STATE MINIMUM WAGE LEGISLATION, A WEAPON IN THE WAR ON POVERTY.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Women's Bureau (DOL), Washington, DC.

CENSUS DATA SHOW THAT POVERTY IS OFTEN THE RESULT OF SERIOUS WAGE INADEQUACIES. IN 1964, NEARLY ONE-FIFTH OF THE MORE THAN 47.5 MILLION FAMILIES IN THE NATION HAD INCOMES UNDER $3,000. MINIMUM WAGE LEGISLATION HELPS TO ELIMINATE POVERTY BY SETTING A FLOOR FOR WAGES. FEWER THAN 30 MILLION OF THE MORE THAN 47 MILLION NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES IN…

41 CFR 50-202.2 - Minimum wage in all industries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Minimum wage in all... Public Contracts PUBLIC CONTRACTS, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 202-MINIMUM WAGE DETERMINATIONS Groups of Industries § 50-202.2 Minimum wage in all industries. In all industries, the minimum wage applicable to...

29 CFR 525.13 - Renewal of special minimum wage certificates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Renewal of special minimum wage certificates. 525.13... minimum wage certificates. (a) Applications may be filed for renewal of special minimum wage certificates.... (c) Workers with disabilities may not continue to be paid special minimum wages after notice that an...

Can households earning minimum wage in Nova Scotia afford a nutritious diet?

PubMed

Williams, Patricia L; Johnson, Christine P; Kratzmann, Meredith L V; Johnson, C Shanthi Jacob; Anderson, Barbara J; Chenhall, Cathy

2006-01-01

To assess the affordability of a nutritious diet for households earning minimum wage in Nova Scotia. Food costing data were collected in 43 randomly selected grocery stores throughout NS in 2002 using the National Nutritious Food Basket (NNFB). To estimate the affordability of a nutritious diet for households earning minimum wage, average monthly costs for essential expenses were subtracted from overall income to see if enough money remained for the cost of the NNFB. This was calculated for three types of household: 1) two parents and two children; 2) lone parent and two children; and 3) single male. Calculations were also made for the proposed 2006 minimum wage increase with expenses adjusted using the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The monthly cost of the NNFB priced in 2002 for the three types of household was 572.90 dollars, 351.68 dollars, and 198.73 dollars, respectively. Put into the context of basic living, these data showed that Nova Scotians relying on minimum wage could not afford to purchase a nutritious diet and meet their basic needs, placing their health at risk. These basic expenses do not include other routine costs, such as personal hygiene products, household and laundry cleaners, and prescriptions and costs associated with physical activity, education or savings for unexpected expenses. People working at minimum wage in Nova Scotia have not had adequate income to meet basic needs, including a nutritious diet. The 2006 increase in minimum wage to 7.15 dollars/hr is inadequate to ensure that Nova Scotians working at minimum wage are able to meet these basic needs. Wage increases and supplements, along with supports for expenses such as childcare and transportation, are indicated to address this public health problem.

29 CFR 525.24 - Advisory Committee on Special Minimum Wages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Advisory Committee on Special Minimum Wages. 525.24 Section 525.24 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR... Special Minimum Wages. The Advisory Committee on Special Minimum Wages, the members of which are appointed...

Employment Effects of Minimum and Subminimum Wages. Recent Evidence.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Neumark, David

Using a specially constructed panel data set on state minimum wage laws and labor market conditions, Neumark and Wascher (1992) presented evidence that countered the claim that minimum wages could be raised with no cost to employment. They concluded that estimates indicating that minimum wages reduced employment on the order of 1-2 percent for a…

Urban-rural migration: uncertainty and the effect of a change in the minimum wage.

PubMed

Ingene, C A; Yu, E S

1989-01-01

"This paper extends the neoclassical, Harris-Todaro model of urban-rural migration to the case of production uncertainty in the agricultural sector. A unique feature of the Harris-Todaro model is an exogenously determined minimum wage in the urban sector that exceeds the rural wage. Migration occurs until the rural wage equals the expected urban wage ('expected' due to employment uncertainty). The effects of a change in the minimum wage upon regional outputs, resource allocation, factor rewards, expected profits, and expected national income are explored, and the influence of production uncertainty upon the obtained results are delineated." The geographical focus is on developing countries. excerpt

Minimum Wage Effects in the Longer Run

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Neumark, David; Nizalova, Olena

2007-01-01

Exposure to minimum wages at young ages could lead to adverse longer-run effects via decreased labor market experience and tenure, and diminished education and training, while beneficial longer-run effects could arise if minimum wages increase skill acquisition. Evidence suggests that as individuals reach their late 20s, they earn less the longer…

Do Higher Minimum Wages Benefit Health? Evidence From the UK.

PubMed

Lenhart, Otto

This study examines the link between minimum wages and health outcomes by using the introduction of the National Minimum Wage (NMW) in the United Kingdom in 1999 as an exogenous variation of earned income. A test for health effects by using longitudinal data from the British Household Panel Survey for a period of ten years was conducted. It was found that the NMW significantly improved several measures of health, including self-reported health status and the presence of health conditions. When examining potential mechanisms, it was shown that changes in health behaviors, leisure expenditures, and financial stress can explain the observed improvements in health.

Is the minimum enough? Affordability of a nutritious diet for minimum wage earners in Nova Scotia (2002-2012).

PubMed

Newell, Felicia D; Williams, Patricia L; Watt, Cynthia G

2014-05-09

This paper aims to assess the affordability of a nutritious diet for households earning minimum wage in Nova Scotia (NS) from 2002 to 2012 using an economic simulation that includes food costing and secondary data. The cost of the National Nutritious Food Basket (NNFB) was assessed with a stratified, random sample of grocery stores in NS during six time periods: 2002, 2004/2005, 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2012. The NNFB's cost was factored into affordability scenarios for three different household types relying on minimum wage earnings: a household of four; a lone mother with three children; and a lone man. Essential monthly living expenses were deducted from monthly net incomes using methods that were standardized from 2002 to 2012 to determine whether adequate funds remained to purchase a basic nutritious diet across the six time periods. A 79% increase to the minimum wage in NS has resulted in a decrease in the potential deficit faced by each household scenario in the period examined. However, the household of four and the lone mother with three children would still face monthly deficits ($44.89 and $496.77, respectively, in 2012) if they were to purchase a nutritiously sufficient diet. As a social determinant of health, risk of food insecurity is a critical public health issue for low wage earners. While it is essential to increase the minimum wage in the short term, adequately addressing income adequacy in NS and elsewhere requires a shift in thinking from a focus on minimum wage towards more comprehensive policies ensuring an adequate livable income for everyone.

41 CFR 50-202.2 - Minimum wage in all industries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 1 2011-07-01 2009-07-01 true Minimum wage in all industries. 50-202.2 Section 50-202.2 Public Contracts and Property Management Other Provisions Relating to... Industries § 50-202.2 Minimum wage in all industries. In all industries, the minimum wage applicable to...

41 CFR 50-202.2 - Minimum wage in all industries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Minimum wage in all industries. 50-202.2 Section 50-202.2 Public Contracts and Property Management Other Provisions Relating to... Industries § 50-202.2 Minimum wage in all industries. In all industries, the minimum wage applicable to...

41 CFR 50-202.2 - Minimum wage in all industries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Minimum wage in all industries. 50-202.2 Section 50-202.2 Public Contracts and Property Management Other Provisions Relating to... Industries § 50-202.2 Minimum wage in all industries. In all industries, the minimum wage applicable to...

41 CFR 50-202.2 - Minimum wage in all industries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 1 2012-07-01 2009-07-01 true Minimum wage in all industries. 50-202.2 Section 50-202.2 Public Contracts and Property Management Other Provisions Relating to... Industries § 50-202.2 Minimum wage in all industries. In all industries, the minimum wage applicable to...

Minimum Wages and Skill Acquisition: Another Look at Schooling Effects.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Neumark, David; Wascher, William

2003-01-01

Examines the effects of minimum wage on schooling, seeking to reconcile some of the contradictory results in recent research using Current Population Survey data from the late 1970s through the 1980s. Findings point to negative effects of minimum wages on school enrollment, bolstering the findings of negative effects of minimum wages on enrollment…

Subjective well-being and minimum wages: Evidence from U.S. states.

PubMed

Kuroki, Masanori

2018-02-01

This paper investigates whether increases in minimum wages are associated with higher life satisfaction by using monthly-level state minimum wages and individual-level data from the 2005-2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. The magnitude I find suggests that a 10% increase in the minimum wage is associated with a 0.03-point increase in life satisfaction for workers without a high school diploma, on a 4-point scale. Contrary to popular belief that higher minimum wages hurt business owners, I find little evidence that higher minimum wages lead to the loss of well-being among self-employed people. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Economic policy and the double burden of malnutrition: cross-national longitudinal analysis of minimum wage and women's underweight and obesity.

PubMed

Conklin, Annalijn I; Ponce, Ninez A; Crespi, Catherine M; Frank, John; Nandi, Arijit; Heymann, Jody

2018-04-01

To examine changes in minimum wage associated with changes in women's weight status. Longitudinal study of legislated minimum wage levels (per month, purchasing power parity-adjusted, 2011 constant US dollar values) linked to anthropometric and sociodemographic data from multiple Demographic and Health Surveys (2000-2014). Separate multilevel models estimated associations of a $10 increase in monthly minimum wage with the rate of change in underweight and obesity, conditioning on individual and country confounders. Post-estimation analysis computed predicted mean probabilities of being underweight or obese associated with higher levels of minimum wage at study start and end. Twenty-four low-income countries. Adult non-pregnant women (n 150 796). Higher minimum wages were associated (OR; 95 % CI) with reduced underweight in women (0·986; 0·977, 0·995); a decrease that accelerated over time (P-interaction=0·025). Increasing minimum wage was associated with higher obesity (1·019; 1·008, 1·030), but did not alter the rate of increase in obesity prevalence (P-interaction=0·8). A $10 rise in monthly minimum wage was associated (prevalence difference; 95 % CI) with an average decrease of about 0·14 percentage points (-0·14; -0·23, -0·05) for underweight and an increase of about 0·1 percentage points (0·12; 0·04, 0·20) for obesity. The present longitudinal multi-country study showed that a $10 rise in monthly minimum wage significantly accelerated the decline in women's underweight prevalence, but had no association with the pace of growth in obesity prevalence. Thus, modest rises in minimum wage may be beneficial for addressing the protracted underweight problem in poor countries, especially South Asia and parts of Africa.

The impact of the minimum wage on health.

PubMed

Andreyeva, Elena; Ukert, Benjamin

2018-03-07

This study evaluates the effect of minimum wage on risky health behaviors, healthcare access, and self-reported health. We use data from the 1993-2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, and employ a difference-in-differences strategy that utilizes time variation in new minimum wage laws across U.S. states. Results suggest that the minimum wage increases the probability of being obese and decreases daily fruit and vegetable intake, but also decreases days with functional limitations while having no impact on healthcare access. Subsample analyses reveal that the increase in weight and decrease in fruit and vegetable intake are driven by the older population, married, and whites. The improvement in self-reported health is especially strong among non-whites, females, and married.

The association of minimum wage change on child nutritional status in LMICs: A quasi-experimental multi-country study.

PubMed

Ponce, Ninez; Shimkhada, Riti; Raub, Amy; Daoud, Adel; Nandi, Arijit; Richter, Linda; Heymann, Jody

2017-08-02

There is recognition that social protection policies such as raising the minimum wage can favourably impact health, but little evidence links minimum wage increases to child health outcomes. We used multi-year data (2003-2012) on national minimum wages linked to individual-level data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from 23 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) that had least two DHS surveys to establish pre- and post-observation periods. Over a pre- and post-interval ranging from 4 to 8 years, we examined minimum wage growth and four nutritional status outcomes among children under 5 years: stunting, wasting, underweight, and anthropometric failure. Using a differences-in-differences framework with country and time-fixed effects, a 10% increase in minimum wage growth over time was associated with a 0.5 percentage point decline in stunting (-0.054, 95% CI (-0.084,-0.025)), and a 0.3 percentage point decline in failure (-0.031, 95% CI (-0.057,-0.005)). We did not observe statistically significant associations between minimum wage growth and underweight or wasting. We found similar results for the poorest households working in non-agricultural and non-professional jobs, where minimum wage growth may have the most leverage. Modest increases in minimum wage over a 4- to 8-year period might be effective in reducing child undernutrition in LMICs.

The Effect of Minimum Wages on Adolescent Fertility: A Nationwide Analysis.

PubMed

Bullinger, Lindsey Rose

2017-03-01

To investigate the effect of minimum wage laws on adolescent birth rates in the United States. I used a difference-in-differences approach and vital statistics data measured quarterly at the state level from 2003 to 2014. All models included state covariates, state and quarter-year fixed effects, and state-specific quarter-year nonlinear time trends, which provided plausibly causal estimates of the effect of minimum wage on adolescent birth rates. A $1 increase in minimum wage reduces adolescent birth rates by about 2%. The effects are driven by non-Hispanic White and Hispanic adolescents. Nationwide, increasing minimum wages by $1 would likely result in roughly 5000 fewer adolescent births annually.

