Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... produce gasoline under the GPA gasoline sulfur standards in 2007 and 2008? 80.540 Section 80.540... Marine Fuel Geographic Phase-in Provisions § 80.540 How may a refiner be approved to produce gasoline under the GPA gasoline sulfur standards in 2007 and 2008? (a) A refiner that has been approved by EPA...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... produce gasoline under the GPA gasoline sulfur standards in 2007 and 2008? 80.540 Section 80.540... Marine Fuel Geographic Phase-in Provisions § 80.540 How may a refiner be approved to produce gasoline under the GPA gasoline sulfur standards in 2007 and 2008? (a) A refiner that has been approved by EPA...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... produce gasoline under the GPA gasoline sulfur standards in 2007 and 2008? 80.540 Section 80.540... Marine Fuel Geographic Phase-in Provisions § 80.540 How may a refiner be approved to produce gasoline under the GPA gasoline sulfur standards in 2007 and 2008? (a) A refiner that has been approved by EPA...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... produce gasoline under the GPA gasoline sulfur standards in 2007 and 2008? 80.540 Section 80.540... Marine Fuel Geographic Phase-in Provisions § 80.540 How may a refiner be approved to produce gasoline under the GPA gasoline sulfur standards in 2007 and 2008? (a) A refiner that has been approved by EPA...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... produce gasoline under the GPA gasoline sulfur standards in 2007 and 2008? 80.540 Section 80.540... Marine Fuel Geographic Phase-in Provisions § 80.540 How may a refiner be approved to produce gasoline under the GPA gasoline sulfur standards in 2007 and 2008? (a) A refiner that has been approved by EPA...
40 CFR 80.220 - What are the downstream standards for GPA gasoline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... GPA gasoline? 80.220 Section 80.220 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Geographic Phase-in Program § 80.220 What are the downstream standards for GPA gasoline? (a) GPA gasoline. (1) During...
40 CFR 80.220 - What are the downstream standards for GPA gasoline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... GPA gasoline? 80.220 Section 80.220 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Geographic Phase-in Program § 80.220 What are the downstream standards for GPA gasoline? (a) GPA gasoline. (1) During...
40 CFR 80.220 - What are the downstream standards for GPA gasoline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... GPA gasoline? 80.220 Section 80.220 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Geographic Phase-in Program § 80.220 What are the downstream standards for GPA gasoline? (a) GPA gasoline. (1) During...
40 CFR 80.220 - What are the downstream standards for GPA gasoline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... GPA gasoline? 80.220 Section 80.220 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Geographic Phase-in Program § 80.220 What are the downstream standards for GPA gasoline? (a) GPA gasoline. (1) During...
40 CFR 80.220 - What are the downstream standards for GPA gasoline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... GPA gasoline? 80.220 Section 80.220 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Geographic Phase-in Program § 80.220 What are the downstream standards for GPA gasoline? (a) GPA gasoline. (1) During...
40 CFR 80.219 - Designation and downstream requirements for GPA gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... requirements for GPA gasoline. 80.219 Section 80.219 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Geographic Phase-in Program § 80.219 Designation and downstream requirements for GPA gasoline. The requirements and...
40 CFR 80.219 - Designation and downstream requirements for GPA gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... requirements for GPA gasoline. 80.219 Section 80.219 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Geographic Phase-in Program § 80.219 Designation and downstream requirements for GPA gasoline. The requirements and...
40 CFR 80.219 - Designation and downstream requirements for GPA gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... requirements for GPA gasoline. 80.219 Section 80.219 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Geographic Phase-in Program § 80.219 Designation and downstream requirements for GPA gasoline. The requirements and...
40 CFR 80.219 - Designation and downstream requirements for GPA gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... requirements for GPA gasoline. 80.219 Section 80.219 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Geographic Phase-in Program § 80.219 Designation and downstream requirements for GPA gasoline. The requirements and...
40 CFR 80.219 - Designation and downstream requirements for GPA gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... requirements for GPA gasoline. 80.219 Section 80.219 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Geographic Phase-in Program § 80.219 Designation and downstream requirements for GPA gasoline. The requirements and...
40 CFR 80.216 - What standards apply to gasoline produced or imported for use in the GPA?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false What standards apply to gasoline... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Geographic Phase-in Program § 80.216 What standards apply to gasoline produced or imported for use in the GPA...
40 CFR 80.216 - What standards apply to gasoline produced or imported for use in the GPA?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What standards apply to gasoline... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Geographic Phase-in Program § 80.216 What standards apply to gasoline produced or imported for use in the GPA...
40 CFR 80.216 - What standards apply to gasoline produced or imported for use in the GPA?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false What standards apply to gasoline... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Geographic Phase-in Program § 80.216 What standards apply to gasoline produced or imported for use in the GPA...
40 CFR 80.216 - What standards apply to gasoline produced or imported for use in the GPA?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false What standards apply to gasoline... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Geographic Phase-in Program § 80.216 What standards apply to gasoline produced or imported for use in the GPA...
40 CFR 80.216 - What standards apply to gasoline produced or imported for use in the GPA?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What standards apply to gasoline... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Geographic Phase-in Program § 80.216 What standards apply to gasoline produced or imported for use in the GPA...
40 CFR 80.1603 - Gasoline sulfur standards for refiners and importers.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Gasoline sulfur standards for refiners... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur § 80.1603 Gasoline sulfur standards for refiners and importers. (a) Sulfur standards—(1) Annual average standard. (i...
Ultra-Low Sulfur Gasoline Emissions Study
Understanding the effects of gasoline sulfur level on the in-use fleet is important for assessing emissions inventories and impacts of future policy decisions. Test fuels were two non-ethanol gasolines with properties typical of certification fuel.
40 CFR 80.240 - What are the small refiner gasoline sulfur standards?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false What are the small refiner gasoline... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Hardship Provisions § 80.240 What are the small refiner gasoline sulfur standards? (a) The gasoline sulfur standards...
40 CFR 80.240 - What are the small refiner gasoline sulfur standards?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What are the small refiner gasoline... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Hardship Provisions § 80.240 What are the small refiner gasoline sulfur standards? (a) The gasoline sulfur standards...
40 CFR 80.240 - What are the small refiner gasoline sulfur standards?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false What are the small refiner gasoline... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Hardship Provisions § 80.240 What are the small refiner gasoline sulfur standards? (a) The gasoline sulfur standards...
40 CFR 80.240 - What are the small refiner gasoline sulfur standards?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false What are the small refiner gasoline... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Hardship Provisions § 80.240 What are the small refiner gasoline sulfur standards? (a) The gasoline sulfur standards...
40 CFR 80.240 - What are the small refiner gasoline sulfur standards?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What are the small refiner gasoline... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Hardship Provisions § 80.240 What are the small refiner gasoline sulfur standards? (a) The gasoline sulfur standards...
40 CFR 80.210 - What sulfur standards apply to gasoline downstream from refineries and importers?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... gasoline downstream from refineries and importers? 80.210 Section 80.210 Protection of Environment... Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.210 What sulfur standards apply to gasoline downstream from refineries and importers? The sulfur standard for gasoline at any point in the gasoline distribution system...
40 CFR 80.210 - What sulfur standards apply to gasoline downstream from refineries and importers?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... gasoline downstream from refineries and importers? 80.210 Section 80.210 Protection of Environment... Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.210 What sulfur standards apply to gasoline downstream from refineries and importers? The sulfur standard for gasoline at any point in the gasoline distribution system...
40 CFR 80.210 - What sulfur standards apply to gasoline downstream from refineries and importers?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... gasoline downstream from refineries and importers? 80.210 Section 80.210 Protection of Environment... Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.210 What sulfur standards apply to gasoline downstream from refineries and importers? The sulfur standard for gasoline at any point in the gasoline distribution system...
40 CFR 80.210 - What sulfur standards apply to gasoline downstream from refineries and importers?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... gasoline downstream from refineries and importers? 80.210 Section 80.210 Protection of Environment... Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.210 What sulfur standards apply to gasoline downstream from refineries and importers? The sulfur standard for gasoline at any point in the gasoline distribution system...
40 CFR 80.210 - What sulfur standards apply to gasoline downstream from refineries and importers?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... gasoline downstream from refineries and importers? 80.210 Section 80.210 Protection of Environment... Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.210 What sulfur standards apply to gasoline downstream from refineries and importers? The sulfur standard for gasoline at any point in the gasoline distribution system...
40 CFR 80.195 - What are the gasoline sulfur standards for refiners and importers?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What are the gasoline sulfur standards... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.195 What are the gasoline sulfur standards for refiners and importers? (a)(1...
40 CFR 80.195 - What are the gasoline sulfur standards for refiners and importers?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false What are the gasoline sulfur standards... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.195 What are the gasoline sulfur standards for refiners and importers? (a)(1...
40 CFR 80.195 - What are the gasoline sulfur standards for refiners and importers?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What are the gasoline sulfur standards... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.195 What are the gasoline sulfur standards for refiners and importers? (a)(1...
40 CFR 80.195 - What are the gasoline sulfur standards for refiners and importers?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false What are the gasoline sulfur standards... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.195 What are the gasoline sulfur standards for refiners and importers? (a)(1...
40 CFR 80.195 - What are the gasoline sulfur standards for refiners and importers?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false What are the gasoline sulfur standards... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.195 What are the gasoline sulfur standards for refiners and importers? (a)(1...
40 CFR 80.200 - What gasoline is subject to the sulfur standards and requirements?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false What gasoline is subject to the sulfur... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.200 What gasoline is subject to the sulfur standards and requirements? For the purpose of...
40 CFR 80.200 - What gasoline is subject to the sulfur standards and requirements?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false What gasoline is subject to the sulfur... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.200 What gasoline is subject to the sulfur standards and requirements? For the purpose of...
40 CFR 80.200 - What gasoline is subject to the sulfur standards and requirements?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false What gasoline is subject to the sulfur... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.200 What gasoline is subject to the sulfur standards and requirements? For the purpose of...
40 CFR 80.200 - What gasoline is subject to the sulfur standards and requirements?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What gasoline is subject to the sulfur... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.200 What gasoline is subject to the sulfur standards and requirements? For the purpose of...
40 CFR 80.200 - What gasoline is subject to the sulfur standards and requirements?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What gasoline is subject to the sulfur... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.200 What gasoline is subject to the sulfur standards and requirements? For the purpose of...
40 CFR 80.385 - What acts are prohibited under the gasoline sulfur program?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... gasoline sulfur program? 80.385 Section 80.385 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Violation Provisions § 80.385 What acts are prohibited under the gasoline sulfur program? No person shall: (a...
40 CFR 80.385 - What acts are prohibited under the gasoline sulfur program?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... gasoline sulfur program? 80.385 Section 80.385 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Violation Provisions § 80.385 What acts are prohibited under the gasoline sulfur program? No person shall: (a...
40 CFR 80.385 - What acts are prohibited under the gasoline sulfur program?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... gasoline sulfur program? 80.385 Section 80.385 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Violation Provisions § 80.385 What acts are prohibited under the gasoline sulfur program? No person shall: (a...
40 CFR 80.385 - What acts are prohibited under the gasoline sulfur program?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... gasoline sulfur program? 80.385 Section 80.385 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Violation Provisions § 80.385 What acts are prohibited under the gasoline sulfur program? No person shall: (a...
40 CFR 80.385 - What acts are prohibited under the gasoline sulfur program?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... gasoline sulfur program? 80.385 Section 80.385 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Violation Provisions § 80.385 What acts are prohibited under the gasoline sulfur program? No person shall: (a...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Gasoline sulfur standards and... ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur § 80.1604 Gasoline sulfur standards and requirements for parties downstream of refiners and importers. (a) The sulfur standard for gasoline at any downstream location shall be determined...
40 CFR 80.395 - Who is liable for violations under the gasoline sulfur program?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... gasoline sulfur program? 80.395 Section 80.395 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Violation Provisions § 80.395 Who is liable for violations under the gasoline sulfur program? (a) Persons liable for...
40 CFR 80.395 - Who is liable for violations under the gasoline sulfur program?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... gasoline sulfur program? 80.395 Section 80.395 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Violation Provisions § 80.395 Who is liable for violations under the gasoline sulfur program? (a) Persons liable for...
40 CFR 80.395 - Who is liable for violations under the gasoline sulfur program?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... gasoline sulfur program? 80.395 Section 80.395 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Violation Provisions § 80.395 Who is liable for violations under the gasoline sulfur program? (a) Persons liable for...
40 CFR 80.395 - Who is liable for violations under the gasoline sulfur program?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... gasoline sulfur program? 80.395 Section 80.395 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Violation Provisions § 80.395 Who is liable for violations under the gasoline sulfur program? (a) Persons liable for...
40 CFR 80.395 - Who is liable for violations under the gasoline sulfur program?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... gasoline sulfur program? 80.395 Section 80.395 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Violation Provisions § 80.395 Who is liable for violations under the gasoline sulfur program? (a) Persons liable for...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Gasoline sulfur standards and... Gasoline Sulfur § 80.1607 Gasoline sulfur standards and requirements for transmix processors and transmix... to a refiner under this subpart O. (a) Any transmix processor who recovers transmix gasoline product...
40 CFR 80.255 - Compliance plans and demonstration of commitment to produce low sulfur gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... commitment to produce low sulfur gasoline. 80.255 Section 80.255 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur... gasoline. The requirements of this section apply to any refiner approved for small refiner standards who...
40 CFR 80.255 - Compliance plans and demonstration of commitment to produce low sulfur gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... commitment to produce low sulfur gasoline. 80.255 Section 80.255 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur... gasoline. The requirements of this section apply to any refiner approved for small refiner standards who...
40 CFR 80.255 - Compliance plans and demonstration of commitment to produce low sulfur gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... commitment to produce low sulfur gasoline. 80.255 Section 80.255 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur... gasoline. The requirements of this section apply to any refiner approved for small refiner standards who...
40 CFR 80.255 - Compliance plans and demonstration of commitment to produce low sulfur gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... commitment to produce low sulfur gasoline. 80.255 Section 80.255 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur... gasoline. The requirements of this section apply to any refiner approved for small refiner standards who...
40 CFR 80.255 - Compliance plans and demonstration of commitment to produce low sulfur gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... commitment to produce low sulfur gasoline. 80.255 Section 80.255 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur... gasoline. The requirements of this section apply to any refiner approved for small refiner standards who...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners and importers? 80.415 Section 80.415... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Attest Engagements § 80.415 What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners and importers? In addition to the...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners and importers? 80.415 Section 80.415... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Attest Engagements § 80.415 What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners and importers? In addition to the...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners and importers? 80.415 Section 80.415... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Attest Engagements § 80.415 What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners and importers? In addition to the...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners and importers? 80.415 Section 80.415... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Attest Engagements § 80.415 What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners and importers? In addition to the...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners and importers? 80.415 Section 80.415... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Attest Engagements § 80.415 What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners and importers? In addition to the...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... requirements that apply to importers who transport gasoline by truck. 80.1641 Section 80.1641 Protection of... ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur § 80.1641 Alternative sulfur standards and requirements that apply to importers who transport gasoline by truck. Importers who import gasoline into the United States by truck may...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... for a motor vehicle diesel fuel volume baseline for the purpose of extending their gasoline sulfur... a small or GPA refiner apply for a motor vehicle diesel fuel volume baseline for the purpose of... duration of the GPA standards under § 80.540 must apply for a motor vehicle diesel fuel volume baseline by...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... requirements apply to importers who transport gasoline by truck? 80.350 Section 80.350 Protection of... ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Sampling, Testing and Retention Requirements for Refiners and Importers § 80.350 What alternative sulfur standards and requirements apply to importers who transport gasoline by truck...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... requirements apply to importers who transport gasoline by truck? 80.350 Section 80.350 Protection of... ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Sampling, Testing and Retention Requirements for Refiners and Importers § 80.350 What alternative sulfur standards and requirements apply to importers who transport gasoline by truck...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... requirements apply to importers who transport gasoline by truck? 80.350 Section 80.350 Protection of... ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Sampling, Testing and Retention Requirements for Refiners and Importers § 80.350 What alternative sulfur standards and requirements apply to importers who transport gasoline by truck...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... requirements apply to importers who transport gasoline by truck? 80.350 Section 80.350 Protection of... ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Sampling, Testing and Retention Requirements for Refiners and Importers § 80.350 What alternative sulfur standards and requirements apply to importers who transport gasoline by truck...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... requirements apply to importers who transport gasoline by truck? 80.350 Section 80.350 Protection of... ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Sampling, Testing and Retention Requirements for Refiners and Importers § 80.350 What alternative sulfur standards and requirements apply to importers who transport gasoline by truck...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... refiner gasoline sulfur standards be extended for a small refiner of motor vehicle diesel fuel? 80.553... small refiner gasoline sulfur standards be extended for a small refiner of motor vehicle diesel fuel? (a) A refiner that has been approved by EPA for small refiner gasoline sulfur standards under § 80.240...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... refiner gasoline sulfur standards be extended for a small refiner of motor vehicle diesel fuel? 80.553... small refiner gasoline sulfur standards be extended for a small refiner of motor vehicle diesel fuel? (a) A refiner that has been approved by EPA for small refiner gasoline sulfur standards under § 80.240...
Berger, J E
1975-01-01
Although gasoline blending streams exhibit widely varying sulfur concentrations, significant quantities of low-sulfur motor gasoline cannot be manufactured by reallocation of existing components without substantial sacrifices in the useful properties of the remaining fuels having normal sulfur levels. To meet the anticipated demand for low-sulfur unleaded gasoline which may be required for catalyst-equipped automobiles it will be necessary to install process equipment based on known hydrotreating technology. The effects which this construction program would exert on the activities, abilities and needs of one petroleum refiner are sketched for two degrees of sulfur removal. The impacts of installing the process facilities which would be necessary are discussed in terms of time requirements, capital needs, and added energy expenditures. PMID:1157782
Maricq, M Matti; Chase, Richard E; Xu, Ning; Podsiadlik, Diane H
2002-01-15
Scanning mobility and electrical low-pressure impactor particle size measurements conducted during chassis dynamometer testing reveal that neither the catalytic converter nor the fuel sulfur content has a significant effect on gasoline vehicle tailpipe particulate matter (PM) emissions. For current technology, port fuel injection, gasoline engines, particle number emissions are < or = 2 times higher from vehicles equipped with blank monoliths as compared to active catalysts, insignificant in contrast to the 90+% removal of hydrocarbons. PM mass emission rates derived from the size distributions are equal within the experimental uncertainty of 50-100%. Gravimetric measurements exhibit a 3-10-fold PM mass increase when the active catalyst is omitted, which is attributed to gaseous hydrocarbons adsorbing onto the filter medium. Both particle number and gravimetric measurements show that gasoline vehicle tailpipe PM emissions are independent (within 2 mg/mi) of fuel sulfur content over the 30-990 ppm concentration range. Nuclei mode sulfate aerosol is not observed in either test cell measurements or during wind tunnel testing. For three-way catalyst equipped vehicles, the principal sulfur emission is SO2; however a sulfur balance is not obtained over the drive cycle. Instead, sulfur is stored on the catalyst during moderate driving and then partially removed during high speed/load operation.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Reporting requirements for gasoline refiners, gasoline importers, oxygenate producers, and oxygenate importers. 80.1652 Section 80.1652... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur § 80.1652 Reporting requirements for gasoline refiners...
Gasoline from natural gas by sulfur processing
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Erekson, E.J.; Miao, F.Q.
1995-12-31
The overall objective of this research project is to develop a catalytic process to convert natural gas to liquid transportation fuels. The process, called the HSM (Hydrogen Sulfide-Methane) Process, consists of two steps that each utilize a catalyst and sulfur-containing intermediates: (1) converting natural gas to CS{sub 2} and (2) converting CS{sub 2} to gasoline range liquids. Catalysts have been found that convert methane to carbon disulfide in yields up to 98%. This exceeds the target of 40% yields for the first step. The best rate for CS{sub 2} formation was 132 g CS{sub 2}/kg-cat-h. The best rate for hydrogenmore » production is 220 L H{sub 2} /kg-cat-h. A preliminary economic study shows that in a refinery application hydrogen made by the HSM technology would cost $0.25-R1.00/1000 SCF. Experimental data will be generated to facilitate evaluation of the overall commercial viability of the process.« less
40 CFR 80.46 - Measurement of reformulated gasoline and conventional gasoline fuel parameters.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... D7039-13, Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, Jet Fuel, Kerosine, Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends, and Gasoline-Ethanol Blends by Monochromatic Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence...
40 CFR 80.46 - Measurement of reformulated gasoline fuel parameters.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Measurement of reformulated gasoline... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.46 Measurement of reformulated gasoline fuel parameters. (a) Sulfur. Sulfur content of gasoline and butane must...
40 CFR 80.46 - Measurement of reformulated gasoline fuel parameters.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Measurement of reformulated gasoline... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.46 Measurement of reformulated gasoline fuel parameters. (a) Sulfur. Sulfur content of gasoline and butane must...
40 CFR 80.46 - Measurement of reformulated gasoline fuel parameters.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Measurement of reformulated gasoline... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.46 Measurement of reformulated gasoline fuel parameters. (a) Sulfur. Sulfur content of gasoline and butane must...
40 CFR 80.1654 - California gasoline requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false California gasoline requirements. 80... (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur § 80.1654 California gasoline requirements. (a) California gasoline exemption. California gasoline that complies with all the requirements of...
40 CFR 80.211 - What are the requirements for treating imported gasoline as blendstock?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... imported gasoline as blendstock? 80.211 Section 80.211 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.211 What are the requirements for treating imported gasoline as blendstock...
40 CFR 80.211 - What are the requirements for treating imported gasoline as blendstock?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... imported gasoline as blendstock? 80.211 Section 80.211 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.211 What are the requirements for treating imported gasoline as blendstock...
40 CFR 80.211 - What are the requirements for treating imported gasoline as blendstock?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... imported gasoline as blendstock? 80.211 Section 80.211 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.211 What are the requirements for treating imported gasoline as blendstock...
40 CFR 80.211 - What are the requirements for treating imported gasoline as blendstock?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... imported gasoline as blendstock? 80.211 Section 80.211 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.211 What are the requirements for treating imported gasoline as blendstock...
40 CFR 80.211 - What are the requirements for treating imported gasoline as blendstock?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... imported gasoline as blendstock? 80.211 Section 80.211 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.211 What are the requirements for treating imported gasoline as blendstock...
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Santelli, Ricardo Erthal; Oliveira, Eliane Padua; de Carvalho, Maria de Fátima Batista; Bezerra, Marcos Almeida; Freire, Aline Soares
2008-07-01
Herein, we present the development of a procedure for the determination of total sulfur in petroleum-derived products (gasoline, kerosene and diesel fuel) employing inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). For this procedure, samples were prepared as emulsions that were made using concentrated nitric acid, Triton X-100, sample, and ultra pure water in proportions of 5/10/7/78% (v/v), respectively. Sample volumes were weighed because of the density differences, and oxygen was added to the sheat gas entrance of the ICP OES in order to decrease carbon deposition in the torch and to minimize background effects. A Doehlert design was applied as an experimental matrix to investigate the flow ratios of argon (sheat and plasma gas) and oxygen in relation to the signal-to-background ratio. A comparative study among the slopes of the analytical curves built in aqueous media, surfactant/HNO 3, and by spike addition for several sample emulsions indicates that a unique solution of surfactant in acidic media can be employed to perform the external calibration for analysis of the emulsions. The developed procedure allows for the determination of the total sulfur content in petroleum derivatives with a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.72 and 2.4 μg g - 1 , respectively. Precision values, expressed as the relative standard deviations (% RSD, n = 10) for 12 and 400 μg g - 1 , were 2.2% and 1.3%, respectively. The proposed procedure was applied toward the determination of total sulfur in samples of gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel commercialized in the city of Niterói/RJ, Brazil. The accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated by the determination of the total sulfur in three different standard reference materials (SRM): NIST 2723a (sulfur in diesel fuel oil), NIST 1616b (sulfur in kerosene), and NIST 2298 (sulfur in gasoline). The data indicate that the methodology can be successfully applied to these types of samples
40 CFR 80.375 - What requirements apply to California gasoline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... gasoline? 80.375 Section 80.375 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Exemptions § 80.375 What requirements apply to California gasoline? (a) Definition. For purposes of this subpart California gasoline...
40 CFR 80.375 - What requirements apply to California gasoline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... gasoline? 80.375 Section 80.375 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Exemptions § 80.375 What requirements apply to California gasoline? (a) Definition. For purposes of this subpart California gasoline...
40 CFR 80.375 - What requirements apply to California gasoline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... gasoline? 80.375 Section 80.375 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Exemptions § 80.375 What requirements apply to California gasoline? (a) Definition. For purposes of this subpart California gasoline...
40 CFR 80.375 - What requirements apply to California gasoline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... gasoline? 80.375 Section 80.375 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Exemptions § 80.375 What requirements apply to California gasoline? (a) Definition. For purposes of this subpart California gasoline...
40 CFR 80.375 - What requirements apply to California gasoline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... gasoline? 80.375 Section 80.375 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Exemptions § 80.375 What requirements apply to California gasoline? (a) Definition. For purposes of this subpart California gasoline...
40 CFR 80.295 - How is a refinery sulfur baseline determined?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false How is a refinery sulfur baseline... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Abt Program-Baseline Determination § 80.295 How is a refinery sulfur baseline determined? (a) A refinery's gasoline sulfur baseline...
40 CFR 80.295 - How is a refinery sulfur baseline determined?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false How is a refinery sulfur baseline... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Abt Program-Baseline Determination § 80.295 How is a refinery sulfur baseline determined? (a) A refinery's gasoline sulfur baseline...
40 CFR 80.295 - How is a refinery sulfur baseline determined?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false How is a refinery sulfur baseline... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Abt Program-Baseline Determination § 80.295 How is a refinery sulfur baseline determined? (a) A refinery's gasoline sulfur baseline...
40 CFR 80.295 - How is a refinery sulfur baseline determined?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false How is a refinery sulfur baseline... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Abt Program-Baseline Determination § 80.295 How is a refinery sulfur baseline determined? (a) A refinery's gasoline sulfur baseline...
40 CFR 80.295 - How is a refinery sulfur baseline determined?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false How is a refinery sulfur baseline... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Abt Program-Baseline Determination § 80.295 How is a refinery sulfur baseline determined? (a) A refinery's gasoline sulfur baseline...
Determination of total sulfur content via sulfur-specific chemiluminescence detection
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Kubala, S.W.; Campbell, D.N.; DiSanzo, F.P.
A specially designed system, based upon sulfur-specific chemiluminescence detection (SSCD), was developed to permit the determination of total sulfur content in a variety of samples. This type of detection system possesses several advantages such as excellent linearity and selectivity, low minimum detectable levels, and an equimolar response to various sulfur compounds. This paper will focus on the design and application of a sulfur-specific chemiluminescence detection system for use in determining total sulfur content in gasoline.
40 CFR 80.1613 - Standards and other requirements for gasoline additive manufacturers and blenders.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... gasoline additive manufacturers and blenders. 80.1613 Section 80.1613 Protection of Environment... Gasoline Sulfur § 80.1613 Standards and other requirements for gasoline additive manufacturers and blenders. Gasoline additive manufacturers and blenders must meet the following requirements: (a) Gasoline additive...
40 CFR 80.1631 - Gasoline, RBOB, and CBOB sample retention requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Gasoline, RBOB, and CBOB sample... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur § 80.1631 Gasoline, RBOB, and CBOB sample retention requirements. (a) Sample retention requirements. Beginning...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What alternative sulfur standards and... ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.213 What alternative sulfur standards and... TGP meets the applicable sulfur standards under § 80.210 or § 80.220, prior to the TGP leaving the...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What alternative sulfur standards and... ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.213 What alternative sulfur standards and... TGP meets the applicable sulfur standards under § 80.210 or § 80.220, prior to the TGP leaving the...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false What alternative sulfur standards and... ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.213 What alternative sulfur standards and... TGP meets the applicable sulfur standards under § 80.210 or § 80.220, prior to the TGP leaving the...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false What alternative sulfur standards and... ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.213 What alternative sulfur standards and... TGP meets the applicable sulfur standards under § 80.210 or § 80.220, prior to the TGP leaving the...
Microbial Desulfurization of Gasoline in a Mycobacterium goodii X7B Immobilized-Cell System
Li, Fuli; Xu, Ping; Feng, Jinhui; Meng, Ling; Zheng, Yuan; Luo, Lailong; Ma, Cuiqing
2005-01-01
Mycobacterium goodii X7B, which had been primarily isolated as a bacterial strain capable of desulfurizing dibenzothiophene to produce 2-hydroxybiphenyl via the 4S pathway, was also found to desulfurize benzothiophene. The desulfurization product was identified as o-hydroxystyrene by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry analysis. This strain appeared to have the ability to remove organic sulfur from a broad range of sulfur species in gasoline. When Dushanzi straight-run gasoline (DSRG227) containing various organic sulfur compounds was treated with immobilized cells of strain X7B for 24 h, the total sulfur content significantly decreased, from 227 to 71 ppm at 40°C. GC flame ionization detection and GC atomic emission detection analysis were used to qualitatively evaluate the effects of M. goodii X7B treatment on the contents of gasoline. In addition, when immobilized cells were incubated at 40°C with DSRG275, the sulfur content decreased from 275 to 54 ppm in two consecutive reactions. With this excellent efficiency, strain X7B is considered a good potential candidate for industrial applications for the biodesulfurization of gasoline. PMID:15640198
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... to refiners producing gasoline by blending blendstocks into previously certified gasoline (PCG)? 80... (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Sampling, Testing and Retention... gasoline by blending blendstocks into previously certified gasoline (PCG)? (a) Any refiner who produces...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... to refiners producing gasoline by blending blendstocks into previously certified gasoline (PCG)? 80... (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Sampling, Testing and Retention... gasoline by blending blendstocks into previously certified gasoline (PCG)? (a) Any refiner who produces...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... to refiners producing gasoline by blending blendstocks into previously certified gasoline (PCG)? 80... (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Sampling, Testing and Retention... gasoline by blending blendstocks into previously certified gasoline (PCG)? (a) Any refiner who produces...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... to refiners producing gasoline by blending blendstocks into previously certified gasoline (PCG)? 80... (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Sampling, Testing and Retention... gasoline by blending blendstocks into previously certified gasoline (PCG)? (a) Any refiner who produces...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... to refiners producing gasoline by blending blendstocks into previously certified gasoline (PCG)? 80... (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Sampling, Testing and Retention... gasoline by blending blendstocks into previously certified gasoline (PCG)? (a) Any refiner who produces...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... to refiners producing gasoline by blending blendstocks into previously certified gasoline (PCG). 80... (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur § 80.1640 Standards and requirements that apply to refiners producing gasoline by blending blendstocks into previously certified gasoline (PCG...
40 CFR 80.335 - What gasoline sample retention requirements apply to refiners and importers?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false What gasoline sample retention... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Sampling, Testing and Retention Requirements for Refiners and Importers § 80.335 What gasoline sample...
40 CFR 80.335 - What gasoline sample retention requirements apply to refiners and importers?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What gasoline sample retention... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Sampling, Testing and Retention Requirements for Refiners and Importers § 80.335 What gasoline sample...
40 CFR 80.335 - What gasoline sample retention requirements apply to refiners and importers?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false What gasoline sample retention... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Sampling, Testing and Retention Requirements for Refiners and Importers § 80.335 What gasoline sample...
40 CFR 80.335 - What gasoline sample retention requirements apply to refiners and importers?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false What gasoline sample retention... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Sampling, Testing and Retention Requirements for Refiners and Importers § 80.335 What gasoline sample...
40 CFR 80.335 - What gasoline sample retention requirements apply to refiners and importers?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What gasoline sample retention... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Sampling, Testing and Retention Requirements for Refiners and Importers § 80.335 What gasoline sample...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... average and corporate pool average sulfur level determined? 80.205 Section 80.205 Protection of... ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.205 How is the annual refinery or importer average and corporate pool average sulfur level determined? (a) The annual refinery or importer average and...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... average and corporate pool average sulfur level determined? 80.205 Section 80.205 Protection of... ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.205 How is the annual refinery or importer average and corporate pool average sulfur level determined? (a) The annual refinery or importer average and...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... average and corporate pool average sulfur level determined? 80.205 Section 80.205 Protection of... ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.205 How is the annual refinery or importer average and corporate pool average sulfur level determined? (a) The annual refinery or importer average and...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... average and corporate pool average sulfur level determined? 80.205 Section 80.205 Protection of... ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.205 How is the annual refinery or importer average and corporate pool average sulfur level determined? (a) The annual refinery or importer average and...
40 CFR 80.1656 - Exemptions for gasoline used for research, development, or testing purposes.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Exemptions for gasoline used for... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur § 80.1656 Exemptions for gasoline used for research, development, or testing purposes. (a) Written...
Phase relation of CaSO4 at high pressure and temperature up to 90 GPa and 2300 K
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fujii, Taku; Ohfuji, Hiroaki; Inoue, Toru
2016-05-01
Calcium sulfate (CaSO4), one of the major sulfate minerals in the Earth's crust, is expected to play a major role in sulfur recycling into the deep mantle. Here, we investigated the crystal structure and phase relation of CaSO4 up to ~90 GPa and 2300 K through a series of high-pressure experiments combined with in situ X-ray diffraction. CaSO4 forms three thermodynamically stable polymorphs: anhydrite (stable below 3 GPa), monazite-type phase (stable between 3 and ~13 GPa) and barite-type phase (stable up to at least 93 GPa). Anhydrite to monazite-type phase transition is induced by pressure even at room temperature, while monazite- to barite-type transition requires heating at least to 1500 K at ~20 GPa. The barite-type phase cannot always be quenched from high temperature and is distorted to metastable AgMnO4-type structure or another modified barite structure depending on pressure. We obtained the pressure-volume data and density of anhydrite, monazite- and barite-type phases and found that their densities are lower than those calculated from the PREM model in the studied P-T conditions. This suggests that CaSO4 is gravitationally unstable in the mantle and fluid/melt phase into which sulfur dissolves and/or sulfate-sulfide speciation may play a major role in the sulfur recycling into the deep Earth.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... refiners, gasoline importers and producers and importers of certified ethanol denaturant. 80.1630 Section...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur § 80.1630 Sampling and testing requirements for refiners, gasoline importers and producers and importers of certified ethanol denaturant. (a) Sample and...
