>... DEPARTMENT OF <span class="hlt">ENERGY</span> Federal <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Regulatory Commission [Docket No. EL10-62-000] Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> I, LLC; Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> II, LLC; Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> III, LLC; Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> IV, LLC; Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> V, LLC; Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> VI, LLC; Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> VII, LLC; Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> VIII, LLC; Alta Windpower Development, LLC; TGP Development Company, LLC...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..122.4450S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..122.4450S"><span><span class="hlt">Global</span> distribution of neutral <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear associated with sporadic E layers derived from GAIA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shinagawa, H.; Miyoshi, Y.; Jin, H.; Fujiwara, H.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>There have been a number of papers reporting that the statistical occurrence rate of the sporadic E (Es) layer depends not only on the local time and season but also on the geographical location, implying that geographical and seasonal dependence in vertical neutral <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear is one of the factors responsible for the geographical and seasonal dependence in Es layer occurrences rate. To study the role of neutral <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear in the <span class="hlt">global</span> distribution of the Es layer occurrence rate, we employ a self-consistent atmosphere-ionosphere coupled model called GAIA (Ground-to-topside model of Atmosphere and Ionosphere for Aeronomy), which incorporates meteorological reanalysis data in the lower atmosphere. The average distribution of neutral <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear in the lower thermosphere is derived for the June-August and December-February periods, and the <span class="hlt">global</span> distribution of vertical ion convergence is obtained to estimate the Es layer occurrence rate. It is found that the local and seasonal dependence of neutral <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear is an important factor in determining the dependence of the Es layer occurrence rate on geographical distribution and seasonal variation. However, there are uncertainties in the simulated vertical neutral <span class="hlt">wind</span> shears, which have larger scales than the observed <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear scales. Furthermore, other processes such as localization of magnetic field distribution, background metallic ion distribution, ionospheric electric fields, and chemical processes of metallic ions are also likely to make an important contribution to geographical distribution and seasonal variation of the Es occurrence rate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-06-22/pdf/2011-15525.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-06-22/pdf/2011-15525.pdf"><span>76 FR 36532 - Iberdrola Renewables, Inc., PacifiCorp, NextEra <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Resources, LLC, Invenergy <span class="hlt">Wind</span> North...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-06-22</p> <p>... Renewables, Inc., PacifiCorp, NextEra <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Resources, LLC, Invenergy <span class="hlt">Wind</span> North America LLC, Horizon <span class="hlt">Wind</span>...), Iberdrola Renewables, Inc., PacifiCorp, NextEra <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Resources, LLC, Invenergy <span class="hlt">Wind</span> North America LLC, and Horizon <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> LLC (Complainants) filed a formal complaint against Bonneville Power Administration...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1154/ofr20161154.pdf','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1154/ofr20161154.pdf"><span>Collision and displacement vulnerability among marine birds of the California Current System associated with offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> infrastructure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Adams, Josh; Kelsey, Emily C.; Felis, Jonathan J.; Pereksta, David M.</p> <p>2016-10-27</p> <p>With growing climate change concerns and <span class="hlt">energy</span> constraints, there is an increasing need for renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources within the United States and <span class="hlt">globally</span>. Looking forward, offshore <span class="hlt">wind-energy</span> infrastructure (OWEI) has the potential to produce a significant proportion of the power needed to reach our Nation’s renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> goal. Offshore <span class="hlt">wind-energy</span> sites can capitalize open areas within Federal waters that have persistent, high <span class="hlt">winds</span> with large <span class="hlt">energy</span> production potential. Although there are few locations in the California Current System (CCS) where it would be acceptable to build pile-mounted <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines in waters less than 50 m deep, the development of technology able to support deep-water OWEI (>200 m depth) could enable <span class="hlt">wind-energy</span> production in the CCS. As with all human-use of the marine environment, understanding the potential impacts of <span class="hlt">wind-energy</span> infrastructure on the marine ecosystem is an integral part of offshore <span class="hlt">wind-energy</span> research and planning. Herein, we present a comprehensive database to quantify marine bird vulnerability to potential OWEI in the CCS (see https://doi.org/10.5066/F79C6VJ0). These data were used to quantify marine bird vulnerabilities at the population level. For 81 marine bird species present in the CCS, we created three vulnerability indices: Population Vulnerability, Collision Vulnerability, and Displacement Vulnerability. Population Vulnerability was used as a scaling factor to generate two comprehensive indicies: Population Collision Vulnerability (PCV) and Population Displacement Vulnerability (PDV). Within the CCS, pelicans, terns (Forster’s [Sterna forsteri], Caspian [Hydroprogne caspia], Elegant [Thalasseus elegans], and Least Tern [Sternula antillarum]), gulls (Western [Larus occidentalis] and Bonaparte’s Gull [Chroicocephalus philadelphia]), South Polar Skua (Stercorarius maccormicki), and Brandt’s Cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus) had the greatest PCV scores. Brown Pelican (Pelicanus occidentalis</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-02-05/pdf/2010-2518.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-02-05/pdf/2010-2518.pdf"><span>75 FR 6020 - Electrical Interconnection of the Lower Snake River <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Project</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-02-05</p> <p>... River <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Project AGENCY: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), Department of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> (DOE... (BPA) has decided to offer Puget Sound <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Inc., a Large Generator Interconnection Agreement for... and Columbia counties, Washington. To interconnect the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Project, BPA will construct a new...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1915638H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1915638H"><span>GIS-based preliminary <span class="hlt">wind</span>-hydrogen <span class="hlt">energy</span> assessment: A case study for Pakistan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hussain Siyal, Shahid; Hopper, Miles; Lefvert, Adrian; Mentis, Dimitris; Korkovelos, Alexandros; Lopez De Briñas Gorosabel, Oier; Varela González, Cristina; Howells, Mark</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>While the world is making progress on incorporating renewables in the electricity grid, the transport sector is still widely locked into using gasoline and diesel fuels. Simultaneously, <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> is encountering resistance due to its intermittent nature. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> to hydrogen <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion poses a solution to this problem, using <span class="hlt">wind</span> powered electrolysis to produce hydrogen which can fuel the transport sector. In this report a preliminary assessment for <span class="hlt">wind</span> to hydrogen <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion potential of Pakistan was made considering two different turbines; Vestas V82 and V112. Using available <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed data, processed in ArcGIS, the hydrogen potential was calculated. Finally, the economic feasibility and potential environmental savings were assessed. From the results it was concluded that Pakistan has a good potential for <span class="hlt">wind</span> to hydrogen conversion, with 63,807 and 80,232 ktons of hydrogen per year from the V82 and V112 turbines. This corresponds to 2,105 and 2,647 TWh of <span class="hlt">energy</span> per year respectively. Only using 2% of that potential could give emissions savings of up to 11.43 and 14.37 MtCO2-eq, which would give good reason for more in-depth studies to evaluate the feasibility of a project in Pakistan.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990107392&hterms=conjunctions&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dconjunctions','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990107392&hterms=conjunctions&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dconjunctions"><span><span class="hlt">Global</span> Dynamics of Dayside Auroral Precipitation in Conjunction with Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Pressure Pulses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Brittnacher, M.; Chua, D.; Fillingim, M.; Parks, G. K.; Spann, James F., Jr.; Germany, G. A.; Carlson, C. W.; Greenwald, R. A.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Global</span> observation of the dayside auroral region by the Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) during transient solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure pulse events on October 1, 1997 has revealed unusual features in the auroral precipitation. The auroral arc structure on the dayside, possibly connected with the LLBL, split into 2 arc structures; one moving poleward and fading over a 5 min period, and the other stationary or slightly shifted equatorward (by changes in the x component). The y component was large and positive, and the z component was small and negative. The splitting of the arc structure extended from 9 to 15 MLT and was concurrent with an enhancement of the convection in the cusp region identified by SuperDARN observations. The convection reversal on the morningside was adjacent to and poleward of the weak lower latitude band of precipitation. The sensitivity of the UVI instrument enabled observation of arc structures down to about 0.2 erg electron <span class="hlt">energy</span> flux, as confirmed by comparison with particle measurements from the FAST satellite for other dayside events. Removal of the spacecraft wobble by PIXON image reconstruction restored the original resolution of the UVI of about 40 km from apogee. This event is being analyzed in connection with a larger study of <span class="hlt">global</span> dynamics of dayside <span class="hlt">energy</span> and momentum transfer related to changes in IMF conditions using UVI images in conjunction with observations from FAST and SuperDARN.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70191081','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70191081"><span>Factors associated with bat mortality at <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> facilities in the United States</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Thompson, Maureen; Beston, Julie A.; Etterson, Matthew A.; Diffendorfer, James E.; Loss, Scott R.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Hundreds of thousands of bats are killed annually by colliding with <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines in the U.S., yet little is known about factors causing variation in mortality across <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> facilities. We conducted a quantitative synthesis of bat collision mortality with <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines by reviewing 218 North American studies representing 100 <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> facilities. This data set, the largest compiled for bats to date, provides further evidence that collision mortality is greatest for migratory tree-roosting species (Hoary Bat [Lasiurus cinereus], Eastern Red Bat [Lasiurus borealis], Silver-haired Bat [Lasionycteris noctivagans]) and from July to October. Based on 40 U.S. studies meeting inclusion criteria and analyzed under a common statistical framework to account for methodological variation, we found support for an inverse relationship between bat mortality and percent grassland cover surrounding <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> facilities. At a national scale, grassland cover may best reflect openness of the landscape, a factor generally associated with reduced activity and abundance of tree-roosting species that may also reduce turbine collisions. Further representative sampling of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> facilities is required to validate this pattern. Ecologically informed placement of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> facilities involves multiple considerations, including not only factors associated with bat mortality, but also factors associated with bird collision mortality, indirect habitat-related impacts to all species, and overall ecosystem impacts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/news/program/2014/14378.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/news/program/2014/14378.html"><span>NREL Supports Innovative Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Projects | News | NREL</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>installation, operation, and maintenance <em>methods</em> for <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines located far from shore. Fishermen's <span class="hlt">Energy</span> will also use the twisted-jacket foundation for the <em>five</em> 5-MW turbines it plans to install 3 miles off about offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> and investigate interactions between turbines. Principle Power will install <em>five</em> 6</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APS..DFDE24004M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APS..DFDE24004M"><span>Optimal control of <span class="hlt">energy</span> extraction in LES of large <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Meyers, Johan; Goit, Jay; Munters, Wim</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>We investigate the use of optimal control combined with Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-farm boundary layer interaction for the increase of total <span class="hlt">energy</span> extraction in very large ``infinite'' <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms and in finite farms. We consider the individual <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines as flow actuators, whose <span class="hlt">energy</span> extraction can be dynamically regulated in time so as to optimally influence the turbulent flow field, maximizing the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm power. For the simulation of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-farm boundary layers we use large-eddy simulations in combination with an actuator-disk representation of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines. Simulations are performed in our in-house pseudo-spectral code SP-<span class="hlt">Wind</span>. For the optimal control study, we consider the dynamic control of turbine-thrust coefficients in the actuator-disk model. They represent the effect of turbine blades that can actively pitch in time, changing the lift- and drag coefficients of the turbine blades. In a first infinite <span class="hlt">wind</span>-farm case, we find that farm power is increases by approximately 16% over one hour of operation. This comes at the cost of a deceleration of the outer layer of the boundary layer. A detailed analysis of <span class="hlt">energy</span> balances is presented, and a comparison is made between infinite and finite farm cases, for which boundary layer entrainment plays an import role. The authors acknowledge support from the European Research Council (FP7-Ideas, Grant No. 306471). Simulations were performed on the computing infrastructure of the VSC Flemish Supercomputer Center, funded by the Hercules Foundation and the Flemish Govern.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1338174','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1338174"><span>Potential Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Areas in California: An Assessment of Locations, Technology, and Costs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Musial, Walter; Beiter, Philipp; Tegen, Suzanne</p> <p></p> <p>This report summarizes a study of possible offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> locations, technologies, and levelized cost of <span class="hlt">energy</span> in the state of California between 2015 and 2030. The study was funded by the U.S. Department of the Interior's Bureau of Ocean <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Management (BOEM), the federal agency responsible for regulating renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> development on the Outer Continental Shelf. It is based on reference <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> areas where representative technology and performance characteristics were evaluated. These reference areas were identified as sites that were suitable to represent offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> cost and technology based on physical site conditions, <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource quality, known existingmore » site use, and proximity to necessary infrastructure. The purpose of this study is to assist <span class="hlt">energy</span> policy decision-making by state utilities, independent system operators, state government officials and policymakers, BOEM, and its key stakeholders. The report is not intended to serve as a prescreening exercise for possible future offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> development.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPO12D..07B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPO12D..07B"><span>Mesoscale Atmosphere-Ocean Coupling Enhances the Transfer of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> into the Ocean.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Byrne, D.; Munnich, M.; Frenger, I.; Gruber, N.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Ocean eddies receive their <span class="hlt">energy</span> mainly from the atmospheric <span class="hlt">energy</span> input at large scales, while it is thought that direct atmosphere-ocean interactions at this scale contribute little to the eddies' <span class="hlt">energy</span> balance. If anything, the prevailing view is that mesoscale atmosphere-ocean interactions lead to a reduction of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer from the atmosphere to the ocean. From satellite observations, modelling studies and theory, we present results in contrast to this. Specifically, we describe a novel mechanism that provides a new <span class="hlt">energy</span> pathway from the atmosphere into the ocean that directly injects <span class="hlt">energy</span> at the mesoscale, shortcutting the classical main pathway from the larger scales. Our hypothesis is based upon recent evidence that the `coupling strength' i.e., the magnitude of the atmospheric response to underlying sea surface temperature anomalies associated with eddies, is dependent upon the background <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. We argue that ocean eddies rarely live in an area of constant background <span class="hlt">wind</span>, particularly not in the Southern Ocean, and that the horizontal gradients in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> across ocean eddies lead to an increased/decreased work on one side of the eddy that is not compensated for on the other. Essentially, this asymmetry provides a `spin up' or a `spin down' forcing such that the net result is an increase in kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> for both warm and cold core eddies that reside in a negative <span class="hlt">wind</span> gradient and a decrease in kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> when they are located in a positive <span class="hlt">wind</span> gradient. This result has strong implications for the Southern Ocean, where large regions of positive and negative <span class="hlt">wind</span> gradients exist on both sides of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> maximum. We show from diagnosing the local eddy scale and domain wide <span class="hlt">energy</span> balance in a high-resolution coupled atmosphere-ocean regional model in the South Atlantic, there are different <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfers in the two regions and due to the different eddy abundances that this mechanism increases the net kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> contained in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-01-18/pdf/2011-897.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-01-18/pdf/2011-897.pdf"><span>76 FR 2903 - Interconnection of the Proposed Hyde County <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Center Project (DOE/EIS-0461), and...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-18</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Center Project (DOE/EIS-0461), and Proposed Crowned Ridge <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Center Project (DOE... to prepare environmental impact statements (EISs) for the Hyde County <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Center Project and the Crowned Ridge <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Center Project in the Federal Register on November 30, 2010. Both...