Do minimum wages improve early life health? Evidence from developing countries.

PubMed

Majid, Muhammad Farhan; Mendoza Rodríguez, José M; Harper, Sam; Frank, John; Nandi, Arijit

2016-06-01

The impact of legislated minimum wages on the early-life health of children living in low and middle-income countries has not been examined. For our analyses, we used data from the Demographic and Household Surveys (DHS) from 57 countries conducted between 1999 and 2013. Our analyses focus on height-for-age z scores (HAZ) for children under 5 years of age who were surveyed as part of the DHS. To identify the causal effect of minimum wages, we utilized plausibly exogenous variation in the legislated minimum wages during each child's year of birth, the identifying assumption being that mothers do not time their births around changes in the minimum wage. As a sensitivity exercise, we also made within family comparisons (mother fixed effect models). Our final analysis on 49 countries reveal that a 1% increase in minimum wages was associated with 0.1% (95% CI = -0.2, 0) decrease in HAZ scores. Adverse effects of an increase in the minimum wage were observed among girls and for children of fathers who were less than 35 years old, mothers aged 20-29, parents who were married, parents who were less educated, and parents involved in manual work. We also explored heterogeneity by region and GDP per capita at baseline (1999). Adverse effects were concentrated in lower-income countries and were most pronounced in South Asia. By contrast, increases in the minimum wage improved children's HAZ in Latin America, and among children of parents working in a skilled sector. Our findings are inconsistent with the hypothesis that increases in the minimum wage unconditionally improve child health in lower-income countries, and highlight heterogeneity in the impact of minimum wages around the globe. Future work should involve country and occupation specific studies which can explore not only different outcomes such as infant mortality rates, but also explore the role of parental investments in shaping these effects. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Minimum Wage, Restaurant Prices, and Labor Market Structure

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Aaronson, Daniel; French, Eric; MacDonald, James

2008-01-01

Using store-level and aggregated Consumer Price Index data, we show that restaurant prices rise in response to minimum wage increases under several sources of identifying variation. We introduce a general model of employment determination that implies minimum wage hikes cause prices to rise in competitive labor markets but potentially fall in…

The Implications of the National Minimum Wage for Training Practices and Skill Utilisation in the United Kingdom Hospitality Industry

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Norris, Gill; Williams, Steve; Adam-Smith, Derek

2003-01-01

Two key issues thrown up by the 1999 introduction of the National Minimum Wage (NMW) in the United Kingdom are its likely impact on employers' training practices in low paying sectors of the economy and the implications for skills. Based on a study of the hospitality industry, this article assesses the limited significance of the differential,…

Recent Immigrants as Labor Market Arbitrageurs: Evidence from the Minimum Wage*

PubMed Central

Cadena, Brian C.

2014-01-01

This paper investigates the local labor supply effects of changes to the minimum wage by examining the response of low-skilled immigrants’ location decisions. Canonical models emphasize the importance of labor mobility when evaluating the employment effects of the minimum wage; yet few studies address this outcome directly. Low-skilled immigrant populations shift toward labor markets with stagnant minimum wages, and this result is robust to a number of alternative interpretations. This mobility provides behavior-based evidence in favor of a non-trivial negative employment effect of the minimum wage. Further, it reduces the estimated demand elasticity using teens; employment losses among native teens are substantially larger in states that have historically attracted few immigrant residents. PMID:24999288

Recent Immigrants as Labor Market Arbitrageurs: Evidence from the Minimum Wage.

PubMed

Cadena, Brian C

2014-03-01

This paper investigates the local labor supply effects of changes to the minimum wage by examining the response of low-skilled immigrants' location decisions. Canonical models emphasize the importance of labor mobility when evaluating the employment effects of the minimum wage; yet few studies address this outcome directly. Low-skilled immigrant populations shift toward labor markets with stagnant minimum wages, and this result is robust to a number of alternative interpretations. This mobility provides behavior-based evidence in favor of a non-trivial negative employment effect of the minimum wage. Further, it reduces the estimated demand elasticity using teens; employment losses among native teens are substantially larger in states that have historically attracted few immigrant residents.

Minimum Wage and Community College Attendance: How Economic Circumstances Affect Educational Choices

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, Betsy

2013-01-01

How do changes in minimum wages affect community college enrollment and employment? In particular, among adults without associate's or bachelor's degrees who may earn near the minimum wage, do endowment effects of a higher minimum wage encourage school attendance? Among adults without associate's or bachelor's degrees who may earn near the minimum…

29 CFR 783.26 - The section 6(b)(2) minimum wage requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false The section 6(b)(2) minimum wage requirement. 783.26... The section 6(b)(2) minimum wage requirement. Section 6(b), with paragraph (2) thereof, requires the... prescribed by” paragraph (1) of the subsection is the minimum wage rate applicable according to the schedule...

29 CFR 510.22 - Industries eligible for minimum wage phase-in.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Industries eligible for minimum wage phase-in. 510.22 Section 510.22 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR... ACT IN PUERTO RICO Classification of Industries § 510.22 Industries eligible for minimum wage phase-in...

The Effect of Minimum Wages on Youth Employment in Canada: A Panel Study.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yuen, Terence

2003-01-01

Canadian panel data 1988-90 were used to compare estimates of minimum-wage effects based on a low-wage/high-worker sample and a low-wage-only sample. Minimum-wage effect for the latter is nearly zero. Different results for low-wage subgroups suggest a significant effect for those with longer low-wage histories. (Contains 26 references.) (SK)

Quantitative Research on the Minimum Wage

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goldfarb, Robert S.

1975-01-01

The article reviews recent research examining the impact of minimum wage requirements on the size and distribution of teenage employment and earnings. The studies measure income distribution, employment levels and effect on unemployment. (MW)

Minimum Wages and the Economic Well-Being of Single Mothers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sabia, Joseph J.

2008-01-01

Using pooled cross-sectional data from the 1992 to 2005 March Current Population Survey (CPS), this study examines the relationship between minimum wage increases and the economic well-being of single mothers. Estimation results show that minimum wage increases were ineffective at reducing poverty among single mothers. Most working single mothers…

The Effect of Minimum Wage Rates on High School Completion

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Warren, John Robert; Hamrock, Caitlin

2010-01-01

Does increasing the minimum wage reduce the high school completion rate? Previous research has suffered from (1. narrow time horizons, (2. potentially inadequate measures of states' high school completion rates, and (3. potentially inadequate measures of minimum wage rates. Overcoming each of these limitations, we analyze the impact of changes in…

The migratory impact of minimum wage legislation: Puerto Rico, 1970-1987.

PubMed

Santiago, C E

1993-01-01

"This study examines the impact of minimum wage setting on labor migration. A multiple time series framework is applied to monthly data for Puerto Rico from 1970-1987. The results show that net emigration from Puerto Rico to the United States fell in response to significant changes in the manner in which minimum wage policy was conducted, particularly after 1974. The extent of commuter type labor migration between Puerto Rico and the United States is influenced by minimum wage policy, with potentially important consequences for human capital investment and long-term standards of living." excerpt

29 CFR 520.200 - What is the legal authority for payment of wages lower than the minimum wage required by section...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... the minimum wage required by section 6(a) of the Fair Labor Standards Act? 520.200 Section 520.200... lower than the minimum wage required by section 6(a) of the Fair Labor Standards Act? Section 14(a) of..., for the payment of special minimum wage rates to workers employed as messengers, learners (including...

Impact of the Minimum Wage on Compression.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wolfe, Michael N.; Candland, Charles W.

1979-01-01

Assesses the impact of increases in the minimum wage on salary schedules, provides guidelines for creating a philosophy to deal with the impact, and outlines options and presents recommendations. (IRT)

29 CFR 510.22 - Industries eligible for minimum wage phase-in.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Industries eligible for minimum wage phase-in. 510.22... ACT IN PUERTO RICO Classification of Industries § 510.22 Industries eligible for minimum wage phase-in. (a) Appendix A contains a listing of all industries included in the Census of Manufacturing. Appendix...

29 CFR 510.22 - Industries eligible for minimum wage phase-in.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Industries eligible for minimum wage phase-in. 510.22... ACT IN PUERTO RICO Classification of Industries § 510.22 Industries eligible for minimum wage phase-in. (a) Appendix A contains a listing of all industries included in the Census of Manufacturing. Appendix...

29 CFR 510.22 - Industries eligible for minimum wage phase-in.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Industries eligible for minimum wage phase-in. 510.22... ACT IN PUERTO RICO Classification of Industries § 510.22 Industries eligible for minimum wage phase-in. (a) Appendix A contains a listing of all industries included in the Census of Manufacturing. Appendix...

29 CFR 510.22 - Industries eligible for minimum wage phase-in.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Industries eligible for minimum wage phase-in. 510.22... ACT IN PUERTO RICO Classification of Industries § 510.22 Industries eligible for minimum wage phase-in. (a) Appendix A contains a listing of all industries included in the Census of Manufacturing. Appendix...

The Potential Effects of Minimum Wage Changes on Naval Accessions

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-01

price floor affects the market’s demand for labor and utilizes the two-sector and search models to demonstrate how the minimum wage market ...and search models to demonstrate how the minimum wage market correlates to military ascensions. Finally, the report examines studies that show the...that Derives from a Price Floor. Source: “Price Floor” (n.d.). .....14 Figure 3. Price Floor below the Market . Source: “Price Floor” (n.d

29 CFR 520.409 - When will authority to pay apprentices special minimum wages become effective and what is the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... wages become effective and what is the special minimum wage rate? 520.409 Section 520.409 Labor... apprentices special minimum wages become effective and what is the special minimum wage rate? (a) An... Division. (b) The wage rate specified by the apprenticeship program becomes the special minimum wage rate...

The impact of minimum wages on population health: evidence from 24 OECD countries.

PubMed

Lenhart, Otto

2017-11-01

This study examines the relationship between minimum wages and several measures of population health by analyzing data from 24 OECD countries for a time period of 31 years. Specifically, I test for health effects as a result of within-country variations in the generosity of minimum wages, which are measured by the Kaitz index. The paper finds that higher levels of minimum wages are associated with significant reductions of overall mortality rates as well as in the number of deaths due to outcomes that have been shown to be more prevalent among individuals with low socioeconomic status (e.g., diabetes, disease of the circulatory system, stroke). A 10% point increase of the Kaitz index is associated with significant declines in death rates and an increase in life expectancy of 0.44 years. Furthermore, I provide evidence for potential channels through which minimum wages impact population health by showing that more generous minimum wages impact outcomes such as poverty, the share of the population with unmet medical needs, the number of doctor consultations, tobacco consumption, calorie intake, and the likelihood of people being overweight.

The Effect of an Increased Minimum Wage on Infant Mortality and Birth Weight.

PubMed

Komro, Kelli A; Livingston, Melvin D; Markowitz, Sara; Wagenaar, Alexander C

2016-08-01

To investigate the effects of state minimum wage laws on low birth weight and infant mortality in the United States. We estimated the effects of state-level minimum wage laws using a difference-in-differences approach on rates of low birth weight (< 2500 g) and postneonatal mortality (28-364 days) by state and month from 1980 through 2011. All models included state and year fixed effects as well as state-specific covariates. Across all models, a dollar increase in the minimum wage above the federal level was associated with a 1% to 2% decrease in low birth weight births and a 4% decrease in postneonatal mortality. If all states in 2014 had increased their minimum wages by 1 dollar, there would likely have been 2790 fewer low birth weight births and 518 fewer postneonatal deaths for the year.

Minimum Wage Increases and the Working Poor. Changing Domestic Priorities Discussion Paper.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mincy, Ronald B.

Most economists agree that the difficulties of targeting minimum wage increases to low-income families make such increases ineffective tools for reducing poverty. This paper provides estimates of the impact of minimum wage increases on the poverty gap and the number of poor families, and shows which factors are barriers to decreasing poverty…

The Consequences of Indexing the Minimum Wage to Average Wages in the U.S. Economy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Macpherson, David A.; Even, William E.

The consequences of indexing the minimum wage to average wages in the U.S. economy were analyzed. The study data were drawn from the 1974-1978 May Current Population Survey (CPS) and the 180 monthly CPS Outgoing Rotation Group files for 1979-1993 (approximate annual sample sizes of 40,000 and 180,000, respectively). The effects of indexing on the…

The Effect of an Increased Minimum Wage on Infant Mortality and Birth Weight

PubMed Central

Livingston, Melvin D.; Markowitz, Sara; Wagenaar, Alexander C.

2016-01-01

Objectives. To investigate the effects of state minimum wage laws on low birth weight and infant mortality in the United States. Methods. We estimated the effects of state-level minimum wage laws using a difference-in-differences approach on rates of low birth weight (< 2500 g) and postneonatal mortality (28–364 days) by state and month from 1980 through 2011. All models included state and year fixed effects as well as state-specific covariates. Results. Across all models, a dollar increase in the minimum wage above the federal level was associated with a 1% to 2% decrease in low birth weight births and a 4% decrease in postneonatal mortality. Conclusions. If all states in 2014 had increased their minimum wages by 1 dollar, there would likely have been 2790 fewer low birth weight births and 518 fewer postneonatal deaths for the year. PMID:27310355

Are There Long-Run Effects of the Minimum Wage?