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Poddar, S.K.; Chum, K.; Ragsdale, R.
1995-09-01
Sulfur and olefins content of gasoline come primarily from the cat-cracked blendstock. Therefore hydrotreating cat cracked naphtha is a straight forward approach to reduce sulfur and olefin contents of gasoline and thereby reduce auto exhaust emission. However, this approach reduces the Octane number of gasoline which requires addition of Octane enhancer like MTBE to meet the stringent requirement of 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments and to produce Reformulated Gasoline (RFG). The paper examines the economic incentives of an innovative process technology which was developed and commercialized by Mobil known as OCTGAIN. The process utilizes fixed bed low pressure hardware andmore » uses a Mobil proprietary catalyst system to produce catalytically cracked (CC) gasoline component with thorough desulfurization and olefin reduction and practically no loss in Octane number. The economic evaluation of the OCTGAIN technology was conducted with Bechtel`s proprietary linear programming software, Process Industry Modeling System by introducing an OCTGAIN process block to a typical PADD-3 refinery configuration for gasoline production and satisfying RFG specifications. The results of the evaluation which involved twenty case studies, show that within the limitations of the study scope, the introduction of OCTGAIN technology creates a definite economic incentive over conventional hydrofinishing of CC naphtha. The profitability of OCTGAIN technology is dependent on the aromatics component of the gasoline pool. The economic advantage of OCTGAIN technology is realized primarily by higher production of premium gasoline and the ability to process lower cost high sulfur crude. The process also allows a better utilization of the FCCU and hydrocracker, if the refinery operation permits.« less
Gas-to-gasoline plant half complete
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Williams, B.
New Zealand has reached the midpoint in construction of the world's first commercial natural gas-to-gasoline (GTG) plant. Plans call for mid-1985 mechanical completion of the $1.475 billion GTG project in Motunui; limited production would begin by year-end 1985 with the plant fully on-stream by 1986, yielding about 628,000 tons (570,000 metric tons)/yr or about 14,450 bbl/stream-day of high-octane, low-sulfur gasoline. The process configuration combines for the first time on a commercial scale the ICI low-pressure gas-to-methanol scheme with Mobil's fixed bed zeolite catalyst process for converting methanol to gasoline. The GTG plant will be the world's biggest methanol plant andmore » New Zealand's largest grassroots industrial facility.« less
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Latour, P.R.
Revolutionary changes in quality specifications (number, complexity, uncertainty, economic sensitivity) for reformulated gasolines (RFG) and low-sulfur diesels (LSD) are being addressed by powerful, new, computer-integrated manufacturing technology for Refinery Information Systems and Advanced Process Control (RIS/APC). This paper shows how the five active RIS/APC functions: performance measurement, optimization, scheduling, control and integration are used to manufacture new, clean fuels competitively. With current industry spending for this field averaging 2 to 3 cents/bbl crude, many refineries can capture 50 to 100 cents/bbl if the technology is properly employed and sustained throughout refining operations, organizations, and businesses.
40 CFR 80.370 - What are the sulfur reporting requirements?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false What are the sulfur reporting... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Recordkeeping and Reporting Requirements § 80.370 What are the sulfur reporting requirements? Beginning with the 2004 averaging period, or...
40 CFR 80.370 - What are the sulfur reporting requirements?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What are the sulfur reporting... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Recordkeeping and Reporting Requirements § 80.370 What are the sulfur reporting requirements? Beginning with the 2004 averaging period, or...
40 CFR 80.370 - What are the sulfur reporting requirements?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false What are the sulfur reporting... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Recordkeeping and Reporting Requirements § 80.370 What are the sulfur reporting requirements? Beginning with the 2004 averaging period, or...
40 CFR 80.370 - What are the sulfur reporting requirements?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false What are the sulfur reporting... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Recordkeeping and Reporting Requirements § 80.370 What are the sulfur reporting requirements? Beginning with the 2004 averaging period, or...
40 CFR 80.370 - What are the sulfur reporting requirements?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What are the sulfur reporting... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Recordkeeping and Reporting Requirements § 80.370 What are the sulfur reporting requirements? Beginning with the 2004 averaging period, or...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What requirements apply to gasoline...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Exemptions § 80.382 What requirements apply to gasoline for use in American Samoa, Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands? The gasoline...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... obtaining an exemption for gasoline used for research, development or testing purposes? 80.380 Section 80...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Exemptions § 80.380 What are the requirements for obtaining an exemption for gasoline used for research, development or testing purposes? Any person may...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... obtaining an exemption for gasoline used for research, development or testing purposes? 80.380 Section 80...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Exemptions § 80.380 What are the requirements for obtaining an exemption for gasoline used for research, development or testing purposes? Any person may...
Claus sulfur recovery unit startups
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Parnell, D.C.
1973-08-01
Because of the recent emphasis on reducing sulfur emissions to the atmosphere, Claus-type sulfur recovery units are becoming more prevalent throughout the industry. Many plants, including refinery, chemical, and natural gasoline units, are being required to install Claus sulfur recovery facilities to meet pollution requirements. Although Claus units in some cases cannot alone meet the most rigid air pollution codes currently being enforced, they are still the most economical and practical method for recovering about 94 to 97% of the sulfur from hydrogen sulfide rich gases. For best operation and longer service life, proper startup and shutdown procedures for thesemore » sulfur recovery units should be followed. On all startups and shutdowns, these units require considerable operator attention; improper operation during these critical phases can affect overall plant efficiency.« less
40 CFR 80.190 - Who must register with EPA under the sulfur program?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... sulfur program? 80.190 Section 80.190 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur General Information § 80.190 Who must register with EPA under the sulfur program? (a) Refiners and importers who are...
40 CFR 80.190 - Who must register with EPA under the sulfur program?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... sulfur program? 80.190 Section 80.190 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur General Information § 80.190 Who must register with EPA under the sulfur program? (a) Refiners and importers who are...
40 CFR 80.190 - Who must register with EPA under the sulfur program?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... sulfur program? 80.190 Section 80.190 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur General Information § 80.190 Who must register with EPA under the sulfur program? (a) Refiners and importers who are...
40 CFR 80.190 - Who must register with EPA under the sulfur program?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... sulfur program? 80.190 Section 80.190 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur General Information § 80.190 Who must register with EPA under the sulfur program? (a) Refiners and importers who are...
40 CFR 80.190 - Who must register with EPA under the sulfur program?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... sulfur program? 80.190 Section 80.190 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur General Information § 80.190 Who must register with EPA under the sulfur program? (a) Refiners and importers who are...
Experimental investigations of influence of pressure on the solubility of sulfur in silicate melts.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kostyuk, Anastasia; Gorbachev, Nikolay
2010-05-01
Sulfide-silicate demixing of silicate melts on immiscible silicate and sulfide liquids occurs at magma sulfur saturation. This type of liquation plays an important role in geochemistry of mantle magmas, in processes of magmatic differentiation, and in ore deposit formation. The major parameter defining sulfide-silicate stratification of silicate melts is solubility of sulfur in magmas. It is considered that «solubility of sulfur» is concentration of sulfur in silicate melts. The previous researches have established positive dependence of solubility of sulphur on temperature [1, 2], melt composition [3, 4], oxidation-reduction conditions [5, 6] and our experimental data confirm it. However, available data does not give a simple answer about dependence of solubility of sulfur from pressure in modelling and natural "dry" sulfide-saturated silicate melts. The reason of difference in experiments remains not clear and further work is needed on this topic. In this paper, we report our findings on the influence of pressure on the solubility of sulfur in hydrous magnesian melts. This melts are represent by olivine basalt - picrite, coexisting with Fe-Cu-Ni sulfide melt and harzburgite (Ol+Opx) and it was investigated in a temperature range from 1200 to 1350°С and a pressure range from 0.2 to 2.5 GPa. Experiments were carried out on the piston-cylinder at Р=1-2.5GPa and in an internal-heated pressure vessels at P=0.2-0.6 GPa by a quenching technique. Our findings disagree with all previous studies demonstrating the positive [7] or negative [8, 9] influence of pressure on the solubility of sulfur in silicate melts. Our researches have shown complicated influence of pressure. Concentration of sulfur in glasses increases with increase in pressure from 0.2 to 0.6 GPa in experiments where andesite was used as a starting material. The sulfur concentration increases from 0.09 wt.% at 0.2 GPa to 0.4 wt.% at 0.6 GPa and Т=1200°С. In hydrous magnesian basalts (12-18 % MgO), we
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... unable to produce gasoline conforming to the requirements of this subpart? 80.374 Section 80.374... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Exemptions § 80.374 What if a refiner or importer is unable to produce gasoline conforming to the requirements of this subpart? In appropriate extreme and unusual...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... unable to produce gasoline conforming to the requirements of this subpart? 80.374 Section 80.374... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Exemptions § 80.374 What if a refiner or importer is unable to produce gasoline conforming to the requirements of this subpart? In appropriate extreme and unusual...
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Blackburn, J. Joey; Robinson, J. Shane
2017-01-01
The purpose of this study was to determine if selected factors influenced the ability of students in school-based agricultural education programs to generate a correct hypothesis when troubleshooting small gasoline engines. Variables of interest included students' cognitive style, age, GPA, and content knowledge in small gasoline engines. Kirton's…
Equation of state of pyrite to 80 GPa and 2400 K
Thompson, Elizabeth C.; Chidester, Bethany A.; Fischer, Rebecca A.; ...
2016-05-02
The high-cosmic abundance of sulfur is not reflected in the terrestrial crust, implying it is either sequestered in the Earth’s interior or was volatilized during accretion. As it has widely been suggested that sulfur could be one of the contributing light elements leading to the density deficit of Earth’s core, a robust thermal equation of state of iron sulfide is useful for understanding the evolution and properties of Earth’s interior. We performed X-ray diffraction measurements on FeS 2 achieving pressures from 15 to 80 GPa and temperatures up to 2400 K using laser-heated diamond-anvil cells. No phase transitions were observedmore » in the pyrite structure over the pressure and temperature ranges investigated. Combining our new P-V-T data with previously published room-temperature compression and thermochemical data, we fit a Debye temperature of 624(14) K and determined a Mie-Grüneisen equation of state for pyrite having bulk modulus K T = 141.2(18) GPa, pressure derivative K' T = 5.56(24), Grüneisen parameter γ 0 = 1.41, anharmonic coefficient A 2 = 2.53(27) × 10 –3 J/(K 2·mol), and q = 2.06(27). These findings are compared to previously published equation of state parameters for pyrite from static compression, shock compression, and ab initio studies. This revised equation of state for pyrite is consistent with an outer core density deficit satisfied by 11.4(10) wt% sulfur, yet matching the bulk sound speed of PREM requires an outer core composition of 4.8(19) wt% S. Here, this discrepancy suggests that sulfur alone cannot satisfy both seismological constraints simultaneously and cannot be the only light element within Earth’s core, and so the sulfur content needed to satisfy density constraints using our FeS 2 equation of state should be considered an upper bound for sulfur in the Earth’s core.« less
40 CFR 80.245 - How does a small refiner apply for a sulfur baseline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... sulfur baseline? 80.245 Section 80.245 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Hardship Provisions § 80.245 How does a small refiner apply for a sulfur baseline? (a) Any refiner seeking small...
40 CFR 80.245 - How does a small refiner apply for a sulfur baseline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... sulfur baseline? 80.245 Section 80.245 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Hardship Provisions § 80.245 How does a small refiner apply for a sulfur baseline? (a) Any refiner seeking small...
40 CFR 80.245 - How does a small refiner apply for a sulfur baseline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... sulfur baseline? 80.245 Section 80.245 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Hardship Provisions § 80.245 How does a small refiner apply for a sulfur baseline? (a) Any refiner seeking small...
40 CFR 80.245 - How does a small refiner apply for a sulfur baseline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... sulfur baseline? 80.245 Section 80.245 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Hardship Provisions § 80.245 How does a small refiner apply for a sulfur baseline? (a) Any refiner seeking small...
40 CFR 80.245 - How does a small refiner apply for a sulfur baseline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... sulfur baseline? 80.245 Section 80.245 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Hardship Provisions § 80.245 How does a small refiner apply for a sulfur baseline? (a) Any refiner seeking small...
Ionic liquids screening for desulfurization of natural gasoline by liquid-liquid extraction.
Likhanova, Natalya V; Guzmán-Lucero, Diego; Flores, Eugenio A; García, Paloma; Domínguez-Aguilar, Marco A; Palomeque, Jorge; Martínez-Palou, Rafael
2010-11-01
Seventy five ionic liquids (ILs) were tested as a sequestering agent of sulfured compounds in natural gasoline (NG). Desulphurization of NG was performed by means of liquid-liquid extraction method at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Experimental ILs containing imidazolium, pyridinium, and ammonium cations along with organic and inorganic anions were synthesized conventionally and under microwave and sonochemical conditions. The effect of the molecular structure of ILs on the desulfurization efficiency of NG with high sulfur content was evaluated. Analysis indicated that the anion type played a more important role than the cation on the desulphurization process. ILs based on halogen-ferrates and halogen-aluminates exhibited the highest efficiency in sulfur removal, and their efficiency is further improved when there is an excess of metallic salt in a ratio of at least 1:1.3 during the synthesis of the corresponding IL. An explanation for the ability of metallic ILs to remove sulfur-containing compounds from natural gasoline based on the ratio of the ionic charge to the atomic radius is proposed. Furthermore, a method to recover and reuse water-sensitive to halogenated precursors is described.
40 CFR 80.290 - How does a refiner apply for a sulfur baseline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false How does a refiner apply for a sulfur... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Averaging, Banking and Trading (abt) Program-General Information § 80.290 How does a refiner apply for a sulfur baseline? (a) The...
40 CFR 80.290 - How does a refiner apply for a sulfur baseline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false How does a refiner apply for a sulfur... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Averaging, Banking and Trading (abt) Program-General Information § 80.290 How does a refiner apply for a sulfur baseline? (a) The...
40 CFR 80.290 - How does a refiner apply for a sulfur baseline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false How does a refiner apply for a sulfur... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Averaging, Banking and Trading (abt) Program-General Information § 80.290 How does a refiner apply for a sulfur baseline? (a) The...
40 CFR 80.290 - How does a refiner apply for a sulfur baseline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false How does a refiner apply for a sulfur... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Averaging, Banking and Trading (abt) Program-General Information § 80.290 How does a refiner apply for a sulfur baseline? (a) The...
40 CFR 80.290 - How does a refiner apply for a sulfur baseline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false How does a refiner apply for a sulfur... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Averaging, Banking and Trading (abt) Program-General Information § 80.290 How does a refiner apply for a sulfur baseline? (a) The...
40 CFR 80.250 - How is the small refiner sulfur baseline and volume determined?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false How is the small refiner sulfur... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Hardship Provisions § 80.250 How is the small refiner sulfur baseline and volume determined? (a)(1) The...
40 CFR 80.250 - How is the small refiner sulfur baseline and volume determined?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false How is the small refiner sulfur... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Hardship Provisions § 80.250 How is the small refiner sulfur baseline and volume determined? (a)(1) The...
40 CFR 80.250 - How is the small refiner sulfur baseline and volume determined?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false How is the small refiner sulfur... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Hardship Provisions § 80.250 How is the small refiner sulfur baseline and volume determined? (a)(1) The...
40 CFR 80.250 - How is the small refiner sulfur baseline and volume determined?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false How is the small refiner sulfur... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Hardship Provisions § 80.250 How is the small refiner sulfur baseline and volume determined? (a)(1) The...
40 CFR 80.250 - How is the small refiner sulfur baseline and volume determined?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false How is the small refiner sulfur... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Hardship Provisions § 80.250 How is the small refiner sulfur baseline and volume determined? (a)(1) The...
Need total sulfur content? Use chemiluminescence
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Kubala, S.W.; Campbell, D.N.; DiSanzo, F.P.
Regulations issued by the United States Environmental Protection Agency require petroleum refineries to reduce or control the amount of total sulfur present in their refined products. These legislative requirements have led many refineries to search for online instrumentation that can produce accurate and repeatable total sulfur measurements within allowed levels. Several analytical methods currently exist to measure total sulfur content. They include X-ray fluorescence (XRF), microcoulometry, lead acetate tape, and pyrofluorescence techniques. Sulfur-specific chemiluminescence detection (SSCD) has recently received much attention due to its linearity, selectivity, sensitivity, and equimolar response. However, its use has been largely confined to the areamore » of gas chromatography. This article focuses on the special design considerations and analytical utility of an SSCD system developed to determine total sulfur content in gasoline. The system exhibits excellent linearity and selectivity, the ability to detect low minimum levels, and an equimolar response to various sulfur compounds. 2 figs., 2 tabs.« less
Unexpected pressure induced ductileness tuning in sulfur doped polycrystalline nickel metal
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Guo, Cheng; Yang, Yan; Tan, Liuxi; Lei, Jialin; Guo, Shengmin; Chen, Bin; Yan, Jinyuan; Yang, Shizhong
2018-02-01
The sulfur induced embrittlement of polycrystalline nickel (Ni) metal has been a long-standing mystery. It is suggested that sulfur impurity makes ductile Ni metal brittle in many industry applications due to various mechanisms, such as impurity segregation and disorder-induced melting etc. Here we report an observation that the most ductile measurement occurs at a critical sulfur doping concentration, 14 at.% at pressure from 14 GPa up to 29 GPa through texture evolution analysis. The synchrotron-based high pressure texturing measurements using radial diamond anvil cell (rDAC) X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques reveal that the activities of slip systems in the polycrystalline nickel metal are affected by sulfur impurities and external pressures, giving rise to the changes in the plastic deformation of the nickel metal. Dislocation dynamics (DD) simulation on dislocation density and velocity further confirms the pressure induced ductilization changes in S doped Ni metal. This observation and simulation suggests that the ductilization of the doped polycrystalline nickel metal can be optimized by engineering the sulfur concentration under pressure, shedding a light on tuning the mechanical properties of this material for better high pressure applications.
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Not Available
1980-01-01
Volume 1 describes the proposed plant: KBW gasification process, ICI low-pressure methanol process and Mobil M-gasoline process, and also with ancillary processes, such as oxygen plant, shift process, RECTISOL purification process, sulfur recovery equipment and pollution control equipment. Numerous engineering diagrams are included. (LTN)
Experimental constraints on the sulfur content in the Earth's core
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fei, Y.; Huang, H.; Leng, C.; Hu, X.; Wang, Q.
2015-12-01
Any core formation models would lead to the incorporation of sulfur (S) into the Earth's core, based on the cosmochemical/geochemical constraints, sulfur's chemical affinity for iron (Fe), and low eutectic melting temperature in the Fe-FeS system. Preferential partitioning of S into the melt also provides petrologic constraint on the density difference between the liquid outer and solid inner cores. Therefore, the center issue is to constrain the amount of sulfur in the core. Geochemical constraints usually place 2-4 wt.% S in the core after accounting for its volatility, whereas more S is allowed in models based on mineral physics data. Here we re-examine the constraints on the S content in the core by both petrologic and mineral physics data. We have measured S partitioning between solid and liquid iron in the multi-anvil apparatus and the laser-heated diamond anvil cell, evaluating the effect of pressure on melting temperature and partition coefficient. In addition, we have conducted shockwave experiments on Fe-11.8wt%S using a two-stage light gas gun up to 211 GPa. The new shockwave experiments yield Hugoniot densities and the longitudinal sound velocities. The measurements provide the longitudinal sound velocity before melting and the bulk sound velocity of liquid. The measured sound velocities clearly show melting of the Fe-FeS mix with 11.8wt%S at a pressure between 111 and 129 GPa. The sound velocities at pressures above 129GPa represent the bulk sound velocities of Fe-11.8wt%S liquid. The combined data set including density, sound velocity, melting temperature, and S partitioning places a tight constraint on the required sulfur partition coefficient to produce the density and velocity jumps and the bulk sulfur content in the core.
Heilmann, Jens; Boulyga, Sergei F; Heumann, Klaus G
2004-09-01
Inductively coupled plasma isotope-dilution mass spectrometry (ICP-IDMS) with direct injection of isotope-diluted samples into the plasma, using a direct injection high-efficiency nebulizer (DIHEN), was applied for accurate sulfur determinations in sulfur-free premium gasoline, gas oil, diesel fuel, and heating oil. For direct injection a micro-emulsion consisting of the corresponding organic sample and an aqueous 34S-enriched spike solution with additions of tetrahydronaphthalene and Triton X-100, was prepared. The ICP-MS parameters were optimized with respect to high sulfur ion intensities, low mass-bias values, and high precision of 32S/34S ratio measurements. For validation of the DIHEN-ICP-IDMS method two certified gas oil reference materials (BCR 107 and BCR 672) were analyzed. For comparison a wet-chemical ICP-IDMS method was applied with microwave-assisted digestion using decomposition of samples in a closed quartz vessel inserted into a normal microwave system. The results from both ICP-IDMS methods agree well with the certified values of the reference materials and also with each other for analyses of other samples. However, the standard deviation of DIHEN-ICP-IDMS was about a factor of two higher (5-6% RSD at concentration levels above 100 mircog g(-1)) compared with those of wet-chemical ICP-IDMS, mainly due to inhomogeneities of the micro-emulsion, which causes additional plasma instabilities. Detection limits of 4 and 18 microg g(-1) were obtained for ICP-IDMS in connection with microwave-assisted digestion and DIHEN-ICP-IDMS, respectively, with a sulfur background of the used Milli-Q water as the main limiting factor for both methods.
Shock compression of Fe-FeS mixture up to 204 GPa
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Huang, Haijun; Wu, Shijie; Hu, Xiaojun; Wang, Qingsong; Wang, Xiang; Fei, Yingwei
2013-02-01
Equation of state of pyrite to 85 GPa and 2400 K
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Thompson, E. C.; Chidester, B.; Campbell, A. J.; Prakapenka, V.
2014-12-01
Pyrite (FeS2), a Pa3 space group non-magnetic semiconductor, is the most abundant iron sulfide in nature, yet the high cosmic abundance of sulfur is not reflected in the terrestrial crust, implying it is either sequestered in the Earth's interior or was volatilized during accretion. As it has widely been suggested that sulfur could be one of the contributing light elements leading to the density deficit of Earth's core, a robust thermal equation of state of FeS2 is vital for understanding the evolution and properties of Earth's interior. We performed X-ray diffraction measurements on FeS2 at the GSECARS sector 13-ID-D and HPCAT sector 16-ID-B beamlines at the Advanced Photon Source. Pressures from 17 to 85 GPa and temperatures up to 2400 K were achieved using laser-heated diamond anvil cells. Pressures were determined from the lattice parameters of KBr [1], which served as an insulator and pressure medium, and temperatures were determined by spectroradiometry. No phase transitions were observed in the pyrite structure over the pressure and temperature ranges investigated. By combining our new P-V-T data with previously published room temperature compression data [2], we have determined a thermal equation of state for FeS2, with bulk modulus K=182.6(74) GPa, pressure derivative K'=3.82(25), and αKT=0.00329(45). Our revised equation of state for pyrite is consistent with a core density deficit satisfied by 9-10 wt.% sulfur. We compare these findings to previously published ab intio equation of state parameters for pyrite under a similar range of pressures [3]. [1] Fischer et al. (2012) EPSL 357-358, 268-276. [2] Merkel et al. (2002) PCM 29, 1-9. [3] Le Page and Rodgers (2005) PCM 32, 564-567.
Superconducting H5S2 phase in sulfur-hydrogen system under high-pressure
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ishikawa, Takahiro; Nakanishi, Akitaka; Shimizu, Katsuya; Katayama-Yoshida, Hiroshi; Oda, Tatsuki; Suzuki, Naoshi
2016-03-01
Recently, hydrogen sulfide was experimentally found to show the high superconducting critical temperature (Tc) under high-pressure. The superconducting Tc shows 30-70 K in pressure range of 100-170 GPa (low-Tc phase) and increases to 203 K, which sets a record for the highest Tc in all materials, for the samples annealed by heating it to room temperature at pressures above 150 GPa (high-Tc phase). Here we present a solid H5S2 phase predicted as the low-Tc phase by the application of the genetic algorithm technique for crystal structure searching and first-principles calculations to sulfur-hydrogen system under high-pressure. The H5S2 phase is thermodynamically stabilized at 110 GPa, in which asymmetric hydrogen bonds are formed between H2S and H3S molecules. Calculated Tc values show 50-70 K in pressure range of 100-150 GPa within the harmonic approximation, which can reproduce the experimentally observed low-Tc phase. These findings give a new aspect of the excellent superconductivity in compressed sulfur-hydrogen system.
Superconducting H5S2 phase in sulfur-hydrogen system under high-pressure
Ishikawa, Takahiro; Nakanishi, Akitaka; Shimizu, Katsuya; Katayama-Yoshida, Hiroshi; Oda, Tatsuki; Suzuki, Naoshi
2016-01-01
Recently, hydrogen sulfide was experimentally found to show the high superconducting critical temperature (Tc) under high-pressure. The superconducting Tc shows 30–70 K in pressure range of 100–170 GPa (low-Tc phase) and increases to 203 K, which sets a record for the highest Tc in all materials, for the samples annealed by heating it to room temperature at pressures above 150 GPa (high-Tc phase). Here we present a solid H5S2 phase predicted as the low-Tc phase by the application of the genetic algorithm technique for crystal structure searching and first-principles calculations to sulfur-hydrogen system under high-pressure. The H5S2 phase is thermodynamically stabilized at 110 GPa, in which asymmetric hydrogen bonds are formed between H2S and H3S molecules. Calculated Tc values show 50–70 K in pressure range of 100–150 GPa within the harmonic approximation, which can reproduce the experimentally observed low-Tc phase. These findings give a new aspect of the excellent superconductivity in compressed sulfur-hydrogen system. PMID:26983593
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Nagpal, J.M.; Joshi, G.C.; Aswal, D.S.
1995-04-01
The high octane gasoline pool contains varying amounts of cracked naphthas as an important ingredient in formulating high octane lead free gasoline. The cracked naphthas are largely from Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC) units and to lesser extend from thermal cracking units. While the role of olefinic unsaturation in gum formation during storage of gasoline has been extensively studied, there is little published work on contribution of individual olefin types in storage stability and gum formation tendency of gasoline containing these compound types. In the present work we report our results on storage stability and gum formation tendency of different olefinmore » types present in cracked naphthas through model compound matrix. It is found that cyclic olefins and cyclic diolefins are the most prolific gum formers. We have also studied the role of sulfur compounds present in the gasolines on gum formation tendency of olefins. While thiols enhance gum formation from all olefinic types, sulfides and disulfides interact depending on the structure of olefins. These can have either an accelerating, or inhibiting effect on gum formation.« less
Adsorptive Desulfurization of Model Gasoline by Using Different Zn Sources Exchanged NaY Zeolites.
Rui, Jingwei; Liu, Fei; Wang, Rijie; Lu, Yanfei; Yang, Xiaoxia
2017-02-17
A series of Zn-modified NaY zeolites were prepared by the liquid-phase ion-exchange method with different Zn sources, including Zn(NO₃)₂, Zn(Ac)₂ and ZnSO₄. The samples were tested as adsorbents for removing an organic sulfur compound from a model gasoline fuel containing 1000 ppmw sulfur. Zn(Ac)₂-Y exhibited the best performance for the desulfurization of gasoline at ambient conditions. Combined with the adsorbents' characterization results, the higher adsorption capacity of Zn(Ac)₂-Y is associated with a higher ion-exchange degree. Further, the results demonstrated that the addition of 5 wt % toluene or 1-hexene to the diluted thiophene (TP) solution in cyclohexane caused a large decrease in the removal of TP from the model gasoline fuel. This provides evidence about the competition through the π-complexation between TP and toluene for adsorption on the active sites. The acid-catalyzed alkylation by 1-hexene of TP and the generated complex mixture of bulky alkylthiophenes would adsorb on the surface active sites of the adsorbent and block the pores. The regenerated Zn(Ac)₂-Y adsorbent afforded 84.42% and 66.10% of the initial adsorption capacity after the first two regeneration cycles.
Property Analysis of Ethanol--Natural Gasoline--BOB Blends to Make Flex Fuel
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Alleman, Teresa L.; Yanowitz, Janet
Ten natural gasolines were analyzed for a wide range of properties, including Reid vapor pressure (RVP), benzene, sulfur, distillation, stability, metals, and aromatic content, to determine their quality. Benzene and sulfur content were sufficiently low in all but one of the samples that they could be blended without further upgrading. Four of these samples were selected to blend with blendstock for oxygenate blending (BOB) and ethanol to produce E51, E70, and E83 blends, targeting 7.8 and 9.0-psi finished fuels. The volume of each component in the blend was estimated using the Reddy model, with the assumption that the BOB andmore » natural gasoline blend linearly and behave as a single component in the model calculations. Results show that the Reddy model adequately predicts the RVP of the finished blend for E51 and E70, but significantly underpredicts the RVP of E83 blends by nearly 2 psi. It is hypothesized that the underprediction is a function of the very low aromatic content of the E83 blends, even compared to the E51 and E70 blends.« less
26 CFR 48.4081-4 - Gasoline; special rules for gasoline blendstocks.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-04-01
... 26 Internal Revenue 16 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Gasoline; special rules for gasoline blendstocks..., Tread Rubber, and Taxable Fuel Taxable Fuel § 48.4081-4 Gasoline; special rules for gasoline blendstocks... gasoline blendstocks. Generally, under prescribed conditions, tax is not imposed on gasoline blendstocks...
26 CFR 48.4081-4 - Gasoline; special rules for gasoline blendstocks.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-04-01
... 26 Internal Revenue 16 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Gasoline; special rules for gasoline..., Tread Rubber, and Taxable Fuel Taxable Fuel § 48.4081-4 Gasoline; special rules for gasoline blendstocks... gasoline blendstocks. Generally, under prescribed conditions, tax is not imposed on gasoline blendstocks...
26 CFR 48.4081-4 - Gasoline; special rules for gasoline blendstocks.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-04-01
... 26 Internal Revenue 16 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Gasoline; special rules for gasoline..., Tread Rubber, and Taxable Fuel Taxable Fuel § 48.4081-4 Gasoline; special rules for gasoline blendstocks... gasoline blendstocks. Generally, under prescribed conditions, tax is not imposed on gasoline blendstocks...
26 CFR 48.4081-4 - Gasoline; special rules for gasoline blendstocks.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-04-01
... 26 Internal Revenue 16 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Gasoline; special rules for gasoline..., Tread Rubber, and Taxable Fuel Taxable Fuel § 48.4081-4 Gasoline; special rules for gasoline blendstocks... gasoline blendstocks. Generally, under prescribed conditions, tax is not imposed on gasoline blendstocks...
Lean NOx catalysis for gasoline fueled European cars
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
NONE
1997-02-01
There is increasing interest in operating gasoline fueled passenger cars lean of the stoichiometric air/fuel (A/F) ratio to improve fuel economy. These types of engines will operate at lean A/F ratios while cruising at partial load, and return to stoichiometric or even rich conditions when more power is required. The challenge for the engine and catalyst manufacturer is to develop a system which will combine the high activity rates of a state-of-the-art three-way catalyst (TWC) with the ability to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the presence of excess oxygen. The objective is to achieve the future legislative limits (EURO III/IV)more » in the European Union. Recent developments in automotive pollution control catalysis show that the use of NOx adsorption materials is a suitable way to reduce NOx emissions of gasoline-fueled lean-burn engines. However, the primary task for the implementation of this technology in the European market will be to improve the catalyst`s high-temperature stability and to decrease its susceptibility to sulfur poisoning. Outlined here are results of a recent R and D program to achieve NOx reduction under lean-burn gasoline engine conditions. Model gas test results as well as engine bench data are used for discussion of the parameters which control NOx adsorption efficiency under various conditions.« less
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Narayana, C.; Greene, R. G.; Ruoff, A. L.
2008-07-01
Raman and x-ray diffraction studies were made on silane in the diamond anvil cell using three different gaskets, stainless steel, tungsten and rhenium. The structure existing between 10 and 27 GPa is well characterized by the monoclinic space group P21c (#14). While the Gibbs free energy of formation of silane is positive at one atmosphere, it is calculated from the equation of state of silane and its reactants that this becomes negative near 4 GPa and remains negative until 13 GPa and then becomes positive again. At about 27 GPa, where quasi-quantum mechanical calculations suggest there should be a transformation from 4-fold to 6-fold (or even higher), the sample turns black. The Raman modes seize to exist beyond 30 GPa after showing softening above 25 GPa. At higher pressures it turns silvery. The gaskets play a different role as will be discussed. The sample brought back from 70 GPa contains amorphous Si (with attached hydrogen) as well as crystalline silicon. The lowest free energy system at high pressure is the decomposed reactants as observed.
Short-term inhalation toxicity of methanol, gasoline, and methanol/gasoline in the rat.