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy...49.1531H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy...49.1531H"><span>Revisiting the <span class="hlt">global</span> surface <span class="hlt">energy</span> budgets with maximum-entropy-production model of surface heat fluxes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Huang, Shih-Yu; Deng, Yi; Wang, Jingfeng</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>The maximum-entropy-production (MEP) model of surface heat fluxes, based on contemporary non-equilibrium thermodynamics, information theory, and atmospheric turbulence theory, is used to re-estimate the <span class="hlt">global</span> surface heat fluxes. The MEP model predicted surface fluxes automatically balance the surface <span class="hlt">energy</span> budgets at all time and space scales without the explicit use of near-surface temperature and moisture gradient, <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and surface roughness data. The new MEP-based <span class="hlt">global</span> annual mean fluxes over the land surface, using input data of surface radiation, temperature data from National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Clouds and the Earth's Radiant <span class="hlt">Energy</span> System (NASA CERES) supplemented by surface specific humidity data from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), agree closely with previous estimates. The new estimate of ocean evaporation, not using the MERRA reanalysis data as model inputs, is lower than previous estimates, while the new estimate of ocean sensible heat flux is higher than previously reported. The MEP model also produces the first <span class="hlt">global</span> map of ocean surface heat flux that is not available from existing <span class="hlt">global</span> reanalysis products.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780020676&hterms=alternative+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dalternative%2Benergy','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780020676&hterms=alternative+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dalternative%2Benergy"><span>Impact of novel <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources: OTEC, <span class="hlt">wind</span>, goethermal, biomass</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Roberts, A. S., Jr.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>Alternate <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion methods such as ocean thermal <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion (OTEC), <span class="hlt">wind</span> power, geothermal wells and biomass conversion are being explored, and re-examined in some cases, for commercial viability. At a time when United States fossil fuel and uranium resources are found to be insufficient to supply national needs into the twenty-first century, it is essential to broaden the base of feasible <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion technologies. The motivations for development of these four alternative <span class="hlt">energy</span> forms are established. Primary technical aspects of OTEC, <span class="hlt">wind</span>, geothermal and biomass <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion systems are described along with a discussion of relative advantages and disadvantages of the concepts. Finally, the sentiment is voiced that each of the four systems should be developed to the prototype stage and employed in the region of the country and in the sector of economy which is complimentary to the form of system output.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080003828','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080003828"><span><span class="hlt">Global</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Issues and Alternate Fueling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hendricks, Robert C.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>This viewgraph presentation describes world <span class="hlt">energy</span> issues and alternate fueling effects on aircraft design. The contents include: 1) US Uses about 100 Quad/year (1 Q = 10(exp 15) Btu) World <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Use: about 433 Q/yr; 2) US Renewable <span class="hlt">Energy</span> about 6%; 3) Nuclear Could Grow: Has Legacy Problems; 4) <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Sources Primarily NonRenewable Hydrocarbon; 5) Notes; 6) Alternate Fuels Effect Aircraft Design; 7) Conventional-Biomass Issue - Food or Fuel; 8) Alternate fuels must be environmentally benign; 9) World Carbon (CO2) Emissions Problem; 10) Jim Hansen s <span class="hlt">Global</span> Warming Warnings; 11) Gas Hydrates (Clathrates), Solar & Biomass Locations; 12) <span class="hlt">Global</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Sector Response; 13) Alternative Renewables; 14) Stratospheric Sulfur Injection <span class="hlt">Global</span> Cooling Switch; 15) Potential <span class="hlt">Global</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Sector Response; and 16) New Sealing and Fluid Flow Challenges.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ESD.....3...79G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ESD.....3...79G"><span>The problem of the second <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine - a note on a common but flawed <span class="hlt">wind</span> power estimation method</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gans, F.; Miller, L. M.; Kleidon, A.</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>Several recent <span class="hlt">wind</span> power estimates suggest that this renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> resource can meet all of the current and future <span class="hlt">global</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> demand with little impact on the atmosphere. These estimates are calculated using observed <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds in combination with specifications of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine size and density to quantify the extractable <span class="hlt">wind</span> power. However, this approach neglects the effects of momentum extraction by the turbines on the atmospheric flow that would have effects outside the turbine wake. Here we show with a simple momentum balance model of the atmospheric boundary layer that this common methodology to derive <span class="hlt">wind</span> power potentials requires unrealistically high increases in the generation of kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> by the atmosphere. This increase by an order of magnitude is needed to ensure momentum conservation in the atmospheric boundary layer. In the context of this simple model, we then compare the effect of three different assumptions regarding the boundary conditions at the top of the boundary layer, with prescribed hub height velocity, momentum transport, or kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer into the boundary layer. We then use simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model that explicitly simulate generation of kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> with momentum conservation. These simulations show that the assumption of prescribed momentum import into the atmospheric boundary layer yields the most realistic behavior of the simple model, while the assumption of prescribed hub height velocity can clearly be disregarded. We also show that the assumptions yield similar estimates for extracted <span class="hlt">wind</span> power when less than 10% of the kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> flux in the boundary layer is extracted by the turbines. We conclude that the common method significantly overestimates <span class="hlt">wind</span> power potentials by an order of magnitude in the limit of high <span class="hlt">wind</span> power extraction. Ultimately, environmental constraints set the upper limit on <span class="hlt">wind</span> power potential at larger scales rather than detailed engineering</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27148943','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27148943"><span>Efficient Scavenging of Solar and <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energies</span> in a Smart City.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Shuhua; Wang, Xue; Wang, Zhong Lin; Yang, Ya</p> <p>2016-06-28</p> <p>To realize the sustainable <span class="hlt">energy</span> supply in a smart city, it is essential to maximize <span class="hlt">energy</span> scavenging from the city environments for achieving the self-powered functions of some intelligent devices and sensors. Although the solar <span class="hlt">energy</span> can be well harvested by using existing technologies, the large amounts of wasted <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> in the city cannot be effectively utilized since conventional <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine generators can only be installed in remote areas due to their large volumes and safety issues. Here, we rationally design a hybridized nanogenerator, including a solar cell (SC) and a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), that can individually/simultaneously scavenge solar and <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energies</span>, which can be extensively installed on the roofs of the city buildings. Under the same device area of about 120 mm × 22 mm, the SC can deliver a largest output power of about 8 mW, while the output power of the TENG can be up to 26 mW. Impedance matching between the SC and TENG has been achieved by using a transformer to decrease the impedance of the TENG. The hybridized nanogenerator has a larger output current and a better charging performance than that of the individual SC or TENG. This research presents a feasible approach to maximize solar and <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energies</span> scavenging from the city environments with the aim to realize some self-powered functions in smart city.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IJSE...36..754M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IJSE...36..754M"><span>A comparative multi-disciplinary policy review in <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> developments in Europe</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mytilinou, V.; Kolios, A. J.; Di Lorenzo, G.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Over recent decades, European Union countries have committed to increasing their electricity production from renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources (RESs). <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> plays a significant role in a sustainable future. This paper presents a political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental analysis. Although these countries have made many improvements in their legal frameworks aiming to attract investors and boost the RE sector, there are still challenges. The UK focuses on offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>, adjusts the economic strategy and changes the legislation context. Germany has the healthiest economic conditions, as it keeps following its initiative to design a new programme for an <span class="hlt">energy</span> transition from conventional to RESs with emphasis on the onshore. Greece has only a few installations and much room for development but needs to make further changes in the legislation and economy so as to attract more investors in the long term. The purpose of this research is to analyse, highlight and discuss vital aspects of these countries as well as the European environment, with reference to their current <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> activities. Ultimately, it attempts to give a wider perspective and to serve as a guide for future studies on the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> sector.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRC..121.1174S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRC..121.1174S"><span>Observations of the directional distribution of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> input function over swell waves</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shabani, Behnam; Babanin, Alex V.; Baldock, Tom E.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Field measurements of <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress over shallow water swell traveling in different directions relative to the <span class="hlt">wind</span> are presented. The directional distribution of the measured stresses is used to confirm the previously proposed but unverified directional distribution of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> input function. The observed <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> input function is found to follow a much narrower distribution (β∝cos⁡3.6θ) than the Plant (1982) cosine distribution. The observation of negative stress angles at large <span class="hlt">wind</span>-wave angles, however, indicates that the onset of negative <span class="hlt">wind</span> shearing occurs at about θ≈ 50°, and supports the use of the Snyder et al. (1981) directional distribution. Taking into account the reverse momentum transfer from swell to the <span class="hlt">wind</span>, Snyder's proposed parameterization is found to perform exceptionally well in explaining the observed narrow directional distribution of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> input function, and predicting the <span class="hlt">wind</span> drag coefficients. The empirical coefficient (ɛ) in Snyder's parameterization is hypothesised to be a function of the wave shape parameter, with ɛ value increasing as the wave shape changes between sinusoidal, sawtooth, and sharp-crested shoaling waves.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1367391','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1367391"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> Policy Case Study - Texas: <span class="hlt">Wind</span>, Markets, and Grid Modernization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Orrell, Alice C.; Homer, Juliet S.; Bender, Sadie R.</p> <p></p> <p>This document presents a case study of <span class="hlt">energy</span> policies in Texas related to power system transformation, renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> and distributed <span class="hlt">energy</span> resources (DERs). Texas has experienced a dramatic increase in installed <span class="hlt">wind</span> capacity, from 116 MW in 2000 to over 15,000 MW in 2015. This achievement was enabled by the designation of Competitive Renewable <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Zones (CREZs) and new transmission lines that transmit <span class="hlt">wind</span> to load centers. This report highlights nascent efforts to include DERs in the ERCOT market. As costs decline and adoption rates increase, ERCOT expects distributed generation to have an increasing effect on grid operations, while bringingmore » potentially valuable new resources to the wholesale markets.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1326175-wind-solar-energy-curtailment-review-international-experience','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1326175-wind-solar-energy-curtailment-review-international-experience"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> and solar <span class="hlt">energy</span> curtailment: A review of international experience</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Bird, Lori; Lew, Debra; Milligan, Michael</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>Greater penetrations of variable renewable generation on some electric grids have resulted in increased levels of curtailment in recent years. Studies of renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> grid integration have found that curtailment levels may grow as the penetration of <span class="hlt">wind</span> and solar <span class="hlt">energy</span> generation increases. This paper reviews international experience with curtailment of <span class="hlt">wind</span> and solar <span class="hlt">energy</span> on bulk power systems in recent years, with a focus on eleven countries in Europe, North America, and Asia. It examines levels of curtailment, the causes of curtailment, curtailment methods and use of market-based dispatch, as well as operational, institutional, and other changes that aremore » being made to reduce renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> curtailment.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880051672&hterms=direct+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Ddirect%2Benergy','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880051672&hterms=direct+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Ddirect%2Benergy"><span>The roles of direct input of <span class="hlt">energy</span> from the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> and unloading of stored magnetotail <span class="hlt">energy</span> in driving magnetospheric substorms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Rostoker, G.; Akasofu, S. I.; Baumjohann, W.; Kamide, Y.; Mcpherron, R. L.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>The contributions to the substorm expansive phase of direct <span class="hlt">energy</span> input from the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> and from <span class="hlt">energy</span> stored in the magnetotail which is released in an unpredictable manner are considered. Two physical processes for the dispensation of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> input from the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> are identified: (1) a driven process in which <span class="hlt">energy</span> supplied from the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> is directly dissipated in the ionosphere; and (2) a loading-unloading process in which <span class="hlt">energy</span> from the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> is first stored in the magnetotail and then is suddenly released to be deposited in the ionosphere. The pattern of substorm development in response to changes in the interplanetary medium has been elucidated for a canonical isolated substorm.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1859b0093R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1859b0093R"><span>Design and development of nautilus whorl-<span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>R, Pramod; Kumar, G. B. Veeresh; Harsha, P. Sai Sri; Kumar, K. A. Udaya</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Our life is directly related to <span class="hlt">energy</span> and its consumption, and the issues of <span class="hlt">energy</span> research are extremely important and highly sensitive. Scientists and researchers attempt to accelerate solutions for <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> generation, design parameters under the influence of novel policies adopted for <span class="hlt">energy</span> management and the concerns for <span class="hlt">global</span> warming and climate change. The objective of this study is to design a small <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine that is optimized for the constraints that come with residential use. The study is aimed at designing a <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine for tapping the low speed <span class="hlt">wind</span> in urban locations. The design process includes the selection of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine type and the determination of the blade airfoil, finding the maximum drag model and manufacturing of the turbine economically. In this study, the Nautilus turbine is modeled, simulated and the characteristic curves are plotted. The cutting in <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed for the turbine is around 1m/s. The turbine rotates in a range of 20 rpm to 500 rpm at <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds 1m/s to 10m/s On a below average day at noon where the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed are usually low the turbine recorded an rpm of 120 (average value) at 4m/s <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds. This study focuses on a computational fluid dynamics analysis of compressible radially outward flow.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.A31F0096R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.A31F0096R"><span>Evaluation of surface <span class="hlt">energy</span> and carbon fluxes within a large <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm during the CWEX-10/11 Crop <span class="hlt">Wind-energy</span> EXperiments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rajewski, D. A.; Takle, E. S.; Prueger, J. H.; Oncley, S.; Horst, T. W.; Pfeiffer, R.; Hatfield, J.; Spoth, K. K.; Doorenbos, R.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>The Crop <span class="hlt">Wind-energy</span> EXperiment conducted in summer 2010 (very moist conditions) and summer 2011 (abnormally dry) included measurements of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed, temperature, relative humidity, turbulence kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span>, H2O, and CO2 at stations north and south of a line of turbines at the southwest edge of a large-scale 200-turbine <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm (prevailing <span class="hlt">wind</span> from the south). In contrast to previous studies that have reported turbine influences on surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and temperature, this report focuses on scalar fluxes of heat, H2O, and CO2. From previous measurements in agricultural fields we recognize the importance of non-turbine factors in analysis of the flux differences: variability of soil characteristics, moisture content, crop cultivar, management practices, planting dates, etc., which can create differences in what looks like a uniform field of maize (corn). We conceptualize the influences of turbines at canopy height at a given location in the field to arise from (1) wakes of reduced <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and turbulence conditions different from ambient that intersect the surface, (2) wakes that are passing overhead and interrupt the ambient turbulence that scales with height, or (3) changes in static pressure upwind and downwind of lines of turbines that create small-scale pressure gradients, localized flows, and changes to the vertical exchange of scalar variables. The turbine SCADA <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction provided by the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm operator facilitated our comparison of surface fluxes upwind and downwind as wakes moved laterally throughout the day and night. We report multiple levels of evidence that <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines increase vertical exchange of carbon dioxide and water vapor over the canopy. Latent heat and carbon fluxes are responsive to slight changes in the turbine wake position, and the flux differences are maximized when the periphery of the wake edge is above the station. The flux stations north of the turbine line report a larger net ecosystem exchange</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19750053168&hterms=Wind+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DWind%2Benergy','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19750053168&hterms=Wind+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DWind%2Benergy"><span>Summary of NASA-Lewis Research Center solar heating and cooling and <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> programs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Vernon, R. W.