PubMed Central

Sorkin, Isaac

2014-01-01

An empirical consensus suggests that there are small employment effects of minimum wage increases. This paper argues that these are short-run elasticities. Long-run elasticities, which may differ from short-run elasticities, are policy relevant. This paper develops a dynamic industry equilibrium model of labor demand. The model makes two points. First, long-run regressions have been misinterpreted because even if the short- and long-run employment elasticities differ, standard methods would not detect a difference using US variation. Second, the model offers a reconciliation of the small estimated short-run employment effects with the commonly found pass-through of minimum wage increases to product prices. PMID:25937790

Are There Long-Run Effects of the Minimum Wage?

PubMed

Sorkin, Isaac

2015-04-01

An empirical consensus suggests that there are small employment effects of minimum wage increases. This paper argues that these are short-run elasticities. Long-run elasticities, which may differ from short-run elasticities, are policy relevant. This paper develops a dynamic industry equilibrium model of labor demand. The model makes two points. First, long-run regressions have been misinterpreted because even if the short- and long-run employment elasticities differ, standard methods would not detect a difference using US variation. Second, the model offers a reconciliation of the small estimated short-run employment effects with the commonly found pass-through of minimum wage increases to product prices.

The President's Veto of the Minimum Wage Bill: Impact on Poor and Minority Workers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shapiro, Isaac

Restoration of an adequate minimum wage remains a critical ingredient in efforts to provide income security for poor and minority workers. The experience of recent years indicates that work does not provide economic security for many poor, Black, and Hispanic workers. National and minority unemployment rates have dropped during the economic…

26 CFR 404.6334(d)-1 - Minimum exemption from levy for wages, salary, or other income.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 18 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Minimum exemption from levy for wages, salary... ADMINISTRATION UNDER THE TAX REFORM ACT OF 1976 § 404.6334(d)-1 Minimum exemption from levy for wages, salary, or... period. Paragraph (c) of this section contains rules relating to the minimum amount of wages, salary, or...

Minimum Wages and School Enrollment of Teenagers: A Look at the 1990's.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chaplin, Duncan D.; Turner, Mark D.; Pape, Andreas, D.

2003-01-01

Estimates the effects of higher minimum wages on school enrollment using the Common Core of Data. Controlling for local labor market conditions and state and year fixed effects, finds some evidence that higher minimum wages reduce teen school enrollment in states where students drop out before age 18. (23 references) (Author/PKP)

Minimum Wage Laws: Who Benefits, Who Loses? Series on Public Issues No. 2.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hobson, Margaret Jane; Maurice, S. Charles

It is the thesis of this booklet, one of a series intended to apply economic principles to major social and political issues of the day, that minimum wage laws actually hurt those whom such laws are designed to help. From this point of departure, separate subsections examine economic implications of minimum wage laws, including discussion of what…

Effects of the Minimum Wage on the Employment Status of Youths. An Update.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wellington, Alison J.

1991-01-01

Using data from 1954-86, including the 1980s period of relative decline in the value of the minimum wage, a study found that a 10 percent increase in minimum wage reduced teen unemployment by less than 1 percent. In addition, no apparent effect on employment of adults aged 20-24 was found, and minimal differences appeared for sex and race. (SK)

Teenagers and the Minimum Wage in Retail Trade

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cotterill, Philip G.; Wadycki, Walter J.

1976-01-01

The impact of minimum wage policy on the hiring of teenagers in relation to adult laborers in retail trade has been assessed through analysis of a study sample of 353 male and 391 female retail trade employees who were part of the 1967 Survey of Economic Opportunity. (LH)

[Will inpatient care still be financeable? Effects of the minimum wage to operators].

PubMed

Meyer, Dirk

2010-11-01

Due to demographic and social developments nursing service will continueto be a growth industry in the long run. The requirement for this is the political volition of a sufficient funding. A minimum wage in nursing service tends to increase prices of the offered services. Stated justifications for a minimum wage are wage dumping protection (inter alia against the background of the upcoming opening of the single market in 2011) as well as raising rivals' costs. Protection is focused on the 266,000 non-skilled workers in basic care owing to the strong tightening of the labour market for caregivers. Operative minimum wages will lead to adjustments by optimising operations, intensification of work, and rationalisation of workflow by increased employment of capital as well as technical substitution of relatively expensive non-skilled workers. In addition there will be increased pressure on prices for nursing services and private co-payments. There will be an increased supply and demand for illegal services. Suppliers who had been tied to collective contracts so far will achieve a relative advantage in competition.

29 CFR 780.620 - Minimum wage for livestock auction work.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... minimum rate required by section 6(a)(1) of the Act for the time spent in livestock auction work. The exemption does not apply unless there is payment for all hours spent in livestock auction work at not less... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Minimum wage for livestock auction work. 780.620 Section...

29 CFR 510.23 - Agricultural activities eligible for minimum wage phase-in.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Agricultural activities eligible for minimum wage phase-in. 510.23 Section 510.23 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION... FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT IN PUERTO RICO Classification of Industries § 510.23 Agricultural activities...

Care homes may close due to cost of national living wage.

PubMed

Sprinks, Jennifer

2016-08-01

In April this year, a compulsory national living wage (NLW) for people over the age of 25 was introduced across the UK. The NLW increases minimum hourly pay from £6.70 to £7.20, a figure that is due to rise to £9 by 2020.

State Flexibility: The Minimum Wage and Welfare Reform.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Employment Policies Inst., Washington, DC.

In 1999, Congress for the first time, is debating a federal minimum wage hike that will affect low-skilled people who have dramatically fewer options if they cannot find work. This public policy debate has been occasioned by the new state focus on welfare reform that, to some, suggests that a state flexibility approach be applied to the minimum…

Estimating Potential Reductions in Premature Mortality in New York City From Raising the Minimum Wage to $15

PubMed Central

Konty, Kevin J.; Van Wye, Gretchen; Barbot, Oxiris; Hadler, James L.; Linos, Natalia; Bassett, Mary T.

2016-01-01

Objectives. To assess potential reductions in premature mortality that could have been achieved in 2008 to 2012 if the minimum wage had been $15 per hour in New York City. Methods. Using the 2008 to 2012 American Community Survey, we performed simulations to assess how the proportion of low-income residents in each neighborhood might change with a hypothetical $15 minimum wage under alternative assumptions of labor market dynamics. We developed an ecological model of premature death to determine the differences between the levels of premature mortality as predicted by the actual proportions of low-income residents in 2008 to 2012 and the levels predicted by the proportions of low-income residents under a hypothetical $15 minimum wage. Results. A $15 minimum wage could have averted 2800 to 5500 premature deaths between 2008 and 2012 in New York City, representing 4% to 8% of total premature deaths in that period. Most of these avertable deaths would be realized in lower-income communities, in which residents are predominantly people of color. Conclusions. A higher minimum wage may have substantial positive effects on health and should be considered as an instrument to address health disparities. PMID:27077350

Estimating Potential Reductions in Premature Mortality in New York City From Raising the Minimum Wage to $15.

PubMed

Tsao, Tsu-Yu; Konty, Kevin J; Van Wye, Gretchen; Barbot, Oxiris; Hadler, James L; Linos, Natalia; Bassett, Mary T

2016-06-01

To assess potential reductions in premature mortality that could have been achieved in 2008 to 2012 if the minimum wage had been $15 per hour in New York City. Using the 2008 to 2012 American Community Survey, we performed simulations to assess how the proportion of low-income residents in each neighborhood might change with a hypothetical $15 minimum wage under alternative assumptions of labor market dynamics. We developed an ecological model of premature death to determine the differences between the levels of premature mortality as predicted by the actual proportions of low-income residents in 2008 to 2012 and the levels predicted by the proportions of low-income residents under a hypothetical $15 minimum wage. A $15 minimum wage could have averted 2800 to 5500 premature deaths between 2008 and 2012 in New York City, representing 4% to 8% of total premature deaths in that period. Most of these avertable deaths would be realized in lower-income communities, in which residents are predominantly people of color. A higher minimum wage may have substantial positive effects on health and should be considered as an instrument to address health disparities.

The Unexpected Long-Run Impact of the Minimum Wage: An Educational Cascade. NBER Working Paper No. 16355

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sutch, Richard

2010-01-01

Neglected, but significant, the long-run consequence of the minimum wage--which was made national policy in the United States in 1938--is its stimulation of capital deepening. This took two forms. First, the engineered shortage of low-skill, low-paying jobs induced teenagers to invest in additional human capital--primarily by extending their…

29 CFR 516.11 - Employees exempt from both minimum wage and overtime pay requirements under section 13(a) (2), (3...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Employees exempt from both minimum wage and overtime pay... Exemptions Under the Act; Other Special Requirements § 516.11 Employees exempt from both minimum wage and.... With respect to each and every employee exempt from both the minimum wage and overtime pay requirements...

29 CFR 520.403 - What information is required when applying for authority to pay less than the minimum wage?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... pay less than the minimum wage? 520.403 Section 520.403 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR REGULATIONS EMPLOYMENT UNDER SPECIAL CERTIFICATE OF... than the minimum wage? (a) A separate application must be made for each plant or establishment...

5 CFR 532.205 - The use of Federal, State, and local minimum wage requirements in determining prevailing rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... minimum wage requirements in determining prevailing rates. 532.205 Section 532.205 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS PREVAILING RATE SYSTEMS Prevailing Rate Determinations § 532.205 The use of Federal, State, and local minimum wage requirements in determining prevailing...

Would a Higher Minimum Wage Help Poor Families Headed by Women?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Martin, Linda R.; Giannaros, Demetrios

1990-01-01

Studies suggest negative employment consequences if the minimum wage is increased. This may not affect poverty among households headed by women because the unemployment rate does not seem to play a statistically significant role in determining the poverty rate for this cohort. (Author)

Researching the Minimum Wage: A Moral Economy for the Classroom.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Neverow-Turk, Vara

1991-01-01

Describes a writing assignment that requires students to research and report on what it would be like to live on minimum wage. Explains that this assignment is not really any different than the traditional assignment, it is simply more obvious about its political content because it involves an inquiry into economics rather than literature or…

29 CFR 4.2 - Payment of minimum wage specified in section 6(a)(1) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Payment of minimum wage specified in section 6(a)(1) of the... and Procedures § 4.2 Payment of minimum wage specified in section 6(a)(1) of the Fair Labor Standards... employees shall pay any employees engaged in such work less than the minimum wage specified in section 6(a...

Associations between minimum wage policy and access to health care: evidence from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1996-2007.

PubMed

McCarrier, Kelly P; Zimmerman, Frederick J; Ralston, James D; Martin, Diane P

2011-02-01

We examined whether minimum wage policy is associated with access to medical care among low-skilled workers in the United States. We used multilevel logistic regression to analyze a data set consisting of individual-level indicators of uninsurance and unmet medical need from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and state-level ecological controls from the US Census, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and several other sources in all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1996 and 2007. Higher state-level minimum wage rates were associated with significantly reduced odds of reporting unmet medical need after control for the ecological covariates, substate region fixed effects, and individual demographic and health characteristics (odds ratio = 0.853; 95% confidence interval = 0.750, 0.971). Minimum wage rates were not significantly associated with being uninsured. Higher minimum wages may be associated with a reduced likelihood of experiencing unmet medical need among low-skilled workers, and do not appear to be associated with uninsurance. These findings appear to refute the suggestion that minimum wage laws have detrimental effects on access to health care, as opponents of the policies have suggested.

Minimum Wages and Teenagers' Enrollment--Employment Outcomes: A Multinominal Logit Model.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ehrenberg, Ronald G.; Marcus, Alan J.

1982-01-01

This paper tests the hypothesis that the effect of minimum wage legislation on teenagers' education decisions is asymmetrical across family income classes, with the legislation inducing children from low-income families to reduce their levels of schooling and children from higher-income families to increase their educational attainment. (Author)

29 CFR Appendix C to Part 510 - Government Corporations Eligible for Minimum Wage Phase-In

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Government Corporations Eligible for Minimum Wage Phase-In C Appendix C to Part 510 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION... FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT IN PUERTO RICO Pt. 510, App. C Appendix C to Part 510—Government Corporations...

29 CFR Appendix C to Part 510 - Government Corporations Eligible for Minimum Wage Phase-In

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Government Corporations Eligible for Minimum Wage Phase-In C Appendix C to Part 510 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION... FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT IN PUERTO RICO Pt. 510, App. C Appendix C to Part 510—Government Corporations...

State-level minimum wage and heart disease death rates in the United States, 1980-2015: A novel application of marginal structural modeling.