Poon, R; Chu, I; Bjarnason, S; Vincent, R; Potvin, M; Miller, R B; Valli, V E
1995-01-01
Four- to five-week-old male and female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to vapors of methanol (2500 ppm), gasoline (3200 ppm), and methanol/gasoline (2500/3200 ppm, 570/3200 ppm) six hours per day, five days per week for four weeks. Control animals were exposed to filtered room air only. Depression in body weight gain and reduced food consumption were observed in male rats, and increased relative liver weight was detected in rats of both sexes exposed to gasoline or methanol/gasoline mixtures. Rats of both sexes exposed to methanol/gasoline mixtures had increased relative kidney weight and females exposed to gasoline and methanol/gasoline mixtures had increased kidney weight. Decreased serum glucose and cholesterol were detected in male rats exposed to gasoline and methanol/gasoline mixtures. Decreased hemoglobin was observed in females inhaling vapors of gasoline and methanol/gasoline at 570/3200 ppm. Urine from rats inhaling gasoline or methanol/gasoline mixtures had up to a fourfold increase in hippuric acid, a biomarker of exposure to the toluene constituent of gasoline, and up to a sixfold elevation in ascorbic acid, a noninvasive biomarker of hepatic response. Hepatic mixed-function oxidase (aniline hydroxylase, aminopyrine N-demethylase and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase) activities and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity were elevated in rats exposed to gasoline and methanol/gasoline mixtures. Histopathological changes were confined to very mild changes in the nasal passages and in the uterus, where decreased incidence or absence of mucosal and myometrial eosinophilia was observed in females inhaling gasoline and methanol/gasoline at 570/3200 ppm. It was concluded that gasoline was largely responsible for the adverse effects, the most significant of which included depression in weight gain in the males, increased liver weight and hepatic microsomal enzyme activities in both sexes, and suppression of uterine eosinophilia. No apparent interactive effects
Global gasoline prices: The need to raise gasoline taxes
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lin Lawell, C.-Y. Cynthia
2017-01-01
Gasoline taxes are considered to be a cost-effective policy instrument for reducing carbon emissions. A study finds that while gasoline taxes rose in 83 countries between 2003 and 2015, the global mean fell by 13.3% due to a shift in consumption towards countries that maintain gasoline subsidies or that have low taxes.
Biofiltration of gasoline and ethanol-amended gasoline vapors.
Soares, Marlene; Woiciechowski, Adenise L; Kozliak, Evguenii I; Paca, Jan; Soccol, Carlos R
2012-01-01
Assuming the projected increase in use of ethanol as a biofuel, the current study was conducted to compare the biofiltration efficiencies for plain and 25% ethanol-containing gasoline. Two biofilters were operated in a downflow mode for 7 months, one of them being compost-based whereas the other using a synthetic packing material, granulated tire rubber, inoculated with gasoline-degrading microorganisms. Inlet concentrations measured as total hydrocarbon (TH) ranged from 1.9 to 5.8 g m(-3) at a constant empty bed retention time of 6.84 min. Contrary to the expectations based on microbiological considerations, ethanol-amended gasoline was more readily biodegraded than plain hydrocarbons, with the respective steady state elimination capacities of 26-43 and 14-18 gTH m(-3) h(-1) for the compost biofilter. The efficiency of both biofilters significantly declined upon the application of higher loads of plain gasoline, yet immediately recovering when switched back to ethanol-blended gasoline. The unexpected effect of ethanol in promoting gasoline biodegradation was explained by increasing hydrocarbon partitioning into the aqueous phase, with mass transfer being rate limiting for the bulk of components. The tire rubber biofilter, after a long acclimation, surpassed the compost biofilter in performance, presumably due to the 'buffering' effect of this packing material increasing the accessibility of gasoline hydrocarbons to the biofilm. With improved substrate mass transfer, biodegradable hydrocarbons were removed in the tire rubber biofilter's first reactor stage, with most of the remaining poorly degradable smaller-size hydrocarbons being degraded in the second stage.
Gasoline sniffing multifocal neuropathy.
Burns, T M; Shneker, B F; Juel, V C
2001-11-01
The polyneuropathy caused by chronic gasoline inhalation is reported to be a gradually progressive, symmetric, sensorimotor polyneuropathy. We report unleaded gasoline sniffing by a female 14 years of age that precipitated peripheral neuropathy. In contrast with the previously reported presentation of peripheral neuropathy in gasoline inhalation, our patient developed multiple mononeuropathies superimposed on a background of sensorimotor polyneuropathy. The patient illustrates that gasoline sniffing neuropathy may present with acute multiple mononeuropathies resembling mononeuritis multiplex, possibly related to increased peripheral nerve susceptibility to pressure in the setting of neurotoxic components of gasoline. The presence of tetraethyl lead, which is no longer present in modern gasoline mixtures, is apparently not a necessary factor in the development of gasoline sniffer's neuropathy.
... this page: //medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002806.htm Gasoline poisoning To use the sharing features on this ... This article discusses the harmful effects from swallowing gasoline or breathing in its fumes. This article is ...
40 CFR 80.35 - Labeling of retail gasoline pumps; oxygenated gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Labeling of retail gasoline pumps; oxygenated gasoline. 80.35 Section 80.35 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Oxygenated Gasoline § 80.35 Labeling...
40 CFR 80.35 - Labeling of retail gasoline pumps; oxygenated gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Labeling of retail gasoline pumps; oxygenated gasoline. 80.35 Section 80.35 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Oxygenated Gasoline § 80.35 Labeling...
40 CFR 80.35 - Labeling of retail gasoline pumps; oxygenated gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Labeling of retail gasoline pumps; oxygenated gasoline. 80.35 Section 80.35 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Oxygenated Gasoline § 80.35 Labeling...
40 CFR 80.35 - Labeling of retail gasoline pumps; oxygenated gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Labeling of retail gasoline pumps; oxygenated gasoline. 80.35 Section 80.35 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Oxygenated Gasoline § 80.35 Labeling...
40 CFR 80.35 - Labeling of retail gasoline pumps; oxygenated gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Labeling of retail gasoline pumps; oxygenated gasoline. 80.35 Section 80.35 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Oxygenated Gasoline § 80.35 Labeling...
Reformulated gasoline (RFG) is gasoline blended to burn cleaner and reduce smog-forming and toxic pollutants in the air we breathe. The Clean Air Act requires that RFG be used to reduce harmful emissions of ozone.
Boulyga, Sergei F; Heilmann, Jens; Heumann, Klaus G
2005-08-01
Inductively coupled plasma isotope dilution mass spectrometry (ICP-IDMS) with direct laser-assisted introduction of isotope-diluted samples into the plasma, using a laser ablation system with high ablation rates, was developed for accurate sulfur determinations in different petroleum products such as 'sulfur-free' premium gasoline, diesel fuel, and heating oil. Two certified gas oil reference materials were analyzed for method validation. Two different 34S-enriched spike compounds, namely, elementary sulfur dissolved in xylene and dibenzothiophene in hexane, were synthesized and tested for their usefulness in this isotope dilution technique. The isotope-diluted sample was adsorbed on a filter-paper-like material, which was fixed in a special holder for irradiation by the laser beam. Under these conditions no time-dependent spike/analyte fractionation was only observed for the dibenzothiophene spike during the laser ablation process, which means that the measured 34S/32S isotope ratio of the isotope-diluted sample remained constant-a necessary precondition for accurate results with the isotope dilution technique. A comparison of LA-ICP-IDMS results with the certified values of the gas oil reference materials and with results obtained from ICP-IDMS analyses with wet sample digestion demonstrated the accuracy of the new LA-ICP-IDMS method in the concentration range of 9.2 microg g(-1) ('sulfur-free' premium gasoline) to 10.4 mg g(-1) (gas oil reference material BCR 107). The detection limit for sulfur by LA-ICP-IDMS is 0.04 microg g(-1) and the analysis time is only about 10 min, which therefore also qualifies this method for accurate determinations of low sulfur contents in petroleum products on a routine level.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dasgupta, R.; Ding, S.
2013-12-01
One of the chief influences of magma in the mantles terrestrial planets is its role in outgassing and ingassing of key volatiles and thus affecting planetary dynamics and climate over long timescales. For Mars, magmatic release of greenhouse gases has been argued to be a major factor in creating warm ancient climate. However, the responsible magmatic gas has not been unequivocally identified. SO2 or H2S could have been the main greenhouse gases, yet the magmatic outflux of S from the martian mantle is poorly constrained. Righter et al. [1] showed that the use of sulfur content at sulfide saturation (SCSS) models based on low-FeO*, high-alumina terrestrial basalts to martian basalts leads to significant error. However, experiments on high-FeO* basalts remain limited to ≤0.8 GPa [1], although the onset of melting in the martian mantle may take place at 250-400 km depth (3-5 GPa) [2]. To constrain SCSS of martian magmas at mantle conditions, we simulated basalt-sulfide melt equilibria using two synthesized meteorite compositions, i.e., Yamato980459 (FeO* ˜17 wt.%; Al2O3 ˜6 wt.%) and NWA2990 (FeO* ˜16 wt.%; Al2O3 ˜9 wt.%) in both anhydrous and hydrous conditions at 1-3 GPa and 1500-1700 °C. Experiments were conducted in graphite capsules, using an end-loaded piston cylinder device. Sulfur contents of sulfide melt-saturated experimental quenched basalts were determined using electron microprobe. Our experimental results show that SCSS decreases with increasing pressure and increases with increasing temperature and melt hydration. Based on our experimental SCSS and those from previous low-pressure experiments on high-FeO* martian basalts [2], we developed a new parameterization to predict martian basalt SCSS as a function of depth, temperature, and melt composition. Our model suggests that at the conditions of last equilibration with the sulfide-saturated mantle [2], martian basalts may contain as high as 3500-4700 ppm S and thus S-rich gases might have caused the
Polsin, D. N.; Fratanduono, D. E.; Rygg, J. R.; ...
2017-10-27
Nanosecond in situ x-ray diffraction and simultaneous velocimetry measurements were used to determine the crystal structure and pressure, respectively, of ramp compressed aluminum at stress states between 111 and 475 GPa. The solid-solid Al phase transformations, fcc-hcp and hcp-bcc, are observed at 216 ± 9 GPa and 321 ± 12 GPa, respectively, with the bcc phase persisting to 475 GPa. Here, this is the first in situ observation of the high-pressure bcc phase of Al. High-pressure texture of the hcp and bcc phases suggests close-packed or nearly close-packed lattice planes remain parallel through both transformations.
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Polsin, D. N.; Fratanduono, D. E.; Rygg, J. R.
Nanosecond in situ x-ray diffraction and simultaneous velocimetry measurements were used to determine the crystal structure and pressure, respectively, of ramp compressed aluminum at stress states between 111 and 475 GPa. The solid-solid Al phase transformations, fcc-hcp and hcp-bcc, are observed at 216 ± 9 GPa and 321 ± 12 GPa, respectively, with the bcc phase persisting to 475 GPa. Here, this is the first in situ observation of the high-pressure bcc phase of Al. High-pressure texture of the hcp and bcc phases suggests close-packed or nearly close-packed lattice planes remain parallel through both transformations.
Morphological Features of Diamond Crystals Dissolved in Fe0.7S0.3 Melt at 4 GPa and 1400°C
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sonin, V. M.; Zhimulev, E. I.; Pomazanskiy, B. S.; Zemnuhov, A. L.; Chepurov, A. A.; Afanasiev, V. P.; Chepurov, A. I.
2018-01-01
An experimental study of the dissolution of natural and synthetic diamonds in a sulfur-bearing iron melt (Fe0.7S0.3) with high P-T parameters (4 GPa, 1400°C) was performed. The results demonstrated that under these conditions, octahedral crystals with flat faces and rounded tetrahexahedral diamond crystals are transformed into rounded octahedroids, which have morphological characteristics similar to those of natural diamonds from kimberlite. It was suggested that, taking into account the complex history of individual natural diamond crystals, including the dissolution stages, sulfur-bearing metal melts up to sulfide melts were not only diamond-forming media during the early evolution of the Earth, but also natural solvents of diamond in the mantle environment before the formation of kimberlitic melts.
Gasoline Marketing: Premium Gasoline Overbuying May Be Occurring, but Extent Unknown.
1991-02-01
Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) Mobil Oil Company Shell Oil Company Sun Refining and Marketing Company Consumer Groups American Automobile Association...Chairman: Consumers have the option of purchasing several different grades of unleaded gasoline-regular, mid-grade, and premium-which are classi...determine: (1) whether consumers were buying premium gasoline that they may not need, (2) whether the I .higher retail price of premium gasoline includes
Durbin, Thomas D; Sauer, Claudia G; Pisano, John T; Rhee, Sam H; Huai, Tao; Miller, J Wayne; MacKay, Gervase I; Robbins, John; Gamble, Heather; Hochhauser, Albert M; Ingham, Michael C; Gorse, Robert A; Beard, Loren K
2004-03-01
The impact of the sulfur (S) content in lubricating oil was evaluated for four ultra-low-emission vehicles and two super-ultra-low-emission vehicles, all with low mileage. The S content in the lube oils ranged from 0.01 to 0.76%, while the S content of the gasoline was fixed at 0.2 ppmw. Vehicles were configured with aged catalysts and tested over the Federal Test Procedure, at idle and at 50-mph cruise conditions. In all testing modes, variations in the S level of the lubricant did not significantly affect the regulated gas-phase tailpipe emissions. In addition to the regulated gas-phase emissions, a key element of the research was measuring the engine-out sulfur dioxide (SO2) in near-real-time. This research used a new methodology based on a differential optical absorption spectrometer (DOAS) to measure SO2 from the lubricants used in this study. With the DOAS, the contribution of SO2 emissions for the highest-S lubricant was found to range from less than 1 to 6 ppm on a gasoline S equivalent basis over the range of vehicles and test cycles used. The development and operation of the DOAS is discussed in this paper.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hu, Min; Peng, Jianfei; Qin, Yanhong; Du, Zhuofei; Li, Mengjin; Zheng, Rong; Zheng, Jing; Shang, Dongjie; Lu, Sihua; Wu, Yusheng; Zeng, Limin; Guo, Song; Shao, Min; Wang, Yinhui; Shuai, Shijin
2017-04-01
Along with the urbanization and economic growth, vehicle population in China reached 269 million, ranked the second in the world in 2015. Gasoline vehicle is identified to be the main source for urban PM2.5 in China, accounting for 15%-31%. In this study the impact of fuel components on PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions from a gasoline port fuel injection (PFI) engine and a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine are discussed. Results show that, higher proportion of aromatics, alkenes or sulfur in gasoline fuel will lead to higher PM emissions. The PM from the PFI engine mainly consists of OC and a small amount of EC and inorganic ions, while the PM discharge from the GDI engine mainly consists of EC, OM and a small amount of inorganic ions. Since the GDI engines can reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, and it would become more and more popular in the near future. The characteristics of POM component, emission factors and source profile were investigated from GDI engine, particularly focused on the effect of engine speed, load and the catalyst, which will be very much helpful for source identification as source indicators. Chamber experiments were conducted to quantify the potential of secondary aerosol formation from exhaust of a PFI gasoline engine and China V gasoline fuel. During 4-5 h simulation, equivalent to10 days of atmospheric photo-oxidation in Beijing, the extreme SOA production was 426 ± 85 mg/kg fuel, with high precursors and OH exposure. 14% of SOA measured in the chamber experiments could be explained through the oxidation of speciated single-ring aromatics. Unspeciated precursors, such as intermediate-volatility organic compounds and semi-volatility organic compounds, might be significant for SOA formation from gasoline VOCs. We concluded that reduction of emissions of aerosol precursor gases from vehicles is essential to mediate pollution in China.
Sulfur transfer in the distillate fractions of Arabian crude oils under gamma-irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Basfar, Ahmed A.; Soliman, Yasser S.; Alkhuraiji, Turki S.
2017-05-01
Desulfurization of light distillation fractions including gasoline, kerosene and diesel obtained from the four Arabian crude oils (heavy, medium, light and extra light) upon γ-rays irradiation to different doses was investigated. In addition, yields vol%, FTIR analysis, kinematic viscosity and density of all distillation fractions of irradiated crude oils were evaluated. Limited radiation-induced desulfurization of those fractions was observed up to an irradiation dose of 200 kGy. FTIR analysis of those fractions indicates the absence of oxidized sulfur compounds, represented by S=O of sulfone group, indicating that γ-irradiation of the Arabian crude oils at normal conditions does not induce an oxidative desulfurization in those distillation fractions. Radiation-induced sulfur transfer decreases by 28.56% and increases in total sulfur by 16.8% in Arabian extra light oil and Arabian medium crude oil respectively.
Investigating the utility of a GPA institutional adjustment index.
Didier, Thomas; Kreiter, Clarence D; Buri, Russell; Solow, Catherine
2006-05-01
Grading standards vary widely across undergraduate institutions. If, during the medical school admissions process, GPA is considered without reference to the institution attended, it will disadvantage applicants from undergraduate institutions employing rigorous grading standards. A regression-based GPA institutional equating method using historical MCAT and GPA information is described. Classes selected from eight applicant pools demonstrate the impact of the GPA adjustment. The validity of the adjustment is examined by comparing adjusted and unadjusted GPAs' correlation with USMLE and medical college grades. The adjusted GPA demonstrated significantly improved congruence with MCAT estimates of applicant preparedness. The adjustment changed selection decisions for 21% of those admitted. The adjusted GPA enhanced prediction of USMLE and medical school grades only for students from institutions which required large adjustments. Unlike other indices, the adjustment described uses the same metric as GPA and is based only on an institution's history of preparing medical school applicants. The institutional adjustment is consequential in selection, significantly enhances congruence with a standardized measure of academic preparedness and may enhance the validity of the GPA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... requirements for gasoline-ethanol blends, gasolines, and conventional blendstocks for oxygenate blending... Gasoline-Ethanol Blends § 80.1503 What are the product transfer document requirements for gasoline-ethanol blends, gasolines, and conventional blendstocks for oxygenate blending subject to this subpart? (a...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... requirements for gasoline-ethanol blends, gasolines, and conventional blendstocks for oxygenate blending... Gasoline-Ethanol Blends § 80.1503 What are the product transfer document requirements for gasoline-ethanol blends, gasolines, and conventional blendstocks for oxygenate blending subject to this subpart? (a...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... requirements for gasoline-ethanol blends, gasolines, and conventional blendstocks for oxygenate blending... Gasoline-Ethanol Blends § 80.1503 What are the product transfer document requirements for gasoline-ethanol blends, gasolines, and conventional blendstocks for oxygenate blending subject to this subpart? (a...
Evaporation characteristics of ETBE-blended gasoline.
Okamoto, Katsuhiro; Hiramatsu, Muneyuki; Hino, Tomonori; Otake, Takuma; Okamoto, Takashi; Miyamoto, Hiroki; Honma, Masakatsu; Watanabe, Norimichi
2015-04-28
To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to global warming, production of gasoline blended with ethyl tert-buthyl ether (ETBE) is increasing annually. The flash point of ETBE is higher than that of gasoline, and blending ETBE into gasoline will change the flash point and the vapor pressure. Therefore, it is expected that the fire hazard caused by ETBE-blended gasoline would differ from that caused by normal gasoline. The aim of this study was to acquire the knowledge required for estimating the fire hazard of ETBE-blended gasoline. Supposing that ETBE-blended gasoline was a two-component mixture of gasoline and ETBE, we developed a prediction model that describes the vapor pressure and flash point of ETBE-blended gasoline in an arbitrary ETBE blending ratio. We chose 8-component hydrocarbon mixture as a model gasoline, and defined the relation between molar mass of gasoline and mass loss fraction. We measured the changes in the vapor pressure and flash point of gasoline by blending ETBE and evaporation, and compared the predicted values with the measured values in order to verify the prediction model. The calculated values of vapor pressures and flash points corresponded well to the measured values. Thus, we confirmed that the change in the evaporation characteristics of ETBE-blended gasoline by evaporation could be predicted by the proposed model. Furthermore, the vapor pressure constants of ETBE-blended gasoline were obtained by the model, and then the distillation curves were developed. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
GPA protects the nigrostriatal dopamine system by enhancing mitochondrial function.
Horvath, Tamas L; Erion, Derek M; Elsworth, John D; Roth, Robert H; Shulman, Gerald I; Andrews, Zane B
2011-07-01
Guanidinopropionic acid (GPA) increases AMPK activity, mitochondrial function and biogenesis in muscle and improves physiological function, for example during aging. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Here we tested whether GPA prevents neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system in MPTP-treated mice. Mice were fed a diet of 1% GPA or normal chow for 4 weeks and then treated with either MPTP or saline. Indices of nigrostriatal function were examined by HPLC, immunohistochemistry, stereology, electron microscopy and mitochondrial respiration. MPTP intoxication decreased TH neurons in the SNpc of normal chow-fed mice; however GPA-fed mice remarkably exhibited no loss of TH neurons in the SNpc. MPTP caused a decrease in striatal dopamine of both normal chow- and GPA-fed mice, although this effect was significantly attenuated in GPA-fed mice. GPA-fed mice showed increased AMPK activity, mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial number in nigrostriatal TH neurons, suggesting that the neuroprotective effects of GPA involved AMPK-dependent increases in mitochondrial function and biogenesis. MPTP treatment produced a decrease in mitochondrial number and volume in normal chow-fed mice but not GPA-fed mice. Our results show the neuroprotective properties of GPA in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease are partially mediated by AMPK and mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a common problem in neurodegeneration and thus GPA may slow disease progression in other models of neurodegeneration. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Shock compression response of forsterite above 250 GPa
Sekine, Toshimori; Ozaki, Norimasa; Miyanishi, Kohei; Asaumi, Yuto; Kimura, Tomoaki; Albertazzi, Bruno; Sato, Yuya; Sakawa, Youichi; Sano, Takayoshi; Sugita, Seiji; Matsui, Takafumi; Kodama, Ryosuke
2016-01-01
Forsterite (Mg2SiO4) is one of the major planetary materials, and its behavior under extreme conditions is important to understand the interior structure of large planets, such as super-Earths, and large-scale planetary impact events. Previous shock compression measurements of forsterite indicate that it may melt below 200 GPa, but these measurements did not go beyond 200 GPa. We report the shock response of forsterite above ~250 GPa, obtained using the laser shock wave technique. We simultaneously measured the Hugoniot and temperature of shocked forsterite and interpreted the results to suggest the following: (i) incongruent crystallization of MgO at 271 to 285 GPa, (ii) phase transition of MgO at 285 to 344 GPa, and (iii) remelting above ~470 to 500 GPa. These exothermic and endothermic reactions are seen to occur under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature. They indicate complex structural and chemical changes in the system MgO-SiO2 at extreme pressures and temperatures and will affect the way we understand the interior processes of large rocky planets as well as material transformation by impacts in the formation of planetary systems. PMID:27493993
Tier 3 Vehicle and Gasoline Sulfur Program The Tier 3 Vehicle and Gasoline Sulfur Program requires run on gasoline, diesel, or alternative fuels. Additionally, this program requires gasoline refiners and importers to reduce the sulfur content of gasoline sold in the United States. For more information
Method to improve lubricity of low-sulfur diesel and gasoline fuels
Erdemir, Ali
2004-08-31
A method for providing lubricity in fuels and lubricants includes adding a boron compound to a fuel or lubricant to provide a boron-containing fuel or lubricant. The fuel or lubricant may contain a boron compound at a concentration between about 30 ppm and about 3,000 ppm and a sulfur concentration of less than about 500 ppm. A method of powering an engine to minimize wear, by burning a fuel containing boron compounds. The boron compounds include compound that provide boric acid and/or BO.sub.3 ions or monomers to the fuel or lubricant.
A Raman Spectroscopic Study of Kernite to 25 GPa
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Silva, M. E.; O'Bannon, E. F., III; Williams, Q. C.
2015-12-01
A Raman spectroscopic study of kernite to 25 GPaMarcus Silva, Earl O'Bannon III, and Quentin Williams Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz The Raman spectrum of kernite (Na2B4O6(OH)2·3(H2O)) has been characterized up to ~25 GPa in order to explore pressure-induced changes in a structurally novel mineral that contains mixed coordination borate groups (three- and four-fold), and both hydroxyl units and water. During compression, all of the ~30 modes monitored shift positively and monotonically until ~2.2 GPa where a few low frequency modes disappear and tetrahedral borate modes merge. The low frequency modes that disappear at ~2.2 GPa are likely associated with Na vibrations, and their disappearance suggests that dramatic changes occur in the Na sites at ~2.2 GPa. The merging of the boron bending and stretching modes at ~2.2 GPa suggests that the local symmetry of the BO4 tetrahedra changes at this pressure, and likely becomes more symmetric. The remaining modes shift positively up to ~7.4 GPa where a second notable change occurs. All but 5 modes (with initial frequencies of 150, 166, 289, 307, and 525 cm-1) disappear at ~7.4 GPa. This indicates that a second phase transition has occurred which affects both the BO3H and BO4 groups: based on the loss of modes, this transition may be associated with disordering of the crystal. These 5 modes persist and shift monotonically up to ~25 GPa. On decompression, the 5 modes shift smoothly down to ~2.0 GPa where a few new modes appear in the spectrum. When fully decompressed to room pressure, the Raman spectrum of the recovered sample is significantly different from the ambient spectrum of the initial sample. Thus, our results are suggest a phase transition occurring at 2.2 GPa with changes in the Na and tetrahedral boron sites, followed by an additional transition at 7.4 GPa that may involve disordering of the crystal. In the latter transition, at least the BO3H groups appear to be
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Simpson, L.A.; Cruse, C.W.
1981-01-01
Chemical burns and pulmonary complications are the most common problems encountered in the patient immersed in gasoline. Our patient demonstrated a 46-percent total-body-surface area, partial-thickness chemical burn. Although he did not develop bronchitis or pneumonitis, he did display persistent atelectasis, laryngeal edema, and subsequent upper airway obstruction. This had not previously been reported in gasoline inhalation injuries. Hydrocarbon hepatitis secondary to the vascular endothelial damage is apparently a reversible lesion with no reported long-term sequelae. Gasoline immersion injuries may be a series multisystem injury and require the burn surgeon to take a multisystem approach to its diagnosis and treatment.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Gasoline. 1065.710 Section 1065.710... PROCEDURES Engine Fluids, Test Fuels, Analytical Gases and Other Calibration Standards § 1065.710 Gasoline. (a) Gasoline for testing must have octane values that represent commercially available fuels for the...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Gasoline. 1065.710 Section 1065.710... PROCEDURES Engine Fluids, Test Fuels, Analytical Gases and Other Calibration Standards § 1065.710 Gasoline. (a) Gasoline for testing must have octane values that represent commercially available fuels for the...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Gasoline. 1065.710 Section 1065.710... PROCEDURES Engine Fluids, Test Fuels, Analytical Gases and Other Calibration Standards § 1065.710 Gasoline. (a) Gasoline for testing must have octane values that represent commercially available fuels for the...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Gasoline. 1065.710 Section 1065.710... PROCEDURES Engine Fluids, Test Fuels, Analytical Gases and Other Calibration Standards § 1065.710 Gasoline. (a) This section specifies test fuel properties for gasoline with ethanol (low-level blend only) and...
A trilayer separator with dual function for high performance lithium-sulfur batteries
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Song, Rensheng; Fang, Ruopian; Wen, Lei; Shi, Ying; Wang, Shaogang; Li, Feng
2016-01-01
In this article, we propose a trilayer graphene/polypropylene/Al2O3 (GPA) separator with dual function for high performance lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. Graphene is coated on one side of polypropylene (PP) separator, which functions as a conductive layer and an electrolyte reservoir that allows for rapid electron and ion transport. Then Al2O3 particles are coated on the other side to further enhance thermal stability and safety of the graphene coated polypropylene (GCP) separator, which are touched with lithium metal anode in the Li-S battery. The GPA separator shows good thermal stability after heating at 157 °C for 10 min while both GCP and PP separators showing an obvious shrinkage about 10%. The initial discharge specific capacity of Li-S coin cell with a GPA separator could reach 1067.7 mAh g-1 at 0.2C. After 100 discharge/charge cycles, it can still deliver a reversible capacity of as high as 804.4 mAh g-1 with 75% capacity retention. The pouch cells further confirm that the trilayer design has great promise towards practical applications.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-04-01
... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Gasoline. 21.109 Section 21.109 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF... Gasoline. (a) Distillation range. When 100 ml of gasoline are distilled, none shall distill below 90 °F...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-04-01
... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Gasoline. 21.109 Section 21.109 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF... Gasoline. (a) Distillation range. When 100 ml of gasoline are distilled, none shall distill below 90 °F...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-04-01
... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Gasoline. 21.109 Section 21.109 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF... Gasoline. (a) Distillation range. When 100 ml of gasoline are distilled, none shall distill below 90 °F...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-04-01
... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Gasoline. 21.109 Section 21.109 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF... Gasoline. (a) Distillation range. When 100 ml of gasoline are distilled, none shall distill below 90 °F...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-04-01
... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Gasoline. 21.109 Section 21.109 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF... Gasoline. (a) Distillation range. When 100 ml of gasoline are distilled, none shall distill below 90 °F...
A review of phase separation issues in aviation gasoline fuel and motor gasoline fuels in aviation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Thanikasalam, K.; Rahmat, M.; Fahmi, A. G. Mohammad; Zulkifli, A. M.; Shawal, N. Noor; Ilanchelvi, K.; Ananth, M.; Elayarasan, R.
2018-05-01
In an attempt to bring in sustainable energy resources into the current combustibles mix, recent European legislations make obligatory the addition of biogenic fuels into traditional fossil gasoline. The preferred biogenic fuel, for economic reasons, is predominantly ethanol. Even though likened to fossil gasoline constituents, ethanol has a dissimilar chemical formulation that may lead to a potentially hazardous physicochemical phenomenon, particularly in the presence of water. Owing to increased financially driven propensity to utilize motor vehicle gasoline as aviation gasoline fuel, this may result in potentially hazardous situations, specifically in running smaller or compact General Aviation aircraft. The potential risks posed by ethanol admixtures in aircraft are phase separation and carburettor icing. Gasoline mixed with ethanol is also prone to an increased vulnerability to vapor lock that happens when fuel turns into vapor in the fuel pumps due to high temperatures and lessened ambient pressure at high altitudes. This article provides a literature review on phase separation issues in aviation gasoline fuel and motor gasoline fuels in aviation.
Jungers, R H; Lee, R E; von Lehmden, D J
1975-01-01
A National Fuels Surveillance Network has been established to collect gasoline and other fuels through the 10 regional offices of the Environmental Protection Agency. Physical, chemical, and trace element analytical determinations are made on the collected fuel samples to detect components which may present an air pollution hazard or poison exhaust catalytic control devices. A summary of trace elemental constituents in over 50 gasoline samples and 18 commercially marketed consumer purchased gasoline additives is presented. Quantities of Mn, Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu, Fe, Sb, B, Mg, Pb, and S were found in most regular and premium gasoline. Environmental implications of trace constituents in gasoline are discussed. PMID:1157783
Composition and oxidation state of sulfur in atmospheric particulate matter
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Longo, Amelia F.; Vine, David J.; King, Laura E.; Oakes, Michelle; Weber, Rodney J.; Huey, Lewis Gregory; Russell, Armistead G.; Ingall, Ellery D.
2016-10-01
The chemical and physical speciation of atmospheric sulfur was investigated in ambient aerosol samples using a combination of sulfur near-edge x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (S-NEXFS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) microscopy. These techniques were used to determine the composition and oxidation state of sulfur in common primary emission sources and ambient particulate matter collected from the greater Atlanta area. Ambient particulate matter samples contained two oxidation states: S0 and S+VI. Ninety-five percent of the individual aerosol particles (> 1 µm) analyzed contain S0. Linear combination fitting revealed that S+VI in ambient aerosol was dominated by ammonium sulfate as well as metal sulfates. The finding of metal sulfates provides further evidence for acidic reactions that solubilize metals, such as iron, during atmospheric transport. Emission sources, including biomass burning, coal fly ash, gasoline, diesel, volcanic ash, and aerosolized Atlanta soil, and the commercially available bacterium Bacillus subtilis, contained only S+VI. A commercially available Azotobacter vinelandii sample contained approximately equal proportions of S0 and S+VI. S0 in individual aerosol particles most likely originates from primary emission sources, such as aerosolized bacteria or incomplete combustion.
Strength and texture of sodium chloride to 56 GPa
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mi, Z.; Shieh, S. R.; Kavner, A.; Kiefer, B.; Wenk, H.-R.; Duffy, T. S.
2018-04-01
The strength and texture of sodium chloride in the B1 (rocksalt) and B2 (cesium chloride) phases were investigated in a diamond anvil cell using synchrotron X-ray diffraction in a radial geometry to 56 GPa. The measured differential stresses within the Reuss limit are in the range of 0.2 GPa for the B1 phase at pressure of 24 GPa and 1.6 GPa for the B2 phase at pressure of 56 GPa. A strength weakening is observed near the B1-B2 phase transition at about 30 GPa. The low strength of NaCl in the B1 phase confirms that it is an effective pressure-transmitting medium for high-pressure experiments to ˜30 GPa. The B2 phase can be also used as a pressure-transmitting medium although it exhibits a steeper increase in strength with pressure than the B1 phase. Deformation induces weak lattice preferred orientation in NaCl, showing a (100) texture in the B1 phase and a (110) texture in the B2 phase. The observed textures were evaluated by viscoplastic self-consistent model and our results suggest {110}⟨ 1 1 ¯ 0 ⟩ as the slip system for the B1 phase and {112} ⟨1 1 ¯ 0 ⟩ for the B2 phase.
Convenient optical pressure gauge for multimegabar pressures calibrated to 300 GPa
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sun, Liling; Ruoff, Arthur L.; Stupian, Gary
2005-01-01
The accurate measurement of pressure by a straightforward and inexpensive optical procedure has been needed in the multimegabar region since static pressures over 216GPa, 361GPa, 420GPa and 560GPa were obtained in the diamond anvil cell. Here, a simple optical pressure gauge based on the Raman shift of the diamond at the center of a diamond tip at the diamond-sample interface is calibrated against a primary gauge (Pt isotherm at 300K from shock data) to 300GPa, thus enabling researchers who do not have a synchrotron to conveniently measure pressure with an optical scale from 50to300GPa.
