Boronization and Carburization of Superplastic Stainless Steel and Titanium-Based Alloys

PubMed Central

Matsushita, Masafumi

2011-01-01

Bronization and carburization of fine-grain superplastic stainless steel is reviewed, and new experimental results for fine grain Ti88.5Al4.5V3Fe2Mo2 are reported. In superplastic duplex stainless steel, the diffusion of carbon and boron is faster than in non-superplastic duplex stainless steel. Further, diffusion is activated by uniaxial compressive stress. Moreover, non-superplastic duplex stainless steel shows typical grain boundary diffusion; however, inner grain diffusion is confirmed in superplastic stainless steel. The presence of Fe and Cr carbides or borides is confirmed by X-ray diffraction, which indicates that the diffused carbon and boron react with the Fe and Cr in superplastic stainless steel. The Vickers hardness of the carburized and boronized layers is similar to that achieved with other surface treatments such as electro-deposition. Diffusion of boron into the superplastic Ti88.5Al4.5V3Fe2Mo2 alloy was investigated. The hardness of the surface exposed to boron powder can be increased by annealing above the superplastic temperature. However, the Vickers hardness is lower than that of Ti boride. PMID:28824144

Stress-state effects on the stress-induced martensitic transformation of carburized 4320 steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karaman, I.; Balzer, M.; Sehitoglu, Huseyin; Maier, H. J.

1998-02-01

The effect of different stress states on the stress-induced martensitic transformation of retained austenite was investigated in carburized 4320 steels with an initial retained austenite content of 15 pct. Experiments were conducted utilizing a specialized pressure rig and comparison between stress-strain behaviors of specimens with different austenitization and tempering histories was performed under these stress states. Experimental results indicated considerable asymmetry between tension and compression, with triaxial stress states resulting in the highest strength levels for the untempered material. Fine carbide precipitates due to low-temperature tempering increased the strength and ductility of the specimens and also changed the austenite-to-martensite transformation behavior. Numerical simulations of stress-strain behaviors under different stress states were obtained, with an existing micromechanical self-consistent framework utilizing the crystallographic theory of austenite/martensite transformation and the minimum complementary free-energy principle. The model was modified for carburized steels upon microstructural investigation and predicted the same trends in effective stress-effective strain behavior as observed experimentally.

Characterization by 27Al NMR, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and density functional theory techniques of the species responsible for benzene hydrogenation in Y zeolite-supported carburized molybdenum catalysts.

PubMed

Rocha, Angela S; da Silva, Victor Teixeira; Eon, Jean G; de Menezes, Sônia M C; Faro, Arnaldo C; Rocha, Alexandre B

2006-08-17

Carburized molybdenum catalysts supported on a dealuminated NaH-Y zeolite were prepared by carburization under a 20% methane in hydrogen flow of two precursors obtained by adsorption of molybdenum hexacarbonyl, one containing 5 wt % and the other 10 wt % Mo, and a third one was prepared by impregnation with aqueous ammonium heptamolybdate, containing 5 wt % Mo. The three catalysts displayed very distinct behaviors in the benzene hydrogenation reaction at atmospheric pressure and 363 K. By using XANES spectroscopy at the molybdenum L edge, EXAFS and XANES spectroscopy at the molybdenum K edge, and 27Al solid-state NMR spectroscopy, it was shown that different carburized molybdenum species exist in each sample. In the catalyst containing 10 wt % Mo, formation of molybdenum carbide nanoparticles was observed, with an estimated diameter of 1.8 nm. In the catalyst containing 5 wt % Mo and prepared by carburization of adsorbed molybdenum hexacarbonyl, formation of molybdenum oxycarbide dimers is proposed. In the latter case, density functional theory calculations have led to a dimer structure which is compatible with EXAFS results. In the catalyst prepared by impregnation with ammonium heptamolybdate solution followed by carburization, the molybdenum seems to interact with extraframework alumina to produce highly disordered mixed molybdenum-aluminum oxycarbides.

Identification of a process window for tailored carburization of sheet metals in hot stamping

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Horn, Alexander; Merklein, Marion

2018-05-01

Due to governmental regulations concerning the reduction of CO2 emissions and increasing safety standards, hot stamping of high strength boron manganese steel sheets has evolved into a state of the art process for manufacturing structural car body parts. The combined forming and in-die quenching process enables the formation of a fully martensitic microstructure. Therefore, press hardened steels offer high strength, but low ductility. In order to further improve passenger safety, a tailored configuration of mechanical properties is desired. Besides state of the art methods, like the application of locally different heat treatment temperatures or varying quenching rates, the adjustment of mechanical properties of sheet metals by a tailored carburization is a novel approach. For the carburization process, the specimens are first coated with graphite and subsequently heat treated. Within this contribution, different coating strategies as well as heat treatment temperatures and dwell times are investigated. For the determination of a process window, mechanical properties such as tensile strength and microhardness will be analyzed and correlated with the resulting microstructure.

Effects of niobium additions on the structure, depth, and austenite grain size of the case of carburized 0.07% C steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Islam, M. A.; Bepari, M. M. A.

1996-10-01

Carbon (0.07%) steel samples containing about 0.04% Nb singly and in combination with nitrogen were carburized in a natural Titas gas atmosphere at a temperature of 1223 K (950 °C) and a pressure of about 0.10 MPa for 1/2 to 4 h, followed by slow cooling in the furnace. Their microstructures were studied by optical microscopy. The austenite grain size of the case and the case depths were determined on baseline samples of low-carbon steels and also on niobium and (Nb + N) microalloyed steel samples. It was found that, when compared to the baseline steel, niobium alone or in combination with nitrogen decreased the thickness of cementite network near the surface of the carburized case of the steels. However, niobium in combination with nitrogen was more effective than niobium in reducing the thickness of cementite network. Niobium with or without nitrogen inhibited the formation of Widmanstätten cementite plates at grain boundaries and within the grains near the surface in the hypereutectoid zone of the case. It was also revealed that, when compared to the baseline steel, niobium decreased the case depth of the carburized steels, but that niobium with nitrogen is more effective than niobium alone in reducing the case depth. Niobium as niobium carbide (NbC) and niobium in the presence of nitrogen as niobium carbonitride, [Nb(C,N)] particles refined the austenite grain size of the carburized case, but Nb(C,N) was more effective than NbC in inhibiting austenite grain growth.

Assessment of Cavitation-Erosion Resistance of 316LN Stainless Steel Following a Nitro-Carburizing Surface Treatment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pawel, Steven J

2009-11-01

A nitro-carburizing surface treatment known domestically as the Melonite process was applied to type 316LN stainless steel test pieces and exposed to sonication conditions in mercury using a vibratory horn technique. Cavitation-erosion damage was evaluated for extended exposures and compared to other surface treatments on the same substrate alloy. The results indicate that the Melonite process substantially retards weight loss and crater development for extended periods, but gradually is eroded/destroyed leading to exposure of the substrate and cavitation-erosion behavior similar to untreated specimens. Compared with other surface treatments, cavitation-erosion results indicate that specimens treated with Melonite perform similarly to specimensmore » treated with a simple nitriding process. Neither the simple nitriding nor the Melonite treatment is quite as effective as a previously evaluated low temperature carburizing treatment, the latter being about a factor of three better than Melonite in terms of weight loss during sonication in mercury.« less

Effect of nanograin-boundary networks generation on corrosion of carburized martensitic stainless steel.

PubMed

Boonruang, Chatdanai; Thong-On, Atcharawadi; Kidkhunthod, Pinit

2018-02-02

Martensitic stainless steel parts used in carbonaceous atmosphere at high temperature are subject to corrosion which results in a large amount of lost energy and high repair and maintenance costs. This work therefore proposes a model for surface development and corrosion mechanism as a solution to reduce corrosion costs. The morphology, phase, and corrosion behavior of steel are investigated using GIXRD, XANES, and EIS. The results show formation of nanograin-boundary networks in the protective layer of martensitic stainless steel. This Cr 2 O 3 -Cr 7 C 3 nanograin mixture on the FeCr 2 O 4 layer causes ion transport which is the main reason for the corrosion reaction during carburizing of the steel. The results reveal the rate determining steps in the corrosion mechanism during carburizing of steel. These steps are the diffusion of uncharged active gases in the stagnant-gas layer over the steel surface followed by the conversion of C into C 4- and O into O 2- at the gas-oxide interface simultaneously with the migration of Cr 3+ from the metal-oxide interface to the gas-oxide interface. It is proposed that previous research on Al 2 O 3 coatings may be the solution to producing effective coatings that overcome the corrosion challenges discussed in this work.

Atomic migration of carbon in hard turned layers of carburized bearing steel

DOE PAGES

Bedekar, Vikram; Poplawsky, Jonathan D.; Guo, Wei; ...

2016-01-01

In grain finement and non-equilibrium there is carbon segregation within grain boundaries alters the mechanical performance of hard turning layers in carburized bearing steel. Moreover, an atom probe tomography (APT) study on the nanostructured hard turning layers reveals carbon migration to grain boundaries as a result of carbide decomposition during severe plastic deformation. In addition, samples exposed to different cutting speeds show that the carbon migration rate increases with the cutting speed. For these two effects lead to an ultrafine carbon network structure resulting in increased hardness and thermal stability in the severely deformed surface layer.

Study of Effect of Quenching Deformation Influenced by 17CrNiMo6 Gear Shaft of Carburization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pang, Zirui; Yu, Shenjun; Xu, Jinwu

The 17CrNiMo6 steel is mainly used for the gear shaft of large modulus in many fields of heavy industry such as mining, transit, hoist, forging and so on[1]. The size of addendum circle and common normal line is changed a lot beyond the tolerance because of the long time of carburizing process and the out-of-step structural stress and thermal stress during the quenching process. And thus the posterior grinding efficiency and quality are influenced. In the paper comparison and analysis of the deformation affected by solid and hollow gear shafts were done and the methods of simulation and practice were both used. The results are as follows: the deformation of gear shaft was small before and after carburizing while that of gear shaft was large before and after quenching because of different cooling velocity, structure and hardness of each position. And the deformation of hollow was much smaller than that of solid. Therefore, if the hollow gear shaft is used, the waste of material will be decreased, and finishing cost will be reduced, and thus the technology of heat treatment will be optimized.

On the kinetics of transgranular particle embrittlement during simulated carburizing in steel containing grain-refining additions of aluminum and niobium plus aluminum

DOE PAGES

Leap, Michael Jerald

2017-08-31

Here, the kinetics of toughness degradation resulting from transgranular particle embrittlement are evaluated as a function of composition and processing history for simulated carburizing operations in air-melt steel containing grain-refining additions of aluminum and aluminum plus niobium. The kinetics of particle embrittlement are inherently linked to the ripening of AlN precipitates after extended austenitization in steel containing carbon contents representative of both the case and core of a carburized component. Embrittlement in steel containing AlN occurs with an activation energy similar to the value for aluminum diffusion in austenite, although an AlN volume fraction effect on the embrittlement kinetics ismore » manifested as decreases in activation energy with decreases in the [Al]/[N] ratio of steel. In contrast, the presence of niobium substantially retards the kinetics of particle embrittlement in steel containing 120–200 ppm N. Observations of AlN precipitates coated with Nb(C,N) indicate that the decreases in embrittlement kinetics are related to a reduction in the potential for AlN ripening during austenitization.« less

On the kinetics of transgranular particle embrittlement during simulated carburizing in steel containing grain-refining additions of aluminum and niobium plus aluminum

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Leap, Michael Jerald

Here, the kinetics of toughness degradation resulting from transgranular particle embrittlement are evaluated as a function of composition and processing history for simulated carburizing operations in air-melt steel containing grain-refining additions of aluminum and aluminum plus niobium. The kinetics of particle embrittlement are inherently linked to the ripening of AlN precipitates after extended austenitization in steel containing carbon contents representative of both the case and core of a carburized component. Embrittlement in steel containing AlN occurs with an activation energy similar to the value for aluminum diffusion in austenite, although an AlN volume fraction effect on the embrittlement kinetics ismore » manifested as decreases in activation energy with decreases in the [Al]/[N] ratio of steel. In contrast, the presence of niobium substantially retards the kinetics of particle embrittlement in steel containing 120–200 ppm N. Observations of AlN precipitates coated with Nb(C,N) indicate that the decreases in embrittlement kinetics are related to a reduction in the potential for AlN ripening during austenitization.« less

Multiple Fatigue Failure Behaviors and Long-Life Prediction Approach of Carburized Cr-Ni Steel with Variable Stress Ratio

PubMed Central

Deng, Hailong; Li, Wei; Zhao, Hongqiao; Sakai, Tatsuo

2017-01-01

Axial loading tests with stress ratios R of −1, 0 and 0.3 were performed to examine the fatigue failure behavior of a carburized Cr-Ni steel in the long-life regime from 104 to 108 cycles. Results show that this steel represents continuously descending S-N characteristics with interior inclusion-induced failure under R = −1, whereas it shows duplex S-N characteristics with surface defect-induced failure and interior inclusion-induced failure under R = 0 and 0.3. The increasing tension eliminates the effect of compressive residual stress and promotes crack initiation from the surface or interior defects in the carburized layer. The FGA (fine granular area) formation greatly depends on the number of loading cycles, but can be inhibited by decreasing the compressive stress. Based on the evaluation of the stress intensity factor at the crack tip, the surface and interior failures in the short life regime can be characterized by the crack growth process, while the interior failure with the FGA in the long life regime can be characterized by the crack initiation process. In view of the good agreement between predicted and experimental results, the proposed approach can be well utilized to predict fatigue lives associated with interior inclusion-FGA-fisheye induced failure, interior inclusion-fisheye induced failure, and surface defect induced failure. PMID:28906454

The Influence of Calcium Carbonate Composition and Activated Carbon in Pack Carburizing Low Carbon Steel Process in The Review of Hardness and Micro Structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hafni; Hadi, Syafrul; Edison

2017-12-01

Carburizing is a way of hardening the surface by heating the metal (steel) above the critical temperature in an environment containing carbon. Steel at a temperature of the critical temperature of affinity to carbon. Carbon is absorbed into the metal form a solid solution of carbon-iron and the outer layer has high carbon content. When the composition of the activator and the activated charcoal is right, it will perfect the carbon atoms to diffuse into the test material to low carbon steels. Thick layer of carbon Depending on the time and temperature are used. Pack carburizing process in this study, using 1 kg of solid carbon derived from coconut shell charcoal with a variation of 20%, 10% and 5% calcium carbonate activator, burner temperature of 950 0C, holding time 4 hours. The test material is low carbon steel has 9 pieces. Each composition has three specimens. Furnace used in this study is a pack carburizing furnace which has a designed burner box with a volume of 1000 x 600 x 400 (mm3) of coal-fired. Equipped with a circulation of oxygen from the blower 2 inches and has a wall of refractory bricks. From the variation of composition CaCO3, microstructure formed on the specimen with 20% CaCO3, better diffusion of carbon into the carbon steel, it is seen by the form marten site structure after quenching, and this indicates that there has been an increase of or adding carbon to in the specimen. This led to the formation of marten site specimen into hard surfaces, where the average value of hardness at one point side (side edge) 31.7 HRC

Enhanced Carbon Diffusion in Austenitic Stainless Steel Carburized at Low Temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ernst, F.; Avishai, A.; Kahn, H.; Gu, X.; Michal, G. M.; Heuer, A. H.

2009-08-01

Austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L was carburized by a novel, low-temperature gas-phase process. Using a calibrated scanning Auger microprobe (SAM) analysis of cross-sectional specimens under dynamic sputtering, we determined the fraction-depth profile of carbon. The profile is concave—very different from the shape expected for concentration-independent diffusion—and indicates a carbide-free solid solution with carbon levels up to 15 at. pct and a case depth of ≈30 μm. A Boltzmann-Matano analysis with a careful evaluation of the stochastic and potential systematic errors indicates that increasing levels of carbon significantly enhance carbon diffusion. For the highest carbon level observed (15 at. pct), the carbon diffusion coefficient is more than two orders of magnitude larger than in dilute solution. The most likely explanation for this strong increase is that carbon-induced local expansion of metal-metal atom distances, observed as an expansion of the lattice parameter, reduces the activation energy for carbon diffusion.

Fissuration d'un composite a matrice ceramique dans une application de piece statique de turbine a gaz

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lebel, Larry

Une procedure experimentale a ete developpee pour caracteriser les mecanismes de deterioration et la durabilite de materiaux composites a matrice ceramique (CMC) dans une application de piece statique de turbine a gaz. Tandis que la plupart des essais de caracterisation publies sur les materiaux CMC ont ete realises sous des conditions de chargement controle, la presente recherche tente de reproduire la relaxation des contraintes qui se produit normalement dans une piece statique a haute temperature. Dans l'experience proposee, un echantillon planaire de forme haltere est chauffe de facon cyclique sur une de ses faces et refroidi sur l'autre, tout en etant contraint dans ses deplacements. La contrainte de flexion resultante au centre de l'echantillon, mesuree par une cellule de charge, correspond a la contrainte de flexion qui a ete prealablement predite au centre des panneaux d'une chambre a combustion generique. Un materiau CMC multicouche compose d'une matrice d'alumine poreuse et de fibres NextelMD 720 a ete utilise pour developper l'experience. Des essais de calibration ont d'abord ete realises en utilisant un systeme de chauffage par lampe infrarouge, atteignant jusqu'a 1160 °C a la surface de l'echantillon. Un systeme laser au CO2 a par la suite ete utilise pour realiser des essais de deterioration a haute puissance, atteignant en fin d'essai des temperatures de surface excedant la limite de 1200 °C du materiau et des differences de temperature a travers l'epaisseur de plus de 1000 °C. Sous la puissance de chauffage imposee a amplitude constante, l'accumulation de dommage a fait en sorte d'augmenter la temperature en surface et les gradients de temperature a travers le materiau. Une reduction de la contrainte dans le temps a ete observee a cause du fluage, de la fissuration et de la delamination du materiau sous la condition de confinement du deplacement, menant a une stabilisation du niveau de dommage a une certaine profondeur dependant de la contrainte

Zircon Carburation Studies as Intermediate Stage in the Zirconium Fabrication; ESTUDIOS ENCAMINADOS A LA CARBURACTION DEL CIRON COMO ETAPA INTERMEDIA EN LA OBTENCION DE CIRCONIO

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Huertas, V.A.; Gonzalez, L.S.; Lopez, M.

1963-01-01

Zirconium carbide and carbonitride mixtures were obtained by Kroll's method. Reaction products were identified by micrography and x-ray diffraction analysis. The optimum graphite content in the initial charge for the carburization reaction was studied. Zirconium, silicon, and carbon content in the final product was controlled as a function of current in the furnace and reaction time. Further chlorination of the final product was performed successfully. (auth)

Pitting and Bending Fatigue Evaluations of a New Case-Carburized Gear Steel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Krantz, Timothy; Tufts, Brian

2007-01-01

The power density of a gearbox is an important consideration for many applications and is especially important for gearboxes used on aircraft. One approach to improving power density of gearing is to improve the steel properties by design of the alloy. The alloy tested in this work was designed to be case-carburized with surface hardness of Rockwell C66 after hardening. Test gear performance was evaluated using surface fatigue tests and single-tooth bending fatigue tests. The performance of gears made from the new alloy was compared to the performance of gears made from two alloys currently used for aviation gearing. The new alloy exhibited significantly better performance in surface fatigue testing, demonstrating the value of the improved properties in the case layer. However, the alloy exhibited lesser performance in single-tooth bending fatigue testing. The fracture toughness of the tested gears was insufficient for use in aircraft applications as judged by the behavior exhibited during the single tooth bending tests. This study quantified the performance of the new alloy and has provided guidance for the design and development of next generation gear steels.

Surface fatigue life of CBN and vitreous ground carburized and hardened AISI 9310 spur gears

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Townsend, Dennis P.; Patel, P. R.

1988-01-01

Spur gear surface endurance tests were conducted to investigate CBN ground AISI 9310 spur gears for use in aircraft applications, to determine their endurance characteristics and to compare the results with the endurance of standard vitreous ground AISI 9310 spur gears. Tests were conducted with VIM-VAR AISI 9310 carburized and hardened gears that were finish ground with either CBN or vitreous grinding methods. Test conditions were an inlet oil temeprature of 320 K (116 F), an outlet oil temperature of 350 K (170 F), a maximum Hertz stress of 1.71 GPa (248 ksi), and a speed of 10,000 rpm. The CBN ground gears exhibited a surface fatigue life that was slightly better than the vitreous ground gears. The subsurface residual stress of the CBN ground gears was approximately the same as that for the standard vitreous ground gears for the CBN grinding method used.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of W-ZrC Composites Synthesized by Reactive Melt Infiltration of Zr2Cu into Porous Preforms from Partially Carburized W Powders

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Dong; Wang, Yu-Jin; Huo, Si-Jia; Zhao, Yan-Wei; Ouyang, Jia-Hu; Song, Gui-Ming; Zhou, Yu

2018-03-01

W-ZrC composites with different W contents from 48 to 73 vol.% have been synthesized by reactive melt infiltration of Zr2Cu melt into porous preforms from partially carburized W powders at 1300 °C for 1 h in vacuum. The influences of carbon content and porosity in the preforms on microstructure and mechanical properties of W-ZrC composites are investigated. Cold isostatic pressing followed by pre-sintering process is used to produce porous preforms with suitable porosities of 53.6-47% under a pressure of 100 MPa to allow sufficient penetration of Zr2Cu melt into the preforms. Small amounts of Cu-rich phases form in the synthesized W-ZrC composites after a complete reaction of y/2xZr2Cu(l) + WC y (s) = y/xZrC x (s) + W(s) + y/2xCu(l). These Cu-rich phases are distributed not only at the phase boundaries of W matrix and ZrC grains, but also in the interior of ZrC x grains. With decreasing W content from 73 to 48 vol.% in the W-ZrC composites, the flexural strength and fracture toughness increase from 519 to 657 MPa and from 9.1 to 10.6 MPa m1/2, respectively.

Bimetallic NiFe2O4 synthesized via confined carburization in NiFe-MOFs for efficient oxygen evolution reaction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fang, Zhiqiang; Hao, Zhaomin; Dong, Qingsong; Cui, Yong

2018-04-01

Transition metal oxides that derived from metal-organic framework (MOF) precursor have intensively received attention because of their numerous electrochemical applications. Bimetallic Ni-Fe oxides have been rarely reported on the basis of MOF-related strategy. Herein, a bimetallic NiFe2O4 was successfully synthesized via confined carburization in NiFe-MOF precursors and characterized by XRD, XPS, SEM, and TEM. After conducting an investigation of oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the as-synthesized NiFe2O4 material exhibited good catalytic efficiency and high stability and durability in alkaline media. The as-synthesized NiFe2O4 material would promote the development of MOFs in non-noble-metal OER catalyst.

Wear of tin coating and Al-Si alloy substrate against carburized steel under mixed lubrication

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Q.; Cheng, H. S.; Fine, M. E.

1994-04-01

Tin coatings on Al-Si alloys are widely used in the automotive industries. The soft tin coating and the harder substrate alloy form a tribological system with the advantages of low friction and reasonably high load-bearing capacity. Wear tests of tin coated Al-Si Z332 alloy in conformal contact against carburized 1016 steel have been carried out under mixed lubrications with SAE 10W30 oil to study the wear mechanisms. Two major wear mechanisms, uniform wear of the tin coating due to micro-plowing and spall pitting related to the substrate are found to contribute to the bearing material loss when the fluid lubrication film is relatively thick (Lambda about 1.6). Under conditions of thinner films (Lambda approximately = 0.8), some local coating debonding occurs. The pitting and local coating debounding are closely related to fracture in the substrate. The bonding between silicon and tin seems to be weaker than between aluminum and tin. During wear, oxidation occurs.

Improved microstructure and properties of 12Cr2Ni4A alloy steel by vacuum carburization and Ti + N co-implantation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dong, Meiling; Cui, Xiufang; Jin, Guo; Wang, Haidou; Cai, Zhaobing; Song, Shengqiang

2018-05-01

The carburized 12Cr2Ni4A alloy steel was implanted by Ti + N double elements implantation. The microstructure, nano-hardness and corrosion properties were investigated by EPMA, TEM, XPS, nano-hardness and electrochemistry tests in detail. The results showed that the Ti + N co-implanted layer is composed of FCC TiN and TiC phases with BCC martensite. Compared with the un-implanted layer, the Ti + N implanted layer has higher nano-hardness and better corrosion resistance. In addition, the higher nano-hardness was presented below the surface of 1800 nm compared with un-implanted layer, which is far beyond the thickness of the implanted layer. The results also indicated that the generation of nanoscale ceramic phase and structures are not the only factor to impose the influence on the nano-hardness and corrosion resistance, but the radiation damage and lattice distortion will play an important role.

An Investigation into the Effects of Process Conditions on the Tribological Performance of Pack Carburized Titanium with Limited Oxygen Diffusion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bailey, R.; Sun, Y.

2018-04-01

In the present study, a new pack carburization technique for titanium has been investigated. The aim of this treatment is to produce a titanium carbide/oxycarbide layer atop of an extended oxygen diffusion zone [α-Ti(O)]. The effects of treatment temperature and pack composition have been investigated in order to determine the optimal conditions required to grant the best tribological response. The resulting structural features were investigated with particular interest in the carbon and oxygen concentrations across the samples cross section. The optimization showed that a temperature of 925 °C with a pack composition of 1 part carbon to 1 part energizer produced surface capable of withstanding a contact pressure of ≈ 1.5 GPa for 1 h. The process resulted in TiC surface structure which offers enhanced hardness (2100 HV) and generates a low friction coefficient (μ ≈ 0.2) when in dry sliding contact with an alumina (Al2O3) ball. The process also produced an extended oxygen diffusion zone that helps to improve the load bearing capacity of the substrate.

Effects of Fine Particle Peening Conditions on the Rotational Bending Fatigue Strength of a Vacuum-Carburized Transformation-Induced Plasticity-Aided Martensitic Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sugimoto, Koh-ichi; Hojo, Tomohiko; Mizuno, Yuta

2018-02-01

The effects of fine particle peening conditions on the rotational bending fatigue strength of a vacuum-carburized transformation-induced plasticity-aided martensitic steel with a chemical composition of 0.20 pct C, 1.49 pct Si, 1.50 pct Mn, 0.99 pct Cr, 0.02 pct Mo, and 0.05 pct Nb were investigated for the fabrication of automotive drivetrain parts. The maximum fatigue limit, resulting from high hardness and compressive residual stress in the surface-hardened layer caused by the severe plastic deformation and the strain-induced martensite transformation of the retained austenite during fine particle peening, was obtained by fine particle peening at an arc height of 0.21 mm (N). The high fatigue limit was also a result of the increased martensite fraction and the active plastic relaxation via the strain-induced martensite transformation during fatigue deformation, as well as preferential crack initiation on the surface or at the subsurface.

Nanostructural Evolution of Hard Turning Layers in Carburized Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bedekar, Vikram

The mechanisms of failure for components subjected to contact fatigue are sensitive to the structure and properties of the material surface. Although, the bulk material properties are determined by the steel making, forming and the heat treatment; the near surface material properties are altered during final material removal processes such as hard turning or grinding. Therefore, the ability to optimize, modulate and predict the near surface properties during final metal removal operations would be extremely useful in the enhancement of service life of a component. Hard machining is known to induce severely deformed layers causing dramatic microstructural transformations. These transformations occur via grain refinement or thermal phenomena depending upon cutting conditions. The aim of this work is to engineer the near surface nanoscale structure and properties during hard turning by altering strain, strain rate, temperature and incoming microstructure. The near surface material transformations due to hard turning were studied on carburized SAE 8620 bearing steel. Variations in parent material microstructures were introduced by altering the retained austenite content. The strain, strain rate and temperature achieved during final metal cutting were altered by varying insert geometry, insert wear and cutting speed. The subsurface evolution was quantified by a series of advanced characterization techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), glancing angle X-ray diffraction (GAXRD), X-ray stress evaluation and nanoindentation which were coupled with numerical modeling. Results showed that the grain size of the nanocrystalline near surface microstructure can be effectively controlled by altering the insert geometry, insert wear, cutting speed and the incoming microstructure. It was also evident that the near surface retained austenite decreased at lower cutting speed indicating transformation due to plastic deformation, while it increased at higher cutting

In-service testing of Ni{sub 3}Al coupons and trays in carburizing furnaces at Delphi Saginaw. CRADA final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sikka, V.K.; Santella, M.L.; Viswanathan, S.

1998-08-01

This Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) report deals with the development of nickel aluminide alloy for improved longer life heat-resistant fixture assemblies for batch and continuous pusher carburizing furnaces. The nickel aluminide development was compared in both coupon and component testing with the currently used Fe-Ni-Cr heat-resisting alloy known as HU. The specific goals of the CRADA were: (1) casting process development, (2) characterization and possible modification of the alloy composition to optimize its manufacturing ability and performance under typical furnace operating conditions, and (3) testing and evaluation of specimens and prototype fixtures. In support of the CRADA objectives,more » coupons of nickel aluminide and the HU alloy were installed in both batch and pusher furnaces. The coupons were taken from two silicon levels and contained welds made with two different filler compositions (IC-221LA and IC-221W). Both nickel-aluminide and HU coupons were removed from the batch and pusher carburizing furnace at time intervals ranging from one month to one year. The exposed coupons were cut and mounted for metallographic, hardness, and microprobe analysis. The results of the microstructural analysis have been transmitted to General Motors Corporation, Saginaw Division (Delphi Saginaw) through reports that were presented at periodic CRADA review meetings. Based on coupon testing and verification of the coupon results with the testing of trays, Delphi Saginaw moved forward with the use of six additional trays in a batch furnace and two assemblies in a pusher furnace. Fifty percent of the trays and fixtures are in the as-cast condition and the remaining trays and fixtures are in the preoxidized condition. The successful operating experience of two assemblies in the pusher furnace for nearly a year formed the basis for a production run of 63 more assemblies. The production run required melting of 94 heats weighing 500 lb. each

Etude numérique et expérimentale de l'evaporation d'une ou plusieurs gouttes de mélange de carburants dans un écoulement chauffé

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Daïf, A.; Ali Chérif, A.; Bresson, J.; Sarh, B.

1995-10-01

The vaporization of one or two multi-component fuel droplets in hot air-stream is presented. A thermal wind tunnel with experimental channel has been designed to develop an experimental process. Firstly, the comparison between experimental results and numerical data is presented for the case of an isolated multi-component droplet. The numerical method is based on the resolution of heat and mass transfer equations between the droplet and the gas stream. This model includes the effect of Stephan flow, the effect of variable thermophysical properties of the components, and the non-unitary Lewis number in the gas film. The experimental results show the micro-explosion phenomenon observed in the liquid phase of multi-component droplet at low temperature. The experimental case of two pure or multi-component droplets in interaction is also presented. On présente un article de synthèse sur l'évaporation d'une ou deux gouttes de carburants à plusieurs composants dans un écoulement d'air chaud. Un dispositif expérimental constitué d'une soufflerie thermique, avec veine d'expérimentation, est réalisé pour permettre cette étude. Pour le cas d'une goutte isolée, une comparaison expérience-calcul est entreprise. Le principe de la méthode numerique consiste en la résolution des équations de transfert de masse et de chaleur entre la goutte et l'écoulement. Ce modèle prend en compte les effets de l'écoulement de Stephan, les variations des propriétés thermophysiques des composants dans les deux phases et la valeur du nombre de Lewis différente de l'unité dans le film de vapeur. Outre l'analyse plus approfondie qu'apporte la confrontation entre le calcul et l'expérience, les résultats expérimentaux montrent le phénomène de micro-explosion observé à l'intérieur de la goutte liquide. Le cas expérimental de deux gouttes en interaction est abordé qu'il s'agisse de gouttes de carburant pur ou de mélange.

The influence of surface microstructure and chemical composition on corrosion behaviour in fuel-grade bio-ethanol of low-alloy steel modified by plasma nitro-carburizing and post-oxidizing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boniatti, Rosiana; Bandeira, Aline L.; Crespi, Ângela E.; Aguzzoli, Cesar; Baumvol, Israel J. R.; Figueroa, Carlos A.

2013-09-01

The interaction of bio-ethanol on steel surfaces modified by plasma-assisted diffusion technologies is studied for the first time. The influence of surface microstructure and chemical composition on corrosion behaviour of AISI 4140 low-alloy steel in fuel-grade bio-ethanol was investigated. The steel surfaces were modified by plasma nitro-carburizing followed plasma oxidizing. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, X-ray dispersive spectroscopy, and glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy were used to characterize the modified surface before and after immersion tests in bio-ethanol up to 77 days. The main corrosion mechanism is pit formation. The pit density and pit size were measured in order to quantify the corrosion resistance which was found to depend more strongly on microstructure and morphology of the oxide layer than on its thickness. The best corrosion protection was observed for samples post-oxidized at 480 °C and 90 min.

Identification des objets et detection de leur alignement en utilisant la technologie RFID

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rahma, Zayoud

De nos jours, les vehicules motorises sont essentiels dans notre vie quotidienne, d'ou la necessite de leur approvisionnement en carburant. L'approvisionnement en carburant peut entrainer certains inconvenients, tels que: les files d'attente, la disponibilite non-continuelle du carburant et les fraudes. Les problemes d'attente et de disponibilite non-continuelle du carburant peuvent etre facilement resolus en allant a une autre station d'essence aux alentours si disponibles. Par contre le probleme de fraudes est plus difficile a resoudre. De ce fait, decoule notre solution qui consiste a developper un systeme intelligent pour la gestion d'approvisionnement en carburant afin de remedier a ce probleme de fraudes. Pour des raisons de surete, il faut eviter les risques d'etincelles dans l'environnement du carburant. En particulier, il convient de ne pas utiliser un systeme utilisant 1'electricite proche de la pompe, du tuyau ou du reservoir du carburant du vehicule. Nous avons choisi la technologie RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) et avons opte pour l'utilisation des etiquettes passives, etant donne que les etiquettes semi-passives ou actives contiennent une batterie electrique et sont nettement plus cheres. Un vehicule motorise sera identifie avec une etiquette RFID passive collee au-dessus du goulot de son reservoir. Deux autres etiquettes RFID seront placees sur le pistolet de sorte que le flux du carburant ne sera autorise que lorsque les trois etiquettes sont alignees. Notre travail etait a la demande d'une entreprise petroliere ayant une chaine internationale de stations de carburant. Le travail consiste en la conception, par la recherche, du systeme requis et s'articule sur l'optimisation de la topologie des antennes et des etiquettes de sorte que le systeme juge qu'il y a alignement lorsque le bec du pistolet est fonce dans le goulot du reservoir, et par consequent autorise le versement du carburant. Dans tous les autres cas, le systeme doit juger qu'il n

Low Temperature Surface Carburization of Stainless Steels

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Collins, Sunniva R; Heuer, Arthur H; Sikka, Vinod K

2007-12-07

Low-temperature colossal supersaturation (LTCSS) is a novel surface hardening method for carburization of austenitic stainless steels (SS) without the precipitation of carbides. The formation of carbides is kinetically suppressed, enabling extremely high or colossal carbon supersaturation. As a result, surface carbon concentrations in excess of 12 at. % are routinely achieved. This treatment increases the surface hardness by a factor of four to five, improving resistance to wear, corrosion, and fatigue, with significant retained ductility. LTCSS is a diffusional surface hardening process that provides a uniform and conformal hardened gradient surface with no risk of delamination or peeling. The treatmentmore » retains the austenitic phase and is completely non-magnetic. In addition, because parts are treated at low temperature, they do not distort or change dimensions. During this treatment, carbon diffusion proceeds into the metal at temperatures that constrain substitutional diffusion or mobility between the metal alloy elements. Though immobilized and unable to assemble to form carbides, chromium and similar alloying elements nonetheless draw enormous amounts of carbon into their interstitial spaces. The carbon in the interstitial spaces of the alloy crystals makes the surface harder than ever achieved before by more conventional heat treating or diffusion process. The carbon solid solution manifests a Vickers hardness often exceeding 1000 HV (equivalent to 70 HRC). This project objective was to extend the LTCSS treatment to other austenitic alloys, and to quantify improvements in fatigue, corrosion, and wear resistance. Highlights from the research include the following: • Extension of the applicability of the LTCSS process to a broad range of austenitic and duplex grades of steels • Demonstration of LTCSS ability for a variety of different component shapes and sizes • Detailed microstructural characterization of LTCSS-treated samples of 316L and other

Methods of improvement of exploitation features of carbon and low-alloyed steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Borisova, L. G.

2017-10-01

Wear resistance is the main characteristic that can define detail’s endurance in application environment. To assess the endurance capability of layers strengthening by low-temperature cyanide carburizing, the methods that replicates friction and load conditions, typical for exploitation of details strengthened by cyanide carburizing, were applied.

Influence of Heat Treatment on Mercury Cavitation Resistance of Surface Hardened 316LN Stainless Steel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pawel, Steven J; Hsu, Julia

2010-11-01

The cavitation-erosion resistance of carburized 316LN stainless steel was significantly degraded but not destroyed by heat treatment in the temperature range 500-800 C. The heat treatments caused rejection of some carbon from the carburized layer into an amorphous film that formed on each specimen surface. Further, the heat treatments encouraged carbide precipitation and reduced hardness within the carburized layer, but the overall change did not reduce surface hardness fully to the level of untreated material. Heat treatments as short as 10 min at 650 C substantially reduced cavitation-erosion resistance in mercury, while heat treatments at 500 and 800 C weremore » found to be somewhat less detrimental. Overall, the results suggest that modest thermal excursions perhaps the result of a weld made at some distance to the carburized material or a brief stress relief treatment will not render the hardened layer completely ineffective but should be avoided to the greatest extent possible.« less

The carburization of transition metal molybdates (MxMoO₄, M= Cu, Ni or Co) and the generation of highly active metal/carbide catalysts for CO₂ hydrogenation

DOE PAGES

Rodriguez, Jose A.; Xu, Wenqian; Ramirez, Pedro J.; ...

2015-05-06

A new approach has been tested for the preparation of metal/Mo₂C catalysts using mixed-metal oxide molybdates as precursors. Synchrotron-based in situ time-resolved X-ray diffraction was used to study the reduction and carburization processes of Cu₃(MoO₄)₂(OH)₂, a-NiMoO₄ and CoMoO₄• nH₂O by thermal treatment under mixtures of hydrogen and methane. In all cases, the final product was β-Mo₂C and a metal phase (Cu, Ni, or Co), but the transition sequence varied with the different metals, and it could be related to the reduction potential of the Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Co²⁺ cations inside each molybdate. The synthesized Cu/Mo₂C, Ni/Mo₂C and Co/Mo₂C catalysts weremore » highly active for the hydrogenation of CO₂. The metal/Mo₂C systems exhibited large variations in the selectivity towards methanol, methane and C nH₂ n₊₂ (n > 2) hydrocarbons depending on the nature of the supported metal and its ability to cleave C-O bonds. Cu/Mo₂C displayed a high selectivity for CO and methanol production. Ni/Mo₂C and Co/Mo₂C were the most active catalysts for the activation and full decomposition of CO₂, showing high selectivity for the production of methane (Ni case) and C nH₂ n₊₂ (n > 2) hydrocarbons (Co case).« less

METHOD FOR COATING GRAPHITE WITH NIOBIUM CARBIDE

DOEpatents

Kane, J.S.; Carpenter, J.H.; Krikorian, O.H.

1962-01-16

A method is given for coating graphite with a hard, tenacious layer of niobium carbide up to 30 mils or more thick. The method makes use of the discovery that niobium metal, if degassed and heated rapidly below the carburization temperature in contact with graphite, spreads, wets, and penetrates the graphite without carburization. The method includes the obvious steps of physically contacting niobium powders or other physical forms of niobium with graphite, degassing the assembly below the niobium melting point, e.g., 1400 deg C, heating to about 2200 to 2400 deg C within about 15 minutes while outgassing at a high volume throughput, and thereafter carburizing the niobium. (AEC)

Impact of heat treatment on HSS cutting tool (ASTM A600) and its behaviour during machining of mild steel (ASTM A36)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Afolalu, S. A.; Abioye, O. P.; Salawu, E. Y.; Okokpujie, I. P.; Abioye, A. A.; Omotosho, O. A.; Ajayi., O. O.