</p> <p>1975-01-01</p> <p>NASA is planning to construct and operate a solar heating and cooling system in conjunction with a new office building being constructed at Langley Research Center. The technology support for this project will be provided by a solar <span class="hlt">energy</span> program underway at NASA's Lewis Research Center. The solar program at Lewis includes: testing of solar collectors with a solar simulator, outdoor testing of collectors, property measurements of selective and nonselective coatings for solar collectors, and a solar model-systems test loop. NASA-Lewis has been assisting the National Science Foundation and now the <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Research and Development Administration in planning and executing a national <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> program. The areas of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> program that are being conducted by Lewis include: design and operation of a 100 kW experimental <span class="hlt">wind</span> generator, industry-designed and user-operated <span class="hlt">wind</span> generators in the range of 50 to 3000 kW, and supporting research and technology for large <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> systems. An overview of these activities is provided.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018LPICo2063.3154P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018LPICo2063.3154P"><span>Diagnostics of the Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> and <span class="hlt">Global</span> Heliosphere with Lyman-α Emission Measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Provornikova, E. P.; Izmodenov, V. V.; Laming, J. M.; Strachan, L.; Wood, B. E.; Katushkina, O. A.; Ko, Y.-K.; Tun Beltran, S.; Chakrabarti, S.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>We propose to develop an instrument measuring full sky intensity maps and spectra of interplanetary Lyman-α emission to reveal the <span class="hlt">global</span> solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> variability and the nature of the heliosphere and the local interstellar medium.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870022989&hterms=orbiting+wind&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dorbiting%2Bwind','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870022989&hterms=orbiting+wind&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dorbiting%2Bwind"><span>Doppler lidar atmospheric <span class="hlt">wind</span> sensors - A comparative performance evaluation for <span class="hlt">global</span> measurement applications from earth orbit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Menzies, R. T.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>A comparison is made of four prominent Doppler lidar systems, ranging in wavelength from the near UV to the middle IR, which are presently being studied for their potential in an earth-orbiting <span class="hlt">global</span> tropospheric <span class="hlt">wind</span> field measurement application. The comparison is restricted to relative photon efficiencies, i.e., the required number of transmitted photons per pulse is calculated for each system for midtropospheric velocity estimate uncertainties ranging from + or - 1 to + or - 4 m/s. The results are converted to laser transmitter pulse <span class="hlt">energy</span> and power requirements. The analysis indicates that a coherent CO2 Doppler lidar operating at 9.11-micron wavelength is the most efficient.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..278a2070J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..278a2070J"><span>Thermodynamic characteristics of a novel <span class="hlt">wind</span>-solar-liquid air <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ji, W.; Zhou, Y.; Sun, Y.; Zhang, W.; Pan, C. Z.; Wang, J. J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Due to the nature of fluctuation and intermittency, the utilization of <span class="hlt">wind</span> and solar power will bring a huge impact to the power grid management. Therefore a novel hybrid <span class="hlt">wind</span>-solar-liquid air <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage (WS-LAES) system was proposed. In this system, <span class="hlt">wind</span> and solar power are stored in the form of liquid air by cryogenic liquefaction technology and thermal <span class="hlt">energy</span> by solar thermal collector, respectively. Owing to the high density of liquid air, the system has a large storage capacity and no geographic constraints. The WS-LAES system can store unstable <span class="hlt">wind</span> and solar power for a stable output of electric <span class="hlt">energy</span> and hot water. Moreover, a thermodynamic analysis was carried out to investigate the best system performance. The result shows that the increases of compressor adiabatic efficiency, turbine inlet pressure and inlet temperature all have a beneficial effect.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780012859','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780012859"><span>A simulation model for <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage systems. Volume 1: Technical report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Warren, A. W.; Edsinger, R. W.; Chan, Y. K.</p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>A comprehensive computer program for the modeling of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> and storage systems utilizing any combination of five types of storage (pumped hydro, battery, thermal, flywheel and pneumatic) was developed. The level of detail of Simulation Model for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Storage (SIMWEST) is consistent with a role of evaluating the economic feasibility as well as the general performance of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> systems. The software package consists of two basic programs and a library of system, environmental, and load components. The first program is a precompiler which generates computer models (in FORTRAN) of complex <span class="hlt">wind</span> source storage application systems, from user specifications using the respective library components. The second program provides the techno-economic system analysis with the respective I/O, the integration of systems dynamics, and the iteration for conveyance of variables. SIMWEST program, as described, runs on the UNIVAC 1100 series computers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1818b0047S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1818b0047S"><span>Feasible application of offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines in Labuan Island, Sabah for <span class="hlt">energy</span> complementary</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Salleh, Nur Farahin; Chew, Boon Cheong; Hamid, Syaiful Rizal</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>Nowadays, the world <span class="hlt">energy</span> requirements are increasing at an alarming rate and the power demand is running ahead of supply. It is widely recognized that the fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas are presently being used for electricity generation. Therefore, in future it may not be sufficient to keep pace with ever increasing demand of the electrical <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the world. The renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> can provide clean sources of <span class="hlt">energy</span> which is reliable and secure to society. This paper analyzed renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> adoption, focusing on offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines. In this case study, Labuan, Sabah has been selected and suggested as the location to install the offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines because of geographical advantage of the South China Sea. The technology is expected to provide great power <span class="hlt">energy</span> with least environment impact and high sustainability as it is located within the windy area with no terrain features, buildings or other obstruction. This study used qualitative methods for both data collection and data analysis. This study proved the feasible application of offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines in the South China Sea, Sabah produced the complementary <span class="hlt">energy</span> to fossil fuels. Hence, the offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines might become one of main <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources in Sabah. The application of the offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines to Sabah residential area develops a lot of benefit and support Malaysian government goal which is to be more competitive in renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> generation while sustaining national economic growth.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890051268&hterms=potential+kinetic+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dpotential%2Bkinetic%2Benergy','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890051268&hterms=potential+kinetic+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dpotential%2Bkinetic%2Benergy"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> analysis of convectively induced <span class="hlt">wind</span> perturbations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Fuelberg, Henry E.; Buechler, Dennis E.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>Budgets of divergent and rotational components of kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> (KD and KR) are examined for four upper level <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed maxima that develop during the fourth Atmospheric Variability Experiment (AVE IV) and the first AVE-Severe Environmental Storms and Mesoscale Experiment (AVE-SESAME I). A similar budget analysis is performed for a low-level jet stream during AVE-SESAME I. The energetics of the four upper level speed maxima is found to have several similarities. The dominant source of KD is cross-contour flow by the divergent <span class="hlt">wind</span>, and KD provides a major source of KR via a conversion process. Conversion from available potential <span class="hlt">energy</span> provides an additional source of KR in three of the cases. Horizontal maps reveal that the conversions involving KD are maximized in regions poleward of the convection. Low-level jet development during AVE-SESAME I appears to be assisted by convective activity to the west.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28085933','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28085933"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Conversion by Plant-Inspired Designs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>McCloskey, Michael A; Mosher, Curtis L; Henderson, Eric R</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>In 2008 the U.S. Department of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> set a target of 20% <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> by 2030. To date, induction-based turbines form the mainstay of this effort, but turbines are noisy, perceived as unattractive, a potential hazard to bats and birds, and their height hampers deployment in residential settings. Several groups have proposed that artificial plants containing piezoelectric elements may harvest <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> sufficient to contribute to a carbon-neutral <span class="hlt">energy</span> economy. Here we measured <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion by cottonwood-inspired piezoelectric leaves, and by a "vertical flapping stalk"-the most efficient piezo-leaf previously reported. We emulated cottonwood for its unusually ordered, periodic flutter, properties conducive to piezo excitation. Integrated over 0°-90° (azimuthal) of incident airflow, cottonwood mimics outperformed the vertical flapping stalk, but they produced < daW per conceptualized tree. In contrast, a modest-sized cottonwood tree may dissipate ~ 80 W via leaf motion alone. A major limitation of piezo-transduction is charge generation, which scales with capacitance (area). We thus tested a rudimentary, cattail-inspired leaf with stacked elements wired in parallel. Power increased systematically with capacitance as expected, but extrapolation to acre-sized assemblages predicts < daW. Although our results suggest that present piezoelectric materials will not harvest mid-range power from botanic mimics of convenient size, recent developments in electrostriction and triboelectric systems may offer more fertile ground to further explore this concept.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1353479-value-compressed-air-energy-storage-wind-transmission-constrained-electric-power-systems','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1353479-value-compressed-air-energy-storage-wind-transmission-constrained-electric-power-systems"><span>The value of compressed air <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage with <span class="hlt">wind</span> in transmission-constrained electric power systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Denholm, Paul; Sioshansi, Ramteen</p> <p>2009-05-05</p> <p>In this paper, we examine the potential advantages of co-locating <span class="hlt">wind</span> and <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage to increase transmission utilization and decrease transmission costs. Co-location of <span class="hlt">wind</span> and storage decreases transmission requirements, but also decreases the economic value of <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage compared to locating <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage at the load. This represents a tradeoff which we examine to estimate the transmission costs required to justify moving storage from load-sited to <span class="hlt">wind</span>-sited in three different locations in the United States. We examined compressed air <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage (CAES) in three “<span class="hlt">wind</span> by wire” scenarios with a variety of transmission and CAES sizes relative to amore » given amount of <span class="hlt">wind</span>. In the sites and years evaluated, the optimal amount of transmission ranges from 60% to 100% of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm rating, with the optimal amount of CAES equal to 0–35% of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm rating, depending heavily on <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource, value of electricity in the local market, and the cost of natural gas.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC13K0884W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC13K0884W"><span>The Future of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> in California: Future Projections in Variable-Resolution CESM</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, M.; Ullrich, P. A.; Millstein, D.; Collier, C.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>This study focuses on the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> characterization and future projection at five primary <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine sites in California. Historical (1980-2000) and mid-century (2030-2050) simulations were produced using the Variable-Resolution Community Earth System Model (VR-CESM) to analyze the trends and variations in <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> under climate change. Datasets from Det Norske Veritas Germanischer Llyod (DNV GL), MERRA-2, CFSR, NARR, as well as surface observational data were used for model validation and comparison. Significant seasonal <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed changes under RCP8.5 were detected from several <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm sites. Large-scale patterns were then investigated to analyze the synoptic-scale impact on localized <span class="hlt">wind</span> change. The agglomerative clustering method was applied to analyze and group different <span class="hlt">wind</span> patterns. The associated meteorological background of each cluster was investigated to analyze the drivers of different <span class="hlt">wind</span> patterns. This study improves the characterization of uncertainty around the magnitude and variability in space and time of California's <span class="hlt">wind</span> resources in the near future, and also enhances understanding of the physical mechanisms related to the trends in <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource variability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009IJTPE.129..580S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009IJTPE.129..580S"><span>Smoothing Control of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Farm Output by Using Kinetic <span class="hlt">Energy</span> of Variable Speed <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Power Generators</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sato, Daiki; Saitoh, Hiroumi</p> <p></p> <p>This paper proposes a new control method for reducing fluctuation of power system frequency through smoothing active power output of <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm. The proposal is based on the modulation of rotaional kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> of variable speed <span class="hlt">wind</span> power generators through power converters between permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG) and transmission lines. In this paper, the proposed control is called Fluctuation Absorption by Flywheel Characteristics control (FAFC). The FAFC can be easily implemented by adding <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm output signal to Maximum Power Point Tracking control signal through a feedback control loop. In order to verify the effectiveness of the FAFC control, a simulation study was carried out. In the study, it was assumed that the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm consisting of PMSG type <span class="hlt">wind</span> power generator and induction machine type <span class="hlt">wind</span> power generaotors is connected with a power sysem. The results of the study show that the FAFC control is a useful method for reducing the impacts of <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm output fluctuation on system frequency without additional devices such as secondary battery.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-08-04/pdf/2011-19673.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-08-04/pdf/2011-19673.pdf"><span>76 FR 47353 - Final Directives for Forest Service <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Special Use Authorizations, Forest Service Manual...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-08-04</p> <p>... siting <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> turbines, evaluating a variety of resource interests, and addressing issues... power guidelines produced by the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Turbines Guidelines Advisory Committee, which consists of... recognizes that recommendations from the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Turbines Guidelines Advisory Committee will be used to...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1366895','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1366895"><span>Aero-MINE (Motionless INtegrated <span class="hlt">Energy</span>) for Distributed Scalable <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Power.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Houchens, Brent C.; Blaylock, Myra L.</p> <p></p> <p>The proposed Aero-MINE technology will extract <span class="hlt">energy</span> from <span class="hlt">wind</span> without any exterior moving parts. Aero-MINEs can be integrated into buildings or function stand-alone, and are scalable. This gives them advantages similar to solar panels, but with the added benefit of operation in cloudy or dark conditions. Furthermore, compared to solar panels, Aero-MINEs can be manufactured at lower cost and with less environmental impact. Power generation is isolated internally by the pneumatic transmission of air and the outlet air-jet nozzles amplify the effectiveness. Multiple units can be connected to one centrally located electric generator. Aero-MINEs are ideal for the built-environment, withmore » numerous possible configurations ranging from architectural integration to modular bolt-on products. Traditional <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines suffer from many fundamental challenges. The fast-moving blades produce significant aero-acoustic noise, visual disturbances, light-induced flickering and impose wildlife mortality risks. The conversion of massive mechanical torque to electricity is a challenge for gears, generators and power conversion electronics. In addition, the installation, operation and maintenance of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines is required at significant height. Furthermore, <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms are often in remote locations far from dense regions of electricity customers. These technical and logistical challenges add significantly to the cost of the electricity produced by utility-scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms. In contrast, distributed <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> eliminates many of the logistical challenges. However, solutions such as micro-turbines produce relatively small amounts of <span class="hlt">energy</span> due to the reduction in swept area and still suffer from the motion-related disadvantages of utility-scale turbines. Aero-MINEs combine the best features of distributed generation, while eliminating the disadvantages.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-02-13/pdf/2012-3299.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-02-13/pdf/2012-3299.pdf"><span>77 FR 7601 - Notice of Segregation of Public Lands for the Pattern <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Group Ocotillo Express <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span>...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-02-13</p> <p>... LVRWB10B3980] Notice of Segregation of Public Lands for the Pattern <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Group Ocotillo Express <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span>...) application for the Ocotillo Express <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Project. The public land contained in this segregation totals approximately 12,436 acres. DATES: Effective Date: This segregation is effective on February 13, 2012. FOR...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1946b0013L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1946b0013L"><span>Comprehensive evaluation of <span class="hlt">global</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> interconnection development index</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Lin; Zhang, Yi</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Under the background of building <span class="hlt">global</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> interconnection and realizing green and low-carbon development, this article constructed the <span class="hlt">global</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> interconnection development index system which based on the current situation of <span class="hlt">global</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> interconnection development. Through using the entropy method for the weight analysis of <span class="hlt">global</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> interconnection development index, and then using gray correlation method to analyze the selected countries, this article got the <span class="hlt">global</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> interconnection development index ranking and level classification.