EPA regulates the vapor pressure of gasoline sold at retail stations during the summer ozone season to reduce evaporative emissions from gasoline that contribute to ground-level ozone and diminish the effects of ozone-related health problems.
78 FR 23927 - Forms and Procedures for Submitting Attest Engagements Under Various Subparts
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-04-23
... gasoline, anti-dumping, gasoline sulfur, benzene content, and the renewable fuel standard. DATES: The... the reformulated gasoline, anti-dumping, gasoline sulfur, and benzene programs, and the renewable fuel...; Confidential business information; Diesel fuel; Fuel additives; Gasoline; Imports; Motor vehicle pollution...
Structural phase transitions in GaAs to 108 GPa
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Weir, S.T.; Vohra, Y.K.; Vanderborgh, C.A.
1989-01-15
The III-V compound GaAs was studied using energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction with a synchro- tron source up to a pressure of 108 GPa. When the pressure was increased to 16.6 GPa, the GaAs sample transformed from the zinc-blende structure to an orthorhombic structure (GaAs(II)), space group Pmm2, consisting of a primitive orthorhombic lattice with a basis of (0,0,0) and (0,(1/2,..cap alpha..), where ..cap alpha.. = 0.35. Upon a further increase of pressure to 24 +- 1 GPa, GaAs(II) transformed to another orthorhombic structure (GaAs(III)), space group Imm2, consisting of a body-centered orthorhombic lattice with a basis of (0,0,0) and (0, (1/2,..delta..),more » where ..delta.. is 0.425 at 28.1 GPa. With increasing pressure, ..delta.. approached (1/2 and the GaAs(III) structure gradually assumed the symmetry of the simple hexagonal structure. The transition to the simple hexagonal structure (GaAs(IV)) was completed in the vicinity of 60--80 GPa. The structure remains simple hexagonal up to at least 108 GPa, the highest pressure reached in this study.« less
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... gasoline loading racks if my facility is a bulk gasoline terminal, pipeline breakout station, or pipeline... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Category: Gasoline... § 63.11088 What requirements must I meet for gasoline loading racks if my facility is a bulk gasoline...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... gasoline storage tanks if my facility is a bulk gasoline terminal, pipeline breakout station, or pipeline... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Category: Gasoline... § 63.11087 What requirements must I meet for gasoline storage tanks if my facility is a bulk gasoline...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... gasoline storage tanks if my facility is a bulk gasoline terminal, pipeline breakout station, or pipeline... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Category: Gasoline... § 63.11087 What requirements must I meet for gasoline storage tanks if my facility is a bulk gasoline...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... gasoline storage tanks if my facility is a bulk gasoline terminal, pipeline breakout station, or pipeline... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Category: Gasoline... § 63.11087 What requirements must I meet for gasoline storage tanks if my facility is a bulk gasoline...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... gasoline loading racks if my facility is a bulk gasoline terminal, pipeline breakout station, or pipeline... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Category: Gasoline... § 63.11088 What requirements must I meet for gasoline loading racks if my facility is a bulk gasoline...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... gasoline loading racks if my facility is a bulk gasoline terminal, pipeline breakout station, or pipeline... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Category: Gasoline... § 63.11088 What requirements must I meet for gasoline loading racks if my facility is a bulk gasoline...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... gasoline storage tanks if my facility is a bulk gasoline terminal, pipeline breakout station, or pipeline... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Category: Gasoline... § 63.11087 What requirements must I meet for gasoline storage tanks if my facility is a bulk gasoline...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... gasoline loading racks if my facility is a bulk gasoline terminal, pipeline breakout station, or pipeline... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Category: Gasoline... § 63.11088 What requirements must I meet for gasoline loading racks if my facility is a bulk gasoline...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... gasoline storage tanks if my facility is a bulk gasoline terminal, pipeline breakout station, or pipeline... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Category: Gasoline... § 63.11087 What requirements must I meet for gasoline storage tanks if my facility is a bulk gasoline...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... gasoline loading racks if my facility is a bulk gasoline terminal, pipeline breakout station, or pipeline... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Category: Gasoline... § 63.11088 What requirements must I meet for gasoline loading racks if my facility is a bulk gasoline...
Standby gasoline rationing plan
DOT National Transportation Integrated Search
1980-06-01
Title 10 - Energy, Chapter II - Department of Energy, PART 570 - Standby gasoline rationing plan regulations. Final rules adopted by the President for a Standby Gasoline Rationing Plan required by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1979 (P.L. ...
Strength and texture of Pt compressed to 63 GPa
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dorfman, Susannah M.; Shieh, Sean R.; Duffy, Thomas S.
2015-02-01
Angle- and energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction experiments in a radial geometry were performed in the diamond anvil cell on polycrystalline platinum samples at pressures up to 63 GPa. Observed yield strength and texture depend on grain size. For samples with 70-300-nm particle size, the yield strength is 5-6 GPa at ˜60 GPa. Coarse-grained (˜2-μm particles) Pt has a much lower yield strength of 1-1.5 GPa at ˜60 GPa. Face-centered cubic metals Pt and Au have lower strength to shear modulus ratio than body-centered cubic or hexagonal close-packed metals. While a 300-nm particle sample exhibits the <110> texture expected of face-centered-cubic metals under compression, smaller and larger particles show a weak mixed <110> and <100> texture under compression. Differences in texture development may also occur due to deviations from uniaxial stress under compression in the diamond anvil cell.
7 CFR 3201.103 - Gasoline fuel additives.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 15 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Gasoline fuel additives. 3201.103 Section 3201.103... Designated Items § 3201.103 Gasoline fuel additives. (a) Definition. Chemical agents added to gasoline to increase octane levels, improve lubricity, and provide engine cleaning properties to gasoline-fired engines...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... Practices for Gasoline Cargo Tanks Unloading at Gasoline Dispensing Facilities With Monthly Throughput of 100,000 Gallons of Gasoline or More 2 Table 2 to Subpart CCCCCC of Part 63 Protection of Environment... Pollutants for Source Category: Gasoline Dispensing Facilities Pt. 63, Subpt. CCCCCC, Table 2 Table 2 to...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... Practices for Gasoline Cargo Tanks Unloading at Gasoline Dispensing Facilities With Monthly Throughput of 100,000 Gallons of Gasoline or More 2 Table 2 to Subpart CCCCCC of Part 63 Protection of Environment... Pollutants for Source Category: Gasoline Dispensing Facilities Pt. 63, Subpt. CCCCCC, Table 2 Table 2 to...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... Practices for Gasoline Cargo Tanks Unloading at Gasoline Dispensing Facilities With Monthly Throughput of 100,000 Gallons of Gasoline or More 2 Table 2 to Subpart CCCCCC of Part 63 Protection of Environment... Pollutants for Source Category: Gasoline Dispensing Facilities Pt. 63, Subpt. CCCCCC, Table 2 Table 2 to...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... Practices for Gasoline Cargo Tanks Unloading at Gasoline Dispensing Facilities With Monthly Throughput of 100,000 Gallons of Gasoline or More 2 Table 2 to Subpart CCCCCC of Part 63 Protection of Environment... Pollutants for Source Category: Gasoline Dispensing Facilities Pt. 63, Subpt. CCCCCC, Table 2 Table 2 to...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... Practices for Gasoline Cargo Tanks Unloading at Gasoline Dispensing Facilities With Monthly Throughput of 100,000 Gallons of Gasoline or More 2 Table 2 to Subpart CCCCCC of Part 63 Protection of Environment... Pollutants for Source Category: Gasoline Dispensing Facilities Pt. 63, Subpt. CCCCCC, Table 2 Table 2 to...
Shock Reactivity of Non-Porous Mixtures of Manganese and Sulfur
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jetté, F. X.; Goroshin, S.; Higgins, A. J.
2007-12-01
Equimolar mixtures of manganese powder and sulfur were melt-cast into solid pellets in order to study the mechanism of shock-enhanced reactivity in non-porous heterogeneous mixtures. This mixture was selected due to the large exothermic heat release of the manganese-sulfur reaction (214 kJ/mol), which causes the reaction to be self-sustaining once initiated. The test samples were placed in planar recovery ampoules and a strong shock was delivered via the detonation of a charge of amine-sensitized nitromethane. Various shock strengths were achieved by placing different thicknesses of PMMA attenuator discs between the explosive charge and the ampoule. The results confirmed that shock-induced reactions can be produced in highly non-porous mixtures. Indeed, the critical shock pressure that caused ignition of the mixture in the ampoule was found to be in the range 2.2-3.0 GPa (pressures were estimated using LS-DYNA simulations of samples with 100% TMD).
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-02-19
... 2060-AI23; 2060-AQ12 Tier 2 Light-Duty Vehicle and Light-Duty Truck Emission Standards and Gasoline... February 10, 2000 (65 FR 6698), EPA published emission standards for light-duty vehicles and light-duty... new passenger cars and light trucks, including pickup trucks, vans, minivans, and sport-utility...
27 CFR 21.110 - Gasoline, unleaded.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-04-01
... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Gasoline, unleaded. 21.110....110 Gasoline, unleaded. Conforms to specifications as established by the American Society for Testing...-79. Any of the “seasonal and geographical” volatility classes for unleaded gasoline are considered...
27 CFR 21.110 - Gasoline, unleaded.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-04-01
... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Gasoline, unleaded. 21.110....110 Gasoline, unleaded. Conforms to specifications as established by the American Society for Testing...-79. Any of the “seasonal and geographical” volatility classes for unleaded gasoline are considered...
27 CFR 21.110 - Gasoline, unleaded.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-04-01
... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Gasoline, unleaded. 21.110....110 Gasoline, unleaded. Conforms to specifications as established by the American Society for Testing...-79. Any of the “seasonal and geographical” volatility classes for unleaded gasoline are considered...
27 CFR 21.110 - Gasoline, unleaded.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-04-01
... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Gasoline, unleaded. 21.110....110 Gasoline, unleaded. Conforms to specifications as established by the American Society for Testing...-79. Any of the “seasonal and geographical” volatility classes for unleaded gasoline are considered...
27 CFR 21.110 - Gasoline, unleaded.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-04-01
... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Gasoline, unleaded. 21.110....110 Gasoline, unleaded. Conforms to specifications as established by the American Society for Testing...-79. Any of the “seasonal and geographical” volatility classes for unleaded gasoline are considered...
Is benzene exposure from gasoline carcinogenic?
Jamall, Ijaz S; Willhite, Calvin C
2008-02-01
This article questions the basis for benzene as the carcinogenic surrogate in deriving health risk-based 'clean-up levels' for gasoline-impacted soil and groundwater at leaking underground storage tank properties. The epidemiological evidence suggests that acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) associated with chronic occupational benzene exposure can be best described by sigmoid dose-response relationships. A review of the molecular toxicology and kinetics of benzene points to the existence of threshold mechanisms in the induction of leukemia. The toxicological and epidemiological literature on chronic exposure to unleaded gasoline indicates that the benzene exposures required to induce a measurable carcinogenic response are substantially greater than exposures likely to be encountered from exposure to gasoline at contaminated properties. Thus, assuming that theoretical cancer risks associated with exposure to benzene from gasoline reflect actual health risks associated with such environmental exposures to gasoline and using these theoretical cancer risks and cancer potency factors for benzene to dictate soil and groundwater clean up of gasoline are not scientifically defensible.
Preventable burns associated with the misuse of gasoline.
Barillo, D J; Stetz, C K; Zak, A L; Shirani, K Z; Goodwin, C W
1998-08-01
Gasoline is intended for use as a motor fuel, but the universal availability of gasoline in the home encourages misuse as a solvent, insecticide, accelerant or cleaning solution. The careless or inappropriate use of gasoline may result in burn injury. We examined the circumstance of gasoline-related injury in a population admitted to one burn centre to determine the potential for burn prevention efforts. A retrospective review of all burn admissions to one centre for the years 1978 to 1996 demonstrated hat 1011 of 4339 acute admissions (23.3%) were gasoline-related. This group had an average total burn size of 29.8% total body surface (TBSA) and an average full thickness injury of 14.4% TBSA. There were 144 fatalities resulting from gasoline-associated burn injury. Where such determination could be made, the use of gasoline was judged to be inappropriate or unsafe in 687 of 788 cases (87.1%). Ninety of 144 fatalities (62.5%) were associated with inappropriate or unsafe use of gasoline. The careless or inappropriate use of gasoline poses significant risk of burn injury. The indoor use of gasoline, as well as use of gasoline for purposes other than as a motor fuel, should be strongly discouraged.
Vijayaraghavan, Krish; Lindhjem, Chris; Koo, Bonyoung; DenBleyker, Allison; Tai, Edward; Shah, Tejas; Alvarez, Yesica; Yarwood, Greg
2016-02-01
Federal Tier 3 motor vehicle emission and fuel sulfur standards have been promulgated in the United States to help attain air quality standards for ozone and PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm). The authors modeled a standard similar to Tier 3 (a hypothetical nationwide implementation of the California Low Emission Vehicle [LEV] III standards) and prior Tier 2 standards for on-road gasoline-fueled light-duty vehicles (gLDVs) to assess incremental air quality benefits in the United States (U.S.) and the relative contributions of gLDVs and other major source categories to ozone and PM2.5 in 2030. Strengthening Tier 2 to a Tier 3-like (LEV III) standard reduces the summertime monthly mean of daily maximum 8-hr average (MDA8) ozone in the eastern U.S. by up to 1.5 ppb (or 2%) and the maximum MDA8 ozone by up to 3.4 ppb (or 3%). Reducing gasoline sulfur content from 30 to 10 ppm is responsible for up to 0.3 ppb of the improvement in the monthly mean ozone and up to 0.8 ppb of the improvement in maximum ozone. Across four major urban areas-Atlanta, Detroit, Philadelphia, and St. Louis-gLDV contributions range from 5% to 9% and 3% to 6% of the summertime mean MDA8 ozone under Tier 2 and Tier 3, respectively, and from 7% to 11% and 3% to 7% of the maximum MDA8 ozone under Tier 2 and Tier 3, respectively. Monthly mean 24-hr PM2.5 decreases by up to 0.5 μg/m(3) (or 3%) in the eastern U.S. from Tier 2 to Tier 3, with about 0.1 μg/m(3) of the reduction due to the lower gasoline sulfur content. At the four urban areas under the Tier 3 program, gLDV emissions contribute 3.4-5.0% and 1.7-2.4% of the winter and summer mean 24-hr PM2.5, respectively, and 3.8-4.6% and 1.5-2.0% of the mean 24-hr PM2.5 on days with elevated PM2.5 in winter and summer, respectively. Following U.S. Tier 3 emissions and fuel sulfur standards for gasoline-fueled passenger cars and light trucks, these vehicles are expected to contribute less than 6% of the summertime mean
Static strength of molybdenum to 92 GPa under radial X-ray diffraction
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Xiong, L.; Tu, P.; Li, B.; Wu, S. Y.; Hao, J. B.; Bai, L. G.; Li, X. D.; Liu, J.
2018-06-01
The high-pressure strength of molybdenum (Mo) to 92 GPa has been studied by radial X-ray diffraction (RXRD) technique. The ratio of t/G is found to decrease above ˜24 GPa, showing the yield of Mo which is caused by plastic deformation at this pressure. Combined with high-pressure shear modulus, it was found that the differential stress corresponding to the yield of Mo at 24 GPa due to plastic deformation is 1.73 GPa. The second increase of t values occurs after ˜66 GPa, suggesting the strength of Mo with a differential stress of ˜1.93 GPa. In addition, the maximum difference stress of molybdenum at 87 GPa is 3.01 GPa.
Gasoline ingestion: a rare cause of pancytopenia.
Rahman, Ifad; Narasimhan, Kanakasabai; Aziz, Shahid; Owens, William
2009-11-01
The majority of reported cases of gasoline intoxication involves inhalation or percutaneous absorption. Data are scarce on complications and outcomes after gasoline poisoning by oral ingestion. The major cause of mortality and morbidity associated with the ingestion of gasoline is related to pulmonary aspiration. Despite the high frequency of the ingestions, there is little documentation of nonpulmonary toxic effects of gasoline. After ingestion, the principal toxicity is aspiration pneumonia, but any documented extra pulmonary manifestations of this condition may be important in the overall management of these patients. We are reporting a rare case of pancytopenia along with aspiration pneumonia and multisystem organ failure in a 58-year-old male after prolonged intentional ingestion of gasoline. To our knowledge, this is the only reported case of gasoline toxicity causing pancytopenia.
[Effect of ethanol gasoline and unleaded gasoline on exhaust emissions of EFI vehicles with TWC].
Wang, Chun-jie; Wang, Wei; Tang, Da-gang; Cui, Ping
2004-07-01
The injectors' flow-rate of all test vehicles that each was fixed with a three-way catalytic converter (TWC) and Electronic Fuel Injection System (EFI) was tested including before and after vehicles operated on unleaded and ethanol gasoline respectively running for a long time on real road. The three main engine-out exhaust emissions (HC, CO and NOx) from vehicles operating on different fuels were also analyzed by exhaust testing procedure for the whole light-duty vehicle. Test results showed that comparing with unleaded gasoline and ethanol gasoline has a remarkable effect on decreasing engine-out exhaust emissions of CO and HC (both at about ten percent) and the exhaust emissions of CO, HC and NOx from vehicles with TWC respectively. When burning with unleaded gasoline the three main pollutants from vehicles with TWC have already or nearly reached Europe Exhaust First Standard, after changing to ethanol gasoline CO has drastically decreased at about thirty percent, while HC and NOx decreased at about eighteen and ten percent respectively, at this time which they were all above Europe Exhaust Standard First or nearly reached Europe Exhaust Second Standard; ethanol gasoline has also other better performance such as a slight cleaning function on injectors, a slower deteriorative trend of engine-out CO and HC and a longer operating life-span of TWC.
Neurological and cognitive impairment associated with leaded gasoline encephalopathy.
Cairney, Sheree; Maruff, Paul; Burns, Chris B; Currie, Jon; Currie, Bart J
2004-02-07
A toxic encephalopathy (or 'lead encephalopathy') may arise from leaded gasoline abuse that is characterised by tremor, hallucinations, nystagmus, ataxia, seizures and death. This syndrome requires emergency and intensive hospital treatment. We compared neurological and cognitive function between chronic gasoline abusers with (n=15) and without (n=15) a history of leaded gasoline encephalopathy, and with controls who had never abused gasoline (n=15). Both groups of chronic gasoline abusers had abused gasoline for the same length of time and compared to controls, showed equivalently elevated blood lead levels and cognitive abnormalities in the areas of visuo-spatial attention, recognition memory and paired associate learning. However, where gasoline abusers with no history of leaded gasoline encephalopathy showed only mild movement abnormalities, gasoline abusers with a history of leaded gasoline encephalopathy showed severe neurological impairment that manifest as higher rates of gait ataxia, abnormal rapid finger tapping, finger to nose movements, dysdiadochokinesia and heel to knee movements, increased deep tendon reflexes and presence of a palmomental reflex. While neurological and cognitive functions are disrupted by chronic gasoline abuse, leaded gasoline encephalopathy is associated with additional and long-lasting damage to cortical and cerebellar functions.
X-Ray Diffraction Study of Elemental Erbium to 65 GPa
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Pravica, M.G.; Lipinska-Kalita, K.; Quine, Z.
2006-02-02
We have investigated phase transitions in elemental erbium in a diamond anvil cell up to 65 GPa using x-ray powder diffraction methods. We present preliminary evidence of a series of phase transitions that appear to follow the expected hcp {yields} Sm-type {yields} dhcp {yields} distorted fcc sequence. In particular, we believe that we have evidence for the predicted dhcp {yields} distorted fcc transition between 43 GPa and 65 GPa.
Sulfuric acid-sulfur heat storage cycle
Norman, John H.
1983-12-20
A method of storing heat is provided utilizing a chemical cycle which interconverts sulfuric acid and sulfur. The method can be used to levelize the energy obtained from intermittent heat sources, such as solar collectors. Dilute sulfuric acid is concentrated by evaporation of water, and the concentrated sulfuric acid is boiled and decomposed using intense heat from the heat source, forming sulfur dioxide and oxygen. The sulfur dioxide is reacted with water in a disproportionation reaction yielding dilute sulfuric acid, which is recycled, and elemental sulfur. The sulfur has substantial potential chemical energy and represents the storage of a significant portion of the energy obtained from the heat source. The sulfur is burned whenever required to release the stored energy. A particularly advantageous use of the heat storage method is in conjunction with a solar-powered facility which uses the Bunsen reaction in a water-splitting process. The energy storage method is used to levelize the availability of solar energy while some of the sulfur dioxide produced in the heat storage reactions is converted to sulfuric acid in the Bunsen reaction.
Evaporative Gasoline Emissions and Asthma Symptoms
Gordian, Mary Ellen; Stewart, Alistair W; Morris, Stephen S
2010-01-01
Attached garages are known to be associated with indoor air volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study looked at indoor exposure to VOCs presumably from evaporative emissions of gasoline. Alaskan gasoline contains 5% benzene making benzene a marker for gasoline exposure. A survey of randomly chosen houses with attached garages was done in Anchorage Alaska to determine the exposure and assess respiratory health. Householders were asked to complete a health survey for each person and a household survey. They monitored indoor air in their primary living space for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes for one week using passive organic vapor monitoring badges. Benzene levels in homes ranged from undetectable to 58 parts per billion. The median benzene level in 509 homes tested was 2.96 ppb. Elevated benzene levels in the home were strongly associated with small engines and gasoline stored in the garage. High concentrations of benzene in gasoline increase indoor air levels of benzene in residences with attached garages exposing people to benzene at levels above ATSDR’s minimal risk level. Residents reported more severe symptoms of asthma in the homes with high gasoline exposure (16%) where benzene levels exceeded the 9 ppb. PMID:20948946
Investigating the Utility of a GPA Institutional Adjustment Index
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Didier, Thomas; Kreiter, Clarence D.; Buri, Russell; Solow, Catherine
2006-01-01
Background: Grading standards vary widely across undergraduate institutions. If, during the medical school admissions process, GPA is considered without reference to the institution attended, it will disadvantage applicants from undergraduate institutions employing rigorous grading standards. Method: A regression-based GPA institutional equating…
Gasoline composition varies for technical, market and regulatory reasons. Knowledge of any one of these is insufficient for understanding the chemical composition of gasoline at any specific location in the U.S. Historical data collected by the National Institute of Petroleum ...
High-pressure polymorphism of Pb F 2 to 75 GPa
Stan, Camelia V.; Dutta, Rajkrishna; White, Claire E.; ...
2016-07-06
Lead fluoride, PbF 2, was investigated experimentally in the laser-heated diamond anvil cell by x-ray diffraction to pressures of 75 GPa at room temperature and to 64.5 GPa and 2430 K, as well as through first-principles density functional theory calculations up to 70 GPa. During room temperature compression, no discontinuous changes in the x-ray diffraction pattern or volume were observed, but the lattice parameters displayed highly anomalous trends between 10-22 GPa with enhanced compressibility along the a direction and reduced or even negative compressibility along b and c. Theoretical calculations of valence electron densities at 22 GPa showed that α-PbFmore » 2 underwent a pressure-induced isosymmetric phase transition to a postcotunnite Co 2Si structure and also revealed the detailed atomic rearrangements associated with the development of an extra Pb-F bond in the high-pressure phase. Our x-ray results and theoretical calculations are consistent with an isosymmetric phase transition smoothly occurring over 10-22 GPa rather than abruptly as previously suggested. The characteristic values for the cell constants a/c and (a+c)/b, which are used to distinguish among cotunnite-, Co 2Si-, and Ni 2In-type phases, require modification based on our results. An equation of state fit yields a bulk modulus, K 0, of 72(3) GPa for the cotunnite-type, and an ambient-pressure volume, V 0, of 182(2)Å 3, and K 0=81(4)GPa for the Co 2Si-type phase when fixing the pressure derivative of the bulk modulus, K 0'=4. Upon heating above 1200 K at pressures at or above 25.9 GPa, PbF 2 partially transformed to the hexagonal Ni 2In-type phase but wholly or partially reverted back to Co 2Si-type phase upon temperature quench. From 43-65 GPa, nearly complete transformation to the Ni 2In-type PbF 2 was observed at high temperature, but the material partially transformed back to the orthorhombic phase upon temperature quench. Our results show that high-pressure behavior of PbF 2 is
High-pressure polymorphism of Pb F2 to 75 GPa
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Stan, Camelia V.; Dutta, Rajkrishna; White, Claire E.; Prakapenka, Vitali; Duffy, Thomas S.
2016-07-01
Lead fluoride, Pb F2 , was investigated experimentally in the laser-heated diamond anvil cell by x-ray diffraction to pressures of 75 GPa at room temperature and to 64.5 GPa and 2430 K, as well as through first-principles density functional theory calculations up to 70 GPa. During room temperature compression, no discontinuous changes in the x-ray diffraction pattern or volume were observed, but the lattice parameters displayed highly anomalous trends between 10-22 GPa with enhanced compressibility along the a direction and reduced or even negative compressibility along b and c . Theoretical calculations of valence electron densities at 22 GPa showed that α -Pb F2 underwent a pressure-induced isosymmetric phase transition to a postcotunnite C o2Si structure and also revealed the detailed atomic rearrangements associated with the development of an extra Pb-F bond in the high-pressure phase. Our x-ray results and theoretical calculations are consistent with an isosymmetric phase transition smoothly occurring over 10-22 GPa rather than abruptly as previously suggested. The characteristic values for the cell constants a /c and (a +c )/b , which are used to distinguish among cotunnite-, C o2Si -, and N i2In -type phases, require modification based on our results. An equation of state fit yields a bulk modulus, K0, of 72(3) GPa for the cotunnite-type, and an ambient-pressure volume, V0, of 182 (2 ) Å3 , and K0=81 (4 ) GPa for the C o2Si -type phase when fixing the pressure derivative of the bulk modulus, K0 '=4 . Upon heating above 1200 K at pressures at or above 25.9 GPa, Pb F2 partially transformed to the hexagonal N i2In -type phase but wholly or partially reverted back to C o2Si -type phase upon temperature quench. From 43-65 GPa, nearly complete transformation to the N i2In -type Pb F2 was observed at high temperature, but the material partially transformed back to the orthorhombic phase upon temperature quench. Our results show that high-pressure behavior of Pb F
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Scott G. McKinley; Celedonio M. Alvarez
2003-03-01
The purpose of this study was to remove thiophene, benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene from a simulated gasoline feedstock. We found that Ru(NH{sub 3}){sub 5}(H{sub 2}O){sup 2+} reacts with a variety of thiophenes (Th*), affording Ru(NH{sub 3}){sub 5}(Th*){sup 2+}. We used this reactivity to design a biphasic extraction process that removes more than 50% of the dibenzothiophene in the simulated feedstock. This extraction system consists of a hydrocarbon phase (simulated petroleum feedstock) and extractant Ru(NH{sub 3}){sub 5}(H{sub 2}O){sup 2+} in an aqueous phase (70% dimethylformamide, 30% H{sub 2}O). The DBT is removed in situ from the newly formed Ru(NH{sub 3}){sub 5}(DBT){sup 2+}more » by either an oxidation process or addition of H{sub 2}O, to regenerate Ru(NH{sub 3}){sub 5}(H{sub 2}O){sup 2+}.« less
Roth, Michèle; Usemann, Jakob; Bisig, Christoph; Comte, Pierre; Czerwinski, Jan; Mayer, Andreas C R; Beier, Konstantin; Rothen-Rutishauser, Barbara; Latzin, Philipp; Müller, Loretta
2017-12-01
Air pollution exposure, including passenger car emissions, may cause substantial respiratory health effects and cancer death. In western countries, the majority of passenger cars are driven by gasoline fuel. Recently, new motor technologies and ethanol fuels have been introduced to the market, but potential health effects have not been thoroughly investigated. We developed and verified a coculture model composed of bronchial epithelial cells (ECs) and natural killer cells (NKs) mimicking the human airways to compare toxic effects between pure gasoline (E0) and ethanol-gasoline-blend (E85, 85% ethanol, 15% gasoline) exhaust emitted from a flexfuel gasoline car. We drove a steady state cycle, exposed ECs for 6h and added NKs. We assessed exhaust effects in ECs alone and in cocultures by RT-PCR, flow cytometry, and oxidative stress assay. We found no toxic effects after exposure to E0 or E85 compared to air controls. Comparison between E0 and E85 exposure showed a weak association for less oxidative DNA damage after E85 exposure compared to E0. Our results indicate that short-term exposure to gasoline exhaust may have no major toxic effects in ECs and NKs and that ethanol as part of fuel for gasoline cars may be favorable. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
High-pressure studies of cycloheptane up to 30 GPa
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ma, Chunli; Cui, Qiliang; Liu, Zhenxian
2013-06-01
High-pressure synchrotron angle dispersive x-ray diffraction, Raman scattering and infrared absorption studies have been performed on cycloheptane (C7H14) up to 30 GPa at room temperature by using diamond anvil cell techniques. The synchrotron x-ray diffraction results indicate that the liquid cyclopentane undergoes two phase transitions at around 0.5 and 1.0 GPa, respectively. Then, it gradually turns into glass state starting from 3.0 GPa. The features of the Raman scattering and infrared absorption show no significant changes with increasing pressure below 3 GPa. This implies that the two phases observed by the x-ray diffraction can be attributed to plastic phases in which the cycloheptane molecules are held in an ordered structure while the molecular orientation is disordered. Up on further compression, all Raman and infrared bands begin broadening around 3.0 GPa that provide further evidence on the transition to glass state. Our results also suggest different paths on phase transitions under isothermal compression at room temperature compare to that previously reported under isobaric cooling at ambient pressure. This work was supported by the NSF of China (91014004, 11004074,11074089), the specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (20110061110011, 20100061120093), and the National Basic Research Program of China (2011CB808200).
The Why, What, and Impact of GPA at Oxford Brookes University
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Andrews, Matthew
2016-01-01
This paper examines the introduction at Oxford Brookes University of a Grade Point Average (GPA) scheme alongside the traditional honours degree classification. It considers the reasons for the introduction of GPA, the way in which the scheme was implemented, and offers an insight into the impact of GPA at Brookes. Finally, the paper considers…
Trends in auto emissions and gasoline composition.
Sawyer, R F
1993-01-01
The invention of the spark-ignited internal combustion engine provided a market for a petroleum middle distillate, gasoline, about 100 years ago. The internal combustion engine and gasoline have co-evolved until motor vehicles now annually consume about 110 billion gallons of gasoline in the United States. Continuing air pollution problems and resulting regulatory pressures are driving the need for further automotive emissions reductions. Engine and emissions control technology provided most earlier reductions. Changing the composition of gasoline will play a major role in the next round of reductions. The engineering and regulatory definition of a reformulated gasoline is proceeding rapidly, largely as the result of an auto and oil industry cooperative data generation program. It is likely that this new, reformulated gasoline will be introduced in high-ozone regions of the United States in the mid-1990s. Alternative clean fuels, primarily methane, methanol, and liquid petroleum gas, will become more widely used during this same period, probably first in fleet operations. PMID:7517353
X-ray diffraction study of elemental erbium to 70 GPa
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pravica, Michael G.; Romano, Edward; Quine, Zachary
2005-12-01
We have investigated phase transitions in elemental erbium in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) up to 70GPa using angular-dispersive x-ray powder diffraction methods. We present evidence of a series of phase transitions that appear to follow the anticipated hcp→Sm-type→doublehcp(dhcp)→distorted fcc sequence. In particular, we present evidence for the predicted dhcp→distorted fcc transition above 63GPa . Equation of state data are also presented up to 70GPa .
Successful outcome after intravenous gasoline injection.
Domej, Wolfgang; Mitterhammer, Heike; Stauber, Rudolf; Kaufmann, Peter; Smolle, Karl Heinz
2007-12-01
Gasoline, ingested intentionally or accidentally, is toxic. The majority of reported cases of gasoline intoxication involve oral ingestion or inhalation. Data are scarce on complications and outcomes following hydrocarbon poisoning by intravenous injection. Following a suicide attempt by intravenous self-injection of 10 ml of gasoline, a 26-year-old medical student was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with hemoptysis, symptoms of acute respiratory failure, chest pain, and severe abdominal cramps. Gas exchange was severely impaired and a chest x-ray indicated chemical pneumonitis. Initial treatment consisted of mechanical ventilation, supportive hyperventilation, administration of nitrogen oxide (NO), and prednisone. Unfortunately, the patient developed multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) complicated by life-threatening severe vasoplegia within 24 hours after gasoline injection. High doses of vasopressors along with massive amounts of parenteral fluids were necessary. Despite fluid replacement, renal function worsened and required hemofiltration on 5 sequential days. After 12 days of intensive care management, the patient recovered completely and was discharged to a psychiatric care facility. Intravenous gasoline injection causes major injury to the lungs, the organ bearing the first capillary bed encountered. Treatment of gasoline poisoning is symptomatic because no specific antidote is available. Early and aggressive supportive care may be conducive to a favorable outcome with minimal residual pulmonary sequelae.
Transformation of hydrazinium azide to molecular N8 at 40 GPa
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Duwal, Sakun; Ryu, Young-Jay; Kim, Minseob; Yoo, Choong-Shik; Bang, Sora; Kim, Kyungtae; Hur, Nam Hwi
2018-04-01
Hydrazinium azide (HA) has been investigated at high pressures to 68 GPa using confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron powder x-ray diffraction. The results show that HA undergoes structural phase transitions from solid HA-I to HA-II at 13 GPa, associated with the strengthening of hydrogen bonding, and then to N8 at 40 GPa. The transformation of HA to recently predicted N8 (N≡N+—N-—N=N—-N—+N≡N) is evident by the emergence of new peaks at 2384 cm-1, 1665 cm-1, and 1165 cm-1, arising from the terminal N≡N stretching, the central N=N stretching, and the N—N stretching, respectively. However, upon decompression, N8 decomposes to ɛ-N2 below 25 GPa, but the remnant can be seen as low as 3 GPa.