2018-04-01

Carburization is one the best heat treatment that responded well to hardening with Palm Kernel Shell giving the best hardness value. This work studied the influence of carburization on HSStool(ASTM A600) and its behaviour during machining of mild steel (ASTM A36). Composition of the samples (12 pieces of 180 × 12 × 12 mm) HSS tools were checked using UV-VIS spectrometer and the tools were carburized with PKS at holding temperatures and time of 800, 850, 900, 950 °C and 60,90 120 minutes using muffle furnance. The micro structural analysis, surface and core hardnessof the treated samples gave better results than the untreated samples when checked withsoft driven and optical microscope. It wasalso observed that increase in the feed rate and depth for length of cut of 50 mm significantly reduces the wear progression and thereby gave best machining time at maximum carburizing temperature and time(950 °C / 120 minutes) when it was used to cut mild steelon the lathe machine.

Morphology and microhardness of TiC coatings on titanium treated with high-frequency currents

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Voyko, Aleksey V.; Fomina, Marina A.; Koshuro, Vladimir A.; Fomin, Aleksandr A.; Rodionov, Igor V.; Atkin, Vsevolod S.; Galushka, Viktor V.; Zakharevich, Andrey M.; Skaptsov, Alexander A.

2018-04-01

The treatment with high frequency currents (HFC) is traditionally used to improve the mechanical properties of metal products, in particular hardness and wear resistance. A new method of carburization of titanium samples in a solid carburizer using HFC is proposed in the work. The temperature of the carburization is characterized by a wide range from 1000 to 1400 °C. As a result of thermochemical treatment, a hard coating of TiC (H ≥ 20 GPa) with a microstructure (d = 7-14 μm) consisting of nanoparticles (d = 10-12 nm) is formed on the titanium surface. These coatings are widely used in friction pairs for various purposes, including machinery, instrumentation and medicine.

Strengthening of oxidation resistant materials for gas turbine applications. [treatment of silicon ceramics for increased flexural strength and impact resistance

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kirchner, H. P.

1974-01-01

Silicon nitride and silicon carbide ceramics were treated to form compressive surface layers. On the silicon carbide, quenching and thermal exposure treatments were used, and on the silicon nitride, quenching, carburizing, and a combination of quenching and carburizing were used. In some cases substantial improvements in impact resistance and/or flexural strength were observed. The presence of compressive surface stresses was demonstrated by slotted rod tests.

Pre-Test Assessment

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Berry, Thomas

2008-01-01

Pre-tests are a non-graded assessment tool used to determine pre-existing subject knowledge. Typically pre-tests are administered prior to a course to determine knowledge baseline, but here they are used to test students prior to topical material coverage throughout the course. While counterintuitive, the pre-tests cover material the student is…

Pre-fusion RSV F strongly boosts pre-fusion specific neutralizing responses in cattle pre-exposed to bovine RSV.

PubMed

Steff, Ann-Muriel; Monroe, James; Friedrich, Kristian; Chandramouli, Sumana; Nguyen, Thi Lien-Anh; Tian, Sai; Vandepaer, Sarah; Toussaint, Jean-François; Carfi, Andrea

2017-10-20

Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is responsible for serious lower respiratory tract disease in infants and in older adults, and remains an important vaccine need. RSV fusion (F) glycoprotein is a key target for neutralizing antibodies. RSV F stabilized in its pre-fusion conformation (DS-Cav1 F) induces high neutralizing antibody titers in naïve animals, but it remains unknown to what extent pre-fusion F can boost pre-existing neutralizing responses in RSV seropositive adults. We here assess DS-Cav1 F immunogenicity in seropositive cattle pre-exposed to bovine RSV, a virus closely related to hRSV. A single immunization with non-adjuvanted DS-Cav1 F strongly boosts RSV neutralizing responses, directed towards pre-fusion F-specific epitopes, whereas a post-fusion F is unable to do so. Vaccination with pre-fusion F thus represents a promising strategy for maternal immunization and for other RSV vaccine target populations such as older adults.

40 CFR 1066.420 - Pre-test verification procedures and pre-test data collection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Pre-test verification procedures and pre-test data collection. 1066.420 Section 1066.420 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... Test § 1066.420 Pre-test verification procedures and pre-test data collection. (a) Follow the...

40 CFR 1066.420 - Pre-test verification procedures and pre-test data collection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Pre-test verification procedures and pre-test data collection. 1066.420 Section 1066.420 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... Test § 1066.420 Pre-test verification procedures and pre-test data collection. (a) Follow the...

40 CFR 1065.520 - Pre-test verification procedures and pre-test data collection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Pre-test verification procedures and pre-test data collection. 1065.520 Section 1065.520 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... Specified Duty Cycles § 1065.520 Pre-test verification procedures and pre-test data collection. (a) If your...

40 CFR 1065.520 - Pre-test verification procedures and pre-test data collection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Pre-test verification procedures and pre-test data collection. 1065.520 Section 1065.520 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... Specified Duty Cycles § 1065.520 Pre-test verification procedures and pre-test data collection. (a) If your...

40 CFR 1065.520 - Pre-test verification procedures and pre-test data collection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Pre-test verification procedures and pre-test data collection. 1065.520 Section 1065.520 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... Specified Duty Cycles § 1065.520 Pre-test verification procedures and pre-test data collection. (a) For...

40 CFR 1065.520 - Pre-test verification procedures and pre-test data collection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Pre-test verification procedures and pre-test data collection. 1065.520 Section 1065.520 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... Specified Duty Cycles § 1065.520 Pre-test verification procedures and pre-test data collection. (a) If your...

40 CFR 1065.520 - Pre-test verification procedures and pre-test data collection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Pre-test verification procedures and pre-test data collection. 1065.520 Section 1065.520 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... Specified Duty Cycles § 1065.520 Pre-test verification procedures and pre-test data collection. (a) If your...

The case for introducing pre-registered confirmatory pharmacological pre-clinical studies.

PubMed

Kiwanuka, Olivia; Bellander, Bo-Michael; Hånell, Anders

2018-05-01

When evaluating the design of pre-clinical studies in the field of traumatic brain injury, we found substantial differences compared to phase III clinical trials, which in part may explain the difficulties in translating promising experimental drugs into approved treatments. By using network analysis, we also found cases where a large proportion of the studies evaluating a pre-clinical treatment was performed by inter-related researchers, which is potentially problematic. Subjecting all pre-clinical trials to the rigor of a phase III clinical trial is, however, likely not practically achievable. Instead, we repeat the call for a distinction to be made between exploratory and confirmatory pre-clinical studies.

Molecular association of pathogenetic contributors to pre-eclampsia (pre-eclampsia associome)

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

Background Pre-eclampsia is the most common complication occurring during pregnancy. In the majority of cases, it is concurrent with other pathologies in a comorbid manner (frequent co-occurrences in patients), such as diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes and obesity. Providing bronchial asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, certain neurodegenerative diseases and cancers as examples, we have shown previously that pairs of inversely comorbid pathologies (rare co-occurrences in patients) are more closely related to each other at the molecular genetic level compared with randomly generated pairs of diseases. Data in the literature concerning the causes of pre-eclampsia are abundant. However, the key mechanisms triggering this disease that are initiated by other pathological processes are thus far unknown. The aim of this work was to analyse the characteristic features of genetic networks that describe interactions between comorbid diseases, using pre-eclampsia as a case in point. Results The use of ANDSystem, Pathway Studio and STRING computer tools based on text-mining and database-mining approaches allowed us to reconstruct associative networks, representing molecular genetic interactions between genes, associated concurrently with comorbid disease pairs, including pre-eclampsia, diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes and obesity. It was found that these associative networks statistically differed in the number of genes and interactions between them from those built for randomly chosen pairs of diseases. The associative network connecting all four diseases was composed of 16 genes (PLAT, ADIPOQ, ADRB3, LEPR, HP, TGFB1, TNFA, INS, CRP, CSRP1, IGFBP1, MBL2, ACE, ESR1, SHBG, ADA). Such an analysis allowed us to reveal differential gene risk factors for these diseases, and to propose certain, most probable, theoretical mechanisms of pre-eclampsia development in pregnant women. The mechanisms may include the following pathways: [TGFB1 or TNFA]-[IL1B]-[pre-eclampsia]; [TNFA

Comparing the IRT Pre-equating and Section Pre-equating: A Simulation Study.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hwang, Chi-en; Cleary, T. Anne

The results obtained from two basic types of pre-equatings of tests were compared: the item response theory (IRT) pre-equating and section pre-equating (SPE). The simulated data were generated from a modified three-parameter logistic model with a constant guessing parameter. Responses of two replication samples of 3000 examinees on two 72-item…

Does Pre-Assessment Work?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Guskey, Thomas R.

2018-01-01

Exactly what is a pre-assessment, and how are they best used? In this article, Thomas R. Guskey explores the theoretical underpinnings of pre-assessments and provides an overview of the research. He also details the three forms that pre-assessments take: prerequisite, present, and preview.

Pre-Apprenticeship Training Activity

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Foley, Paul; Blomberg, Davinia

2011-01-01

Pre-apprenticeships are becoming an increasingly important component of the Australian vocational education and training (VET) system. The purpose of this report is to investigate the level of pre-apprenticeship activity occurring in Australia and to examine the characteristics of pre-apprenticeship courses and the students undertaking those…

Flashback resistant pre-mixer assembly

DOEpatents

Laster, Walter R [Oviedo, FL; Gambacorta, Domenico [Oviedo, FL

2012-02-14

A pre-mixer assembly associated with a fuel supply system for mixing of air and fuel upstream from a main combustion zone in a gas turbine engine. The pre-mixer assembly includes a swirler assembly disposed about a fuel injector of the fuel supply system and a pre-mixer transition member. The swirler assembly includes a forward end defining an air inlet and an opposed aft end. The pre-mixer transition member has a forward end affixed to the aft end of the swirler assembly and an opposed aft end defining an outlet of the pre-mixer assembly. The aft end of the pre-mixer transition member is spaced from a base plate such that a gap is formed between the aft end of the pre-mixer transition member and the base plate for permitting a flow of purge air therethrough to increase a velocity of the air/fuel mixture exiting the pre-mixer assembly.

Pre-Osteoarthritis

PubMed Central

Brittberg, Mats; Eriksson, Karl; Jurvelin, Jukka S.; Lindahl, Anders; Marlovits, Stefan; Möller, Per; Richardson, James B.; Steinwachs, Matthias; Zenobi-Wong, Marcy

2015-01-01

Objective An attempt to define pre-osteoarthritis (OA) versus early OA and definitive osteoarthritis. Methods A group of specialists in the field of cartilage science and treatment was formed to consider the nature of OA onset and its possible diagnosis. Results Late-stage OA, necessitating total joint replacement, is the end stage of a biological process, with many previous earlier stages. Early-stage OA has been defined and involves structural changes identified by arthroscopy or radiography. The group argued that before the “early-stage OA” there must exist a stage where cellular processes, due to the presence of risk factors, have kicked into action but have not yet resulted in structural changes. The group suggested that this stage could be called “pre-osteoarthritis” (pre-OA). Conclusions The group suggests that defining points of initiation for OA in the knee could be defined, for example, by traumatic episodes or surgical meniscectomy. Such events may set in motion metabolic processes that could be diagnosed by modern MRI protocols or arthroscopy including probing techniques before structural changes of early OA have developed. Preventive measures should preferably be applied at this pre-OA stage in order to stop the projected OA “epidemic.” PMID:26175861

Pre-cementation of deep shaft

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heinz, W. F.

1988-12-01

Pre-cementation or pre-grouting of deep shafts in South Africa is an established technique to improve safety and reduce water ingress during shaft sinking. The recent completion of several pre-cementation projects for shafts deeper than 1000m has once again highlighted the effectiveness of pre-grouting of shafts utilizing deep slimline boreholes and incorporating wireline technique for drilling and conventional deep borehole grouting techniques for pre-cementation. Pre-cementation of deep shaft will: (i) Increase the safety of shaft sinking operation (ii) Minimize water and gas inflow during shaft sinking (iii) Minimize the time lost due to additional grouting operations during sinking of the shaft and hence minimize costly delays and standing time of shaft sinking crews and equipment. (iv) Provide detailed information of the geology of the proposed shaft site. Informations on anomalies, dykes, faults as well as reef (gold bearing conglomerates) intersections can be obtained from the evaluation of cores of the pre-cementation boreholes. (v) Provide improved rock strength for excavations in the immediate vicinity of the shaft area. The paper describes pre-cementation techniques recently applied successfully from surface and some conclusions drawn for further considerations.

Pre-Algebra Lexicon.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hayden, Dunstan; Cuevas, Gilberto

The pre-algebra lexicon is a set of classroom exercises designed to teach the technical words and phrases of pre-algebra mathematics, and includes the terms most commonly found in related mathematics courses. The lexicon has three parts, each with its own introduction. The first introduces vocabulary items in three groups forming a learning…

Changes in cognitive control in pre-manifest Huntington's disease examined using pre-saccadic EEG potentials - a longitudinal study.

PubMed

Ness, Vanessa; Bestgen, Anne-Kathrin; Saft, Carsten; Beste, Christian

2014-01-01

It is well-known that Huntington's disease (HD) affects saccadic processing. However, saccadic dysfunctions in HD may be seen as a result of dysfunctional processes occurring at the oculomotor level prior to the execution of saccades, i.e., at a pre-saccadic level. Virtually nothing is known about possible changes in pre-saccadic processes in HD. This study examines pre-saccadic processing in pre-manifest HD gene mutation carriers (pre-HDs) by using clinically available EEG measures. Error rates, pre-saccadic EEG potentials and saccade onset EEG potentials were measured in 14 pre-HDs and case-matched controls performing prosaccades and antisaccades in a longitudinal study over a 15-month period. The results show that pre-saccadic potentials were changed in pre-HDs, relative to controls and also revealed changes across the 15-month longitudinal period. In particular, pre-saccadic ERP in pre-HDs were characterized by lower amplitudes and longer latencies, which revealed longitudinal changes. These changes were observed for anti-saccades, but not for pro-saccades. Overt saccadic trajectories (potentials) were not different to those in controls, showing that pre-saccadic processes are sensitive to subtle changes in fronto-striatal networks in pre-HDs. Deficits in pre-saccadic processes prior the execution of an erroneous anti-saccade can be seen as an effect of dysfunctional cognitive control in HD. This may underlie saccadic abnormalities and hence a major phenotype of HD. Pre-saccadic EEG potentials preceding erroneous anti-saccades are sensitive to pre-manifest disease progression in HD.

School Readiness: The Views of Pre-Service Preschool Teachers and Pre-Service Primary Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sahin Sak, Ikbal Tuba

2016-01-01

This study compares the views of the concept of school readiness held by 50 pre-service preschool teachers and 50 pre-service primary teachers. Data were collected through a semi-structured interview protocol, and the word-list and key-words-in-context techniques were used for qualitative data analysis. Findings show that pre-service preschool…

Method for fabricating wrought components for high-temperature gas-cooled reactors and product

DOEpatents

Thompson, Larry D.; Johnson, Jr., William R.

1985-01-01

A method and alloys for fabricating wrought components of a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor are disclosed. These wrought, nickel-based alloys, which exhibit strength and excellent resistance to carburization at elevated temperatures, include aluminum and titanium in amounts and ratios to promote the growth of carburization resistant films while preserving the wrought character of the alloys. These alloys also include substantial amounts of molybdenum and/or tungsten as solid-solution strengtheners. Chromium may be included in concentrations less than 10% to assist in fabrication. Minor amounts of carbon and one or more carbide-forming metals also contribute to high-temperature strength.

Bar code-based pre-transfusion check in pre-operative autologous blood donation.

PubMed

Ohsaka, Akimichi; Furuta, Yoshiaki; Ohsawa, Toshiya; Kobayashi, Mitsue; Abe, Katsumi; Inada, Eiichi

2010-10-01

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of a bar code-based identification system for the pre-transfusion check at the bedside in the setting of pre-operative autologous blood donation (PABD). Between July 2003 and December 2008 we determined the compliance rate and causes of failure of electronic bedside checking for PABD transfusion. A total of 5627 (9% of all transfusions) PABD units were administered without a single mistransfusion. The overall rate of compliance with electronic checking was 99%. The bar code-based identification system was applicable to the pre-transfusion check for PABD transfusion. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pre-symplectic algebroids and their applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Jiefeng; Sheng, Yunhe; Bai, Chengming

2018-03-01

In this paper, we introduce the notion of a pre-symplectic algebroid and show that there is a one-to-one correspondence between pre-symplectic algebroids and symplectic Lie algebroids. This result is the geometric generalization of the relation between left-symmetric algebras and symplectic (Frobenius) Lie algebras. Although pre-symplectic algebroids are not left-symmetric algebroids, they still can be viewed as the underlying structures of symplectic Lie algebroids. Then we study exact pre-symplectic algebroids and show that they are classified by the third cohomology group of a left-symmetric algebroid. Finally, we study para-complex pre-symplectic algebroids. Associated with a para-complex pre-symplectic algebroid, there is a pseudo-Riemannian Lie algebroid. The multiplication in a para-complex pre-symplectic algebroid characterizes the restriction to the Lagrangian subalgebroids of the Levi-Civita connection in the corresponding pseudo-Riemannian Lie algebroid.

Pre-admission criteria and pre-clinical achievement: Can they predict medical students performance in the clinical phase?

PubMed

Salem, Raneem O; Al-Mously, Najwa; AlFadil, Sara; Baalash, Amal

2016-01-01

Various factors affect medical students' performance during clinical phase. Identifying these factors would help in mentoring weak students and help in selection process for residency programmes. Our study objective is to evaluate the impact of pre-admission criteria, and pre-clinical grade point average (GPA) on undergraduate medical students' performance during clinical phase. This study has a cross-sectional design that includes fifth- and sixth-year female medical students (71). Data of clinical and pre-clinical GPA in medical school and pre-admission to medical school tests scores were collected. A significant correlation between clinical GPA with the pre-clinical GPA was observed (p < 0.05). Such significant correlation was not seen with other variables under study. A regression analysis was performed, and the only significant predictor of students clinical performance was the pre-clinical GPA (p < 0.001). However, no significant difference between students' clinical and pre-clinical GPA for both cohorts was observed (p > 0.05). Pre-clinical GPA is strongly correlated with and can predict medical students' performance during clinical years. Our study highlighted the importance of evaluating the academic performances of students in pre-clinical years before they move into clinical years in order to identify weak students to mentor them and monitor their progress.

Pre-Diabetes Non-Modifiable Risk Factors

MedlinePlus

... Artery Disease Venous Thromboembolism Aortic Aneurysm More Pre-diabetes Non-modifiable Risk Factors Updated:Nov 9,2015 ... This content was last reviewed August 2015. Pre-diabetes • Introduction • About Pre-diabetes • What's the Problem? Intro ...

Bearing fatigue investigation 3

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nahm, A. H.; Bamberger, E. N.; Signer, H. R.

1982-01-01

The operating characteristics of large diameter rolling-element bearings in the ultra high speed regimes expected in advanced turbine engines for high performance aircraft were investigated. A high temperature lubricant, DuPont Krytox 143 AC, was evaluated at bearing speeds to 3 million DN. Compared to the results of earlier, similar tests using a MIL-L-23699 (Type II) lubricant, bearings lubricated with the high density Krytox fluid showed significantly higher power requirements. Additionally, short bearing lives were observed when this fluid was used with AISI M50 bearings in an air atmosphere. The primary mode of failure was corrosion initiated surface distress (fatigue) on the raceways. The potential of a case-carburized bearing to sustain a combination of high-tangential and hertzian stresses without experiencing race fracture was also investigated. Limited full scale bearing tests of a 120 mm bore ball bearing at a speed of 25,000 rpm (3 million DN) indicated that a carburized material could sustain spalling fatigue without subsequent propagation to fracture. Planned life tests of the carburized material had to be aborted, however, because of apparent processing-induced material defects.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Hongfen, E-mail: wanghongfen11@163.com; Wang, Zhiqi; Chen, Shougang

Molybdenum carbides with surfactants as carbon sources were prepared using the carbothermal reduction of the appropriate precursors (molybdenum oxides deposited on surfactant micelles) at 1023 K under hydrogen gas. The carburized products were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction and BET surface area measurements. From the SEM images, hollow microspherical and rod-like molybdenum carbides were observed. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the annealing time of carburization had a large effect on the conversion of molybdenum oxides to molybdenum carbides. And BET surface area measurements indicated that the difference of carbon sources brought a big difference in specific surfacemore » areas of molybdenum carbides. - Graphical abstract: Molybdenum carbides having hollow microspherical and hollow rod-like morphologies that are different from the conventional monodipersed platelet-like morphologies. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Molybdenum carbides were prepared using surfactants as carbon sources. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The kinds of surfactants affected the morphologies of molybdenum carbides. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The time of heat preservation at 1023 K affected the carburization process. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Molybdenum carbides with hollow structures had larger specific surface areas.« less

University of Maryland MRSEC - Education: PreCollege

Science.gov Websites

Educational Education Pre-College Programs Homeschool Programs Undergraduate & Graduate Programs Teacher MRSEC Templates Opportunities Search Home » Education » Pre-College Programs Pre-College Programs Pre

Pre-heating mitigates composite degradation

PubMed Central

da SILVA, Jessika Calixto; Rogério Vieira, REGES; REGE, Inara Carneiro Costa; CRUZ, Carlos Alberto dos Santos; VAZ, Luís Geraldo; ESTRELA, Carlos; de CASTRO, Fabrício Luscino Alves

2015-01-01

ABSTRACT Dental composites cured at high temperatures show improved properties and higher degrees of conversion; however, there is no information available about the effect of pre-heating on material degradation. Objectives This study evaluated the effect of pre-heating on the degradation of composites, based on the analysis of radiopacity and silver penetration using scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Material and Methods Thirty specimens were fabricated using a metallic matrix (2x8 mm) and the composites Durafill VS (Heraeus Kulzer), Z-250 (3M/ESPE), and Z-350 (3M/ESPE), cured at 25°C (no pre-heating) or 60°C (pre-heating). Specimens were stored sequentially in the following solutions: 1) water for 7 days (60°C), plus 0.1 N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for 14 days (60°C); 2) 50% silver nitrate (AgNO3) for 10 days (60°C). Specimens were radiographed at baseline and after each storage time, and the images were evaluated in gray scale. After the storage protocol, samples were analyzed using SEM/EDS to check the depth of silver penetration. Radiopacity and silver penetration data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s tests (α=5%). Results Radiopacity levels were as follows: Durafill VSZ-350>Z-250 (p<0.05). After storage in water/NaOH, pre-heated specimens presented higher radiopacity values than non-pre-heated specimens (p<0.05). There was a lower penetration of silver in pre-heated specimens (p<0.05). Conclusions Pre-heating at 60°C mitigated the degradation of composites based on analysis of radiopacity and silver penetration depth. PMID:26814459

Hydrothermal pre-treatment of rapeseed straw.

PubMed

Díaz, Manuel J; Cara, Cristóbal; Ruiz, Encarnación; Romero, Inmaculada; Moya, Manuel; Castro, Eulogio

2010-04-01

As a first step for ethanol production from alternative raw materials, rapeseed straw was studied for fermentable sugar production. Liquid hot water was used as a pre-treatment method and the influence of the main pre-treatment variables was assessed. Experimental design and response surface methodology were applied using pre-treatment temperature and process time as factors. The pretreated solids were further submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis and the corresponding yields were used as pre-treatment performance evaluation. Liquid fractions obtained from pre-treatment were also characterized in terms of sugars and no-sugar composition. A mathematical model describing pre-treatment effects is proposed. Results show that enzymatic hydrolysis yields near to 100% based on pretreated materials can be achieved at 210-220 degrees C for 30-50 min, equivalent to near 70% of glucose present in the raw material. According to the mathematical model, a softer pre-treatment at 193 degrees C for 27 min results in 65% of glucose and 39% of xylose available for fermentation. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Boston University Pre-Majors Program (BU Pre-Map): Promoting Diversity through First-Year Undergraduate Research

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

West, Andrew A.

2014-06-01

One of largest points of attrition for underrepresented minorities in STEM fields is the transition from high school to college. A report from Building Engineering and Science Talent (BEST) demonstrates that underrepresented minorities begin college interested in STEM fields at rates equal to (if nor slightly above) their representation in both college and the population (25%). However, by the time they graduate, underrepresented minorities make up only 15% of STEM majors and only 9% of the STEM advanced degrees. Most of the attrition occurs during the first year of college, when large classes, a lack of mentors and challenging courses lead many students (from all backgrounds) to consider other majors.In 2011 I started the Boston University Pre-Majors Program (or BU Pre-MaP), which is modeled after the University of Washington Pre-Majors in Astronomy Program (UW Pre-MAP), a program for recruiting, mentoring and training underrepresented, first-year introductory astronomy students (and of which I was an architect). As a significant part of the Pre-MAP (or Pre-MaP) model, first-year students are engaged in a research project with a faculty or grad-student mentor and learn many of the skills needed to be successful in science.The BU Pre-MaP uses weekly seminars to introduce students to BU and the college environment, discuss ways to be successful in and out of the classroom, highlights the importance of peer mentoring and cohort building and serves as a mechanism to introduce first-year students to research skills. In teams of two, the Pre-MaP students select (with assistance) a research mentor and work with him/her on a original research project.In addition, Pre-MaP students attend several field trips including (but not limited to) viewing original science documents at the Boston Public Library (including a first edition Copernicus) and an observing run at Lowell Observatory in Arizona.

Boston University Pre-Majors Program (BU Pre-Map): Promoting Diversity through First-Year Undergraduate Research

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

West, Andrew A.

2015-01-01

One of largest points of attrition for underrepresented minorities in STEM fields is the transition from high school to college. A report from Building Engineering and Science Talent (BEST) demonstrates that underrepresented minorities begin college interested in STEM fields at rates equal to (if nor slightly above) their representation in both college and the population (25%). However, by the time they graduate, underrepresented minorities make up only 15% of STEM majors and only 9% of the STEM advanced degrees. Most of the attrition occurs during the first year of college, when large classes, a lack of mentors and challenging courses lead many students (from all backgrounds) to consider other majors.In 2012 I started the Boston University Pre-Majors Program (or BU Pre-MaP), which is modeled after the University of Washington Pre-Majors in Astronomy Program (UW Pre-MAP), a program for recruiting, mentoring and training underrepresented, first-year introductory astronomy students (and of which I was an architect). As a significant part of the Pre-MAP (or Pre-MaP) model, first-year students are engaged in a research project with a faculty or grad-student mentor and learn many of the skills needed to be successful in science.The BU Pre-MaP uses weekly seminars to introduce students to BU and the college environment, discuss ways to be successful in and out of the classroom, highlights the importance of peer mentoring and cohort building and serves as a mechanism to introduce first-year students to research skills. In teams of two, the Pre-MaP students select (with assistance) a research mentor and work with him/her on a original research project.In addition, Pre-MaP students attend several field trips including (but not limited to) viewing original science documents at the Boston Public Library (including a first edition Copernicus) and an observing run at Lowell Observatory in Arizona.

PreCam Survey Work at ANL

Science.gov Websites

- Astrophysics - DES - PreCam PreCam Work at ANL The Argonne/HEP Dark Energy Survey (DES) group, working on the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), built a mini-DECam camera called PreCam. This camera has provided valuable

Pre-pregnancy care for women with pre-gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background Pre-gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with increased risk for maternal and fetal adverse outcomes. This systematic review was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of pre-pregnancy care in improving the rate of congenital malformations and perinatal mortality for women with pre-gestational diabetes mellitus. Methods We searched the following databases, MEDLINE, EMBASE, WEB OF SCIENCE, Cochrane Library, including the CENTRAL register of controlled trials and CINHAL up to December 2011, without language restriction, for any pre-pregnancy care aiming at health promotion, glycemic control and screening and treatment of diabetes complications in women with type I or type II diabetes mellitus. Study design were trials (randomized and non-randomized), cohort and case–control studies. Results Of the 2452 title scanned 54 full papers were retrieved of those 21 studies were included in this review. Twelve cohort studies at low and medium risk of bias, with 3088 women, were included in the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis suggested that pre-pregnancy care is effective in reducing congenital malformation, Risk Ratio (RR) 0.25 (95% CI 0.16-0.37), number needed to treat (NNT) 19 (95% CI 14–24), and perinatal mortality RR 0.34 (95% CI 0.15-0.75), NNT = 46 (95% CI 28–115). Pre-pregnancy care lowers glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in the first trimester of pregnancy by an average of 1.92% (95% CI −2.05 to −1.79). However women who received pre-pregnancy care were at increased risk of hypoglycemia during the first trimester of pregnancy RR 1.51 (95% CI 1.15-1.99). Conclusion Pre-pregnancy care for women with pre-gestational type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus is effective in improving rates of congenital malformations, perinatal mortality and in reducing maternal HbA1C in the first trimester of pregnancy. Pre-pregnancy care might cause maternal hypoglycemia in the first trimester of pregnancy. PMID:22978747

Pre-pregnancy care for women with pre-gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PubMed

Wahabi, Hayfaa A; Alzeidan, Rasmieh A; Esmaeil, Samia A

2012-09-17

Pre-gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with increased risk for maternal and fetal adverse outcomes. This systematic review was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of pre-pregnancy care in improving the rate of congenital malformations and perinatal mortality for women with pre-gestational diabetes mellitus. We searched the following databases, MEDLINE, EMBASE, WEB OF SCIENCE, Cochrane Library, including the CENTRAL register of controlled trials and CINHAL up to December 2011, without language restriction, for any pre-pregnancy care aiming at health promotion, glycemic control and screening and treatment of diabetes complications in women with type I or type II diabetes mellitus. Study design were trials (randomized and non-randomized), cohort and case-control studies. Of the 2452 title scanned 54 full papers were retrieved of those 21 studies were included in this review. Twelve cohort studies at low and medium risk of bias, with 3088 women, were included in the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis suggested that pre-pregnancy care is effective in reducing congenital malformation, Risk Ratio (RR) 0.25 (95% CI 0.16-0.37), number needed to treat (NNT) 19 (95% CI 14-24), and perinatal mortality RR 0.34 (95% CI 0.15-0.75), NNT = 46 (95% CI 28-115). Pre-pregnancy care lowers glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in the first trimester of pregnancy by an average of 1.92% (95% CI -2.05 to -1.79). However women who received pre-pregnancy care were at increased risk of hypoglycemia during the first trimester of pregnancy RR 1.51 (95% CI 1.15-1.99). Pre-pregnancy care for women with pre-gestational type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus is effective in improving rates of congenital malformations, perinatal mortality and in reducing maternal HbA1C in the first trimester of pregnancy. Pre-pregnancy care might cause maternal hypoglycemia in the first trimester of pregnancy.

28 CFR 97.11 - Pre-employment screening.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Pre-employment screening. 97.11 Section... PROVIDING PRISONER OR DETAINEE SERVICES § 97.11 Pre-employment screening. Private prisoner transport companies must adopt pre-employment screening measures for all potential employees. The pre-employment...

28 CFR 97.11 - Pre-employment screening.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Pre-employment screening. 97.11 Section... PROVIDING PRISONER OR DETAINEE SERVICES § 97.11 Pre-employment screening. Private prisoner transport companies must adopt pre-employment screening measures for all potential employees. The pre-employment...

28 CFR 97.11 - Pre-employment screening.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Pre-employment screening. 97.11 Section... PROVIDING PRISONER OR DETAINEE SERVICES § 97.11 Pre-employment screening. Private prisoner transport companies must adopt pre-employment screening measures for all potential employees. The pre-employment...

28 CFR 97.11 - Pre-employment screening.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Pre-employment screening. 97.11 Section... PROVIDING PRISONER OR DETAINEE SERVICES § 97.11 Pre-employment screening. Private prisoner transport companies must adopt pre-employment screening measures for all potential employees. The pre-employment...

Computer Use in Pre-School Education: The Attitudes of the Future Pre-School Teachers in Croatia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tatalovic Vorkapic, Sanja; Milovanovic, Sandra

2014-01-01

According to the relevance of teacher attitudes in the teaching process as well as to the great number of discussions among experts of pre-school education, it was interesting to examine the students of pre-school teaching about their attitudes toward the use of computer among pre-school children. The sample consisted of N = 40 students from…

Pre-eclampsia: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management

PubMed Central

Uzan, Jennifer; Carbonnel, Marie; Piconne, Olivier; Asmar, Roland; Ayoubi, Jean-Marc

2011-01-01

The incidence of pre-eclampsia ranges from 3% to 7% for nulliparas and 1% to 3% for multiparas. Pre-eclampsia is a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity, preterm birth, perinatal death, and intrauterine growth restriction. Unfortunately, the pathophysiology of this multisystem disorder, characterized by abnormal vascular response to placentation, is still unclear. Despite great polymorphism of the disease, the criteria for pre-eclampsia have not changed over the past decade (systolic blood pressure >140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg and 24-hour proteinuria ≥0.3 g). Clinical features and laboratory abnormalities define and determine the severity of pre-eclampsia. Delivery is the only curative treatment for pre-eclampsia. Multidisciplinary management, involving an obstetrician, anesthetist, and pediatrician, is carried out with consideration of the maternal risks due to continued pregnancy and the fetal risks associated with induced preterm delivery. Screening women at high risk and preventing recurrences are key issues in the management of pre-eclampsia. PMID:21822394

Pre-flare coronal dimmings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Q. M.; Su, Y. N.; Ji, H. S.

2017-02-01

Context. Coronal dimmings are regions of decreased extreme-ultravoilet (EUV) and/or X-ray (originally Skylab, then Yohkoh/SXT) intensities, which are often associated with flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The large-scale impulsive dimmings have been thoroughly observed and investigated. The pre-flare dimmings before the flare impulsive phase, however, have rarely been studied in detail. Aims: We focus on the pre-flare coronal dimmings. We report our multiwavelength observations of the GOES X1.6 solar flare and the accompanying halo CME that was produced by the eruption of a sigmoidal magnetic flux rope (MFR) in NOAA active region (AR) 12158 on 2014 September 10. Methods: The eruption was observed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board the Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO). The photospheric line-of-sight magnetograms were observed by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board SDO. The soft X-ray (SXR) fluxes were recorded by the GOES spacecraft. The halo CME was observed by the white-light coronagraphs of the Large Angle Spectroscopic Coronagraph (LASCO) on board SOHO. Results: About 96 min before the onset of the flare/CME, narrow pre-flare coronal dimmings appeared at the two ends of the twisted MFR. They extended very slowly, with their intensities decreasing with time, while their apparent widths (8-9 Mm) continued to be nearly constant. During the impulsive and decay phases of flare, typical fan-like twin dimmings appeared and expanded, with a much larger extent and lower intensities than the pre-flare dimmings. The percentage of the 171 Å intensity decrease reaches 40%. The pre-flare dimmings are most striking in 171, 193, and 211 Å with formation temperatures of 0.6-2.5 MK. The northern part of the pre-flare dimmings could also be recognized in 131 and 335 Å. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first detailed study of pre-flare coronal dimmings; they can be explained by density depletion as a result of the gradual

46 CFR 115.640 - Pre-Survey meeting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Pre-Survey meeting. 115.640 Section 115.640 Shipping... Tailshaft Examinations § 115.640 Pre-Survey meeting. (a) You must conduct a pre-survey meeting to discuss... of the ROV operating company must attend the pre-survey meeting and address the underwater ROV's...

46 CFR 115.640 - Pre-Survey meeting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Pre-Survey meeting. 115.640 Section 115.640 Shipping... Tailshaft Examinations § 115.640 Pre-Survey meeting. (a) You must conduct a pre-survey meeting to discuss... of the ROV operating company must attend the pre-survey meeting and address the underwater ROV's...

46 CFR 115.640 - Pre-Survey meeting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Pre-Survey meeting. 115.640 Section 115.640 Shipping... Tailshaft Examinations § 115.640 Pre-Survey meeting. (a) You must conduct a pre-survey meeting to discuss... of the ROV operating company must attend the pre-survey meeting and address the underwater ROV's...

46 CFR 115.640 - Pre-Survey meeting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pre-Survey meeting. 115.640 Section 115.640 Shipping... Tailshaft Examinations § 115.640 Pre-Survey meeting. (a) You must conduct a pre-survey meeting to discuss... of the ROV operating company must attend the pre-survey meeting and address the underwater ROV's...

46 CFR 115.640 - Pre-Survey meeting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Pre-Survey meeting. 115.640 Section 115.640 Shipping... Tailshaft Examinations § 115.640 Pre-Survey meeting. (a) You must conduct a pre-survey meeting to discuss... of the ROV operating company must attend the pre-survey meeting and address the underwater ROV's...

Pre-eclampsia and childhood asthma.

PubMed

Magnus, Maria C; Håberg, Siri E; Magnus, Per; Engeland, Anders; Nafstad, Per; Karlstad, Øystein; Nystad, Wenche

2016-12-01

Studies of pre-eclampsia and childhood asthma are conflicting, and none have performed a formal mediation analysis of preterm birth.We examined the association between pre-eclampsia and asthma at 7 years using national registries, including all births in Norway from 1999 to 2006 (n=406 907), and a subsample of children in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) (n=45 028) using log-linear regression. We performed a mediation analysis of preterm birth, and a sibling comparison to evaluate unobserved confounding.There was a positive association between pre-eclampsia and asthma in the registry study, with an adjusted relative risk of 1.31 (95% CI 1.22-1.41), but not in MoBa, which had an adjusted relative risk of 1.19 (95% CI 0.99-1.44). The odds ratios for the direct effect not mediated through preterm birth and the indirect effect in the registry linkage were 1.19 (95% CI 1.10-1.29) and 1.12 (95% CI 1.11-1.14), respectively. The sibling comparison indicated no association between pre-eclampsia and asthma (adjusted OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.87-1.33).In this large study, which used different datasets and analytic approaches, there was little evidence for an association between pre-eclampsia and childhood asthma. The association was weak and largely explained by pre-term birth and confounders shared by siblings. Copyright ©ERS 2016.

Mechanism and Influencing Factors of Iron Nuggets Forming in Rotary Hearth Furnace Process at Lower Temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, Hongliang; Duan, Dongping; Chen, Siming; Yuan, Peng

2015-10-01

In order to improve the efficiency of slag and iron separation, a new idea of "the separation of slag (solid state) and iron (molten state) in rotary hearth furnace process at lower temperature" is put forward. In this paper, the forming process of iron nuggets has been investigated. Based on those results, the forming mechanisms and influencing factors of iron nugget at low temperature are discussed experimentally using an electric resistance furnace simulating a rotary hearth furnace process. Results show that the reduction of iron ore, carburization of reduced iron, and the composition and quantity of slag are very important for producing iron nuggets at lower temperature. Reduction reaction of carbon-containing pellets is mainly at 1273 K and 1473 K (1000 °C and 1200 °C). When the temperature is above 1473 K (1200 °C), the metallization rate of carbon-containing pellets exceeds 93 pct, and the reduction reaction is substantially complete. Direct carburization is the main method for carburization of reduced iron. This reaction occurs above 1273 K (1000 °C), with carburization degree increasing greatly at 1473 K and 1573 K (1200 °C and 1300 °C) after particular holding times. Besides, to achieve the "slag (solid state) and iron (molten state) separation," the melting point of the slag phase should be increased. Slag (solid state) and iron (molten state) separation can be achieved below 1573 K (1300 °C), and when the holding time is 20 minutes, C/O is 0.7, basicity is less than 0.5 and a Na2CO3 level of 3 pct, the recovery rate of iron can reach 90 pct, with a proportion of iron nuggets more than 3.15 mm of nearly 90 pct. This study can provide theoretical and technical basis for iron nugget production.

Pre-task music improves swimming performance.