PubMed

Van Dyke, Miriam E; Komro, Kelli A; Shah, Monica P; Livingston, Melvin D; Kramer, Michael R

2018-07-01

Despite substantial declines since the 1960's, heart disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States (US) and geographic disparities in heart disease mortality have grown. State-level socioeconomic factors might be important contributors to geographic differences in heart disease mortality. This study examined the association between state-level minimum wage increases above the federal minimum wage and heart disease death rates from 1980 to 2015 among 'working age' individuals aged 35-64 years in the US. Annual, inflation-adjusted state and federal minimum wage data were extracted from legal databases and annual state-level heart disease death rates were obtained from CDC Wonder. Although most minimum wage and health studies to date use conventional regression models, we employed marginal structural models to account for possible time-varying confounding. Quasi-experimental, marginal structural models accounting for state, year, and state × year fixed effects estimated the association between increases in the state-level minimum wage above the federal minimum wage and heart disease death rates. In models of 'working age' adults (35-64 years old), a $1 increase in the state-level minimum wage above the federal minimum wage was on average associated with ~6 fewer heart disease deaths per 100,000 (95% CI: -10.4, -1.99), or a state-level heart disease death rate that was 3.5% lower per year. In contrast, for older adults (65+ years old) a $1 increase was on average associated with a 1.1% lower state-level heart disease death rate per year (b = -28.9 per 100,000, 95% CI: -71.1, 13.3). State-level economic policies are important targets for population health research. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The Effects of Minimum Wages on Teenage Employment, Enrollment, and Idleness.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Neumark, David

A study described the effects of minimum wages on teenagers by using individual-level panel data on school and work transitions of teenagers. Panel data from 1979-92 measuring transitions among alternative employment and enrollment activities of teenagers were obtained from matched Current Population Surveys data sets. Findings indicated that…

Jobs Taken by Mothers Moving from Welfare to Work and the Effects of Minimum Wages on This Transition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brandon, Peter D.

The potential effects of raising the minimum wage on the earnings of mothers moving from welfare to work were examined by analyzing the differences that existed in the late 1980s in the various states' minimum wage rates and data from three waves of the Survey of Income and Program Participation for the years 1985-1990 (during which time 13 states…

48 CFR 22.1002-4 - Application of the Fair Labor Standards Act minimum wage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Application of the Fair Labor Standards Act minimum wage. 22.1002-4 Section 22.1002-4 Federal Acquisition Regulations System... Service Contract Act of 1965, as Amended 22.1002-4 Application of the Fair Labor Standards Act minimum...

29 CFR 552.100 - Application of minimum wage and overtime provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... one and one-half times the employee's regular rate of pay for such excess hours, unless the employee... meal credits when combined do not in total exceed 150 percent of the statutory minimum hourly wage for... value of furnishing meals, whichever is less, as determined in accordance with part 531 of this chapter...

29 CFR 552.100 - Application of minimum wage and overtime provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... one and one-half times the employee's regular rate of pay for such excess hours, unless the employee... meal credits when combined do not in total exceed 150 percent of the statutory minimum hourly wage for... value of furnishing meals, whichever is less, as determined in accordance with part 531 of this chapter...

Associations Between Minimum Wage Policy and Access to Health Care: Evidence From the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1996–2007

PubMed Central

Zimmerman, Frederick J.; Ralston, James D.; Martin, Diane P.

2011-01-01

Objectives. We examined whether minimum wage policy is associated with access to medical care among low-skilled workers in the United States. Methods. We used multilevel logistic regression to analyze a data set consisting of individual-level indicators of uninsurance and unmet medical need from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and state-level ecological controls from the US Census, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and several other sources in all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1996 and 2007. Results. Higher state-level minimum wage rates were associated with significantly reduced odds of reporting unmet medical need after control for the ecological covariates, substate region fixed effects, and individual demographic and health characteristics (odds ratio = 0.853; 95% confidence interval = 0.750, 0.971). Minimum wage rates were not significantly associated with being uninsured. Conclusions. Higher minimum wages may be associated with a reduced likelihood of experiencing unmet medical need among low-skilled workers, and do not appear to be associated with uninsurance. These findings appear to refute the suggestion that minimum wage laws have detrimental effects on access to health care, as opponents of the policies have suggested. PMID:21164102

Minimum Wage and Overweight and Obesity in Adult Women: A Multilevel Analysis of Low and Middle Income Countries.

PubMed

Conklin, Annalijn I; Ponce, Ninez A; Frank, John; Nandi, Arijit; Heymann, Jody

2016-01-01

To describe the relationship between minimum wage and overweight and obesity across countries at different levels of development. A cross-sectional analysis of 27 countries with data on the legislated minimum wage level linked to socio-demographic and anthropometry data of non-pregnant 190,892 adult women (24-49 y) from the Demographic and Health Survey. We used multilevel logistic regression models to condition on country- and individual-level potential confounders, and post-estimation of average marginal effects to calculate the adjusted prevalence difference. We found the association between minimum wage and overweight/obesity was independent of individual-level SES and confounders, and showed a reversed pattern by country development stage. The adjusted overweight/obesity prevalence difference in low-income countries was an average increase of about 0.1 percentage points (PD 0.075 [0.065, 0.084]), and an average decrease of 0.01 percentage points in middle-income countries (PD -0.014 [-0.019, -0.009]). The adjusted obesity prevalence difference in low-income countries was an average increase of 0.03 percentage points (PD 0.032 [0.021, 0.042]) and an average decrease of 0.03 percentage points in middle-income countries (PD -0.032 [-0.036, -0.027]). This is among the first studies to examine the potential impact of improved wages on an important precursor of non-communicable diseases globally. Among countries with a modest level of economic development, higher minimum wage was associated with lower levels of obesity.

29 CFR 525.9 - Criteria for employment of workers with disabilities under certificates at special minimum wage...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... relate to the individuals' productivity; (2) The prevailing wages of experienced employees not disabled... at the special minimum wage rate; (3) The productivity of the workers with disabilities compared to... (see § 525.12(h)) or the productivity of experienced nondisabled workers employed in the vicinity on...

Minimum Wage and Overweight and Obesity in Adult Women: A Multilevel Analysis of Low and Middle Income Countries

PubMed Central

Conklin, Annalijn I.; Ponce, Ninez A.; Frank, John; Nandi, Arijit; Heymann, Jody

2016-01-01

Objectives To describe the relationship between minimum wage and overweight and obesity across countries at different levels of development. Methods A cross-sectional analysis of 27 countries with data on the legislated minimum wage level linked to socio-demographic and anthropometry data of non-pregnant 190,892 adult women (24–49 y) from the Demographic and Health Survey. We used multilevel logistic regression models to condition on country- and individual-level potential confounders, and post-estimation of average marginal effects to calculate the adjusted prevalence difference. Results We found the association between minimum wage and overweight/obesity was independent of individual-level SES and confounders, and showed a reversed pattern by country development stage. The adjusted overweight/obesity prevalence difference in low-income countries was an average increase of about 0.1 percentage points (PD 0.075 [0.065, 0.084]), and an average decrease of 0.01 percentage points in middle-income countries (PD -0.014 [-0.019, -0.009]). The adjusted obesity prevalence difference in low-income countries was an average increase of 0.03 percentage points (PD 0.032 [0.021, 0.042]) and an average decrease of 0.03 percentage points in middle-income countries (PD -0.032 [-0.036, -0.027]). Conclusion This is among the first studies to examine the potential impact of improved wages on an important precursor of non-communicable diseases globally. Among countries with a modest level of economic development, higher minimum wage was associated with lower levels of obesity. PMID:26963247

Marketing and Distribution: New Minimum Wage Legislation: Impact on Co-Op DE Programs.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Husted, Stewart W.

1978-01-01

Impact on distributive education cooperative programs due to the legislation increasing the minimum wage effective January 1, 1978, indicates that the change could greatly restrict future cooperative placements, thereby reducing distributive education enrollments. Employer strategies (for example, reducing student work hours) to overcome wage…

Associations between state minimum wage policy and health care access: a multi-level analysis of the 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor survey.

PubMed

McCarrier, Kelly P; Martin, Diane P; Ralston, James D; Zimmerman, Frederick J

2010-05-01

Minimum wage policies have been advanced as mechanisms to improve the economic conditions of the working poor. Both positive and negative effects of such policies on health care access have been hypothesized, but associations have yet to be thoroughly tested. To examine whether the presence of minimum wage policies in excess of the federal standard of $5.15 per hour was associated with health care access indicators among low-skilled adults of working age, a cross-sectional analysis of 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data was conducted. Self-reported health insurance status and experience with cost-related barriers to needed medical care were adjusted in multi-level logistic regression models to control for potential confounding at the state, county, and individual levels. State-level wage policy was not found to be associated with insurance status or unmet medical need in the models, providing early evidence that increased minimum wage rates may neither strengthen nor weaken access to care as previously predicted.

5 CFR 551.311 - Subminimum wage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT Minimum Wage Provisions Subminimum Wage § 551.311 Subminimum wage. An agency... minimum wage specified in section 6(a)(1) of the Act. [45 FR 85664, Dec. 30, 1980] ... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Subminimum wage. 551.311 Section 551.311...

29 CFR 520.403 - What information is required when applying for authority to pay less than the minimum wage?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... than the minimum wage? (a) A separate application must be made for each plant or establishment...; (5) If requesting authorization for the employment of learners at subminimum wages for a learning... period prior to making application; (7) Total number of nonsupervisory workers in the particular plant or...

29 CFR 779.17 - Wage and wage payments to tipped employees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... ACT AS APPLIED TO RETAILERS OF GOODS OR SERVICES General Some Basic Definitions § 779.17 Wage and wage... per centum of the applicable minimum wage rate, except that in the case of an employee who (either... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Wage and wage payments to tipped employees. 779.17 Section...

Time-Series Evidence of the Effect of the Minimum Wage on Youth Employment and Unemployment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, Charles; And Others

1983-01-01

The study finds that a 10 percent increase in the federal minimum wage (or the coverage rate) would reduce teenage (16-19) employment by about one percent, which is at the lower end of the range of estimates from previous studies. (Author/SSH)

Wages, wage violations, and pesticide safety experienced by migrant farmworkers in North Carolina.

PubMed

Robinson, Erin; Nguyen, Ha T; Isom, Scott; Quandt, Sara A; Grzywacz, Joseph G; Chen, Haiying; Arcury, Thomas A

2011-01-01

Farmworkers have the potential to receive wages that fail to meet minimum wage standards. This analysis describes wages and minimum wage violations among farmworkers, and it determines associations of wage violations with personal characteristics and pesticide safety regulation violations. Data are from a cross-sectional survey of 300 eastern North Carolina farmworkers conducted in June through August, 2009. Most farmworkers (90.0%) were paid by the hour, but 11.7 percent received piece-rate pay. Wage violations were prevalent among farmworkers: 18.3 percent of all farmworkers, 45.3 percent of farmworkers without H-2A visas, and 3.6 percent of farmworkers with H-2A visas experienced wage violations. Most farmworkers experienced numerous pesticide safety violations. Personal characteristics were not associated with wage violations among farmworkers without H-2A visas, but some pesticide safety violations were associated with wage violations. The association of violations indicates that some growers generally violate regulations. Greater enforcement of all regulations is needed.

WAGES, WAGE VIOLATIONS, AND PESTICIDE SAFETY EXPERIENCED BY MIGRANT FARMWORKERS IN NORTH CAROLINA*

PubMed Central

ROBINSON, ERIN; NGUYEN, HA T.; ISOM, SCOTT; QUANDT, SARA A.; GRZYWACZ, JOSEPH G.; CHEN, HAIYING; ARCURY, THOMAS A.

2012-01-01

Farmworkers have the potential to receive wages that fail to meet minimum wage standards. This analysis describes wages and minimum wage violations among farmworkers, and it determines associations of wage violations with personal characteristics and pesticide safety regulation violations. Data are from a cross-sectional survey of 300 eastern North Carolina farmworkers conducted in June through August, 2009. Most farmworkers (90.0%) were paid by the hour, but 11.7 percent received piece-rate pay. Wage violations were prevalent among farmworkers: 18.3 percent of all farmworkers, 45.3 percent of farmworkers without H-2A visas, and 3.6 percent of farmworkers with H-2A visas experienced wage violations. Most farmworkers experienced numerous pesticide safety violations. Personal characteristics were not associated with wage violations among farmworkers without H-2A visas, but some pesticide safety violations were associated with wage violations. The association of violations indicates that some growers generally violate regulations. Greater enforcement of all regulations is needed. PMID:21733804

Seattle's minimum wage ordinance did not affect supermarket food prices by food processing category.

PubMed

Spoden, Amanda L; Buszkiewicz, James H; Drewnowski, Adam; Long, Mark C; Otten, Jennifer J

2018-06-01

To examine the impacts of Seattle's minimum wage ordinance on food prices by food processing category. Supermarket food prices were collected for 106 items using a University of Washington Center for Public Health Nutrition market basket at affected and unaffected supermarket chain stores at three times: March 2015 (1-month pre-policy enactment), May 2015 (1-month post-policy enactment) and May 2016 (1-year post-policy enactment). Food items were categorized into four food processing groups, from minimally to ultra-processed. Data were analysed across time using a multilevel, linear difference-in-differences model at the store and price level stratified by level of food processing. Six large supermarket chain stores located in Seattle ('intervention') affected by the policy and six same-chain but unaffected stores in King County ('control'), Washington, USA. One hundred and six food and beverage items. The largest change in average price by food item was +$US 0·53 for 'processed foods' in King County between 1-month post-policy and 1-year post-policy enactment (P < 0·01). The smallest change was $US 0·00 for 'unprocessed or minimally processed foods' in Seattle between 1-month post-policy and 1-year post-policy enactment (P = 0·94). No significant changes in averaged chain prices were observed across food processing level strata in Seattle v. King County stores at 1-month or 1-year post-policy enactment. Supermarket food prices do not appear to be differentially impacted by Seattle's minimum wage ordinance by level of the food's processing. These results suggest that the early implementation of a city-level minimum wage policy does not alter supermarket food prices by level of food processing.