Experimental modeling of the interaction of subducted carbonates and sulfur with mantle silicates
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bataleva, Yu. V.; Palyanov, Yu. N.; Borzdov, Yu. M.; Zdrokov, E. V.; Sobolev, N. V.
2016-09-01
Experimental studies in the system Fe,Ni-olivine-carbonate-S ( P = 6.3 GPa, T = 1050-1550°C, t = 40-60 h) aimed at modeling of the interaction of subducted carbonates and sulfur with rocks of the silicate mantle and at investigation of the likely mechanism of the formation of mantle sulfides were performed. It is shown that an association of olivine + orthopyroxene + magnesite + pyrite coexisting with a sulfur melt/fluid with dissolved Fe, Ni, and O is formed at T ≤ 1250°C. An association of low-Fe olivine, orthopyroxene, and magnesite and two immiscible melts of the carbonate and S-Fe-Ni-O compositions are formed at T ≥ 1350°C. It is shown that the reduced S-bearing fluids may transform silicates and carbonates, extract metals from the solid-phase matrix, and provide conditions for generation of sulfide melts.
Shock Reactivity of Non-Porous Mixtures of Manganese and Sulfur
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jette, Francois-Xavier; Goroshin, Samuel; Higgins, Andrew
2007-06-01
Stoichiometric mixtures of manganese powder and sulfur were melt-cast into solid pellets in order to study the mechanism of shock-enhanced reactivity in non-porous heterogeneous mixtures. This mixture was selected due to the large exothermic heat release of the manganese-sulfur reaction (214 kJ/mol), which causes the reaction to be self-sustaining once initiated. The test samples were placed in planar recovery ampoules and a strong shock was delivered via the detonation of a charge of amine-sensitized nitromethane. Various shock strengths were achieved by placing different thicknesses of PMMA attenuator between the explosive charge and the ampoule. The results confirmed that shock-induced reactions can be produced in the absence of porosity. Indeed, the critical shock pressure that caused ignition of the mixture in the ampoule was found to be in the range 2.2 - 3.8 GPa (pressures were estimated using LS-DYNA simulations). In the cases where the shock was too weak to cause ignition in the ampoule, the sample was extracted and its ignition temperature was determined using a differential thermal analyzer.
40 CFR 79.32 - Motor vehicle gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Motor vehicle gasoline. 79.32 Section...) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Designation of Fuels and Additives § 79.32 Motor vehicle gasoline. (a) The following fuels commonly or commercially known or sold as motor vehicle gasoline are hereby...
40 CFR 79.32 - Motor vehicle gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Motor vehicle gasoline. 79.32 Section...) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Designation of Fuels and Additives § 79.32 Motor vehicle gasoline. (a) The following fuels commonly or commercially known or sold as motor vehicle gasoline are hereby...
40 CFR 79.32 - Motor vehicle gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Motor vehicle gasoline. 79.32 Section...) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Designation of Fuels and Additives § 79.32 Motor vehicle gasoline. (a) The following fuels commonly or commercially known or sold as motor vehicle gasoline are hereby...
40 CFR 79.32 - Motor vehicle gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Motor vehicle gasoline. 79.32 Section...) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Designation of Fuels and Additives § 79.32 Motor vehicle gasoline. (a) The following fuels commonly or commercially known or sold as motor vehicle gasoline are hereby...
X-ray diffraction study of elemental erbium to 70 GPa
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Pravica, Michael G.; Romano, Edward; Quine, Zachary
2005-12-01
We have investigated phase transitions in elemental erbium in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) up to 70 GPa using angular-dispersive x-ray powder diffraction methods. We present evidence of a series of phase transitions that appear to follow the anticipated hcp{yields}Sm-type{yields}double hcp (dhcp){yields}distorted fcc sequence. In particular, we present evidence for the predicted dhcp{yields}distorted fcc transition above 63 GPa. Equation of state data are also presented up to 70 GPa.
The primary alternative to petroleum-based fuels is ethanol, which is blended with gasoline in the United States at concentrations up to 15% for most automobiles. Efforts to increase the amount of ethanol in gasoline have prompted concerns about the potential toxicity of inhaled ...
Challenging the 3.0 GPA Eligibility Standard for Public Relations Internships.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Maynard, Michael L.
1999-01-01
Analyzes the appropriateness of a 3.0 GPA standard for public relations internship eligibility at one university. Seeks to determine at what GPA cutoff faculty can feel confident that the student will gain from the internship without damaging the program's reputation. Finds students with a 2.7 GPA did as well as students with GPAs ranging from 3.0…
Pirjola, Liisa; Karjalainen, Panu; Heikkilä, Juha; Saari, Sampo; Tzamkiozis, Theodoros; Ntziachristos, Leonidas; Kulmala, Kari; Keskinen, Jorma; Rönkkö, Topi
2015-03-17
Particle emissions from a modern turbocharged gasoline direct injection passenger car equipped with a three-way catalyst and an exhaust gas recirculation system were studied while the vehicle was running on low-sulfur gasoline and, consecutively, with five different lubrication oils. Exhaust particle number concentration, size distribution, and volatility were determined both at laboratory and on-road conditions. The results indicated that the choice of lubricant affected particle emissions both during the cold start and warm driving cycles. However, the contribution of engine oil depended on driving conditions being higher during acceleration and steady state driving than during deceleration. The highest emission factors were found with two oils that had the highest metal content. The results indicate that a 10% decrease in the Zn content of engine oils is linked with an 11-13% decrease to the nonvolatile particle number emissions in steady driving conditions and a 5% decrease over the New European Driving Cycle. The effect of lubricant on volatile particles was even higher, on the order of 20%.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Williams, Quentin; Jeanloz, Raymond
1990-01-01
The melting temperatures of FeS-troilite and of a 10-wt-pct sulfur iron alloy have been measured to pressures of 120 and 90 GPa, respectively. The results document that FeS melts at a temperature of 4100 (+ or - 300) K at the pressure of the core-mantle boundary. Eutecticlike behavior persists in the iron-sulfur system to the highest pressures of measurements, in marked contrast to the solid-solutionlike behavior observed at high pressures in the iron-iron oxide system. Iron with 10-wt-pct sulfur melts at a similar temperature as FeS at core-mantle boundary conditions. If the sole alloying elements of iron within the core are sulfur and oxygen and the outer core is entirely liquid, the minimum temperature at the top of the outer core is 4900 (+ or - 400) K. Calculations of mantle geotherms dictate that there must be a temperature increase of between 1000 and 2000 K across thermal boundary layers within the mantle. If D-double-prime is compositionally stratified, it could accommodate the bulk of this temperature jump.
46 CFR 169.613 - Gasoline fuel systems.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Gasoline fuel systems. 169.613 Section 169.613 Shipping... Machinery and Electrical Fuel Systems § 169.613 Gasoline fuel systems. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) each gasoline fuel system must meet the requirements of § 56.50-70 of this chapter (b) Each...
46 CFR 169.613 - Gasoline fuel systems.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Gasoline fuel systems. 169.613 Section 169.613 Shipping... Machinery and Electrical Fuel Systems § 169.613 Gasoline fuel systems. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) each gasoline fuel system must meet the requirements of § 56.50-70 of this chapter (b) Each...
46 CFR 169.613 - Gasoline fuel systems.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... 46 Shipping 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Gasoline fuel systems. 169.613 Section 169.613 Shipping... Machinery and Electrical Fuel Systems § 169.613 Gasoline fuel systems. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) each gasoline fuel system must meet the requirements of § 56.50-70 of this chapter (b) Each...
46 CFR 169.613 - Gasoline fuel systems.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
... 46 Shipping 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Gasoline fuel systems. 169.613 Section 169.613 Shipping... Machinery and Electrical Fuel Systems § 169.613 Gasoline fuel systems. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) each gasoline fuel system must meet the requirements of § 56.50-70 of this chapter (b) Each...
46 CFR 169.613 - Gasoline fuel systems.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Gasoline fuel systems. 169.613 Section 169.613 Shipping... Machinery and Electrical Fuel Systems § 169.613 Gasoline fuel systems. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) each gasoline fuel system must meet the requirements of § 56.50-70 of this chapter (b) Each...
Motor Gasoline Outlook and State MTBE Bans
2003-01-01
The U.S. is beginning the summer 2003 driving season with lower gasoline inventories and higher prices than last year. Recovery from this tight gasoline market could be made more difficult by impending state bans on the blending of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) into gasoline that are scheduled to begin later this year.
GPA in Research Studies: An Invaluable but Neglected Opportunity
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Bacon, Donald R.; Bean, Beth
2006-01-01
Grade point average (GPA) often correlates highly with variables of interest to educational researchers and thus offers the potential to greatly increase the statistical power of their research studies. Yet this variable is often underused in marketing education research studies. The reliability and validity of the GPA are closely examined here in…
Neto, A F G; Lopes, F S; Carvalho, E V; Huda, M N; Neto, A M J C; Machado, N T
2015-10-01
This paper presents a theoretical study using density functional theory to calculate thermodynamics properties of major molecules compounds at gas phase of fuels like gasoline, ethanol, and gasoline-ethanol mixture in thermal equilibrium on temperature range up to 1500 K. We simulated a composition of gasoline mixture with ethanol for a thorough study of thermal energy, enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, entropy, heat capacity at constant pressure with respect to temperature in order to study the influence caused by ethanol as an additive to gasoline. We used semi-empirical computational methods as well in order to know the efficiency of other methods to simulate fuels through this methodology. In addition, the ethanol influence through the changes in percentage fractions of chemical energy released in combustion reaction and the variations on thermal properties for autoignition temperatures of fuels was analyzed. We verified how ethanol reduces the chemical energy released by gasoline combustion and how at low temperatures the gas phase fuels in thermal equilibrium have similar thermodynamic behavior. Theoretical results were compared with experimental data, when available, and showed agreement. Graphical Abstract Thermodynamic analysis of fuels in gas phase.
Volatile compounds of sulfur in the Fe-C-S system at 5.3 GPa and 1300°C
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhimulev, E. I.; Sonin, V. M.; Bul'bak, T. A.; Chepurov, A. I.; Tomilenko, A. A.; Pokhilenko, N. P.
2015-05-01
This report presents the results of experimental studies of the fluid phase in the Fe-C-S system at high P and T values (5.3 GPa and 1300°C) conforming to diamond synthesis. The samples for experiments were mounted on air; therefore, the volatile compounds detected after the experiments are characterized by a wide variety and complicated composition involving both inorganic and organic components. Among the inorganic compounds, CO2, H2O, N2, SO2, CS2, and COS were detected. The GC/MS analysis revealed hydrocarbons (paraffins, olefins, and arenes), including high-molecular compounds. The formation of heavy hydrocarbons confirms their thermodynamic stability under high pressure. Oxygenated hydrocarbons (alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and ethers) were also detected.
26 CFR 48.4081-6 - Gasoline; gasohol.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-04-01
... 26 Internal Revenue 16 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Gasoline; gasohol. 48.4081-6 Section 48.4081-6... Fuel Taxable Fuel § 48.4081-6 Gasoline; gasohol. (a) Overview. This section provides rules for determining the applicability of reduced rates of tax on a removal or entry of gasohol or of gasoline used to...
26 CFR 48.4081-6 - Gasoline; gasohol.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-04-01
... 26 Internal Revenue 16 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Gasoline; gasohol. 48.4081-6 Section 48.4081-6... Fuel Taxable Fuel § 48.4081-6 Gasoline; gasohol. (a) Overview. This section provides rules for determining the applicability of reduced rates of tax on a removal or entry of gasohol or of gasoline used to...
26 CFR 48.4081-6 - Gasoline; gasohol.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-04-01
... 26 Internal Revenue 16 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Gasoline; gasohol. 48.4081-6 Section 48.4081-6... Fuel Taxable Fuel § 48.4081-6 Gasoline; gasohol. (a) Overview. This section provides rules for determining the applicability of reduced rates of tax on a removal or entry of gasohol or of gasoline used to...
26 CFR 48.4081-6 - Gasoline; gasohol.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-04-01
... 26 Internal Revenue 16 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Gasoline; gasohol. 48.4081-6 Section 48.4081-6... Fuel Taxable Fuel § 48.4081-6 Gasoline; gasohol. (a) Overview. This section provides rules for determining the applicability of reduced rates of tax on a removal or entry of gasohol or of gasoline used to...
Gasoline toxicology: overview of regulatory and product stewardship programs.
Swick, Derek; Jaques, Andrew; Walker, J C; Estreicher, Herb
2014-11-01
Significant efforts have been made to characterize the toxicological properties of gasoline. There have been both mandatory and voluntary toxicology testing programs to generate hazard characterization data for gasoline, the refinery process streams used to blend gasoline, and individual chemical constituents found in gasoline. The Clean Air Act (CAA) (Clean Air Act, 2012: § 7401, et seq.) is the primary tool for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate gasoline and this supplement presents the results of the Section 211(b) Alternative Tier 2 studies required for CAA Fuel and Fuel Additive registration. Gasoline blending streams have also been evaluated by EPA under the voluntary High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program through which the petroleum industry provide data on over 80 refinery streams used in gasoline. Product stewardship efforts by companies and associations such as the American Petroleum Institute (API), Conservation of Clean Air and Water Europe (CONCAWE), and the Petroleum Product Stewardship Council (PPSC) have contributed a significant amount of hazard characterization data on gasoline and related substances. The hazard of gasoline and anticipated exposure to gasoline vapor has been well characterized for risk assessment purposes. Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Compressional behavior of omphacite to 47 GPa
Zhang, Dongzhou; Hu, Yi; Dera, Przemyslaw K.
2016-07-08
Omphacite is an important mineral component of eclogite. Single crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction data on natural (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al)Si 2O 6 omphacite have been collected at the Advanced Photon Source beamlines 13-BM-C and 13-ID-D up to 47 GPa at ambient temperature. Unit cell parameter and crystal structure refinements were carried out to constrain the isothermal equation of state and compression mechanism. The 3rd order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state (BM3) fit of all data gives V o = 423.9(3) Å3, K To = 116(2) GPa and K To’ = 4.3(2). These elastic parameters are consistent with the general trend of the diopside-jadeite join.more » The eight-coordinated polyhedra (M2 and M21) are the most compressible, and contribute to majority of the unit cell compression, while the SiO 4 tetrahedra (Si1 and Si2) behave as rigid structural units and are the most incompressible. Axial compressibilities are determined by fitting linearized BM 3 equation of state to pressure dependences of unit cell parameters. Throughout the investigated pressure range, the b-axis is more compressible than the c-axis. Here, the axial compressibility of the α-axis is the largest among the three axes at 0 GPa, yet it quickly drops to the smallest at pressures above 5 GPa, which is explained by the rotation of the stiffest compression axis toward the a-axis with the increase of pressure.« less
Persulfate injection into a gasoline source zone
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sra, Kanwartej S.; Thomson, Neil R.; Barker, Jim F.
2013-07-01
One pore volume of unactivated sodium persulfate was delivered into an emplaced gasoline residual source zone at CFB Borden. Concentrations of inorganic species (S2O82 -, SO42 -, Na+, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)) and selected gasoline compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, trimethylbenzenes and naphthalene) were monitored across a transect equipped with 90 multilevel sampling points for > 10 months post-injection. Mass loading (M˙) of compounds constructed from the transect data was used for assessment purposes. Breakthrough of inorganic species was observed when the injection slug crossed the monitoring transect. An increase in M indicated persulfate consumption during oxidation of gasoline compounds or degradation due to the interaction with aquifer materials. M increased by > 100% suggesting some mineralization of gasoline compounds during treatment. Mass loading for all the monitored gasoline compounds reduced by 46 to 86% as the inorganic slug crossed the monitoring transect. The cumulative mass discharge across the monitoring transect was 19 to 58% lower than that expected without persulfate injection. After the inorganic injection slug was flushed from the source zone a partial rebound (40 to 80% of baseline levels) of mass discharge of the monitored gasoline compounds was observed. The ensemble of data collected provides insight into the fate and transport of the injected persulfate solution, and the accompanying treatment of a gasoline the source zone.
SAT and ACT Predict College GPA after Removing "g"
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Coyle, Thomas R.; Pillow, David R.
2008-01-01
This research examined whether the SAT and ACT would predict college grade point average (GPA) after removing g from the tests. SAT and ACT scores and freshman GPAs were obtained from a university sample (N=161) and the 1997 National Longitudinal Study of Youth (N=8984). Structural equation modeling was used to examine relationships among g, GPA,…
Investigation of fatalities due to acute gasoline poisoning.
Martínez, María A; Ballesteros, Salomé
2005-10-01
This paper presents a simple, rapid, reliable, and validated method suited for forensic examination of gasoline in biological samples. The proposed methodology has been applied to the investigation of four fatal cases due to gasoline poisoning that occurred in Spain in 2003 and 2004. Case histories and pathological and toxicological findings are described in order to illustrate the danger of gasoline exposure under several circumstances. Gasoline's tissular distribution, its quantitative toxicological significance, and the possible mechanisms leading to death are also discussed. The toxicological screening and quantitation of gasoline was performed by means of gas chromatography (GC) with flame-ionization detection, and confirmation was performed using GC-mass spectrometry in total ion chromatogram mode. m,p-Xylene peak was selected to estimate gasoline in all biological samples. Gasoline analytical methodology was validated at five concentration levels from 1 to 100 mg/L. The method provided extraction recoveries between 77.6% and 98.3%. The limit of detection was 0.3 mg/L, and the limit of quantitation was 1.0 mg/L. The linearity of the blood calibration curves was excellent with r2 values of > 0.997. Intraday and interday precisions had a coefficient of variation < or = 5.4% in all cases. Cases 1 and 2 consist of the accidental inhalation of gasoline vapor inside a small enclosed space. Case 3 is a death by recreational gasoline inhalation in a male adolescent. Heart blood concentrations were 28.4, 18.0, and 38.3 mg/L, respectively; liver concentrations were 41.4, 52.9, and 124.2 mg/kg, respectively; and lung concentrations were 5.6, 8.4, and 39.3 mg/kg, respectively. Case 4 was an accidental death due to gasoline ingestion of a woman with senile dementia. Peripheral blood concentration was 122.4 mg/L, the highest in our experience. Because pathological findings were consistent with other reports of gasoline intoxication and constituents of gasoline were found
Phase Transitions and Melting in Magnesium to 200 GPa and 4500 K
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Stinton, G.; MacLeod, S.; Cynn, H.; Errandonea, D.; Proctor, J.; Meng, Y.; McMahon, M.
2013-06-01
Magnesium is a ``simple'' nearly free-electron metal up to around 100 GPa. Despite similarly-simple group II metals being the subject of numerous studies that have revealed complex high-pressure behaviour, Mg has very few high-pressure diffraction studies, particularly above room temperature. Here we describe such studies to above 200 GPa at 300 K, combined with resistive- and laser-heating experiments to 4500 K and 100 GPa. The hcp-bcc transition at ~50 GPa exhibits a large region of phase co-existence at all temperatures up to 800 K, and the transition pressure is found to decrease with temperature at the rate of ~3.4 GPa per 100 K, somewhat smaller than the rate calculated by Mehta et al.,. At lower pressures, below the melting curve at 10 GPa, we find the dhcp phase to be stable, in agreement with Errandonea et al.. Laser heating studies to 4500 K and 100 GPa show that Mg remains bcc up to the melting curve, our measurement of which is in good agreement with the previous ``speckle'' studies of Errandonea et al.. This work was performed under the auspices of the US DOE by LLNL under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.
Alternative Fuels Data Center: How Do Gasoline Cars Work?
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40 CFR 63.650 - Gasoline loading rack provisions.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Gasoline loading rack provisions. 63...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From Petroleum Refineries § 63.650 Gasoline... or operator of a Group 1 gasoline loading rack classified under Standard Industrial Classification...
40 CFR 63.650 - Gasoline loading rack provisions.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Gasoline loading rack provisions. 63...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From Petroleum Refineries § 63.650 Gasoline... or operator of a Group 1 gasoline loading rack classified under Standard Industrial Classification...
40 CFR 63.650 - Gasoline loading rack provisions.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Gasoline loading rack provisions. 63...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From Petroleum Refineries § 63.650 Gasoline... or operator of a Group 1 gasoline loading rack classified under Standard Industrial Classification...
40 CFR 63.650 - Gasoline loading rack provisions.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Gasoline loading rack provisions. 63...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From Petroleum Refineries § 63.650 Gasoline... or operator of a Group 1 gasoline loading rack classified under Standard Industrial Classification...
40 CFR 63.650 - Gasoline loading rack provisions.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Gasoline loading rack provisions. 63...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From Petroleum Refineries § 63.650 Gasoline... or operator of a Group 1 gasoline loading rack classified under Standard Industrial Classification...
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Rao, M. N.; Ross, D. K.; See, T. H.; Nyquist, L. E.; Sutton, S.; Asimow, P.
2013-01-01
Large abundance of Martian atmospheric gases and neutron-induced isotopic excesses as well as Rb-Sr isotopic variations determined in some impact glasses in basaltic shergottites (e.g., Shergotty #DBS, Zagami #H1 and EET79001 #27, #8 and #104) provide definitive evidence for the occurrence of a Martian regolith component in their constituent mineral assemblages. Some of these glass-es, known as gas-rich impact-melts (GRIM), contain numerous micron-sized iron sulfide blebs along with minor amounts of iron sulfate particulates. As these GRIM glasses contain a Martian regolith component and as iron sulfates (but not sulfides) are found to occur abundantly on the Mars surface, we suggested that the sulfide blebs in GRIMs were likely generated by shock-reduction of the parental iron sulfate bearing regolith material that had been incorporated into the cavities/crevices of basaltic host rock prior to the impact event on Mars. To test whether the sulfates could be reduced to sulfides by impact shock, we carried out laboratory shock experiments on a basalt plus ferric sulfate mixture at 49 GPa at the Caltech Shock Wave Laboratory and at 21 GPa at Johnson Space Center (JSC) Experimental Impact Laboratory. The experimental details and the preliminary results for the Caltech 49 GPa experiment were presented at LPSC last year. Here, we report the results for the 21 GPa experiment at JSC and compare these results to obtain further insight into the mechanism of the bleb formation in the GRIM glasses.
Persulfate injection into a gasoline source zone.
Sra, Kanwartej S; Thomson, Neil R; Barker, Jim F
2013-07-01
One pore volume of unactivated sodium persulfate was delivered into an emplaced gasoline residual source zone at CFB Borden. Concentrations of inorganic species (S2O8(2-), SO4(2-), Na(+), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)) and selected gasoline compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, trimethylbenzenes and naphthalene) were monitored across a transect equipped with 90 multilevel sampling points for >10months post-injection. Mass loading (M˙) of compounds constructed from the transect data was used for assessment purposes. Breakthrough of inorganic species was observed when the injection slug crossed the monitoring transect. An increase in [Formula: see text] indicated persulfate consumption during oxidation of gasoline compounds or degradation due to the interaction with aquifer materials. M˙DIC increased by >100% suggesting some mineralization of gasoline compounds during treatment. Mass loading for all the monitored gasoline compounds reduced by 46 to 86% as the inorganic slug crossed the monitoring transect. The cumulative mass discharge across the monitoring transect was 19 to 58% lower than that expected without persulfate injection. After the inorganic injection slug was flushed from the source zone a partial rebound (40 to 80% of baseline levels) of mass discharge of the monitored gasoline compounds was observed. The ensemble of data collected provides insight into the fate and transport of the injected persulfate solution, and the accompanying treatment of a gasoline the source zone. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
40 CFR 80.230 - Who is not eligible for the hardship provisions for small refiners?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur... reorganization; (3) Importers; and (4) Refiners who produce gasoline other than by processing crude oil through... refineries for which the Administrator has approved an extension of the small refiner gasoline sulfur...
40 CFR 80.230 - Who is not eligible for the hardship provisions for small refiners?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur... reorganization; (3) Importers; and (4) Refiners who produce gasoline other than by processing crude oil through... refineries for which the Administrator has approved an extension of the small refiner gasoline sulfur...
Motor fuels : California gasoline price behavior
DOT National Transportation Integrated Search
2000-04-01
Retail gasoline prices in the United States have risen sharply since early 1999, mostly in response to sharply rising world crude oil prices. Although gasoline prices have, in general, been relatively low for U.S. consumers-compared with both histori...
Historical Gasoline Composition Data 1976 - 2010
Gasoline composition varies for technical, market and regulatory reasons. Knowledge of any one of these is insufficient for understanding the chemical composition of gasoline at any specific location in the U.S. Historical data collected by the National Institute of Petroleum ...
Gasoline Composition Regulations Affecting LUST Sites
Passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments in 1990 imposed requirements on gasoline composition in the United States. Impacts to ground water are affected by the provisions that required oxygenated additives and limited benzene concentration. Reformulated and oxygenated gasoline w...
Compressibility of one glass and two glass ceramics to 4 GPa
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sigalas, I.; Auret, J. G.; Hart, S.
1986-05-01
By monitoring the piston dispacement, up to 4 GPa, in a static high pressure piston-cylinder apparatus the volume compression of Duran 50 glass, Macor machinable glass ceramic and CER-VIT C101 glass ceramic was determined. It was established that the compressibility of Duran 50 increases with pressure up to 4 GPa. The values obtained for CER-VIT C101 indicate that, at about 0.8 GPa, the structure of this material transforms to low quartz.
Acute toxicity of gasoline and some additives.
Reese, E; Kimbrough, R D
1993-01-01
The acute toxicity of gasoline; its components benzene, toluene, and xylene; and the additives ethanol, methanol, and methyl tertiary butyl ether are reviewed. All of these chemicals are only moderately to mildly toxic at acute doses. Because of their volatility, these compounds are not extensively absorbed dermally unless the exposed skin is occluded. Absorption through the lungs and the gastrointestinal tract is quite efficient. After ingestion, the principal danger for a number of these chemicals, particularly gasoline, is aspiration pneumonia, which occurs mainly in children. It is currently not clear whether aspiration pneumonia would still be a problem if gasoline were diluted with ethanol or methanol. During the normal use of gasoline or mixtures of gasoline and the other solvents as a fuel, exposures would be much lower than the doses that have resulted in poisoning. No acute toxic health effects would occur during the normal course of using automotive fuels. PMID:8020435
Structural phase stability in nanocrystalline titanium to 161 GPa
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Velisavljevic, Nenad; Jacobsen, Matthew K.; Vohra, Yogesh K.
2014-09-16
Nanocrystalline titanium (nc-Ti) metal was investigated up to 161 GPa at room temperature using a diamond anvil cell. X-ray diffraction and electrical resistance techniques were used to investigate the compressibility and structural phase stability. nc-Ti is observed to undergo three structural phase transitions at high pressures, starting with α → ω at 10GPa and followed by ω → γ at 127GPa and γ → δ at 140GPa. The observed structural phase transitions, as well as compressibility, are consistent with previously reported values for coarse grained Ti (c-Ti). The high pressure experiments on nc-Ti samples do no show any significant variationmore » of the α → ω transition pressure under varying nonhydrostatic conditions. This is in sharp contrast to c-Ti, where a significant decrease in the α → ω transition pressure is observed under increasing nonhydrostatic conditions. As a result, this would indicate that the decrease in grain size in nano grained titanium makes the α → ω phase transition less sensitive to shear stresses as compared to bulk or c-Ti.« less
30 CFR 57.4461 - Gasoline use restrictions underground.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Gasoline use restrictions underground. 57.4461... Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4461 Gasoline use restrictions underground. If gasoline is used underground to power internal combustion engines— (a) The mine shall be...
40 CFR 52.787 - Gasoline transfer vapor control.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Gasoline transfer vapor control. 52.787... (CONTINUED) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF IMPLEMENTATION PLANS Indiana § 52.787 Gasoline transfer vapor control. (a) Gasoline means any petroleum distillate having a Reid vapor pressure of 4 pounds or greater...
40 CFR 52.787 - Gasoline transfer vapor control.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Gasoline transfer vapor control. 52.787... (CONTINUED) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF IMPLEMENTATION PLANS Indiana § 52.787 Gasoline transfer vapor control. (a) Gasoline means any petroleum distillate having a Reid vapor pressure of 4 pounds or greater...
30 CFR 57.4461 - Gasoline use restrictions underground.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Gasoline use restrictions underground. 57.4461... Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4461 Gasoline use restrictions underground. If gasoline is used underground to power internal combustion engines— (a) The mine shall be...
40 CFR 52.787 - Gasoline transfer vapor control.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Gasoline transfer vapor control. 52.787... (CONTINUED) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF IMPLEMENTATION PLANS Indiana § 52.787 Gasoline transfer vapor control. (a) Gasoline means any petroleum distillate having a Reid vapor pressure of 4 pounds or greater...
30 CFR 57.4461 - Gasoline use restrictions underground.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Gasoline use restrictions underground. 57.4461... Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4461 Gasoline use restrictions underground. If gasoline is used underground to power internal combustion engines— (a) The mine shall be...
40 CFR 52.787 - Gasoline transfer vapor control.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Gasoline transfer vapor control. 52.787... (CONTINUED) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF IMPLEMENTATION PLANS Indiana § 52.787 Gasoline transfer vapor control. (a) Gasoline means any petroleum distillate having a Reid vapor pressure of 4 pounds or greater...
40 CFR 52.787 - Gasoline transfer vapor control.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Gasoline transfer vapor control. 52.787... (CONTINUED) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF IMPLEMENTATION PLANS Indiana § 52.787 Gasoline transfer vapor control. (a) Gasoline means any petroleum distillate having a Reid vapor pressure of 4 pounds or greater...
30 CFR 57.4461 - Gasoline use restrictions underground.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Gasoline use restrictions underground. 57.4461... Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4461 Gasoline use restrictions underground. If gasoline is used underground to power internal combustion engines— (a) The mine shall be...
Structural Transitions in Elemental Tin at Ultra High Pressures up to 230 GPa
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gavriliuk, A. G.; Troyan, I. A.; Ivanova, A. G.; Aksenov, S. N.; Starchikov, S. S.; Lyubutin, I. S.; Morgenroth, W.; Glazyrin, K. V.; Mezouar, M.
2017-12-01
The crystal structure of elemental Sn was investigated by synchrotron X-ray diffraction at ultra high pressures up to ˜230 GPa creating in diamond anvil cells. Above 70 GPa, a pure bcc structure of Sn was observed, which is stable up to 160GPa, until an occurrence of the hcp phase was revealed. At the onset of the bcc- hcp transition at pressure of about 160GPa, the drop of the unit cell volume is about 1%. A mixture of the bcc- hcp states was observed at least up to 230GPa, and it seems that this state could exist even up to higher pressures. The fractions of the bcc and hcp phases were evaluated in the pressure range of the phase coexistence 160-230 GPa. The difference between static and dynamic compression and its effect on the V- P phase diagram of Sn are discussed.
First oxygenated gasoline season shakes out differently than expected
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Dale, C.; Hackworth, J.H.; Shore, J.M.
1993-10-25
The U.S.'s first oxygenated gasoline season began Nov. 1, 1992. Refiners and marketers achieved compliance with these new specs with little upset to the gasoline production and distribution system. But although the season went smoothly, it did not shake out exactly as projected. Demand for oxygenated gasoline and, in particular, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), was lower than expected. Prior to the season, refiners were concerned that oxygenates might be in short supply. No supply shortages developed, however, and prices of both oxygenates and gasoline decreased during the season. The paper discusses gasoline demand, administration of the oxygenated gasoline program,more » spillover, reduced demand, ethanol, oxygenate supply, prices, ethanol tax credit, refinery economics, and the outlook for next season.« less
High Pressure Crystalline Structure and Resistance of Vanadium Dioxide to 13.5 GPa
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Brady, Nathaniel; Appavoo, Kannatassen; Montgomery, Jeffery; Vohra, Yogesh; Haglund, Richard; Hilton, David
2013-03-01
We have investigated the insulator-to-metal transition in thin film vanadium dioxide as a function of pressure at ambient temperature using a designer diamond anvil cell (DAC). Four-point probe resistance measurements show a monotonic decrease over the entire pressure range studied with no significant discontinuity. High-pressure X-ray diffraction measurements observe an M1 (P21 / c) phase at 0 GPa, an M2 (C2/m) phase from 0.8 GPa to 1.1 GPa, and a reentrant M1 phase from 1.1 GPa to 13.5 GPa. Crystal refinement above 1.1 GPa shows a monotonically decreasing a, b and c lattice constants and a minimum in the monoclinic angle, β, near 8.5 +/-0.5 GPa. The atomic positions show that the first V-V nearest neighbor distance (d) decreases over the entire pressure range, the second nearest neighbor distance (s) increases until 5 GPa after which it is constant with s ~ f ~3.2 Å. The next most closely spaced V-V distance (f), which corresponds to V atoms in different unit cells, is approximately constant across the entire pressure range measured. NB and JM acknowledge support from the US Dept. Education GAANN Fellowship (P200A090143). KA and RH acknowledge support from the Office of Science, US Department of Energy (DE- FG02-01ER45916).
What Drives U.S. Gasoline Prices?
2014-01-01
This analysis provides context for considering the impact of rising domestic light crude oil production on the price that U.S. consumers pay for gasoline, and provides a framework to consider how changes to existing U.S. crude oil export restrictions might affect gasoline prices.