PubMed

Smirmaul, B P; Dos Santos, R V; Da Silva Neto, L V

2015-12-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of pre-task music on swimming performance and other psychological variables. A randomized counterbalanced within-subjects (experimental and control condition) design was employed. Eighteen regional level male swimmers performed two 200-m freestyle swimming time trials. Participants were exposed to either 5 minutes of self-selected music (pre-task music condition) or 5 minutes of silence (control condition) and, after 1 minute, performed the swimming task. Swimming time was significantly shorter (-1.44%) in the pre-task music condition. Listening to pre-task music increased motivation to perform the swimming task, while arousal remained unchanged. While fatigue increased after the swimming task in both conditions, vigor, ratings of perceived exertion and affective valence were unaltered. It is concluded, for the first time, that pre-task music improves swimming performance.

Pre-processing Tasks in Indonesian Twitter Messages

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hidayatullah, A. F.; Ma'arif, M. R.

2017-01-01

Twitter text messages are very noisy. Moreover, tweet data are unstructured and complicated enough. The focus of this work is to investigate pre-processing technique for Twitter messages in Bahasa Indonesia. The main goal of this experiment is to clean the tweet data for further analysis. Thus, the objectives of this pre-processing task is simply removing all meaningless character and left valuable words. In this research, we divide our proposed pre-processing experiments into two parts. The first part is common pre-processing task. The second part is a specific pre-processing task for tweet data. From the experimental result we can conclude that by employing a specific pre-processing task related to tweet data characteristic we obtained more valuable result. The result obtained is better in terms of less meaningful word occurrence which is not significant in number comparing to the result obtained by just running common pre-processing tasks.

Changes in Lithuanian Pre-School and Pre-Primary Education Quality over the Last Decade

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Monkeviciene, Ona; Stankeviciene, Kristina

2011-01-01

Over the last decade, the changes in Lithuanian pre-school and pre-primary education have been predetermined by changes in paradigms of children's education and strategic education documents that provided for guidelines of high quality children's (self-)education, an increasing attention of society to the quality of children's education, training…

Actuarial Implications from Pre-Kindergarten Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Beekman, John; Ober, David

2016-01-01

Great progress has been made in providing pre-kindergarten (pre-K) public education throughout the United States. The percentages of 3- and 4-year-olds enrolled nationally have grown from 3% to 5% and 14% to 29%, respectively, between 2002 and 2015. By 2015, 42 states and the District of Columbia were in varying stages of offering pre-K programs…

Is inflammation the cause of pre-eclampsia?

PubMed Central

Ramma, Wenda; Ahmed, Asif

2011-01-01

It has been proposed that either excessive inflammation or an imbalance in angiogenic factors cause pre-eclampsia. In the present review, the arguments for and against the role of inflammation and/or angiogenic imbalance as the cause of pre-eclampsia are discussed on the basis of the Bradford–Hill criteria for disease causation. Although both angiogenic imbalance and systemic inflammation are implicated in pre-eclampsia, the absence of temporality of inflammatory markers with pre-eclampsia challenges the concept that excessive inflammation is the cause of pre-eclampsia. In contrast, the elevation of anti-angiogenic factors that precede the clinical signs of pre-eclampsia fulfils the criterion of temporality. The second most important criterion is the dose–response relationship. Although such a relationship has not been proven between pro-inflammatory cytokines and pre-eclampsia, high levels of anti-angiogenic factors have been shown to correlate with increased incidence and disease severity, hence satisfying this condition. Finally, as the removal of circulating sFlt-1 (soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor-1) from pre-eclamptic patients significantly improves the clinical outcome, it fulfils the Hill's experiment principle, which states that removal of the cause by an appropriate experimental regimen should ameliorate the condition. In contrast, treatment with high doses of corticosteroid fails to improve maternal outcome in pre-eclampsia, despite suppressing inflammation. Inflammation may enhance the pathology induced by the imbalance in the angiogenic factors, but does not by itself cause pre-eclampsia. Development of therapies based on the angiogenic and cytoprotective mechanisms seems more promising. PMID:22103497

Tungsten carbide: Crystals by the ton

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smith, E. N.

1988-06-01

A comparison is made of the conventional process of making tungsten carbide by carburizing tungsten powder and the Macro Process wherein the tungsten carbide is formed directly from the ore concentrate by an exothermic reaction of ingredients causing a simultaneous reduction and carburization. Tons of tungsten monocarbide crystals are formed in a very rapid reaction. The process is unique in that it is self regulating and produces a tungsten carbide compound with the correct stoichiometry. The high purity with respect to oxygen and nitrogen is achieved because the reactions occur beneath the molten metal. The morphology and hardness of these crystals has been studied by various investigators and reported in the listed references.

Are pre-treatment psychological characteristics influenced by pre-surgical orthodontics?

PubMed

Cunningham, S J; Gilthorpe, M S; Hunt, N P

2001-12-01

A number of investigations have looked at psychological changes occurring in association with orthognathic treatment. However, most of these studies have used a pre-surgery questionnaire as the baseline measurement. There is little data relating to the true baseline, i.e. that prior to any active treatment. Until this aspect is investigated, it is not possible to assume that pre-surgery is an acceptable baseline. This questionnaire based study aimed to assess changes in six psychological outcome measures between T1 (prior to any active treatment) and T2 (following pre-surgical orthodontics/prior to surgery). The outcome variables were: state anxiety, trait anxiety, depression, self-esteem, body image, and facial body image. Sixty-two patients (39 females and 23 males) completed both questionnaires. The results showed that intervention, in the form of orthodontic treatment, had a minimal effect on the chosen psychometric outcome variables. There was a significant reduction in satisfaction with body image amongst patients who initially reported mild to moderate dental/facial problems, whilst a moderate increase in satisfaction occurred in those patients reporting severe conditions initially. Also of note were significant increases in state anxiety amongst older patients whilst trait anxiety showed greater increases in females than males.

Pre-Schoolers, Pre-School Teachers, and Interpersonal Problem-Solving Skills: A Comparative Study in Turkey and Belgium

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sahin, Derya

2011-01-01

Interpersonal cognitive problem solving, one of the most crucial social skills, is a life-long competency that must be supported from the early years of life. In this study, the opinions of 55 Turkish pre-school teachers and 53 Flemish pre-school teachers who work with 3-6-year-old children in private and public pre-schools in metropolitan cities…

Pre-eclampsia part 2: prediction, prevention and management

PubMed Central

Chaiworapongsa, Tinnakorn; Chaemsaithong, Piya; Korzeniewski, Steven J.; Yeo, Lami; Romero, Roberto

2018-01-01

An antiangiogenic state might constitute a terminal pathway for the multiple aetiologies of pre-eclampsia, especially those resulting from placental abnormalities. The levels of angiogenic and antiangiogenic proteins in maternal blood change prior to a diagnosis of pre-eclampsia, correlate with disease severity and have prognostic value in identifying women who will develop maternal and/or perinatal complications. Potential interventions exist to ameliorate the imbalance of angiogenesis and, hence, might provide opportunities to improve maternal and/or perinatal outcomes in pre-eclampsia. Current strategies for managing pre-eclampsia consist of controlling hypertension, preventing seizures and timely delivery of the fetus. Prediction of pre-eclampsia in the first trimester is of great interest, as early administration of aspirin might reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia, albeit modestly. Combinations of biomarkers typically predict pre-eclampsia better than single biomarkers; however, the encouraging initial results of biomarker studies require external validation in other populations before they can be used to facilitate intervention in patients identified as at increased risk. Angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors might also be useful in triage of symptomatic patients with suspected pre-eclampsia, differentiating pre-eclampsia from exacerbations of pre-existing medical conditions and performing risk assessment in asymptomatic women. This Review article discusses the performance of predictive and prognostic biomarkers for pre-eclampsia, current strategies for preventing and managing the condition and its long-term consequences. PMID:25003612

Nickel-silver composition shows promise as catalyst for hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Magerl, J. A.; Murray, J. N.

1970-01-01

Carburized 3-1 nickel-silver preparation exhibits considerable catalytic activity, although not as high as platinum black. Cost and availability factors warrant further evaluation of nickel-silver materials.

Understanding Pre-Quantitative Risk in Projects

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cooper, Lynne P.

2011-01-01

Standard approaches to risk management in projects depend on the ability of teams to identify risks and quantify the probabilities and consequences of these risks (e.g., the 5 x 5 risk matrix). However, long before quantification does - or even can - occur, and long after, teams make decisions based on their pre-quantitative understanding of risk. These decisions can have long-lasting impacts on the project. While significant research has looked at the process of how to quantify risk, our understanding of how teams conceive of and manage pre-quantitative risk is lacking. This paper introduces the concept of pre-quantitative risk and discusses the implications of addressing pre-quantitative risk in projects.

Antibiotics for pre-term pre-labour rupture of membranes: prevention of neonatal deaths due to complications of pre-term birth and infection.

PubMed

Cousens, Simon; Blencowe, Hannah; Gravett, Michael; Lawn, Joy E

2010-04-01

In high-income countries, it is standard practice to give antibiotics to women with pre-term, pre-labour rupture of membranes (pPROM) to delay birth and reduce the risk of infection. In low and middle-income settings, where some 2 million neonatal deaths occur annually due to complications of pre-term birth or infection, many women do not receive antibiotic therapy for pPROM. To review the evidence for and estimate the effect on neonatal mortality due to pre-term birth complications or infection, of administration of antibiotics to women with pPROM, in low and middle-income countries. We performed a systematic review to update a Cochrane review. Standardized abstraction forms were used. The quality of the evidence provided by individual studies and overall was assessed using an adapted GRADE approach. Eighteen RCTs met our inclusion criteria. Most were from high-income countries and provide strong evidence that antibiotics for pPROM reduce the risk of respiratory distress syndrome [risk ratio (RR) = 0.88; confidence interval (CI) 0.80, 0.97], and early onset postnatal infection (RR = 0.61; CI 0.48, 0.77). The data are consistent with a reduction in neonatal mortality (RR = 0.90; CI 0.72, 1.12). Antibiotics for pPROM reduce complications due to pre-term delivery and post-natal infection in high-income settings. There is moderate quality evidence that, in low-income settings, where access to other interventions (antenatal steroids, surfactant therapy, ventilation, antibiotic therapy) may be low, antibiotics for pPROM could prevent 4% of neonatal deaths due to complications of prematurity and 8% of those due to infection.

Pre-Assessment: Promises and Cautions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Guskey, Thomas R.; McTighe, Jay

2016-01-01

Nearly every modern instructional planning model, differentiation approach, and personalized learning system incorporates some form of re-assessment. Yet there's scant research evidence that teachers use pre-assessment in ways that improve learning, according to Guskey and McTighe. To increase the likelihood that pre-assessment will be worth the…

Pre-T Cell Receptors (Pre-TCRs) Leverage Vβ Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs) and Hydrophobic Patch in Mechanosensing Thymic Self-ligands.

PubMed

Das, Dibyendu Kumar; Mallis, Robert J; Duke-Cohan, Jonathan S; Hussey, Rebecca E; Tetteh, Paul W; Hilton, Mark; Wagner, Gerhard; Lang, Matthew J; Reinherz, Ellis L

2016-12-02

The pre-T cell receptor (pre-TCR) is a pTα-β heterodimer functioning in early αβ T cell development. Although once thought to be ligand-autonomous, recent studies show that pre-TCRs participate in thymic repertoire formation through recognition of peptides bound to major histocompatibility molecules (pMHC). Using optical tweezers, we probe pre-TCR bonding with pMHC at the single molecule level. Like the αβTCR, the pre-TCR is a mechanosensor undergoing force-based structural transitions that dynamically enhance bond lifetimes and exploiting allosteric control regulated via the Cβ FG loop region. The pre-TCR structural transitions exhibit greater reversibility than TCRαβ and ordered force-bond lifetime curves. Higher piconewton force requires binding through both complementarity determining region loops and hydrophobic Vβ patch apposition. This patch functions in the pre-TCR as a surrogate Vα domain, fostering ligand promiscuity to favor development of β chains with self-reactivity but is occluded by α subunit replacement of pTα upon αβTCR formation. At the double negative 3 thymocyte stage where the pre-TCR is first expressed, pre-TCR interaction with self-pMHC ligands imparts growth and survival advantages as revealed in thymic stromal cultures, imprinting fundamental self-reactivity in the T cell repertoire. Collectively, our data imply the existence of sequential mechanosensor αβTCR repertoire tuning via the pre-TCR. © 2016 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

10 CFR 609.4 - Submission of Pre-Applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Submission of Pre-Applications. 609.4 Section 609.4 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS LOAN GUARANTEES FOR PROJECTS THAT EMPLOY INNOVATIVE... Pre-Applications, either Project Sponsors or Applicants may submit Pre-Applications to DOE. Pre...

SWI/SNF Associates with Nascent Pre-mRNPs and Regulates Alternative Pre-mRNA Processing

PubMed Central

Tyagi, Anu; Ryme, Jessica; Brodin, David; Östlund Farrants, Ann Kristin; Visa, Neus

2009-01-01

The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes regulate the transcription of many genes by remodeling nucleosomes at promoter regions. In Drosophila, SWI/SNF plays an important role in ecdysone-dependent transcription regulation. Studies in human cells suggest that Brahma (Brm), the ATPase subunit of SWI/SNF, regulates alternative pre-mRNA splicing by modulating transcription elongation rates. We describe, here, experiments that study the association of Brm with transcribed genes in Chironomus tentans and Drosophila melanogaster, the purpose of which was to further elucidate the mechanisms by which Brm regulates pre-mRNA processing. We show that Brm becomes incorporated into nascent Balbiani ring pre-mRNPs co-transcriptionally and that the human Brm and Brg1 proteins are associated with RNPs. We have analyzed the expression profiles of D. melanogaster S2 cells in which the levels of individual SWI/SNF subunits have been reduced by RNA interference, and we show that depletion of SWI/SNF core subunits changes the relative abundance of alternative transcripts from a subset of genes. This observation, and the fact that a fraction of Brm is not associated with chromatin but with nascent pre-mRNPs, suggest that SWI/SNF affects pre-mRNA processing by acting at the RNA level. Ontology enrichment tests indicate that the genes that are regulated post-transcriptionally by SWI/SNF are mostly enzymes and transcription factors that regulate postembryonic developmental processes. In summary, the data suggest that SWI/SNF becomes incorporated into nascent pre-mRNPs and acts post-transcriptionally to regulate not only the amount of mRNA synthesized from a given promoter but also the type of alternative transcript produced. PMID:19424417

Pre-K Benefits: The Facts on Fade-Out

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Southern Regional Education Board (SREB), 2015

2015-01-01

As policymakers adopt policies for pre-K programs, they want to know that the programs are effective. Do the gains last? This brief report presents information that pre-k yields short-term academic gains; pre-k yields long-term academic gains; and pre-k yields substantial nonacademic benefits.

17 CFR 12.303 - Pre-decision conferences.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... Law Judge may, in his discretion, conduct one or more pre-decision conferences to be held in... amendments or supplements to the pleadings; (f) Encouraging an early settlement of disputes relating to... a pre-decision conference, the Administrative Law Judge may serve a pre-decision memorandum and...

17 CFR 12.303 - Pre-decision conferences.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Law Judge may, in his discretion, conduct one or more pre-decision conferences to be held in... amendments or supplements to the pleadings; (f) Encouraging an early settlement of disputes relating to... a pre-decision conference, the Administrative Law Judge may serve a pre-decision memorandum and...

17 CFR 12.303 - Pre-decision conferences.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... Law Judge may, in his discretion, conduct one or more pre-decision conferences to be held in... amendments or supplements to the pleadings; (f) Encouraging an early settlement of disputes relating to... a pre-decision conference, the Administrative Law Judge may serve a pre-decision memorandum and...

17 CFR 12.303 - Pre-decision conferences.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... Law Judge may, in his discretion, conduct one or more pre-decision conferences to be held in... amendments or supplements to the pleadings; (f) Encouraging an early settlement of disputes relating to... a pre-decision conference, the Administrative Law Judge may serve a pre-decision memorandum and...

17 CFR 12.303 - Pre-decision conferences.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Law Judge may, in his discretion, conduct one or more pre-decision conferences to be held in... amendments or supplements to the pleadings; (f) Encouraging an early settlement of disputes relating to... a pre-decision conference, the Administrative Law Judge may serve a pre-decision memorandum and...

36 CFR 1210.11 - Pre-award policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... RULES UNIFORM ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS WITH INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Pre-Award Requirements § 1210.11 Pre-award policies... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Pre-award policies. 1210.11...

49 CFR 663.21 - Pre-award audit requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pre-award audit requirements. 663.21 Section 663.21 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PRE-AWARD AND POST-DELIVERY AUDITS OF ROLLING STOCK PURCHASES Pre-Award Audits § 663.21 Pre-award audit...

49 CFR 219.502 - Pre-employment alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Pre-Employment Tests § 219.502 Pre... must comply with the following requirements: (1) It must conduct a pre-employment alcohol test before... the purpose of pre-employment alcohol testing (i.e., it must not test some covered employees and not...

49 CFR 219.502 - Pre-employment alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Pre-Employment Tests § 219.502 Pre... must comply with the following requirements: (1) It must conduct a pre-employment alcohol test before... the purpose of pre-employment alcohol testing (i.e., it must not test some covered employees and not...

49 CFR 219.502 - Pre-employment alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Pre-Employment Tests § 219.502 Pre... must comply with the following requirements: (1) It must conduct a pre-employment alcohol test before... the purpose of pre-employment alcohol testing (i.e., it must not test some covered employees and not...

49 CFR 219.502 - Pre-employment alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Pre-Employment Tests § 219.502 Pre... must comply with the following requirements: (1) It must conduct a pre-employment alcohol test before... the purpose of pre-employment alcohol testing (i.e., it must not test some covered employees and not...

49 CFR 219.502 - Pre-employment alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Pre-Employment Tests § 219.502 Pre... must comply with the following requirements: (1) It must conduct a pre-employment alcohol test before... the purpose of pre-employment alcohol testing (i.e., it must not test some covered employees and not...

Stewpot Pre-School Feasibility Study. Daycare Planning Guidelines: A Pre-School for Stewpot Community Services.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jacob, Paul; Poros, John

The Education Design Institute developed a series of tearsheets that were used as part of a feasibility study for a pre-school. The tearsheets, which aid designers in planning pre-school environments, outline educational objectives; optimum square foot standards; general environmental concerns; and furniture and equipment for infant, toddler, and…

22 CFR 226.11 - Pre-award policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Pre-award policies. 226.11 Section 226.11 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION OF ASSISTANCE AWARDS TO U.S. NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS Pre-award Requirements § 226.11 Pre-award policies. (a) Use of grants and...

14 CFR 1260.111 - Pre-award policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Higher Education, Hospitals, and Other Non-Profit Organizations Pre-Award Requirements § 1260.111 Pre-award policies. (a) Use of grants and cooperative agreements, and contracts. In each instance, NASA... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Pre-award policies. 1260.111 Section 1260...

28 CFR 70.11 - Pre-award policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... AND AGREEMENTS (INCLUDING SUBAWARDS) WITH INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Pre-Award Requirements § 70.11 Pre-award policies. (a) Use of grants and cooperative... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Pre-award policies. 70.11 Section 70.11...

14 CFR 1260.111 - Pre-award policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Higher Education, Hospitals, and Other Non-Profit Organizations Pre-Award Requirements § 1260.111 Pre-award policies. (a) Use of grants and cooperative agreements, and contracts. In each instance, NASA... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2011-01-01 2010-01-01 true Pre-award policies. 1260.111 Section 1260...

10 CFR 600.111 - Pre-award policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Requirements for Grants and Cooperative Agreements With Institutions of Higher Education, Hospitals, and Other Nonprofit Organizations Pre-Award Requirements § 600.111 Pre-award policies. (a) Use of Grants and... 10 Energy 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Pre-award policies. 600.111 Section 600.111 Energy...

28 CFR 70.11 - Pre-award policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... AND AGREEMENTS (INCLUDING SUBAWARDS) WITH INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Pre-Award Requirements § 70.11 Pre-award policies. (a) Use of grants and cooperative... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Pre-award policies. 70.11 Section 70.11...

28 CFR 70.11 - Pre-award policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... AND AGREEMENTS (INCLUDING SUBAWARDS) WITH INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Pre-Award Requirements § 70.11 Pre-award policies. (a) Use of grants and cooperative... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Pre-award policies. 70.11 Section 70.11...

22 CFR 145.11 - Pre-award policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Pre-award policies. 145.11 Section 145.11 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE CIVIL RIGHTS GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS WITH INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Pre-Award Requirements § 145.11 Pre-award policies...

Pre-migration Trauma Exposure and Psychological Distress for Asian American Immigrants: Linking the Pre- and Post-migration Contexts.

PubMed

Li, Miao; Anderson, James G

2016-08-01

Drawing on the life course perspective and the assumptive world theory, this paper examines whether pre-migration trauma exposure is associated with psychological distress through post-migration perceived discrimination for Asian American immigrants. The study is based on cross-sectional data from the National Latino and Asian American Study (N = 1639). Structural equation model is used to estimate the relationship between pre-migration trauma, post-migration perceived discrimination, and psychological distress. Additional models are estimated to explore possible variations across ethnic groups as well as across different types of pre-migration trauma experience. Pre-migration trauma exposure is associated with higher levels of psychological distress, both directly and indirectly through higher level of perceived discrimination, even after controlling for demographic/acculturative factors and post-migration trauma exposure. This pattern holds for the following sub-types of pre-migration trauma: political trauma, crime victimization, physical violence, accidental trauma, and relational trauma. Multi-group analyses show that this pattern holds for all Asian immigrant subgroups except the Vietnamese. Studies of immigrant mental health primarily focus on post-migration stressors. Few studies have considered the link between pre- and post-migration contexts in assessing mental health outcomes. The study illustrates the usefulness of bridging the pre- and post-migration context in identifying the mental health risks along the immigrant life course.

Pre-college education

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stein, Sylvia

1990-01-01

Pre-college education efforts are many and varied, involving the teachers, students, parents, museums, and youth groups. However, it is necessary to reach out to school administration at all levels if teachers are to be innovative in their approaches. This introductory meeting clearly indicated that more interaction between the participants would be profitable. It is clear that the science pipeline leading from kindergarten to college entry needs to be filled with students. What is not clear is how we can do it. The plethora of projects being pursued by the NASA Space Grant College Fellowship (NSGC) programs to accomplish that goal are heartening and exciting. However, this large gamut of programs may also indicate how new we are in this game and how little anyone knows about creating a pre-college interest in science and engineering. In a way, it resembles the situation of the common cold--there is no known cure yet, so there are many so-called remedies. Unfortunately, the time we had together was entirely too short to address the evaluation situation, so that we can in the future zero in on the most effective approaches. This report is a summary of the many ways the different NSGC' s are approaching pre-college education and a list of suggestions.

Pulling PreK into a K-12 Orbit: The Evolution of PreK in the Age of Standards

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Graue, M. Elizabeth; Ryan, Sharon; Nocera, Amato; Northey, Kaitlin; Wilinski, Bethany

2017-01-01

We might call this decade the era of early childhood. In the US, federal and state governments invest in the creation of public pre-kindergarten (preK) programs and create standards that articulate goals for practice and benchmarks that can be used to evaluate success. How have these trends provided a context for the evolution of preK curriculum?…

Clinical target volume delineation in glioblastomas: pre-operative versus post-operative/pre-radiotherapy MRI

PubMed Central

Farace, P; Giri, M G; Meliadò, G; Amelio, D; Widesott, L; Ricciardi, G K; Dall'Oglio, S; Rizzotti, A; Sbarbati, A; Beltramello, A; Maluta, S; Amichetti, M

2011-01-01

Objectives Delineation of clinical target volume (CTV) is still controversial in glioblastomas. In order to assess the differences in volume and shape of the radiotherapy target, the use of pre-operative vs post-operative/pre-radiotherapy T1 and T2 weighted MRI was compared. Methods 4 CTVs were delineated in 24 patients pre-operatively and post-operatively using T1 contrast-enhanced (T1PRECTV and T1POSTCTV) and T2 weighted images (T2PRECTV and T2POSTCTV). Pre-operative MRI examinations were performed the day before surgery, whereas post-operative examinations were acquired 1 month after surgery and before chemoradiation. A concordance index (CI) was defined as the ratio between the overlapping and composite volumes. Results The volumes of T1PRECTV and T1POSTCTV were not statistically different (248 ± 88 vs 254 ± 101), although volume differences >100 cm3 were observed in 6 out of 24 patients. A marked increase due to tumour progression was shown in three patients. Three patients showed a decrease because of a reduced mass effect. A significant reduction occurred between pre-operative and post-operative T2 volumes (139 ± 68 vs 78 ± 59). Lack of concordance was observed between T1PRECTV and T1POSTCTV (CI = 0.67 ± 0.09), T2PRECTV and T2POSTCTV (CI = 0.39 ± 0.20) and comparing the portion of the T1PRECTV and T1POSTCTV not covered by that defined on T2PRECTV images (CI = 0.45 ± 0.16 and 0.44 ± 0.17, respectively). Conclusion Using T2 MRI, huge variations can be observed in peritumoural oedema, which are probably due to steroid treatment. Using T1 MRI, brain shifts after surgery and possible progressive enhancing lesions produce substantial differences in CTVs. Our data support the use of post-operative/pre-radiotherapy T1 weighted MRI for planning purposes. PMID:21045069

45 CFR 74.11 - Pre-award policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... FOR AWARDS AND SUBAWARDS TO INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, OTHER NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS, AND COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS Pre-Award Requirements § 74.11 Pre-award policies. (a) Use of Grants and... 45 Public Welfare 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Pre-award policies. 74.11 Section 74.11 Public...

43 CFR 12.911 - Pre-award policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... With Institutions of Higher Education, Hospitals, and Other Non-Profit Organizations Pre-Award Requirements § 12.911 Pre-award policies. (a) Use of Grants and Cooperative Agreements, and Contracts. In each... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Pre-award policies. 12.911 Section 12.911...

49 CFR 19.11 - Pre-award policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... AGREEMENTS WITH INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Pre-Award Requirements § 19.11 Pre-award policies. (a) Use of grants and cooperative agreements, and contracts. In each... 49 Transportation 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Pre-award policies. 19.11 Section 19.11...

22 CFR 518.11 - Pre-award policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... AGREEMENTS WITH INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Pre-Award Requirements § 518.11 Pre-award policies. (a) Use of Grants and Cooperative Agreements, and Contracts. In each... 22 Foreign Relations 2 2011-04-01 2009-04-01 true Pre-award policies. 518.11 Section 518.11...

43 CFR 12.911 - Pre-award policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... With Institutions of Higher Education, Hospitals, and Other Non-Profit Organizations Pre-Award Requirements § 12.911 Pre-award policies. (a) Use of Grants and Cooperative Agreements, and Contracts. In each... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Pre-award policies. 12.911 Section 12.911...

43 CFR 12.911 - Pre-award policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... With Institutions of Higher Education, Hospitals, and Other Non-Profit Organizations Pre-Award Requirements § 12.911 Pre-award policies. (a) Use of Grants and Cooperative Agreements, and Contracts. In each... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2012-10-01 2011-10-01 true Pre-award policies. 12.911 Section 12.911...

49 CFR 382.301 - Pre-employment testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... ALCOHOL USE AND TESTING Tests Required § 382.301 Pre-employment testing. (a) Prior to the first time a... 40 of this title, the employer shall conduct a pre-employment controlled substances test. (d) An...: (1) It must conduct a pre-employment alcohol test before the first performance of safety-sensitive...

49 CFR 382.301 - Pre-employment testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... ALCOHOL USE AND TESTING Tests Required § 382.301 Pre-employment testing. (a) Prior to the first time a... 40 of this title, the employer shall conduct a pre-employment controlled substances test. (d) An...: (1) It must conduct a pre-employment alcohol test before the first performance of safety-sensitive...

49 CFR 382.301 - Pre-employment testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... ALCOHOL USE AND TESTING Tests Required § 382.301 Pre-employment testing. (a) Prior to the first time a... 40 of this title, the employer shall conduct a pre-employment controlled substances test. (d) An...: (1) It must conduct a pre-employment alcohol test before the first performance of safety-sensitive...

49 CFR 382.301 - Pre-employment testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ALCOHOL USE AND TESTING Tests Required § 382.301 Pre-employment testing. (a) Prior to the first time a... 40 of this title, the employer shall conduct a pre-employment controlled substances test. (d) An...: (1) It must conduct a pre-employment alcohol test before the first performance of safety-sensitive...

Nutritional practices in full-day-care pre-schools.

PubMed

Jennings, A; McEvoy, S; Corish, C

2011-06-01

Full-day-care pre-schools contribute significantly to the nutritional intake and acquisition of dietary habits of the pre-school child. The present study investigated nutritional practices in full-day-care pre-schools in Dublin, Ireland, aiming to determine the nutritional support that pre-school managers deem necessary, thereby facilitating the amelioration of existing pre-school nutritional training and practices. A telephone questionnaire completed by pre-school managers (n=54) examined pre-school dietary practices, food provision and the association between these and pre-school size, nutritional training attendance, possession of the Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Pre-school Services and having a healthy eating policy. Nutritional training needs were also investigated. Twenty-five pre-schools provided all food for attending children; parents were sole providers in six. Thirty-four pre-schools had a written healthy eating policy. Attendance at nutritional training was reported by 40. Possession of the Guidelines (n=40) did not consistently result in their use. Poor parental and staff involvement in policy and menu development was cited. Although the delayed introduction of iron-containing foods and a feeding beaker in infants was clearly evident, inappropriate beverages and snacks were served to children aged 1-5 years in 43 and 37 pre-schools, respectively. Training priorities cited by managers included parental education and the provision of information regarding menu planning and healthy food choices. Nutritional training should advocate whole staff familiarity with and use of current guidelines, in addition to encouraging nutritional policy development and enforcement. Parental education is warranted. Dietary education should focus specifically on appropriate weaning practices, healthy beverage and snack provision and menu planning. © 2011 The Authors. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics © 2011 The British Dietetic Association Ltd.

7 CFR 1717.305 - Pre-emption.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... in Rate Making in Connection With Power Supply Borrowers § 1717.305 Pre-emption. (a) Inadequate rates. State regulatory authority jurisdiction over a power supply borrower's rates shall be pre-empted by the...

7 CFR 1717.305 - Pre-emption.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... in Rate Making in Connection With Power Supply Borrowers § 1717.305 Pre-emption. (a) Inadequate rates. State regulatory authority jurisdiction over a power supply borrower's rates shall be pre-empted by the...

7 CFR 58.919 - Pre-heat, pasteurization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Pre-heat, pasteurization. 58.919 Section 58.919... Procedures § 58.919 Pre-heat, pasteurization. When pasteurization is intended or required by either the vat... requirements outlined in § 58.128. Pre-heat temperatures prior to ultra pasteurization will be those that have...

40 CFR 68.77 - Pre-startup review.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 15 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Pre-startup review. 68.77 Section 68...) CHEMICAL ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROVISIONS Program 3 Prevention Program § 68.77 Pre-startup review. (a) The owner or operator shall perform a pre-startup safety review for new stationary sources and for modified...

40 CFR 68.77 - Pre-startup review.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Pre-startup review. 68.77 Section 68...) CHEMICAL ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROVISIONS Program 3 Prevention Program § 68.77 Pre-startup review. (a) The owner or operator shall perform a pre-startup safety review for new stationary sources and for modified...

40 CFR 68.77 - Pre-startup review.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Pre-startup review. 68.77 Section 68...) CHEMICAL ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROVISIONS Program 3 Prevention Program § 68.77 Pre-startup review. (a) The owner or operator shall perform a pre-startup safety review for new stationary sources and for modified...

40 CFR 68.77 - Pre-startup review.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Pre-startup review. 68.77 Section 68...) CHEMICAL ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROVISIONS Program 3 Prevention Program § 68.77 Pre-startup review. (a) The owner or operator shall perform a pre-startup safety review for new stationary sources and for modified...

7 CFR 58.919 - Pre-heat, pasteurization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Pre-heat, pasteurization. 58.919 Section 58.919... Procedures § 58.919 Pre-heat, pasteurization. When pasteurization is intended or required by either the vat... requirements outlined in § 58.128. Pre-heat temperatures prior to ultra pasteurization will be those that have...

7 CFR 58.919 - Pre-heat, pasteurization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Pre-heat, pasteurization. 58.919 Section 58.919... Procedures § 58.919 Pre-heat, pasteurization. When pasteurization is intended or required by either the vat... requirements outlined in § 58.128. Pre-heat temperatures prior to ultra pasteurization will be those that have...

7 CFR 58.919 - Pre-heat, pasteurization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Pre-heat, pasteurization. 58.919 Section 58.919... Procedures § 58.919 Pre-heat, pasteurization. When pasteurization is intended or required by either the vat... requirements outlined in § 58.128. Pre-heat temperatures prior to ultra pasteurization will be those that have...

Should Pre-hypertension Be Treated?

PubMed

Kanegae, Hiroshi; Oikawa, Takamitsu; Kario, Kazuomi

2017-10-18

Hypertension is an important preventable risk factor for disease and death worldwide. In light of the world's population growth and aging, hypertension is a global public health issue. Many studies have shown associations between pre-hypertension and a higher risk of the future development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in general populations. However, pre-hypertension per se is not a disease with an immediate high risk, and the clinical value of the identification of pre-hypertension is the potential detection of the early stage of the risk of hypertension and/or cardiovascular disease over an individual's lifespan. We recently assessed the impacts of age-related differences in risk factors on new-onset hypertension among normotensive individuals. As risk factors of the new onset of hypertension, the impact of diastolic blood pressure compared with systolic blood pressure (SBP), men compared with women, and higher body mass index were greater in the younger adults, whereas in the older adults, the impact of SBP and female sex were greater. Proteinuria was a risk factor for hypertension in both younger and older adults. Non-pharmacological approaches such as body weight reduction, low-salt diet, physical exercise, and good sleep hygiene should be first-line treatments for pre-hypertension. In addition, careful observation to detect the new onset of hypertension and the identification of the appropriate timing of pharmacologic treatment should be conducted, especially in adults with pre-hypertension and the risk factors mentioned above.

46 CFR 176.640 - Pre-survey meeting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Pre-survey meeting. 176.640 Section 176.640 Shipping...) INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION Hull and Tailshaft Examinations § 176.640 Pre-survey meeting. (a) In advance of each AHE, you must conduct a pre-survey meeting to discuss the details of the AHE procedure with the...

46 CFR 176.640 - Pre-survey meeting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pre-survey meeting. 176.640 Section 176.640 Shipping...) INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION Hull and Tailshaft Examinations § 176.640 Pre-survey meeting. (a) In advance of each AHE, you must conduct a pre-survey meeting to discuss the details of the AHE procedure with the...

46 CFR 176.640 - Pre-survey meeting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Pre-survey meeting. 176.640 Section 176.640 Shipping...) INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION Hull and Tailshaft Examinations § 176.640 Pre-survey meeting. (a) In advance of each AHE, you must conduct a pre-survey meeting to discuss the details of the AHE procedure with the...

46 CFR 176.640 - Pre-survey meeting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Pre-survey meeting. 176.640 Section 176.640 Shipping...) INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION Hull and Tailshaft Examinations § 176.640 Pre-survey meeting. (a) In advance of each AHE, you must conduct a pre-survey meeting to discuss the details of the AHE procedure with the...

46 CFR 176.640 - Pre-survey meeting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Pre-survey meeting. 176.640 Section 176.640 Shipping...) INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION Hull and Tailshaft Examinations § 176.640 Pre-survey meeting. (a) In advance of each AHE, you must conduct a pre-survey meeting to discuss the details of the AHE procedure with the...

APP is cleaved by Bace1 in pre-synaptic vesicles and establishes a pre-synaptic interactome, via its intracellular domain, with molecular complexes that regulate pre-synaptic vesicles functions.

PubMed

Del Prete, Dolores; Lombino, Franco; Liu, Xinran; D'Adamio, Luciano

2014-01-01

Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) is a type I membrane protein that undergoes extensive processing by secretases, including BACE1. Although mutations in APP and genes that regulate processing of APP, such as PSENs and BRI2/ITM2B, cause dementias, the normal function of APP in synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity and memory formation is poorly understood. To grasp the biochemical mechanisms underlying the function of APP in the central nervous system, it is important to first define the sub-cellular localization of APP in synapses and the synaptic interactome of APP. Using biochemical and electron microscopy approaches, we have found that APP is localized in pre-synaptic vesicles, where it is processed by Bace1. By means of a proteomic approach, we have characterized the synaptic interactome of the APP intracellular domain. We focused on this region of APP because in vivo data underline the central functional and pathological role of the intracellular domain of APP. Consistent with the expression of APP in pre-synaptic vesicles, the synaptic APP intracellular domain interactome is predominantly constituted by pre-synaptic, rather than post-synaptic, proteins. This pre-synaptic interactome of the APP intracellular domain includes proteins expressed on pre-synaptic vesicles such as the vesicular SNARE Vamp2/Vamp1 and the Ca2+ sensors Synaptotagmin-1/Synaptotagmin-2, and non-vesicular pre-synaptic proteins that regulate exocytosis, endocytosis and recycling of pre-synaptic vesicles, such as target-membrane-SNAREs (Syntaxin-1b, Syntaxin-1a, Snap25 and Snap47), Munc-18, Nsf, α/β/γ-Snaps and complexin. These data are consistent with a functional role for APP, via its carboxyl-terminal domain, in exocytosis, endocytosis and/or recycling of pre-synaptic vesicles.

Mechanical pre-cutting, a rediscovered tunneling technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van Walsum, E.

1991-04-01

In 1950, the exact outlines of some circular tunnels, to be driven through chalk for the Corps of Engineers' Fort Randall Reservoir Project on the Missouri River at Pickstown, South Dakota, U.S.A., were pre-cut mechanically, i. e. prior to blasting the tunnel openings. No further applications of mechanical pre-cutting as a tunneling technique were made until the technique was rediscovered and further developed in France during the seventies. These further developments relate to the pre-cutting of harder rocks and the pre-cutting of cohesive and non-cohesive soils combined with the construction of a concrete pre-lining, i. e. a lining which is in place before the ground under it is excavated. Mechanical pre-cutting, as presently practiced, improves the quality and safety of tunneling and reduces surface settlement, noise and vibration. It is concluded that the technique is likely to be applied in the future in the construction of various types of underground structures whenever conventional tunneling is too risky or when environmental concerns are important.

Solderability of pre-tinned Cu sheet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sunwoo, A. J.; Morris, J. W.; Lucey, G. K.

1992-05-01

The reliability and integrity of pre-tinned copper-clad printed circuit (PC) boards are serious concerns in the manufacture of electronic devices. The factors that influence the wetting during soldering of Cu are discussed. The results suggest that pre-tinning with a Pb-rich solder, such as 95Pb-5Sn, is preferred to pre-tinning with eutectic solder, since the latter can develop exposed intermetallics during aging that wet poorly. The results also confirm that the use of flux leads to carbon contamination in the solder.

46 CFR 71.50-23 - Pre-survey meeting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pre-survey meeting. 71.50-23 Section 71.50-23 Shipping... Drydocking § 71.50-23 Pre-survey meeting. (a) In advance of each AHE, you must conduct a pre-survey meeting..., then the pre-survey meeting must be attended by a representative of the ROV operating company who is...

46 CFR 71.50-23 - Pre-survey meeting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Pre-survey meeting. 71.50-23 Section 71.50-23 Shipping... Drydocking § 71.50-23 Pre-survey meeting. (a) In advance of each AHE, you must conduct a pre-survey meeting..., then the pre-survey meeting must be attended by a representative of the ROV operating company who is...

46 CFR 71.50-23 - Pre-survey meeting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Pre-survey meeting. 71.50-23 Section 71.50-23 Shipping... Drydocking § 71.50-23 Pre-survey meeting. (a) In advance of each AHE, you must conduct a pre-survey meeting..., then the pre-survey meeting must be attended by a representative of the ROV operating company who is...