29 CFR Appendix D to Part 510 - Municipalities Eligible for Minimum Wage Phase-In

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... other employees are subject to Tier 3. Municipalities which did not submit data are subject to Tier 1... June 1, 1990. If upon review it is determined that the municipality should have been subject to Tier 1... Minimum Wage Phase-In This appendix contains a listing of the municipalities in Puerto Rico and the tier...

The Effect of Minimum Wages on the Labor Force Participation Rates of Teenagers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wessels, Walter J.

In light of pressure on Congress to raise the minimum wage from $5.15 to $6.15 per hour, a study looked at the effects such a raise would have on more than 10 million workers, many of them teenagers. The study used quarterly data on the labor force participation rates of teenagers from 1978 through 1999 and other studies to assess the effects of…

Long-Run Impact of the Thirty Cent Revision in Ontario's Minimum Wage on Five Industries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McKenna, Ian B.

To determine the effect of a legislated increase in the minimum wage in Ontario, 219 establishments in five industries were surveyed. The industries were shoe factories; luggage, handbag, and small leather goods manufacturers; hosiery mills, children's clothing industry; and the foundation garment industry. Data were gathered at three different…

Estimating the effects of wages on obesity.

PubMed

Kim, DaeHwan; Leigh, John Paul

2010-05-01

To estimate the effects of wages on obesity and body mass. Data on household heads, aged 20 to 65 years, with full-time jobs, were drawn from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for 2003 to 2007. The Panel Study of Income Dynamics is a nationally representative sample. Instrumental variables (IV) for wages were created using knowledge of computer software and state legal minimum wages. Least squares (linear regression) with corrected standard errors were used to estimate the equations. Statistical tests revealed both instruments were strong and tests for over-identifying restrictions were favorable. Wages were found to be predictive (P < 0.05) of obesity and body mass in regressions both before and after applying IVs. Coefficient estimates suggested stronger effects in the IV models. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that low wages increase obesity prevalence and body mass.

Fast food prices, obesity, and the minimum wage.

PubMed

Cotti, Chad; Tefft, Nathan

2013-03-01

Recent proposals argue that a fast food tax may be an effective policy lever for reducing population weight. Although there is growing evidence for a negative association between fast food prices and weight among adolescents, less is known about adults. That any measured relationship to date is causal is unclear because there has been no attempt to separate variation in prices on the demand side from that on the supply side. We argue that the minimum wage is an exogenous source of variation in fast food prices, conditional on income and employment. In two-stage least-squares analyses, we find little evidence that fast food price changes affect adult BMI or obesity prevalence. Results are robust to including controls for area and time fixed effects, area time trends, demographic characteristics, substitute prices, numbers of establishments and employment in related industries, and other potentially related factors. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

5 CFR 532.271 - Special wage schedules for National Park Service positions in overlap areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Special wage schedules for National Park... wage schedules for National Park Service positions in overlap areas. (a)(1) The Department of the Interior shall establish special schedules for wage employees of the National Park Service whose duty...

5 CFR 532.271 - Special wage schedules for National Park Service positions in overlap areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Special wage schedules for National Park... wage schedules for National Park Service positions in overlap areas. (a)(1) The Department of the Interior shall establish special schedules for wage employees of the National Park Service whose duty...

5 CFR 532.271 - Special wage schedules for National Park Service positions in overlap areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Special wage schedules for National Park... wage schedules for National Park Service positions in overlap areas. (a)(1) The Department of the Interior shall establish special schedules for wage employees of the National Park Service whose duty...

5 CFR 532.271 - Special wage schedules for National Park Service positions in overlap areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Special wage schedules for National Park... wage schedules for National Park Service positions in overlap areas. (a)(1) The Department of the Interior shall establish special schedules for wage employees of the National Park Service whose duty...

5 CFR 532.271 - Special wage schedules for National Park Service positions in overlap areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Special wage schedules for National Park... wage schedules for National Park Service positions in overlap areas. (a)(1) The Department of the Interior shall establish special schedules for wage employees of the National Park Service whose duty...

A living wage for research subjects.

PubMed

Phillips, Trisha B

2011-01-01

Offering cash payments to research subjects is a common recruiting method, but this practice continues to be controversial because of its potential to compromise the protection of human subjects. Federal regulations and guidelines currently allow researchers to pay subjects for participation, but they say very little about how much researchers can pay their subjects. This paper argues that the federal regulations and guidelines should implement a standard payment formula. It argues for a wage payment model, and critically examines three candidates for a base wage: the nonfarm production wage, the FLSA minimum wage, and a living wage. After showing that the nonfarm production wage is too high to satisfy ethical criteria, and the minimum wage is too low, this paper concludes that the wage payment model with a base wage equivalent to a living wage is the best candidate for a standard payment formula in human subjects research. © 2011 American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics, Inc.

Youth Employment and the Minimum Wage. Hearing before the Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States, Ninety-Eighth Congress, Second Session.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Joint Economic Committee, Washington, DC.

This congressional hearing contains testimony about the problem of youth unemployment and about the relationship between youth employment opportunities and the minimum wage. A special focus is the administration's proposal for the enactment of a youth employment opportunity wage, under which youth below the age of 20 could be paid 75 percent of…

Low Wages as Occupational Health Hazards.

PubMed

Leigh, J Paul; De Vogli, Roberto

2016-05-01

The history of occupational medicine has been characterized by ever-widening recognition of hazards, from fires in 1911 to asbestos in the 1960s, to job strain in the 1990s. In this essay, we argue for broadening the recognition further to include low wages. We first review possible mechanisms explaining the effects of wages on health or health behaviors. Mechanisms involve self-esteem, job satisfaction, deprivation, social rank, the "full" price of bad health, patience, and the ability to purchase health-producing goods and services. Second, we discuss empirical studies that rely on large, typically national, data sets and statistical models that use either instrumental variables or natural experiments and also account for other family income. Finally, we draw implications for laws governing minimum wages and labor unions.

Wage and Salary Stabilization in a National Security Emergency

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-10-01

Arkansas Houston, Texas Eldorado, AR Bryan, TX Fayetteville, AR Lufkin, TX 2-8 Wage and Salary 2 - 9 . Region VI cont. Fort Smith, AR Waco, TX Jonesboro , AR ...applied to: financial and monetary systems: wages, salaries, and benefits; prices; rents; and rationing of essential goods. These measures are ...in terms of a number of conditions. They are : CONDITION I: Peacetime CONDITION II: National emergency (Threat of war) CONDITION ILIA: Mobilization

26 CFR 404.6334(d)-1 - Minimum exemption from levy for wages, salary, or other income.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... ADMINISTRATION UNDER THE TAX REFORM ACT OF 1976 § 404.6334(d)-1 Minimum exemption from levy for wages, salary, or other income. (a) In general. Under section 6331(a), if an individual liable for any tax neglects or... person is not a minor child of the individual with respect to whom amounts are exempt from levy under...

26 CFR 404.6334(d)-1 - Minimum exemption from levy for wages, salary, or other income.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... ADMINISTRATION UNDER THE TAX REFORM ACT OF 1976 § 404.6334(d)-1 Minimum exemption from levy for wages, salary, or other income. (a) In general. Under section 6331(a), if an individual liable for any tax neglects or... person is not a minor child of the individual with respect to whom amounts are exempt from levy under...

26 CFR 404.6334(d)-1 - Minimum exemption from levy for wages, salary, or other income.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... ADMINISTRATION UNDER THE TAX REFORM ACT OF 1976 § 404.6334(d)-1 Minimum exemption from levy for wages, salary, or other income. (a) In general. Under section 6331(a), if an individual liable for any tax neglects or... person is not a minor child of the individual with respect to whom amounts are exempt from levy under...

26 CFR 404.6334(d)-1 - Minimum exemption from levy for wages, salary, or other income.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... ADMINISTRATION UNDER THE TAX REFORM ACT OF 1976 § 404.6334(d)-1 Minimum exemption from levy for wages, salary, or other income. (a) In general. Under section 6331(a), if an individual liable for any tax neglects or... person is not a minor child of the individual with respect to whom amounts are exempt from levy under...

The Impact of a City-Level Minimum-Wage Policy on Supermarket Food Prices in Seattle-King County.

PubMed

Otten, Jennifer J; Buszkiewicz, James; Tang, Wesley; Aggarwal, Anju; Long, Mark; Vigdor, Jacob; Drewnowski, Adam

2017-09-09

Background : Many states and localities throughout the U.S. have adopted higher minimum wages. Higher labor costs among low-wage food system workers could result in higher food prices. Methods : Using a market basket of 106 foods, food prices were collected at affected chain supermarket stores in Seattle and same-chain unaffected stores in King County (n = 12 total, six per location). Prices were collected at 1 month pre- (March 2015) and 1-month post-policy enactment (May 2015), then again 1-year post-policy enactment (May 2016). Unpaired t-tests were used to detect price differences by location at fixed time while paired t-tests were used to detect price difference across time with fixed store chain. A multi-level, linear differences-in-differences model, was used to detect the changes in the average market basket item food prices over time across regions, overall and by food group. Results : There were no significant differences in overall market basket or item-level costs at one-month (-$0.01, SE = 0.05, p = 0.884) or one-year post-policy enactment (-$0.02, SE = 0.08, p = 0.772). No significant increases were observed by food group. Conclusions : There is no evidence of change in supermarket food prices by market basket or increase in prices by food group in response to the implementation of Seattle's minimum wage ordinance.

The Impact of a City-Level Minimum-Wage Policy on Supermarket Food Prices in Seattle-King County

PubMed Central

Tang, Wesley; Aggarwal, Anju; Vigdor, Jacob; Drewnowski, Adam

2017-01-01

Background: Many states and localities throughout the U.S. have adopted higher minimum wages. Higher labor costs among low-wage food system workers could result in higher food prices. Methods: Using a market basket of 106 foods, food prices were collected at affected chain supermarket stores in Seattle and same-chain unaffected stores in King County (n = 12 total, six per location). Prices were collected at 1 month pre- (March 2015) and 1-month post-policy enactment (May 2015), then again 1-year post-policy enactment (May 2016). Unpaired t-tests were used to detect price differences by location at fixed time while paired t-tests were used to detect price difference across time with fixed store chain. A multi-level, linear differences-in-differences model, was used to detect the changes in the average market basket item food prices over time across regions, overall and by food group. Results: There were no significant differences in overall market basket or item-level costs at one-month (−$0.01, SE = 0.05, p = 0.884) or one-year post-policy enactment (−$0.02, SE = 0.08, p = 0.772). No significant increases were observed by food group. Conclusions: There is no evidence of change in supermarket food prices by market basket or increase in prices by food group in response to the implementation of Seattle’s minimum wage ordinance. PMID:28891937

20 CFR 655.120 - Offered wage rate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... its obligation under § 655.122(l), an employer must offer, advertise in its recruitment, and pay a... prevailing wage, the agreed-upon collective bargaining wage, or the Federal or State minimum wage, in effect...

29 CFR 783.43 - Computation of seaman's minimum wage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR STATEMENTS... STANDARDS ACT TO EMPLOYEES EMPLOYED AS SEAMEN Computation of Wages and Hours § 783.43 Computation of seaman... all hours on duty in such period at the hourly rate prescribed for employees newly covered by the Act...

17 CFR 204.65 - Wage garnishment order.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Wage garnishment order. 204.65... DEBT COLLECTION Administrative Wage Garnishment § 204.65 Wage garnishment order. (a) Unless the... to thirty times the minimum wage See 29 CFR 870.10. (3) When a debtor's pay is subject to withholding...

Training, Wages, and the Human Capital Model. National Longitudinal Surveys Discussion Paper.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Veum, Jonathan R.

Recent data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) were used to examine the validity of the traditional human capital model, which predicts that training lowers starting wages and increases wage growth. The primary data sample was restricted to those 4,309 members of the NLSY sample who were working for pay and not enrolled in…

45 CFR 303.108 - Quarterly wage and unemployment compensation claims reporting to the National Directory of New...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Quarterly wage and unemployment compensation... OPERATIONS § 303.108 Quarterly wage and unemployment compensation claims reporting to the National Directory of New Hires. (a) What definitions apply to quarterly wage and unemployment compensation claims...

45 CFR 303.108 - Quarterly wage and unemployment compensation claims reporting to the National Directory of New...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Quarterly wage and unemployment compensation... OPERATIONS § 303.108 Quarterly wage and unemployment compensation claims reporting to the National Directory of New Hires. (a) What definitions apply to quarterly wage and unemployment compensation claims...

45 CFR 303.108 - Quarterly wage and unemployment compensation claims reporting to the National Directory of New...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Quarterly wage and unemployment compensation... OPERATIONS § 303.108 Quarterly wage and unemployment compensation claims reporting to the National Directory of New Hires. (a) What definitions apply to quarterly wage and unemployment compensation claims...