Synthesis of bulk chromium hydrides under pressure of up to 120 GPa
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Marizy, Adrien; Geneste, Grégory; Loubeyre, Paul; Guigue, Bastien; Garbarino, Gaston
2018-05-01
Stable compounds in the Cr-H system have been synthesized through a direct reaction of chromium and hydrogen in a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell and investigated using synchrotron x-ray diffraction up to 120 GPa . The sequence of hydrides CrH, Cr2H3 , and CrH2 has been observed by increasing pressure. The known ɛ -h c p -CrH hydride is formed above 3 GPa . A Cr2H3 hydride with a C 2 /m structure appears spontaneously above 19 GPa , as a result of the filling of the tetrahedral sites of ɛ -CrH. YAG laser heating helps dissolve more hydrogen inside the h c p chromium structure to synthesize a CrH2 compound with a P n m a structure from 30 GPa on. The volume expansion per hydrogen atom in octahedral and tetrahedral sites is measured up to the 100-GPa pressure range. The formation pressures and structures of these chromium interstitial hydrides are in very good agreement with DFT calculations. However, despite multiple heating attempts up to 100 GPa , no evidence of the stability of the predicted CrH3 compound could be found.
High-pressure phase transitions in rare earth metal thulium to 195 GPa.
Montgomery, Jeffrey M; Samudrala, Gopi K; Tsoi, Georgiy M; Vohra, Yogesh K
2011-04-20
We have performed image plate x-ray diffraction studies on a heavy rare earth metal, thulium (Tm), in a diamond anvil cell to a pressure of 195 GPa and volume compression V/V₀ = 0.38 at room temperature. The rare earth crystal structure sequence, hcp →Sm-type→ dhcp →fcc → distorted fcc, is observed in Tm below 70 GPa with the exception of a pure fcc phase. The focus of our study is on the ultrahigh-pressure phase transition and Rietveld refinement of crystal structures in the pressure range between 70 and 195 GPa. The hexagonal hR-24 phase is seen to describe the distorted fcc phase between 70 and 124 GPa. Above 124 ± 4 GPa, a structural transformation from hR 24 phase to a monoclinic C 2/m phase is observed with a volume change of -1.5%. The equation of state data shows rapid stiffening above the phase transition at 124 GPa and is indicative of participation of f-electrons in bonding. We compare the behavior of Tm to other heavy rare-earths and heavy actinide metals under extreme conditions of pressure.
High-pressure phase transitions in rare earth metal thulium to 195 GPa
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Montgomery, Jeffrey M.; Samudrala, Gopi K.; Tsoi, Georgiy M.; Vohra, Yogesh K.
2011-04-01
We have performed image plate x-ray diffraction studies on a heavy rare earth metal, thulium (Tm), in a diamond anvil cell to a pressure of 195 GPa and volume compression V/Vo = 0.38 at room temperature. The rare earth crystal structure sequence, {hcp}\\to {Sm {-}type} \\to {dhcp} \\to {fcc} \\to distorted fcc, is observed in Tm below 70 GPa with the exception of a pure fcc phase. The focus of our study is on the ultrahigh-pressure phase transition and Rietveld refinement of crystal structures in the pressure range between 70 and 195 GPa. The hexagonal hR- 24 phase is seen to describe the distorted fcc phase between 70 and 124 GPa. Above 124 ± 4 GPa, a structural transformation from hR 24 phase to a monoclinic C 2/m phase is observed with a volume change of - 1.5%. The equation of state data shows rapid stiffening above the phase transition at 124 GPa and is indicative of participation of f-electrons in bonding. We compare the behavior of Tm to other heavy rare-earths and heavy actinide metals under extreme conditions of pressure.
40 CFR 80.845 - What requirements apply to California gasoline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... gasoline? 80.845 Section 80.845 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Toxics Gasoline Toxics Performance Requirements § 80.845 What requirements apply to California gasoline? (a) Definition. For purposes of this...
40 CFR 80.845 - What requirements apply to California gasoline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... gasoline? 80.845 Section 80.845 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Toxics Gasoline Toxics Performance Requirements § 80.845 What requirements apply to California gasoline? (a) Definition. For purposes of this...
40 CFR 80.1236 - What requirements apply to California gasoline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... gasoline? 80.1236 Section 80.1236 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Benzene Gasoline Benzene Requirements § 80.1236 What requirements apply to California gasoline? (a) Definition. For purposes of this subpart...
40 CFR 80.845 - What requirements apply to California gasoline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... gasoline? 80.845 Section 80.845 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Toxics Gasoline Toxics Performance Requirements § 80.845 What requirements apply to California gasoline? (a) Definition. For purposes of this...
40 CFR 80.1236 - What requirements apply to California gasoline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... gasoline? 80.1236 Section 80.1236 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Benzene Gasoline Benzene Requirements § 80.1236 What requirements apply to California gasoline? (a) Definition. For purposes of this subpart...
40 CFR 80.845 - What requirements apply to California gasoline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... gasoline? 80.845 Section 80.845 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Toxics Gasoline Toxics Performance Requirements § 80.845 What requirements apply to California gasoline? (a) Definition. For purposes of this...
40 CFR 80.845 - What requirements apply to California gasoline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... gasoline? 80.845 Section 80.845 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Toxics Gasoline Toxics Performance Requirements § 80.845 What requirements apply to California gasoline? (a) Definition. For purposes of this...
40 CFR 80.1236 - What requirements apply to California gasoline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... gasoline? 80.1236 Section 80.1236 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Benzene Gasoline Benzene Requirements § 80.1236 What requirements apply to California gasoline? (a) Definition. For purposes of this subpart...
40 CFR 80.1236 - What requirements apply to California gasoline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... gasoline? 80.1236 Section 80.1236 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Benzene Gasoline Benzene Requirements § 80.1236 What requirements apply to California gasoline? (a) Definition. For purposes of this subpart...
40 CFR 80.1236 - What requirements apply to California gasoline?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... gasoline? 80.1236 Section 80.1236 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Benzene Gasoline Benzene Requirements § 80.1236 What requirements apply to California gasoline? (a) Definition. For purposes of this subpart...
46 CFR 58.10-5 - Gasoline engine installations.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... 46 Shipping 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Gasoline engine installations. 58.10-5 Section 58.10-5... MACHINERY AND RELATED SYSTEMS Internal Combustion Engine Installations § 58.10-5 Gasoline engine... drained by a device for automatic return of all drip to engine air intakes. (2) All gasoline engines must...
46 CFR 58.10-5 - Gasoline engine installations.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
... 46 Shipping 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Gasoline engine installations. 58.10-5 Section 58.10-5... MACHINERY AND RELATED SYSTEMS Internal Combustion Engine Installations § 58.10-5 Gasoline engine... drained by a device for automatic return of all drip to engine air intakes. (2) All gasoline engines must...
46 CFR 58.10-5 - Gasoline engine installations.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... 46 Shipping 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Gasoline engine installations. 58.10-5 Section 58.10-5... MACHINERY AND RELATED SYSTEMS Internal Combustion Engine Installations § 58.10-5 Gasoline engine... drained by a device for automatic return of all drip to engine air intakes. (2) All gasoline engines must...
46 CFR 58.10-5 - Gasoline engine installations.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
... 46 Shipping 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Gasoline engine installations. 58.10-5 Section 58.10-5... MACHINERY AND RELATED SYSTEMS Internal Combustion Engine Installations § 58.10-5 Gasoline engine... drained by a device for automatic return of all drip to engine air intakes. (2) All gasoline engines must...
Sulfuric acid on Europa and the radiolytic sulfur cycle.
Carlson, R W; Johnson, R E; Anderson, M S
1999-10-01
A comparison of laboratory spectra with Galileo data indicates that hydrated sulfuric acid is present and is a major component of Europa's surface. In addition, this moon's visually dark surface material, which spatially correlates with the sulfuric acid concentration, is identified as radiolytically altered sulfur polymers. Radiolysis of the surface by magnetospheric plasma bombardment continuously cycles sulfur between three forms: sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide, and sulfur polymers, with sulfuric acid being about 50 times as abundant as the other forms. Enhanced sulfuric acid concentrations are found in Europa's geologically young terrains, suggesting that low-temperature, liquid sulfuric acid may influence geological processes.
Evaluation of Motor Gasoline Stability
1990-12-01
CAMPINNE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL I LABORATOIRE MECANIQUE TRANSPORT 2565 PLYMOUTH ROAD AVENUE DE LA RENAISSANCE, 3D ANN ARBOR MI 48105 B-1040 BRUSSELS 5...CUARTEL GENERAL DEL EJERCITO ATTN: MR K LAURINSEN ATTN: MAJ M ENGO NOGUES GADHOLTVEJ 11 DIVISION DE LOGISTICA (DIAM/LABCAMVE) DK-9900 FREDERIKSHAVN...Gum for Typical Civilian Gasolines Transported by CEPS and F-46 Gasolines Stored by CEPS ...................................... 47 B. Potential Gum
Exposure to regular gasoline and ethanol oxyfuel during refueling in Alaska.
Backer, L C; Egeland, G M; Ashley, D L; Lawryk, N J; Weisel, C P; White, M C; Bundy, T; Shortt, E; Middaugh, J P
1997-01-01
Although most people are thought to receive their highest acute exposures to gasoline while refueling, relatively little is actually known about personal, nonoccupational exposures to gasoline during refueling activities. This study was designed to measure exposures associated with the use of an oxygenated fuel under cold conditions in Fairbanks, Alaska. We compared concentrations of gasoline components in the blood and in the personal breathing zone (PBZ) of people who pumped regular unleaded gasoline (referred to as regular gasoline) with concentrations in the blood of those who pumped an oxygenated fuel that was 10% ethanol (E-10). A subset of participants in a wintertime engine performance study provided blood samples before and after pumping gasoline (30 using regular gasoline and 30 using E-10). The biological and environmental samples were analyzed for selected aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in gasoline (benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, m-/p-xylene, and o-xylene); the biological samples were also analyzed for three chemicals not found in gasoline (1,4-dichlorobenzene, chloroform, and styrene). People in our study had significantly higher levels of gasoline components in their blood after pumping gasoline than they had before pumping gasoline. The changes in VOC levels in blood were similar whether the individuals pumped regular gasoline or the E-10 blend. The analysis of PBZ samples indicated that there were also measurable levels of gasoline components in the air during refueling. The VOC levels in PBZ air were similar for the two groups. In this study, we demonstrate that people are briefly exposed to low (ppm and sub-ppm) levels of known carcinogens and other potentially toxic compounds while pumping gasoline, regardless of the type of gasoline used. Images Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. PMID:9347900
46 CFR 58.50-5 - Gasoline fuel tanks.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
... 46 Shipping 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Gasoline fuel tanks. 58.50-5 Section 58.50-5 Shipping... AND RELATED SYSTEMS Independent Fuel Tanks § 58.50-5 Gasoline fuel tanks. (a) Construction—(1) Shape...) Installation. (1) Gasoline fuel tanks used for propulsion shall be located in water-tight compartments separate...
46 CFR 58.50-5 - Gasoline fuel tanks.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Gasoline fuel tanks. 58.50-5 Section 58.50-5 Shipping... AND RELATED SYSTEMS Independent Fuel Tanks § 58.50-5 Gasoline fuel tanks. (a) Construction—(1) Shape...) Installation. (1) Gasoline fuel tanks used for propulsion shall be located in water-tight compartments separate...
46 CFR 58.50-5 - Gasoline fuel tanks.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
... 46 Shipping 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Gasoline fuel tanks. 58.50-5 Section 58.50-5 Shipping... AND RELATED SYSTEMS Independent Fuel Tanks § 58.50-5 Gasoline fuel tanks. (a) Construction—(1) Shape...) Installation. (1) Gasoline fuel tanks used for propulsion shall be located in water-tight compartments separate...
46 CFR 58.50-5 - Gasoline fuel tanks.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... 46 Shipping 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Gasoline fuel tanks. 58.50-5 Section 58.50-5 Shipping... AND RELATED SYSTEMS Independent Fuel Tanks § 58.50-5 Gasoline fuel tanks. (a) Construction—(1) Shape...) Installation. (1) Gasoline fuel tanks used for propulsion shall be located in water-tight compartments separate...
46 CFR 58.50-5 - Gasoline fuel tanks.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... 46 Shipping 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Gasoline fuel tanks. 58.50-5 Section 58.50-5 Shipping... AND RELATED SYSTEMS Independent Fuel Tanks § 58.50-5 Gasoline fuel tanks. (a) Construction—(1) Shape...) Installation. (1) Gasoline fuel tanks used for propulsion shall be located in water-tight compartments separate...
Laser Interferometry Measurements of Cold-Sprayed Copper Thermite Shocked to 30 GPa
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Neel, Christopher; Lacina, David
2015-06-01
Plate impact experiments were conducted on a cold-sprayed Al-CuO thermite at peak stresses varying between 5-30 GPa to determine the Hugoniot and characterize any shock induced energetic reaction. Photon Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) measurements were used to obtain particle velocity histories and shock speed information for both the shock loading and unloading behavior of the material. Low stress experiments (<20GPa) exhibited a linearly increasing shock speed with increasing particle velocity. However, an obvious change in slope (i.e. a ``kink'') is present in the Hugoniot at stresses above ~ 20 GPa which follow a linear increase up to the highest stresses attained in this work. The change in Hugoniot curve suggests a volume-increasing reaction occurs in this shocked Al-CuO thermite near 20 GPa, but an analysis of the measured particle velocity histories does not support this assertion. To better characterize any shock-induced thermite reactions, emission spectroscopy measurements were obtained at stresses above and below 20 GPa.
40 CFR 80.1295 - How are gasoline benzene credits used?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false How are gasoline benzene credits used... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Benzene Averaging, Banking and Trading (abt) Program § 80.1295 How are gasoline benzene credits used? (a) Credit use. (1) Gasoline benzene...
40 CFR 80.1295 - How are gasoline benzene credits used?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false How are gasoline benzene credits used... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Benzene Averaging, Banking and Trading (abt) Program § 80.1295 How are gasoline benzene credits used? (a) Credit use. (1) Gasoline benzene...
40 CFR 80.1295 - How are gasoline benzene credits used?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false How are gasoline benzene credits used... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Benzene Averaging, Banking and Trading (abt) Program § 80.1295 How are gasoline benzene credits used? (a) Credit use. (1) Gasoline benzene...
40 CFR 80.1295 - How are gasoline benzene credits used?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false How are gasoline benzene credits used... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Benzene Averaging, Banking and Trading (abt) Program § 80.1295 How are gasoline benzene credits used? (a) Credit use. (1) Gasoline benzene...
40 CFR 80.1295 - How are gasoline benzene credits used?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false How are gasoline benzene credits used... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Benzene Averaging, Banking and Trading (abt) Program § 80.1295 How are gasoline benzene credits used? (a) Credit use. (1) Gasoline benzene...
Compression of Single-Crystal Orthopyroxene to 60GPa
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Finkelstein, G. J.; Dera, P. K.; Holl, C. M.; Dorfman, S. M.; Duffy, T. S.
2010-12-01
Orthopyroxene ((Mg,Fe)SiO3) is one of the dominant phases in Earth’s upper mantle - it makes up ~20% of the upper mantle by volume. At high pressures and temperatures, this phase undergoes several well-characterized phase transitions. However, when compressed at low temperature and high-pressure, orthopyroxene is predicted to exhibit metastable behavior(1). Previous researchers have found orthoenstatite (Mg endmember of orthopyroxene) persists up to ~10 GPa, and diffraction(2-3), Raman(4), and elasticity(5) experiments suggest a phase transition above this pressure to an as-yet unidentified structure. While earlier diffraction data has surprisingly only been evaluated for structural information to ~9 GPa(2), changes in high-pressure Raman spectra to ~70 GPa indicate that several more high-pressure phase transitions in orthopyroxene are likely, including at least one change in Si-coordination(6). We have recently conducted exploratory experiments to further elucidate the high-pressure behavior of orthopyroxene. Compressing a single crystal of Fe-rich orthopyroxene (Fe0.66Mg0.24Ca0.05SiO3) using a diamond anvil cell, we observe phase transitions at ~10, 14, and 30 GPa, with the new phases having monoclinic, orthorhombic, and orthorhombic symmetries, respectively. While the first two transitions do not show a significant change in volume, the phase transition at ~30 GPa shows a large decrease in volume, which is consistent with a change in Si coordination number to mixed 4- and 6-fold coordination. References: [1] S. Jahn, American Mineralogist 93, 528-532 (2008). [2] R. J. Angel, J. M. Jackson, American Mineralogist 87, 558-561 (2002). [3] R. J. Angel, D. A. Hugh-Jones, Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 99, 19,777-19,783 (1994). [4] G. Serghiou, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 34, 587-590 (2003). [5] J. Kung et al., Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 147, 27-44 (2004). [6] G. Serghiou, A. Chopelas, R. Boehler, Journal of Physics: Condensed
A General Linear Model Approach to Adjusting the Cumulative GPA.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Young, John W.
A general linear model (GLM), using least-squares techniques, was used to develop a criterion measure to replace freshman year grade point average (GPA) in college admission predictive validity studies. Problems with the use of GPA include those associated with the combination of grades from different courses and disciplines into a single measure,…
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-11-30
....5 , NO X and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions inventories as satisfying the requirement in section... control measures include the following. Tier 2 Emission Standards for Vehicles and Gasoline Sulfur... vehicles replace older vehicles. The Tier 2 standards also reduced the sulfur content of gasoline to 30...
Dempsey, Adam B.; Curran, Scott; Reitz, Rolf D.
2015-04-14
The focus of the present paper was to characterize Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) using a single-fuel approach of gasoline and gasoline mixed with a commercially available cetane improver on a multi-cylinder engine. RCCI was achieved by port-injecting a certification grade 96 research octane gasoline and direct-injecting the same gasoline mixed with various levels of a cetane improver, 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN). The EHN volume percentages investigated in the direct-injected fuel were 10, 5, and 2.5%. The combustion phasing controllability and emissions of the different fueling combinations were characterized at 2300 rpm and 4.2 bar brake mean effective pressure over amore » variety of parametric investigations including direct injection timing, premixed gasoline percentage, and intake temperature. Comparisons were made to gasoline/diesel RCCI operation on the same engine platform at nominally the same operating condition. The experiments were conducted on a modern four cylinder light-duty diesel engine that was modified with a port-fuel injection system while maintaining the stock direct injection fuel system. The pistons were modified for highly premixed operation and feature an open shallow bowl design. The results indicate that the authority to control the combustion phasing through the fuel delivery strategy (e.g., direct injection timing or premixed gasoline percentage) is not a strong function of the EHN concentration in the direct-injected fuel. It was also observed that NOx emissions are a strong function of the global EHN concentration in-cylinder and the combustion phasing. Finally, in general, NOx emissions are significantly elevated for gasoline/gasoline+EHN operation compared with gasoline/diesel RCCI operation at a given operating condition.« less
Phase stability of iron germanate, FeGeO3, to 127 GPa
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dutta, R.; Tracy, S. J.; Stan, C. V.; Prakapenka, V. B.; Cava, R. J.; Duffy, T. S.
2018-04-01
The high-pressure behavior of germanates is of interest as these compounds serve as analogs for silicates of the deep Earth. Current theoretical and experimental studies of iron germanate, FeGeO3, are limited. Here, we have examined the behavior of FeGeO3 to 127 GPa using the laser-heated diamond anvil cell combined with in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Upon compression at room temperature, the ambient-pressure clinopyroxene phase transforms to a disordered triclinic phase [FeGeO3 (II)] at 18 GPa in agreement with earlier studies. An additional phase transition to FeGeO3 (III) occurs above 54 GPa at room temperature. Laser-heating experiments ( 1200-2200 K) were conducted at three pressures (33, 54, and 123 GPa) chosen to cover the stability regions of different GeO2 polymorphs. In all cases, we observe that FeGeO3 dissociates into GeO2 + FeO at high pressure and temperature conditions. Neither the perovskite nor the post-perovskite phase was observed up to 127 GPa at ambient or high temperatures. The results are consistent with the behavior of FeSiO3, which also dissociates into a mixture of the oxides (FeO + SiO2) at least up to 149 GPa.
An Aerosol Condensation Model for Sulfur Trioxide
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Grant, K E
This document describes a model for condensation of sulfuric acid aerosol given an initial concentration and/or source of gaseous sulfur trioxide (e.g. fuming from oleum). The model includes the thermochemical effects on aerosol condensation and air parcel buoyancy. Condensation is assumed to occur heterogeneously onto a preexisting background aerosol distribution. The model development is both a revisiting of research initially presented at the Fall 2001 American Geophysical Union Meeting [1] and a further extension to provide new capabilities for current atmospheric dispersion modeling efforts [2]. Sulfuric acid is one of the most widely used of all industrial chemicals. In 1992,more » world consumption of sulfuric acid was 145 million metric tons, with 42.4 Mt (mega-tons) consumed in the United States [10]. In 2001, of 37.5 Mt consumed in the U.S., 74% went into producing phosphate fertilizers [11]. Another significant use is in mining industries. Lawuyi and Fingas [7] estimate that, in 1996, 68% of use was for fertilizers and 5.8% was for mining. They note that H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} use has been and should continue to be very stable. In the United States, the elimination of MTBE (methyl tertiary-butyl ether) and the use of ethanol for gasoline production are further increasing the demand for petroleum alkylate. Alkylate producers have a choice of either a hydrofluoric acid or sulfuric acid process. Both processes are widely used today. Concerns, however, over the safety or potential regulation of hydrofluoric acid are likely to result in most of the growth being for the sulfuric acid process, further increasing demand [11]. The implication of sulfuric acid being a pervasive industrial chemical is that transport is also pervasive. Often, this is in the form of oleum tankers, having around 30% free sulfur trioxide. Although sulfuric acid itself is not a volatile substance, fuming sulfuric acid (referred to as oleum) is [7], the volatile product being sulfur
X-ray-diffraction study of californium metal to 16 GPa
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Peterson, J.R.; Benedict, U.; Dufour, C.
1983-01-01
The first series of measurements to determine the structural behavior of californium (Cf) metal under pressure has been carried out. The initial dhcp structure transformed sluggishly with increasing pressure to a fcc structure. A bulk modulus of 50(5) GPa was derived for dhcp Cf metal from the relative volume (V/V/sub 0/) data to 10 GPa.
Neurotoxic effects of gasoline and gasoline constituents.
Burbacher, T M
1993-01-01
This overview was developed as part of a symposium on noncancer end points of gasoline and key gasoline components. The specific components included are methyl tertiary butyl ether, ethyl tertiary butyl ether, tertiary amyl methyl ether, butadiene, benzene, xylene, toluene, methyl alcohol, and ethyl alcohol. The overview focuses on neurotoxic effects related to chronic low-level exposures. A few general conclusions and recommendations can be made based on the results of the studies to date. a) All the compounds reviewed are neuroactive and, as such, should be examined for their neurotoxicity. b) For most of the compounds, there is a substantial margin of safety between the current permissible exposure levels and levels that would be expected to cause overt signs of neurotoxicity in humans. This is not the case for xylene, toluene, and methanol, however, where neurologic effects are observed at or below the current Threshold Limit Value. c) For most of the compounds, the relationship between chronic low-level exposure and subtle neurotoxic effects has not been studied. Studies therefore should focus on examining the dose-response relationship between chronic low-level exposure and subtle changes in central nervous system function. PMID:8020437
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-11-30
... primary PM 2.5 , NO X and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions inventories as satisfying the requirement in... Emission Standards for Vehicles and Gasoline Sulfur Standards. These emission control requirements result... also reduced the sulfur content of gasoline to 30 parts per million (ppm) beginning in January 2006...
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
1979-01-01
Gasoline is volatile and some of it evaporates during storage, giving off hydrocarbon vapor. Formerly, the vapor was vented into the atmosphere but anti-pollution regulations have precluded that practice in many localities, so oil companies and storage terminals are installing systems to recover hydrocarbon vapor. Recovery provides an energy conservation bonus in that most of the vapor can be reconverted to gasoline. Two such recovery systems are shown in the accompanying photographs (mid-photo at right and in the foreground below). They are actually two models of the same system, although.configured differently because they are customized to users' needs. They were developed and are being manufactured by Edwards Engineering Corporation, Pompton Plains, New Jersey. NASA technological information proved useful in development of the equipment.
40 CFR 80.66 - Calculation of reformulated gasoline properties.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Calculation of reformulated gasoline... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.66 Calculation of reformulated gasoline properties. (a) All volume measurements required by these regulations shall be...
40 CFR 80.90 - Conventional gasoline baseline emissions determination.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Conventional gasoline baseline... gasoline baseline emissions determination. (a) Annual average baseline values. For any facility of a refiner or importer of conventional gasoline, the annual average baseline values of the facility's exhaust...
40 CFR 80.90 - Conventional gasoline baseline emissions determination.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Conventional gasoline baseline... gasoline baseline emissions determination. (a) Annual average baseline values. For any facility of a refiner or importer of conventional gasoline, the annual average baseline values of the facility's exhaust...
40 CFR 80.90 - Conventional gasoline baseline emissions determination.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Conventional gasoline baseline... gasoline baseline emissions determination. (a) Annual average baseline values. For any facility of a refiner or importer of conventional gasoline, the annual average baseline values of the facility's exhaust...
40 CFR 80.66 - Calculation of reformulated gasoline properties.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Calculation of reformulated gasoline... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.66 Calculation of reformulated gasoline properties. (a) All volume measurements required by these regulations shall be...
40 CFR 80.66 - Calculation of reformulated gasoline properties.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Calculation of reformulated gasoline... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.66 Calculation of reformulated gasoline properties. (a) All volume measurements required by these regulations shall be...
40 CFR 80.90 - Conventional gasoline baseline emissions determination.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Conventional gasoline baseline... gasoline baseline emissions determination. (a) Annual average baseline values. For any facility of a refiner or importer of conventional gasoline, the annual average baseline values of the facility's exhaust...
40 CFR 80.66 - Calculation of reformulated gasoline properties.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Calculation of reformulated gasoline... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.66 Calculation of reformulated gasoline properties. (a) All volume measurements required by these regulations shall be...
40 CFR 80.90 - Conventional gasoline baseline emissions determination.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Conventional gasoline baseline... gasoline baseline emissions determination. (a) Annual average baseline values. For any facility of a refiner or importer of conventional gasoline, the annual average baseline values of the facility's exhaust...
40 CFR 80.66 - Calculation of reformulated gasoline properties.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Calculation of reformulated gasoline... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.66 Calculation of reformulated gasoline properties. (a) All volume measurements required by these regulations shall be...
Gasoline prices and their relationship to drunk-driving crashes.
Chi, Guangqing; Zhou, Xuan; McClure, Timothy E; Gilbert, Paul A; Cosby, Arthur G; Zhang, Li; Robertson, Angela A; Levinson, David
2011-01-01
This study investigates the relationship between changing gasoline prices and drunk-driving crashes. Specifically, we examine the effects of gasoline prices on drunk-driving crashes in Mississippi by several crash types and demographic groups at the monthly level from 2004 to 2008, a period experiencing great fluctuation in gasoline prices. An exploratory visualization by graphs shows that higher gasoline prices are generally associated with fewer drunk-driving crashes. Higher gasoline prices depress drunk-driving crashes among young and adult drivers, among male and female drivers, and among white and black drivers. Results from negative binomial regression models show that when gas prices are higher, there are fewer drunk-driving crashes, particularly among property-damage-only crashes. When alcohol consumption levels are higher, there are more drunk-driving crashes, particularly fatal and injury crashes. The effects of gasoline prices and alcohol consumption are stronger on drunk-driving crashes than on all crashes. The findings do not vary much across different demographic groups. Overall, gasoline prices have greater effects on less severe crashes and alcohol consumption has greater effects on more severe crashes. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Epidemic gasoline exposures following Hurricane Sandy.
Kim, Hong K; Takematsu, Mai; Biary, Rana; Williams, Nicholas; Hoffman, Robert S; Smith, Silas W
2013-12-01
Major adverse climatic events (MACEs) in heavily-populated areas can inflict severe damage to infrastructure, disrupting essential municipal and commercial services. Compromised health care delivery systems and limited utilities such as electricity, heating, potable water, sanitation, and housing, place populations in disaster areas at risk of toxic exposures. Hurricane Sandy made landfall on October 29, 2012 and caused severe infrastructure damage in heavily-populated areas. The prolonged electrical outage and damage to oil refineries caused a gasoline shortage and rationing unseen in the USA since the 1970s. This study explored gasoline exposures and clinical outcomes in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy. Prospectively collected, regional poison control center (PCC) data regarding gasoline exposure cases from October 29, 2012 (hurricane landfall) through November 28, 2012 were reviewed and compared to the previous four years. The trends of gasoline exposures, exposure type, severity of clinical outcome, and hospital referral rates were assessed. Two-hundred and eighty-three gasoline exposures were identified, representing an 18 to 283-fold increase over the previous four years. The leading exposure route was siphoning (53.4%). Men comprised 83.0% of exposures; 91.9% were older than 20 years of age. Of 273 home-based calls, 88.7% were managed on site. Asymptomatic exposures occurred in 61.5% of the cases. However, minor and moderate toxic effects occurred in 12.4% and 3.5% of cases, respectively. Gastrointestinal (24.4%) and pulmonary (8.4%) symptoms predominated. No major outcomes or deaths were reported. Hurricane Sandy significantly increased gasoline exposures. While the majority of exposures were managed at home with minimum clinical toxicity, some patients experienced more severe symptoms. Disaster plans should incorporate public health messaging and regional PCCs for public health promotion and toxicological surveillance.
Gasoline Prices and Motor Vehicle Fatalities
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Grabowski, David C.; Morrisey, Michael A.
2004-01-01
Fatal motor vehicle crashes per capita remained relatively stable over the 1990s, in spite of new traffic safety laws and vehicle innovations. One explanation for this stability is that the price of gasoline declined, which resulted in more vehicle miles traveled and potentially more fatalities. By using 1983-2000 monthly gasoline price and…
40 CFR 80.81 - Enforcement exemptions for California gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... gasoline. 80.81 Section 80.81 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.81 Enforcement exemptions for California gasoline. (a)(1) The requirements of subparts D, E, F, and J of this part are...
46 CFR 185.352 - Ventilation of gasoline machinery spaces.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... 46 Shipping 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Ventilation of gasoline machinery spaces. 185.352... (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) OPERATIONS Miscellaneous Operating Requirements § 185.352 Ventilation of gasoline machinery spaces. The mechanical exhaust for the ventilation of a gasoline machinery space, required by...
46 CFR 185.352 - Ventilation of gasoline machinery spaces.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Ventilation of gasoline machinery spaces. 185.352... (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) OPERATIONS Miscellaneous Operating Requirements § 185.352 Ventilation of gasoline machinery spaces. The mechanical exhaust for the ventilation of a gasoline machinery space, required by...
46 CFR 185.352 - Ventilation of gasoline machinery spaces.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Ventilation of gasoline machinery spaces. 185.352... (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) OPERATIONS Miscellaneous Operating Requirements § 185.352 Ventilation of gasoline machinery spaces. The mechanical exhaust for the ventilation of a gasoline machinery space, required by...
40 CFR 80.81 - Enforcement exemptions for California gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... gasoline. 80.81 Section 80.81 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.81 Enforcement exemptions for California gasoline. (a)(1) The requirements of subparts D, E, F, and J of this part are...
40 CFR 80.81 - Enforcement exemptions for California gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... gasoline. 80.81 Section 80.81 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.81 Enforcement exemptions for California gasoline. (a)(1) The requirements of subparts D, E, F, and J of this part are...
40 CFR 80.81 - Enforcement exemptions for California gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... gasoline. 80.81 Section 80.81 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.81 Enforcement exemptions for California gasoline. (a)(1) The requirements of subparts D, E, F, and J of this part are...
40 CFR 80.81 - Enforcement exemptions for California gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... gasoline. 80.81 Section 80.81 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.81 Enforcement exemptions for California gasoline. (a)(1) The requirements of subparts D, E, F, and J of this part are...
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF GASOLINE BLENDING OPTIONS
Most petroleum refineries are facing the challenge of producing gasoline, which contains the desirable properties and complies with the ever-increasing environmental regulations and health restrictions. The impact of gasoline on the environment is directly related to its composit...
Competition in the retail gasoline industry
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Brewer, Jedidiah
2007-05-01
This dissertation examines competition in the retail gasoline industry. The first chapter highlights the importance of gasoline in modern society, introduces my work, and places it in the context of the existing academic literature. The second chapter details the institutional structure and profitability of the industry. The vast majority of retail gasoline stations are not directly owned and operated by major oil companies. Instead, most stations are set up under other contractual relationships: lessee-dealer, open-dealer, jobber-owned-and-operated, and independent. Gasoline retailers make relatively low profits, as is the case in many other retail industries, and are substantially less profitable than major oil companies. Gas stations also make less money when retail prices are climbing than when they are falling. As prices rise, total station profits are near zero or negative. When retail prices are constant or falling, retailers can make positive profits. The third chapter describes the entry of big-box stores into the retail gasoline industry over the last decade. The growth of such large retailers, in all markets, has led to a great deal of controversy as smaller competitors with long-term ties to the local community have become less common. I estimate the price impact that big-box stores have on traditional gasoline retailers using cross-sectional data in two geographically diverse cities. I also examine changes in pricing following the entry of The Home Depot into a local retail gasoline market. The results show that big-box stores place statistically and economically significant downward pressure on the prices of nearby gas stations, offering a measure of the impact of the entry of a big-box store. Chapter 4 examines the nature of price competition in markets where some competing retailers sell the same brand. The price effect of having more retailers selling the same brand is theoretically unclear. High brand diversity could give individual retailers
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur § 80.1661 What evidence may be... such evidence or information, may be used to establish the sulfur level of gasoline, ethanol denaturant...
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF GASOLINE BLENDING OPTIONS
A life cycle assessment has been done to compare the potential environmental impacts of various gasoline blends that meet octane and vapour pressure specifications. The main blending components of alkylate, cracked gasoline and reformate have different octane and vapour pressure...