46 CFR 71.50-23 - Pre-survey meeting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Pre-survey meeting. 71.50-23 Section 71.50-23 Shipping... Drydocking § 71.50-23 Pre-survey meeting. (a) In advance of each AHE, you must conduct a pre-survey meeting..., then the pre-survey meeting must be attended by a representative of the ROV operating company who is...

46 CFR 71.50-23 - Pre-survey meeting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Pre-survey meeting. 71.50-23 Section 71.50-23 Shipping... Drydocking § 71.50-23 Pre-survey meeting. (a) In advance of each AHE, you must conduct a pre-survey meeting..., then the pre-survey meeting must be attended by a representative of the ROV operating company who is...

32 CFR 22.420 - Pre-award procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... to obtain a pre-award credit report, audit, or any other specific piece of information. On a case-by... the grants officer in a particular case decide that a pre-award credit report, audit, or survey is... § 22.710), and decide whether pre-existing surveys or audits of the recipient, such as those of the...

32 CFR 22.420 - Pre-award procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... to obtain a pre-award credit report, audit, or any other specific piece of information. On a case-by... the grants officer in a particular case decide that a pre-award credit report, audit, or survey is... § 22.710), and decide whether pre-existing surveys or audits of the recipient, such as those of the...

40 CFR 91.408 - Pre-test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Pre-test procedures. 91.408 Section 91...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 91.408 Pre-test... accordance with § 91.117. (b) Engine pre-test preparation. (1) Drain and charge the fuel tank(s) with the...

40 CFR 91.408 - Pre-test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Pre-test procedures. 91.408 Section 91...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 91.408 Pre-test... accordance with § 91.117. (b) Engine pre-test preparation. (1) Drain and charge the fuel tank(s) with the...

40 CFR 91.408 - Pre-test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2014-07-01 2013-07-01 true Pre-test procedures. 91.408 Section 91...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 91.408 Pre-test... accordance with § 91.117. (b) Engine pre-test preparation. (1) Drain and charge the fuel tank(s) with the...

40 CFR 91.408 - Pre-test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Pre-test procedures. 91.408 Section 91...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 91.408 Pre-test... accordance with § 91.117. (b) Engine pre-test preparation. (1) Drain and charge the fuel tank(s) with the...

40 CFR 91.408 - Pre-test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Pre-test procedures. 91.408 Section 91...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 91.408 Pre-test... accordance with § 91.117. (b) Engine pre-test preparation. (1) Drain and charge the fuel tank(s) with the...

Pre-T Cell Receptors (Pre-TCRs) Leverage Vβ Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs) and Hydrophobic Patch in Mechanosensing Thymic Self-ligands*♦

PubMed Central

Das, Dibyendu Kumar; Mallis, Robert J.; Duke-Cohan, Jonathan S.; Hussey, Rebecca E.; Tetteh, Paul W.; Hilton, Mark; Wagner, Gerhard; Lang, Matthew J.; Reinherz, Ellis L.

2016-01-01

The pre-T cell receptor (pre-TCR) is a pTα-β heterodimer functioning in early αβ T cell development. Although once thought to be ligand-autonomous, recent studies show that pre-TCRs participate in thymic repertoire formation through recognition of peptides bound to major histocompatibility molecules (pMHC). Using optical tweezers, we probe pre-TCR bonding with pMHC at the single molecule level. Like the αβTCR, the pre-TCR is a mechanosensor undergoing force-based structural transitions that dynamically enhance bond lifetimes and exploiting allosteric control regulated via the Cβ FG loop region. The pre-TCR structural transitions exhibit greater reversibility than TCRαβ and ordered force-bond lifetime curves. Higher piconewton force requires binding through both complementarity determining region loops and hydrophobic Vβ patch apposition. This patch functions in the pre-TCR as a surrogate Vα domain, fostering ligand promiscuity to favor development of β chains with self-reactivity but is occluded by α subunit replacement of pTα upon αβTCR formation. At the double negative 3 thymocyte stage where the pre-TCR is first expressed, pre-TCR interaction with self-pMHC ligands imparts growth and survival advantages as revealed in thymic stromal cultures, imprinting fundamental self-reactivity in the T cell repertoire. Collectively, our data imply the existence of sequential mechanosensor αβTCR repertoire tuning via the pre-TCR. PMID:27707880

The Pontryagin class for pre-Courant algebroids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Zhangju; Sheng, Yunhe; Xu, Xiaomeng

2016-06-01

In this paper, we show that the Jacobiator J of a pre-Courant algebroid is closed naturally. The corresponding equivalence class [J♭ ] is defined as the Pontryagin class, which is the obstruction of a pre-Courant algebroid to be deformed into a Courant algebroid. We construct a Leibniz 2-algebra and a Lie 2-algebra associated to a pre-Courant algebroid and prove that these algebraic structures are isomorphic under deformations. Finally, we introduce the twisted action of a Lie algebra on a manifold to give more examples of pre-Courant algebroids, which include the Cartan geometry.

PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis) 101

MedlinePlus

... Español (Spanish) Recommend on Facebook Tweet Share Compartir Pre-exposure prophylaxis (or PrEP) is when people at ... A Brief Intro Protect yourself. Learn about PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis) and how it works in this ...

Monolithic Flexure Pre-Stressed Ultrasonic Horns

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sherrit, Stewart (Inventor); Badescu, Mircea (Inventor); Allen, Phillip Grant (Inventor); Bao, Xiaoqi (Inventor); Bar-Cohen, Yoseph (Inventor)

2016-01-01

A monolithic ultrasonic horn where the horn, backing, and pre-stress structures are combined in a single monolithic piece is disclosed. Pre-stress is applied by external flexure structures. The provision of the external flexures has numerous advantages including the elimination of the need for a pre-stress bolt. The removal of the pre-stress bolt eliminates potential internal electric discharge points in the actuator. In addition, it reduces the chances of mechanical failure in the actuator stacks that result from the free surface in the hole of conventional ring stacks. In addition, the removal of the stress bolt and the corresponding reduction in the overall number of parts reduces the overall complexity of the resulting ultrasonic horn actuator and simplifies the ease of the design, fabrication and integration of the actuator of the present invention into other structures.

Monolithic Flexure Pre-Stressed Ultrasonic Horns

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bao, Xiaoqi (Inventor); Bar-Cohen, Yoseph (Inventor); Badescu, Mircea (Inventor); Allen, Phillip Grant (Inventor); Sherrit, Stewart (Inventor)

2015-01-01

A monolithic ultrasonic horn where the horn, backing, and pre-stress structures are combined in a single monolithic piece is disclosed. Pre-stress is applied by external flexure structures. The provision of the external flexures has numerous advantages including the elimination of the need for a pre-stress bolt. The removal of the pre-stress bolt eliminates potential internal electric discharge points in the actuator. In addition, it reduces the chances of mechanical failure in the actuator stacks that result from the free surface in the hole of conventional ring stacks. In addition, the removal of the stress bolt and the corresponding reduction in the overall number of parts reduces the overall complexity of the resulting ultrasonic horn actuator and simplifies the ease of the design, fabrication and integration of the actuator of the present invention into other structures.

The pre-operative electrocardiogram: an assessment.

PubMed

Paterson, K R; Caskie, J P; Galloway, D J; McArthur, K; McWhinnie, D L

1983-04-01

Electrocardiography is of limited value in pre-operative screening for cardiac disease. A short questionnaire has been shown to be helpful in assessing cardiac status and could permit a 30% reduction in the number of pre-operative ECGs performed.

Alteration in iron status in pre eclampsia.

PubMed

Basher, K; Deb, K

2006-01-01

The aim of the study is to compare and contrast serum iron status in pre eclamptic women with normal pregnant women which may help in the establishment of diagnosis of pre eclampsia before appearance of its clinical manifestation. A total of 82 women in the last half of pregnancy, between 17 to 40 years of age, who attended the model family planning clinic, out patient and in patient departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology unit of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh were selected for this purpose before any treatment was given in present pregnancy. Out of them 32 pregnant women were taken as control because they did not show any evidence of complication during the time of selection and 50 pregnant women were randomly selected as cases on the basic of having pre eclampsia. Mean value of serum iron was significantly increased in the pre eclamptic women in comparison to controls whereas mean values of both total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC) were significantly decreased in pre eclamptic women in contrast to controls. The results allude to the possible contribution of released iron free radicals from ischaemic placenta in pre eclampsia to its etiology. So, routine investigation of serum iron status of pregnant women as part of antenatal checkup may help in the establishment of diagnosis of pre eclampsia before appearance of its clinical manifestation.

Pre-operative biliary drainage for obstructive jaundice

PubMed Central

Fang, Yuan; Gurusamy, Kurinchi Selvan; Wang, Qin; Davidson, Brian R; Lin, He; Xie, Xiaodong; Wang, Chaohua

2014-01-01

Background Patients with obstructive jaundice have various pathophysiological changes that affect the liver, kidney, heart, and the immune system. There is considerable controversy as to whether temporary relief of biliary obstruction prior to major definitive surgery (pre-operative biliary drainage) is of any benefit to the patient. Objectives To assess the benefits and harms of pre-operative biliary drainage versus no pre-operative biliary drainage (direct surgery) in patients with obstructive jaundice (irrespective of a benign or malignant cause). Search methods We searched the Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group Controlled Trials Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Science Citation Index Expanded until February 2012. Selection criteria We included all randomised clinical trials comparing biliary drainage followed by surgery versus direct surgery, performed for obstructive jaundice, irrespective of the sample size, language, and publication status. Data collection and analysis Two authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and extracted data. We calculated the risk ratio (RR), rate ratio (RaR), or mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) based on the available patient analyses. We assessed the risk of bias (systematic overestimation of benefit or systematic underestimation of harm) with components of the Cochrane risk of bias tool. We assessed the risk of play of chance (random errors) with trial sequential analysis. Main results We included six trials with 520 patients comparing pre-operative biliary drainage (265 patients) versus no pre-operative biliary drainage (255 patients). Four trials used percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage and two trials used endoscopic sphincterotomy and stenting as the method of pre-operative biliary drainage. The risk of bias was high in all trials. The proportion of patients with malignant obstruction varied between 60

[Pre-conception sex selection].

PubMed

Julesz, Máté

2014-11-16

According to Article 14 of the Oviedo Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine of the Council of Europe, the use of techniques of medically assisted procreation shall not be allowed for the purpose of choosing the sex of a future child, unless serious hereditary sex-related disease is to be avoided. In Israel and the United States of America, pre-conception sex selection for the purpose of family balancing is legal. The European health culture does not regard reproductive justice as part of social justice. From this aspect, the situation is very similar in China and India. Reproductive liberty is opposed by the Catholic Church, too. According to the Catholic Church, medical grounds may not justify pre-conception sex selection, though being bioethically less harmful than family balancing for social reasons. In Hungary, according to Section 170 of the Criminal Code, pre-conception sex selection for the purpose of family balancing constitutes a crime. At present, the Hungarian legislation is in full harmony with the Oviedo Convention, enacted in Hungary in 2002.

Pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis: a systematic review.

PubMed

Kessels, Jocelyn A; Recuenco, Sergio; Navarro-Vela, Ana Maria; Deray, Raffy; Vigilato, Marco; Ertl, Hildegund; Durrheim, David; Rees, Helen; Nel, Louis H; Abela-Ridder, Bernadette; Briggs, Deborah

2017-03-01

To review the safety and immunogenicity of pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis (including accelerated schedules, co-administration with other vaccines and booster doses), its cost-effectiveness and recommendations for use, particularly in high-risk settings. We searched the PubMed, Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases for papers on pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis published between 2007 and 29 January 2016. We reviewed field data from pre-exposure prophylaxis campaigns in Peru and the Philippines. Pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis was safe and immunogenic in children and adults, also when co-administered with routine childhood vaccinations and the Japanese encephalitis vaccine. The evidence available indicates that shorter regimens and regimens involving fewer doses are safe and immunogenic and that booster intervals could be extended up to 10 years. The few studies on cost suggest that, at current vaccine and delivery costs, pre-exposure prophylaxis campaigns would not be cost-effective in most situations. Although pre-exposure prophylaxis has been advocated for high-risk populations, only Peru and the Philippines have implemented appropriate national programmes. In the future, accelerated regimens and novel vaccines could simplify delivery and increase affordability. Pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis is safe and immunogenic and should be considered: (i) where access to postexposure prophylaxis is limited or delayed; (ii) where the risk of exposure is high and may go unrecognized; and (iii) where controlling rabies in the animal reservoir is difficult. Pre-exposure prophylaxis should not distract from canine vaccination efforts, provision of postexposure prophylaxis or education to increase rabies awareness in local communities.

Pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis: a systematic review

PubMed Central

Recuenco, Sergio; Navarro-Vela, Ana Maria; Deray, Raffy; Vigilato, Marco; Ertl, Hildegund; Durrheim, David; Rees, Helen; Nel, Louis H; Abela-Ridder, Bernadette; Briggs, Deborah

2017-01-01

Abstract Objective To review the safety and immunogenicity of pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis (including accelerated schedules, co-administration with other vaccines and booster doses), its cost–effectiveness and recommendations for use, particularly in high-risk settings. Methods We searched the PubMed, Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases for papers on pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis published between 2007 and 29 January 2016. We reviewed field data from pre-exposure prophylaxis campaigns in Peru and the Philippines. Findings Pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis was safe and immunogenic in children and adults, also when co-administered with routine childhood vaccinations and the Japanese encephalitis vaccine. The evidence available indicates that shorter regimens and regimens involving fewer doses are safe and immunogenic and that booster intervals could be extended up to 10 years. The few studies on cost suggest that, at current vaccine and delivery costs, pre-exposure prophylaxis campaigns would not be cost-effective in most situations. Although pre-exposure prophylaxis has been advocated for high-risk populations, only Peru and the Philippines have implemented appropriate national programmes. In the future, accelerated regimens and novel vaccines could simplify delivery and increase affordability. Conclusion Pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis is safe and immunogenic and should be considered: (i) where access to postexposure prophylaxis is limited or delayed; (ii) where the risk of exposure is high and may go unrecognized; and (iii) where controlling rabies in the animal reservoir is difficult. Pre-exposure prophylaxis should not distract from canine vaccination efforts, provision of postexposure prophylaxis or education to increase rabies awareness in local communities. PMID:28250534

Maternal rubella immunity status and pre-eclampsia.

PubMed

Lao, Terence T; Sahota, Daljit S; Law, Lai-Wa; Leung, Tak-Yeung

2017-07-01

To determine if maternal immune maladaptation associated with pre-eclampsia is reflected in the rubella immunity status. Incidence of pre-eclampsia was compared between rubella non-immune and immune gravidae carrying a singleton pregnancy beyond 24 weeks, taking into account maternal characteristics and reported risk factors for pre-eclampsia. The 9870 (10.4%) rubella non-immune gravidae among the 95 024 in the cohort exhibited no difference in incidence of underlying medical disorders, but they were slightly but significantly older, shorter, heavier, and had more pre-eclampsia (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.05-1.47) despite having fewer nulliparas. Regression analysis confirmed an overall association between rubella non-immunity with pre-eclampsia (aOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.06-1.54), which was related to multiparas (aOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.05-1.91) and carrying a male fetus (aOR 1.37, 95% CI 1.06-1.78). The association between rubella non-immunity and pre-eclampsia reflects immune maladaptation in multiparas and toward a male fetus. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Pre-migration trauma and HIV-risk behavior.

PubMed

Steel, Jennifer; Herlitz, Claes; Matthews, Jesse; Snyder, Wendy; Mazzaferro, Kathryn; Baum, Andy; Theorell, Töres

2003-03-01

This study examined the relationship between pre-migration trauma and HIV-risk behavior in refugees from sub-Saharan Africa. The sample comprised 122 persons who had emigrated from sub-Saharan Africa and were currently residing in Sweden. Qualitative methods including individual interviews, focus groups, and interviews with key informants addressed questions regarding trauma experience and HIV-risk behavior. A history of pre-migration trauma was found to be associated with HIV-risk behavior. According to the participants, symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, adjustment disorder, and substance use mediated the relationship between pre-migration trauma and sexual risk behavior. In contrast, a minority of the participants who reported pre-migration trauma but not psychological sequelae, or experienced post-traumatic growth, reported safer sexual practices. It appears that for some individuals, pre-migration trauma resulted in psychiatric sequelae, which may increase an individual's risk to be infected with HIV. Interventions targeted at individuals at increased risk (i.e. pre-migration trauma with unresolved psychiatric symptomatology) may facilitate the prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases in this population. Integration of multiple psychosocial and health issues is recommended for comprehensive treatment and prevention programs.

Pre-Mastering and CD-WO Evaluations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hecox, D.; Hyon, J.; Martin, M.; Marski, K.; Shields, E.; Sorensen, S.; Teramae, S.

1993-01-01

This article reviews the features and functionality of five desktop pre-mastering software packages for the PC. Desktop pre-mastering packages are aimed primarily at end-users interested in bringing CD-ROM publishing tasks in-house, rather than traditional CD-ROM developers.

Fabrication of Hadfield-Cored Multi-layer Steel Sheet by Roll-Bonding with 1.8-GPa-Strength-Grade Hot-Press-Forming Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chin, Kwang-Geun; Kang, Chung-Yun; Park, Jaeyeong; Lee, Sunghak

2018-03-01

An austenitic Hadfield steel was roll-bonded with a 1.8-GPa-strength-grade martensitic hot-press-forming (HPF) steel to fabricate a multi-layer steel (MLS) sheet. Near the Hadfield/HPF interface, the carburized and decarburized layers were formed by the carbon diffusion from the Hadfield (1.2%C) to HPF (0.35%C) layers, and could be regarded as kinds of very thin multi-layers of 35 μm in thickness. The tensile test and fractographic data indicated that the MLS sheet was fractured abruptly within the elastic range by the intergranular fracture occurred in the carburized layer. This was because C was mainly segregated at prior austenite grain boundaries in the carburized layer, which weakened grain boundaries to induce the intergranular fracture. In order to solve the intergranular facture problem, the MLS sheet was tempered at 200 °C. The stress-strain curve of the tempered MLS sheet lay between those of the HPF and Hadfield sheets, and a rule of mixtures was roughly satisfied. Tensile properties of the MLS sheet were dramatically improved after the tempering, and the intergranular fracture was erased completely. In particular, the yield strength up to 1073 MPa along with the high strain hardening and excellent ductility of 32.4% were outstanding because the yield strength over 1 GPa was hardly achieved in conventional austenitic steels.

Fabrication of Hadfield-Cored Multi-layer Steel Sheet by Roll-Bonding with 1.8-GPa-Strength-Grade Hot-Press-Forming Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chin, Kwang-Geun; Kang, Chung-Yun; Park, Jaeyeong; Lee, Sunghak

2018-05-01

An austenitic Hadfield steel was roll-bonded with a 1.8-GPa-strength-grade martensitic hot-press-forming (HPF) steel to fabricate a multi-layer steel (MLS) sheet. Near the Hadfield/HPF interface, the carburized and decarburized layers were formed by the carbon diffusion from the Hadfield (1.2%C) to HPF (0.35%C) layers, and could be regarded as kinds of very thin multi-layers of 35 μm in thickness. The tensile test and fractographic data indicated that the MLS sheet was fractured abruptly within the elastic range by the intergranular fracture occurred in the carburized layer. This was because C was mainly segregated at prior austenite grain boundaries in the carburized layer, which weakened grain boundaries to induce the intergranular fracture. In order to solve the intergranular facture problem, the MLS sheet was tempered at 200 °C. The stress-strain curve of the tempered MLS sheet lay between those of the HPF and Hadfield sheets, and a rule of mixtures was roughly satisfied. Tensile properties of the MLS sheet were dramatically improved after the tempering, and the intergranular fracture was erased completely. In particular, the yield strength up to 1073 MPa along with the high strain hardening and excellent ductility of 32.4% were outstanding because the yield strength over 1 GPa was hardly achieved in conventional austenitic steels.

Prevent: what is pre-criminal space?

PubMed Central

Goldberg, David; Jadhav, Sushrut; Younis, Tarek

2017-01-01

Prevent is a UK-wide programme within the government's anti-terrorism strategy aimed at stopping individuals from supporting or taking part in terrorist activities. NHS England's Prevent Training and Competencies Framework requires health professionals to understand the concept of pre-criminal space. This article examines pre-criminal space, a new term which refers to a period of time during which a person is referred to a specific Prevent-related safeguarding panel, Channel. It is unclear what the concept of pre-criminal space adds to the Prevent programme. The term should be either clarified or removed from the Framework. PMID:28811915

Pre-treatment of domestic wastewater with pre-composting tanks: evaluation of existing systems.

PubMed

Gajurel, D R; Benn, O; Li, Z; Behrendt, J; Otterpohl, R

2003-01-01

A relatively new technology called pre-composting tank or Rottebehaelter, retaining solid material and draining water to a certain extent, has been found to be an interesting component of decentralised systems to replace the usual septic tank. Results of the investigation revealed that solid material which has been retained in the pre-composting tanks still contained a high percentage of water. However, there was no odour problem at and near the tanks. The pre-composted materials have to be further composted together with household and garden wastes for a year prior to their use as soil conditioner. The filtrate is further treated in a constructed wetland. One of the major advantages of this system compared to other systems, such as septic tanks, is that it does not deprive agriculture of the valuable nutrients and soil conditioner from human excreta and does not require an expensive tanker truck. It can be the most appropriate system for application in regions where there is a demand for local reuse of the end product. It has to be stated that maintenance is a crucial factor.

Pre-Service Mathematics Teachers' Belief Systems

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haser, Cigdem; Dogan, Oguzhan

2012-01-01

The influence of mathematics teacher education programme courses on pre-service teachers' mathematics teaching belief systems before their field experience was initially investigated through a Likert-type scale. The impact of a third year general teaching methodologies course was then investigated through the responses pre-service teachers…

Maternal and fetal plasma zinc in pre-eclampsia.

PubMed

Bassiouni, B A; Foda, A I; Rafei, A A

1979-04-01

Zinc is important for fetal growth and is involved in several important enzyme systems. Maternal and umbilical plasma zinc concentrations were determined in 52 parturient women with mild and severe pre-eclampsia, and were compared with those obtained from 20 women in labor whose pregnancies had progressed normally. A decrease in maternal as well as umbilical plasma zinc concentrations was observed in pre-eclamptic women, and this decrease was statistically significant in severe pre-eclampsia. The causes of these changes in plasma zinc concentrations in pre-eclampsia were discussed, and the possible adverse effects of zinc deficiency on the mother and fetus were mentioned. Low plasma zinc concentrations in pre-eclampsia may be a sign of zinc deficiency, implying possible risks to the mother and her fetus. It is recommended that maintenance of adequate dietary zinc nutrition during pregnancy, and particularly in pre-eclampsia, is important.

Preserving pre-rigor meat functionality for beef patty production.

PubMed

Claus, J R; Sørheim, O

2006-06-01

Three methods were examined for preserving pre-rigor meat functionality in beef patties. Hot-boned semimembranosus muscles were processed as follows: (1) pre-rigor ground, salted, patties immediately cooked; (2) pre-rigor ground, salted and stored overnight; (3) pre-rigor injected with brine; and (4) post-rigor ground and salted. Raw patties contained 60% lean beef, 19.7% beef fat trim, 1.7% NaCl, 3.6% starch, and 15% water. Pre-rigor processing occurred at 3-3.5h postmortem. Patties made from pre-rigor ground meat had higher pH values; greater protein solubility; firmer, more cohesive, and chewier texture; and substantially lower cooking losses than the other treatments. Addition of salt was sufficient to reduce the rate and extent of glycolysis. Brine injection of intact pre-rigor muscles resulted in some preservation of the functional properties but not as pronounced as with salt addition to pre-rigor ground meat.

Combined Screening for Early Detection of Pre-Eclampsia

PubMed Central

Park, Hee Jin; Shim, Sung Shin; Cha, Dong Hyun

2015-01-01

Although the precise pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia remains unknown, this condition continues to be a major cause of maternal and fetal mortality. Early prediction of pre-eclampsia would allow for timely initiation of preventive therapy. A combination of biophysical and biochemical markers are superior to other tests for early prediction of the development of pre-eclampsia. Apart from the use of parameters in first-trimester aneuploidy screening, cell-free fetal DNA quantification is emerging as a promising marker for prediction of pre-eclampsia. This article reviews the current research of the most important strategies for prediction of pre-eclampsia, including the use of maternal risk factors, mean maternal arterial pressure, ultrasound parameters, and biomarkers. PMID:26247944

Dollars and Sense: A Review of Economic Analyses of Pre-K. Pre-K Now Research Series

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wat, Albert

2007-01-01

The momentum behind high-quality, voluntary pre-kindergarten is growing dramatically across the country--in families, in communities, and in the halls of academia and government. Thanks to this strong wave of support, state spending on pre-k increased from $2.4 billion to $4.2 billion nationwide between 2002 and 2007. This investment is built upon…

Thoracolumbar spinal ligaments exhibit negative and transverse pre-strain.

PubMed

Robertson, Daniel J; Von Forell, Gregory A; Alsup, Jeremy; Bowden, Anton E

2013-07-01

The present work represents the first reported bi-axial spinal ligament pre-strain data for the thoracic and lumbar spine. Ligament pre-strain (in-situ strain) is known to significantly alter joint biomechanics. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive data with regards to spinal ligament pre-strain. The current work determined the pre-strain of 71 spinal ligaments (30 anterior longitudinal ligaments, 27 supraspinous ligaments and 14 interspinous ligaments). The interspinous ligament and the anterior longitudinal ligament exhibited bi-axial pre-strain distributions, demonstrating they are not uniaxial structures. The supraspinous ligament frequently exhibited large amounts of negative pre-strain or laxity suggesting it makes no mechanical contribution to spinal stability near the neutral posture. Upon implementing multi-axial pre-strain results into a finite element model of the lumbar spine, large differences in spinal biomechanics were observed. These results demonstrate the necessity of accounting for ligament pre-strain in biomechanical models. In addition, the authors present a unique experimental method for obtaining ligament pre-strain that presents a number of advantages when compared to standard techniques. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pre--Post Secondary Curriculum Guide: Health.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Michael J. Owens Technical Coll., Perrysburg, OH.

A pre--Post secondary curriculum for preparing eleventh and twelfth grade students contemplating postsecondary education in the health occupations is presented in the document. The curriculum would assist high school students in their choice of health careers and in entering postsecondary education smoothly. The pre--post secondary curriculum…

The Effects of Universal Pre-K on Cognitive Development

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gormley, William T.; Gayer, Ted; Phillips, Deborah; Dawson, Brittany

2005-01-01

In this study of Oklahoma's universal pre-K program, the authors relied on a strict birthday eligibility criterion to compare "young" kindergarten children who just completed pre-K to "old" pre-K children just beginning pre-K. This regression-discontinuity design reduces the threat of selection bias. Their sample consisted of…

Pre-Retirement Rehearsal Project: A Bibliography of Pre-Retirement Planning.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ellenberg, Donna

This bibliography cites title, source/publisher, availability, and cost for information and materials on various aspects of pre-retirement planning. Materials may be specifically for the elderly/retired person or of general interest. Bibliographies and periodicals are included. These materials and information are listed under twenty-three…

10 CFR 609.4 - Submission of Pre-Applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Submission of Pre-Applications. 609.4 Section 609.4 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS LOAN GUARANTEES FOR PROJECTS THAT EMPLOY INNOVATIVE... Pre-Applications, either Project Sponsors or Applicants may submit Pre-Applications to DOE. The...

10 CFR 603.500 - Pre-award business evaluation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Pre-award business evaluation. 603.500 Section 603.500 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS TECHNOLOGY INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS Pre-Award Business Evaluation § 603.500 Pre-award business evaluation. (a) The contracting officer must determine the...

49 CFR 655.42 - Pre-employment alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... pre-employment alcohol test before the first performance of safety-sensitive functions by every... test some covered employees and not others). (c) The employer must conduct the pre-employment tests...-employment alcohol test. (d) The employer must conduct all pre-employment alcohol tests using the alcohol...

49 CFR 655.42 - Pre-employment alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... pre-employment alcohol test before the first performance of safety-sensitive functions by every... test some covered employees and not others). (c) The employer must conduct the pre-employment tests...-employment alcohol test. (d) The employer must conduct all pre-employment alcohol tests using the alcohol...

49 CFR 655.42 - Pre-employment alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... pre-employment alcohol test before the first performance of safety-sensitive functions by every... test some covered employees and not others). (c) The employer must conduct the pre-employment tests...-employment alcohol test. (d) The employer must conduct all pre-employment alcohol tests using the alcohol...

49 CFR 655.42 - Pre-employment alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... pre-employment alcohol test before the first performance of safety-sensitive functions by every... test some covered employees and not others). (c) The employer must conduct the pre-employment tests...-employment alcohol test. (d) The employer must conduct all pre-employment alcohol tests using the alcohol...

49 CFR 655.42 - Pre-employment alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... pre-employment alcohol test before the first performance of safety-sensitive functions by every... test some covered employees and not others). (c) The employer must conduct the pre-employment tests...-employment alcohol test. (d) The employer must conduct all pre-employment alcohol tests using the alcohol...

PreK-3rd: Next Steps for State Longitudinal Data Systems. PreK-3rd Policy Action Brief. No. Eight

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hernandez, Donald J.

2012-01-01

The growing movement to strengthen PreK-3rd education as an essential foundation for student success, along with the rapid expansion in public funding for PreK, has created an urgent need to measure children's educational progress, in a continuous fashion, from the beginning of PreK through Grade Three. Currently, some state governments are…

Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and neuropsychological development in pre-school children: a prospective cohort study.

PubMed

Casas, Maribel; Forns, Joan; Martínez, David; Guxens, Mònica; Fernandez-Somoano, Ana; Ibarluzea, Jesus; Lertxundi, Nerea; Murcia, Mario; Rebagliato, Marisa; Tardon, Adonina; Sunyer, Jordi; Vrijheid, Martine

2017-10-01

BackgroundMaternal pre-pregnancy obesity may impair infant neuropsychological development, but it is unclear whether intrauterine or confounding factors drive this association.MethodsWe assessed whether maternal pre-pregnancy obesity was associated with neuropsychological development in 1,827 Spanish children. At 5 years, cognitive and psychomotor development was assessed using McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms using the Criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and autism spectrum disorder symptoms using the Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic factors and maternal intelligence quotient. We used paternal obesity as negative control exposure as it involves the same source of confounding than maternal obesity.ResultsThe percentage of obese mothers and fathers was 8% and 12%, respectively. In unadjusted models, children of obese mothers had lower scores than children of normal weight mothers in all McCarthy subscales. After adjustment, only the verbal subscale remained statistically significantly reduced (β: -2.8; 95% confidence interval: -5.3, -0.2). No associations were observed among obese fathers. Maternal and paternal obesity were associated with an increase in ADHD-related symptoms. Parental obesity was not associated with autism symptoms.ConclusionMaternal pre-pregnancy obesity was associated with a reduction in offspring verbal scores at pre-school age.

49 CFR 663.23 - Description of pre-award audit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Description of pre-award audit. 663.23 Section 663.23 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PRE-AWARD AND POST-DELIVERY AUDITS OF ROLLING STOCK PURCHASES Pre-Award Audits § 663.23 Description of pre-award...

49 CFR 573.13 - Reimbursement for pre-notification remedies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Reimbursement for pre-notification remedies. 573... RESPONSIBILITY AND REPORTS § 573.13 Reimbursement for pre-notification remedies. (a) Pursuant to 49 U.S.C. 30120... seeks reimbursement for the costs of a pre-notification remedy for which he or she paid. (3) Pre...

49 CFR 573.13 - Reimbursement for pre-notification remedies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Reimbursement for pre-notification remedies. 573... RESPONSIBILITY AND REPORTS § 573.13 Reimbursement for pre-notification remedies. (a) Pursuant to 49 U.S.C. 30120... seeks reimbursement for the costs of a pre-notification remedy for which he or she paid. (3) Pre...

49 CFR 573.13 - Reimbursement for pre-notification remedies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Reimbursement for pre-notification remedies. 573... RESPONSIBILITY AND REPORTS § 573.13 Reimbursement for pre-notification remedies. (a) Pursuant to 49 U.S.C. 30120... seeks reimbursement for the costs of a pre-notification remedy for which he or she paid. (3) Pre...

49 CFR 573.13 - Reimbursement for pre-notification remedies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Reimbursement for pre-notification remedies. 573... RESPONSIBILITY AND REPORTS § 573.13 Reimbursement for pre-notification remedies. (a) Pursuant to 49 U.S.C. 30120... seeks reimbursement for the costs of a pre-notification remedy for which he or she paid. (3) Pre...

Pre-K as School Turnaround Strategy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Buenafe, Anthony Q.

2011-01-01

Both state and local school systems, recognizing the strong and growing evidence of pre-kindergarten's effectiveness in closing achievement gaps, are implementing early learning programs as part of their education reform efforts. In low-performing districts, pre-k has emerged as a promising turnaround strategy, reaching children before they become…

Survey of aviation medical examiners : information and attitudes about the pre-employment and pre-appointment drug testing program.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1992-03-01

Aviation medical examiners who are designated to collect urine specimens were surveyed to collect information and assess attitudes about different aspects of the pre-employment and pre-appointment drug testing program. Fifty-seven percent of the samp...

Oregon Pre-Engineering Learning Outcomes Study: Final Report

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Conley, David T.; Langan, Holly; Veach, Darya; Farkas, Virginia

2007-01-01

The Oregon Pre-engineering Learning Outcomes Project was conducted by the Educational Policy Improvement Center (EPIC) with grant funding from the Engineering and Technology Industry Council (ETIC). The study sought to improve student preparation and success in pre-engineering programs through the development of the Oregon Pre-engineering Learning…

Pre-Demolition Inspections

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

A pre-demolition inspection may be one of the most helpful and cost-efficient steps you can take to identify materials that should (or must) be removed from buildings prior to demolition. In some cases it may be required by regulation.

The pre-B cell receptor: turning autoreactivity into self-defense.

PubMed

Vettermann, Christian; Jäck, Hans-Martin

2010-05-01

The first step in establishing the antibody repertoire in humans and mice is the rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy chain (HC) genes in early B lineage cells. These cells then assemble microHCs with surrogate light chains (SLC) into a pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR). We propose that the pre-BCR has evolved from an ancient autoreactive BCR, since the SLC is an autoreactive entity that binds to the pre-BCR itself and to other self-antigens. Abrogation of autoreactivity in the SLC diminishes pre-BCR signaling and impairs the clonal expansion of pre-B cells producing functional microHCs. Since SLC expression is restricted to pre-B cells, the autoreactivity encoded by the pre-BCR can be utilized to pre-select the antibody repertoire, while simultaneously avoiding the formation of autoreactive B lymphocytes. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

49 CFR 655.41 - Pre-employment drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... employee takes a pre-employment drug test administered under this part with a verified negative result. An...) When a covered employee or applicant has previously failed or refused a pre-employment drug test...-employment drug test administered under this part with a verified negative result. (c) If a pre-employment...

49 CFR 655.41 - Pre-employment drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... employee takes a pre-employment drug test administered under this part with a verified negative result. An...) When a covered employee or applicant has previously failed or refused a pre-employment drug test...-employment drug test administered under this part with a verified negative result. (c) If a pre-employment...

49 CFR 655.41 - Pre-employment drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... employee takes a pre-employment drug test administered under this part with a verified negative result. An...) When a covered employee or applicant has previously failed or refused a pre-employment drug test...-employment drug test administered under this part with a verified negative result. (c) If a pre-employment...

46 CFR 16.210 - Pre-employment testing requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... test for dangerous drugs for that employer. (b) An employer may waive a pre-employment test required... 46 Shipping 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Pre-employment testing requirements. 16.210 Section 16... TESTING Required Chemical Testing § 16.210 Pre-employment testing requirements. (a) No marine employer...

49 CFR 655.41 - Pre-employment drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... employee takes a pre-employment drug test administered under this part with a verified negative result. An...) When a covered employee or applicant has previously failed or refused a pre-employment drug test...-employment drug test administered under this part with a verified negative result. (c) If a pre-employment...

46 CFR 16.210 - Pre-employment testing requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... test for dangerous drugs for that employer. (b) An employer may waive a pre-employment test required... 46 Shipping 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Pre-employment testing requirements. 16.210 Section 16... TESTING Required Chemical Testing § 16.210 Pre-employment testing requirements. (a) No marine employer...

46 CFR 16.210 - Pre-employment testing requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... test for dangerous drugs for that employer. (b) An employer may waive a pre-employment test required... 46 Shipping 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Pre-employment testing requirements. 16.210 Section 16... TESTING Required Chemical Testing § 16.210 Pre-employment testing requirements. (a) No marine employer...

49 CFR 655.41 - Pre-employment drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... employee takes a pre-employment drug test administered under this part with a verified negative result. An...) When a covered employee or applicant has previously failed or refused a pre-employment drug test...-employment drug test administered under this part with a verified negative result. (c) If a pre-employment...

46 CFR 16.210 - Pre-employment testing requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... test for dangerous drugs for that employer. (b) An employer may waive a pre-employment test required... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pre-employment testing requirements. 16.210 Section 16... TESTING Required Chemical Testing § 16.210 Pre-employment testing requirements. (a) No marine employer...

46 CFR 16.210 - Pre-employment testing requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... test for dangerous drugs for that employer. (b) An employer may waive a pre-employment test required... 46 Shipping 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Pre-employment testing requirements. 16.210 Section 16... TESTING Required Chemical Testing § 16.210 Pre-employment testing requirements. (a) No marine employer...

Pre-testing Orientation for the Disadvantaged.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mihalka, Joseph A.

A pre-testing orientation was incorporated into the Work Incentives Program, a pre-vocational program for disadvantaged youth. Test-taking skills were taught in seven and one half hours of instruction and a variety of methods were used to provide a sequential experience with distributed learning, positive reinforcement, and immediate feedback of…

Slovenian Pre-Service Teachers' Prototype Biography

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lipovec, Alenka; Antolin, Darja

2014-01-01

In this article we apply narrative methodology to the study of pre-service elementary teachers' school-time memories connected to mathematics education. In the first phase of our empirical study we asked 214 Slovenian pre-service teachers to write their mathematical autobiographies. On the basis of the mathematical autobiographies we constructed a…

Iron therapy for pre-operative anaemia.

PubMed

Ng, Oliver; Keeler, Barrie D; Mishra, Amitabh; Simpson, Alastair; Neal, Keith; Brookes, Matthew J; Acheson, Austin G

2015-12-22

Pre-operative anaemia is common and occurs in up to 76% of patients. It is associated with increased peri-operative allogeneic blood transfusions, longer hospital lengths of stay and increased morbidity and mortality. Iron deficiency is one of the most common causes of this anaemia. Oral iron therapy has traditionally been used to treat anaemia but newer, safer parenteral iron preparations have been shown to be more effective in other conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, chronic heart failure and post-partum haemorrhage. A limited number of studies look at iron therapy for the treatment of pre-operative anaemia. The aim of this Cochrane review is to summarise the evidence for use of iron supplementation, both enteral and parenteral, for the management of pre-operative anaemia. The objective of this review is to evaluate the effects of pre-operative iron therapy (enteral or parenteral) in reducing the need for allogeneic blood transfusions in anaemic patients undergoing surgery. We ran the search on 25 March 2015. We searched the Cochrane Injuries Group's Specialised Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library), Ovid MEDLINE(R), Ovid MEDLINE(R) In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily and Ovid OLDMEDLINE(R), EMBASE Classic and EMBASE (Ovid), CINAHL Plus (EBSCO), PubMed, clinical trials registries, conference abstracts, and we screened reference lists. We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) which compared pre-operative iron monotherapy to placebo, no treatment, standard of care or another form of iron therapy for anaemic adults undergoing surgery. Anaemia was defined by haemoglobin values less than 13 g/dL for males and 12 g/dL for non-pregnant females. Data were collected by two authors on the proportion of patients who receive a blood transfusion, amount of blood transfused per patient (units) and haemoglobin measured as continuous variables at pre-determined time-points: pre

Pre-stressed/pre-compressed gas turbine nozzle

DOEpatents

Jang, Hoyle; Itzel, Gary Michael; Yu, Yufeng Phillip

2002-01-01

A method of increasing low cycle fatigue life of a turbine nozzle comprising a plurality of stationary airfoils extending between radially inner and outer ring segments comprising a) providing at least one radial passage in each of the plurality of airfoils; b) installing a rod in the radial passage extending between the radially inner and outer ring segments and fixing one end of the rod to one of the inner and outer rings; and c) pre-loading the rod to compress the airfoil between the inner and outer ring segments.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu Yong; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; Liu Fengxiao

Cemented carbides with a functionally graded structure have significantly improved mechanical properties and lifetimes in cutting, drilling and molding. In this work, WC-6 wt.% Co cemented carbides with three-layer graded structure (surface layer rich in WC, mid layer rich in Co and the inner part of the average composition) were prepared by carburizing pre-sintered {eta}-phase-containing cemented carbides. The three-point bending fatigue tests based on the total-life approach were conducted on both WC-6wt%Co functionally graded cemented carbides (FGCC) and conventional WC-6wt%Co cemented carbides. The functionally graded cemented carbide shows a slightly higher fatigue limit ({approx}100 MPa) than the conventional ones undermore » the present testing conditions. However, the fatigue crack nucleation behavior of FGCC is different from that of the conventional ones. The crack nucleates preferentially along the Co-gradient and perpendicular to the tension surface in FGCC, while parallel to the tension surface in conventional cemented carbides.« less

14 CFR § 1260.111 - Pre-award policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Higher Education, Hospitals, and Other Non-Profit Organizations Pre-Award Requirements § 1260.111 Pre-award policies. (a) Use of grants and cooperative agreements, and contracts. In each instance, NASA... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Pre-award policies. § 1260.111 Section Â...