45 CFR 303.108 - Quarterly wage and unemployment compensation claims reporting to the National Directory of New...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 2 2013-10-01 2012-10-01 true Quarterly wage and unemployment compensation claims... OPERATIONS § 303.108 Quarterly wage and unemployment compensation claims reporting to the National Directory of New Hires. (a) What definitions apply to quarterly wage and unemployment compensation claims...

45 CFR 303.108 - Quarterly wage and unemployment compensation claims reporting to the National Directory of New...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 2 2014-10-01 2012-10-01 true Quarterly wage and unemployment compensation claims... OPERATIONS § 303.108 Quarterly wage and unemployment compensation claims reporting to the National Directory of New Hires. (a) What definitions apply to quarterly wage and unemployment compensation claims...

29 CFR 510.10 - Table of wage rates and effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Table of wage rates and effective dates. 510.10 Section 510.10 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR... ACT IN PUERTO RICO Schedule of Minimum Wage Rates Applicable in Puerto Rico § 510.10 Table of wage...

The research subject as wage earner.

PubMed

Anderson, James A; Weijer, Charles

2002-01-01

The practice of paying research subjects for participating in clinical trials has yet to receive an adequate moral analysis. Dickert and Grady argue for a wage payment model in which research subjects are paid an hourly wage based on that of unskilled laborers. If we accept this approach, what follows? Norms for just working conditions emerge from workplace legislation and political theory. All workers, including paid research subjects under Dickert and Grady's analysis, have a right to at least minimum wage, a standard work week, extra pay for overtime hours, a safe workplace, no fault compensation for work-related injury, and union organization. If we accept that paid research subjects are wage earners like any other, then the implications for changes to current practice are substantial.

29 CFR 697.2 - Industry wage rates and effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Industry wage rates and effective dates. 697.2 Section 697... REGULATIONS INDUSTRIES IN AMERICAN SAMOA § 697.2 Industry wage rates and effective dates. Every employer shall... 1938, wages at a rate not less than the minimum rate prescribed in this section for the industries and...

29 CFR 697.2 - Industry wage rates and effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Industry wage rates and effective dates. 697.2 Section 697... REGULATIONS INDUSTRIES IN AMERICAN SAMOA § 697.2 Industry wage rates and effective dates. Every employer shall... 1938, wages at a rate not less than the minimum rate prescribed in this section for the industries and...

29 CFR 697.2 - Industry wage rates and effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Industry wage rates and effective dates. 697.2 Section 697... REGULATIONS INDUSTRIES IN AMERICAN SAMOA § 697.2 Industry wage rates and effective dates. Every employer shall... 1938, wages at a rate not less than the minimum rate prescribed in this section for the industries and...

Exploring trends and determinants of pharmacist wage rates: evidence from the 2000 and 2004 National Pharmacist Workforce Survey.

PubMed

Mott, David A; Cline, Richard R; Kreling, David H; Pedersen, Craig A; Doucette, William R; Gaither, Caroline A; Schommer, Jon C

2008-01-01

To examine pharmacists' hourly wage rates, growth rates in pharmacists' wage rates, and factors associated with pharmacists' wage rates in 2000 and 2004. Descriptive, non-experimental, cross-sectional study. United States. 1,644 and 1,129 pharmacists from the 2000 and 2004 National Pharmacist Workforce Survey, respectively. Secondary data from surveys of pharmacists were analyzed. Pharmacists' wage rates in 2000 and 2004 and growth rates in wage rates between 2000 and 2004. Wage rates for pharmacists, expressed in 2004 dollars, increased 4.9% per year between 2000 and 2004, suggesting real wage growth for pharmacists. In 2004, wage rates for pharmacists working part-time were $1.56 (3.4%) less than wages for pharmacists working full-time. In 2004, pharmacists who reported spending higher amounts of time in patient care activities earned significantly lower wages. In 2000 and 2004, wage rates were significantly less in independently owned pharmacies compared with all other practice settings. In 2004, women pharmacists earned significantly less per hour (4.9%) compared with men pharmacists. Pharmacists experienced real wage growth between 2000 and 2004, which reflects the excess demand for pharmacists. The location of pharmacists' employment and the tasks performed by pharmacists in their jobs affect wage rates.

29 CFR 4.50 - Types of wage and fringe benefit determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Types of wage and fringe benefit determinations. 4.50... Determination Procedures § 4.50 Types of wage and fringe benefit determinations. The Administrator specifies the minimum monetary wages and fringe benefits to be paid as required under the Act in two types of...

29 CFR 4.5 - Contract specification of determined minimum wages and fringe benefits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) apply. (3) For purposes of using WDOL databases containing prevailing wage determinations, the date of... stipulations contained in § 4.6 and any applicable wage determination issued by the Administrator or his... any contract subject to section 10 of the Act, the Administrator may require retroactive application...

29 CFR 4.5 - Contract specification of determined minimum wages and fringe benefits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) apply. (3) For purposes of using WDOL databases containing prevailing wage determinations, the date of... stipulations contained in § 4.6 and any applicable wage determination issued by the Administrator or his... any contract subject to section 10 of the Act, the Administrator may require retroactive application...

29 CFR 4.5 - Contract specification of determined minimum wages and fringe benefits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) apply. (3) For purposes of using WDOL databases containing prevailing wage determinations, the date of... stipulations contained in § 4.6 and any applicable wage determination issued by the Administrator or his... any contract subject to section 10 of the Act, the Administrator may require retroactive application...

29 CFR 4.5 - Contract specification of determined minimum wages and fringe benefits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) apply. (3) For purposes of using WDOL databases containing prevailing wage determinations, the date of... stipulations contained in § 4.6 and any applicable wage determination issued by the Administrator or his... any contract subject to section 10 of the Act, the Administrator may require retroactive application...

29 CFR 4.5 - Contract specification of determined minimum wages and fringe benefits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) apply. (3) For purposes of using WDOL databases containing prevailing wage determinations, the date of... stipulations contained in § 4.6 and any applicable wage determination issued by the Administrator or his... any contract subject to section 10 of the Act, the Administrator may require retroactive application...

23 CFR 1208.4 - Adoption of National Minimum Drinking Age.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Adoption of National Minimum Drinking Age. 1208.4..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION GUIDELINES NATIONAL MINIMUM DRINKING AGE § 1208.4 Adoption of National Minimum Drinking Age. The Secretary shall withhold ten percent of the amount required to be apportioned to any...

23 CFR 1208.4 - Adoption of National Minimum Drinking Age.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Adoption of National Minimum Drinking Age. 1208.4..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION GUIDELINES NATIONAL MINIMUM DRINKING AGE § 1208.4 Adoption of National Minimum Drinking Age. The Secretary shall withhold ten percent of the amount required to be apportioned to any...

23 CFR 1208.4 - Adoption of National Minimum Drinking Age.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Adoption of National Minimum Drinking Age. 1208.4..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION GUIDELINES NATIONAL MINIMUM DRINKING AGE § 1208.4 Adoption of National Minimum Drinking Age. The Secretary shall withhold ten percent of the amount required to be apportioned to any...

23 CFR 1208.4 - Adoption of National Minimum Drinking Age.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Adoption of National Minimum Drinking Age. 1208.4..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION GUIDELINES NATIONAL MINIMUM DRINKING AGE § 1208.4 Adoption of National Minimum Drinking Age. The Secretary shall withhold ten percent of the amount required to be apportioned to any...

Wage theft as a neglected public health problem: an overview and case study from San Francisco's Chinatown District.

PubMed

Minkler, Meredith; Salvatore, Alicia L; Chang, Charlotte; Gaydos, Megan; Liu, Shaw San; Lee, Pam Tau; Tom, Alex; Bhatia, Rajiv; Krause, Niklas

2014-06-01

Wage theft, or nonpayment of wages to which workers are legally entitled, is a major contributor to low income, which in turn has adverse health effects. We describe a participatory research study of wage theft among immigrant Chinatown restaurant workers. We conducted surveys of 433 workers, and developed and used a health department observational tool in 106 restaurants. Close to 60% of workers reported 1 or more forms of wage theft (e.g., receiving less than minimum wage [50%], no overtime pay [> 65%], and pay deductions when sick [42%]). Almost two thirds of restaurants lacked required minimum wage law signage. We discuss the dissemination and use of findings to help secure and enforce a wage theft ordinance, along with implications for practice.

Salaries and Wages Paid Professional and Support Personnel in Public Schools, 2010-2011. National Survey of Salaries and Wages in Public Schools: A Reference Tool for School Administrators. 38th Edition

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Protheroe, Nancy; Licciardi, Christopher M.; Cooke, Willa D.

2011-01-01

This report presents salary and wage data collected as part of the "ERS National Survey of Salaries and Wages in Public Schools, 2010-2011." The survey, conducted in Fall 2010, collected data on salaries scheduled and salaries paid for 23 selected professional positions and 10 selected support positions in public school systems throughout the…

Effects of wages on smoking decisions of current and past smokers.

PubMed

Du, Juan; Leigh, J Paul

2015-08-01

We used longitudinal data and instrumental variables (IVs) in a prospective design to test for the causal effects of wages on smoking prevalence among current and past smokers. Nationally representative U.S. data were drawn from the 1999-2009 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Our overall sample was restricted to full time employed persons, aged 21-65 years. We excluded part time workers and youths because smoking and wage correlations would be complicated by labor supply decisions. We excluded adult never smokers because people rarely begin smoking after the age of 20 years. IVs were created with state-level minimum wages and unionization rates. We analyzed subsamples of men, women, the less educated, the more educated, quitters, and backsliders. Validity and strength of instruments within the IV analysis were conducted with the Sargan-Hansen J statistic and F tests. We found some evidence that low wages lead to more smoking in the overall sample and substantial evidence for men, persons with high school educations or less (<13 years of schooling), and quitters. Results indicated that 10% increases in wages lead to 5.5 and 4.6 percentage point decreases in smoking for men and the less educated; they also increased the average chance of quitting among base-year smokers from 17.0% to 20.4%. Statistical tests suggested that IVs were strong and valid in most samples. Subjects' other family income, including spouses' wages, was entered as a control variable. Increases in an individual's wages, independent of other income, decreased the prevalence of smoking among current and past smokers. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Wage Theft as a Neglected Public Health Problem: An Overview and Case Study From San Francisco’s Chinatown District

PubMed Central

Salvatore, Alicia L.; Chang, Charlotte; Gaydos, Megan; Liu, Shaw San; Lee, Pam Tau; Tom, Alex; Bhatia, Rajiv; Krause, Niklas

2014-01-01

Wage theft, or nonpayment of wages to which workers are legally entitled, is a major contributor to low income, which in turn has adverse health effects. We describe a participatory research study of wage theft among immigrant Chinatown restaurant workers. We conducted surveys of 433 workers, and developed and used a health department observational tool in 106 restaurants. Close to 60% of workers reported 1 or more forms of wage theft (e.g., receiving less than minimum wage [50%], no overtime pay [> 65%], and pay deductions when sick [42%]). Almost two thirds of restaurants lacked required minimum wage law signage. We discuss the dissemination and use of findings to help secure and enforce a wage theft ordinance, along with implications for practice. PMID:24825200

29 CFR 510.10 - Table of wage rates and effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... ACT IN PUERTO RICO Schedule of Minimum Wage Rates Applicable in Puerto Rico § 510.10 Table of wage... manufacturing and non-manufacturing industries in Puerto Rico by SIC code, and indicate which tier is applicable... the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, municipalities, and other governmental entities of the Commonwealth...

29 CFR 510.10 - Table of wage rates and effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... ACT IN PUERTO RICO Schedule of Minimum Wage Rates Applicable in Puerto Rico § 510.10 Table of wage... manufacturing and non-manufacturing industries in Puerto Rico by SIC code, and indicate which tier is applicable... the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, municipalities, and other governmental entities of the Commonwealth...

29 CFR 510.10 - Table of wage rates and effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... ACT IN PUERTO RICO Schedule of Minimum Wage Rates Applicable in Puerto Rico § 510.10 Table of wage... manufacturing and non-manufacturing industries in Puerto Rico by SIC code, and indicate which tier is applicable... the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, municipalities, and other governmental entities of the Commonwealth...

Body composition and wages.

PubMed

Wada, Roy; Tekin, Erdal

2010-07-01

This paper examines the relationship between body composition and wages in the United States. We develop measures of body composition--body fat (BF) and fat-free mass (FFM)--using data on bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) that are available in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III and estimate wage models for respondents in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Previous research uses body size or BMI as measures of obesity despite a growing concern that they do not distinguish between body fat and fat-free body mass or adequately control for non-homogeneity inside the human body. Therefore, measures presented in this paper represent a useful alternative to BMI-based proxies of obesity. Our results indicate that BF is associated with decreased wages for both males and females among whites and blacks. We also present evidence suggesting that FFM is associated with increased wages. We show that these results are not the artifacts of unobserved heterogeneity. Finally, our findings are robust to numerous specification checks and to a large number of alternative BIA prediction equations from which the body composition measures are derived. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Changes in Wages and Benefits among Young Adults. Data from the National Longitudinal Surveys. Work and Family. Report 849.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bureau of Labor Statistics (DOL), Washington, DC.