The effects of sulfide composition on the solubility of sulfur in coexisting silicate melts
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Smythe, Duane; Wood, Bernard; Kiseeva, Ekaterina
2016-04-01
The extent to which sulfur dissolves in silicate melts saturated in an immiscible sulfide phase is a fundamental question in igneous petrology and plays a primary role in the generation of magmatic ore deposits, volcanic degassing and planetary differentiation. Terrestrial sulfide melts often contain over 20 weight percent Ni + Cu, however, most experimental studies investigating sulfur solubility in silicate melt have been primarily concerned with the effects of silicate melt composition, and pure FeS has been use as the immiscible sulfide melt (O'Neill and Mavrogenes, 2002; Li and Ripley, 2005). To investigation of the effects of sulfide composition, in addition to those of temperature, pressure and silicate melt composition, on sulfur solubility in silicate melts, we have carried out a series of experiments done at pressures between 1.5 and 3 GPa and temperatures from 1400 to 1800C over a range of compositions of both the silicate and sulfide melt. We find that the solubility of sulfur in silicate melts drops significantly with the substitution of Ni and Cu for Fe in the immiscible sulfide melt, decreasing by approximately 40% at mole fractions of NiS + Cu2S of 0.4. Combining our results with those from the previous studies investigating sulfur solubility in silicate melts we have also found that solubility increases with increasing temperature and decreases pressure. These results show that without considering the composition of the immiscible sulfide phase the sulfur content of silicate melts can be significantly overestimated. This may serve to explain the relatively low sulfur concentrations in MORB melts, which previous models predict to be undersaturated in a sulfide phase despite showing chemical and textural evidence for sulfide saturation. Li, C. & Ripley, E. M. (2005). Empirical equations to predict the sulfur content of mafic magmas at sulfide saturation and applications to magmatic sulfide deposits. Mineralium Deposita 40, 218-230. O'Neill, H. S. C
Graphene-sulfur nanocomposites for rechargeable lithium-sulfur battery electrodes
Liu, Jun; Lemmon, John P; Yang, Zhenguo; Cao, Yuiliang; Li, Xiaolin
2014-06-17
Rechargeable lithium-sulfur batteries having a cathode that includes a graphene-sulfur nanocomposite can exhibit improved characteristics. The graphene-sulfur nanocomposite can be characterized by graphene sheets with particles of sulfur adsorbed to the graphene sheets. The sulfur particles have an average diameter less than 50 nm..
46 CFR 169.629 - Compartments containing gasoline machinery or fuel tanks.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
... 46 Shipping 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Compartments containing gasoline machinery or fuel tanks... gasoline machinery or fuel tanks. Spaces containing gasoline machinery or fuel tanks must have natural... Standard H-2.5, “Design and Construction; Ventilation of Boats Using Gasoline. ...
46 CFR 169.629 - Compartments containing gasoline machinery or fuel tanks.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Compartments containing gasoline machinery or fuel tanks... gasoline machinery or fuel tanks. Spaces containing gasoline machinery or fuel tanks must have natural... Standard H-2.5, “Design and Construction; Ventilation of Boats Using Gasoline. ...
46 CFR 169.629 - Compartments containing gasoline machinery or fuel tanks.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... 46 Shipping 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Compartments containing gasoline machinery or fuel tanks... gasoline machinery or fuel tanks. Spaces containing gasoline machinery or fuel tanks must have natural... Standard H-2.5, “Design and Construction; Ventilation of Boats Using Gasoline. ...
46 CFR 169.629 - Compartments containing gasoline machinery or fuel tanks.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Compartments containing gasoline machinery or fuel tanks... gasoline machinery or fuel tanks. Spaces containing gasoline machinery or fuel tanks must have natural... Standard H-2.5, “Design and Construction; Ventilation of Boats Using Gasoline. ...
46 CFR 169.629 - Compartments containing gasoline machinery or fuel tanks.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Compartments containing gasoline machinery or fuel tanks... gasoline machinery or fuel tanks. Spaces containing gasoline machinery or fuel tanks must have natural... Standard H-2.5, “Design and Construction; Ventilation of Boats Using Gasoline. ...
Carbon nanotube bundles with tensile strength over 80 GPa.
Bai, Yunxiang; Zhang, Rufan; Ye, Xuan; Zhu, Zhenxing; Xie, Huanhuan; Shen, Boyuan; Cai, Dali; Liu, Bofei; Zhang, Chenxi; Jia, Zhao; Zhang, Shenli; Li, Xide; Wei, Fei
2018-05-14
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are one of the strongest known materials. When assembled into fibres, however, their strength becomes impaired by defects, impurities, random orientations and discontinuous lengths. Fabricating CNT fibres with strength reaching that of a single CNT has been an enduring challenge. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of CNT bundles (CNTBs) that are centimetres long with tensile strength over 80 GPa using ultralong defect-free CNTs. The tensile strength of CNTBs is controlled by the Daniels effect owing to the non-uniformity of the initial strains in the components. We propose a synchronous tightening and relaxing strategy to release these non-uniform initial strains. The fabricated CNTBs, consisting of a large number of components with parallel alignment, defect-free structures, continuous lengths and uniform initial strains, exhibit a tensile strength of 80 GPa (corresponding to an engineering tensile strength of 43 GPa), which is far higher than that of any other strong fibre.
Comparison of alcogas aviation fuel with export aviation gasoline
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Gage, V R; Sparrow, S W; Harper, D R
1921-01-01
Mixtures of gasoline and alcohol when used in internal combustion engines designed for gasoline have been found to possess the advantage of alcohol in withstanding high compression without "knock" while retaining advantages of gasoline with regard to starting characteristics. Test of such fuels for maximum power-producing ability and fuel economy at various rates of consumption are thus of practical importance, with especial reference to high-compression engine development. This report discusses the results of tests which compares the performance of alcogas with x gasoline (export grade) as a standard.
COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF BASELINE GASOLINE AND OXYFUELS
Despite the ubiquity of gasoline for several decades and more recent modifications in fuel formulations to achieve “cleaner” gasoline, a quantitative comparative assessment of the health risks related to these fuels remains to be performed. Under authority of Clean Air Act secti...
29 CFR 779.255 - Meaning of “gasoline service establishment.”
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... Coverage The Gasoline Service Establishment Enterprise § 779.255 Meaning of “gasoline service establishment.” (a) A gasoline service station or establishment is one which is typically a physically separate place of business engaged primarily (“primarily” meaning 50 percent or more) in selling gasoline and...
29 CFR 779.255 - Meaning of “gasoline service establishment.”
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... Coverage The Gasoline Service Establishment Enterprise § 779.255 Meaning of “gasoline service establishment.” (a) A gasoline service station or establishment is one which is typically a physically separate place of business engaged primarily (“primarily” meaning 50 percent or more) in selling gasoline and...
29 CFR 779.255 - Meaning of “gasoline service establishment.”
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... Coverage The Gasoline Service Establishment Enterprise § 779.255 Meaning of “gasoline service establishment.” (a) A gasoline service station or establishment is one which is typically a physically separate place of business engaged primarily (“primarily” meaning 50 percent or more) in selling gasoline and...
29 CFR 779.255 - Meaning of “gasoline service establishment.”
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... Coverage The Gasoline Service Establishment Enterprise § 779.255 Meaning of “gasoline service establishment.” (a) A gasoline service station or establishment is one which is typically a physically separate place of business engaged primarily (“primarily” meaning 50 percent or more) in selling gasoline and...
29 CFR 779.255 - Meaning of “gasoline service establishment.”
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... Coverage The Gasoline Service Establishment Enterprise § 779.255 Meaning of “gasoline service establishment.” (a) A gasoline service station or establishment is one which is typically a physically separate place of business engaged primarily (“primarily” meaning 50 percent or more) in selling gasoline and...
A long-life, high-rate lithium/sulfur cell: a multifaceted approach to enhancing cell performance.
Song, Min-Kyu; Zhang, Yuegang; Cairns, Elton J
2013-01-01
Lithium/sulfur (Li/S) cells are receiving significant attention as an alternative power source for zero-emission vehicles and advanced electronic devices due to the very high theoretical specific capacity (1675 mA·h/g) of the sulfur cathode. However, the poor cycle life and rate capability have remained a grand challenge, preventing the practical application of this attractive technology. Here, we report that a Li/S cell employing a cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)-modified sulfur-graphene oxide (S-GO) nanocomposite cathode can be discharged at rates as high as 6C (1C = 1.675 A/g of sulfur) and charged at rates as high as 3C while still maintaining high specific capacity (~ 800 mA·h/g of sulfur at 6C), with a long cycle life exceeding 1500 cycles and an extremely low decay rate (0.039% per cycle), perhaps the best performance demonstrated so far for a Li/S cell. The initial estimated cell-level specific energy of our cell was ~ 500 W·h/kg, which is much higher than that of current Li-ion cells (~ 200 W·h/kg). Even after 1500 cycles, we demonstrate a very high specific capacity (~ 740 mA·h/g of sulfur), which corresponds to ~ 414 mA·h/g of electrode: still higher than state-of-the-art Li-ion cells. Moreover, these Li/S cells with lithium metal electrodes can be cycled with an excellent Coulombic efficiency of 96.3% after 1500 cycles, which was enabled by our new formulation of the ionic liquid-based electrolyte. The performance we demonstrate herein suggests that Li/S cells may already be suitable for high-power applications such as power tools. Li/S cells may now provide a substantial opportunity for the development of zero-emission vehicles with a driving range similar to that of gasoline vehicles.
Ramp compression of magnesium oxide to 234 GPa
Wang, Jue; Smith, R. F.; Coppari, F.; ...
2014-05-07
Single-crystal magnesium oxide (MgO) samples were ramp compressed to above 200 GPa pressure at the Omega laser facility. Multi-stepped MgO targets were prepared using lithography and wet etching techniques. Free surface velocities of ramp-compressed MgO were measured with a VISAR. The sound velocity and stress-density response were determined using an iterative Lagrangian analysis. The measured equation of state is consistent with expectations from previous shock and static data as well as with a recent X-ray diffraction measurement under ramp loading. The peak elastic stresses observed in our samples had amplitudes of 3-5.5 GPa, decreasing with propagation distance.
40 CFR 1065.725 - High-level ethanol-gasoline blends.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false High-level ethanol-gasoline blends... Calibration Standards § 1065.725 High-level ethanol-gasoline blends. For testing vehicles capable of operating on a high-level ethanol-gasoline blend, create a test fuel as follows: (a) Add ethanol to an E10 fuel...
Competitiveness: relations with GPA, locus of control, sex, and athletic status.
Frederick, C M
2000-04-01
A sample of college students and college athletes completed measures of competitiveness and locus of control. In addition, self-reports of GPA and sex were provided. Negative correlations among scores on competitiveness, GPA, and scores on internal locus of control were significant. Also, there were sex and athletic status differences in competitiveness.
Pressure-enhanced ortho-para conversion in solid hydrogen up to 58 GPa.
Eggert, J H; Karmon, E; Hemley, R J; Mao, A; Goncharov, A F
1999-10-26
We measured the ortho-para conversion rate in solid hydrogen by using Raman scattering in a diamond-anvil cell, extending previous measurements by a factor of 60 in pressure. We confirm previous experiments that suggested a decrease in the conversion rate above about 0.5 GPa. We observe a distinct minimum at 3 GPa followed by a drastic increase in the conversion rate to our maximum pressure of 58 GPa. This pressure enhancement of conversion is not predicted by previous theoretical treatments and must be due to a new conversion pathway.
Pressure-enhanced ortho-para conversion in solid hydrogen up to 58 GPa
Eggert, Jon H.; Karmon, Eran; Hemley, Russell J.; Mao, Ho-kwang; Goncharov, Alexander F.
1999-01-01
We measured the ortho-para conversion rate in solid hydrogen by using Raman scattering in a diamond-anvil cell, extending previous measurements by a factor of 60 in pressure. We confirm previous experiments that suggested a decrease in the conversion rate above about 0.5 GPa. We observe a distinct minimum at 3 GPa followed by a drastic increase in the conversion rate to our maximum pressure of 58 GPa. This pressure enhancement of conversion is not predicted by previous theoretical treatments and must be due to a new conversion pathway. PMID:10535910
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF GASOLINE BLENDING COMPONENTS THROUGH THEIR LIFE CYCLE
The contributions of three major gasoline blending components (reformate, alkylate and cracked gasoline) to potential environmental impacts are assessed. This study estimates losses of the gasoline blending components due to evaporation and leaks through their life cycle, from pe...
High pressure phase transitions in the rare earth metal erbium to 151 GPa.
Samudrala, Gopi K; Thomas, Sarah A; Montgomery, Jeffrey M; Vohra, Yogesh K
2011-08-10
High pressure x-ray diffraction studies have been performed on the heavy rare earth metal erbium (Er) in a diamond anvil cell at room temperature to a pressure of 151 GPa and Er has been compressed to 40% of its initial volume. The rare earth crystal structure sequence hcp → Sm type → dhcp → distorted fcc (hcp: hexagonal close packed; fcc: face centered cubic; dhcp: double hcp) is observed in Er below 58 GPa. We have carried out Rietveld refinement of crystal structures in the pressure range between 58 GPa and 151 GPa. We have examined various crystal structures that have been proposed for the distorted fcc (dfcc) phase and the post-dfcc phase in rare earth metals. We find that the hexagonal hR 24 structure is the best fit between 58 and 118 GPa. Above 118 GPa, a structural transformation from hR 24 phase to a monoclinic C 2/m phase is observed with a volume change of - 1.9%. We have also established a clear trend for the pressure at which a post-dfcc phase is formed in rare earth metals and show that there is a monotonic increase in this pressure with the filling of 4f shell.
High pressure phase transitions in the rare earth metal erbium to 151 GPa
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Samudrala, Gopi K.; Thomas, Sarah A.; Montgomery, Jeffrey M.; Vohra, Yogesh K.
2011-08-01
High pressure x-ray diffraction studies have been performed on the heavy rare earth metal erbium (Er) in a diamond anvil cell at room temperature to a pressure of 151 GPa and Er has been compressed to 40% of its initial volume. The rare earth crystal structure sequence {hcp} \\to {Sm}~ {type} \\to {dhcp} \\to {distorted} fcc (hcp: hexagonal close packed; fcc: face centered cubic; dhcp: double hcp) is observed in Er below 58 GPa. We have carried out Rietveld refinement of crystal structures in the pressure range between 58 GPa and 151 GPa. We have examined various crystal structures that have been proposed for the distorted fcc (dfcc) phase and the post-dfcc phase in rare earth metals. We find that the hexagonal hR 24 structure is the best fit between 58 and 118 GPa. Above 118 GPa, a structural transformation from hR 24 phase to a monoclinic C 2/m phase is observed with a volume change of - 1.9%. We have also established a clear trend for the pressure at which a post-dfcc phase is formed in rare earth metals and show that there is a monotonic increase in this pressure with the filling of 4f shell.
Review of the carcinogenic potential of gasoline.
Raabe, G K
1993-01-01
This review examines the animal, human, and mechanistic studies that precede the new studies reported in this volume. Wholly vaporized unleaded gasoline was found to produce a dose-dependent increase in renal carcinoma in male rats and an excess above background incidence of hepatocellular tumors in female mice in the high-dose group. Mechanistic studies suggest that gasoline is not mutagenic and that the probable mechanism for the male rat renal tumors involves a rat-specific protein, alpha 2u-globulin, whose binding with highly branched aliphatic compounds results in renal tubule cell death and, in turn, a proliferative sequence that increases renal tubule tumors. Human evidence generated predominantly from studies of refinery workers does not support a kidney or liver cancer risk in humans. The current epidemiologic database is inadequate to access leukemia risk from low-level benzene exposure from gasoline. Studies of gasoline-exposed workers that incorporate quantitative exposure information are needed. PMID:8020448
Mobil process converts methanol to high-quality synthetic gasoline
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Wood, A.
1978-12-11
If production of gasoline from coal becomes commercially attractive in the United States, a process under development at the Mobil Research and Development Corp. may compete with better known coal liquefaction processes. Mobil process converts methanol to high-octane, unleaded gasoline; methanol can be produced commercially from coal. If gasoline is the desired product, the Mobil process offers strong technical and cost advantages over H-coal, Exxon donor solvent, solvent-refined coal, and Fischer--Tropsch processes. The cost analysis, contained in a report to the Dept. of Energy, concludes that the Mobil process produces more-expensive liquid products than any other liquefaction process except Fischer--Tropsch.more » But Mobil's process produces ready-to-use gasoline, while the others produce oils which require further expensive refining to yield gasoline. Disadvantages and advantages are discussed.« less
Thermodynamics of MgO shocked to 250 GPa and 9000 K
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fat'yanov, O. V.; Asimow, P. D.; Ahrens, T. J.
2011-06-01
Plate impact experiments in the 200-250 GPa pressure range were done on <100 > single-crystal MgO preheated before compression to 1850 K. Hot Mo(driver)-MgO targets were impacted with Ta flyers launched by the Caltech two-stage light-gas gun up to 7.5 km/s. Radiative temperatures and shock velocities were measured with 3-5% and 1-2% respective uncertainty by a 6-channel pyrometer with 3 ns time resolution, over 500-900 nm spectral range. MgO shock front reflectivity was determined in additional experiments at 220 and 250 GPa using 50/50 high-temperature sapphire beamsplitters. Shock temperatures and preheated MgO Hugoniot data reported here are in good agreement with the corresponding values calculated using Mie-Grüneisen equation of state with γ0 = 1.4 and constant γ / V . Our experiments showed no evidence of MgO melting up to 250 GPa and 9.2 kK. The highest shock temperatures exceed the extrapolated melting curve of Zerr & Boehler by >3000 K at 250 GPa, which seems too much for any realistic superheating.
Dome of magnetic order inside the nematic phase of sulfur-substituted FeSe under pressure
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Xiang, Li; Kaluarachchi, Udhara; Bohmer, Anna
2017-07-18
The pressure dependence of the structural, magnetic, and superconducting transitions and of the superconducting upper critical field were studied in sulfur-substituted Fe ( Se 1 - x S x ) . We performed resistance measurements on single crystals with three substitution levels ( x = 0.043 , 0.096, 0.12) under hydrostatic pressures up to 1.8 GPa and in magnetic fields up to 9 T and were compared to data on pure FeSe. Our results illustrate the effects of chemical and physical pressure on Fe ( Se 1 - x S x ). Furthermore, on increasing sulfur content, magnetic order inmore » the low-pressure range is strongly suppressed to a small domelike region in the phase diagrams. But, T s is much less suppressed by sulfur substitution, and T c of Fe ( Se 1 - x S x ) exhibits similar nonmonotonic pressure dependence with a local maximum and a local minimum present in the low-pressure range for all x . The local maximum in T c coincides with the emergence of the magnetic order above T c . At this pressure the slope of the upper critical field decreases abruptly, which may indicate a Fermi-surface reconstruction. The minimum of T c correlates with a broad maximum of the upper critical field slope normalized by T c .« less
Economic and environmental benefits of higher-octane gasoline.
Speth, Raymond L; Chow, Eric W; Malina, Robert; Barrett, Steven R H; Heywood, John B; Green, William H
2014-06-17
We quantify the economic and environmental benefits of designing U.S. light-duty vehicles (LDVs) to attain higher fuel economy by utilizing higher octane (98 RON) gasoline. We use engine simulations, a review of experimental data, and drive cycle simulations to estimate the reduction in fuel consumption associated with using higher-RON gasoline in individual vehicles. Lifecycle CO2 emissions and economic impacts for the U.S. LDV fleet are estimated based on a linear-programming refinery model, a historically calibrated fleet model, and a well-to-wheels emissions analysis. We find that greater use of high-RON gasoline in appropriately tuned vehicles could reduce annual gasoline consumption in the U.S. by 3.0-4.4%. Accounting for the increase in refinery emissions from production of additional high-RON gasoline, net CO2 emissions are reduced by 19-35 Mt/y in 2040 (2.5-4.7% of total direct LDV CO2 emissions). For the strategies studied, the annual direct economic benefit is estimated to be $0.4-6.4 billion in 2040, and the annual net societal benefit including the social cost of carbon is estimated to be $1.7-8.8 billion in 2040. Adoption of a RON standard in the U.S. in place of the current antiknock index (AKI) may enable refineries to produce larger quantities of high-RON gasoline.
Sound velocities in shocked liquid D2 to 28 GPa
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Holmes, N. C.; Ross, M.; Nellis, W. J.
1999-06-01
Recent measurements of shock temperatures(N. C. Holmes, W. J. Nellis, and M. Ross, Phys. Rev.) B52, 15835 (1995). and laser-driven Hugoniot measurements(L. B. Da Silva, et al.), Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 483 (1997). of shocked liquid deuterium strongly indicate that molecular dissociation is important above 20 GPa. Since the amount of expected dissociation is small on the Hugoniot at the 30 GPa limit of conventional impact experiments, other methods must be used to test our understanding of the physics of highly compressed deuterium in this regime. We have recently performed experiments to measure the sound velocity of deuterium which test the isentropic compressibility, c^2 = (partial P/partial ρ)_S. We used the shock overtake method to measure sound velocities at several shock pressures between 10--28 GPa. These data provide support for recently developed molecular dissociation models.
40 CFR 80.78 - Controls and prohibitions on reformulated gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... reformulated gasoline. 80.78 Section 80.78 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.78 Controls and prohibitions on reformulated gasoline. (a) Prohibited activities. (1) No person may manufacture...
40 CFR 80.78 - Controls and prohibitions on reformulated gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... reformulated gasoline. 80.78 Section 80.78 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.78 Controls and prohibitions on reformulated gasoline. (a) Prohibited activities. (1) No person may manufacture...
40 CFR 80.78 - Controls and prohibitions on reformulated gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... reformulated gasoline. 80.78 Section 80.78 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.78 Controls and prohibitions on reformulated gasoline. (a) Prohibited activities. (1) No person may manufacture...
40 CFR 80.78 - Controls and prohibitions on reformulated gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... reformulated gasoline. 80.78 Section 80.78 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.78 Controls and prohibitions on reformulated gasoline. (a) Prohibited activities. (1) No person may manufacture...
40 CFR 80.78 - Controls and prohibitions on reformulated gasoline.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... reformulated gasoline. 80.78 Section 80.78 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.78 Controls and prohibitions on reformulated gasoline. (a) Prohibited activities. (1) No person may manufacture...
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF GASOLINE BLENDING COMPONENTS THROUGH THEIR LIFE CYCLE
The purpose of this study is to access the contribution of the three major gasoline blending components to the potential environmental impacts (PEI), which are the reformate, alkylate and cracked gasoline. This study accounts for losses of the gasoline blending components due to...
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF GASOLINE BLENDING COMPONENTS THROUGH THEIR LIFE CYCLE
The purpose of this study is to assess the contribution of the three major gasoline blending components to the potential environmental impacts (PEI), which are the reformate, alkylate and cracked gasoline. This study accounts for losses of the gasoline blending components due to ...
Apodaca, L.E.
2012-01-01
In 2011, elemental sulfur and the byproduct sulfuric acid were produced at 109 operations in 29 states and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Total shipments were valued at about $1.6 billion. Elemental sulfur production was 8.2 Mt (9 million st); Louisiana and Texas accounted for about 53 percent of domestic production.
The influence of MCAT and GPA preadmission academic metrics on interview scores.
Gay, Steven E; Santen, Sally A; Mangrulkar, Rajesh S; Sisson, Thomas H; Ross, Paula T; Zaidi, Nikki L Bibler
2018-03-01
Medical school admissions interviews are used to assess applicants' nonacademic characteristics as advocated by the Association of American Medical Colleges' Advancing Holistic Review Initiative. The objective of this study is to determine whether academic metrics continue to significantly influence interviewers' scores in holistic processes by blinding interviewers to applicants' undergraduate grade point averages (uGPA) and Medical College Admission Test (MCAT). This study examines academic and demographic predictors of interview scores for two applicant cohorts at the University of Michigan Medical School. In 2012, interviewers were provided applicants' uGPA and MCAT scores; in 2013, these academic metrics were withheld from interviewers' files. Hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to examine the influence of academic and demographic variables on overall cohort interview scores. When interviewers were provided uGPA and MCAT scores, academic metrics explained more variation in interview scores (7.9%) than when interviewers were blinded to these metrics (4.1%). Further analysis showed a statistically significant interaction between cohort and uGPA, indicating that the association between uGPA and interview scores was significantly stronger for the 2012 unblinded cohort compared to the 2013 blinded cohort (β = .573, P < .05). By contrast, MCAT scores had no interactive effects on interviewer scores. While MCAT scores accounted for some variation in interview scores for both cohorts, only access to uGPA significantly influenced interviewers' scores when looking at interaction effects. Withholding academic metrics from interviewers' files may promote assessment of nonacademic characteristics independently from academic metrics.
Pressure standards and sensors up to 3 GPa, actual state and development trends
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wisniewski, Roland; Molinar, Gianfranco
1999-04-01
Metrological problems connected with pressure standards and sensors up to 3 GPa as an introduction to the pressure measurements in the so-called “GIGAPASCAL REGION”, 1-100 GPa, are discussed. Re-examination of Bi I-Bi II phase transition pressure as a fixed point of the International Practical Pressure Scale and correction of the NaCl Pressure Scale is proposed. Well-established sensors as candidates for secondary pressure standards up to 3 GPa are briefly presented.
Du, Wen-Cheng; Yin, Ya-Xia; Zeng, Xian-Xiang; Shi, Ji-Lei; Zhang, Shuai-Feng; Wan, Li-Jun; Guo, Yu-Guo
2016-02-17
An optimized nanocarbon-sulfur cathode material with ultrahigh sulfur loading of up to 90 wt % is realized in the form of sulfur nanolayer-coated three-dimensional (3D) conducting network. This 3D nanocarbon-sulfur network combines three different nanocarbons, as follows: zero-dimensional carbon nanoparticle, one-dimensional carbon nanotube, and two-dimensional graphene. This 3D nanocarbon-sulfur network is synthesized by using a method based on soluble chemistry of elemental sulfur and three types of nanocarbons in well-chosen solvents. The resultant sulfur-carbon material shows a high specific capacity of 1115 mA h g(-1) at 0.02C and good rate performance of 551 mA h g(-1) at 1C based on the mass of sulfur-carbon composite. Good battery performance can be attributed to the homogeneous compositing of sulfur with the 3D hierarchical hybrid nanocarbon networks at nanometer scale, which provides efficient multidimensional transport pathways for electrons and ions. Wet chemical method developed here provides an easy and cost-effective way to prepare sulfur-carbon cathode materials with high sulfur loading for application in high-energy Li-S batteries.
Gasoline prices and traffic crashes in Alabama, 1999-2009.
Chi, Guangqing; McClure, Timothy E; Brown, David B
2012-09-01
The price of gasoline has been found to be negatively associated with traffic crashes in a limited number of studies. However, most of the studies have focused either on fatal crashes only or on all crashes but measured over a very short time period. In this study, we examine gasoline price effects on all traffic crashes by demographic groups in the state of Alabama from 1999 to 2009. Using negative binomial regression techniques to examine monthly data from 1999 to 2009 in the state of Alabama, we estimate the effects of changes in gasoline price on changes in automobile crashes. We also examine how these effects differ by age group (16-20, 21-25, 26-30, 31-64, and 65+), gender (male and female), and race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic). The results show that gasoline prices have both short-term and long-term effects on reducing total traffic crashes and crashes of each age, gender, and race/ethnicity group (except Hispanic due to data limitations). The short-term and long-term effects are not statistically different for each individual demographic group. Gasoline prices have a stronger effect in reducing crashes involving drivers aged 16 to 20 than crashes involving drivers aged 31 to 64 and 65+ in the short term; the effects, however, are not statistically different across other demographic groups. Although gasoline price increases are not favored, our findings show that gasoline price increases (or decreases) are associated with reductions (or increases) in the incidence of traffic crashes. If gasoline prices had remained at the 1999 level of $1.41 from 1999 to 2009, applying the estimated elasticities would result in a predicted increase in total crashes of 169,492 (or 11.3%) from the actual number of crashes. If decision makers wish to reduce traffic crashes, increasing gasoline taxes is a possible option-however, doing so would increase travel costs and lead to equity concerns. These findings may help to shape transportation
40 CFR 80.73 - Inability to produce conforming gasoline in extraordinary circumstances.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... gasoline in extraordinary circumstances. 80.73 Section 80.73 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... Gasoline § 80.73 Inability to produce conforming gasoline in extraordinary circumstances. In appropriate..., for a brief period, to distribute gasoline which does not meet the requirements for reformulated...
40 CFR 80.73 - Inability to produce conforming gasoline in extraordinary circumstances.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... gasoline in extraordinary circumstances. 80.73 Section 80.73 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... Gasoline § 80.73 Inability to produce conforming gasoline in extraordinary circumstances. In appropriate..., for a brief period, to distribute gasoline which does not meet the requirements for reformulated...
40 CFR 80.73 - Inability to produce conforming gasoline in extraordinary circumstances.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... gasoline in extraordinary circumstances. 80.73 Section 80.73 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... Gasoline § 80.73 Inability to produce conforming gasoline in extraordinary circumstances. In appropriate..., for a brief period, to distribute gasoline which does not meet the requirements for reformulated...
40 CFR 80.73 - Inability to produce conforming gasoline in extraordinary circumstances.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... gasoline in extraordinary circumstances. 80.73 Section 80.73 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... Gasoline § 80.73 Inability to produce conforming gasoline in extraordinary circumstances. In appropriate..., for a brief period, to distribute gasoline which does not meet the requirements for reformulated...
40 CFR 80.73 - Inability to produce conforming gasoline in extraordinary circumstances.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... gasoline in extraordinary circumstances. 80.73 Section 80.73 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... Gasoline § 80.73 Inability to produce conforming gasoline in extraordinary circumstances. In appropriate..., for a brief period, to distribute gasoline which does not meet the requirements for reformulated...
Phase stability of iron germanate, FeGeO 3, to 127 GPa
Dutta, R.; Tracy, S. J.; Stan, C. V.; ...
2017-11-15
The high-pressure behavior of germanates is of interest as these compounds serve as analogs for silicates of the deep Earth. Current theoretical and experimental studies of iron germanate, FeGeO 3, are limited. Here in this paper, we have examined the behavior of FeGeO 3 to 127 GPa using the laser-heated diamond anvil cell combined with in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Upon compression at room temperature, the ambient-pressure clinopyroxene phase transforms to a disordered triclinic phase [FeGeO 3 (II)] at ~ 18 GPa in agreement with earlier studies. An additional phase transition to FeGeO 3 (III) occurs above 54 GPa atmore » room temperature. Laser-heating experiments (~ 1200–2200 K) were conducted at three pressures (33, 54, and 123 GPa) chosen to cover the stability regions of different GeO 2 polymorphs. In all cases, we observe that FeGeO 3 dissociates into GeO 2 + FeO at high pressure and temperature conditions. Neither the perovskite nor the post-perovskite phase was observed up to 127 GPa at ambient or high temperatures. The results are consistent with the behavior of FeSiO 3, which also dissociates into a mixture of the oxides (FeO + SiO 2) at least up to 149 GPa.« less
THE G.P.A. CRITERION AND SELECTIVE RETENTION IN TEACHER EDUCATION.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
PIERSON, ROBERT A.
TO DETERMINE WHETHER ARBITRARY GRADE-POINT AVERAGE CUT-OFF POINTS (E.G. 2.25) FOR ENTRANCE INTO TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS ARE UNFAIR TO PRESENT-DAY STUDENTS, NINETY 1966 COLLEGE SOPHOMORES WITH FRESHMAN-YEAR GPA'S BETWEEN 2.00 AND 2.09 WERE COMPARED TO THE SAME NUMBER OF 1961 SOPHOMORES WITH FRESHMAN-YEAR GPA'S BETWEEN 2.25 AND 2.34 USING (1)…
GPA as a Predictor of Helpful Behavior: An Accounting Student Sample
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Lyons, Paul; Bandura, Randall P.
2017-01-01
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the value of student grade point average (GPA) as a predictor of pro-social, helpful behavior. This voluntary behavior has been shown to be highly valuable to managers and co-workers. GPA is not only predictive of success in core tasks on the job, it is also predictive of voluntary, helpful…
Gasoline risk management: a compendium of regulations, standards, and industry practices.
Swick, Derek; Jaques, Andrew; Walker, J C; Estreicher, Herb
2014-11-01
This paper is part of a special series of publications regarding gasoline toxicology testing and gasoline risk management; this article covers regulations, standards, and industry practices concerning gasoline risk management. Gasoline is one of the highest volume liquid fuel products produced globally. In the U.S., gasoline production in 2013 was the highest on record (API, 2013). Regulations such as those pursuant to the Clean Air Act (CAA) (Clean Air Act, 2012: § 7401, et seq.) and many others provide the U.S. federal government with extensive authority to regulate gasoline composition, manufacture, storage, transportation and distribution practices, worker and consumer exposure, product labeling, and emissions from engines and other sources designed to operate on this fuel. The entire gasoline lifecycle-from manufacture, through distribution, to end-use-is subject to detailed, complex, and overlapping regulatory schemes intended to protect human health, welfare, and the environment. In addition to these legal requirements, industry has implemented a broad array of voluntary standards and best management practices to ensure that risks from gasoline manufacturing, distribution, and use are minimized. Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
40 CFR 80.27 - Controls and prohibitions on gasoline volatility.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Controls and prohibitions on gasoline... prohibitions on gasoline volatility. (a)(1) Prohibited activities in 1991. During the 1991 regulatory control... shall sell, offer for sale, dispense, supply, offer for supply, or transport gasoline whose Reid vapor...
40 CFR 80.27 - Controls and prohibitions on gasoline volatility.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Controls and prohibitions on gasoline... prohibitions on gasoline volatility. (a)(1) Prohibited activities in 1991. During the 1991 regulatory control... shall sell, offer for sale, dispense, supply, offer for supply, or transport gasoline whose Reid vapor...