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/876665','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/876665"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Applications for Municipal Water Services: Opportunities, Situation Analyses, and Case Studies; Preprint</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Flowers, L.; Miner-Nordstrom, L.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>As communities grow, greater demands are placed on water supplies, wastewater services, and the electricity needed to power the growing water services infrastructure. Water is also a critical resource for thermoelectric power plants. Future population growth in the United States is therefore expected to heighten competition for water resources. Many parts of the United States with increasing water stresses also have significant <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> resources. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> power is the fastest-growing electric generation source in the United States and is decreasing in cost to be competitive with thermoelectric generation. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> can offer communities in water-stressed areas the option of economicallymore » meeting increasing <span class="hlt">energy</span> needs without increasing demands on valuable water resources. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> can also provide targeted <span class="hlt">energy</span> production to serve critical local water-system needs. The research presented in this report describes a systematic assessment of the potential for <span class="hlt">wind</span> power to support water utility operation, with the objective to identify promising technical applications and water utility case study opportunities. The first section describes the current situation that municipal providers face with respect to <span class="hlt">energy</span> and water. The second section describes the progress that <span class="hlt">wind</span> technologies have made in recent years to become a cost-effective electricity source. The third section describes the analysis employed to assess potential for <span class="hlt">wind</span> power in support of water service providers, as well as two case studies. The report concludes with results and recommendations.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED511646.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED511646.pdf"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> for Schools: A <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Powering America Project</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>US Department of Energy, 2007</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>The U.S. Department of <span class="hlt">Energy</span>'s (DOE's) <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Powering America program (based at the National Renewable <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Laboratory) sponsors the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> for Schools Project to raise awareness in rural America about the benefits of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> while simultaneously educating college seniors regarding <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> applications. The three primary project goals of…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.C33B1197M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.C33B1197M"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> input into the upper ocean over a lengthening open water season</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mahoney, A. R.; Rolph, R.; Walsh, J. E.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> input into the ocean has important consequences for upper ocean mixing, heat and gas exchange, and air-sea momentum transfer. In the Arctic, the open water season is increasing and extending further into the fall storm season, allowing for more <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> input into the water column. The rate at which the delayed freeze-up timing extends into fall storm season is an important metric to evaluate because the expanding overlap between the open water period and storm season could contribute a significant amount of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> into the water column in a relatively short period of time. We have shown that time-integrated <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds over open water in the Chukchi Sea and southern Beaufort region have increased since 1979 through 2014. An integrated <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> input value is calculated for each year in this domain over the open water season, as well as for periods over partial concentrations of ice cover. Spatial variation of this integrated <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> is shown along the Alaskan coastline, which can have implications for different rates of coastal erosion. Spatial correlation between average <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed over open water and open water season length from 1979-2014 show positive values in the southern Beaufort, but negative values in the northern Chukchi. This suggests possible differences in the role of the ocean on open water season length depending on region. We speculate that the warm Pacific water outflow plays a more dominant role in extending the open water season length in the northern Chukchi when compared to the southern Beaufort, and might help explain why we can show there is a relatively longer open water season length there. The negative and positive correlations in <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds over open water and open water season length might also be explained by oceanic changes tending to operate on longer timescales than the atmosphere. Seasonal timescales of <span class="hlt">wind</span> events such as regional differences in overlap of the extended open water season due to regional</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1814241L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1814241L"><span>Spatial optimization of an ideal <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> system as a response to the intermittency of renewable <span class="hlt">energies</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lassonde, Sylvain; Boucher, Olivier; Breon, François-Marie; Tobin, Isabelle; Vautard, Robert</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The share of renewable <span class="hlt">energies</span> in the mix of electricity production is increasing worldwide. This trend is driven by environmental and economic policies aiming at a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and an improvement of <span class="hlt">energy</span> security. It is expected to continue in the forthcoming years and decades. Electricity production from renewables is related to weather and climate factors such as the diurnal and seasonal cycles of sunlight and <span class="hlt">wind</span>, but is also linked to variability on all time scales. The intermittency in the renewable electricity production (solar, <span class="hlt">wind</span> power) could eventually hinder their future deployment. Intermittency is indeed a challenge as demand and supply of electricity need to be balanced at any time. This challenge can be addressed by the deployment of an overcapacity in power generation (from renewable and/or thermal sources), a large-scale <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage system and/or improved management of the demand. The main goal of this study is to optimize a hypothetical renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> system at the French and European scales in order to investigate if spatial diversity of the production (here electricity from <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>) could be a response to the intermittency. We use ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) ERA-interim meteorological reanalysis and meteorological fields from the Weather Research and Forecasts (WRF) model to estimate the potential for <span class="hlt">wind</span> power generation. Electricity demand and production are provided by the French electricity network (RTE) at the scale of administrative regions for years 2013 and 2014. Firstly we will show how the simulated production of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power compares against the measured production at the national and regional scale. Several modelling and bias correction methods of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power production will be discussed. Secondly, we will present results from an optimization procedure that aims to minimize some measure of the intermittency of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>. For instance we estimate the optimal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Wind+AND+power&pg=3&id=EJ840004','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Wind+AND+power&pg=3&id=EJ840004"><span>The <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> in Power Production and Its Importance in Geography Teaching</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Munkacsy, Bela</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> is an increasingly important factor of the power system in Europe. But it is still just a small part of the significant changes of the new millennium, namely the spreading of micro power and decentralisation of the whole <span class="hlt">energy</span> system which are very important elements of sustainability. This paper shows the importance of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1361550','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1361550"><span>Synthetic <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed scenarios generation for probabilistic analysis of hybrid <span class="hlt">energy</span> systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Chen, Jun; Rabiti, Cristian</p> <p></p> <p>Hybrid <span class="hlt">energy</span> systems consisting of multiple <span class="hlt">energy</span> inputs and multiple <span class="hlt">energy</span> outputs have been proposed to be an effective element to enable ever increasing penetration of clean <span class="hlt">energy</span>. In order to better understand the dynamic and probabilistic behavior of hybrid <span class="hlt">energy</span> systems, this paper proposes a model combining Fourier series and autoregressive moving average (ARMA) to characterize historical weather measurements and to generate synthetic weather (e.g., <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed) data. In particular, Fourier series is used to characterize the seasonal trend in historical data, while ARMA is applied to capture the autocorrelation in residue time series (e.g., measurements minus seasonal trends).more » The generated synthetic <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed data is then utilized to perform probabilistic analysis of a particular hybrid <span class="hlt">energy</span> system con guration, which consists of nuclear power plant, <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm, battery storage, natural gas boiler, and chemical plant. As a result, requirements on component ramping rate, economic and environmental impacts of hybrid <span class="hlt">energy</span> systems, and the effects of deploying different sizes of batteries in smoothing renewable variability, are all investigated.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1361550-synthetic-wind-speed-scenarios-generation-probabilistic-analysis-hybrid-energy-systems','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1361550-synthetic-wind-speed-scenarios-generation-probabilistic-analysis-hybrid-energy-systems"><span>Synthetic <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed scenarios generation for probabilistic analysis of hybrid <span class="hlt">energy</span> systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Chen, Jun; Rabiti, Cristian</p> <p>2016-11-25</p> <p>Hybrid <span class="hlt">energy</span> systems consisting of multiple <span class="hlt">energy</span> inputs and multiple <span class="hlt">energy</span> outputs have been proposed to be an effective element to enable ever increasing penetration of clean <span class="hlt">energy</span>. In order to better understand the dynamic and probabilistic behavior of hybrid <span class="hlt">energy</span> systems, this paper proposes a model combining Fourier series and autoregressive moving average (ARMA) to characterize historical weather measurements and to generate synthetic weather (e.g., <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed) data. In particular, Fourier series is used to characterize the seasonal trend in historical data, while ARMA is applied to capture the autocorrelation in residue time series (e.g., measurements minus seasonal trends).more » The generated synthetic <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed data is then utilized to perform probabilistic analysis of a particular hybrid <span class="hlt">energy</span> system con guration, which consists of nuclear power plant, <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm, battery storage, natural gas boiler, and chemical plant. As a result, requirements on component ramping rate, economic and environmental impacts of hybrid <span class="hlt">energy</span> systems, and the effects of deploying different sizes of batteries in smoothing renewable variability, are all investigated.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19840038182&hterms=kinetic+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dkinetic%2Benergy','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19840038182&hterms=kinetic+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dkinetic%2Benergy"><span>Roles of divergent and rotational <span class="hlt">winds</span> in the kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> balance during intense convective activity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Fuelberg, H. E.; Browning, P. A.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>Contributions of divergent and rotational <span class="hlt">wind</span> components to the synoptic-scale kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> balance are described using rawinsonde data at 3 and 6 h intervals from NASA's fourth Atmospheric Variability experiment. Two intense thunderstorm complexes occurred during the period. <span class="hlt">Energy</span> budgets are described for the entire computational region and for limited volumes that enclosed storm-induced, upper level <span class="hlt">wind</span> maxima located poleward of convection. Although small in magnitude, the divergent <span class="hlt">wind</span> component played an important role in the cross-contour generation and horizontal flux divergence of kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The importance of V(D) appears directly related to the presence and intensity of convection. Although K(D) usually comprised less than 10 percent of the total kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> content, generation of kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> by V(D) was a major factor in the creation of upper-level <span class="hlt">wind</span> maxima to the north of the storm complexes. Omission of the divergent <span class="hlt">wind</span> apparently would lead to serious misrepresentations of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> balance. A random error analysis is presented to assess confidence limits in the various <span class="hlt">energy</span> parameters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1433801-coordinated-control-wind-turbine-energy-storage-system-reducing-wind-power-fluctuation','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1433801-coordinated-control-wind-turbine-energy-storage-system-reducing-wind-power-fluctuation"><span>Coordinated Control of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine and <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Storage System for Reducing <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Power Fluctuation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Muljadi, Eduard; Kim, Chunghun; Chung, Chung Choo</p> <p></p> <p>This paper proposes a coordinated control of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine and <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage system (ESS). Because <span class="hlt">wind</span> power (WP) is highly dependent on variable <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and could induce a severe stability problem to power system especially when the WP has high penetration level. To solve this problem, many power generation corporations or grid operators recently use the ESS. It has very quick response and good performance for reducing the impact of WP fluctuation but has high cost for its installation. Therefore, it is very important to design the control algorithm considering both ESS capacity and grid reliability. Thus, we proposemore » the control algorithm to mitigate the WP fluctuation by using the coordinated control between <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine and ESS considering ESS state of charge (SoC) and the WP fluctuation. From deloaded control according to WP fluctuation and ESS SoC management, we can expect the ESS lifespan expansion and improved grid reliability. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated in MATLAB/Simulink considering power system including both <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine generator and conventional generators which react to system frequency deviation.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5234829','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5234829"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Conversion by Plant-Inspired Designs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Mosher, Curtis L.; Henderson, Eric R.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>In 2008 the U.S. Department of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> set a target of 20% <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> by 2030. To date, induction-based turbines form the mainstay of this effort, but turbines are noisy, perceived as unattractive, a potential hazard to bats and birds, and their height hampers deployment in residential settings. Several groups have proposed that artificial plants containing piezoelectric elements may harvest <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> sufficient to contribute to a carbon-neutral <span class="hlt">energy</span> economy. Here we measured <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion by cottonwood-inspired piezoelectric leaves, and by a “vertical flapping stalk”—the most efficient piezo-leaf previously reported. We emulated cottonwood for its unusually ordered, periodic flutter, properties conducive to piezo excitation. Integrated over 0°–90° (azimuthal) of incident airflow, cottonwood mimics outperformed the vertical flapping stalk, but they produced << daW per conceptualized tree. In contrast, a modest-sized cottonwood tree may dissipate ~ 80 W via leaf motion alone. A major limitation of piezo-transduction is charge generation, which scales with capacitance (area). We thus tested a rudimentary, cattail-inspired leaf with stacked elements wired in parallel. Power increased systematically with capacitance as expected, but extrapolation to acre-sized assemblages predicts << daW. Although our results suggest that present piezoelectric materials will not harvest mid-range power from botanic mimics of convenient size, recent developments in electrostriction and triboelectric systems may offer more fertile ground to further explore this concept. PMID:28085933</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984RScI...55..416M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984RScI...55..416M"><span>Feedback control of a Darrieus <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine and optimization of the produced <span class="hlt">energy</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Maurin, T.; Henry, B.; Devos, F.; de Saint Louvent, B.; Gosselin, J.</p> <p>1984-03-01</p> <p>A microprocessor-driven control system, applied to the feedback control of a Darrieus <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine is presented. The use of a dc machine as a generator to recover the <span class="hlt">energy</span> and as a motor to start the engine, allows simplified power electronics. The architecture of the control unit is built to ensure four different functions: starting, optimization of the recoverable <span class="hlt">energy</span>, regulation of the speed, and braking. An experimental study of the system in a <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel allowed optimization of the coefficients of the proportional and integral (pi) control algorithm. The electrical <span class="hlt">energy</span> recovery was found to be much more efficient using the feedback system than without the control unit. This system allows a better characterization of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine and a regulation adapted to the <span class="hlt">wind</span> statistics observed in one given geographical location.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.8957R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.8957R"><span>Onshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> potential over Iberia: present and future projections</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rochinha, Carlos A.; Santos, João A.; Liberato, Margarida L. R.; Pinto, Joaquim G.</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>Onshore grid-connected <span class="hlt">wind</span> power generation has been explored for more than three decades in the Iberian Peninsula. Further, increasing attention has been devoted to renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources in a climate change context. While advantages of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> are widely recognized, its distribution is not spatially homogeneous and not uniform throughout the year. Hence, understanding these spatial-temporal distributions is critical in power system planning. The present study aims at assessing the potential power output estimated from 10 m <span class="hlt">wind</span> components simulated by a regional climate model (CCLM), driven by ERA40 reanalysis. Datasets are available on a grid with a high spatial resolution (approximately 20 km) and over a 40-yr period (1961-2000). Furthermore, several target sites, located in areas with high installed <span class="hlt">wind</span> generation capacity, are selected for local-to-regional scale assessments. The results show that potential <span class="hlt">wind</span> power is higher over northern Iberia, mostly in Cantabria and Galicia, while Andalucía and Cataluña record the lowest values. With respect to the intra-annual variability, summer is by far the season with the lowest potential <span class="hlt">energy</span> outputs. Furthermore, the inter-annual variability reveals an overall downward long-term trend over the 40-yr period, particularly in the winter time series. A CCLM transient experiment, forced by the SRES A1B emission scenario, is also discussed for a future period (2041-2070), after a model validation/calibration process (bias corrections). Significant changes in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> power potential are projected for the future throughout Iberia, but their magnitude largely depends on the locations. This work was partially supported by FEDER (Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional) funds through the COMPETE (Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade) and by national funds through FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal) under project STORMEx FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER- 019524 (PTDC/AAC-CLI/121339/2010).