Recent changes in the structure of wages and in employer-provided benefits made available to young workers were examined. Changes in the wage structure and in benefits were compared by educational level. Data from the Youth, Young Men, and Young Women's cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys provided information on a sample of young men and…

A comparison of average wages with age-specific wages for assessing indirect productivity losses: analytic simplicity versus analytic precision.

PubMed

Connolly, Mark P; Tashjian, Cole; Kotsopoulos, Nikolaos; Bhatt, Aomesh; Postma, Maarten J

2017-07-01

Numerous approaches are used to estimate indirect productivity losses using various wage estimates applied to poor health in working aged adults. Considering the different wage estimation approaches observed in the published literature, we sought to assess variation in productivity loss estimates when using average wages compared with age-specific wages. Published estimates for average and age-specific wages for combined male/female wages were obtained from the UK Office of National Statistics. A polynomial interpolation was used to convert 5-year age-banded wage data into annual age-specific wages estimates. To compare indirect cost estimates, average wages and age-specific wages were used to project productivity losses at various stages of life based on the human capital approach. Discount rates of 0, 3, and 6 % were applied to projected age-specific and average wage losses. Using average wages was found to overestimate lifetime wages in conditions afflicting those aged 1-27 and 57-67, while underestimating lifetime wages in those aged 27-57. The difference was most significant for children where average wage overestimated wages by 15 % and for 40-year-olds where it underestimated wages by 14 %. Large differences in projecting productivity losses exist when using the average wage applied over a lifetime. Specifically, use of average wages overestimates productivity losses between 8 and 15 % for childhood illnesses. Furthermore, during prime working years, use of average wages will underestimate productivity losses by 14 %. We suggest that to achieve more precise estimates of productivity losses, age-specific wages should become the standard analytic approach.

Workplace health promotion implementation, readiness, and capacity among midsize employers in low-wage industries: a national survey.

PubMed

Hannon, Peggy A; Garson, Gayle; Harris, Jeffrey R; Hammerback, Kristen; Sopher, Carrie J; Clegg-Thorp, Catherine

2012-11-01

To describe workplace health promotion (WHP) implementation, readiness, and capacity among midsize employers in low-wage industries in the United States. A cross-sectional survey of a national sample of midsize employers (100 to 4999 employees) representing five low-wage industries. Employers' WHP implementation for both employees and employees' spouses and partners was low. Readiness scales showed that employers believe WHP would benefit their employees and their companies, but they were less likely to believe that WHP was feasible for their companies. Employers' capacity to implement WHP was very low; nearly half the sample reported no capacity. Midsize employers in low-wage industries implement few WHP programs; their responses to readiness and capacity measures indicate that low capacity may be one of the principal barriers to WHP implementation.

The labor market effects of California's minimum nurse staffing law.

PubMed

Munnich, Elizabeth L

2014-08-01

In 2004, California became the first state to implement statewide minimum nurse-to-patient ratios in general hospitals. In spite of years of work to establish statewide staffing regulations, there is little evidence that the law was effective in attracting more nurses to the hospital workforce or improving patient outcomes. This paper examines the effects of this legislation on employment and wages of registered nurses. By using annual financial data from California hospitals, I show that nurse-to-patient ratios in medical/surgical units increased substantially following the staffing mandate. However, survey data from two nationally representative datasets indicate that the law had no effect on the aggregate number of registered nurses or the hours they worked in California hospitals, and at most a modest effect on wages. My findings suggest that offsetting changes in labor demand due to hospital closures, combined with reclassification of workers within hospitals, and mitigated the employment effects of California's staffing regulation. This paper cautions that California's experience with minimum nurse staffing legislation may not be generalizable to states considering similar policies in very different hospital markets. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Quantile regression analysis of body mass and wages.

PubMed

Johar, Meliyanni; Katayama, Hajime

2012-05-01

Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we explore the relationship between body mass and wages. We use quantile regression to provide a broad description of the relationship across the wage distribution. We also allow the relationship to vary by the degree of social skills involved in different jobs. Our results find that for female workers body mass and wages are negatively correlated at all points in their wage distribution. The strength of the relationship is larger at higher-wage levels. For male workers, the relationship is relatively constant across wage distribution but heterogeneous across ethnic groups. When controlling for the endogeneity of body mass, we find that additional body mass has a negative causal impact on the wages of white females earning more than the median wages and of white males around the median wages. Among these workers, the wage penalties are larger for those employed in jobs that require extensive social skills. These findings may suggest that labor markets reward white workers for good physical shape differently, depending on the level of wages and the type of job a worker has. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Gender, Productivity, and the Marital Wage Premium

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lincoln, Anne E.

2008-01-01

Explanations for married men's wage premium often emphasize greater market productivity due to a gendered division of household labor, though this "specialization thesis" has been insufficiently interrogated. Using data from Wave 2 of the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 972), this paper examines the relationship between wages and…

Workplace Health Promotion Implementation, Readiness, and Capacity Among Mid-Sized Employers in Low-Wage Industries: A National Survey

PubMed Central

Hannon, Peggy A.; Garson, Gayle; Harris, Jeffrey R.; Hammerback, Kristen; Sopher, Carrie J.; Clegg-Thorp, Catherine

2012-01-01

Objective To describe workplace health promotion (WHP) implementation, readiness, and capacity among mid-sized employers in low-wage industries in the United States. Methods A cross-sectional survey of a national sample of mid-sized employers (100–4,999 employees) representing five low-wage industries. Results Employers’ WHP implementation for both employees and employees’ spouses and partners was low. Readiness scales showed that employers believe WHP would benefit their employees and their companies, but they were less likely to believe that WHP was feasible for their companies. Employers’ capacity to implement WHP was very low; nearly half the sample reported no capacity. Conclusion Mid-sized employers in low-wage industries implement few WHP programs; their responses to readiness and capacity measures indicate that low capacity may be one of the principal barriers to WHP implementation. PMID:23090160

New Evidence Against a Causal Marriage Wage Premium.

PubMed

Killewald, Alexandra; Lundberg, Ian

2017-06-01

Recent research has shown that men's wages rise more rapidly than expected prior to marriage, but interpretations diverge on whether this indicates selection or a causal effect of anticipating marriage. We seek to adjudicate this debate by bringing together literatures on (1) the male marriage wage premium; (2) selection into marriage based on men's economic circumstances; and (3) the transition to adulthood, during which both union formation and unusually rapid improvements in work outcomes often occur. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we evaluate these perspectives. We show that wage declines predate rather than follow divorce, indicating no evidence that staying married benefits men's wages. We find that older grooms experience no unusual wage patterns at marriage, suggesting that the observed marriage premium may simply reflect co-occurrence with the transition to adulthood for younger grooms. We show that men entering shotgun marriages experience similar premarital wage gains as other grooms, casting doubt on the claim that anticipation of marriage drives wage increases. We conclude that the observed wage patterns are most consistent with men marrying when their wages are already rising more rapidly than expected and divorcing when their wages are already falling, with no additional causal effect of marriage on wages.

29 CFR 510.24 - Governmental entities eligible for minimum wage phase-in.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... 510.24 Section 510.24 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION... FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT IN PUERTO RICO Classification of Industries § 510.24 Governmental entities... engaged in one or more of the “traditional” functions listed in § 510.24 (a) or (b). All other employees...

Gender Wage Disparities among the Highly Educated

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Black, Dan A.; Haviland, Amelia M.; Sanders, Seth G.; Taylor, Lowell J.

2008-01-01

We examine gender wage disparities for four groups of college-educated women--black, Hispanic, Asian, and non-Hispanic white--using the National Survey of College Graduates. Raw log wage gaps, relative to non-Hispanic white male counterparts, generally exceed -0.30. Estimated gaps decline to between -0.08 and -0.19 in nonparametric analyses that…

20 CFR 229.53 - Reduction for social security benefits on employee's wage record.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Reduction for social security benefits on... UNDER THE RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT SOCIAL SECURITY OVERALL MINIMUM GUARANTEE Computation of the Overall Minimum Rate § 229.53 Reduction for social security benefits on employee's wage record. The total annuity...

20 CFR 229.53 - Reduction for social security benefits on employee's wage record.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2013-04-01 2012-04-01 true Reduction for social security benefits on... UNDER THE RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT SOCIAL SECURITY OVERALL MINIMUM GUARANTEE Computation of the Overall Minimum Rate § 229.53 Reduction for social security benefits on employee's wage record. The total annuity...

20 CFR 229.53 - Reduction for social security benefits on employee's wage record.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2014-04-01 2012-04-01 true Reduction for social security benefits on... UNDER THE RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT SOCIAL SECURITY OVERALL MINIMUM GUARANTEE Computation of the Overall Minimum Rate § 229.53 Reduction for social security benefits on employee's wage record. The total annuity...

20 CFR 229.53 - Reduction for social security benefits on employee's wage record.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Reduction for social security benefits on... UNDER THE RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT SOCIAL SECURITY OVERALL MINIMUM GUARANTEE Computation of the Overall Minimum Rate § 229.53 Reduction for social security benefits on employee's wage record. The total annuity...

20 CFR 229.53 - Reduction for social security benefits on employee's wage record.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Reduction for social security benefits on... UNDER THE RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT SOCIAL SECURITY OVERALL MINIMUM GUARANTEE Computation of the Overall Minimum Rate § 229.53 Reduction for social security benefits on employee's wage record. The total annuity...

The wage effects of obesity: a longitudinal study.

PubMed

Baum, Charles L; Ford, William F

2004-09-01

We use National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data to examine the effects of obesity on wages by gender. Sample means indicate that both men and women experience a persistent obesity wage penalty over the first two decades of their careers. We then control for a standard set of socioeconomic and familial variables but find that standard covariates do not explain why obese workers experience persistent wage penalties. This suggests that other variables -- including job discrimination, health-related factors and/or obese workers' behavior patterns -- may be the channels through which obesity adversely affects wages. The study closes with a discussion of the public policy implications suggested by these findings.

75 FR 37457 - Maintenance Wage Rate Wage Recommendation and Maintenance Wage Survey; Report of Additional...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-29

... DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT [Docket No. FR-5376-N-54] Maintenance Wage Rate Wage Recommendation and Maintenance Wage Survey; Report of Additional Classification and Wage Rate AGENCY: Office of... requirement described below has been submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review, as...

75 FR 4099 - Maintenance Wage Rate Wage Recommendation and Maintenance Wage Survey; Report of Additional...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-26

... DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT [Docket No. FR-5376-N-06] Maintenance Wage Rate Wage Recommendation and Maintenance Wage Survey; Report of Additional Classification and Wage Rate AGENCY: Office of... requirement described below has been submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review, as...

Rural Hospital Wages and the Area Wage Index

PubMed Central

Dalton, Kathleen; Slifkin, Rebecca T.; Howard, Hilda A.

2002-01-01

We examined data on hospital hourly wages and the prospective payment system (PPS) wage index from 1990 to 1997, to determine if incremental changes to the index have improved its precision and equity as a regional cost adjuster. The differential between average rural and urban PPS hourly wages has declined by almost one-fourth over the 8-year study period. Nearly one-half of the decrease is attributable to regulatory and reporting changes in the annual hospital wage survey. Patterns of within-market wage variation across rural-urban continuum codes identify three separate sub-markets within the State-level aggregates defining rural labor markets. Geographic reclassification decisions appear to eliminate one of the three. Remaining systematic within-market rural wage differences work to the reimbursement advantage of hospitals in the smaller and more isolated communities. PMID:12545604

Determinants of general practitioners' wages in England.

PubMed

Morris, Stephen; Goudie, Rosalind; Sutton, Matt; Gravelle, Hugh; Elliott, Robert; Hole, Arne Risa; Ma, Ada; Sibbald, Bonnie; Skåtun, Diane

2011-02-01

We analyse the determinants of annual net income and wages (net income/hours) of general practitioners (GPs) using data for 2271 GPs in England recorded during Autumn 2008. The average GP had an annual net income of £97,500 and worked 43 h per week. The mean wage was £51 per h. Net income and wages depended on gender, experience, list size, partnership size, whether or not the GP worked in a dispensing practice, whether they were salaried of self-employed, whether they worked in a practice with a nationally or locally negotiated contract, and the characteristics of the local population (proportion from ethnic minorities, rurality, and income deprivation). The findings have implications for pay discrimination by GP gender and ethnicity, GP preferences for partnership size, incentives for competition for patients, and compensating differentials for local population characteristics. They also shed light on the attractiveness to GPs in England of locally negotiated (personal medical services) versus nationally negotiated (general medical services) contracts.