Pre-Service Primary Teachers' Attitudes towards Energy Conservation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tekbiyik, Ahmet; Ipek, Cemalettin

2008-01-01

This study aims to examine the pre-service primary teachers' attitudes towards energy conservation. In order to reach this main aim following research questions are formulated: (1) What are the attitude levels of pre-service primary teachers in terms of energy conservation? (2) Do pre-service primary teachers' attitudes towards energy conservation…

49 CFR 219.501 - Pre-employment drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Pre-Employment Tests § 219.501 Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Pre-employment drug testing. 219.501 Section 219... covered service, unless the employee has been administered a test for drugs with a result that did not...

49 CFR 219.501 - Pre-employment drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Pre-Employment Tests § 219.501 Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Pre-employment drug testing. 219.501 Section 219... covered service, unless the employee has been administered a test for drugs with a result that did not...

49 CFR 219.501 - Pre-employment drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Pre-Employment Tests § 219.501 Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pre-employment drug testing. 219.501 Section 219... covered service, unless the employee has been administered a test for drugs with a result that did not...

49 CFR 219.501 - Pre-employment drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Pre-Employment Tests § 219.501 Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Pre-employment drug testing. 219.501 Section 219... covered service, unless the employee has been administered a test for drugs with a result that did not...

49 CFR 219.501 - Pre-employment drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Pre-Employment Tests § 219.501 Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Pre-employment drug testing. 219.501 Section 219... covered service, unless the employee has been administered a test for drugs with a result that did not...

Pre-Service Teachers' Conceptions of Probability

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Odafe, Victor U.

2011-01-01

Probability knowledge and skills are needed in science and in making daily decisions that are sometimes made under uncertain conditions. Hence, there is the need to ensure that the pre-service teachers of our children are well prepared to teach probability. Pre-service teachers' conceptions of probability are identified, and ways of helping them…

Long-Range Pre-Thermal Time Crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Machado, Francisco; Else, Dominic V.; Nayak, Chetan; Yao, Norman

Driven quantum systems have recently enabled the realization of a discrete time crystal - an intrinsically out-of-equilibrium phase of matter that spontaneously breaks time translation symmetry. One strategy to prevent the drive-induced, runaway heating of the time crystal phase is the presence of strong disorder leading to many-body localization. A simpler disorder-less approach is to work in the pre-thermal regime where time crystalline order can persist to long times, before ultimately being destroyed by thermalization. In this talk, we will consider the interplay between long-range interactions, dimensionality, and pre-thermal time-translation symmetry breaking. As an example, we will consider the phase diagram of a 1D long-range pre-thermal time crystal.

Monitoring Pre-Stressed Composites Using Optical Fibre Sensors.

PubMed

Krishnamurthy, Sriram; Badcock, Rodney A; Machavaram, Venkata R; Fernando, Gerard F

2016-05-28

Residual stresses in fibre reinforced composites can give rise to a number of undesired effects such as loss of dimensional stability and premature fracture. Hence, there is significant merit in developing processing techniques to mitigate the development of residual stresses. However, tracking and quantifying the development of these fabrication-induced stresses in real-time using conventional non-destructive techniques is not straightforward. This article reports on the design and evaluation of a technique for manufacturing pre-stressed composite panels from unidirectional E-glass/epoxy prepregs. Here, the magnitude of the applied pre-stress was monitored using an integrated load-cell. The pre-stressing rig was based on a flat-bed design which enabled autoclave-based processing. A method was developed to end-tab the laminated prepregs prior to pre-stressing. The development of process-induced residual strain was monitored in-situ using embedded optical fibre sensors. Surface-mounted electrical resistance strain gauges were used to measure the strain when the composite was unloaded from the pre-stressing rig at room temperature. Four pre-stress levels were applied prior to processing the laminated preforms in an autoclave. The results showed that the application of a pre-stress of 108 MPa to a unidirectional [0]16 E-glass/913 epoxy preform, reduced the residual strain in the composite from -600 µε (conventional processing without pre-stress) to approximately zero. A good correlation was observed between the data obtained from the surface-mounted electrical resistance strain gauge and the embedded optical fibre sensors. In addition to "neutralising" the residual stresses, superior axial orientation of the reinforcement can be obtained from pre-stressed composites. A subsequent publication will highlight the consequences of pres-stressing on fibre alignment, the tensile, flexural, compressive and fatigue performance of unidirectional E-glass composites.

Monitoring Pre-Stressed Composites Using Optical Fibre Sensors

PubMed Central

Krishnamurthy, Sriram; Badcock, Rodney A.; Machavaram, Venkata R.; Fernando, Gerard F.

2016-01-01

Residual stresses in fibre reinforced composites can give rise to a number of undesired effects such as loss of dimensional stability and premature fracture. Hence, there is significant merit in developing processing techniques to mitigate the development of residual stresses. However, tracking and quantifying the development of these fabrication-induced stresses in real-time using conventional non-destructive techniques is not straightforward. This article reports on the design and evaluation of a technique for manufacturing pre-stressed composite panels from unidirectional E-glass/epoxy prepregs. Here, the magnitude of the applied pre-stress was monitored using an integrated load-cell. The pre-stressing rig was based on a flat-bed design which enabled autoclave-based processing. A method was developed to end-tab the laminated prepregs prior to pre-stressing. The development of process-induced residual strain was monitored in-situ using embedded optical fibre sensors. Surface-mounted electrical resistance strain gauges were used to measure the strain when the composite was unloaded from the pre-stressing rig at room temperature. Four pre-stress levels were applied prior to processing the laminated preforms in an autoclave. The results showed that the application of a pre-stress of 108 MPa to a unidirectional [0]16 E-glass/913 epoxy preform, reduced the residual strain in the composite from −600 µε (conventional processing without pre-stress) to approximately zero. A good correlation was observed between the data obtained from the surface-mounted electrical resistance strain gauge and the embedded optical fibre sensors. In addition to “neutralising” the residual stresses, superior axial orientation of the reinforcement can be obtained from pre-stressed composites. A subsequent publication will highlight the consequences of pres-stressing on fibre alignment, the tensile, flexural, compressive and fatigue performance of unidirectional E-glass composites. PMID

Hepatitis B virus pre-S/S variants in liver diseases.

PubMed

Chen, Bing-Fang

2018-04-14

Chronic hepatitis B is a global health problem. The clinical outcomes of chronic hepatitis B infection include asymptomatic carrier state, chronic hepatitis (CH), liver cirrhosis (LC), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Because of the spontaneous error rate inherent to viral reverse transcriptase, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome evolves during the course of infection under the antiviral pressure of host immunity. The clinical significance of pre-S/S variants has become increasingly recognized in patients with chronic HBV infection. Pre-S/S variants are often identified in hepatitis B carriers with CH, LC, and HCC, which suggests that these naturally occurring pre-S/S variants may contribute to the development of progressive liver damage and hepatocarcinogenesis. This paper reviews the function of the pre-S/S region along with recent findings related to the role of pre-S/S variants in liver diseases. According to the mutation type, five pre-S/S variants have been identified: pre-S deletion, pre-S point mutation, pre-S1 splice variant, C-terminus S point mutation, and pre-S/S nonsense mutation. Their associations with HBV genotype and the possible pathogenesis of pre-S/S variants are discussed. Different pre-S/S variants cause liver diseases through different mechanisms. Most cause the intracellular retention of HBV envelope proteins and induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress, which results in liver diseases. Pre-S/S variants should be routinely determined in HBV carriers to help identify individuals who may be at a high risk of less favorable liver disease progression. Additional investigations are required to explore the molecular mechanisms of the pre-S/S variants involved in the pathogenesis of each stage of liver disease.

10 CFR 609.4 - Submission of Pre-Applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... TECHNOLOGIES § 609.4 Submission of Pre-Applications. In response to a solicitation requesting the submission of... information submitted in or in connection with Pre-Applications will be treated as provided in 10 CFR 600.15... Applicant that attests to the accuracy of the information in the Pre-Application, and that binds the Project...

10 CFR 609.4 - Submission of Pre-Applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... TECHNOLOGIES § 609.4 Submission of Pre-Applications. In response to a solicitation requesting the submission of... information submitted in or in connection with Pre-Applications will be treated as provided in 10 CFR 600.15... Applicant that attests to the accuracy of the information in the Pre-Application, and that binds the Project...

Pre-Service Teachers' Opinions on Teaching Thinking Skills

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Akinoglu, Orhan; Karsantik, Yasemin

2016-01-01

The purpose of the present study is to determine pre-service teachers' opinions on teaching thinking skills. 134 senior pre-service pre-school, English and mathematics teachers studying at a state university in Istanbul participated in the study which is designed based on survey model. A questionnaire which was developed by the researchers was…

Children's Access to Pre-School Education in Bangladesh

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nath, Samir Ranjan; Sylva, Kathy

2007-01-01

Using the "Education Watch" household survey database, this paper explores children's access to pre-school education in Bangladesh. Participation in pre-school education has been increasing in Bangladesh at the rate of 0.6% per year and the net enrolment rate was found to be 13.4% in 2005. Enrolment of over-aged children in pre-school…

The Pre-K Debates: Current Controversies and Issues

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zigler, Edward, Ed.; Gilliam, Walter S., Ed.; Barnett, W. Steven, Ed.

2011-01-01

Targeted or universal pre-K? Direct instruction or learning through play? These and other debates are heating up as more and more young children across the country gain access to pre-K programs. Now there's a single volume that spotlights today's most urgent pre-K debates, explores each one from all sides, and paves the way for sound, educated…

Pre-departure preparation for international clinical work: a handbook.

PubMed

Edwardson, Jill; Owens, Lauren; Moran, Dane; Aluri, James; Kironji, Antony; Chen, Chi Chiung Grace

2015-08-01

International clinical experiences are increasingly popular among medical students, residents, fellows, and practitioners. Adequate pre-departure training is an integral part of a meaningful, productive, and safe international experience. At Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, we have developed a pre-departure handbook to assist practitioners in preparing for global health work. The handbook draws from current global health education literature, existing handbooks, and expert experiences, and includes information about logistical and cultural preparations. While a pre-departure handbook cannot serve as a substitute for a comprehensive pre-departure training program, it can be a useful introduction to the pre-departure process.

Pre-exposure to cocaine or morphine attenuates taste avoidance conditioning in adolescent rats: Drug specificity in the US pre-exposure effect.

PubMed

Clasen, Matthew M; Hempel, Briana J; Riley, Anthony L

2017-05-01

Although the attenuating effects of drug history on conditioned taste avoidance (CTA) learning have been widely investigated in adults, such effects in adolescents have not been well characterized. Recent research has suggested that the display of the drug pre-exposure effect during adolescence may be drug dependent given that pre-exposure to ethanol attenuates subsequent conditioning, whereas pre-exposure to the classic emetic lithium chloride (LiCl) fails to do so. The present study began investigating the possible drug-dependent nature of the effects of drug pre-exposure by pre-exposing and conditioning adolescent male Sprague-Dawley rats to drugs from two additional classes, specifically psychostimulants (cocaine; Experiment 1) and opioids (morphine; Experiment 2). Consistent with prior work with ethanol (but not LiCl), prior exposure to both cocaine and morphine attenuated taste avoidance induced by these compounds. Although this work supports the view of drug-dependent pre-exposure effects on taste avoidance learning during adolescence, research is needed to assess its mechanisms. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Pre-integrated structures for Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cruz, Jonathan N.; Monell, Donald W.; Mutton, Philip; Troutman, Patrick A.

1991-01-01

An in-space construction (erectable) approach to assembling Freedom is planned but the increasing complexity of the station design along with a decrease in shuttle capability over the past several years has led to an assembly sequence that requires more resources (EVA, lift, volume) than the shuttle can provide given a fixed number of flights. One way to address these issues is to adopt a pre-integrated approach to assembling Freedom. A pre-integrated approach combines station primary structure and distributed systems into discrete sections that are assembled and checked out on the ground. The section is then launched as a single structural entity on the shuttle and attached to the orbiting station is then launched as a single structural entity on the shuttle and attached to the orbiting station with a minimum of EVA. The feasibility of a pre-integrated approach to assembling Freedon is discussed. The structural configuration, packaging, and shuttle integration of discrete pre-integrated elements for Freedom assembly are discussed. It is shown that the pre-integrated approach to assembly reduces EVA and increases shuttle margin with respect to mass, volume, and center of gravity limits when compared to the baseline Freedom assembly sequence.

Influence of the aging process on the dealloying activity of an induction salt bath

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simonenko, A. N.

1992-12-01

The process of dealloying of the surface of high-alloy steels in heating in induction salt baths with a graphite crucible is neutralized by the process of carburizing and electrochemical interaction in a high-frequency electromagnetic field.

Early history of the pre-excitation syndrome.

PubMed

Hanon, Sam; Shapiro, Michael; Schweitzer, Paul

2005-01-01

This brief review discusses the interesting early history of the pre-excitation syndrome. In 1913 Cohn and Fraser published the first patient with a short P-R interval, wide QRS complexes, and paroxysmal tachycardia. This was followed by other cases of pre-excitation syndrome, all of which were considered to be due to bundle branch blocks. In 1930 Wolff, Parkinson, and White reported 11 patients with the syndrome, which came to bear their name. Two years later, Holzmann and Scherf suggested bypass tracts as the most likely mechanism of pre-excitation syndrome. In 1942, Wood et al. documented the first accessory connection at autopsy. Despite these early studies supporting the bypass theory, the quest for alternative mechanisms continued until the 1970s when electrophysiological studies and surgical therapy confirmed accessory connections as the mechanism of pre-excitation syndrome.

Areas and Volumes in Pre-Calculus

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jarrett, Joscelyn A.

2008-01-01

This article suggests the introduction of the concepts of areas bounded by plane curves and the volumes of solids of revolution in Pre-calculus. It builds on the basic knowledge that students bring to a pre-calculus class, derives a few more formulas, and gives examples of some problems on plane areas and the volumes of solids of revolution that…

Teaching Pre-Service Teachers about Belonging

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gillies, Ann

2017-01-01

This article describes how a Teacher Educator teaches her university students (pre-service teachers) about belonging; how it feels to belong to a group, why they need to spend their time and energy during the school day working to make K-12 students feel that they belong, what belonging looks like, and how to make it happen in the pre-service…

Short-term high-altitude pre-exposure improves neurobehavioral ability

PubMed Central

Guo, Wenyun; Chen, Guozhu; Qin, Jun; Zhang, Jihang; Guo, Xubin; Yu, Jie; Song, Pan; Lu, Wei; Xu, Baida; Li, Jiabei; Ding, Xiaohan

2016-01-01

This study aims to evaluate the effect of the duration of high-altitude (HA) pre-exposure on human neurobehavioral parameters including mood states and cognitive performance at HA. One hundred and eleven healthy individuals (ranging in age from 18 to 35 years) were recruited to participate in this study. They were divided into two groups: a 4-day short-term HA pre-exposure group (n=57) and a 3-month long-term HA pre-exposure group (n=54). All participants lived in the area at 400 m altitude above sea level before pre-exposure to HA. They were then transported to 3700 m plateau for either a 4-day or a 3-month HA pre-exposure, and finally delivered to 4400 m plateau. On the last day of pre-exposure at 3700 m and on the 10th day at 4400 m, neurobehavioral parameters of the participants in the two groups were evaluated. At the end of pre-exposure and on the 10th day of HA exposure, participants in the short-term group had significantly lower negative mood states, better cognitive performance with higher sensorimotor, attention, and psychomotor abilities, and less acute mountain sickness in comparison with the participants in the long-term pre-exposure group. Our field study with large samples showed that in comparison with 3-month long-term pre-exposure, 4-day short-term HA pre-exposure at 3700 m has a better effect in improving human neurobehavioral parameters including mood states and cognitive performance and reducing acute mountain sickness when exposed to a HA at 4400 m. PMID:26966781

Pre-Hospital Emergency in Iran: A Systematic Review.

PubMed

Bahadori, Mohammadkarim; Ghardashi, Fatemeh; Izadi, Ahmad Reza; Ravangard, Ramin; Mirhashemi, Sedigheh; Hosseini, Seyed Mojtaba

2016-05-01

Pre-hospital care plays a vital role in saving trauma patients. This study aims to review studies conducted on the pre-hospital emergency status in Iran. Data were sourced from Iranian electronic databases, including SID, IranMedex, IranDoc, Magiran, and non-Iranian electronic databases, such as Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Google Scholar. In addition, available data and statistics for the country were used. All Persian-language articles published in Iranian scientific journals and related English-language articles published in Iranian and non-Iranian journals indexed on valid sites for September 2005 - 2014 were systematically reviewed. To review the selected articles, a data extraction form developed by the researchers as per the study's objective was adopted. The articles were examined under two categories: structure and function of pre-hospital emergency. A total of 19 articles were selected, including six descriptive studies (42%), four descriptive-analytical studies (21%), five review articles (16%), two qualitative studies (10.5%), and two interventional (experimental) studies (10.5%). In addition, of these, 14 articles (73.5%) had been published in the English language. The focus of these selected articles were experts (31.5%), bases of emergency medical services (26%), injured (16%), data reviews (16%), and employees (10.5%). A majority of the studies (68%) investigated pre-hospital emergency functions and 32% reviewed the pre-hospital emergency structure. The number of studies conducted on pre-hospital emergency services in Iran is limited. To promote public health, consideration of prevention areas, processes to provide pre-hospital emergency services, policymaking, foresight, systemic view, comprehensive research programs and roadmaps, and assessments of research needs in pre-hospital emergency seem necessary.

Pre-Darcy Flow in Porous Media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dejam, Morteza; Hassanzadeh, Hassan; Chen, Zhangxin

2017-10-01

Fluid flow in porous media is very important in a wide range of science and engineering applications. The entire establishment of fluid flow application in porous media is based on the use of an experimental law proposed by Darcy (1856). There are evidences in the literature that the flow of a fluid in consolidated and unconsolidated porous media does not follow Darcy law at very low fluxes, which is called pre-Darcy flow. In this paper, the unsteady flow regimes of a slightly compressible fluid under the linear and radial pre-Darcy flow conditions are modeled and the corresponding highly nonlinear diffusivity equations are solved analytically by aid of a generalized Boltzmann transformation technique. The influence of pre-Darcy flow on the pressure diffusion for homogeneous porous media is studied in terms of the nonlinear exponent and the threshold pressure gradient. In addition, the pressure gradient, flux, and cumulative production per unit area are compared with the classical solution of the diffusivity equation based on Darcy flow. The presented results advance our understanding of fluid flow in low-permeability media such as shale and tight formations, where pre-Darcy is the dominant flow regime.

Pre-Kindergarten - Pre-Kindergarten - New York City Department of Education

Science.gov Websites

miss the March 30, 2018 application deadline. Read More Pre-K Admissions Overview In free, full-day priority to students who receive Free and Reduced Lunch (FRL), English Language Learners (ELLs), students qualify for Free and Reduced Lunch (FRL) for 67% of offers at every District 1 elementary school for

Pre-operative anaemia.

PubMed

Clevenger, B; Richards, T

2015-01-01

Pre-operative anaemia is a relatively common finding, affecting a third of patients undergoing elective surgery. Traditionally associated with chronic disease, management has historically focused on the use of blood transfusion as a solution for anaemia in the peri-operative period. Data from large series now suggest that anaemia is an independent risk associated with poor outcome in both cardiac and non-cardiac surgery. Furthermore, blood transfusion does not appear to ameliorate this risk, and in fact may increase the risk of postoperative complications and hospital length of stay. Consequently, there is a need to identify, diagnose and manage pre-operative anaemia to reduce surgical risk. Discoveries in the pathways of iron metabolism have found that chronic disease can cause a state of functional iron deficiency leading to anaemia. The key iron regulatory protein hepcidin, activated in response to inflammation, inhibits absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract and further reduces bioavailability of iron stores for red cell production. Consequently, although iron stores (predominantly ferritin) may be normal, the transport of iron either from the gastrointestinal tract or iron stores to the bone marrow is inhibited, leading to a state of 'functional' iron deficiency and subsequent anaemia. Since absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is blocked, increasing oral iron intake is ineffective, and studies are now looking at the role of intravenous iron to treat anaemia in the surgical setting. In this article, we review the incidence and impact of anaemia on the pre-operative patient. We explain how anaemia may be caused by functional iron deficiency, and how iron deficiency anaemia may be diagnosed and treated. © 2014 The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland.

48 CFR 809.106 - Pre-award surveys.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pre-award surveys. 809.106 Section 809.106 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS COMPETITION AND ACQUISITION PLANNING CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATIONS Responsible Prospective Contractors 809.106 Pre-award surveys. ...

48 CFR 809.106 - Pre-award surveys.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Pre-award surveys. 809.106 Section 809.106 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS COMPETITION AND ACQUISITION PLANNING CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATIONS Responsible Prospective Contractors 809.106 Pre-award surveys. ...

48 CFR 809.106 - Pre-award surveys.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Pre-award surveys. 809.106 Section 809.106 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS COMPETITION AND ACQUISITION PLANNING CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATIONS Responsible Prospective Contractors 809.106 Pre-award surveys. ...

48 CFR 809.106 - Pre-award surveys.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Pre-award surveys. 809.106 Section 809.106 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS COMPETITION AND ACQUISITION PLANNING CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATIONS Responsible Prospective Contractors 809.106 Pre-award surveys. ...

48 CFR 809.106 - Pre-award surveys.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Pre-award surveys. 809.106 Section 809.106 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS COMPETITION AND ACQUISITION PLANNING CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATIONS Responsible Prospective Contractors 809.106 Pre-award surveys. ...

14 CFR 413.5 - Pre-application consultation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Pre-application consultation. 413.5 Section 413.5 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION LICENSING LICENSE APPLICATION PROCEDURES § 413.5 Pre-application consultation. A...

14 CFR 414.9 - Pre-application consultation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Pre-application consultation. 414.9 Section 414.9 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION LICENSING SAFETY APPROVALS Application Procedures § 414.9 Pre-application...

40 CFR 791.27 - Pre-hearing preparation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Pre-hearing preparation. 791.27 Section 791.27 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT (CONTINUED) DATA REIMBURSEMENT Hearing Procedures § 791.27 Pre-hearing preparation. (a...

40 CFR 35.6055 - State-lead pre-remedial Cooperative Agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false State-lead pre-remedial Cooperative... for Superfund Response Actions Pre-Remedial Response Cooperative Agreements § 35.6055 State-lead pre-remedial Cooperative Agreements. (a) To receive a State-lead pre-remedial Cooperative Agreement, the...

Pre-Service Teachers' Attitudes, Concerns and Sentiments about Inclusive Education: An International Comparison of Novice Pre-Service Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sharma, Umesh; Forlin, Chris; Loreman, Tim; Earle, Chris

2006-01-01

This study investigates the nature of concerns and attitudes held by pre-service teachers regarding inclusive education and their degree of comfort on interaction with people with disabilities. Pre-service training may be the optimal time to address educators' concerns and alter any negative attitudes about inclusive education. This paper reports…

Pre-melting Behaviour in fcc Metals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pamato, M. G.; Wood, I. G.; Dobson, D. P.; Hunt, S.; Vocadlo, L.

2016-12-01

Although the Earth's core is accepted to be made of an iron-nickel alloy with a few percent of light elements, its exact structure and composition are still unknown. Seismological and mineralogical models in the Earth's inner core do not agree, with mineralogical models derived from ab initiocalculations predicting shear-wave velocities up to 30% greater than seismically observed values. Recent computer simulations revealed that such difference may be explained by a dramatic, non-linear, softening of the elastic constants of Fe prior to melting. Up to date, computer calculations are the only result on pre-melting of direct applicability to the Earth's core and it is essential to systematically investigate such phenomena at inner core pressures and temperatures. Measuring the pressure dependence of pre-melting effects at such conditions and to the required precision is however extremely challenging. Also, pre-melting effects have been observed or suggested to occur in other materials, particularly noble metals, which exhibit large departures from linearity (modulus defects) at elevated temperatures. The aim of this study is to investigate to what extent pre-melting behaviour occurs in the physical properties of other metals at more experimentally tractable conditions. In particular, we report measurements of density and thermal expansion coefficients of both pure and alloyed gold (Au) up to their melting points. Au is an ideal test material since it crystallises in a simple monatomic face-centred structure and has a relatively low melting temperature. Precise measurements of unit cell lattice parameters were performed using a PANalytical X'Pert Pro powder diffractometer, equipped with an incident beam monochromator (giving very high resolution diffraction patterns) and with environmental stages covering the range from 40 K to 1373 K, with a readily achievable temperature resolution of 1K. We will discuss the circumstances under which pre-melting occurs, its

Effect of flowing sodium on corrosion and tensile properties of AISI type 316LN stainless steel at 823 K

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sivai Bharasi, N.; Thyagarajan, K.; Shaikh, H.; Balamurugan, A. K.; Bera, Santanu; Kalavathy, S.; Gurumurthy, K.; Tyagi, A. K.; Dayal, R. K.; Rajan, K. K.; Khatak, H. S.

2008-07-01

AISI type 316LN stainless steel was exposed to flowing sodium in mass transfer loop (MTL) at 823 K for 16 000 h and then examined for changes in the tensile properties due to the mass transfer and corrosion effects. Comparisons in microstructural and mechanical properties were made between annealed, thermally aged and sodium exposed materials. Microstructural examination of thermally aged and sodium exposed materials revealed precipitation of carbides at the grain boundaries. The sodium exposed samples contained a degraded layer at the surface up to a depth of around 10 μm and a surface carburized layer of about 30 μm. There was about 15% increase in yield strength and a decrease of about 20% in ductility for the sodium exposed material vis-a-vis thermally aged material and this was attributed to carburization effects and microstructural changes.

Sandblasting induced stress release and enhanced adhesion strength of diamond films deposited on austenite stainless steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Xiao; Ye, Jiansong; Zhang, Hangcheng; Feng, Tao; Chen, Jianqing; Hu, Xiaojun

2017-08-01

We firstly used sandblasting to treat austenite stainless steel and then deposited a Cr/CrN interlayer by close field unbalanced magnetron sputtering on it. After that, diamond films were prepared on the interlayer. It is found that the sandblasting process induces phase transition from austenite to martensite in the surface region of the stainless steel, which decreases thermal stress in diamond films due to lower thermal expansion coefficient of martensite phase compared with that of austenite phase. The sandblasting also makes stainless steel's surface rough and the Cr/CrN interlayer film inherits the rough surface. This decreases the carburization extent of the interlayer, increases nucleation density and modifies the stress distribution. Due to lower residual stress and small extent of the interlayer's carburization, the diamond film on sandblast treated austenite stainless steel shows enhanced adhesion strength.

48 CFR 832.502 - Pre-award matters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Pre-award matters. 832.502 Section 832.502 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 832.502 Pre-award matters. ...

48 CFR 832.502 - Pre-award matters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Pre-award matters. 832.502 Section 832.502 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 832.502 Pre-award matters. ...

48 CFR 832.502 - Pre-award matters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pre-award matters. 832.502 Section 832.502 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 832.502 Pre-award matters. ...

48 CFR 832.502 - Pre-award matters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Pre-award matters. 832.502 Section 832.502 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 832.502 Pre-award matters. ...

48 CFR 832.502 - Pre-award matters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Pre-award matters. 832.502 Section 832.502 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 832.502 Pre-award matters. ...

40 CFR 791.27 - Pre-hearing preparation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Pre-hearing preparation. 791.27 Section 791.27 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT (CONTINUED) DATA REIMBURSEMENT Hearing Procedures § 791.27 Pre-hearing preparation. (a) Responses...

Methylxanthines do not affect rhythmogenic preBötC inspiratory network activity but impair bursting of preBötC-driven motoneurons.

PubMed

Panaitescu, B; Kuribayashi, J; Ruangkittisakul, A; Leung, V; Iizuka, M; Ballanyi, K

2013-01-01

Clinical stimulation of preterm infant breathing with methylxanthines like caffeine and theophylline can evoke seizures. It is unknown whether underlying neuronal hyperexcitability involves the rhythmogenic inspiratory active pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) in the brainstem or preBötC-driven motor networks. Inspiratory-related preBötC interneuronal plus spinal (cervical/phrenic) or cranial hypoglossal (XII) motoneuronal bursting was studied in newborn rat en bloc brainstem-spinal cords and brainstem slices, respectively. Non-respiratory bursting perturbed inspiratory cervical nerve activity in en bloc models at >0.25mM theophylline or caffeine. Rhythm in the exposed preBötC of transected en bloc preparations was less perturbed by 10mM theophylline than cervical root bursting which was more affected than phrenic nerve activity. In the preBötC of slices, even 10mM methylxanthine did not evoke seizure-like bursting whereas >1mM masked XII rhythm via large amplitude 1-10Hz oscillations. Blocking A-type γ-aminobutyric (GABAA) receptors evoked seizure-like cervical activity whereas in slices neither XII nor preBötC rhythm was disrupted. Methylxanthines (2.5-10mM), but not blockade of adenosine receptors, phosphodiesterase-4 or the sarcoplasmatic/endoplasmatic reticulum ATPase countered inspiratory depression by muscimol-evoked GABAA receptor activation that was associated with a hyperpolarization and input resistance decrease silencing preBötC neurons in slices. The latter blockers did neither affect preBötC or cranial/spinal motor network bursting nor evoke seizure-like activity or mask corresponding methylxanthine-evoked discharges. Our findings show that methylxanthine-evoked hyperexcitability originates from motor networks, leaving preBötC activity largely unaffected, and suggest that GABAA receptors contribute to methylxanthine-evoked seizure-like perturbation of spinal motoneurons whereas non-respiratory XII motoneuron oscillations are of different

Meaningful Investments in Pre-K: Estimating the Per-Child Costs of Quality Programs. Pre-K Now Research Series

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gault, Barbara; Mitchell, Anne W.; Williams, Erica

2008-01-01

Pre-kindergarten programs are expanding in states around the nation. Decades of research on the impact of these programs show that high quality standards produce substantial benefits for children, working families, and communities. As state leaders seek to increase investments in pre-k, they face a number of choices and potential tradeoffs that…

49 CFR 234.261 - Highway traffic signal pre-emption.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Maintenance, Inspection, and Testing Inspections and Tests § 234.261 Highway traffic signal pre-emption. Highway traffic signal pre-emption interconnections, for which a railroad has maintenance responsibility... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Highway traffic signal pre-emption. 234.261...

49 CFR 234.261 - Highway traffic signal pre-emption.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Highway traffic signal pre-emption. 234.261..., AND EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION SYSTEMS Maintenance, Inspection, and Testing Inspections and Tests § 234.261 Highway traffic signal pre-emption. Highway traffic signal pre-emption interconnections, for which...

49 CFR 234.261 - Highway traffic signal pre-emption.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Highway traffic signal pre-emption. 234.261..., AND EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION SYSTEMS Maintenance, Inspection, and Testing Inspections and Tests § 234.261 Highway traffic signal pre-emption. Highway traffic signal pre-emption interconnections, for which...

49 CFR 234.261 - Highway traffic signal pre-emption.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Maintenance, Inspection, and Testing Inspections and Tests § 234.261 Highway traffic signal pre-emption. Highway traffic signal pre-emption interconnections, for which a railroad has maintenance responsibility... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Highway traffic signal pre-emption. 234.261...

49 CFR 234.261 - Highway traffic signal pre-emption.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Highway traffic signal pre-emption. 234.261..., AND EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION SYSTEMS Maintenance, Inspection, and Testing Inspections and Tests § 234.261 Highway traffic signal pre-emption. Highway traffic signal pre-emption interconnections, for which...

Pre-medication and renal pre-conditioning: a role for alprazolam, atropine, morphine and promethazine.

PubMed

Pazoki-Toroudi, Hamid Reza; Ajami, Marjan; Habibey, Rouhollah

2010-04-01

Four pre-medication drugs are used to relieve pain, allay anxiety, reduce secretion and enhance hypnosis, were evaluated for their effects on ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury which is one of the major complications of vascular and transplantation surgery. Right kidney was removed from female rats (210-250 g) 3 weeks before surgical procedure. Different doses of morphine (0.5, 2 and 5 mg/kg), promethazine (1, 2 and 5 mg/kg), atropine (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg) and alprazolam (0.08, 0.32 and 0.64 mg/kg) were administered subcutaneously 30 min before left renal artery occlusion and 6 h reperfusion. Left kidneys were processed for histological evaluations. Creatinine and BUN were measured in serum samples. Morphine, promethazine, atropine and alprazolam at all evaluated doses significantly decreased serum creatinine and BUN levels and histopathological scores. The effects of promethazine (1 mg/kg) and all doses of alprazolam were more potent than other pre-medication drugs and doses. This study suggested a protective effect of these pre-medication drugs on I/R injury. Although obvious studies are required, these findings may lead to effective therapies against I/R injury.

Pre-colonial Ethnic Institutions and Contemporary African Development*

PubMed Central

Michalopoulos, Stelios; Papaioannou, Elias

2013-01-01

We investigate the role of deeply-rooted pre-colonial ethnic institutions in shaping comparative regional development within African countries. We combine information on the spatial distribution of ethnicities before colonization with regional variation in contemporary economic performance, as proxied by satellite images of light density at night. We document a strong association between pre-colonial ethnic political centralization and regional development. This pattern is not driven by differences in local geographic features or by other observable ethnic-specific cultural and economic variables. The strong positive association between pre-colonial political complexity and contemporary development obtains also within pairs of adjacent ethnic homelands with different legacies of pre-colonial political institutions. PMID:25089052

10 CFR 900.4 - Pre-Application mechanism.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Pre-Application mechanism. 900.4 Section 900.4 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY COORDINATION OF FEDERAL AUTHORIZATIONS FOR ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION FACILITIES § 900.4 Pre-Application mechanism. (a) An applicant, or prospective applicant, for a Federal authorization seeking...

45 CFR 618.545 - Pre-employment inquiries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pre-employment inquiries. 618.545 Section 618.545 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION...-employment inquiries. (a) Marital status. A recipient shall not make pre-employment inquiry as to the marital...

40 CFR 304.31 - Pre-hearing conference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Pre-hearing conference. 304.31 Section 304.31 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SUPERFUND, EMERGENCY... CLAIMS Hearings Before the Arbitrator § 304.31 Pre-hearing conference. (a) The Arbitrator and the parties...

46 CFR 169.855 - Pre-underway training.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Pre-underway training. 169.855 Section 169.855 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) NAUTICAL SCHOOLS SAILING SCHOOL VESSELS Operations Tests, Drills, and Inspections § 169.855 Pre-underway training. Prior to getting underway the...

46 CFR 169.855 - Pre-underway training.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Pre-underway training. 169.855 Section 169.855 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) NAUTICAL SCHOOLS SAILING SCHOOL VESSELS Operations Tests, Drills, and Inspections § 169.855 Pre-underway training. Prior to getting underway the...

46 CFR 169.855 - Pre-underway training.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Pre-underway training. 169.855 Section 169.855 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) NAUTICAL SCHOOLS SAILING SCHOOL VESSELS Operations Tests, Drills, and Inspections § 169.855 Pre-underway training. Prior to getting underway the...

46 CFR 169.855 - Pre-underway training.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pre-underway training. 169.855 Section 169.855 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) NAUTICAL SCHOOLS SAILING SCHOOL VESSELS Operations Tests, Drills, and Inspections § 169.855 Pre-underway training. Prior to getting underway the...

46 CFR 169.855 - Pre-underway training.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Pre-underway training. 169.855 Section 169.855 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) NAUTICAL SCHOOLS SAILING SCHOOL VESSELS Operations Tests, Drills, and Inspections § 169.855 Pre-underway training. Prior to getting underway the...

Engineering pre-SUMO4 as efficient substrate of SENP2.

PubMed

Liu, Yan; Kieslich, Chris A; Morikis, Dimitrios; Liao, Jiayu

2014-04-01

SUMOylation, one of the most important protein post-translational modifications, plays critical roles in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. SENP (Sentrin/SUMO-specific protease), a family of SUMO-specific proteases, is responsible for the processing of pre-SUMO and removal of SUMO from conjugated substrates. SUMO4, the latest discovered member in the SUMO family, has been found as a type 1 diabetes susceptibility gene and its maturation is not understood so far. Despite the 14 amino acid differences between pre-SUMO4 and SUMO2, pre-SUMO4 is not processed by SENP2 but pre-SUMO2 does. A novel interdisciplinary approach involving computational modeling and a FRET-based protease assay was taken to engineer pre-SUMO4 as a substrate of SENP2. Given the difference in net charge between pre-SUMO4 and pre-SUMO2, the computational framework analysis of electrostatic similarities of proteins was applied to determine the contribution of each ionizable amino acid in a model of SENP2-(pre-SUMO4) binding, and to propose pre-SUMO4 mutations. The specificities of the SENP2 toward different pre-SUMO4 mutants were determined using a quantitative FRET assay by characterizing the catalytic efficiencies (kcat/KM). A single amino acid mutation made pre-SUMO4 amenable to SENP2 processing and a combination of two amino acid mutations made it highly accessible as SENP2 substrate. The combination of the two approaches provides a powerful protein engineering tool for future SUMOylation studies.

Observations of Pre-Stellar Cores

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tafalla, M.

2005-08-01

Our understanding of the physical and chemical structure of pre-stellar cores, the simplest star-forming sites, has significantly improved since the last IAU Symposium on Astrochemistry (South Korea, 1999). Research done over these years has revealed that major molecular species like CO and CS systematically deplete onto dust grains in the interior of pre-stellar cores, while species like N2H+ and NH3 survive in the gas phase and can usually be detected toward the core centers. Such a selective behavior of molecular species gives rise to a differentiated (onion-like) chemical composition, and manifests itself in molecular maps as a dichotomy between centrally peaked and ring-shaped distributions. From the point of view of star-formation studies, the identification of molecular inhomogeneities in cores helps to resolve past discrepancies between observations made using different tracers, and brings the possibility of self-consistent modelling of the core internal structure. Here I present recent work on determining the physical and chemical structure of two pre-stellar cores, L1498 and L1517B, using observations in a large number of molecules and Monte Carlo radiative transfer analysis. These two cores are typical examples of the pre-stellar core population, and their chemical composition is characterized by the presence of large `freeze out holes' in most molecular species. In contrast with these chemically processed objects, a new population of chemically young cores has begun to emerge. The characteristics of its most extreme representative, L1521E, are briefly reviewed.

The King Pre-Retirement Checklist: Assessing Differences in Pre-Retirement Planning.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zitzow, Darryl; King, Donald N.