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20180002896&hterms=Agreement&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3DAgreement','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20180002896&hterms=Agreement&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3DAgreement"><span>Magnetized Disk <span class="hlt">Winds</span> in NGC 3783</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Fukumura, Keigo; Kazanas, Demosthenes; Shrader, Chris; Behar, Ehud; Tombesi, Francesco; Contopoulos, Ioannis</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>We analyze a 900 kilosecond stacked Chandra/HETG (High-<span class="hlt">Energy</span> Transmission Grating) spectrum of NGC 3783 in the context of magnetically driven accretion-disk <span class="hlt">wind</span> models in an effort to provide tight constraints on the <span class="hlt">global</span> conditions of the underlying absorbers. Motivated by the earlier measurements of its absorption measure distribution (AMD) indicating X-ray-absorbing ionic columns that decrease slowly with decreasing ionization parameter, we employ 2-dimension (2-D) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) disk <span class="hlt">wind</span> models to describe the <span class="hlt">global</span> outflow. We compute its photoionization structure along with the <span class="hlt">wind</span> kinematic properties, allowing us to further calculate in a self-consistent fashion the shapes of the major X-ray absorption lines. With the <span class="hlt">wind</span> radial density profile determined by the AMD, the profiles of the ensemble of the observed absorption features are determined by the two <span class="hlt">global</span> parameters of the MHD <span class="hlt">wind</span>; i.e., disk inclination theta (sub obs) and <span class="hlt">wind</span> density normalization n (sub o). Considering the most significant absorption features in the approximately 1.8-20 angstrom range, we show that the MHD <span class="hlt">wind</span> is best described by n(r) approximately equal to 6.9 times 10 (sup 11) (r/r (sub o)) (sup - 1.15) cubic centimeters and theta (sub obs). We argue that <span class="hlt">winds</span> launched by X-ray heating or radiation pressure, or even MHD <span class="hlt">winds</span> but with steeper radial density profiles, are strongly disfavored by data. Considering the properties of Fe K-band absorption features (i.e., Fe XXV and Fe XXVI), while typically prominent in the active galactic nucleus X-ray spectra, they appear to be weak in NGC 3783. For the specific parameters of our model obtained by fitting the AMD and the rest of the absorption features, these features are found to be weak, in agreement with observations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1333994-likelihood-marine-vessel-accident-from-wind-energy-development-atlantic-likelihood-shipping-accident-from-wind-energy-atlantic','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1333994-likelihood-marine-vessel-accident-from-wind-energy-development-atlantic-likelihood-shipping-accident-from-wind-energy-atlantic"><span>Likelihood of a marine vessel accident from <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> development in the Atlantic: Likelihood of shipping accident from <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> in the Atlantic</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Copping, Andrea; Breithaupt, Stephen; Whiting, Jonathan</p> <p>2015-11-02</p> <p>Offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> development is planned for areas off the Atlantic coast. Many of the planned <span class="hlt">wind</span> development areas fall within traditional commercial vessel routes. In order to mitigate possible hazards to ships and to <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines, it is important to understand the potential for increased risk to commercial shipping from the presence of <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms. Using Automatic Identification System (AIS) data, historical shipping routes between ports in the Atlantic were identified, from Maine to the Florida Straits. The AIS data were also used as inputs to a numerical model that can simulate cargo, tanker and tug/towing vessel movement alongmore » typical routes. The model was used to recreate present day vessel movement, as well as to simulate future routing that may be required to avoid <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms. By comparing the present and future routing of vessels, a risk analysis was carried out to determine the increased marginal risk of vessel collisions, groundings, and allisions with stationary objects, due to the presence of <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms. The outcome of the analysis showed little increase in vessel collisions or allisions, and a decrease in groundings as more vessels were forced seaward by the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3134/','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3134/"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> and wildlife research at the Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Phillips, Susan L.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The United States has embarked on a goal to increase electricity generation from clean, renewable sources by 2012. Towards this end, <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> is emerging as a widely distributed form of renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> throughout the country. The national goal is for <span class="hlt">energy</span> from <span class="hlt">wind</span> to supply 20 percent of the country's electricity by 2030. As with many land uses, trade-offs exist between costs and benefits. New <span class="hlt">wind</span> developments are occurring rapidly in parts of the United States, often leaving little time for evaluation of potential site-specific effects. These developments are known to affect wildlife, directly from fatality due to collision with the infrastructure and indirectly from loss of habitat and migration routes. The Department of the Interior, in particular, is challenged to balance <span class="hlt">energy</span> development on public lands and also to conserve fish and wildlife. The Secretary of the Interior has proposed a number of initiatives to encourage responsible development of renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span>. These initiatives are especially important in the western United States where large amounts of land are being developed or evaluated for <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780011697','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780011697"><span>Plans for <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> system simulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Dreier, M. E.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>A digital computer code and a special purpose hybrid computer, were introduced. The digital computer program, the Root Perturbation Method or RPM, is an implementation of the classic floquet procedure which circumvents numerical problems associated with the extraction of Floquet roots. The hybrid computer, the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> System Time domain simulator (WEST), yields real time loads and deformation information essential to design and system stability investigations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=global+AND+warming+AND+effects&pg=6&id=EJ458277','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=global+AND+warming+AND+effects&pg=6&id=EJ458277"><span>The <span class="hlt">Global</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Budget.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Jax, Daniel W.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Presents a lesson plan about greenhouse effect and <span class="hlt">global</span> warming. Includes diagrams and graphs from which students are asked to make inferences. Provides background information about how <span class="hlt">energy</span> enters and leaves the earth system, the <span class="hlt">energy</span> budget, consequences of obstructing the <span class="hlt">energy</span> balance, and the greenhouse effect. (three references) (MCO)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhDT........30E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhDT........30E"><span>Modeling <span class="hlt">energy</span> production of solar thermal systems and <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines for installation at corn ethanol plants</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ehrke, Elizabeth</p> <p></p> <p>Nearly every aspect of human existence relies on <span class="hlt">energy</span> in some way. Most of this <span class="hlt">energy</span> is currently derived from fossil fuel resources. Increasing <span class="hlt">energy</span> demands coupled with environmental and national security concerns have facilitated the move towards renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources. Biofuels like corn ethanol are one of the ways the U.S. has significantly reduced petroleum consumption. However, the large <span class="hlt">energy</span> requirement of corn ethanol limits the net benefit of the fuel. Using renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources to produce ethanol can greatly improve its economic and environmental benefits. The main purpose of this study was to model the useful <span class="hlt">energy</span> received from a solar thermal array and a <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine at various locations to determine the feasibility of applying these technologies at ethanol plants around the country. The model calculates thermal <span class="hlt">energy</span> received from a solar collector array and electricity generated by a <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine utilizing various input data to characterize the equipment. Project cost and <span class="hlt">energy</span> rate inputs are used to evaluate the profitability of the solar array or <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine. The current state of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> and solar markets were examined to give an accurate representation of the economics of each industry. Eighteen ethanol plant locations were evaluated for the viability of a solar thermal array and/or <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine. All ethanol plant locations have long payback periods for solar thermal arrays, but high natural gas prices significantly reduce this timeframe. Government incentives will be necessary for the economic feasibility of solar thermal arrays. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> turbines can be very profitable for ethanol plants in the Midwest due to large <span class="hlt">wind</span> resources. The profitability of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power is sensitive to regional <span class="hlt">energy</span> prices. However, government incentives for <span class="hlt">wind</span> power do not significantly change the economic feasibility of a <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine. This model can be used by current or future ethanol facilities to investigate or begin the planning process for a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1375395','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1375395"><span>2016 Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Technologies Market Report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Musial, Walter; Beiter, Philipp; Schwabe, Paul</p> <p></p> <p>The 2016 Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Technologies Market Report was developed by the National Renewable <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Laboratory (NREL) for the U.S. Department of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> (DOE) and is intended to provide offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> policymakers, regulators, developers, researchers, engineers, financiers, and supply chain participants, with quantitative information about the offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> market, technology, and cost trends in the United States and worldwide. In particular, this report is intended to provide detailed information on the domestic offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> industry to provide context to help navigate technical and market barriers and opportunities. The scope of the report covers the status of the 111 operating offshore windmore » projects in the <span class="hlt">global</span> fleet through December 31, 2016, and provides the status and analysis on a broader pipeline of 593 projects at some stage of development. In addition, this report provides a wider assessment of domestic developments and events through the second quarter of 2017 to provide a more up-to-date discussion of this dynamically evolving industry.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70155896','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70155896"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">wind-energy</span> facilities on grassland bird distributions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Shaffer, Jill A.; Buhl, Deb</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The contribution of renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> to meet worldwide demand continues to grow. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> is one of the fastest growing renewable sectors, but new <span class="hlt">wind</span> facilities are often placed in prime wildlife habitat. Long-term studies that incorporate a rigorous statistical design to evaluate the effects of <span class="hlt">wind</span> facilities on wildlife are rare. We conducted a before-after-control-impact (BACI) assessment to determine if <span class="hlt">wind</span> facilities placed in native mixed-grass prairies displaced breeding grassland birds. During 2003–2012, we monitored changes in bird density in 3 study areas in North Dakota and South Dakota (U.S.A.). We examined whether displacement or attraction occurred 1 year after construction (immediate effect) and the average displacement or attraction 2–5 years after construction (delayed effect). We tested for these effects overall and within distance bands of 100, 200, 300, and >300 m from turbines. We observed displacement for 7 of 9 species. One species was unaffected by <span class="hlt">wind</span> facilities and one species exhibited attraction. Displacement and attraction generally occurred within 100 m and often extended up to 300 m. In a few instances, displacement extended beyond 300 m. Displacement and attraction occurred 1 year after construction and persisted at least 5 years. Our research provides a framework for applying a BACI design to displacement studies and highlights the erroneous conclusions that can be made without the benefit of adopting such a design. More broadly, species-specific behaviors can be used to inform management decisions about turbine placement and the potential impact to individual species. Additionally, the avoidance distance metrics we estimated can facilitate future development of models evaluating impacts of <span class="hlt">wind</span> facilities under differing land-use scenarios.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4910005','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4910005"><span>Mesoscale atmosphere ocean coupling enhances the transfer of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> into the ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Byrne, D.; Münnich, M.; Frenger, I.; Gruber, N.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Although it is well established that the large-scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> drives much of the world's ocean circulation, the contribution of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> input at mesoscales (10–200 km) remains poorly known. Here we use regional simulations with a coupled high-resolution atmosphere–ocean model of the South Atlantic, to show that mesoscale ocean features and, in particular, eddies can be energized by their thermodynamic interactions with the atmosphere. Owing to their sea-surface temperature anomalies affecting the <span class="hlt">wind</span> field above them, the oceanic eddies in the presence of a large-scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> gradient provide a mesoscale conduit for the transfer of <span class="hlt">energy</span> into the ocean. Our simulations show that this pathway is responsible for up to 10% of the kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the oceanic mesoscale eddy field in the South Atlantic. The conditions for this pathway to inject <span class="hlt">energy</span> directly into the mesoscale prevail over much of the Southern Ocean north of the Polar Front. PMID:27292447</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApPhL.111v3903S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApPhL.111v3903S"><span>Performance of a circular cylinder piezoelectric <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> harvester fitted with a splitter plate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Song, Jie; Hu, Gang; Tse, K. T.; Li, S. W.; Kwok, K. C. S.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>This study examines effects of the splitter plate placed in the near wake of a circular cylinder on the performance of a piezoelectric <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> harvester through <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel experiments. The kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the harvester is gained by <span class="hlt">wind</span>-induced vibrations of the circular cylinder. The splitter plate is attached to the leeward side of the cylinder. The ratio of the splitter plate length to the diameter of the circular cylinder (Lsp/D) ranges from 0.25 to 2.00. After attaching the splitter plate with an appropriate length, the harvester is able to sustain large amplitude vibrations beyond the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed range corresponding to vortex-induced vibrations. Thus, the upper bound of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed range for the harvester to harness <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> is eliminated, which significantly increases the efficiency of the harvester. Compared to the different lengths of the splitter plate, 0.65D has been found to be the optimal length for maximizing the harvested power.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830013439','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830013439"><span>Linear retrieval and <span class="hlt">global</span> measurements of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed from the Seasat SMMR</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pandey, P. C.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>Retrievals of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed (WS) from Seasat Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) were performed using a two-step statistical technique. Nine subsets of two to five SMMR channels were examined for <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed retrieval. These subsets were derived by using a leaps and bound procedure based on the coefficient of determination selection criteria to a statistical data base of brightness temperatures and geophysical parameters. Analysis of Monsoon Experiment and ocean station PAPA data showed a strong correlation between sea surface temperature and water vapor. This relation was used in generating the statistical data base. <span class="hlt">Global</span> maps of WS were produced for one and three month periods.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SSRv..200..495M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SSRv..200..495M"><span>The MAVEN Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Electron Analyzer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mitchell, D. L.; Mazelle, C.; Sauvaud, J.-A.; Thocaven, J.-J.; Rouzaud, J.; Fedorov, A.; Rouger, P.; Toublanc, D.; Taylor, E.; Gordon, D.; Robinson, M.; Heavner, S.; Turin, P.; Diaz-Aguado, M.; Curtis, D. W.; Lin, R. P.; Jakosky, B. M.</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The MAVEN Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Electron Analyzer (SWEA) is a symmetric hemispheric electrostatic analyzer with deflectors that is designed to measure the <span class="hlt">energy</span> and angular distributions of 3-4600-eV electrons in the Mars environment. This <span class="hlt">energy</span> range is important for impact ionization of planetary atmospheric species, and encompasses the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> core and halo populations, shock-energized electrons, auroral electrons, and ionospheric primary photoelectrons. The instrument is mounted at the end of a 1.5-meter boom to provide a clear field of view that spans nearly 80 % of the sky with ˜20° resolution. With an <span class="hlt">energy</span> resolution of 17 % (Δ E/E), SWEA readily distinguishes electrons of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> and ionospheric origin. Combined with a 2-second measurement cadence and on-board real-time pitch angle mapping, SWEA determines magnetic topology with high (˜8-km) spatial resolution, so that local measurements of the plasma and magnetic field can be placed into <span class="hlt">global</span> context.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1187906','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1187906"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Resource Assessment on Alaska Native Lands in Cordova Region of Prince William Sound</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Whissel, John C.; Piche, Matthew</p> <p></p> <p>The Native Village of Eyak (NVE) has been monitoring <span class="hlt">wind</span> resources around Cordova, Alaska in order to determine whether there is a role for <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> to play in the city’s <span class="hlt">energy</span> scheme, which is now supplies entirely by two run-of-the-river hydro plants and diesel generators. These data are reported in Appendices A and B. Because the hydro resources decline during winter months, and <span class="hlt">wind</span> resources increase, <span class="hlt">wind</span> is perhaps an ideal counterpart to round out Cordova’s renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> supply. The results of this effort suggests that this is the case, and that developing <span class="hlt">wind</span> resources makes sense for ourmore » small, isolated community.