40 CFR 80.27 - Controls and prohibitions on gasoline volatility.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Controls and prohibitions on gasoline... prohibitions on gasoline volatility. (a)(1) Prohibited activities in 1991. During the 1991 regulatory control... shall sell, offer for sale, dispense, supply, offer for supply, or transport gasoline whose Reid vapor...
40 CFR 80.27 - Controls and prohibitions on gasoline volatility.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Controls and prohibitions on gasoline... prohibitions on gasoline volatility. (a)(1) Prohibited activities in 1991. During the 1991 regulatory control... shall sell, offer for sale, dispense, supply, offer for supply, or transport gasoline whose Reid vapor...
40 CFR 80.27 - Controls and prohibitions on gasoline volatility.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Controls and prohibitions on gasoline... prohibitions on gasoline volatility. (a)(1) Prohibited activities in 1991. During the 1991 regulatory control... shall sell, offer for sale, dispense, supply, offer for supply, or transport gasoline whose Reid vapor...
ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARISON OF GASOLINE BLENDING OPTIONS USING LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
A life cycle assessment has been done on various gasoline blends, The purpose of this study is to compare several gasoline blends of 95 and 98 octaine, that meet the vapour pressure upper limit requirement of 60 kPa. This study accounts for the gasoline losses due to evaporation ...
X-ray Diffraction Study of Aluminum Carbide Powder to 50 GPa
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Ji, C.; Ma, Y; Chyu, M
2009-01-01
The crystal structure and equation of state (EOS) of aluminum carbide (Al{sub 4}C{sub 3}) have been determined directly up to 50.1 GPa at room temperature by the synchrotron x-ray diffraction techniques. The results indicate that Al{sub 4}C{sub 3} remained in rhombohedral structure under all tested pressure-temperature conditions and exhibited anisotropic compressibility, with the c-axis more compressible than the a-axis. Fitting the experimental data to third order Birch-Murnaghan EOS yields a bulk modulus of K{sub OT} = 233 {+-} 6 GPa with its pressure derivative K{sub OT}{prime} = 3.4 {+-} 0.4, while the second-order EOS yields K{sub OT} = 223 {+-}more » 2 GPa.« less
Infrared Analysis of Gasoline/Alcohol Blends.
1981-02-01
in storage, routine handling and distribution. As a result, other oxygenates such as methanol , iso-propanol, t-butanoA, methyl -t- butyl ether, and...Table 1 lists TABLE 1. ALCOHOL ANALYTE BAND NUMBERS -1 Component Analytical Frequency, cm Gasoline 967 Methanol 1030 Ethanol 882 iso-propanol 952 t...of varying concen- trations of each alcohol in a gasoline were obtained, with Figure 4 showing a low and high standard for methanol . The net peak
40 CFR 86.335-79 - Gasoline-fueled engine test cycle.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Gasoline-fueled engine test cycle. 86... Regulations for New Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.335-79 Gasoline-fueled engine test cycle. (a) The following test sequence shall be followed in...
40 CFR 86.335-79 - Gasoline-fueled engine test cycle.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Gasoline-fueled engine test cycle. 86... Regulations for New Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.335-79 Gasoline-fueled engine test cycle. (a) The following test sequence shall be followed in...
40 CFR 86.335-79 - Gasoline-fueled engine test cycle.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Gasoline-fueled engine test cycle. 86... Regulations for New Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.335-79 Gasoline-fueled engine test cycle. (a) The following test sequence shall be followed in...
Reporting a sudden death due to accidental gasoline inhalation.
Martínez, María Antonia; Ballesteros, Salomé; Alcaraz, Rafael
2012-02-10
The investigation of uncertain fatalities requires accurate determination of the cause of death, with assessment of all factors that may have contributed to it. Gasoline is a complex and highly variable mixture of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons that can lead to cardiac arrhythmias due to sensitization of the myocardium to catecholamines or acts as a simple asphyxiant if the vapors displace sufficient oxygen from the breathing atmosphere. This work describes a sudden occupational fatality involving gasoline. The importance of this petroleum distillate detection and its quantitative toxicological significance is discussed using a validated analytical method. A 51 year-old Caucasian healthy man without significant medical history was supervising the repairs of the telephone lines in a manhole near to a gas station. He died suddenly after inhaling gasoline vapors from an accidental leak. Extensive blistering and peeling of skin were observed on the skin of the face, neck, anterior chest, upper and lower extremities, and back. The internal examination showed a strong odor of gasoline, specially detected in the respiratory tract. The toxicological screening and quantitation of gasoline was performed by means of gas chromatography with flame ionization detector and confirmation was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Disposition of gasoline in different tissues was as follows: heart blood, 35.7 mg/L; urine, not detected; vitreous humor, 1.9 mg/L; liver, 194.7 mg/kg; lung, 147.6 mg/kg; and gastric content, 116,6 mg/L (2.7 mg total). Based upon the toxicological data along with the autopsy findings, the cause of death was determined to be gasoline poisoning and the manner of death was accidental. We would like to alert on the importance of testing for gasoline, and in general for volatile hydrocarbons, in work-related sudden deaths involving inhalation of hydrocarbon vapors and/or exhaust fumes. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights
Sulfur-impregnated disordered carbon nanotubes cathode for lithium-sulfur batteries.
Guo, Juchen; Xu, Yunhua; Wang, Chunsheng
2011-10-12
The commercialization of lithium-sulfur batteries is hindered by low cycle stability and low efficiency, which are induced by sulfur active material loss and polysulfide shuttle reaction through dissolution into electrolyte. In this study, sulfur-impregnated disordered carbon nanotubes are synthesized as cathode material for the lithium-sulfur battery. The obtained sulfur-carbon tube cathodes demonstrate superior cyclability and Coulombic efficiency. More importantly, the electrochemical characterization indicates a new stabilization mechanism of sulfur in carbon induced by heat treatment.
Thermodynamics and Equations of State of Iron to 350 GPa and 6000 K
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dorogokupets, P. I.; Dymshits, A. M.; Litasov, K. D.; Sokolova, T. S.
2017-03-01
The equations of state for solid (with bcc, fcc, and hcp structures) and liquid phases of Fe were defined via simultaneous optimization of the heat capacity, bulk moduli, thermal expansion, and volume at room and higher temperatures. The calculated triple points at the phase diagram have the following parameters: bcc-fcc-hcp is located at 7.3 GPa and 820 K, bcc-fcc-liquid at 5.2 GPa and 1998 K, and fcc-hcp-liquid at 106.5 GPa and 3787 K. At conditions near the fcc-hcp-liquid triple point, the Clapeyron slope of the fcc-liquid curve is dT/dP = 12.8 K/GPa while the slope of the hcp-liquid curve is higher (dT/dP = 13.7 K/GPa). Therefore, the hcp-liquid curve overlaps the metastable fcc-liquid curve at pressures of about 160 GPa. At high-pressure conditions, the metastable bcc-hcp curve is located inside the fcc-Fe or liquid stability field. The density, adiabatic bulk modulus and P-wave velocity of liquid Fe calculated up to 328.9 GPa at adiabatic temperature conditions started from 5882 K (outer/inner core boundary) were compared to the PREM seismological model. We determined the density deficit of hcp-Fe at the inner core boundary (T = 5882 K and P = 328.9 GPa) to be 4.4%.
Thermodynamics and Equations of State of Iron to 350 GPa and 6000 K.
Dorogokupets, P I; Dymshits, A M; Litasov, K D; Sokolova, T S
2017-03-06
The equations of state for solid (with bcc, fcc, and hcp structures) and liquid phases of Fe were defined via simultaneous optimization of the heat capacity, bulk moduli, thermal expansion, and volume at room and higher temperatures. The calculated triple points at the phase diagram have the following parameters: bcc-fcc-hcp is located at 7.3 GPa and 820 K, bcc-fcc-liquid at 5.2 GPa and 1998 K, and fcc-hcp-liquid at 106.5 GPa and 3787 K. At conditions near the fcc-hcp-liquid triple point, the Clapeyron slope of the fcc-liquid curve is dT/dP = 12.8 K/GPa while the slope of the hcp-liquid curve is higher (dT/dP = 13.7 K/GPa). Therefore, the hcp-liquid curve overlaps the metastable fcc-liquid curve at pressures of about 160 GPa. At high-pressure conditions, the metastable bcc-hcp curve is located inside the fcc-Fe or liquid stability field. The density, adiabatic bulk modulus and P-wave velocity of liquid Fe calculated up to 328.9 GPa at adiabatic temperature conditions started from 5882 K (outer/inner core boundary) were compared to the PREM seismological model. We determined the density deficit of hcp-Fe at the inner core boundary (T = 5882 K and P = 328.9 GPa) to be 4.4%.
Thermodynamics and Equations of State of Iron to 350 GPa and 6000 K
Dorogokupets, P. I.; Dymshits, A. M.; Litasov, K. D.; Sokolova, T. S.
2017-01-01
The equations of state for solid (with bcc, fcc, and hcp structures) and liquid phases of Fe were defined via simultaneous optimization of the heat capacity, bulk moduli, thermal expansion, and volume at room and higher temperatures. The calculated triple points at the phase diagram have the following parameters: bcc–fcc–hcp is located at 7.3 GPa and 820 K, bcc–fcc–liquid at 5.2 GPa and 1998 K, and fcc–hcp–liquid at 106.5 GPa and 3787 K. At conditions near the fcc–hcp–liquid triple point, the Clapeyron slope of the fcc–liquid curve is dT/dP = 12.8 K/GPa while the slope of the hcp–liquid curve is higher (dT/dP = 13.7 K/GPa). Therefore, the hcp–liquid curve overlaps the metastable fcc–liquid curve at pressures of about 160 GPa. At high-pressure conditions, the metastable bcc–hcp curve is located inside the fcc-Fe or liquid stability field. The density, adiabatic bulk modulus and P-wave velocity of liquid Fe calculated up to 328.9 GPa at adiabatic temperature conditions started from 5882 K (outer/inner core boundary) were compared to the PREM seismological model. We determined the density deficit of hcp-Fe at the inner core boundary (T = 5882 K and P = 328.9 GPa) to be 4.4%. PMID:28262683
Static high-pressure structural studies on Dy to 119 GPa
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Patterson, Reed; Saw, Cheng K.; Akella, Jagannadham
2004-05-01
Structural phase transitions in the rare-earth metal dysprosium have been studied in a diamond anvil cell to 119 GPa by x-ray diffraction. Four transformations following the sequence hcp→Sm-type→dhcp→hR24 (hexagonal)→bcm (monoclinic) are observed at 6, 15, 43, and 73 GPa, respectively. The hexagonal to monoclinic transformation is accompanied by a 6% reduction in volume, which is attributed to delocalization of the 4f electrons, similar to that seen in Ce, Pr, and Gd.
40 CFR 80.260 - What are the procedures and requirements for obtaining a hardship extension?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur... the refinery to produce gasoline meeting the requirements of § 80.195. Such an application must... appropriate sulfur reduction technology and other equipment procurements or improvements; and (ii) If...
MTBE, Oxygenates, and Motor Gasoline (Short-Term Energy Outlook Supplement October 1999)
1999-01-01
The blending of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) into motor gasoline has increased dramatically since it was first produced 20 years ago. MTBE usage grew in the early 1980's in response to octane demand resulting initially from the phaseout of lead from gasoline and later from rising demand for premium gasoline. The oxygenated gasoline program stimulated an increase in MTBE production between 1990 and 1994. MTBE demand increased from 83,000 in 1990 to 161,000 barrels per day in 1994. The reformulated gasoline (RFG) program provided a further boost to oxygenate blending. The MTBE contained in motor gasoline increased to 269,000 barrels per day by 1997.
48 CFR 25.504-2 - WTO GPA/Caribbean Basin Trade Initiative/FTAs.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false WTO GPA/Caribbean Basin Trade Initiative/FTAs. 25.504-2 Section 25.504-2 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS FOREIGN ACQUISITION Evaluating Foreign Offers-Supply Contracts 25.504-2 WTO GPA/Caribbean Basin Trade...
48 CFR 25.504-2 - WTO GPA/Caribbean Basin Trade Initiative/FTAs.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false WTO GPA/Caribbean Basin Trade Initiative/FTAs. 25.504-2 Section 25.504-2 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS FOREIGN ACQUISITION Evaluating Foreign Offers-Supply Contracts 25.504-2 WTO GPA/Caribbean Basin Trade...
48 CFR 25.504-2 - WTO GPA/Caribbean Basin Trade Initiative/FTAs.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false WTO GPA/Caribbean Basin Trade Initiative/FTAs. 25.504-2 Section 25.504-2 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS FOREIGN ACQUISITION Evaluating Foreign Offers-Supply Contracts 25.504-2 WTO GPA/Caribbean Basin Trade...
Moran, M.J.; Clawges, R.M.; Zogorski, J.S.
2000-01-01
Data on the volumes of oxygenates and other compounds in gasoline are available from several sources collectively referred as gasoline surveys. The gasoline surveys provide the most definitive knowledge of which oxygenate, if any, and what volumes of that oxygenate are being used in various areas of the country. This information is important in water-quality assessments for relating the detection of MTBE in water to patterns of usage of MTBE in gasoline. General information on three surveys that have been conducted by the National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research, the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, and the EPA was presented. The samples were tested for physical properties and constituents including octane number, specific gravity, and volumes of olefins, aromatics, benzene, alcohols, and various ether oxygenates. The data in each survey had its own utility based on the type of assessment that is undertaken. Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. Using NAWQA data, the percent occurrence of MTBE in ground water in metropolitan areas that use substantial amounts of MTBE (> 5% by vol) was ??? 21%, compared to ??? 2% in areas that do not use substantial amounts of MTBE (< 5% by vol). When several other factors are considered in a logistic regression model including MTBE usage in RFG or OXY gasoline areas (??? 3% by vol) as a factor, a 4-6 fold increase in the detection frequency of MTBE in ground water was found when compared to areas that do not use MTBE or use it only for octane enhancement (< 3% by vol).
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY VARIATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CONTROLLED GASOLINE SPILLS
A number of geophysical surveys were conducted over two controlled releases of about 100 gallons each of gasoline. In order to clearly identify the responses associated with the gasoline plume, measurements were made before, during and after the injection. The two experiments we...
26 CFR 48.6420(a)-2 - Gasoline includible in claim.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-04-01
... 26 Internal Revenue 16 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Gasoline includible in claim. 48.6420(a)-2... of Special Application to Retailers and Manufacturers Taxes § 48.6420(a)-2 Gasoline includible in claim. Payment may be claimed under section 6420 only in respect of gasoline used on a farm in the...
26 CFR 48.6420(a)-2 - Gasoline includible in claim.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-04-01
... 26 Internal Revenue 16 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Gasoline includible in claim. 48.6420(a)-2... of Special Application to Retailers and Manufacturers Taxes § 48.6420(a)-2 Gasoline includible in claim. Payment may be claimed under section 6420 only in respect of gasoline used on a farm in the...
26 CFR 48.6420(a)-2 - Gasoline includible in claim.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-04-01
... 26 Internal Revenue 16 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Gasoline includible in claim. 48.6420(a)-2... of Special Application to Retailers and Manufacturers Taxes § 48.6420(a)-2 Gasoline includible in claim. Payment may be claimed under section 6420 only in respect of gasoline used on a farm in the...
26 CFR 48.6420(a)-2 - Gasoline includible in claim.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-04-01
... 26 Internal Revenue 16 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Gasoline includible in claim. 48.6420(a)-2... of Special Application to Retailers and Manufacturers Taxes § 48.6420(a)-2 Gasoline includible in claim. Payment may be claimed under section 6420 only in respect of gasoline used on a farm in the...
A tiered approach to distinguish sources of gasoline and diesel spills.
Xiong, Wenhui; Bernesky, Ryan; Bechard, Robert; Michaud, Guy; Lang, Jeremy
2014-07-15
Approximately 11% and 25% of annual Canadian oil spill accidents are gasoline and diesel spills, respectively. Gasoline and diesel spills are a challenge to conventional environmental forensic techniques because refinery processes remove most of the higher molecular weight biomarkers. This study presents a tiered environmental forensics strategy that includes such information as site operational history, geology/hydrogeology, GC/FID pre-screening, volatile GC/MS, semi-volatile GC/MS, and GC/MS selected ion monitoring (SIM) chromatograms for fingerprinting of gasoline and diesel spills. GC/FID pre-screening analysis identified the presence of two individual gasoline and diesel plumes at a fuel service station (study site). The gasoline plume is present between the upgradient fuel underground storage tanks (USTs) and the downgradient diesel plume, suggesting that the diesel impacts to groundwater may not be originated from the current UST leakage. Similar distribution of C3-alkylbenzenes (the most stable chemicals in gasoline) and the consistent diagnostic ratios of the analyte pairs with similar solubility indicate that the source for the dissolved gasoline constituents in the gasoline impacted zone likely originated from a gasoline leakage from the current USTs on the study site. In the diesel impacted zone, the distinct distribution and diagnostic ratios of sesquiterpanes (biomarkers for diesel) and alkylated PAHs confirm that the diesel plume originate from different crude oil sources than the current USTs. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Results from service tests on AI-91 gasoline
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Turovskii, F.V.; Bakaleinik, A.M.; Belyaev, A.A.
1988-01-01
Research was conducted to establish whether the operational reliability of engines will be affected by the use of a gasoline with an octane number two points lower than that of commercial AI-93 leaded gasoline with knock resistance in acceleration that is better than that of the AI-93 by approximately the same amount. Extended road tests were run in VAZ-2106 and Moskvich-2140 automobiles using gasoline with a research octane number of 91, containing an antiknock additive based on tetramethyl lead, and AI-93. The experimental AI-91 and the commercial AI-93 gasolines were prepared from the same base blend. Average specific fuel consumptionsmore » were identical for automobiles using AI-93 and AI-91 with the tetramethyl lead additive. For automobiles using AI-91 with the additive and with ethyl bromide as a lead scavenger the fuel consumption was 2% lower.« less
48 CFR 25.504-2 - WTO GPA/Caribbean Basin Trade Initiative/FTAs.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false WTO GPA/Caribbean Basin Trade Initiative/FTAs. 25.504-2 Section 25.504-2 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL... 25.504-2 WTO GPA/Caribbean Basin Trade Initiative/FTAs. Example 1. Offer A 304,000 U.S.-made end...
48 CFR 25.504-2 - WTO GPA/Caribbean Basin Trade Initiative/FTAs.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false WTO GPA/Caribbean Basin Trade Initiative/FTAs. 25.504-2 Section 25.504-2 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL... 25.504-2 WTO GPA/Caribbean Basin Trade Initiative/FTAs. Example 1. Offer A 304,000 U.S.-made end...
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-05-12
...This final rule approves state implementation plan (SIP) revisions submitted by the State of California on June 15, 2004 and February 3, 2009, relating to reformulated gasoline (RFG) and diesel fuel sold or supplied as motor vehicle fuels in California. The revisions relating to RFG include California Phase 3 RFG (CaRFG3) regulations, correction of errors and streamlined requirements for compliance with and enforcement of the CaRFG3 standards, and an update to the State's predictive model to mitigate permeation emissions associated with the use of ethanol as a fuel additive. The revisions relating to diesel fuel include test methods for determining the aromatic hydrocarbon content in diesel fuel and reductions in the maximum allowable sulfur content for motor vehicle diesel fuel. The effect of today's action is to make these revisions federally enforceable as part of the California SIP.
Static High Pressure Structural studies on Dy to 119 GPa
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Patterson, J R; Saw, C K; Akella, J
2003-11-12
Structural phase transitions in the rare-earth metal Dysprosium have been studied in a Diamond Anvil Cell (DAC) to 119 GPa by x-ray diffraction. Four transformations following the sequence hcp {yields} Sm-type {yields} dhcp {yields} hR24 (hexagonal) {yields} bcm (monoclinic) are observed at 6, 15, 43, and 73 GPa respectively. The hexagonal to monoclinic transformation is accompanied by a 6% reduction in volume, which is attributed to delocalization of the 4f electrons, similar to that seen in Ce, Pr, and Gd.
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Park, Jin-Woo; Kim, Changhyeon; Ryu, Ho-Suk
2015-09-15
Highlights: • The content of sulfur in activated carbon was controlled by solution process. • The sulfur electrode with low sulfur content shows the best performance. • The Li/S battery has capacity of 1360 mAh/g at 1 C and 702 mAh/g at 10 C. - Abstract: The content of sulfur in sulfur/activated carbon composite is controlled from 32.37 wt.% to 55.33 wt.% by a one-step solution-based process. When the sulfur content is limited to 41.21 wt.%, it can be loaded into the pores of an activated carbon matrix in a highly dispersed state. On the contrary, when the sulfur contentmore » is 55.33 wt.%, crystalline sulfur can be detected on the surface of the activated carbon matrix. The best electrochemical performance can be obtained for a sulfur electrode with the lowest sulfur content. The sulfur/activated carbon composite with 32.37 wt.% sulfur afforded the highest first discharge capacity of 1360 mAh g{sup −1} at 1 C rate and a large reversible capacity of 702 mAh g{sup −1} at 10 C (16.75 A/g)« less
ENVIRONMENTAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF GASOLINE ALTERNATIVES: MTBE AND ETHANOL ADDITIVES
Currently, the U.S. is considering options for additives to reformulated gasoline. To inform this debate the U.S. EPA's Office of Research and Development is conducting a screening life cycle assessment (LCA) of three gasoline alternatives. These alternatives include gasoline w...
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Simson, Amanda
Hydrogen powered fuel cells have the potential to produce electricity with higher efficiency and lower emissions than conventional combustion technology. In order to realize the benefits of a hydrogen fuel cell an efficient method to produce hydrogen is needed. Currently, over 90% of hydrogen is produced from the steam reforming of natural gas. However, for many applications including fuel cell vehicles, the use of a liquid fuel rather than natural gas is desirable. This work investigates the feasibility of producing hydrogen efficiently by steam reforming E85 (85% ethanol/15% gasoline), a commercially available sulfur-containing transportation fuel. A Rh-Pt/SiO2-ZrO2 catalyst has demonstrated good activity for the E85 steam reforming reaction. An industrial steam reforming process is often run less efficiently, with more water and at higher temperatures, in order to prevent catalyst deactivation. Therefore, it is desirable to develop a process that can operate without catalyst deactivation at more energy efficient conditions. In this study, the steam reforming of a sulfur-containing fuel (E85) was studied at near stoichiometric steam/carbon ratios and at 650C, conditions at which catalyst deactivation is normally measured. At these conditions the catalyst was found to be stable steam reforming a sulfur-free E85. However, the addition of low concentrations of sulfur significantly deactivated the catalyst. The presence of sulfur in the fuel caused catalyst deactivation by promoting ethylene which generates surface carbon species (coke) that mask catalytic sites. The amount of coke increased during time on stream and became increasingly graphitic. However, the deactivation due to both sulfur adsorption and coke formation was reversible with air treatment at 650°C. However, regenerations were found to reduce the catalyst life. Air regenerations produce exotherms on the catalyst surface that cause structural changes to the catalyst. During regenerations the
Microscopic structural change in a liquid Fe-C alloy of ~5 GPa
Shibazaki, Yuki; Kono, Yoshio; Fei, Yingwei
2015-07-04
The structure of a liquid Fe-3.5 wt% C alloy is examined for up to 7.2 GPa via multiangle energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction using a Paris-Edinburgh type large-volume press. X-ray diffraction data show clear changes in the pressure-dependent peak positions of structure factor and reduced pair distribution function at 5GPa. These results suggest that the liquid Fe-3.5wt%C alloys change structurally at approximately 5GPa. This finding serves as a microscopic explanation for the alloy’s previously observed density change at the same pressure. The pressure dependencies of the nearest and second neighbor distances of the liquid Fe-3.5 wt% C alloy are similar to thosemore » of liquid Fe which exhibits a structural change near the bcc-fcc-liquid triple point (5.2GPa and 1991 K). Here, similarities between Fe-3.5wt% C and Fe suggest that a density change also occurs in liquid Fe and that this structural change extends to other Fe-light element alloys.« less
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-11-30
...; Gasoline Volatility AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: In compliance... entities: Entities potentially affected by this action are those who produce or import gasoline containing... Additives: Gasoline Volatility, Reporting Requirements for Parties Which Produce of Import Gasoline...
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION FOR GASOLINE LOADING OF BARGES
The report gives results of a study to determine the feasibility, safety, and cost of methods to control the emission of hydrocarbon vapor during the loading of gasoline barges. Approximately 4 lb of hydrocarbons are emitted per 1000 gal. of gasoline loaded; annually about 1 mill...
Strength of fayalite up to 8.5 GPa
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Guignard, J.; Bystricky, M.; Béjina, F.; Crichton, W. A.; Proietti, A.; Tercé, N.
2017-06-01
A dense polycrystalline aggregate of synthetic fayalite (Fe2SiO4) was deformed up to 8.5 GPa at room temperature in the D-DIA press installed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility beamline ID06. Five successive shortening-lengthening cycles were performed at different pressures and up to a final strain of approximately 25% at a typical strain rate of about 10-5 s-1. Lattice stresses were quantified from ( hkl) reflections accessible with a 55-keV monochromatic beam. Combined stress and strain data show that during each cycle, fayalite deforms elastically before yielding at an axial strain close to 2%. This yielding occurs at a macroscopic stress (taken as the average of the estimated lattice stresses) of 1.5-2 GPa, irrespective of pressure. Very moderate stress hardening takes place beyond the yield point, and the average stress becomes almost constant after a strain of 5-6%, suggesting a low-temperature plastic regime. Lattice stresses estimated with (131), (130), and (022) reflections are always higher than stresses estimated with (111) and (112) by a factor of about 1.5. In addition, the (131) lattice stress becomes progressively lower than the (130) and (022) lattice stresses with increasing pressure, which suggests a possible change in dominant slip systems around 5-6 GPa. Combining our results with data from Chen et al. (Phys Earth Planet Inter 143-144:347-356, (2004), we determined a low-temperature plasticity flow law with an activation energy of 217 ± 25 kJ mol-1 and a Peierls stress at 0 GPa, σ p0 = 3.92 ± 0.02 GPa, that is consistent with dislocation motion being limited by discrete obstacles. The pressure dependence is almost entirely accounted for by the Peierls stress, with d σ p/d P = G'/ G 0, where G' is the derivative of G 0, the shear modulus. Our results suggest that fayalite has a smaller pressure dependence of low-temperature plasticity than (Mg0.9Fe0.1)2SiO4 and that the transition between low-temperature plasticity and high
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS IN LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OF GASOLINE BLENDING OPTIONS
Changes in gasoline specifications worldwide affect demand for all major gasoline-blending components. The purpose of this study is to compare different gasoline formulations based on the accounting of the environmental impacts due to hydrocarbon emissions during the gasoline pro...
The economics of gasoline subsidy cost reduction policy: Case study of Indonesia
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Akimaya, Muhammad I.
A gasoline subsidy distorts the gasoline market with the resulting inefficiencies and takes substantial revenues that arguably could be spent elsewhere with a better impact on economic growth. Governments with such subsidies are aware of their cost yet face difficulties in removing the policy because of strong resistance from the public. This thesis discusses in three essays the problem faced by the government in removing the gasoline subsidy and provides an alternative policy in reducing the subsidy cost applied to the case of Indonesia. In the first essay, we examine the decision-making process from the government's perspective that has an objective of generating savings to fund other programs while maintaining political power, and the influence that the general population has over the decision. Despite the immense literature on political power, there has yet to be any research that mathematically models the decision-making process of a government with influences from the general population. Under the benchmark scenario, the equilibrium strategy is to keep the subsidy intact. However, the results are found to be very sensitive to the magnitude of the shift in political power as well as the preferences of both the government and the people. In the second essay, we estimate the cross-price elasticity of regular gasoline with respect to premium gasoline price. The importance of such knowledge is to accurately determine the impact of fuel pricing policy that tends to have different rates of tax or subsidy depending on the grade of gasoline. Using data on the Mexican gasoline market, regular gasoline demand is estimated with an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. Endogeneity of the price and structural break are also investigated. The cross-price elasticities between regular and premium gasoline is found to be -0.895, which confirms high substitutability among gasoline with different grades. In the third essay, we look at the unique case of Indonesia that
Rising gasoline prices increase new motorcycle sales and fatalities.
Zhu, He; Wilson, Fernando A; Stimpson, Jim P; Hilsenrath, Peter E
2015-12-01
We examined whether sales of new motorcycles was a mechanism to explain the relationship between motorcycle fatalities and gasoline prices. The data came from the Motorcycle Industry Council, Energy Information Administration and Fatality Analysis Reporting System for 1984-2009. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) regressions estimated the effect of inflation-adjusted gasoline price on motorcycle sales and logistic regressions estimated odds ratios (ORs) between new and old motorcycle fatalities when gasoline prices increase. New motorcycle sales were positively correlated with gasoline prices (r = 0.78) and new motorcycle fatalities (r = 0.92). ARIMA analysis estimated that a US$1 increase in gasoline prices would result in 295,000 new motorcycle sales and, consequently, 233 new motorcycle fatalities. Compared to crashes on older motorcycle models, those on new motorcycles were more likely to be young riders, occur in the afternoon, in clear weather, with a large engine displacement, and without alcohol involvement. Riders on new motorcycles were more likely to be in fatal crashes relative to older motorcycles (OR 1.14, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.28) when gasoline prices increase. Our findings suggest that, in response to increasing gasoline prices, people tend to purchase new motorcycles, and this is accompanied with significantly increased crash risk. There are several policy mechanisms that can be used to lower the risk of motorcycle crash injuries through the mechanism of gas prices and motorcycle sales such as raising awareness of motorcycling risks, enhancing licensing and testing requirements, limiting motorcycle power-to-weight ratios for inexperienced riders, and developing mandatory training programs for new riders.
Nilson, Sarah E; Assmann, Sarah M
2010-04-01
Land plants must balance CO2 assimilation with transpiration in order to minimize drought stress and maximize their reproductive success. The ratio of assimilation to transpiration is called transpiration efficiency (TE). TE is under genetic control, although only one specific gene, ERECTA, has been shown to regulate TE. We have found that the alpha-subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), GPA1, is a regulator of TE. gpa1 mutants, despite having guard cells that are hyposensitive to abscisic acid-induced inhibition of stomatal opening, have increased TE under ample water and drought stress conditions and when treated with exogenous abscisic acid. Leaf-level gas-exchange analysis shows that gpa1 mutants have wild-type assimilation versus internal CO2 concentration responses but exhibit reduced stomatal conductance compared with ecotype Columbia at ambient and below-ambient internal CO2 concentrations. The increased TE and reduced whole leaf stomatal conductance of gpa1 can be primarily attributed to stomatal density, which is reduced in gpa1 mutants. GPA1 regulates stomatal density via the control of epidermal cell size and stomata formation. GPA1 promoter::beta-glucuronidase lines indicate that the GPA1 promoter is active in the stomatal cell lineage, further supporting a function for GPA1 in stomatal development in true leaves.
High pressure melting curve of platinum up to 35 GPa
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Patel, Nishant N.; Sunder, Meenakshi
2018-04-01
Melting curve of Platinum (Pt) has been measured up to 35 GPa using our laboratory based laser heated diamond anvil cell (LHDAC) facility. Laser speckle method has been employed to detect onset of melting. High pressure melting curve of Pt obtained in the present study has been compared with previously reported experimental and theoretical results. The melting curve measured agrees well within experimental error with the results of Kavner et al. The experimental data fitted with simon equation gives (∂Tm/∂P) ˜25 K/GPa at P˜1 MPa.
Experimental Study on the Distillation Capacity of Alcohol-Gasoline Blends
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Stan, C.; Andreescu, C.; Dobre, A.; Iozsa, D.
2017-10-01
The paper objective is to highlight the consequences of adding different alcohols in gasoline on the distillation characteristics of these blends. Changes of the distillation parameters (ti, t10, t50, t90, tf, E70, E100, E150) have been evaluated and, also, the evolution trends of the distillation curves for different alcohol added in mixture with the gasoline have been estimated. Several types of gasoline sold on the market and methanol, ethanol, i-propanol and butanol were used during the experiments and the corresponding distillation curves have been analyzed. The alcohol fraction in mixtures varied between 5 and 20%. Double blends with alcohol added in gasoline and triple blends with two alcohols added in gasoline were used. The comparison of the distillation curves of the mixtures was done with respect to that of pure gasoline. It was specified how the values of the distillation parameters, E70, E100 and E150, were set within the limits of EN 228. The distillation was made on 100 ml of fuel and the measurements were made on each 10 ml of fuel transformed into vapor state and then condensed. The influence of the alcohols present in these mixtures was manifested by the changes in the shape of the distillation curve. The butanol influence on the distillation temperatures was found lower than that of ethanol, because the physicochemical properties of the butanol are closer to those of gasoline. The molecules of alcohols actively interact with the fractions of gasolines, their combination leading to a conjugate effect and to a modifying the distillation parameters values. The variation of these parameters depends on the alcohol fraction in the mixture.
Liu, Jun; Lemmon, John P; Yang, Zhenguo; Cao, Yuliang; Li, Xiaolin
2015-04-07
A method of preparing a graphene-sulfur nanocomposite for a cathode in a rechargeable lithium-sulfur battery comprising thermally expanding graphite oxide to yield graphene layers, mixing the graphene layers with a first solution comprising sulfur and carbon disulfide, evaporating the carbon disulfide to yield a solid nanocomposite, and grinding the solid nanocomposite to yield the graphene-sulfur nanocomposite. Rechargeable-lithium-sulfur batteries having a cathode that includes a graphene-sulfur nanocomposite can exhibit improved characteristics. The graphene-sulfur nanocomposite can be characterized by graphene sheets with particles of sulfur adsorbed to the graphene sheets. The sulfur particles have an average diameter of less than 50 nm.