In an effort to assess the retirement preparedness of Midwestern populations above the age of 28, the King Pre-Retirement Checklist was administered to a sampling of 458 persons randomly selected and proportionally stratified by geographic location and community size. Factors examined were financial, social, family cohesion, mobility/health,…

Simultaneous reduction and carburization of ilmenite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Coley, K. S.; Terry, B. S.; Grieveson, P.

1995-05-01

Western Australian ilmenite was reduced using “Collie” coal at temperatures in the range 1587 to 1790 K to form carbon-saturated iron and titanium oxycarbide. The oxycarbide phase formed from Ti3O5 at temperatures below 1686 K and from Ti2O3 at temperatures above 1686 K. At 1686 K, both mechanisms occurred. The reaction rate was controlled by oxidation of carbon by carbon dioxide generated by reduction of the oxide phase. The final product at temperatures up to 1686 K was a fine dispersion of titanium oxycarbide in iron. At 1790 K, the reducing oxide tended to remain intact and formed a coarser distribution. In general, manganese impurities from the ilmenite were confined to the iron phase in the product, although some of the coarser oxycarbide particles formed at 1790 K contained trapped manganese at the internal pores.

24 CFR 203.370 - Pre-foreclosure sales.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Pre-foreclosure sales. 203.370...-foreclosure sales. (a) General. HUD will pay FHA insurance benefits to mortgagees in cases where, in accordance with all regulations and procedures applicable to pre-foreclosure sales, the mortgaged property is...

34 CFR 74.11 - Pre-award policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Pre-award policies. 74.11 Section 74.11 Education Office of the Secretary, Department of Education ADMINISTRATION OF GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS WITH INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Pre-Award Requirements § 74.11...

34 CFR 74.11 - Pre-award policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Pre-award policies. 74.11 Section 74.11 Education Office of the Secretary, Department of Education ADMINISTRATION OF GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS WITH INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Pre-Award Requirements § 74.11...

34 CFR 74.11 - Pre-award policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Pre-award policies. 74.11 Section 74.11 Education Office of the Secretary, Department of Education ADMINISTRATION OF GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS WITH INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Pre-Award Requirements § 74.11...

34 CFR 74.11 - Pre-award policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Pre-award policies. 74.11 Section 74.11 Education Office of the Secretary, Department of Education ADMINISTRATION OF GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS WITH INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Pre-Award Requirements § 74.11...

40 CFR 303.32 - Pre-payment offers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Pre-payment offers. 303.32 Section 303.32 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SUPERFUND, EMERGENCY... SUPERFUND Criteria for Payment of Award § 303.32 Pre-payment offers. Prior to the actual payment of an award...

40 CFR 303.32 - Pre-payment offers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Pre-payment offers. 303.32 Section 303.32 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SUPERFUND, EMERGENCY... SUPERFUND Criteria for Payment of Award § 303.32 Pre-payment offers. Prior to the actual payment of an award...

40 CFR 303.32 - Pre-payment offers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Pre-payment offers. 303.32 Section 303.32 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SUPERFUND, EMERGENCY... SUPERFUND Criteria for Payment of Award § 303.32 Pre-payment offers. Prior to the actual payment of an award...

40 CFR 303.32 - Pre-payment offers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Pre-payment offers. 303.32 Section 303.32 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SUPERFUND, EMERGENCY... SUPERFUND Criteria for Payment of Award § 303.32 Pre-payment offers. Prior to the actual payment of an award...

40 CFR 303.32 - Pre-payment offers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Pre-payment offers. 303.32 Section 303.32 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SUPERFUND, EMERGENCY... SUPERFUND Criteria for Payment of Award § 303.32 Pre-payment offers. Prior to the actual payment of an award...

Pre-Retirement Rehearsal Project: A Healthy Retirement.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ellenberg, Donna

This fourth in a series of six packages of instructional materials developed by the Pre-Retirement Rehearsal Project contains a student's pre-retirement booklet specifically intended for adults with limited reading ability and teacher's guide, which consider these topics: dietary requirements, nutrition, facts and fallacies about health, foods and…

Chartering Pre-K: How Natural Synergies between the Charter and Pre-K Movements Can Improve Public Education. Viewpoint

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mead, Sara

2010-01-01

Both the charter school and universal pre-K movements have grown substantially during the past 10 years. Nearly 5,000 charter schools now exist in 40 states and the District of Columbia, serving some 1.6 million students--up from 2,300 schools serving 580,000 students only a decade ago. The growth in state pre-kindergarten enrollments has…

Spark alloying of VK8 and T15K6 hard alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuptsov, S. G.; Fominykh, M. V.; Mukhinov, D. V.; Magomedova, R. S.; Nikonenko, E. A.; Pleshchev, V. P.

2015-08-01

A method is developed to restore the service properties of VK hard alloy plates using preliminary carburizing followed by spark alloying with a VT1-0 alloy. The phase composition is studied as a function of the spark treatment time.

75 FR 45013 - Pre-Existing Condition Insurance Plan Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-30

... provided (an important protection for a program designed to offer coverage to those with a pre-existing... Part II Department of Health and Human Services 45 CFR Part 152 Pre-Existing Condition Insurance... [OCIIO-9995-IFC] RIN 0991-AB71 Pre-Existing Condition Insurance Plan Program AGENCY: Office of Consumer...

Assessing Teacher Dispositions in Pre-Service Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Frederiksen, Heidi; Cooner, Donna; Stevenson, Cerissa

2012-01-01

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a significant difference between the perceived dispositions in pre-service teachers in urban settings versus non-urban settings. It was also the intent of this study to describe the change in perceived dispositions throughout pre-service teachers' internship experiences. Graduate…

Pre-Service Teachers Observations of Experienced Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jenkins, Jayne M.

2014-01-01

Assigning pre-service teachers to observe experienced teachers is a common practice in teacher preparation programs. The purpose of this study was to identify what physical education pre-service teachers observe when watching an experienced teacher. While enrolled in a methods of teaching physical education course and engaged in their second…

An Investigation of School Violence and Pre-Service Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McCaleb, Karen Nykorchuk; Andersen, Amy; Hueston, Harry

2008-01-01

All educators need to be aware of issues regarding school violence. Recent years have shown that violence can happen in a variety of school settings. This study conducted a one-group, pretest-posttest, pre-experimental design to explore pre-service teachers' perceptions regarding school violence. First, pre-service educators were asked to complete…

Punctiform and Polychromatophilic Dominant Pre-Descemet Corneal Dystrophy.

PubMed

Lagrou, Lisa; Midgley, Julian; Romanchuk, Kenneth Gerald

2016-04-01

To describe the slit-lamp appearance and corneal confocal microscopy of autosomal dominant punctiform and polychromatophilic pre-Descemet corneal dystrophy in 3 members of the same family. Slit-lamp examination of a 9-year-old boy showed bilateral polychromatophilic corneal opacities in a pre-Descemet membrane location evenly deposited limbus to limbus, both horizontally and vertically, with an intervening clear cornea. The corneal endothelium was normal on corneal confocal microscopy, with hyperreflective opacities of various sizes located pre-Descemet membrane. Slit-lamp examination of the patient's father and brother revealed identical crystalline deposition in the pre-Descemet corneal stroma. The remainders of the eye examinations were otherwise normal in all 3 individuals, and all were asymptomatic. The general physical examination and laboratory investigations of the patient were all normal, as were the laboratory investigations of the other 2 family members. There was no progression in the corneal findings over 6 months of follow-up. These patients likely illustrate a rare autosomal dominant pre-Descemet crystalline keratopathy that has been reported only once previously.

Evidence for Buried "Pre-Noachian" Crust Pre-Dating the Oldest Observed Surface Units on Mars

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Frey, H. V.; Frey, E. L.; Hartmann, W. K.; Tanaka, K. L. T.

2004-01-01

MOLA gridded data shows clear evidence for Quasi-Circular Depressions not visible on images in Early Noachian (EN) terrain units on Mars. We suggest these are buried impact basins that pre-date the superimposed craters whose high density makes these EN units the oldest visible at the surface of Mars. There is crust older than the oldest visible terrain units on Mars, and these EN units cannot date from 4.6 BYA. These and other Noachian units have similar total (visible + buried) crater retention ages, suggesting a common "pre-Noachian" crustal age OR crater saturation beyond which we cannot see.

Is a pre-analytical process for urinalysis required?

PubMed

Petit, Morgane; Beaudeux, Jean-Louis; Majoux, Sandrine; Hennequin, Carole

2017-10-01

For the reliable urinary measurement of calcium, phosphate and uric acid, a pre-analytical process by adding acid or base to urine samples at laboratory is recommended in order to dissolve precipitated solutes. Several studies on different kind of samples and analysers have previously shown that a such pre-analytical treatment is useless. The objective was to study the necessity of pre-analytical treatment of urine on samples collected using the V-Monovette ® (Sarstedt) system and measured on the analyser Architect C16000 (Abbott Diagnostics). Sixty urinary samples of hospitalized patients were selected (n=30 for calcium and phosphate, and n=30 for uric acid). After acidification of urine samples for measurement of calcium and phosphate, and alkalinisation for measurement of uric acid respectively, differences between results before and after the pre-analytical treatment were compared to acceptable limits recommended by the French society of clinical biology (SFBC). No difference in concentration between before and after pre-analytical treatment of urine samples exceeded acceptable limits from SFBC for measurement of calcium and uric acid. For phosphate, only one sample exceeded these acceptable limits, showing a result paradoxically lower after acidification. In conclusion, in agreement with previous study, our results show that acidification or alkalinisation of urine samples from 24 h urines or from urination is not a pre-analytical necessity for measurement of calcium, phosphate and uric acid.

14 CFR 437.89 - Pre-flight reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Pre-flight reporting. 437.89 Section 437.89... TRANSPORTATION LICENSING EXPERIMENTAL PERMITS Terms and Conditions of an Experimental Permit § 437.89 Pre-flight reporting. (a) Not later than 30 days before each flight or series of flights conducted under an...

14 CFR 437.89 - Pre-flight reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Pre-flight reporting. 437.89 Section 437.89... TRANSPORTATION LICENSING EXPERIMENTAL PERMITS Terms and Conditions of an Experimental Permit § 437.89 Pre-flight reporting. (a) Not later than 30 days before each flight or series of flights conducted under an...

14 CFR 437.89 - Pre-flight reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Pre-flight reporting. 437.89 Section 437.89... TRANSPORTATION LICENSING EXPERIMENTAL PERMITS Terms and Conditions of an Experimental Permit § 437.89 Pre-flight reporting. (a) Not later than 30 days before each flight or series of flights conducted under an...

14 CFR 437.89 - Pre-flight reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Pre-flight reporting. 437.89 Section 437.89... TRANSPORTATION LICENSING EXPERIMENTAL PERMITS Terms and Conditions of an Experimental Permit § 437.89 Pre-flight reporting. (a) Not later than 30 days before each flight or series of flights conducted under an...

Judicial Communication Theory for Pre-Law Students.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Forston, Robert F.

In explaining the pre-law recruitment campaign and curriculum plans of the Speech Communication Department at Drake University, this paper places emphasis on the department's broader eclectic approach to human behavior and communication theory as it relates to law and other aspects of life. The curriculum for the pre-law communication major is…

28 CFR 345.81 - Pre-industrial training.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... training is available and the worker has not completed both the skill training and orientation phases of... pre-industrial training is not available, new FPI assignees will receive on-the-job training in pre-industrial pay status for a period of at least 30 days before being promoted into available fourth grade jobs. ...

43 CFR 12.911 - Pre-award policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pre-award policies. 12.911 Section 12.911 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior ADMINISTRATIVE AND AUDIT REQUIREMENTS AND... Requirements § 12.911 Pre-award policies. (a) Use of Grants and Cooperative Agreements, and Contracts. In each...

43 CFR 12.911 - Pre-award policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Pre-award policies. 12.911 Section 12.911 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior ADMINISTRATIVE AND AUDIT REQUIREMENTS AND... Requirements § 12.911 Pre-award policies. (a) Use of Grants and Cooperative Agreements, and Contracts. In each...

34 CFR 32.3 - Pre-offset notice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Pre-offset notice. 32.3 Section 32.3 Education Office of the Secretary, Department of Education SALARY OFFSET TO RECOVER OVERPAYMENTS OF PAY OR ALLOWANCES FROM DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION EMPLOYEES § 32.3 Pre-offset notice. At least 30 days before initiating a...

49 CFR 663.25 - Pre-award Buy America certification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pre-award Buy America certification. 663.25...-Award Audits § 663.25 Pre-award Buy America certification. For purposes of this part, a pre-award Buy America certification is a certification that the recipient keeps on file that— (a) There is a letter from...

49 CFR 663.25 - Pre-award Buy America certification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Pre-award Buy America certification. 663.25...-Award Audits § 663.25 Pre-award Buy America certification. For purposes of this part, a pre-award Buy America certification is a certification that the recipient keeps on file that— (a) There is a letter from...

49 CFR 663.25 - Pre-award Buy America certification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Pre-award Buy America certification. 663.25...-Award Audits § 663.25 Pre-award Buy America certification. For purposes of this part, a pre-award Buy America certification is a certification that the recipient keeps on file that— (a) There is a letter from...

49 CFR 663.25 - Pre-award Buy America certification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Pre-award Buy America certification. 663.25...-Award Audits § 663.25 Pre-award Buy America certification. For purposes of this part, a pre-award Buy America certification is a certification that the recipient keeps on file that— (a) There is a letter from...

49 CFR 663.25 - Pre-award Buy America certification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Pre-award Buy America certification. 663.25...-Award Audits § 663.25 Pre-award Buy America certification. For purposes of this part, a pre-award Buy America certification is a certification that the recipient keeps on file that— (a) There is a letter from...

preAssemble: a tool for automatic sequencer trace data processing.

PubMed

Adzhubei, Alexei A; Laerdahl, Jon K; Vlasova, Anna V

2006-01-17

Trace or chromatogram files (raw data) are produced by automatic nucleic acid sequencing equipment or sequencers. Each file contains information which can be interpreted by specialised software to reveal the sequence (base calling). This is done by the sequencer proprietary software or publicly available programs. Depending on the size of a sequencing project the number of trace files can vary from just a few to thousands of files. Sequencing quality assessment on various criteria is important at the stage preceding clustering and contig assembly. Two major publicly available packages--Phred and Staden are used by preAssemble to perform sequence quality processing. The preAssemble pre-assembly sequence processing pipeline has been developed for small to large scale automatic processing of DNA sequencer chromatogram (trace) data. The Staden Package Pregap4 module and base-calling program Phred are utilized in the pipeline, which produces detailed and self-explanatory output that can be displayed with a web browser. preAssemble can be used successfully with very little previous experience, however options for parameter tuning are provided for advanced users. preAssemble runs under UNIX and LINUX operating systems. It is available for downloading and will run as stand-alone software. It can also be accessed on the Norwegian Salmon Genome Project web site where preAssemble jobs can be run on the project server. preAssemble is a tool allowing to perform quality assessment of sequences generated by automatic sequencing equipment. preAssemble is flexible since both interactive jobs on the preAssemble server and the stand alone downloadable version are available. Virtually no previous experience is necessary to run a default preAssemble job, on the other hand options for parameter tuning are provided. Consequently preAssemble can be used as efficiently for just several trace files as for large scale sequence processing.

Modeling and design of a pre-stressed piezoelectric stack actuator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiang, Shiping; Cheng, Lei

2017-07-01

To provide a method for designing a pre-stressed PSA with high-performance, it is very meaningful to model the dynamic characteristics of the pre-stressed PSA accurately. A novel model, which considers both the electric side and the mechanical side of the PSA as distributed systems, is put forward to describe the dynamics characteristics of the PSA and the pre-stressed PSA. The role of the pre-stressed mechanism is derived and analyzed by extended transfer matrix method, and then the principle of design of the pre-stressed mechanism is obtained. The theoretical analysis is in accordance with the experimental results.

Pre-Service Science and Mathematics Teachers' Thoughts about Technology

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Aran, Özge Can; Derman, Ipek; Yagci, Esed

2016-01-01

This study aims to investigate pre-service teachers' opinions about the technology. In this respect, the opinions of pre-service science and mathematics teachers were taken. The study was carried out at a university, located in the capital of Turkey. The data were collected from 20 pre-service teachers in the department of secondary school science…

Turning on the Lights: What Pre-Assessments Can Do

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hockett, Jessica A.; Doubet, Kristina J.

2014-01-01

Pre-assessment has a bad reputation, write Hockett and Doubet--but that's largely because it's often misused solely to compare pre- and post-results. Used this way, pre-assessment serves as little more than a thief of instruction and a discouraging exercise for students. The authors describe how teachers can design thoughtful…

Vascular corrosion casting of normal and pre-eclamptic placentas.

PubMed

Yin, Geping; Chen, Ming; Li, Juan; Zhao, Xiaoli; Yang, Shujun; Li, Xiuyun; Yuan, Zheng; Wu, Aifang

2017-12-01

Pre-eclampsia is an important cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality that is associated with decreased placental perfusion. In the present study, vascular corrosion casting was used to investigate the differences in structural changes of the fetoplacental vasculature between normal and pre-eclamptic placentas. An improved epoxy resin vascular casting technique was used in the present study. Casting media were infused into 40 normal and 40 pre-eclamptic placentas through umbilical arteries and veins in order to construct three dimensional fetoplacental vasculatures. The number of branches, diameter, morphology and peripheral artery-to-vein ratio were measured for each specimen. The results indicated that the venous system of normal placentas was divided into 5-7 grades of branches and the volume of the vascular bed was 155.5±45.3 ml. In severe pre-eclamptic placentas, the volume was 106.4±36.1 ml, which was significantly lower compared with normal placentas (P<0.01). The venous system of pre-eclamptic placentas was divided into 4-5 grades of branches, which was much more sparse compared with normal placentas. In additions, the diameters of grade 1-3 veins and grade 2-3 arteries were significantly smaller in severe pre-eclampsia (P<0.05). In conclusion, pre-eclamptic placentas displayed a decreased volume of vascular bed, smaller diameters of grade 1-3 veins and grade 2-3 arteries, and an increased peripheral artery-to-vein ratio, which may be a cause of the placental dysfunction during severe pre-eclampsia.

[Pre-randomisation in study designs: getting past the taboo].

PubMed

Schellings, R; Kessels, A G; Sturmans, F

2008-09-20

In October 2006 the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport announced that the use of pre-randomisation in study designs is admissible and not in conflict with the Dutch Medical Research in Human Subjects Act. With pre-randomisation, the conventional sequence of obtaining informed consent followed by randomisation is reversed. According to the original pre-randomisation design (Zelen design), participants are randomised before they are asked to consent; after randomisation, only participants in the experimental group are asked to consent to treatment and effect measurement. In the past, pre-randomisation has seldom been used, and when it was, it was often under the wrong circumstances. Awareness regarding the ethical, legal and methodological objections to pre-randomisation is increasing. About a decade ago, we illustrated the applicability and acceptability of pre-randomisation by means of a fictitious heroin provision trial. In general, pre-randomisation is justified if valid evaluation of the effects of an intervention is impossible using a conventional randomised design, e.g., if knowledge of the intervention may lead to non-compliance or drop-out in the control group, or when the intervention is an educational programme. Other requirements for pre-randomisation include the following: the study has a clinically relevant objective, it is likely that the study will lead to important new insights, the informed consent procedure bears no potential harm to participants, at least standard care is offered to participants in the control group, and the approval of an independent research ethics committee is obtained.

Decision making about pre-medication to children.

PubMed

Proczkowska-Björklund, M; Runeson, I; Gustafsson, P A; Svedin, C G

2008-11-01

Inviting the child to participate in medical decisions regarding common medical procedures might influence the child's behaviour during the procedures. We wanted to study nurse decision-making communication regarding pre-medication before ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgery. In total, 102 children (3-6 years) signed for ENT surgery were video-filmed during the pre-medication process. The nurse decision-making communication was identified, transcribed and grouped in six main categories dependent on the level of participation (self-determination, compromise, negotiation, questioning, information, lack of communication). Associations between child factors (age, gender, verbal communication and non-verbal communication) and different nurse decision-making communication were studied. Associations between the decision-making communication and verbal hesitation and/or the child's compliance in taking pre-medication were also studied. Totally, information was the most frequently used category of decision making communication followed by negotiation and questioning. To the children showing signs of shyness, the nurse used more negotiation, questions and self-determination communication and less information. The nurse used more compromise, negotiation and gave less information to children with less compliance. No specific type of nurse decision-making communication was associated with verbal hesitation. The most important predictors for verbal hesitation were none or hesitant eye contact with nurse (OR = 4.5) and placement nearby or in parent's lap (OR = 4.7). Predictors for less compliance in taking pre-medication were verbal hesitation from the child (OR = 22.7) and children who did not give any verbal answer to nurse initial questions (OR = 5.5). Decision-making communication could not predict the child's compliance during pre-medication. Although negotiation, questioning and self-determination communication were associated with more unwillingness to take pre

49 CFR 199.219 - Pre-duty use.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Prevention Program § 199.219 Pre-duty use. Each operator shall prohibit a covered employee from using alcohol within four hours prior to performing covered functions, or, if an employee is called to duty to respond... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Pre-duty use. 199.219 Section 199.219...

49 CFR 199.219 - Pre-duty use.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Prevention Program § 199.219 Pre-duty use. Each operator shall prohibit a covered employee from using alcohol within four hours prior to performing covered functions, or, if an employee is called to duty to respond... 49 Transportation 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pre-duty use. 199.219 Section 199.219...

ELL School Readiness and Pre-Kindergarten Care

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gottfried, Michael A.

2017-01-01

The increased utilization of non-parental pre-kindergarten care has spurred interest by both researchers and policy makers as to what types of care might be effective at boosting school readiness. Under-developed in the research has been an assessment of the influence of pre-kindergarten care on school readiness for English Language Learners…

34 CFR 31.3 - Pre-offset notice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Pre-offset notice. 31.3 Section 31.3 Education Office of the Secretary, Department of Education SALARY OFFSET FOR FEDERAL EMPLOYEES WHO ARE INDEBTED TO THE UNITED STATES UNDER PROGRAMS ADMINISTERED BY THE SECRETARY OF EDUCATION § 31.3 Pre-offset notice. (a) At...

40 CFR 89.406 - Pre-test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Pre-test procedures. 89.406 Section 89...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES Exhaust Emission Test Procedures § 89.406 Pre-test procedures. (a) Allow a minimum of 30 minutes warmup in the standby or operating...

40 CFR 89.406 - Pre-test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Pre-test procedures. 89.406 Section 89...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES Exhaust Emission Test Procedures § 89.406 Pre-test procedures. (a) Allow a minimum of 30 minutes warmup in the standby or operating...

40 CFR 89.406 - Pre-test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Pre-test procedures. 89.406 Section 89...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES Exhaust Emission Test Procedures § 89.406 Pre-test procedures. (a) Allow a minimum of 30 minutes warmup in the standby or operating...

40 CFR 89.406 - Pre-test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Pre-test procedures. 89.406 Section 89...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES Exhaust Emission Test Procedures § 89.406 Pre-test procedures. (a) Allow a minimum of 30 minutes warmup in the standby or operating...

40 CFR 89.406 - Pre-test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2014-07-01 2013-07-01 true Pre-test procedures. 89.406 Section 89...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES Exhaust Emission Test Procedures § 89.406 Pre-test procedures. (a) Allow a minimum of 30 minutes warmup in the standby or operating...

Investigation of Pre-Service Teachers' Communication Skills

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kana, Fatih

2015-01-01

The purpose of this study is to determine the levels of Turkish language pre-service teachers' communication skills. Descriptive survey model was used in this study. 218 pre-service Turkish language teachers, who are studying at Department of Turkish Language Teaching at a university in the west of Turkey, participated in the study. Criterion…

Pre-activation of aerosol particles by ice preserved in pores

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marcolli, Claudia

2017-02-01

Pre-activation denotes the capability of particles or materials to nucleate ice at lower relative humidities or higher temperatures compared to their intrinsic ice nucleation efficiency after having experienced an ice nucleation event or low temperature before. This review presumes that ice preserved in pores is responsible for pre-activation and analyses pre-activation under this presumption. Idealized trajectories of air parcels are used to discuss the pore characteristics needed for ice to persist in pores and to induce macroscopic ice growth out of the pores. The pore width needed to keep pores filled with water decreases with decreasing relative humidity as described by the inverse Kelvin equation. Thus, narrow pores remain filled with ice well below ice saturation. However, the smaller the pore width, the larger the melting and freezing point depressions within the pores. Therefore, pre-activation due to pore ice is constrained by the melting of ice in narrow pores and the sublimation of ice from wide pores imposing restrictions on the temperature and relative humidity range of pre-activation for cylindrical pores. Ice is better protected in ink-bottle-shaped pores with a narrow opening leading to a large cavity. However, whether pre-activation is efficient also depends on the capability of ice to grow macroscopically, i.e. out of the pore. A strong effect of pre-activation is expected for swelling pores, because at low relative humidity (RH) their openings narrow and protect the ice within them against sublimation. At high relative humidities, they open up and the ice can grow to macroscopic size and form an ice crystal. Similarly, ice protected in pockets is perfectly sheltered against sublimation but needs the dissolution of the surrounding matrix to be effective. Pores partially filled with condensable material may also show pre-activation. In this case, complete filling occurs at lower RH than for empty pores and freezing shifts to lower temperatures.Pre

CO + H/sub 2/ reaction over nitrogen-modified iron catalysts. Quarterly technical progress report, October 1, 1983-December 30, 1983. [Denitriding of iron nitrides in both hydrogen and helium

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Delgass, W.N.

1984-02-01

The synthesis of epsilon-Fe/sub 2.7/N is confirmed by Moessbauer spectroscopy. Carburization of epsilon-iron nitride for 2.5 hours in 3H/sub 2//CO at 523 K starts the formation of a bulk structure similar to that seen during ..gamma..'-iron nitride carburization. Reaction of ..gamma..'-Fe/sub 4/N in 3CO/H/sub 2/ synthesis gas at 523 K shows a better bulk stability than reaction in 3H/sub 2//CO. Kinetic analysis of the product distribution at the higher CO ratio confirms greater activity and selectivity maintainance. The kinetics of denitriding in both He and H/sub 2/ was studied with a mass spectrometer. Extremely rapid nitrogen loss was observed frommore » both ..gamma..'-Fe/sub 4/N and epsilon-Fe/sub 2.7/N catalysts in H/sub 2/ at 523 K. In both cases a initial exposure to H/sub 2/ produced a significant amount of NH/sub 3/ which we ascribe to an active surface species. Hydrogenation of the bulk continued with a slow rise to a maximum about 90 seconds after the introduction of H/sub 2/. The denitriding activity of the epsilon-Fe/sub 2.7/N catalyst was significantly higher than that of the ..gamma..'-Fe/sub 4/N catalyst. In contrast, the denitriding rate of epsilon-Fe/sub 2.7/N in He was significantly slower than that in H/sub 2/ until high temperatures (773K) were reached. An overall activation energy of 41.5 kcal/mol was obtained for this process. Comparison of the denitriding rate of virgin epsilon-Fe/sub 2.7/N in H/sub 2/ with that of the same nitride after five minutes of carburization during the hydrocarbon synthesis reaction indicates large differences in the overall rate. The carburized nitride was some 300 times less active to bulk hydrogenation than the virgin catalyst, which is indicative of significant changes in the first few layers of the nitride during the initial minutes of the synthesis reaction. 17 references, 5 figures.« less

Organ donation and pre-emptive kidney transplantation: ethical issues.

PubMed

Petrini, C

2013-01-01

There is considerable evidence that pre-emptive transplants have several clinical advantages. However, pre-emptive transplants raise a number of ethical issues. Pre-emptive transplants from living donors offer distinctly greater benefits than those from deceased donors and some pre-emptive transplantation programmes actively encourage living organ donations. Moreover, the offer of a pre-emptive transplant to a patient who is not yet on dialysis unquestionably penalises patients already on dialysis who may have been on the waiting list for a long time. Therefore preemptive transplants give rise to conflicts between justice and utility. Several factors should be considered: health conditions, clinical urgency, probability of imminent worsening of a patient's clinical condition, the future chances of finding a matching organ, and others. From the various values at stake, ethical issues are analysed in search of an acceptable synthesis.

49 CFR 655.33 - Pre-duty use.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... acknowledge the use of alcohol at the time he or she is called to report to duty and the inability to perform... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Pre-duty use. 655.33 Section 655.33 Transportation... § 655.33 Pre-duty use. (a) General. Each employer shall prohibit a covered employee from using alcohol...

49 CFR 655.33 - Pre-duty use.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... acknowledge the use of alcohol at the time he or she is called to report to duty and the inability to perform... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pre-duty use. 655.33 Section 655.33 Transportation... § 655.33 Pre-duty use. (a) General. Each employer shall prohibit a covered employee from using alcohol...

Pre-Employment Course: A Partnership for Success?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pepper, Ian K.; McGrath, Ruth

2010-01-01

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the benefits of pre-employment education and training and its impact on the students' choice of career paths. It focuses on a programme delivered in partnership between Teesside University and a North East Police Force, and provides a model for future pre-employment education and training.…

Promoting Diversity in STEM through Active Recruiting and Mentoring: The Pre-Major in Astronomy Program (Pre-MAP) at the University of Washington

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schwieterman, Edward; Binder, Breanna; Tremmel, Michael; Garofali, Kristen; Agol, Eric; Meadows, Victoria

2015-11-01

The Pre-Major in Astronomy Program (Pre-MAP) is a research and mentoring program for underclassmen and transfer students offered by the University of Washington Astronomy Department since 2005. The primary goal of Pre-MAP is to recruit and retain students from groups traditionally underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) through early exposure to research. The Pre-MAP seminar is the core component of the program and offers instruction in computing skills, data manipulation, science writing, statistical analysis, and scientific speaking and presentation skills. Students choose research projects proposed by faculty, post-docs and graduate students in areas related to astrophysics, planetary science, and astrobiology. Pre-MAP has been successful in retaining underrepresented students in STEM fields relative to the broader UW population, and we've found these students are more likely to graduate and excel academically than their peers. As of spring 2015, more than one hundred students have taken the Pre-MAP seminar, and both internal and external evaluations have shown that all groups of participating students report an increased interest in astronomy and science careers at the end of the seminar. Several former Pre-MAP students have obtained or are pursuing doctoral and master’s degrees in STEM fields; many more work at NASA centers, teaching colleges, or as engineers or data analysts. Pre- MAP student research has produced dozens of publications in peer-reviewed research journals. This talk will provide an overview of the program: the structure of the seminar, examples of projects completed by students, cohort-building activities outside the seminar, funding sources, recruitment strategies, and the aggregate demographic and achievement data of our students. It is our hope that similar programs may be adopted successfully at other institutions.

Gaseous modification of MCrAlY coatings

DOEpatents

Vance, Steven J.; Goedjen, John G.; Sabol, Stephen M.; Sloan, Kelly M.

2000-01-01

The present invention generally describes methods for modifying MCrAlY coatings by using gaseous carburization, gaseous nitriding or gaseous carbonitriding. The modified MCrAlY coatings are useful in thermal barrier coating systems, which may be used in gas turbine engines.

Cold forging and chemical heat treatment of the casing of the internal joint for VAZ cars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arzamastsev, V. A.; Sardaev, N. L.; Kochergin, A. S.

1996-11-01

The technological process of cold forging applied for the first time in the production of the casing of the internal joint with races is described. The process operations of cold forging and the annealing and carburizing regimes for this part me described.

Fixation of compressive deformation in wood by pre-steaming

Treesearch

M. Inoue; N. Sekino; T. Morooka; R.M. Rowell; M. Norimoto

2008-01-01

Wood block specimens pre-steamed at 120-220 °C for 5-20 min were compressed in the radial direction. The recovery of set decreased with increasing pre-steaming temperature and time. The reduction of set recovery correlated with the amount of weight loss in steaming irrespective of pre-steaming temperature and time. The weight loss for the highest level of...

Pre-produsage and the remediation of virtual products

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Skågeby, Jörgen

2011-04-01

This paper introduces and explores cycles of pre-produsage and produsage. It reports on the results from an online ethnographical study of the Apple iPad conducted before the public release of the material product. Consequently, most users had not physically interacted with the device in question. Nevertheless, the release of the technical specifications and marketing material generated a massive amount of produsage-related online discussion. As such this paper explores the concept of pre-produsage. Pre-produsage is a form of predicted or expected use, relating to products or services that are only accessible to users as a form of representation (e.g. technical specification, virtual prototype, and design sketch), but with an added element of user-generated design suggestions, conflict coordination, and software development. Remediation-the process by which new digital media technologies reuses qualities of previous technologies and enters an existing media ecology-is a prevalent theme in pre-produsage and involves a tension between features that support protracted use and features that provide total innovation. The paper argues that an analysis of pre-produsage can provide insights that relate to both anticipated and actual user experience (UX). More specifically, pre-produsage analysis can trace the underlying reasons for a certain problem, intention, or concern and connect it to a specific set of features and potential solutions. Finally, the paper shows how proprietary products become subject to produsage, resulting in artifacts negotiated by cycles of produsage.

Pre-study feasibility and identifying sensitivity analyses for protocol pre-specification in comparative effectiveness research.

PubMed

Girman, Cynthia J; Faries, Douglas; Ryan, Patrick; Rotelli, Matt; Belger, Mark; Binkowitz, Bruce; O'Neill, Robert

2014-05-01

The use of healthcare databases for comparative effectiveness research (CER) is increasing exponentially despite its challenges. Researchers must understand their data source and whether outcomes, exposures and confounding factors are captured sufficiently to address the research question. They must also assess whether bias and confounding can be adequately minimized. Many study design characteristics may impact on the results; however, minimal if any sensitivity analyses are typically conducted, and those performed are post hoc. We propose pre-study steps for CER feasibility assessment and to identify sensitivity analyses that might be most important to pre-specify to help ensure that CER produces valid interpretable results.

Influence of nitrogen as grain refiner in low carbon and microalloyed steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hasan, B. M.; Sathyamurthy, P.

2018-02-01

Microalloyed steel is replacing using of low alloy steel in automotive industry. Microalloying elements like vanadium, niobium and titanium are used to enhance the steel property. The current work is focused on using nitrogen as a strengthening element in existing steel grade. Nitrogen in free form acts as solid solution strengthener and in combined form as precipitates acts as grain refiner for enhancing strength. The problem of grain coarsening at high temperature in case carburizing steel was avoided by increasing nitrogen level from 60ppm to 200ppm. Grain size of ASTM no 10 is obtained at carburizing temperature of 950 °C by increasing nitrogen content from grain size no 6 with lower nitrogen. Mostly crankshaft is made from Cr-Mo alloyed steel. At JSW, nitrogen in the level of 130-200ppm is added to medium carbon steel to meet property requirement for crankshaft application

Influence of Carbon interstitials to Ti1-xMexN (Me = Zr, Al, Cr) coatings by pulsed laser ablation on wear resistance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jeon, Seol; Hong, Eunpyo; Kwon, Se-Hun; Lee, Heesoo

2018-06-01

The wear resistance of Ti1-xMexN (Me = Zr, Al, Cr) coatings by the laser carburization process was investigated in terms of local atomic structural changes. The repeated pulsed laser ablation was performed to the Ti1-xMexN coating surfaces after Graphite paste was covered. The friction coefficients of the coating specimens were decreased from ∼0.7 to 0.2, and the formation of cracks and debris was suppressed by implementing the laser ablation process. ToF-SIMS depth profiles showed that the laser carburization helps Carbon penetrate into the coating layer as deep as ∼20 nm below its surface. XPS and XAFS analyses revealed that the improvement of the wear resistance of the coatings was achieved not by formation of TiC or ZrC lattices on the coatings surfaces but by Carbon interstitials to the Ti1-xMexN lattices.

LIF supports primitive endoderm expansion during pre-implantation development.

PubMed

Morgani, Sophie M; Brickman, Joshua M

2015-10-15

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent cell lines that can be maintained indefinitely in an early developmental state. ESC culture conditions almost always require the cytokine LIF to maintain self-renewal. As ESCs are not homogeneous but contain multiple populations reminiscent of the blastocyst, identifying the target cells of LIF is necessary to understand the propagation of pluripotency. We recently found that LIF acts under self-renewing conditions to stimulate the fraction of ESCs that express extraembryonic markers, but has little impact on pluripotent gene expression. Here, we report that LIF has two distinct roles: it blocks early epiblast (Epi) differentiation, and it supports the expansion of primitive endoderm (PrE)-primed ESCs and PrE in vivo. We find that activation of JAK/STAT signalling downstream of LIF occurs initially throughout the pre-implantation embryo, but later marks the PrE. Moreover, the addition of LIF to cultured embryos increases the GATA6(+) PrE population, whereas inhibition of JAK/STAT signalling reduces both NANOG(+) epiblast and GATA6(+) PrE. The reduction of the NANOG(+) Epi might be explained by its precocious differentiation to later Epi derivatives, whereas the increase in PrE is mediated both by an increase in proliferation and inhibition of PrE apoptosis that is normally triggered in embryos with an excess of GATA6(+) cells. Thus, it appears that the relative size of the PrE is determined by the number of LIF-producing cells in the embryo. This suggests a mechanism by which the embryo adjusts the relative ratio of the primary lineages in response to experimental manipulation. © 2015. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.

Impact of Pre-adapted HIV Transmission

PubMed Central

Carlson, Jonathan M.; Du, Victor Y.; Pfeifer, Nico; Bansal, Anju; Tan, Vincent Y.F.; Power, Karen; Brumme, Chanson J.; Kreimer, Anat; DeZiel, Charles E.; Fusi, Nicolo; Schaefer, Malinda; Brockman, Mark A.; Gilmour, Jill; Price, Matt A.; Kilembe, William; Haubrich, Richard; John, Mina; Mallal, Simon; Shapiro, Roger; Frater, John; Harrigan, P. Richard; Ndung’u, Thumbi; Allen, Susan; Heckerman, David; Sidney, John; Allen, Todd M.; Goulder, Philip J.R.; Brumme, Zabrina L.; Hunter, Eric; Goepfert, Paul A.

2016-01-01

Human Leukocyte Antigen class I (HLA) restricted CD8+ T lymphocyte (CTL) responses are critical to HIV-1 control. Although HIV can evade these responses, the longer-term impact of viral escape mutants remains unclear, since these variants can also reduce intrinsic viral fitness. To address this question, we here develop a metric to determine the degree of HIV adaptation to an HLA profile. We demonstrate that transmission of viruses pre-adapted to the HLA molecules expressed in the recipient is associated with impaired immunogenicity, elevated viral load and accelerated CD4 decline. Furthermore, the extent of pre-adaptation among circulating viruses explains much of the variation in outcomes attributed to expression of certain HLA alleles. Thus, viral pre-adaptation exploits “holes” in the immune response. Accounting for these holes may be critical for vaccine strategies seeking to elicit functional responses from viral variants, and to HIV cure strategies requiring broad CTL responses to achieve successful eradication of HIV reservoirs. PMID:27183217

Spontaneous bending of pre-stretched bilayers.

PubMed

DeSimone, Antonio

2018-01-01

We discuss spontaneously bent configurations of pre-stretched bilayer sheets that can be obtained by tuning the pre-stretches in the two layers. The two-dimensional nonlinear plate model we use for this purpose is an adaptation of the one recently obtained for thin sheets of nematic elastomers, by means of a rigorous dimensional reduction argument based on the theory of Gamma-convergence (Agostiniani and DeSimone in Meccanica. doi:10.1007/s11012-017-0630-4, 2017, Math Mech Solids. doi:10.1177/1081286517699991, arXiv:1509.07003, 2017). We argue that pre-stretched bilayer sheets provide us with an interesting model system to study shape programming and morphing of surfaces in other, more complex systems, where spontaneous deformations are induced by swelling due to the absorption of a liquid, phase transformations, thermal or electro-magnetic stimuli. These include bio-mimetic structures inspired by biological systems from both the plant and the animal kingdoms.