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=turbine&pg=5&id=EJ185649','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=turbine&pg=5&id=EJ185649"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> from the <span class="hlt">Wind</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Pelka, David G.; And Others</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>The large-scale generation of electrical power by <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine fields is discussed. It is shown that the maximum power that can be extracted by a <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine is 16/27 of the power available in the <span class="hlt">wind</span>. (BB)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992STIN...9225498.','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992STIN...9225498."><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> program overview</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1992-02-01</p> <p>This overview emphasizes the amount of electric power that could be provided by <span class="hlt">wind</span> power rather than traditional fossil fuels. New <span class="hlt">wind</span> power markets, advances in technology, technology transfer, and <span class="hlt">wind</span> resources are some topics covered in this publication.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20120018089&hterms=Wind+Pump&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DWind%2BPump','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20120018089&hterms=Wind+Pump&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DWind%2BPump"><span>On-Shore Central Hydraulic Power Generation for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> and Tidal <span class="hlt">Energy</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Jones, Jack A.; Bruce, Allan; Lim, Steven; Murray, Luke; Armstrong, Richard; Kimbrall, Richard; Cook-Chenault, Kimberly; DeGennaro, Sean</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Tidal <span class="hlt">energy</span>, offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>, and onshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> can be converted to electricity at a central ground location by means of converting their respective <span class="hlt">energies</span> into high-pressure hydraulic flows that are transmitted to a system of generators by high-pressure pipelines. The high-pressure flows are then efficiently converted to electricity by a central power plant, and the low-pressure outlet flow is returned. The Department of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> (DOE) is presently supporting a project led by Sunlight Photonics to demonstrate a 15 kW tidal hydraulic power generation system in the laboratory and possibly later submerged in the ocean. All gears and submerged electronics are completely eliminated. A second portion of this DOE project involves sizing and costing a 15 MW tidal <span class="hlt">energy</span> system for a commercial tidal <span class="hlt">energy</span> plant. For this task, Atlantis Resources Corporation s 18-m diameter demonstrated tidal blades are rated to operate in a nominal 2.6 m/sec tidal flow to produce approximately one MW per set of tidal blades. Fifteen units would be submerged in a deep tidal area, such as in Maine s Western Passage. All would be connected to a high-pressure (20 MPa, 2900 psi) line that is 35 cm ID. The high-pressure HEPG fluid flow is transported 500-m to on-shore hydraulic generators. HEPG is an environmentally-friendly, biodegradable, watermiscible fluid. Hydraulic adaptations to ORPC s cross-flow turbines are also discussed. For 15 MW of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> that is onshore or offshore, a gearless, high efficiency, radial piston pump can replace each set of top-mounted gear-generators. The fluid is then pumped to a central, easily serviceable generator location. Total hydraulic/electrical efficiency is 0.81 at full rated <span class="hlt">wind</span> or tidal velocities and increases to 0.86 at 1/3 rated velocities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150005742&hterms=water+hydraulics&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dwater%2Bhydraulics','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150005742&hterms=water+hydraulics&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dwater%2Bhydraulics"><span>On-Shore Central Hydraulic Power Generation for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> and Tidal <span class="hlt">Energy</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Jones, Jack A.; Bruce, Allan; Lim, Steven; Murray, Luke; Armstrong, Richard; Kimball, Richard; Cook-Chenault, Kimberly; DeGennaro, Sean</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Tidal <span class="hlt">energy</span>, offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>, and onshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> can be converted to electricity at a central ground location by means of converting their respective <span class="hlt">energies</span> into high-pressure hydraulic flows that are transmitted to a system of generators by high-pressure pipelines. The high-pressure flows are then efficiently converted to electricity by a central power plant, and the low-pressure outlet flow is returned. The Department of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> (DOE) is presently supporting a project led by Sunlight Photonics to demonstrate a 15 kilowatt tidal hydraulic power generation system in the laboratory and possibly later submerged in the ocean. All gears and submerged electronics are completely eliminated.A second portion of this DOE project involves sizing and costing a 15 megawatt tidal <span class="hlt">energy</span> system for a commercial tidal <span class="hlt">energy</span> plant. For this task, Atlantis Resources Corporation's 18-m diameter demonstrated tidal blades are rated to operate in a nominal 2.6 m/sec tidal flow to produce approximately one megawatt per set of tidal blades. Fifteen units would be submerged in a deep tidal area, such as in Maine's Western Passage. All would be connected to a high-pressure (20 megapascals, 2900 pounds per square inch) line that is 35 cm ID. The high-pressure HEPG fluid flow is transported 500-m to on-shore hydraulic generators. HEPG is an environmentally-friendly, biodegradable, water-miscible fluid. Hydraulic adaptations to ORPC's cross-flow turbines are also discussed.For 15 megawatt of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> that is onshore or offshore, a gearless, high efficiency, radial piston pump can replace each set of top-mounted gear-generators. The fluid is then pumped to a central, easily serviceable generator location. Total hydraulic/electrical efficiency is 0.81 at full rated <span class="hlt">wind</span> or tidal velocities and increases to 0.86 at 1/3 rated velocities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUSM.U21E..03B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUSM.U21E..03B"><span>A Comprehensive Plan for <span class="hlt">Global</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Revolution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Blees, T.</p> <p>2009-05-01</p> <p>There is no dearth of information regarding the grave crises faced by humanity in the 21st century. There is also growing consensus that the wholesale burning of fossil fuels must come to an end, either because of climate change or other still-salient reasons such as air pollution or major conflicts over dwindling reserves of cheaply recoverable oil and gas resources. At the same time, <span class="hlt">global</span> demographics predict with disquieting certainty a world with up to 9 or 10 billion souls by mid-century. The vast expansion of <span class="hlt">energy</span> consumption that this population represents, along with further increases in already-unacceptable levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning, demands that we quickly develop almost limitless sources of clean, economical power. What is sorely lacking in the public debate are realistic solutions. Expanding <span class="hlt">wind</span> and solar generating capacity is an important near-term goal, but neither of these technologies represents a viable solution for generating base load power at the vast scales that will be required. <span class="hlt">Energy</span> efficiency measures are likewise well-directed, but the combination of rising population along with increasingly <span class="hlt">energy</span>-intensive economic activity by the large fraction of Earth's current population residing in developing nations suggests that absolute <span class="hlt">energy</span> demand will continue to rise even with radically improved <span class="hlt">energy</span> efficiency. Fortunately we have the technologies available to provide virtually unlimited clean <span class="hlt">energy</span>, and to utilize and recycle our resources so that everyone can improve their standard of living. The Integral Fast Reactor (IFR), developed at the Argonne National Laboratory in the 80's and 90's and currently championed by General Electric, is a technology that fills the bill on every count, and then some. IFRs are safe, environmentally clean, economical, and free of conflict over fuel supply. IFRs can safely consume as fuel the nuclear waste from the current installed base of light-water reactors</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-03-22/pdf/2013-06614.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-03-22/pdf/2013-06614.pdf"><span>78 FR 17653 - Upper Great Plains <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Draft Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (DOE/EIS-0408)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-03-22</p> <p>... infrastructure development, including siting <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines, access roads, underground collector lines, overhead... Wildlife Service Upper Great Plains <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Draft Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (DOE/EIS... Plains <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Draft Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (Draft [[Page 17654</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A11F1935B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A11F1935B"><span>An Initial Assessment of the Impact of CYGNSS Ocean Surface <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Assimilation on Navy <span class="hlt">Global</span> and Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Baker, N. L.; Tsu, J.; Swadley, S. D.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>We assess the impact of assimilation of CYclone <span class="hlt">Global</span> Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) ocean surface <span class="hlt">winds</span> observations into the NAVGEM[i] <span class="hlt">global</span> and COAMPS®[ii] mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems. Both NAVGEM and COAMPS® used the NRL 4DVar assimilation system NAVDAS-AR[iii]. Long term monitoring of the NAVGEM Forecast Sensitivity Observation Impact (FSOI) indicates that the forecast error reduction for ocean surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> vectors (ASCAT and <span class="hlt">Wind</span>Sat) are significantly larger than for SSMIS <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed observations. These differences are larger than can be explained by simply two pieces of information (for <span class="hlt">wind</span> vectors) versus one (<span class="hlt">wind</span> speed). To help understand these results, we conducted a series of Observing System Experiments (OSEs) to compare the assimilation of ASCAT <span class="hlt">wind</span> vectors with the equivalent (computed) ASCAT <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed observations. We found that <span class="hlt">wind</span> vector assimilation was typically 3 times more effective at reducing the NAVGEM forecast error, with a higher percentage of beneficial observations. These results suggested that 4DVar, in the absence of an additional nonlinear outer loop, has limited ability to modify the analysis <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction. We examined several strategies for assimilating CYGNSS ocean surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed observations. In the first approach, we assimilated CYGNSS as <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed observations, following the same methodology used for SSMIS <span class="hlt">winds</span>. The next two approaches converted CYGNSS <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed to <span class="hlt">wind</span> vectors, using NAVGEM sea level pressure fields (following Holton, 1979), and using NAVGEM 10-m <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields with the AER Variational Analysis Method. Finally, we compared these methods to CYGNSS <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed assimilation using multiple outer loops with NAVGEM Hybrid 4DVar. Results support the earlier studies suggesting that NAVDAS-AR <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed assimilation is sub-optimal. We present detailed results from multi-month NAVGEM assimilation runs along with case studies using COAMPS®. Comparisons include the fit of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663972-global-simulations-galactic-winds-including-cosmic-ray-streaming','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663972-global-simulations-galactic-winds-including-cosmic-ray-streaming"><span><span class="hlt">GLOBAL</span> SIMULATIONS OF GALACTIC <span class="hlt">WINDS</span> INCLUDING COSMIC-RAY STREAMING</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Ruszkowski, Mateusz; Yang, H.-Y. Karen; Zweibel, Ellen, E-mail: mateuszr@umich.edu, E-mail: hsyang@astro.umd.edu, E-mail: zweibel@astro.wisc.edu</p> <p>2017-01-10</p> <p>Galactic outflows play an important role in galactic evolution. Despite their importance, a detailed understanding of the physical mechanisms responsible for the driving of these <span class="hlt">winds</span> is lacking. In an effort to gain more insight into the nature of these flows, we perform <span class="hlt">global</span> three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamical simulations of an isolated Milky Way-size starburst galaxy. We focus on the dynamical role of cosmic rays (CRs) injected by supernovae, and specifically on the impact of the streaming and anisotropic diffusion of CRs along the magnetic fields. We find that these microphysical effects can have a significant effect on the <span class="hlt">wind</span> launching andmore » mass loading factors, depending on the details of the plasma physics. Due to the CR streaming instability, CRs propagating in the interstellar medium scatter on self-excited Alfvén waves and couple to the gas. When the wave growth due to the streaming instability is inhibited by some damping process, such as turbulent damping, the coupling of CRs to the gas is weaker and their effective propagation speed faster than the Alfvén speed. Alternatively, CRs could scatter from “extrinsic turbulence” that is driven by another mechanism. We demonstrate that the presence of moderately super-Alfvénic CR streaming enhances the efficiency of galactic <span class="hlt">wind</span> driving. Cosmic rays stream away from denser regions near the galactic disk along partially ordered magnetic fields and in the process accelerate more tenuous gas away from the galaxy. For CR acceleration efficiencies broadly consistent with the observational constraints, CRs reduce the galactic star formation rates and significantly aid in launching galactic <span class="hlt">winds</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/839350','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/839350"><span>Community Based Approach to <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Information Dissemination</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Innis, S.</p> <p></p> <p>The purpose of the Department of <span class="hlt">Energy</span>'s grant was to transfer to New Mexico and Utah a national award-winning market-based strategy to aggregate demand for <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>. Their experiences over the past few years in New Mexico and utah have been quite different. In both states they have developed stronger relationships with utilities and policymakers which will increase the effectiveness of the future advocacy efforts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110023012','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110023012"><span>The <span class="hlt">Global</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Balance of Titan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Li, Liming; Nixon, Conor A.; Achterberg, Richard K.; Smith, Mark A.; Gorius, Nicolas J. P.; Jiang, Xun; Conrath, Barney J.; Gierasch, Peter J.; Simon-Miller, Amy A.; Flasar, F. Michael; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20110023012'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20110023012_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20110023012_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20110023012_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20110023012_hide"></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>We report the first measurement of the <span class="hlt">global</span> emitted power of Titan. Longterm (2004-2010) observations conducted by the Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) onboard Cassini reveal that the total emitted power by Titan is (2.84 plus or minus 0.01) x 10(exp 8) watts. Together with previous measurements of the <span class="hlt">global</span> absorbed solar power of Titan, the CIRS measurements indicate that the <span class="hlt">global</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> budget of Titan is in equilibrium within measurement error. The uncertainty in the absorbed solar <span class="hlt">energy</span> places an upper limit on the <span class="hlt">energy</span> imbalance of 5.3%.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=technology+AND+electrical&pg=2&id=EJ1016997','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=technology+AND+electrical&pg=2&id=EJ1016997"><span>Understanding Power Electronics and Electrical Machines in Multidisciplinary <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Conversion System Courses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Duran, M. J.; Barrero, F.; Pozo-Ruz, A.; Guzman, F.; Fernandez, J.; Guzman, H.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion systems (WECS) nowadays offer an extremely wide range of topologies, including various different types of electrical generators and power converters. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> is also an application of great interest to students and with a huge potential for engineering employment. Making WECS the main center of interest when teaching…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2011/976.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2011/976.html"><span>NREL and Alstom Celebrate <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine Installation | News | NREL</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>. Department of <em><span class="hlt">Energy</span></em> (DOE) and DOE's National Renewable <em><span class="hlt">Energy</span></em> Laboratory (NREL), along with officials from technology areas including controls and offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> <em><span class="hlt">energy</span></em>. About Alstom Alstom is a <span class="hlt">global</span> leader in the world of power generation, power <em>transmission</em> and rail infrastructure, and sets the benchmark for</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100019606','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100019606"><span>Crossed, Small-Deflection <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Analyzer for <span class="hlt">Wind</span>/Temperature Spectrometer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Herrero, Federico A.; Finne, Theodore T.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Determination of neutral <span class="hlt">winds</span> and ion drifts in low-Earth-orbit missions requires measurements of the angular and <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions of the flux of neutrals and ions entering the satellite from the ram direction. The magnitude and direction of the neutral-<span class="hlt">wind</span> (or ion-drift) determine the location of the maximum in the angular distribution of the flux. Knowledge of the angle of maximum flux with respect to satellite coordinates (pointing) is essential to determine the <span class="hlt">wind</span> (or ion-drift) vector. The crossed Small-Deflection <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Analyzer (SDEA) spectrometer (see Figure 1) occupies minimal volume and consumes minimal power. Designed for upper atmosphere/ionosphere investigations at Earth altitudes above 100 km, the spectrometer operates by detecting the angular and <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions of neutral atoms/molecules and ions in two mutually perpendicular planes. In this configuration, the two detection planes actually cross at the spectrometer center. It is possible to merge two SDEAs so they share a common optical axis and alternate measurements between two perpendicular planes, and reduce the number of ion sources from two to one. This minimizes the volume and footprint significantly and reduces the ion source power by a factor of two. The area of the entrance aperture affects the number of ions detected/second and also determines the <span class="hlt">energy</span> resolution. Thermionic emitters require heater power of about 100 mW to produce 1 mA of electron beam current. Typically, electron <span class="hlt">energy</span> is about 100 eV and requires a 100-V supply for electron acceleration to supply an additional 100 mW of power. Thus, ion source power is at most 200 mW. If two ion sources were to be used, the ion source power would be, at most, 400 mW. Detector power, deflection voltage power, and microcontroller and other functions require less than 150 mW. A WTS (<span class="hlt">wind</span>/ temperature spectrometer) with two separate optical axes would consume about 650 mW, while the crossed SDEA described here consumes about</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=337677&Lab=NHEERL&keyword=methodological&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=337677&Lab=NHEERL&keyword=methodological&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>Factors associated with bat mortality at <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> facilities in the United States</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Hundreds of thousands of bats are killed annually by colliding with <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines in the U.S., yet little is known about factors causing variation in mortality across <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> facilities. We conducted a quantitative synthesis of bat collision mortality with <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines by re...