Mathematics pre-service teachers’ statistical reasoning about meaning

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kristanto, Y. D.

2018-01-01

This article offers a descriptive qualitative analysis of 3 second-year pre-service teachers’ statistical reasoning about the mean. Twenty-six pre-service teachers were tested using an open-ended problem where they were expected to analyze a method in finding the mean of a data. Three of their test results are selected to be analyzed. The results suggest that the pre-service teachers did not use context to develop the interpretation of mean. Therefore, this article also offers strategies to promote statistical reasoning about mean that use various contexts.

Cache Scheme Based on Pre-Fetch Operation in ICN

PubMed Central

Duan, Jie; Wang, Xiong; Xu, Shizhong; Liu, Yuanni; Xu, Chuan; Zhao, Guofeng

2016-01-01

Many recent researches focus on ICN (Information-Centric Network), in which named content becomes the first citizen instead of end-host. In ICN, Named content can be further divided into many small sized chunks, and chunk-based communication has merits over content-based communication. The universal in-network cache is one of the fundamental infrastructures for ICN. In this work, a chunk-level cache mechanism based on pre-fetch operation is proposed. The main idea is that, routers with cache store should pre-fetch and cache the next chunks which may be accessed in the near future according to received requests and cache policy for reducing the users’ perceived latency. Two pre-fetch driven modes are present to answer when and how to pre-fetch. The LRU (Least Recently Used) is employed for the cache replacement. Simulation results show that the average user perceived latency and hops can be decreased by employed this cache mechanism based on pre-fetch operation. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that the results are influenced by many factors, such as the cache capacity, Zipf parameters and pre-fetch window size. PMID:27362478

How Do Pre-Kindergarteners Spend Their Time? Gender, Ethnicity, and Income as Predictors of Experiences in Pre-Kindergarten Classrooms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Early, Diane M.; Iruka, Iheoma U.; Ritchie, Sharon; Barbarin, Oscar A.; Winn, Donna-Marie C.; Crawford, Gisele M.; Frome, Pamela M.; Clifford, Richard M.; Burchinal, Margaret; Howes, Carollee; Bryant, Donna M.; Pianta, Robert C.

2010-01-01

The current paper considers how children spend their time in state-funded pre-kindergarten programs and how time use relates to ethnicity, gender, and family income, based on the assumption that how time is spent in pre-kindergarten is relevant for the programs' success in narrowing achievement gaps. Classroom observations of 2061 children in 652…

What Constitutes the Pre-School Curricula? Discourses of "Core Curricula for Pre-School Education in Finland in 1972-2000"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Turunen, Tuija A.; Maatta, Kaarina

2012-01-01

The focus of this article is on Finnish pre-school curricula from the early pioneering years to the start of the new millennium (1972-2000). Pre-school has been part of the Finnish education system for nearly 40 years. It has been undergoing a challenging reconstruction process and changes influenced significantly by the increasing call for…

49 CFR 222.41 - How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and Pre-Rule Partial Quiet Zones?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...-Rule Quiet Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if... Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if the Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and...

49 CFR 222.41 - How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and Pre-Rule Partial Quiet Zones?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...-Rule Quiet Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if... Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if the Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and...

49 CFR 222.41 - How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and Pre-Rule Partial Quiet Zones?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...-Rule Quiet Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if... Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if the Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and...

49 CFR 222.41 - How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and Pre-Rule Partial Quiet Zones?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...-Rule Quiet Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if... Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if the Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and...

49 CFR 222.41 - How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and Pre-Rule Partial Quiet Zones?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...-Rule Quiet Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if... Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if the Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and...

Pre-crash scenario typology for crash avoidance research

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-04-01

This report defines a new pre-crash scenario typology for crash avoidance research based on the 2004 General Estimates System (GES) crash database, which consists of pre-crash scenarios depicting vehicle movements and dynamics as well as the critical...

Method of producing a diesel fuel blend having a pre-determined flash-point and pre-determined increase in cetane number

DOEpatents

Waller, Francis Joseph; Quinn, Robert

2004-07-06

The present invention relates to a method of producing a diesel fuel blend having a pre-determined flash-point and a pre-determined increase in cetane number over the stock diesel fuel. Upon establishing the desired flash-point and increase in cetane number, an amount of a first oxygenate with a flash-point less than the flash-point of the stock diesel fuel and a cetane number equal to or greater than the cetane number of the stock diesel fuel is added to the stock diesel fuel in an amount sufficient to achieve the pre-determined increase in cetane number. Thereafter, an amount of a second oxygenate with a flash-point equal to or greater than the flash-point of the stock diesel fuel and a cetane number greater than the cetane number of the stock diesel fuel is added to the stock diesel fuel in an amount sufficient to achieve the pre-determined increase in cetane number.

Pre-School Education in Morocco and Algeria

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bouzoubaa, Khadija; Benghabrit-Remaoun, Nouria

2004-01-01

This article is an analysis of the current state of early childhood care in the Maghreb, in particular in Morocco and Algeria, where the pre-schooling rate for 5-year-olds is on the increase. Extending pre-school infrastructures and the need to create unified curricula have been among the most urgent questions to be tackled over the last decade in…

Pre-service teachers' metaphorical perceptions of "physics" as a concept

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aykutlu, Isil; Bayrak, Celal; Bezen, Sevim

2018-02-01

In this study, the aim is to reveal pre-service biology, chemistry and mathematics teachers' metaphorical perceptions for physics. This study was patterned by employing phenomenology, which is one of the qualitative research methods. Sampling of the study consists of 90 pre-service teachers enrolled at the departments of biology, chemistry, and mathematics education at the faculty of education of a state university in Ankara. A metaphor form was prepared to determine pre-service teachers' mental metaphors for the physics concept. Then, it was determined that a total of 80 pre-service teachers generated 34 different metaphors for physics concept. As a result of the study, 34 metaphors generated by pre-service teachers for "physics" concept were gathered under seven different categories. Also, it was determined that pre-service teachers express most frequently "life" (26,25%) and "a difficult to solve problem"(21,25%) which take place in conceptual categories.

Corrosion resistance of kolsterised austenitic 304 stainless steel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Abudaia, F. B., E-mail: fabudaia@yahoo.com; Khalil, E. O., E-mail: ekhalil9@yahoo.com; Esehiri, A. F., E-mail: Hope-eseheri@hotmail.co.uk

2015-03-30

Austenitic stainless suffers from low wear resistance in applications where rubbing against other surfaces is encountered. This drawback can be overcome by surface treatment such as coating by hard materials. Other treatments such as carburization at relatively low temperature become applicable recently to improve hardness and wear resistance. Carburization heat treatment would only be justified if the corrosion resistance is unaffected. In this work samples of 304 stainless steels treated by colossal supersaturation case carburizing (known as Kolsterising) carried out by Bodycote Company was examined for pitting corrosion resistance at room temperature and at 50 °C. Comparison with results obtainedmore » for untreated samples in similar testing conditions show that there is no deterioration in the pitting resistance due to the Kolsterising heat treatment. X ray diffraction patterns obtained for Kolsterising sample showed that peaks correspond to the austenite phase has shifted to lower 2θ values compared with those of the untreated sample. The shift is an indication for expansion of austenite unit cells caused by saturation with diffusing carbon atoms. The XRD of Kolsterising samples also revealed additional peaks appeared in the patterns due to formation of carbides in the kolsterised layer. Examination of these additional peaks showed that these peaks are attributed to a type of carbide known as Hagg carbide Fe{sub 2}C{sub 5}. The absence of carbides that contain chromium means that no Cr depletion occurred in the layer and the corrosion properties are maintained. Surface hardness measurements showed large increase after Kolsterising heat treatment.« less

Pre-compound emission in low-energy heavy-ion interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sharma, Manoj Kumar; Shuaib, Mohd.; Sharma, Vijay R.; Yadav, Abhishek; Singh, Pushpendra P.; Singh, Devendra P.; Unnati; Singh, B. P.; Prasad, R.

2017-11-01

Recent experimental studies have shown the presence of pre-compound emission component in heavy ion reactions at low projectile energy ranging from 4 to 7 MeV/nucleons. In earlier measurements strength of the pre-compound component has been estimated from the difference in forward-backward distributions of emitted particles. Present measurement is a part of an ongoing program on the study of reaction dynamics of heavy ion interactions at low energies aimed at investigating the effect of momentum transfer in compound, precompound, complete and incomplete fusion processes in heavy ion reactions. In the present work on the basis of momentum transfer the measurement of the recoil range distributions of heavy residues has been used to decipher the components of compound and pre-compound emission processes in the fusion of 16O projectile with 159Tb and 169Tm targets. The analysis of recoil range distribution measurements show two distinct linear momentum transfer components corresponding to pre-compound and compound nucleus processes are involved. In order to obtain the mean input angular momentum associated with compound and pre-compound emission processes, an online measurement of the spin distributions of the residues has been performed. The analysis of spin distribution indicate that the mean input angular momentum associated with pre-compound products is found to be relatively lower than that associated with compound nucleus process. The pre-compound components obtained from the present analysis are consistent with those obtained from the analysis of excitation functions.

Effect of pre-task music on sports or exercise performance.

PubMed

Smirmaul, Bruno P

2017-01-01

Pre-task music is a very common strategy among sports competitors. However, as opposed to in-task music, the scientific evidence to support its ergogenic effects on either sports or exercise performance is limited. This brief review critically addresses the existing literature investigating the effects of pre-task music on sports and exercise performance, focusing on the methods and results of experimental studies, and offers basic and practical recommendations. In July 2015, a comprehensive literature search was performed in Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar using the following key words in combination: "pre-task music," "pre-test music," "pre-exercise music," "exercise performance," "sports performance." The literature search was further expanded by both hand searching review articles on the topic and by searching the reference lists from the articles retrieved for any relevant references. Overall, a total of 15 studies in 14 articles were included. Pre-task music research has been unsystematic, methodologically limited and infrequent. Using this review as a starting point to overcome previous methodological limitations when designing future experiments may contribute to the development of pre-task music research, which is still in its infancy. Currently, there is no sufficient evidence to support the overall ergogenic effects of pre-task music on sports or exercise performance. Nonetheless, pre-task music has showed a likely ergogenic effect on shorter and predominantly anaerobic tasks such as grip strength, Wingate test, and short-duration sports or sports-like tasks, in contrast to longer and predominantly aerobic tasks.

Virtual plate pre-bending for the long bone fracture based on axis pre-alignment.

PubMed

Liu, Bin; Luo, Xinjian; Huang, Rui; Wan, Chao; Zhang, Bingbing; Hu, Weihua; Yue, Zongge

2014-06-01

In this paper, a modeling and visualizing system for assisting surgeons in correctly registering for the closed fracture reduction surgery is presented. By using this system, the geometric parameters of the target fixation plate before the long bone fracture operation can be obtained. The main processing scheme consists of following steps: firstly (image data process), utilize the Curvelet transform to denoise the CT images of fracture part and then reconstruct the 3D models of the broken bones. Secondly (pre-alignment), extract the axial lines of the broken bones and spatially align them. Then drive the broken bone models to be pre-aligned. Thirdly (mesh segmentation), a method based on vertex normal feature is utilized to obtain the broken bone cross-sections mesh models. Fourthly (fine registration), the ICP (Iterative Closest Point) algorithm is used to register the cross-sections and the broken bone models are driven to achieve the fine registration posture. Lastly (plate fitting), an accurate NURBS surface fitting method is used to construct the virtual plate. The experiment proved that the obtained models of the pre-bended plates were closely bonded to the surface of the registered long bone models. Finally, the lengths, angles and other interested geometric parameters can be measured on the plate models. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pre-lexical disorders in repetition conduction aphasia.

PubMed

Sidiropoulos, Kyriakos; de Bleser, Ria; Ackermann, Hermann; Preilowski, Bruno

2008-12-01

At the level of clinical speech/language evaluation, the repetition type of conduction aphasia is characterized by repetition difficulties concomitant with reduced short-term memory capacities, in the presence of fluent spontaneous speech as well as unimpaired naming and reading abilities. It is still unsettled which dysfunctions of the pre-lexical processing stage of spoken word recognition contribute to this syndrome and whether there is any relevant top-down impact of the mental lexicon upon the phonetic/phonological level of speech perception. In order to further specify the underlying pathomechanisms, a comprehensive battery of psycholinguistic tests was applied to a patient suffering from repetition conduction aphasia. The obtained results point at a pre-lexical disorder in this subject. To further specify the assumed pre-lexical dysfunction, computer simulations of single-word processing, based upon an interactive activation model (IAM), were conducted. An attenuation of the features-to-phonemes inhibition value was found to simulate the observed profile of psycholinguistic deficits. Conceivably, these pre-lexical disorders interfere with the task-dependent adjustment of the temporal windows of signal analysis, giving rise to compromised sequencing of auditory-verbal information.

Pre-Operative Pelvic Floor Muscle Training--A Review.

PubMed

Nahon, Irmina; Martin, Melissa; Adams, Roger

2014-01-01

The use of pelvic floor muscle training has been well established for the management of post-prostatectomy incontinence. In recent years, it has been hypothesized that because the severity and period of incontinence are not predictable pre-operatively, it makes sense to teach all men the new motor skill of correct pelvic floor muscle activation before surgery. This review is based on literature found through computerized and manual searches on available databases. Included were any studies that looked at the effect of adding pelvic floor muscle training pre-operatively and comparing them to the effect of not having pre-operative pelvic floor muscle exercises. Pre-operative pelvic floor muscle training was found to be effective in reducing the time to continence as well as the severity of incontinence in only four studies. Adding biofeedback or electrical stimulation was not found to change the outcomes.

Bursting Transition Dynamics Within the Pre-Bötzinger Complex

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Duan, Lixia; Chen, Xi; Tang, Xuhui; Su, Jianzhong

The pre-Bötzinger complex of the mammalian brain stem plays a crucial role in the respiratory rhythms generation. Neurons within the pre-Bötzinger complex have been found experimentally to yield different firing activities. In this paper, we study the spiking and bursting activities related to the respiratory rhythms in the pre-Bötzinger complex based on a mathematical model proposed by Butera. Using the one-dimensional first recurrence map induced by dynamics, we investigate the different bursting patterns and their transition of the pre-Bötzinger complex neurons based on the Butera model, after we derived a one-dimensional map from the dynamical characters of the differential equations, and we obtained conditions for the transition of different bursting patterns. These analytical results were verified through numerical simulations. We conclude that the one-dimensional map contains similar rhythmic patterns as the Butera model and can be used as a simpler modeling tool to study fast-slow models like pre-Bötzinger complex neural circuit.

Evidence for the Buried "Pre-Noachian" Crust Pre-Dating the Oldest Observed Surface Units on Mars

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Frey, H. V.; Frey, E. L.; Hartmann, W. K.; Tanaka, K. L. T.

2003-01-01

MOLA gridded data shows clear evidence for Quasi-Circular Depressions not visible on images in Early Noachian (EN) terrain units on Mars. We suggest these are buried impact basins that pre-date the superimposed craters whose high density makes these EN units the oldest visible at the surface of Mars. There is crust older than the oldest visible terrain units on Mars, and these EN units cannot date from 4.6 BYA. These and other Noa-chian units have similar total (visible + buried) crater retention ages, suggesting a common "pre-Noachian" crustal age OR crater saturation beyond which we cannot see.

Fire-free land use in pre-1492 Amazonian savannas

PubMed Central

Iriarte, José; Power, Mitchell J.; Rostain, Stéphen; Mayle, Francis E.; Jones, Huw; Watling, Jennifer; Whitney, Bronwen S.; McKey, Doyle B.

2012-01-01

The nature and scale of pre-Columbian land use and the consequences of the 1492 “Columbian Encounter” (CE) on Amazonia are among the more debated topics in New World archaeology and paleoecology. However, pre-Columbian human impact in Amazonian savannas remains poorly understood. Most paleoecological studies have been conducted in neotropical forest contexts. Of studies done in Amazonian savannas, none has the temporal resolution needed to detect changes induced by either climate or humans before and after A.D. 1492, and only a few closely integrate paleoecological and archaeological data. We report a high-resolution 2,150-y paleoecological record from a French Guianan coastal savanna that forces reconsideration of how pre-Columbian savanna peoples practiced raised-field agriculture and how the CE impacted these societies and environments. Our combined pollen, phytolith, and charcoal analyses reveal unexpectedly low levels of biomass burning associated with pre-A.D. 1492 savanna raised-field agriculture and a sharp increase in fires following the arrival of Europeans. We show that pre-Columbian raised-field farmers limited burning to improve agricultural production, contrasting with extensive use of fire in pre-Columbian tropical forest and Central American savanna environments, as well as in present-day savannas. The charcoal record indicates that extensive fires in the seasonally flooded savannas of French Guiana are a post-Columbian phenomenon, postdating the collapse of indigenous populations. The discovery that pre-Columbian farmers practiced fire-free savanna management calls into question the widely held assumption that pre-Columbian Amazonian farmers pervasively used fire to manage and alter ecosystems and offers fresh perspectives on an emerging alternative approach to savanna land use and conservation that can help reduce carbon emissions. PMID:22493248

Medical student appraisal: electronic resources for inpatient pre-rounding.

PubMed

Sampognaro, P J; Mitchell, S L; Weeks, S R; Khalifian, S; Markman, T M; Uebel, L W; Dattilo, J R

2013-01-01

Pre-rounding is essential to preparing for morning rounds. Despite its importance, pre-rounding is rarely formally taught within the medical school curriculum and more often informally learned by modeling residents. The evolution of mobile applications provides opportunities to optimize this process. To evaluate three options available to medical students while pre-rounding and promote adoption of mobile resources in clinical care. Six medical students formed the evaluation cohort. Students were surveyed to assess pre-rounding practices. Participants utilized paper-based pre-rounding templates for two weeks followed by two weeks of the electronic note-taking service Evernote. A review of mobile applications on the iTunes and Google Play stores was performed, with each application informally reviewed by a single student. The application Scutsheet was selected for formal review by all students. Data was collected from narrative responses supplied by students throughout the evaluation periods and aggregated to assess strengths and limitations of each application. Pre-study responses demonstrated two consistent processes: verbal sign-out of overnight events and template use to organize patient information. The paper-based template was praised for its organization and familiarity amongst residents, but perceived as limited by the requirement of re-copying data into the hospital's electronic medical record (EMR). Evernote excelled due to compatibility across multiple operating systems, including accessibility from clinical workstations and ability to copy notes into the hospital's EMR. Scutsheet allowed for retention of data across multiple hospital days, but was limited by inability to export data or modify the electronic template. Aggregated user feedback identified the abilities to customize templates and copy information into the EMR as two prevailing characteristics that enhanced the efficiency of pre-rounding. Mobile devices offer the potential to enhance pre

Cardiac diastolic function after recovery from pre-eclampsia.

PubMed

Soma-Pillay, P; Louw, M C; Adeyemo, A O; Makin, J; Pattinson, R C

Pre-eclampsia is associated with significant changes to the cardiovascular system during pregnancy. Eccentric and concentric remodelling of the left ventricle occurs, resulting in impaired contractility and diastolic dysfunction. It is unclear whether these structural and functional changes resolve completely after delivery. The objective of the study was to determine cardiac diastolic function at delivery and one year post-partum in women with severe pre-eclampsia, and to determine possible future cardiovascular risk. This was a descriptive study performed at Steve Biko Academic Hospital, a tertiary referral hospital in Pretoria, South Africa. Ninety-six women with severe preeclampsia and 45 normotensive women with uncomplicated pregnancies were recruited during the delivery admission. Seventy-four (77.1%) women in the pre-eclamptic group were classified as a maternal near miss. Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography was performed at delivery and one year post-partum. At one year post-partum, women with pre-eclampsia had a higher diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.001) and body mass index (p = 0.02) than women in the normotensive control group. Women with early onset pre-eclampsia requiring delivery prior to 34 weeks' gestation had an increased risk of diastolic dysfunction at one year post-partum (RR 3.41, 95% CI: 1.11-10.5, p = 0.04) and this was irrespective of whether the patient had chronic hypertension or not. Women who develop early-onset pre-eclampsia requiring delivery before 34 weeks are at a significant risk of developing cardiac diastolic dysfunction one year after delivery compared to normotensive women with a history of a low-risk pregnancy.

Quality Assurance in Biobanking for Pre-Clinical Research

PubMed Central

Simeon-Dubach, Daniel; Zeisberger, Steffen M.; Hoerstrup, Simon P.

2016-01-01

It is estimated that not less than USD 28 billion are spent each year in the USA alone on irreproducible pre-clinical research, which is not only a fundamental loss of investment and resources but also a strong inhibitor of efficiency for upstream processes regarding the translation towards clinical applications and therapies. The issues and cost of irreproducibility has mainly been published on pre-clinical research. In contrast to pre-clinical research, test material is often being transferred into humans in clinical research. To protect treated human subjects and guarantee a defined quality standard in the field of clinical research, the manufacturing and processing infrastructures have to strictly follow and adhere to certain (inter-)national quality standards. It is assumed and suggested by the authors that by an implementation of certain quality standards within the area of pre-clinical research, billions of USD might be saved and the translation phase of promising pre-clinical results towards clinical applications may substantially be improved. In this review, we discuss how an implementation of a quality assurance (QA) management system might positively improve sample quality and sustainability within pre-clinically focused biobank infrastructures. Biobanks are frequently positioned at the very beginning of the biomedical research value chain, and, since almost every research material has been stored in a biobank during the investigated life cycle, biobanking seems to be of substantial importance from this perspective. The role model of a QA-regulated biobank structure can be found in biobanks within the context of clinical research organizations such as in regenerative medicine clusters. PMID:27781023

The effect of pre-straining and pre-ageing on a novel thermomechanical treatment for improving the mechanical properties of AA2139 aerospace aluminium alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bakare, F.; Alsubhi, Y.; Ragkousis, A.; Ebomwonyi, O.; Damisa, J.; Okunzuwa, S.

2017-07-01

The novel thermomechanical treatment employed by Wang Z et al (2014 Mater. Sci. Eng. A 607 313-7) in enhancing the mechanical and microstructure properties of 6000 series aluminium alloys has been replicated for AA2139 aerospace aluminium alloys. The novel route which involves under-ageing, cold-rolling reductions and re-ageing at a fixed temperature has been carried out focusing on the effect of pre-straining and pre-ageing on the alloy properties. The influence of varying cold-rolling reductions and pre-ageing has been examined by tensile testing, hardness testing, differential scanning calorimetry, thermoelectric power measurements and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Further analyses were conducted with DSC and TEP measurements to check for precipitation sequence and solute retention respectively. On comparing the hardness and strength of the non pre-aged to the pre-aged samples, there is a remarkable increase in the hardness and strength of the aerospace alloy showing the huge influence of both pre-ageing and pre-straining stage of the novel thermomechanical treatment as observed in the 6000 series alloy, albeit at a higher rate. The treatments that exhibited the most promising mechanical properties (hardness, yield and ultimate tensile strength, elongation to failure) were found to be at a pre-ageing temperature of 175 °C for 1.5 h, 40% cold-rolling and re-ageing at 150 °C. The material was found to have yield strength of 590 MPa and 8.1% uniform elongation, which is well above the 5% acceptable value for structural applications and with strength levels adaptable for aerospace industries. The presence of higher volume fraction of well dispersed precipitates observed in the SEM further shows that intermediate cold-rolling reductions combines well with pre-ageing to give the best mechanical properties in this alloy.

Microteaching and Pre-Service Teachers' Sense of Self-Efficacy in Teaching

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Arsal, Zeki

2014-01-01

This study examined the effect of microteaching on pre-service teachers' sense of self-efficacy in teaching using a pre-test/post-test quasi-experimental design. The sample of the study consisted of 70 pre-service teachers on a special education teacher preparation programme. The pre-service teachers in the experimental group were exposed to…

Georgia's Pre-K Professional Development Evaluation: Final Report. Publication #2015-02

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Early, Diane M.; Maxwell, Kelly L.; Skinner, Debra; Kraus, Syndee; Hume, Katie; Pan, Yi

2014-01-01

Georgia has been at the forefront of the pre-kindergarten movement since implementing its pre-k program in 1992 and creating the nation's first state-funded universal pre-k program in 1995. Georgia's Pre-K, administered by "Bright from the Start: Georgia Department of Early Care and Learning" (DECAL), aims to provide high-quality…

Zambian pre-service junior high school science teachers' chemical reasoning and ability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Banda, Asiana

The purpose of this study was two-fold: examine junior high school pre-service science teachers' chemical reasoning; and establish the extent to which the pre-service science teachers' chemical abilities explain their chemical reasoning. A sample comprised 165 junior high school pre-service science teachers at Mufulira College of Education in Zambia. There were 82 males and 83 females. Data were collected using a Chemical Concept Reasoning Test (CCRT). Pre-service science teachers' chemical reasoning was established through qualitative analysis of their responses to test items. The Rasch Model was used to determine the pre-service teachers' chemical abilities and item difficulty. Results show that most pre-service science teachers had incorrect chemical reasoning on chemical concepts assessed in this study. There was no significant difference in chemical understanding between the Full-Time and Distance Education pre-service science teachers, and between second and third year pre-service science teachers. However, there was a significant difference in chemical understanding between male and female pre-service science teachers. Male pre-service science teachers showed better chemical understanding than female pre-service science teachers. The Rasch model revealed that the pre-service science teachers had low chemical abilities, and the CCRT was very difficult for this group of pre-service science teachers. As such, their incorrect chemical reasoning was attributed to their low chemical abilities. These results have implications on science teacher education, chemistry teaching and learning, and chemical education research.

Pre-Service Physics Teachers' Metacognitive Knowledge about Their Instructional Practices

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yerdelen-Damar, Sevda; Özdemir, Ömer Faruk; Ünal, Cezmi

2015-01-01

This study aims to investigate pre-service physics teachers' metacognitive knowledge about their teaching practices. The participants included six pre-service physics teachers. A taxonomy of metacognition for teaching was developed to analyze the level of pre-service physics teachers' metacognitive knowledge about their teaching practices.…

Effects of pre-experimental knowledge on recognition memory.

PubMed

Bird, Chris M; Davies, Rachel A; Ward, Jamie; Burgess, Neil

2011-01-01

The influence of pre-experimental autobiographical knowledge on recognition memory was investigated using as memoranda faces that were either personally known or unknown to the participant. Under a dual process theory, such knowledge boosted both recollection- and familiarity-based recognition judgements. Under an unequal variance signal detection model, pre-experimental knowledge increased both the variance and the separation of the target and foil memory strength distributions, boosting hits and correct rejections. Thus, pre-experimental knowledge has profound effects on the multiple, interacting processes that subserve recognition memory, and likely in the neural systems that underpin them.

Pre-eclampsia part 1: current understanding of its pathophysiology

PubMed Central

Chaiworapongsa, Tinnakorn; Chaemsaithong, Piya; Yeo, Lami; Romero, Roberto

2018-01-01

Pre-eclampsia is characterized by new-onset hypertension and proteinuria at ≥20 weeks of gestation. In the absence of proteinuria, hypertension together with evidence of systemic disease (such as thrombocytopenia or elevated levels of liver transaminases) is required for diagnosis. This multisystemic disorder targets several organs, including the kidneys, liver and brain, and is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Glomeruloendotheliosis is considered to be a characteristic lesion of pre-eclampsia, but can also occur in healthy pregnant women. The placenta has an essential role in development of this disorder. Pathogenetic mechanisms implicated in pre-eclampsia include defective deep placentation, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, autoantibodies to type-1 angiotensin II receptor, platelet and thrombin activation, intravascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and the presence of an antiangiogenic state, among which an imbalance of angiogenesis has emerged as one of the most important factors. However, this imbalance is not specific to pre-eclampsia, as it also occurs in intrauterine growth restriction, fetal death, spontaneous preterm labour and maternal floor infarction (massive perivillous fibrin deposition). The severity and timing of the angiogenic imbalance, together with maternal susceptibility, might determine the clinical presentation of pre-eclampsia. This Review discusses the diagnosis, classification, clinical manifestations and putative pathogenetic mechanisms of pre-eclampsia. PMID:25003615

49 CFR 232.505 - Pre-revenue service acceptance testing plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pre-revenue service acceptance testing plan. 232... § 232.505 Pre-revenue service acceptance testing plan. (a) General; submission of plan. Except as... its system the operating railroad or railroads shall submit a pre-revenue service acceptance testing...

49 CFR 238.111 - Pre-revenue service acceptance testing plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... the times and places of the pre-revenue service tests to permit FRA observation of such tests. For... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pre-revenue service acceptance testing plan. 238... and General Requirements § 238.111 Pre-revenue service acceptance testing plan. (a) Passenger...

49 CFR 238.111 - Pre-revenue service acceptance testing plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... the times and places of the pre-revenue service tests to permit FRA observation of such tests. For... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Pre-revenue service acceptance testing plan. 238... and General Requirements § 238.111 Pre-revenue service acceptance testing plan. (a) Passenger...

49 CFR 238.111 - Pre-revenue service acceptance testing plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... the times and places of the pre-revenue service tests to permit FRA observation of such tests. For... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Pre-revenue service acceptance testing plan. 238... and General Requirements § 238.111 Pre-revenue service acceptance testing plan. (a) Passenger...

49 CFR 238.111 - Pre-revenue service acceptance testing plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... the times and places of the pre-revenue service tests to permit FRA observation of such tests. For... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Pre-revenue service acceptance testing plan. 238... and General Requirements § 238.111 Pre-revenue service acceptance testing plan. (a) Passenger...

49 CFR 238.111 - Pre-revenue service acceptance testing plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... the times and places of the pre-revenue service tests to permit FRA observation of such tests. For... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Pre-revenue service acceptance testing plan. 238... and General Requirements § 238.111 Pre-revenue service acceptance testing plan. (a) Passenger...

Monolithic Flexure Pre-Stressed Ultrasonic Horns

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sherrit, Stewart; Bao, Xiaoqi; Badescu, Mircea; Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Allen, Phillip Grant

2011-01-01

High-power ultrasonic actuators are generally assembled with a horn, backing, stress bolt, piezoelectric rings, and electrodes. The manufacturing process is complex, expensive, difficult, and time-consuming. The internal stress bolt needs to be insulated and presents a potential internal discharge point, which can decrease actuator life. Also, the introduction of a center hole for the bolt causes many failures, reducing the throughput of the manufactured actuators. A new design has been developed for producing ultrasonic horn actuators. This design consists of using flexures rather than stress bolts, allowing one to apply pre-load to the piezoelectric material. It also allows one to manufacture them from a single material/plate, rapid prototype them, or make an array in a plate or 3D structure. The actuator is easily assembled, and application of pre-stress greater than 25 MPa was demonstrated. The horn consists of external flexures that eliminate the need for the conventional stress bolt internal to the piezoelectric, and reduces the related complexity. The stress bolts are required in existing horns to provide prestress on piezoelectric stacks when driven at high power levels. In addition, the manufacturing process benefits from the amenability to produce horn structures with internal cavities. The removal of the pre-stress bolt removes a potential internal electric discharge point in the actuator. In addition, it significantly reduces the chances of mechanical failure in the piezoelectric stacks that result from the hole surface in conventional piezoelectric actuators. The novel features of this disclosure are: 1. A design that can be manufactured from a single piece of metal using EDM, precision machining, or rapid prototyping. 2. Increased electromechanical coupling of the horn actuator. 3. Higher energy density. 4. A monolithic structure of a horn that consists of an external flexure or flexures that can be used to pre-stress a solid piezoelectric structure

Applications of human hepatitis B virus preS domain in bio- and nanotechnology.

PubMed

Toita, Riki; Kawano, Takahito; Kang, Jeong-Hun; Murata, Masaharu

2015-06-28

Human hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a member of the family Hepadnaviridae, and causes acute and chronic infections of the liver. The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) contains the large (L), middle (M), and small (S) surface proteins. The L protein consists of the S protein, preS1, and preS2. In HBsAg, the preS domain (preS1 + preS2) plays a key role in the infection of hepatocytic cells by HBV and has several immunogenic epitopes. Based on these characteristics of preS, several preS-based diagnostic and therapeutic materials and systems have been developed. PreS1-specific monoclonal antibodies (e.g., MA18/7 and KR127) can be used to inhibit HBV infection. A myristoylated preS1 peptide (amino acids 2-48) also inhibits the attachment of HBV to HepaRG cells, primary human hepatocytes, and primary tupaia hepatocytes. Antibodies and antigens related to the components of HBsAg, preS (preS1 + preS2), or preS1 can be available as diagnostic markers of acute and chronic HBV infections. Hepatocyte-targeting delivery systems for therapeutic molecules (drugs, genes, or proteins) are very important for increasing the clinical efficacy of these molecules and in reducing their adverse effects on other organs. The selective delivery of diagnostic molecules to target hepatocytic cells can also improve the efficiency of diagnosis. In addition to the full-length HBV vector, preS (preS1 + preS2), preS1, and preS1-derived fragments can be useful in hepatocyte-specific targeting. In this review, we discuss the literature concerning the applications of the HBV preS domain in bio- and nanotechnology.

Flexible Pre-Majors: Final Report of the Flexible Pre-Majors Working Group

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

FitzGibbon, John; Orum, Jennifer

2011-01-01

This report provides advice for program areas contemplating the development of a Flexible Pre-Major (FPM) in their discipline. The FPM is another means of aiding student transfer in a system that expects and encourages significant student mobility. The FPM addresses a problematic area for academic students: that of completing the lower level major…

Pre-service teachers’ challenges in presenting mathematical problems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Desfitri, R.

2018-01-01

The purpose of this study was to analyzed how pre-service teachers prepare and assigned tasks or assignments in teaching practice situations. This study was also intended to discuss about kind of tasks or assignments they gave to students. Participants of this study were 15 selected pre-service mathematics teachers from mathematics education department who took part on microteaching class as part of teaching preparation program. Based on data obtained, it was occasionally found that there were hidden errors on questions or tasks assigned by pre-service teachers which might lead their students not to be able to reach a logical or correct answer. Although some answers might seem to be true, they were illogical or unfavourable. It is strongly recommended that pre-service teachers be more careful when posing mathematical problems so that students do not misunderstand the problems or the concepts, since both teachers and students were sometimes unaware of errors in problems being worked on.

Evaluating Pre-Service Teachers Math Teaching Experience from Different Perspectives

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harding, Jenni L.; Hbaci, Ilham

2015-01-01

Are pre-service teachers able to notice their strengths and challenges in teaching? This article reports on a study of pre-service teachers' teaching performance being simultaneously evaluated by themselves and their professor. Thirty-two pre-service teachers created and planned mathematics lessons approved by their professor to be taught in…

Examining Primary Pre-Service Teachers' Perspectives on Teaching Practice Courses

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Basturk, Savas

2016-01-01

The courses "school experience" and "teaching practice" are undoubtedly among the central courses to be received by pre-service teachers who will be future teachers. Through them, pre-service teachers obtain the realistic information about their profession. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine pre-service teachers'…

Developing Knowledge and Leadership in Pre-Service Teacher Education Systems

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ferreira, Jo-Anne; Ryan, Lisa; Davis, Julie

2015-01-01

Pre-service teacher education institutions are large and complex organisations that are notoriously difficult to change. One factor is that many change efforts focus largely on individual pre-service teacher educators altering their practice. We report here on our experience using a model for effecting change, which views pre-service teacher…

10 CFR 26.65 - Pre-access drug and alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Pre-access drug and alcohol testing. 26.65 Section 26.65 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS Granting and Maintaining Authorization § 26.65 Pre-access drug and alcohol testing. (a) Purpose. This section contains pre-access testing...

Pre-K Classroom-Economic Composition and Children's Early Academic Development

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, Portia; Votruba-Drzal, Elizabeth; McQuiggan, Meghan; Shaw, Alyssa

2017-01-01

There are currently 2 principal models of publicly funded prekindergarten programs (pre-K): targeted pre-K, which is means-tested, and universal pre-K. These programs often differ in terms of the economic characteristics of the preschoolers enrolled. Studies have documented links between individual achievement in school-age children and the…

American Elementary Education Pre-Service Teachers' Attitudes towards Biotechnology Processes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chabalengula, Vivien Mweene; Mumba, Frackson; Chitiyo, Jonathan

2011-01-01

This study examined elementary education pre-service teachers' attitudes towards biotechnology processes. A sample comprised 88 elementary education pre-service teachers at a mid-sized university in the Midwest of the USA. Sixty and 28 of these pre-service teachers were enrolled in Introductory Science Methods course and Advance Science Methods…

Multistable wireless micro-actuator based on antagonistic pre-shaped double beams

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, X.; Lamarque, F.; Doré, E.; Pouille, P.

2015-07-01

This paper presents a monolithic multistable micro-actuator based on antagonistic pre-shaped double beams. The designed micro-actuator is formed by two rows of bistable micro-actuators providing four stable positions. The bistable mechanism for each row is a pair of antagonistic pre-shaped beams. This bistable mechanism has an easier pre-load operation compared to the pre-compressed bistable beams method. Furthermore, it solves the asymmetrical force output problem of parallel pre-shaped bistable double beams. At the same time, the geometrical limit is lower than parallel pre-shaped bistable double beams, which ensures a smaller stroke of the micro-actuator with the same dimensions. The designed micro-actuator is fabricated using laser cutting machine on medium density fiberboard (MDF). The bistability and merits of antagonistic pre-shaped double beams are experimentally validated. Finally, a contactless actuation test is performed using 660 nm wavelength laser heating shape memory alloy (SMA) active elements.

Pre-Service Teachers' Concept Images on Fractal Dimension

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Karakus, Fatih

2016-01-01

The analysis of pre-service teachers' concept images can provide information about their mental schema of fractal dimension. There is limited research on students' understanding of fractal and fractal dimension. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the pre-service teachers' understandings of fractal dimension based on concept image. The…

Pre-Service Teachers' Use of Multicultural Literature

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lawrence, Salika A.

2017-01-01

This qualitative study examines how pre-service teachers in urban elementary classrooms develop student literacy with multicultural literature. By evaluating the action research reports of three pre-service teacher candidates, the authors determine how reading experiences with texts align to Bloom's Taxonomy and expectations for Common Core State…

Fractional excretion of urea in pre-eclampsia: a clinical observation.

PubMed

Zar, Tausif; Kohn, Orly F; Kaplan, Andre A

2011-11-01

Pre-eclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. It occurs in 7% of all the pregnancies and accounts for 80% of the cases of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Diagnosis of pre-eclampsia in patients with pre-existing chronic kidney disease, proteinuria, and hypertension is a dilemma. The fractional excretion of urea has been described as a marker for renal perfusion. Since pre-eclampsia is associated with a marked decline in renal perfusion, we explored the utility of the fractional excretion of urea as a marker for pre-eclampsia. Urine and serum chemistries were evaluated in 6 pregnant women with pre-eclampsia on their first visit, immediately prior to delivery, and postpartum. For each of these three measurements, the fractional excretion of urea was calculated and proteinuria was assessed by random urine protein-creatinine ratio or 24-hour urine protein studies. In patients diagnosed with pre-eclampsia, the fractional excretion of urea decreased substantially from higher values obtained during the 3rd trimester to values consistent with renal hypoperfusion (< 35%) just prior to delivery, and it rapidly normalized immediately after delivery. Alterations in fractional excretion of urea, which suggest a decreased renal perfusion, may be a useful tool in supporting the diagnosis of preeclampsia.

Pre-Service Mathematics Teachers' Noticing Skills and Scaffolding Practices

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kilic, Hulya

2018-01-01

A 14-week course program was designed to investigate pre-service teachers' noticing skills and scaffolding practices. Six pre-service teachers were matched with a pair of sixth grade students to observe and scaffold students' mathematical understanding while they were working on the given tasks. Data was collected through pre-service teachers' own…

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Buying and Selling Pre-Owned Alternative

Science.gov Websites

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Buying and Selling Pre-Owned Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicles to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Buying and Selling Pre-Owned Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicles on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: Buying and Selling Pre-Owned

What is the place of pre-exposure prophylaxis in HIV prevention?

PubMed

De Man, Jeroen; Colebunders, Robert; Florence, Eric; Laga, Marie; Kenyon, Christopher

2013-01-01

New tools are needed to bring down ongoing high HIV incidence. This review aims to evaluate the place of one of these new tools (pre-exposure prophylaxis) in a comprehensive prevention strategy. Several trials have demonstrated the safety and the efficacy of pre-exposure prophylaxis in HIV prevention. Two large trials have, however, failed to show such efficacy. This was likely due to poor adherence in these trials. New forms of long-acting pre-exposure prophylaxis currently in trials may deal with these problems of low adherence. Pre-exposure prophylaxis has been demonstrated to be cost-effective within certain settings. The introduction of pre-exposure prophylaxis into prevention programs needs to be carefully thought through. For example, pre-exposure prophylaxis-induced risk compensation, at both an individual and population level, could undermine other aspects of a comprehensive HIV prevention program. In conclusion, pre-exposure prophylaxis could be a useful additional tool for the prevention of HIV in specific high-risk groups. It should be implemented in a way that deals with issues such as ensuring high adherence and ensuring that pre-exposure prophylaxis does not detract from, but complements, other more fundamental elements of HIV prevention programs.

Kinetic analysis of pre-ribosome structure in vivo

PubMed Central

Swiatkowska, Agata; Wlotzka, Wiebke; Tuck, Alex; Barrass, J. David; Beggs, Jean D.; Tollervey, David

2012-01-01

Pre-ribosomal particles undergo numerous structural changes during maturation, but their high complexity and short lifetimes make these changes very difficult to follow in vivo. In consequence, pre-ribosome structure and composition have largely been inferred from purified particles and analyzed in vitro. Here we describe techniques for kinetic analyses of the changes in pre-ribosome structure in living cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To allow this, in vivo structure probing by DMS modification was combined with affinity purification of newly synthesized 20S pre-rRNA over a time course of metabolic labeling with 4-thiouracil. To demonstrate that this approach is generally applicable, we initially analyzed the accessibility of the region surrounding cleavage site D site at the 3′ end of the mature 18S rRNA region of the pre-rRNA. This revealed a remarkably flexible structure throughout 40S subunit biogenesis, with little stable RNA–protein interaction apparent. Analysis of folding in the region of the 18S central pseudoknot was consistent with previous data showing U3 snoRNA–18S rRNA interactions. Dynamic changes in the structure of the hinge between helix 28 (H28) and H44 of pre-18S rRNA were consistent with recently reported interactions with the 3′ guide region of U3 snoRNA. Finally, analysis of the H18 region indicates that the RNA structure matures early, but additional protection appears subsequently, presumably reflecting protein binding. The structural analyses described here were performed on total, affinity-purified, newly synthesized RNA, so many classes of RNA and RNA–protein complex are potentially amenable to this approach. PMID:23093724

Promoting Inclusivity in STEM through Active Recruiting and Mentoring: The Pre-Major in Astronomy Program (Pre-MAP) at the University of Washington

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schwieterman, Edward; Binder, Breanna A.; Pre-Major in Astronomy Program

2016-01-01

The Pre-Major in Astronomy Program (Pre-MAP) is a research and mentoring program for entering undergraduate students offered by the University of Washington Astronomy Department since 2005. The primary goal of Pre-MAP is to recruit and retain students from groups traditionally underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) through early exposure to guided research projects. The Pre-MAP seminar is the core component of the program and offers instruction in computing skills, data manipulation, science writing, statistical analysis, and scientific speaking and presentation skills. Students choose research projects proposed by faculty, post-docs and graduate students in areas related to astrophysics, planetary science, and astrobiology. Pre-MAP has been successful in retaining underrepresented students in STEM fields relative to the broader UW population, and we've found these students are more likely to graduate and excel academically than their peers. As of fall 2015, more than one hundred students have taken the Pre-MAP seminar, and both internal and external evaluations have shown that all groups of participating students report an increased interest in astronomy and science careers at the end of the seminar. This talk will provide an overview of the program and the structure of the core seminar. In particular, the talk will focus on additions and revisions to the seminar course over the last few years, such as the introduction of a public speaking coach, career and internship modules, and the formalization of external lab tours.

Stress, pre-term labour and birth outcomes.

PubMed

MacKey, M C; Williams, C A; Tiller, C M

2000-09-01

Stress, pre-term labour and birth outcomes Preliminary studies have suggested that stress may be associated with the onset, treatment and outcomes of pre-term labour; however, a systematic comparison of the stress of women with and without pre-term labour has not been reported. Therefore, the purpose of this exploratory study was to compare the stress (daily hassles and mood states) and birth outcomes of black and white women who experienced pre-term labour (PTL) during pregnancy with those who did not. The convenience sample consisted of 35 pregnant women hospitalized in 1996-1997 for the treatment of PTL (24-35 weeks gestation) and 35 controls matched on age, race, parity, gestational age and method of hospital payment. Women in the PTL group had significantly higher tension-anxiety and depression-dejection on the Profile of Mood States (POMS), lower mean birthweight and mean gestational age, and a higher percentage of babies born <37 weeks and weighing 2500 g or less. Black women in the PTL group and white women in the control group had significantly higher scores on the fatigue sub-scale of the POMS and the work and future security sub-scales of the Daily Hassles Scale. Women in the PTL group whose babies weighed 2500 g or less had significantly higher scores on the health, inner concern and financial responsibility sub-scales of the Daily Hassles Scale. The findings from this study indicate the need for further exploration of the interaction of race and stress in understanding and preventing PTL and low birthweight and the need to examine the role of social support in preventing pre-term birth after an episode of PTL.

Does Extended Pre Quit Bupropion Aid in Extinguishing Smoking Behavior?

PubMed

Hawk, Larry W; Ashare, Rebecca L; Rhodes, Jessica D; Oliver, Jason A; Cummings, Kenneth Michael; Mahoney, Martin C

2015-11-01

Understanding the mechanisms by which bupropion promotes smoking cessation may lead to more effective treatment. To the extent that reduced smoking reinforcement is one such mechanism, a longer duration of pre quit bupropion treatment should promote extinction of smoking behavior. We evaluated whether 4 weeks of pre quit bupropion (extended run-in) results in greater pre quit reductions in smoking rate and cotinine and, secondarily, greater short-term abstinence, than standard 1 week of pre quit bupropion (standard run-in). Adult smokers (n = 95; 48 females) were randomized to a standard run-in group (n = 48; 3-week placebo, then 1-week bupropion pre quit) or an extended run-in group (4-week pre quit bupropion; n = 47). Both groups received group behavioral counseling and 7 weeks of post quit bupropion. Smoking rate (and craving, withdrawal, and subjective effects) was collected daily during the pre quit period; biochemical data (cotinine and carbon monoxide) were collected at study visits. During the pre quit period, the extended run-in group exhibited a greater decrease in smoking rate, compared to the standard run-in group, interaction p = .03. Cigarette craving and salivary cotinine followed a similar pattern, though the latter was evident only among women. Biochemically verified 4-week continuous abstinence rates were higher in the extended run-in group (53%) than the standard run-in group (31%), p = .033. The extended use of bupropion prior to a quit attempt reduces smoking behavior during the pre quit period and improved short-term abstinence rates. The data are consistent with an extinction-of-reinforcement model and support further investigation of extended run-in bupropion therapy for smoking cessation. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

10 CFR 26.65 - Pre-access drug and alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... rely on the results of those drug and alcohol tests to meet the requirements for pre-access testing in... authorization until the drug test results are received. (2) The licensee or other entity need not conduct pre... tests; or (iii) If the individual is selected for pre-access testing under this paragraph, the licensee...

10 CFR 26.65 - Pre-access drug and alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... rely on the results of those drug and alcohol tests to meet the requirements for pre-access testing in... authorization until the drug test results are received. (2) The licensee or other entity need not conduct pre... tests; or (iii) If the individual is selected for pre-access testing under this paragraph, the licensee...

10 CFR 26.65 - Pre-access drug and alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... rely on the results of those drug and alcohol tests to meet the requirements for pre-access testing in... authorization until the drug test results are received. (2) The licensee or other entity need not conduct pre... tests; or (iii) If the individual is selected for pre-access testing under this paragraph, the licensee...

10 CFR 26.65 - Pre-access drug and alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... rely on the results of those drug and alcohol tests to meet the requirements for pre-access testing in... authorization until the drug test results are received. (2) The licensee or other entity need not conduct pre... tests; or (iii) If the individual is selected for pre-access testing under this paragraph, the licensee...

Biopharmaceutical formulations for pre-filled delivery devices.

PubMed

Jezek, Jan; Darton, Nicholas J; Derham, Barry K; Royle, Nikki; Simpson, Iain

2013-06-01

Pre-filled syringes are becoming an increasingly popular format for delivering biotherapeutics conveniently and cost effectively. The device design and stable liquid formulations required to enable this pre-filled syringe format are technically challenging. In choosing the materials and process conditions to fabricate the syringe unit, their compatibility with the biotherapeutic needs to be carefully assessed. The biothereaputic stability demanded for the production of syringe-compatible low-viscosity liquid solutions requires critical excipient choices to be made. The purpose of this review is to discuss key issues related to the stability aspects of biotherapeutics in pre-filled devices. This includes effects on both physical and chemical stability due to a number of stress conditions the product is subjected to, as well as interactions with the packaging system. Particular attention is paid to the control of stability by formulation. We anticipate that there will be a significant move towards polymer primary packaging for most drugs in the longer term. The timescales for this will depend on a number of factors and hence will be hard to predict. Formulation will play a critical role in developing successful products in the pre-filled syringe format, particularly with the trend towards concentrated biotherapeutics. Development of novel, smart formulation technologies will, therefore, be increasingly important.

Space gravitational wave detector DECIGO/pre-DECIGO

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Musha, Mitsuru

2017-09-01

The gravitational wave (GW) is ripples in gravitational fields caused by the motion of mass such as inspiral and merger of blackhole binaries or explosion of super novae, which was predicted by A.Einstein in his general theory of relativity. In Japan, besides the ground-base GW detector, KAGRA, the space gravitational wave detector, DECIGO, is also promoted for detecting GW at lower frequency range. DECIGO (DECi-heltz Gravitational-wave Observatory) consists of 3 satellites, forming a 1000-km triangle-shaped Fabry-Perot laser interferometer whose designed strain sensitivity is ?l/l < 10-24 /?Hz at the observation band between 0.1 and 1 Hz, and is planed to be launched in 2030s. Before launching DECIGO, we planned a milestone mission for DECIGO named Pre-DECIGO, which has almost the same configuration as DECIGO with shorter arm length of 100 km. Pre-DECIGO is aimed for detecting GW from merger of blackhole binaries with less sensitivity as DECIGO, and also for feasibility test of key technologies for realizing DECIGO. Pre-DECIGO is now under designing and developing for launching in late 2020s, with the financial support of JAXA and JSPS. In our presentation, we will review DECIGO project, and show the design and current status of Pre-DECIGO.

Pre-Service Teachers' Efficacy Beliefs and Emotional States

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DeMauro, Anthony A.; Jennings, Patricia A.

2016-01-01

Teachers' efficacy beliefs play an important role in how they create quality learning environments. When pre-service teachers (also known as initial teacher trainees) develop strong efficacy beliefs, they can be confident in their abilities to be successful teachers once they enter the field. One way pre-service teachers obtain efficacy…

Pre-Service Teachers' Perceptions of Instructors' Teaching Skills

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sahan, Hasan Huseyin

2017-01-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of pre-service teachers attending the pedagogical formation program offered by Balikesir University Necatibey Faculty of Education pertaining to instructors' teaching skills. A total of 220 pre-service teachers participated in the study. The data were collected by "Perceptions of…

Promoting Experiential Learning in Pre-Service Teacher Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gao, Xuesong

2015-01-01

This report introduces the experiential learning initiative at a major university in Hong Kong that prepares pre-service teachers with experience of engaging with social and cultural issues in teaching. It calls on teacher educators in different contexts to work together on similar initiatives that help pre-service teachers grow professionally…

Pre-Service Secondary Teachers' Attitudes towards Inclusive Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Costello, Shane; Boyle, Christopher

2013-01-01

The attitudes held by pre-service teachers have been shown to affect their willingness and ability to implement an inclusive approach to education. A sample consisting of 193 pre-service secondary teachers enrolled in secondary education courses at an Australian university were surveyed to determine their attitudes towards inclusive education,…

Pre-Apprenticeships in Three Key Trades. Support Document

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dumbrell, Tom; Smith, Erica

2007-01-01

This report looks at whether pre-apprenticeships increase the potential supply of tradespeople, with a special focus on electrotechnology, automotive and engineering students. It found that pre-apprenticeships have been used in Australia for many years and are widely regarded as a valuable strategy for increasing the supply and quality of…

Evidence of tungiasis in pre-Hispanic America.

PubMed

Maco, Vicente; Tantaleán, Manuel; Gotuzzo, Eduardo

2011-05-01

Ancient parasites of the genus Tunga originated in America and, during the first half of the 19th century, were transported to the Eastern Hemisphere on transatlantic voyages. Although they were first documented by Spanish chroniclers after the arrival of Columbus, little is known about their presence in pre-Hispanic America. To evaluate the antiquity of tungiasis in America, we assessed several kinds of early documentation, including written evidence and pre-Incan earthenware reproductions. We identified 17 written documents and 4 anthropomorphic figures, of which 3 originated from the Chimu culture and 1 from the Maranga culture. Tungiasis has been endemic to Peru for at least 14 centuries. We also identified a pottery fragment during this study. This fragment is the fourth representation of tungiasis in pre-Hispanic America identified and provides explicit evidence of disease endemicity in ancient Peru.

Evidence of Tungiasis in Pre-Hispanic America

PubMed Central

Tantaleán, Manuel; Gotuzzo, Eduardo

2011-01-01

Ancient parasites of the genus Tunga originated in America and, during the first half of the 19th century, were transported to the Eastern Hemisphere on transatlantic voyages. Although they were first documented by Spanish chroniclers after the arrival of Columbus, little is known about their presence in pre-Hispanic America. To evaluate the antiquity of tungiasis in America, we assessed several kinds of early documentation, including written evidence and pre-Incan earthenware reproductions. We identified 17 written documents and 4 anthropomorphic figures, of which 3 originated from the Chimu culture and 1 from the Maranga culture. Tungiasis has been endemic to Peru for at least 14 centuries. We also identified a pottery fragment during this study. This fragment is the fourth representation of tungiasis in pre-Hispanic America identified and provides explicit evidence of disease endemicity in ancient Peru. PMID:21529395

Pre-flight safety briefings, mood and information retention.

PubMed

Tehrani, Morteza; Molesworth, Brett R C

2015-11-01

Mood is a moderating factor that is known to affect performance. For airlines, the delivery of the pre-flight safety briefing prior to a commercial flight is not only an opportunity to inform passengers about the safety features on-board the aircraft they are flying, but an opportunity to positively influence their mood, and hence performance in the unlikely event of an emergency. The present research examined whether indeed the pre-flight safety briefing could be used to positively impact passengers' mood. In addition, the present research examined whether the recall of key safety messages contained within the pre-flight safety briefing was influenced by the style of briefing. Eighty-two participants were recruited for the research and divided into three groups; each group exposed to a different pre-flight cabin safety briefing video (standard, humorous, movie theme). Mood was measured prior and post safety briefing. The results revealed that pre-flight safety briefing videos can be used to manipulate passengers' mood. Safety briefings that are humorous or use movie themes to model their briefing were found to positively affect mood. However, there was a trade-off between entertainment and education, the greater the entertainment value, the poorer the retention of key safety messages. The results of the research are discussed from both an applied and theoretical perspective. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd and The Ergonomics Society. All rights reserved.

Pre-existing diabetes mellitus in patients with multiple myeloma.

PubMed

Chou, Yi-Sheng; Yang, Ching-Fen; Chen, Harn-Shen; Yang, Sheng-Hsiang; Yu, Yuan-Bin; Hong, Ying-Chung; Liu, Chun-Yu; Gau, Jyh-Pyng; Liu, Jin-Hwang; Chen, Po-Min; Chiou, Tzeon-Jye; Tzeng, Cheng-Hwai; Hsiao, Liang-Tsai

2012-10-01

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is present in approximately 10% of patients at diagnosis of multiple myeloma (MM) and is associated with increased risks of adverse events caused by novel antimyeloma agents. However, the impact of type 2 diabetes on the survival of patients with MM has not been studied. We enrolled newly diagnosed patients with MM in Taipei Veterans General Hospital between 1999 and 2007 and identified those with pre-existing diabetes. The impact of pre-existing diabetes on patients with MM was evaluated by comparing clinical features, treatments and adverse reactions related to glycaemic control and overall survival (OS) of patients with and without pre-existing diabetes. Of 310 patients with MM, 73% were men and 40 (12.9%) had pre-existing diabetes. Compared with their non-diabetic counterparts, MM patients with pre-existing diabetes had a significantly higher proportion of renal impairment [(RI), serum creatinine ≥ 2.0 mg/dL] and International Staging System stage III at diagnosis, and a significantly lower proportion of bisphosphonate use and a lower rate of RI reversal (P = 0.087). During the course of the disease, hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia of any grade were noted in 23 (67.6%) and 6 (17.6%) of these patients, respectively. Antidiabetic therapy was changed in 10 (29.4%) of 34 evaluable patients. MM patients with pre-existing diabetes had a significantly higher all-cause mortality risk (hazard ratio, 1.509; 95% confidence interval, 1.023-2.225, P = 0.037) compared with their non-diabetic counterparts. Our study demonstrated the impact of pre-existing diabetes on clinical features and OS in patients with MM. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Science and Mathematics Teaching Efficacy Beliefs of Pre-School Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Aydogdu, Bülent; Peker, Murat

2016-01-01

The aim of this research was to examine science and mathematics teaching efficacy beliefs of pre-school teachers in terms of some variables. The sample of the study was comprised of 191 pre-school teachers working in a city in Aegean Region of Turkey. Since it attempted to define self-efficacy beliefs of pre-school teachers toward science and…

29 CFR 1604.7 - Pre-employment inquiries as to sex.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Pre-employment inquiries as to sex. 1604.7 Section 1604.7... DISCRIMINATION BECAUSE OF SEX § 1604.7 Pre-employment inquiries as to sex. A pre-employment inquiry may ask “Male... directly or indirectly any limitation, specification, or discrimination as to sex shall be unlawful unless...

29 CFR 1604.7 - Pre-employment inquiries as to sex.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Pre-employment inquiries as to sex. 1604.7 Section 1604.7... DISCRIMINATION BECAUSE OF SEX § 1604.7 Pre-employment inquiries as to sex. A pre-employment inquiry may ask “Male... directly or indirectly any limitation, specification, or discrimination as to sex shall be unlawful unless...

29 CFR 1604.7 - Pre-employment inquiries as to sex.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Pre-employment inquiries as to sex. 1604.7 Section 1604.7... DISCRIMINATION BECAUSE OF SEX § 1604.7 Pre-employment inquiries as to sex. A pre-employment inquiry may ask “Male... directly or indirectly any limitation, specification, or discrimination as to sex shall be unlawful unless...

29 CFR 1604.7 - Pre-employment inquiries as to sex.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Pre-employment inquiries as to sex. 1604.7 Section 1604.7... DISCRIMINATION BECAUSE OF SEX § 1604.7 Pre-employment inquiries as to sex. A pre-employment inquiry may ask “Male... directly or indirectly any limitation, specification, or discrimination as to sex shall be unlawful unless...

29 CFR 1604.7 - Pre-employment inquiries as to sex.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Pre-employment inquiries as to sex. 1604.7 Section 1604.7... DISCRIMINATION BECAUSE OF SEX § 1604.7 Pre-employment inquiries as to sex. A pre-employment inquiry may ask “Male... directly or indirectly any limitation, specification, or discrimination as to sex shall be unlawful unless...

Leadership Matters: Governors' Pre-K Proposals Fiscal Year 2010

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Doctors, Jennifer V.

2009-01-01

In this report, Pre-K Now, a campaign of the Pew Center on the States, evaluates gubernatorial proposals to determine which leaders see voluntary, high-quality pre-kindergarten programs as essential. The news is good: The majority of governors are prioritizing pre-k, and though more modest than in recent years, gubernatorial proposals for FY10…

Preparing Elementary and Secondary Pre-Service Teachers for Everyday Science

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Evagorou, Maria; Guven, Devrim; Mugaloglu, Ebru

2014-01-01

The purpose of the paper is to present the framework and design of modules aiming to teach socio-scientific issues and the related pedagogy to pre-service teachers. Specifically, the work presented in this paper is part of the PreSEES project, a Comenius/LLP project with the main aim of engaging elementary and secondary pre-service teachers in…

Bearing and gear steels for aerospace applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zaretsky, Erwin V.

1990-01-01

Research in metallurgy and processing for bearing and gear steels has resulted in improvements in rolling-element bearing and gear life for aerospace application by a factor of approximately 200 over that obtained in the early 1940's. The selection and specification of a bearing or gear steel is dependent on the integration of multiple metallurgical and physical variables. For most aerospace bearings, through-hardened VIM-VAR AISI M-50 steel is the material of preference. For gears, the preferential material is case-carburized VAR AISI 9310. However, the VAR processing for this material is being replaced by VIM-VAR processing. Since case-carburized VIM-VAR M-50NiL incorporates the desirable qualities of both the AISI M-50 and AISI 9310 materials, optimal life and reliability can be achieved in both bearings and gears with a single steel. Hence, this material offers the promise of a common steel for both bearings and gears for future aerospace applications.

Short-term hot-hardness characteristics of five case hardened steels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anderson, N. E.; Zaretsky, E. V.

1975-01-01

Short-term hot-hardness studies were performed with carburized and hardened AISI 8620, CBS 1000, CBS 1000M, CBS 600, and Vasco X-2 steels. Case and core hardness measurements were made at temperatures from 294 to 811 K (70 to 1000 F). The data were compared with data for high-speed tool steels and AISI 52100. The materials tested can be ranked as follows in order of decreasing hot-hardness retention: (1) Vasco X-2; equivalent to through-hardened tool steels up to 644 K (700 F) above which Vasco X-2 is inferior; (2) CBS 1000, (3) CBS 1000M; (4) CBS 6000; better hardness retention at elevated temperatures than through-hardened AISI 52100; and (5) AISI 8620. For the carburized steels, the change in hardness with temperature of the case and core are similar for a given material. The short-term hot hardness of these materials can be predicted with + or - 1 point Rockwell C.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Anameric, B.; Kawatra, S.K.

The pig iron nugget process is gaining in importance as an alternative to the traditional blast furnace. Throughout the process, self-reducing-fluxing dried greenballs composed of iron ore concentrate, reducing-carburizing agent (coal), flux (limestone) and binder (bentonite) are heat-treated. During the heat treatment, dried greenballs are first transformed into direct reduced iron (DRI), then to transition direct reduced iron (TDRI) and finally to pig iron nuggets. The furnace temperature and/or residence time and the corresponding levels of carburization, reduction and metallization dictate these transformations. This study involved the determination of threshold furnace temperatures and residence times for completion of all ofmore » the transformation reactions and pig iron nugget production. The experiments involved the heat treatment of self-reducing-fluxing dried greenballs at various furnace temperatures and residence times. The products of these heat treatments were identified by utilizing optical microscopy, apparent density and microhardness measurements.« less

Sustainability Consciousness of Pre-Service Teachers in Pakistan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kalsoom, Qudsia; Khanam, Afifa; Quraishi, Uzma

2017-01-01

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to draw attention towards sustainability consciousness (SC) of pre-service teachers (student teachers) as their role is central in teaching for sustainable development. This paper investigated SC of the pre-service teachers in Pakistan and compared it with other undergraduate students in the country and with…

Turkish Pre-Service Physics Teachers' Preferred Learning Styles

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kandil Ingec, Sebnem

2015-01-01

This study aims to determine the dominant learning styles of pre-service physics teachers and to examine them in terms of variables such as gender, information and communication technologies skills, academic achievement and type of motivation. Survey model was used. The sample composed of 50 pre-service physics teachers. The data were collected…

Pre-Application Meeting for TCGA Expansion RFA - TCGA

Cancer.gov

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) hosted a pre-application meeting for TCGA funding of Genome Characterization Centers and Genome Data Analysis Centers. At this pre-application meeting, NCI staff presented on the goals and objectives for the TCGA Research Network, discussed the Request for Applications (RFA) peer review process and answered questions.

34 CFR 32.5 - Pre-offset hearing-general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Pre-offset hearing-general. 32.5 Section 32.5 Education Office of the Secretary, Department of Education SALARY OFFSET TO RECOVER OVERPAYMENTS OF PAY OR ALLOWANCES FROM DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION EMPLOYEES § 32.5 Pre-offset hearing—general. (a) An employee who...

Anomaly of Transmission Properties in Pre-Cantor Dielectric Multilayers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaino, Keimei; Sonoda, Jun

2008-02-01

Using the transmission-line theory, we investigate wave propagation in a pre-Cantor multilayer. Transmission spectra of the low stages of pre-Cantor media show good agreement with those of numerical calculation of Maxwell's equations using the FDTD method. Numerical results obtained using the FDTD method show that the electric field at the midpoint of the nth stage pre-Cantor medium has sharp resonance and broad attenuation at transmission bands that are newly generated in attenuation bands of the (n-1)th stage. Using an expression of transmittance of the high stage of pre-Cantor multilayer, we show that the transmittance t becomes a two-valued function of t = 0/1 and the collection of points for t = 1 is a power set of positive integers whose cardinal number is 3ℵ0.

Elementary Pre-Service Teacher Perceptions of the Greenhouse Effect.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Groves, Fred H.; Pugh, Ava F.

1999-01-01

Expands on earlier work to examine pre-service teachers' views on environmental issues, especially global warming and the related term "greenhouse effect." Suggests that pre-service elementary teachers hold many misconceptions about environmental issues. (DDR)

Heart rate variability: Pre-deployment predictor of post-deployment PTSD symptoms

PubMed Central

Pyne, Jeffrey M.; Constans, Joseph I.; Wiederhold, Mark D.; Gibson, Douglas P.; Kimbrell, Timothy; Kramer, Teresa L.; Pitcock, Jeffery A.; Han, Xiaotong; Williams, D. Keith; Chartrand, Don; Gevirtz, Richard N.; Spira, James; Wiederhold, Brenda K.; McCraty, Rollin; McCune, Thomas R.

2017-01-01

Heart rate variability is a physiological measure associated with autonomic nervous system activity. This study hypothesized that lower pre-deployment HRV would be associated with higher post-deployment post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Three-hundred-forty-three Army National Guard soldiers enrolled in the Warriors Achieving Resilience (WAR) study were analyzed. The primary outcome was PTSD symptom severity using the PTSD Checklist – Military version (PCL) measured at baseline, 3- and 12-month post-deployment. Heart rate variability predictor variables included: high frequency power (HF) and standard deviation of the normal cardiac inter-beat interval (SDNN). Generalized linear mixed models revealed that the pre-deployment PCL*ln(HF) interaction term was significant (p < 0.0001). Pre-deployment SDNN was not a significant predictor of post-deployment PCL. Covariates included age, pre-deployment PCL, race/ethnicity, marital status, tobacco use, childhood abuse, pre-deployment traumatic brain injury, and previous combat zone deployment. Pre-deployment heart rate variability predicts post-deployment PTSD symptoms in the context of higher pre-deployment PCL scores. PMID:27773678

Working with Pre-School Practitioners to Improve Interactions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ahsam, Suki; Shepherd, Julie; Warren-Adamson, Chris

2006-01-01

Eight pre-schools took part in offsite and onsite speech and language training to improve their interaction skills with children and learn some group language activities. An evaluation was undertaken where practitioners at one pre-school were videoed running a language activity before and after training. The video was analysed to assess change in…

26 CFR 1.679-5 - Pre-immigration trusts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Pre-immigration trusts. 1.679-5 Section 1.679-5...) INCOME TAXES Grantors and Others Treated As Substantial Owners § 1.679-5 Pre-immigration trusts. (a) In... transferring property to a foreign trust (the original transfer), the individual is treated as having...

Pre-Service Teachers Designing Virtual World Learning Environments

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jacka, Lisa; Booth, Kate

2012-01-01

Integrating Information Technology Communications in the classroom has been an important part of pre-service teacher education for over a decade. The advent of virtual worlds provides the pre-service teacher with an opportunity to study teaching and learning in a highly immersive 3D computer-based environment. Virtual worlds also provide a place…

Current projects in Pre-analytics: where to go?

PubMed

Sapino, Anna; Annaratone, Laura; Marchiò, Caterina

2015-01-01

The current clinical practice of tissue handling and sample preparation is multifaceted and lacks strict standardisation: this scenario leads to significant variability in the quality of clinical samples. Poor tissue preservation has a detrimental effect thus leading to morphological artefacts, hampering the reproducibility of immunocytochemical and molecular diagnostic results (protein expression, DNA gene mutations, RNA gene expression) and affecting the research outcomes with irreproducible gene expression and post-transcriptional data. Altogether, this limits the opportunity to share and pool national databases into European common databases. At the European level, standardization of pre-analytical steps is just at the beginning and issues regarding bio-specimen collection and management are still debated. A joint (public-private) project entitled on standardization of tissue handling in pre-analytical procedures has been recently funded in Italy with the aim of proposing novel approaches to the neglected issue of pre-analytical procedures. In this chapter, we will show how investing in pre-analytics may impact both public health problems and practical innovation in solid tumour processing.

A method of pre-surgical oral orthopaedics.

PubMed

DiBiase, D D; Hunter, S B

1983-01-01

A preliminary report of a technique of pre-surgical treatment in cleft lip and palate patients is outlined utilizing an adjustable intra-oral appliance with extra-oral strapping. The appliance is constructed with an adjustable spring for expansion and two shelves overlapping in the midline to allow palatal continuity during treatment. Frequently, only one appliance for each patient is required. The techniques of appliance construction, pre-surgical management and surgical repair of the lip are outlined.

Pre-diabetes and serum sex steroid hormones among US men.

PubMed

Arthur, R; Rohrmann, S; Møller, H; Selvin, E; Dobs, A S; Kanarek, N; Nelson, W; Platz, E A; Van Hemelrijck, M

2017-01-01

Several studies demonstrate a link between diabetes and sex steroid hormones, but the link with pre-diabetes remains elusive. In this study, we hypothesize that pre-diabetes, which is characterised by having impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance and/or impaired HbA1C, may influence circulating sex steroid hormone concentrations in men. Thus, we investigated whether serum sex steroid hormone concentrations differ between men with and without pre-diabetes. We analyzed data for 1139 men who were aged 20+ years when they participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We calculated adjusted geometric mean serum concentrations of total and estimated free testosterone, androstanediol glucuronide, total and estimated free estradiol, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in men with and without pre-diabetes. Logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (OR) of lower concentrations of androgens and SHBG, and higher concentrations of estradiol by prediabetes status. Adjusting for age and race/ethnicity, total testosterone concentration was lower among men with (geometric mean: 4.68 ng/mL) than without (5.36 ng/mL, p = 0.01) pre-diabetes. SHBG concentration was also lower in men with (31.67 nmol/L) than without (36.16 nmol/L; p = 0.01) pre-diabetes. Concentrations of the other hormones did not differ between men with and without pre-diabetes. After adjusting for demographic and lifestyle factors, pre-diabetic men had a higher odds of lower testosterone (OR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.54-4.29), higher free estradiol level (OR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.14-2.22), and lower SHBG level (OR: 2.27; 95% CI: 1.32-3.92) compared to men without pre-diabetes. These associations were attenuated after adjusting for adiposity (testosterone OR: 1.76; 95% CI 0.95-3.27, free estradiol OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 0.88-1.88, SHBG OR: 1.71; 95% CI 0.88-3.30). Our findings suggest that men with pre-diabetes have lower circulating total testosterone

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

MedlinePlus

... VA – HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis HIV.gov on Twitter 22 hours 47 min ago. HIV.gov @HIVGov # ... routine. #HIVTestingDay Reply Retweet Favorite HIV.gov on Twitter Search Find HIV Testing Sites & Care Services Connect ...

Number of decidual natural killer cells & macrophages in pre-eclampsia

PubMed Central

Milosevic-Stevanovic, Jelena; Krstic, Miljan; Radovic-Janosevic, Dragana; Popovic, Jasmina; Tasic, Marija; Stojnev, Slavica

2016-01-01

Background & objectives: The process of human placentation is complex and still not well understood. This study was aimed to examine the relationship between clinical features of pre-eclampsia and degree of trophoblastic invasion after its immunohistochemical visualization in the context of possible alterations in the number of natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages in the decidua. Methods: This prospective study included a study group comprising 30 pregnant women with pre-eclampsia delivered by caesarean section and a control group comprising 20 healthy pregnant women also delivered by caesarean section. Samples of placental bed obtained during caesarean section were analyzed after immunohistochemical labelling CD56+ NK cells, CD68+ macrophages and cytokeratin 7 trophoblastic cells. Results: In pre-eclampsia, there was a significantly lower number of CD56+ NK cells in the decidua (P<0.001) and a higher number of CD68+ macrophages (P<0.001) compared to control group. In the subgroup of pre-eclampsia with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), a significantly greater number of NK cells (P<0.05) was recorded, as well as an increased number of macrophages, but not significantly compared to pre-eclampsia without IUGR. There was no significant difference in the distribution of these cells in the decidua in relation to the severity of pre-eclampsia. CD56+ NK cells were significantly less (P<0.05) and macrophages were more (P<0.05) in the group with poor trophoblastic invasion. Interpretation & conclusions: Alterations in the number of immune cells in relation to the degree of trophoblastic invasion indicated their role in aetiopathogenesis of pre-eclampsia, while the direct association between their number and severity of pre-eclampsia was not confirmed. PMID:28474619

Quality and accuracy of electronic pre-anesthesia evaluation forms.

PubMed

Almeshari, Meshari; Khalifa, Mohamed; El-Metwally, Ashraf; Househ, Mowafa; Alanazi, Abdullah

2018-07-01

Paper-based forms have been widely used to document patient health information for anesthesia; however, hospitals are now switching to electronic patient file documentation for anesthesia. The aim of this study is to compare the quality of paper-based and electronic pre-anesthesia assessment forms. The research conducted in this study was quasi-experimental using a pretest-posttest design without a control group. The study was conducted at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh (KAMC-RD) during November 2015. Paper-based forms were converted into electronic forms, and the paper-based pre-anesthesia forms were used during the first two weeks of the data collection period while electronic forms were completed in the last two weeks. The quality of each (electronic vs. paper) was evaluated with respect to missing items, errors, and unreadable items. The sample size included all 15 anesthetists working in the pre-anesthesia clinic at KAMC-RD. The anesthetists completed 25 pre-anesthesia forms daily during a five-day week schedule. A total of 500 patient forms were completed during the study (250 paper-based and 250 electronic forms). Anesthetists' satisfaction with the electronic pre-anesthesia form was also measured using a questionnaire. The electronic form shows significantly higher quality in all assessment categories (missing items, errors, and unreadable items; X² (2, N = 500) = 171.64, p < 0.001). The satisfaction survey found 81.65% of the anesthetists were satisfied with the electronic pre-anesthesia form for all questions. Our study demonstrates that the electronic pre-anesthesia form has better data quality, meets the expectations of anesthetists and aids to decrease missing key preoperative information. This type of approach is imperative for the safety of perioperative patients. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Private Providers in State Pre-K: Vital Partners

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hustedt, Jason T.; Barnett, W. Steven

2011-01-01

Although state pre-K initiatives vary from state to state, they all share common characteristics in pursuing their goal of educating young children. Private providers have played a vital role of expanding access in states that have established rapid timelines for pre-K implementation or expansion, such as New Jersey (to comply with a court order)…

State Pre-K Funding--2013-14 Fiscal Year

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Workman, Emily; Griffith, Michael; Atchison, Bruce

2014-01-01

The nation continues to recover from one of the worst recessions since the Great Depression. States were hit hard, incurred significant losses, and many are only just now showing signs of meaningful recovery. Whether it is efforts to bring investments in pre-K back to pre-recession levels or creating new investments, states have indicated, for the…

10 CFR 603.500 - Pre-award business evaluation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Pre-award business evaluation. 603.500 Section 603.500... Business Evaluation § 603.500 Pre-award business evaluation. (a) The contracting officer must determine the qualification of the recipient, as described in §§ 603.510 and 603.515. (b) As the business expert working with...

10 CFR 603.500 - Pre-award business evaluation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Pre-award business evaluation. 603.500 Section 603.500... Business Evaluation § 603.500 Pre-award business evaluation. (a) The contracting officer must determine the qualification of the recipient, as described in §§ 603.510 and 603.515. (b) As the business expert working with...

Pre-Service Teachers and Climate Change: A Stalemate?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Boon, Helen J.

2016-01-01

Findings from the second phase of a study of pre-service teachers' attitudes to environmental education and knowledge of climate change are reported in this paper. A sample of 87 pre-service teachers participated in a survey study in the last year of their Bachelor of Education degree to examine developments to their attitudes to environmental…

40 CFR 86.339-79 - Pre-test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Pre-test procedures. 86.339-79 Section... New Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.339-79 Pre-test procedures. (a) Allow a minimum of 30 minutes warm-up in the stand-by or operating mode prior...

40 CFR 86.339-79 - Pre-test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Pre-test procedures. 86.339-79 Section... New Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.339-79 Pre-test procedures. (a) Allow a minimum of 30 minutes warm-up in the stand-by or operating mode prior...

40 CFR 86.339-79 - Pre-test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Pre-test procedures. 86.339-79 Section... New Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.339-79 Pre-test procedures. (a) Allow a minimum of 30 minutes warm-up in the stand-by or operating mode prior...

40 CFR 86.339-79 - Pre-test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Pre-test procedures. 86.339-79 Section... New Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.339-79 Pre-test procedures. (a) Allow a minimum of 30 minutes warm-up in the stand-by or operating mode prior...

Comparison of pre-processing methods for multiplex bead-based immunoassays.

PubMed

Rausch, Tanja K; Schillert, Arne; Ziegler, Andreas; Lüking, Angelika; Zucht, Hans-Dieter; Schulz-Knappe, Peter

2016-08-11

High throughput protein expression studies can be performed using bead-based protein immunoassays, such as the Luminex® xMAP® technology. Technical variability is inherent to these experiments and may lead to systematic bias and reduced power. To reduce technical variability, data pre-processing is performed. However, no recommendations exist for the pre-processing of Luminex® xMAP® data. We compared 37 different data pre-processing combinations of transformation and normalization methods in 42 samples on 384 analytes obtained from a multiplex immunoassay based on the Luminex® xMAP® technology. We evaluated the performance of each pre-processing approach with 6 different performance criteria. Three performance criteria were plots. All plots were evaluated by 15 independent and blinded readers. Four different combinations of transformation and normalization methods performed well as pre-processing procedure for this bead-based protein immunoassay. The following combinations of transformation and normalization were suitable for pre-processing Luminex® xMAP® data in this study: weighted Box-Cox followed by quantile or robust spline normalization (rsn), asinh transformation followed by loess normalization and Box-Cox followed by rsn.

Working hours and risk of gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia.

PubMed

Chang, Pei-Jen; Chu, Li-Ching; Hsieh, Wu-Shiun; Chuang, Yi-Li; Lin, Shio-Jean; Chen, Pau-Chung

2010-01-01

The potential impact of employment on maternal health, particularly in relation to gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia, has been subject to research. However, there is limited evidence on associations between shift work and long working hours on the incidence of these conditions. To evaluate potential associations between maternal shift work and long working hours during pregnancy and gestational hypertension or pre-eclampsia. Multistage stratified systematic sampling was used to recruit 24 200 post-partum women from the Taiwan national birth registration database in 2005. Subjects underwent home interview 6 months after their deliveries by structured questionnaire to obtain characteristics of maternal employment and potential confounders. Diagnosis of gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia was obtained from the birth registration. There was no association between employment status and gestational hypertension or pre-eclampsia. Also, no significant association between gestational hypertension or pre-eclampsia and maternal shift work or long working hours during pregnancy was found in all or primiparous women. There was no convincing evidence that maternal shift work or long working hours had a higher risk of gestational hypertension or pre-eclampsia. However, further research is warranted to confirm these negative findings.