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMGC51J..03K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMGC51J..03K"><span>On the use of QuikSCAT data for assessing <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> resources</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Karagali, I.; Peña, A.; Hahmann, A. N.; Hasager, C.; Badger, M.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>As the land space suitable for <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine installations becomes saturated, the focus is on offshore sites. Advantages of such a transition include increased power production, smaller environmental and social impact and extended availability of prospective areas. Until recently installation of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines was limited in coastal areas. Nowadays, the search for suitable sites is extended beyond shallow waters, in locations far offshore where available measurements of various environmental parameters are limited. Space-borne observations are ideal due to their <span class="hlt">global</span> spatial coverage, providing information where in-situ measurements are impracticable. The most widely used satellite observations for <span class="hlt">wind</span> vector information are obtained by scatterometers; active radars that relate radiation backscattered from the sea surface to <span class="hlt">wind</span>. Sea<span class="hlt">Winds</span>, the scatterometer on board the QuikSCAT platform, launched by NASA in 1999 provided information with <span class="hlt">global</span> coverage until 2009. The potential use of this 10-year long dataset is evaluated in the present study for the characterization of <span class="hlt">wind</span> resources in the North and Baltic Seas, where most of Europe's offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms are located. Long-term QuikSCAT data have been extensively and positively validated in open ocean and in enclosed seas. In the present study QuikSCAT rain-free observations are compared with in-situ observations from three locations in the North Sea. As the remotely sensed observations refer to neutral atmospheric stratification, the impact of stability is assessed. Mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> characteristics along with the Weibull A and k parameters are estimated in order to obtain information regarding the variation of <span class="hlt">wind</span>. The numerical weather prediction (NWP) model WRF (Weather Research & Forecasting) is used for comparisons against QuikSCAT. Surface <span class="hlt">winds</span> derived from long-term WRF simulations are compared against QuikSCAT data to evaluate differences in the spatial extend. Preliminary results indicate very good</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ACP....10.2053W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ACP....10.2053W"><span>Potential climatic impacts and reliability of very large-scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, C.; Prinn, R. G.</p> <p>2010-02-01</p> <p>Meeting future world <span class="hlt">energy</span> needs while addressing climate change requires large-scale deployment of low or zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emission technologies such as <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The widespread availability of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power has fueled substantial interest in this renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> source as one of the needed technologies. For very large-scale utilization of this resource, there are however potential environmental impacts, and also problems arising from its inherent intermittency, in addition to the present need to lower unit costs. To explore some of these issues, we use a three-dimensional climate model to simulate the potential climate effects associated with installation of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-powered generators over vast areas of land or coastal ocean. Using <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines to meet 10% or more of <span class="hlt">global</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> demand in 2100, could cause surface warming exceeding 1 °C over land installations. In contrast, surface cooling exceeding 1 °C is computed over ocean installations, but the validity of simulating the impacts of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines by simply increasing the ocean surface drag needs further study. Significant warming or cooling remote from both the land and ocean installations, and alterations of the <span class="hlt">global</span> distributions of rainfall and clouds also occur. These results are influenced by the competing effects of increases in roughness and decreases in <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed on near-surface turbulent heat fluxes, the differing nature of land and ocean surface friction, and the dimensions of the installations parallel and perpendicular to the prevailing <span class="hlt">winds</span>. These results are also dependent on the accuracy of the model used, and the realism of the methods applied to simulate <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines. Additional theory and new field observations will be required for their ultimate validation. Intermittency of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power on daily, monthly and longer time scales as computed in these simulations and inferred from meteorological observations, poses a demand for one or more options to ensure reliability</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ACPD....919081W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ACPD....919081W"><span>Potential climatic impacts and reliability of very large-scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, C.; Prinn, R. G.</p> <p>2009-09-01</p> <p>Meeting future world <span class="hlt">energy</span> needs while addressing climate change requires large-scale deployment of low or zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emission technologies such as <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The widespread availability of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power has fueled legitimate interest in this renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> source as one of the needed technologies. For very large-scale utilization of this resource, there are however potential environmental impacts, and also problems arising from its inherent intermittency, in addition to the present need to lower unit costs. To explore some of these issues, we use a three-dimensional climate model to simulate the potential climate effects associated with installation of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-powered generators over vast areas of land or coastal ocean. Using <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines to meet 10% or more of <span class="hlt">global</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> demand in 2100, could cause surface warming exceeding 1°C over land installations. In contrast, surface cooling exceeding 1°C is computed over ocean installations, but the validity of simulating the impacts of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines by simply increasing the ocean surface drag needs further study. Significant warming or cooling remote from both the land and ocean installations, and alterations of the <span class="hlt">global</span> distributions of rainfall and clouds also occur. These results are influenced by the competing effects of increases in roughness and decreases in <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed on near-surface turbulent heat fluxes, the differing nature of land and ocean surface friction, and the dimensions of the installations parallel and perpendicular to the prevailing <span class="hlt">winds</span>. These results are also dependent on the accuracy of the model used, and the realism of the methods applied to simulate <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines. Additional theory and new field observations will be required for their ultimate validation. Intermittency of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power on daily, monthly and longer time scales as computed in these simulations and inferred from meteorological observations, poses a demand for one or more options to ensure reliability, including</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSM33C2679S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSM33C2679S"><span>Influence of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> and IMF on Jupiter's magnetosphere: Results from <span class="hlt">global</span> MHD simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sarkango, Y.; Jia, X.; Toth, G.; Hansen, K. C.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Due to its large size, rapid rotation and presence of substantial internal plasma sources, Jupiter's magnetosphere is fundamentally different from that of the Earth. How and to what extent do the external factors, such as the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), influence the internally-driven magnetosphere is an open question. In this work, we solve the 3D semi-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations using a well-established code, BATSRUS, to model the Jovian magnetosphere and study its interaction with the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. Our <span class="hlt">global</span> model adopts a non-uniform mesh covering the region from 200 RJ upstream to 1800 RJ downstream with the inner boundary placed at a radial distance of 2.5 RJ. The Io plasma torus centered around 6 RJ is generated in our model through appropriate mass-loading terms added to the set of MHD equations. We perform systematic numerical experiments in which we vary the upstream solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> properties to investigate the impact of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> events, such as interplanetary shock and IMF rotation, on the <span class="hlt">global</span> magnetosphere. From our simulations, we extract the location of the magnetopause boundary, the bow shock and the open-closed field line boundary (OCB), and determine their dependence on the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> properties and the IMF orientation. For validation, we compare our simulation results, such as density, temperature and magnetic field, to published empirical models based on in-situ measurements.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1016829','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1016829"><span>Final Report - <span class="hlt">Wind</span> and Hydro <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Feasibility Study - June 2011</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Jim Zoellick; Richard Engel; Rubin Garcia</p> <p>2011-06-17</p> <p>This feasibility examined two of the Yurok Tribe's most promising renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> resources, <span class="hlt">wind</span> and hydro, to provide the Tribe detailed, site specific information that will result in a comprehensive business plan sufficient to implement a favorable renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> project.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-10-19/pdf/2011-27046.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-10-19/pdf/2011-27046.pdf"><span>76 FR 64941 - Notice of Cancellation of Environmental Impact Statement for the Proposed Hyde County <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span>...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-19</p> <p>... Environmental Impact Statement for the Proposed Hyde County <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Center Project, Hyde County, SD AGENCY... design, construct, operate, and maintain a 150-megawatt Hyde County <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Center Project (Project... terminated the NEPA process for NextEra's proposed Hyde County <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Center Project with the...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy...50.4323M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy...50.4323M"><span>Annual and seasonal tornado activity in the United States and the <span class="hlt">global</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> oscillation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Moore, Todd W.</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Previous studies have searched for relationships between tornado activity and atmospheric teleconnections to provide insight on the relationship between tornadoes, their environments, and larger scale patterns in the climate system. Knowledge of these relationships is practical because it can improve seasonal and sub-seasonal predictions of tornado probability and, therefore, help mitigate tornado-related losses. This study explores the relationships between the annual and seasonal tornado activity in the United States and the <span class="hlt">Global</span> <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Oscillation. Time series herein show that phases of the <span class="hlt">Global</span> <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Oscillation, and atmospheric angular momentum anomalies, vary over a period of roughly 20-25 years. Rank correlations indicate that tornado activity is weakly correlated with phases 2, 3, and 4 (positive) and 6, 7, and 8 (negative) of the <span class="hlt">Global</span> <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Oscillation in winter, spring, and fall. The correlation is not as clear in summer or at the annual scale. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U tests indicate that winters and springs with more phase 2, 3, and 4 and fewer phase 6, 7, and 8 days tend to have more tornadoes. Lastly, logistic regression models indicate that winters and springs with more phase 2, 3, and 4 days have greater likelihoods of having more than normal tornado activity. Combined, these analyses suggest that seasons with more low atmospheric angular momentum days, or phase 2, 3, and 4 days, tend to have greater tornado activity than those with fewer days, and that this relationship is most evident in winter and spring.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy..tmp..527M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy..tmp..527M"><span>Annual and seasonal tornado activity in the United States and the <span class="hlt">global</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> oscillation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Moore, Todd W.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Previous studies have searched for relationships between tornado activity and atmospheric teleconnections to provide insight on the relationship between tornadoes, their environments, and larger scale patterns in the climate system. Knowledge of these relationships is practical because it can improve seasonal and sub-seasonal predictions of tornado probability and, therefore, help mitigate tornado-related losses. This study explores the relationships between the annual and seasonal tornado activity in the United States and the <span class="hlt">Global</span> <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Oscillation. Time series herein show that phases of the <span class="hlt">Global</span> <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Oscillation, and atmospheric angular momentum anomalies, vary over a period of roughly 20-25 years. Rank correlations indicate that tornado activity is weakly correlated with phases 2, 3, and 4 (positive) and 6, 7, and 8 (negative) of the <span class="hlt">Global</span> <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Oscillation in winter, spring, and fall. The correlation is not as clear in summer or at the annual scale. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U tests indicate that winters and springs with more phase 2, 3, and 4 and fewer phase 6, 7, and 8 days tend to have more tornadoes. Lastly, logistic regression models indicate that winters and springs with more phase 2, 3, and 4 days have greater likelihoods of having more than normal tornado activity. Combined, these analyses suggest that seasons with more low atmospheric angular momentum days, or phase 2, 3, and 4 days, tend to have greater tornado activity than those with fewer days, and that this relationship is most evident in winter and spring.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1041355','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1041355"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> Powering America Podcasts, <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Powering America (WPA)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Not Available</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> Powering America and the National Association of Farm Broadcasters produce a series of radio interviews featuring experts discussing <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> topics. The interviews are aimed at a rural stakeholder audience and are available as podcasts. On the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Powering America website, you can access past interviews on topics such as: Keys to Local <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Development Success, What to Know about Installing a <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> System on Your Farm, and <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Development Can Revitalize Rural America. This postcard is a marketing piece that stakeholders can provide to interested parties; it will guide them to this online resource formore » podcast episodes.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...93a2066X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...93a2066X"><span>Multi-time scale <span class="hlt">energy</span> management of <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms based on comprehensive evaluation technology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xu, Y. P.; Huang, Y. H.; Liu, Z. J.; Wang, Y. F.; Li, Z. Y.; Guo, L.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>A novel <span class="hlt">energy</span> management of <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a novel comprehensive evaluation system is proposed to quantify economic properties of each <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm to make the <span class="hlt">energy</span> management more economical and reasonable. Then, a combination of multi time-scale schedule method is proposed to develop a novel <span class="hlt">energy</span> management. The day-ahead schedule optimizes unit commitment of thermal power generators. The intraday schedule is established to optimize power generation plan for all thermal power generating units, hydroelectric generating sets and <span class="hlt">wind</span> power plants. At last, the power generation plan can be timely revised in the process of on-line schedule. The paper concludes with simulations conducted on a real provincial integrated <span class="hlt">energy</span> system in northeast China. Simulation results have validated the proposed model and corresponding solving algorithms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1758b0012K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1758b0012K"><span>Assessment of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> potential and cost estimation of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-generated electricity at hilltops surrounding the city of Maroua in Cameroon</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kaoga, Dieudonné Kidmo; Bogno, Bachirou; Aillerie, Michel; Raidandi, Danwe; Yamigno, Serge Doka; Hamandjoda, Oumarou; Tibi, Beda</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>In this work, 28 years of <span class="hlt">wind</span> data, measured at 10m above ground level (AGL), from Maroua meteorological station is utilized to assess the potential of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> at exposed ridges tops of mountains surrounding the city of Maroua. The aim of this study is to estimate the cost of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-generated electricity using six types of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines (50 to 2000 kW). The Weibull distribution function is employed to estimate Weibull shape and scale parameters using the <span class="hlt">energy</span> pattern factor method. The considered <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear model to extrapolate Weibull parameters and <span class="hlt">wind</span> profiles is the empirical power law correlation. The results show that hilltops in the range of 150-350m AGL in increments of 50, fall under Class 3 or greater of the international system of <span class="hlt">wind</span> classification and are deemed suitable to outstanding for <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine applications. A performance of the selected <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines is examined as well as the costs of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-generated electricity at the considered hilltops. The results establish that the lowest costs per kWh are obtained using YDF-1500-87 (1500 kW) turbine while the highest costs are delivered by P-25-100 (90 kW). The lowest costs (US) per kWh of electricity generated are found to vary between a minimum of 0.0294 at hilltops 350m AGL and a maximum of 0.0366 at hilltops 150m AGL, with corresponding <span class="hlt">energy</span> outputs that are 6,125 and 4,932 MWh, respectively. Additionally, the matching capacity factors values are 38.05% at hilltops 150m AGL and 47.26% at hilltops 350m AGL. Furthermore, YDF-1500-87 followed by Enercon E82-2000 (2000 kW) <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines provide the lowest cost of <span class="hlt">wind</span> generated electricity and are recommended for use for large communities. Medium <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine P-15-50 (50 kW), despite showing the best coefficients factors (39.29% and 48.85% at hilltops 150 and 350m AGL, in that order), generates electricity at an average higher cost/kWh of US0.0547 and 0.0440 at hilltops 150 and 350m AGL, respectively. P-15-50 is deemed a more advantageous option</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.1202M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.1202M"><span>Application of a <span class="hlt">wind</span>-wave-current coupled model in the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean sea), for <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> purposes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>María Palomares, Ana; Navarro, Jorge; Grifoll, Manel; Pallares, Elena; Espino, Manuel</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>This work shows the main results of the HAREAMAR project (including HAREMAR, ENE2012-38772-C02-01 and DARDO, ENE2012-38772-C02-02 projects), concerning the local <span class="hlt">Wind</span>, Wave and Current simulation at St. Jordi Bay (NW Mediterranean Sea). Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> has become one of the main topics within the research in <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> research. Although there are quite a few models with a high level of reliability for <span class="hlt">wind</span> simulation and prediction in onshore places, the <span class="hlt">wind</span> prediction needs further investigations for adaptation to the Offshore emplacements, taking into account the interaction atmosphere-ocean. The main problem in these ocean areas is the lack of <span class="hlt">wind</span> data, which neither allows for characterizing the <span class="hlt">energy</span> potential and <span class="hlt">wind</span> behaviour in a particular place, nor validating the forecasting models. The main objective of this work is to reduce the local prediction errors, in order to make the meteo-oceanographic hindcast and forecast more reliable. The COAWST model (Coupled-Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave Sediment Transport Model; Warner et al., 2010) system has been implemented in the region considering a set of downscaling nested meshes to obtain high-resolution outputs in the region. The adaptation to this particular area, combining the different <span class="hlt">wind</span>, wave and ocean model domains has been far from simple, because the grid domains for the three models differ significantly. This work shows the main results of the COAWST model implementation to this particular area, including both monthly and other set of tests in different atmospheric situations, especially chosen for their particular interest. The time period considered for the validation is the whole year 2012. A comparative study between the WRF, SWAN and ROMS model outputs (without coupling), the COWAST model outputs, and a buoy measurements moored in the region was performed for this year. References Warner, J.C., Armstrong, B., He, R., and Zambon, J.B., 2010, Development of a Coupled Ocean</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70170459','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70170459"><span>Wintering Sandhill Crane exposure to <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> development in the central and southern Great Plains, USA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Pearse, Aaron T.; Brandt, David; Krapu, Gary</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Numerous <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> projects have been constructed in the central and southern Great Plains, USA, the main wintering area for midcontinental Sandhill Cranes (Grus canadensis). In an initial assessment of the potential risks of <span class="hlt">wind</span> towers to cranes, we estimated spatial overlap, investigated potential avoidance behavior, and determined the habitat associations of cranes. We used data from cranes marked with platform transmitting terminals (PTTs) with and without <span class="hlt">global</span> positioning system (GPS) capabilities. We estimated the wintering distributions of PTT-marked cranes prior to the construction of <span class="hlt">wind</span> towers, which we compared with current tower locations. Based on this analysis, we found 7% spatial overlap between the distributions of cranes and towers. When we looked at individually marked cranes, we found that 52% would have occurred within 10 km of a tower at some point during winter. Using data from cranes marked after tower construction, we found a potential indication of avoidance behavior, whereby GPS-marked cranes generally used areas slightly more distant from existing <span class="hlt">wind</span> towers than would be expected by chance. Results from a habitat selection model suggested that distances between crane locations and towers may have been driven more by habitat selection than by avoidance, as most <span class="hlt">wind</span> towers were constructed in locations not often selected by wintering cranes. Our findings of modest regional overlap and that few towers have been placed in preferred crane habitat suggest that the current distribution of <span class="hlt">wind</span> towers may be of low risk to the continued persistence of wintering midcontinental Sandhill Cranes in the central and southern Great Plains.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860062686&hterms=airplance&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dairplance','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860062686&hterms=airplance&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dairplance"><span>Evaluation of total <span class="hlt">energy</span>-rate feedback for glidescope tracking in <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Belcastro, C. M.; Ostroff, A. J.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>Low-altitude <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear is recognized as an infrequent but significant hazard to all aircraft during take-off and landing. A total <span class="hlt">energy</span>-rate sensor, which is potentially applicable to this problem, has been developed for measuring specific total <span class="hlt">energy</span>-rate of an airplane with respect to the air mass. This paper presents control system designs, with and without <span class="hlt">energy</span>-rate feedback, for the approach to landing of a transport airplane through severe <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear and gusts to evaluate application of this sensor. A system model is developed which incorporates <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear dynamics equations with the airplance equations of motion, thus allowing the control systems to be analyzed under various <span class="hlt">wind</span> shears. The control systems are designed using optimal output feedback and are analyzed using frequency domain control theory techniques. Control system performance is evaluated using a complete nonlinear simulation of the airplane and a severe <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear and gust data package. The analysis and simulation results indicate very similar stability and performance characteristics for the two designs. An implementation technique for distributing the velocity gains between airspeed and ground speed in the simulation is also presented, and this technique is shown to improve the performance characteristics of both designs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020044134','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020044134"><span>Sensitivity of <span class="hlt">Global</span> Sea-Air CO2 Flux to Gas Transfer Algorithms, Climatological <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Speeds, and Variability of Sea Surface Temperature and Salinity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>McClain, Charles R.; Signorini, Sergio</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Sensitivity analyses of sea-air CO2 flux to gas transfer algorithms, climatological <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds, sea surface temperatures (SST) and salinity (SSS) were conducted for the <span class="hlt">global</span> oceans and selected regional domains. Large uncertainties in the <span class="hlt">global</span> sea-air flux estimates are identified due to different gas transfer algorithms, <span class="hlt">global</span> climatological <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds, and seasonal SST and SSS data. The <span class="hlt">global</span> sea-air flux ranges from -0.57 to -2.27 Gt/yr, depending on the combination of gas transfer algorithms and <span class="hlt">global</span> climatological <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds used. Different combinations of SST and SSS <span class="hlt">global</span> fields resulted in changes as large as 35% on the oceans <span class="hlt">global</span> sea-air flux. An error as small as plus or minus 0.2 in SSS translates into a plus or minus 43% deviation on the mean <span class="hlt">global</span> CO2 flux. This result emphasizes the need for highly accurate satellite SSS observations for the development of remote sensing sea-air flux algorithms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012APS..DFDR31002C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012APS..DFDR31002C"><span>Statistical analysis of kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> entrainment in a model <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine array boundary layer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cal, Raul Bayoan; Hamilton, Nicholas; Kang, Hyung-Suk; Meneveau, Charles</p> <p>2012-11-01</p> <p>For large <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms, kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> must be entrained from the flow above the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines to replenish wakes and enable power extraction in the array. Various statistical features of turbulence causing vertical entrainment of mean-flow kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> are studied using hot-wire velocimetry data taken in a model <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm in a scaled <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel experiment. Conditional statistics and spectral decompositions are employed to characterize the most relevant turbulent flow structures and determine their length-scales. Sweep and ejection events are shown to be the largest contributors to the vertical kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> flux, although their relative contribution depends upon the location in the wake. Sweeps are shown to be dominant in the region above the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine array. A spectral analysis of the data shows that large scales of the flow, about the size of the rotor diameter in length or larger, dominate the vertical entrainment. The flow is more incoherent below the array, causing decreased vertical fluxes there. The results show that improving the rate of vertical kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> entrainment into <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine arrays is a standing challenge and would require modifying the large-scale structures of the flow. This work was funded in part by the National Science Foundation (CBET-0730922, CBET-1133800 and CBET-0953053).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4570396','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4570396"><span>UWB <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine Blade Deflection Sensing for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Cost Reduction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zhang, Shuai; Jensen, Tobias Lindstrøm; Franek, Ondrej; Eggers, Patrick C. F.; Olesen, Kim; Byskov, Claus; Pedersen, Gert Frølund</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>A new application of utilizing ultra-wideband (UWB) technology to sense <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine blade deflections is introduced in this paper for <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> cost reduction. The lower UWB band of 3.1–5.3 GHz is applied. On each blade, there will be one UWB blade deflection sensing system, which consists of two UWB antennas at the blade root and one UWB antenna at the blade tip. The detailed topology and challenges of this deflection sensing system are addressed. Due to the complexity of the problem, this paper will first realize the on-blade UWB radio link in the simplest case, where the tip antenna is situated outside (and on the surface of) a blade tip. To investigate this case, full-blade time-domain measurements are designed and conducted under different deflections. The detailed measurement setups and results are provided. If the root and tip antenna locations are properly selected, the first pulse is always of sufficient quality for accurate estimations under different deflections. The measured results reveal that the blade tip-root distance and blade deflection can be accurately estimated in the complicated and lossy wireless channels around a <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine blade. Some future research topics on this application are listed finally. PMID:26274964</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26274964','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26274964"><span>UWB <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine Blade Deflection Sensing for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Cost Reduction.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhang, Shuai; Jensen, Tobias Lindstrøm; Franek, Ondrej; Eggers, Patrick C F; Olesen, Kim; Byskov, Claus; Pedersen, Gert Frølund</p> <p>2015-08-12</p> <p>A new application of utilizing ultra-wideband (UWB) technology to sense <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine blade deflections is introduced in this paper for <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> cost reduction. The lower UWB band of 3.1-5.3 GHz is applied. On each blade, there will be one UWB blade deflection sensing system, which consists of two UWB antennas at the blade root and one UWB antenna at the blade tip. The detailed topology and challenges of this deflection sensing system are addressed. Due to the complexity of the problem, this paper will first realize the on-blade UWB radio link in the simplest case, where the tip antenna is situated outside (and on the surface of) a blade tip. To investigate this case, full-blade time-domain measurements are designed and conducted under different deflections. The detailed measurement setups and results are provided. If the root and tip antenna locations are properly selected, the first pulse is always of sufficient quality for accurate estimations under different deflections. The measured results reveal that the blade tip-root distance and blade deflection can be accurately estimated in the complicated and lossy wireless channels around a <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine blade. Some future research topics on this application are listed finally.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982lse.....2....5J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982lse.....2....5J"><span>Lightning protection of a modern <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jaeger, D.</p> <p></p> <p>Due to their considerable height and frequent location above flat terrain, <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> systems may be struck by lightning, with two types of severe effects: the physical destruction of structurally and/or mechanically important elements, such as a rotor blade, or the damage or interruption of system electrical and electronic equipment. The GROWIAN II DEMO lightning protection program has undertaken the development of measures which in their sophistication and complexity approximate those for aircraft. These protective measures are applied to the carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composite rotor blades, the rotor bearing, and electrical circuitry installed within the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine's nacelle.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982ApEn...11...51H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982ApEn...11...51H"><span>Economic analysis of small <span class="hlt">wind-energy</span> conversion systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Haack, B. N.</p> <p>1982-05-01</p> <p>A computer simulation was developed for evaluating the economics of small <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion systems (SWECS). Input parameters consisted of initial capital investment, maintenance and operating costs, the cost of electricity from other sources, and the yield of electricity. Capital costs comprised the generator, tower, necessity for an inverter and/or storage batteries, and installation, in addition to interest on loans. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> data recorded every three hours for one year in Detroit, MI was employed with a 0.16 power coefficient to extrapolate up to hub height as an example, along with 10 yr of use variances. A maximum return on investment was found to reside in using all the <span class="hlt">energy</span> produced on site, rather than selling power to the utility. It is concluded that, based on a microeconomic analysis, SWECS are economically viable at present only where electric rates are inordinately high, such as in remote regions or on islands.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/510607','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/510607"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> power live! An interactive exhibit and related programs about <span class="hlt">wind</span> generated <span class="hlt">energy</span> at the Science Museum of Minnesota. Final performance report, February 1, 1995--September 30, 1996</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hamilton, P.</p> <p></p> <p>The final performance report for the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Power Live! museum exhibit summarizes the goals and outcomes for the project. Project goals included: (1) help museum visitors understand why <span class="hlt">wind</span> is being considered as a significant <span class="hlt">energy</span> source; (2) enable visualization of the dynamics and power output of turbines; (3) exhibit a working <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine; (4) showcase <span class="hlt">wind</span> as a technological success story; (5) consider the environmental costs and benefits of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>; (6) examine the economics of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power, and (7) explain some of the limits to <span class="hlt">wind</span> power as a commercial <span class="hlt">energy</span> source. The methods of meeting the projectmore » goals through the museum exhibit are briefly outlined in the report. Goal number three, to introduce a working <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine, was dropped from the final project.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EPJWC..3303001D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EPJWC..3303001D"><span>Interdisciplinary design study of a high-rise integrated roof <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dekker, R. W. A.; Ferraro, R. M.; Suma, A. B.; Moonen, S. P. G.</p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>Today's market in micro-<span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines is in constant development introducing more efficient solutions for the future. Besides the private use of tower supported turbines, opportunities to integrate <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines in the built environment arise. The Integrated Roof <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> System (IRWES) presented in this work is a modular roof structure integrated on top of existing or new buildings. IRWES is build up by an axial array of skewed shaped funnels used for both <span class="hlt">wind</span> inlet and outlet. This inventive use of shape and geometry leads to a converging air capturing inlet to create high <span class="hlt">wind</span> mass flow and velocity toward a Vertical Axis <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine (VAWT) in the center-top of the roof unit for the generation of a relatively high amount of <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The scope of this research aims to make an optimized structural design of IRWES to be placed on top of the Vertigo building in Eindhoven; analysis of the structural performance; and impact to the existing structure by means of Finite Element Modeling (FEM). Results show that the obvious impact of <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure to the structural design is easily supported in different configurations of fairly simple lightweight structures. In particular, the weight addition to existing buildings remains minimal.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1215333','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1215333"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> Power Siting: Public Acceptance and Land Use; NREL (National Renewable <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Laboratory)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Tegen, Suzanne</p> <p>2015-06-17</p> <p>Suzanne Tegen presented this information as part of the June 17, 2015 WINDExchange webinar: Overcoming <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Siting Challenges III: Public Acceptance and Land Use. This presentation provides an overview of current NREL research related to <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> deployment considerations, the DOE <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Vision as it relates to public acceptance and land use, why public acceptance of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power matters, where the U.S. <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource is best, and how those rich resource areas overlay with population centers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993wind.conf...19G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993wind.conf...19G"><span>Analysis of superconducting magnetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage applications at a proposed <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm site near Browning, Montana</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gaustad, K. L.; Desteese, J. G.</p> <p>1993-07-01</p> <p>A computer program was developed to analyze the viability of integrating superconducting magnetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage (SMES) with proposed <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm scenarios at a site near Browning, Montana. The program simulated an hour-by-hour account of the charge/discharge history of a SMES unit for a representative <span class="hlt">wind</span>-speed year. Effects of power output, storage capacity, and power conditioning capability on SMES performance characteristics were analyzed on a seasonal, diurnal, and hourly basis. The SMES unit was assumed to be charged during periods when power output of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource exceeded its average value. <span class="hlt">Energy</span> was discharged from the SMES unit into the grid during periods of low <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed to compensate for below-average output of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource. The option of using SMES to provide power continuity for a <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm supplemented by combustion turbines was also investigated. Levelizing the annual output of large <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> systems operating in the Blackfeet area of Montana was found to require a storage capacity too large to be economically viable. However, it appears that intermediate-sized SMES economically levelize the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> output on a seasonal basis.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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