Wage Equity and Female Faculty Job-Satisfaction: The Role of Wage Differentials in a Job Satisfaction Causal Model. ASHE Annual Meeting Paper.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hagedorn, Linda Serra

This study examined the role of female/male wage differentials in a model of job satisfaction. It is based on data from 5,021 respondents to the 1989 Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching national faculty survey. The model considers the interrelated effects of the calculated wage differential, stress, social perceptions of students,…

How Women Can Earn a Living Wage: The Effects of Pay Equity Remedies and a Higher Minimum Wage. Research-in-Brief.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Figart, Deborah M.; Lapidus, June

Efforts to shift women from welfare into the labor market will not necessarily move women out of poverty because the wages they are likely to earn are so low. According to research tracking Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) recipients over a 2-year period, 43% of AFDC recipients combine welfare with a substantial amount of paid…

Low-wage workers and health insurance coverage: can policymakers target them through their employers?

PubMed

Long, S H; Marquis, M S

2001-01-01

Many policy initiatives to increase health insurance coverage would subsidize employers to offer coverage or subsidize employees to participate in their employers' health plans. Using data from the 1997 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Employer Health Insurance Survey, we contrast "low-wage employers" with all other employers. Employees in low-wage businesses have significantly worse access to employment-based insurance than other employees do; they are less likely to work for an employer that offers insurance, less likely to be eligible if working in a business that offers insurance, and less likely to be enrolled if eligible. Low-wage employers contribute lower shares of premiums and offer less generous benefits than other employers do. Policies that would target subsidies to selected employers to increase insurance offers to low-wage workers are difficult to design, however, because several commonly mentioned employer characteristics (including firm size) are found to be poor indicators of low-wage worker concentration. Programs that would set minimum standards for employer plans to be eligible for "buy-ins" need to base these standards on the less generous terms offered by low-wage employers in order to effectively reach low-wage workers and their dependents.

Wage differentials between college graduates with and without learning disabilities.

PubMed

Dickinson, David L; Verbeek, Roelant L

2002-01-01

Wage differential studies examining legally protected groups typically focus on gender or racial differences. Legislation also fully protects individuals with learning disabilities (LD). This article is the first to decompose wage differentials between adults with and without LD. An original data set of college graduates with documented LD was constructed, and these individuals were compared to a control group from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Our results show that much of the observed lower wages for individuals with LD is due to differences in productivity characteristics. However, there is an unexplained portion of the wage gap that could possibly be considered wage discrimination against individuals with LD. This possibility seems smaller due to the fact that the subsample of the employers who knew of the employee's learning disabilities did not appear to pay significantly lower wages to these individuals. Alternative hypotheses are discussed, as are sample-specific issues.

Salaries and Wages for Professional and Support Personnel in Public Schools, 2000-2001: A Reference Tool for Education Leaders. National Survey of Salaries and Wages in Public Schools. 28th Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, Alicia D.; Protheroe, Nancy; Parks, Michael C.

This is the 28th edition of salary and wage studies conducted annually by the Educational Research Service. It collects salary data from a national panel sample of school systems for 22 professional and 10 support positions. Consistency in study design and procedures through the years has also made this the definitive study of salary changes in…

Direct and indirect effects of body weight on adult wages.

PubMed

Han, Euna; Norton, Edward C; Powell, Lisa M

2011-12-01

Previous estimates of the association between body weight and wages in the literature have been conditional on education and occupation. In addition to the effect of current body weight status (body mass index (BMI) or obesity) on wages, this paper examines the indirect effect of body weight status in the late-teenage years on wages operating through education and occupation choice. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data, for women, we find that a one-unit increase in BMI is directly associated with 1.83% lower hourly wages whereas the indirect BMI wage penalty is not statistically significant. Neither a direct nor an indirect BMI wage penalty is found for men. However, results based on clinical weight classification reveal that the indirect wage penalty occurs to a larger extent at the upper tail of the BMI distribution for both men and women via the pathways of education and occupation outcomes. Late-teen obesity is indirectly associated with 3.5% lower hourly wages for both women and men. These results are important because they imply that the total effect of obesity on wages is significantly larger than has been estimated in previous cross-sectional studies. 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Wage Leadership in Construction.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-01-01

LEADERSHIP IN CONSTRUCTION Wage leadership is the theory that wage increases in one sector lead to imitative increases elsewhere. In this paper we...test this theory in a large industry where wage leadership is supposed to be dominant- construction. Alternate theories of wage determination (excess...demand, real wage bargaining) are also tested, along with %he efficacy of the 1971-73 wagecotls BACKGROUND The theory of wage leadership is an important

Community College Enrollment, College Major, and the Gender Wage Gap.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gill, Andrew M.; Leigh, Duane E.

2000-01-01

Independent cross-sections developed using National Longitudinal Survey data reveal a decrease in the gender wage gap from 1989-1994 due to fewer differences in tenure and full-time employment. Disaggregating education by two- and four-year providers and college major accounts for 8.5-11% of the narrower wage gap for the period. (SK)

Wages and Productivity in Mexican Manufacturing. Policy Research Working Paper.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys

A study examined determinants of wages and productivity in Mexico from 1993 and 1999 using two national surveys. In 1993, 7,619 employees from 575 firms were interviewed. In 1999, 6,259 employees from 722 firms were interviewed. Findings indicate that wage premiums and productivity increased with years of schooling, but workers had higher benefits…

20 CFR 404.1247 - When to report wages-for wages paid prior to 1987.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false When to report wages-for wages paid prior to... Report Wages and Contributions-for Wages Paid Prior to 1987 § 404.1247 When to report wages—for wages paid prior to 1987. A State shall report wages for the calendar year in which they were actually paid...

Projected health impact of the Los Angeles City living wage ordinance

PubMed Central

Cole, B.; Shimkhada, R.; Morgenstern, H.; Kominski, G.; Fielding, J.; Wu, S.

2005-01-01

Study objective: To estimate the relative health effects of the income and health insurance provisions of the Los Angeles City living wage ordinance. Setting and participants: About 10 000 employees of city contractors are subject to the Los Angeles City living wage ordinance, which establishes an annually adjusted minimum wage ($7.99 per hour in July 2002) and requires employers to contribute $1.25 per hour worked towards employees' health insurance, or, if health insurance is not provided, to add this amount to wages. Design: As part of a comprehensive health impact assessment (HIA), we used estimates of the effects of health insurance and income on mortality from the published literature to construct a model to estimate and compare potential reductions in mortality attributable to the increases in wage and changes in health insurance status among workers covered by the Los Angeles City living wage ordinance. Results: The model predicts that the ordinance currently reduces mortality by 1.4 deaths per year per 10 000 workers at a cost of $27.5 million per death prevented. If the ordinance were modified so that all uninsured workers received health insurance, mortality would be reduced by eight deaths per year per 10 000 workers at a cost of $3.4 million per death prevented. Conclusions: The health insurance provisions of the ordinance have the potential to benefit the health of covered workers far more cost effectively than the wage provisions of the ordinance. This analytical model can be adapted and used in other health impact assessments of related policy actions that might affect either income or access to health insurance in the affected population. PMID:16020640

Projected health impact of the Los Angeles City living wage ordinance.

PubMed

Cole, Brian L; Shimkhada, Riti; Morgenstern, Hal; Kominski, Gerald; Fielding, Jonathan E; Wu, Sheng

2005-08-01

To estimate the relative health effects of the income and health insurance provisions of the Los Angeles City living wage ordinance. About 10 000 employees of city contractors are subject to the Los Angeles City living wage ordinance, which establishes an annually adjusted minimum wage (7.99 US dollars per hour in July 2002) and requires employers to contribute 1.25 US dollars per hour worked towards employees' health insurance, or, if health insurance is not provided, to add this amount to wages. As part of a comprehensive health impact assessment (HIA), we used estimates of the effects of health insurance and income on mortality from the published literature to construct a model to estimate and compare potential reductions in mortality attributable to the increases in wage and changes in health insurance status among workers covered by the Los Angeles City living wage ordinance. The model predicts that the ordinance currently reduces mortality by 1.4 deaths per year per 10,000 workers at a cost of 27.5 million US dollars per death prevented. If the ordinance were modified so that all uninsured workers received health insurance, mortality would be reduced by eight deaths per year per 10,000 workers at a cost of 3.4 million US dollars per death prevented. The health insurance provisions of the ordinance have the potential to benefit the health of covered workers far more cost effectively than the wage provisions of the ordinance. This analytical model can be adapted and used in other health impact assessments of related policy actions that might affect either income or access to health insurance in the affected population.

Alcohol use and the wage returns to education and work experience.

PubMed

Bray, Jeremy W; Hinde, Jesse M; Aldridge, Arnie P

2018-02-01

Despite a widely held belief that alcohol use should negatively impact wages, much of the literature on the topic suggests a positive relationship between nonproblematic alcohol use and wages. Studies on the effect of alcohol use on educational attainment have also failed to find a consistent, negative effect of alcohol use on years of education. Thus, the connections between alcohol use, human capital, and wages remain a topic of debate in the literature. In this study, we use the 1997 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate a theoretical model of wage determination that links alcohol use to wages via human capital. We find that nonbinge drinking is associated with lower wage returns to education whereas binge drinking is associated with increased wage returns to both education and work experience. We interpret these counterintuitive results as evidence that alcohol use affects wages through both the allocative and productive efficiency of human capital formation and that these effects operate in offsetting directions. We suggest that alcohol control policies should be more nuanced to target alcohol consumption in the contexts within which it causes harm. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

29 CFR 697.2 - Industry wage rates and effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... of goods for commerce, as these terms are defined in section 3 of the Fair Labor Standards Act of... classifications in which such employee is engaged. Industry Minimum wage EffectiveOctober 3, 2005 EffectiveOctober...) Classification A 4.09 4.09 4.09 (2) Classification B 3.92 3.92 3.92 (3) Classification C 3.88 3.88 3.88 (e...

A Different Class of Care: the Benefits Crisis and Low-Wage Workers.

PubMed

Jones, Trina

When compared to other developed nations, the United States fares poorly with regard to benefits for workers. While the situation is grim for most U.S. workers, it is worse for low-wage workers. Data show a significant benefits gap between low-wage and high-wage in terms of flexible work arrangements (FWAs), paid leave, pensions, and employer-sponsored health-care insurance, among other things. This gap exists notwithstanding the fact that FWAs and employment benefits produce positive returns for employees, employers, and society in general. Despite these returns, this Article contends that employers will be loath to extend FWAs and greater employment benefits to low-wage workers due to (1) concerns about costs, (2) a surplus of low-wage workers in the labor market, (3) negative perceptions of the skill of low-wage workers and the value of low-wage work, (4) other class-based stereotypes and biases, and (5) structural impediments in some low-wage jobs. Given the decline of unions and limited legislative action to date, the Article maintains that low-wage workers are in a "different class of care" with little hope for meaningful change on the horizon.

Undocumented Migration and the Wages of Mexican Immigrants

PubMed Central

Massey, Douglas S.; Gentsch, Kerstin

2016-01-01

Prior work has documented the remarkable decline in the real wages of Mexican immigrant workers in the United States over the past several decades. Although some of this trend might be attributable to the changing characteristics of the migrants themselves, we argue that a more important change was the circumstances under within Mexican immigrants competed for jobs in the United States. After 1986 a growing share of Mexican immigrants were undocumented, discrimination against them was mandated by federal law, and enforcement efforts rose in intensity. We combined data from the Mexican Migration Project with independent estimates of the percentage undocumented among Mexicans living in the United States to estimate a series of regression models to test this hypothesis. Controlling for individual characteristics helps to explain the decline in the wages of immigrants, but does not eliminate the trend, which is only explained fully when the percentage undocumented is added to the model. A key date is 1986, confirmed by a Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis, when undocumented hiring was criminalized and undocumented migration revived after IRCA's legalization programs ended. As the percentage undocumented rose to new heights in the face of employer sanctions, immigrant wages fell below what we would have observed under the former policy regime. Using newly available data from Warren and Warren (2013), we examined how variation in the percentage undocumented by state and year from 1990 through 2009 affected immigrant wages and confirmed a strong negative effect, but the addition of an interaction term to the model indicated that the negative effect was confined largely to undocumented migrants, whose wage penalty rose from 8% to 18% as the percentage undocumented rose from its observed minimum to maximum. PMID:27134328

20 CFR 404.1041 - Wages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

...' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment, and Self-Employment Income Wages § 404.1041 Wages. (a) The term wages means remuneration paid to you as an employee for employment unless specifically excluded. Wages are...

20 CFR 404.1041 - Wages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

...' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment, and Self-Employment Income Wages § 404.1041 Wages. (a) The term wages means remuneration paid to you as an employee for employment unless specifically excluded. Wages are...

20 CFR 404.1041 - Wages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment, and Self-Employment Income Wages § 404.1041 Wages. (a) The term wages means remuneration paid to you as an employee for employment unless specifically excluded. Wages are...

20 CFR 404.1041 - Wages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment, and Self-Employment Income Wages § 404.1041 Wages. (a) The term wages means remuneration paid to you as an employee for employment unless specifically excluded. Wages are...

20 CFR 404.1041 - Wages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment, and Self-Employment Income Wages § 404.1041 Wages. (a) The term wages means remuneration paid to you as an employee for employment unless specifically excluded. Wages are...

Minimum Wage and Maximum Hours Standards Under the Fair Labor Standards Act. Economic Effects Studies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wage and Labor Standards Administration (DOL), Washington, DC.

This report describes the 1966 amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act and summarizes the findings of three 1969 studies of the economic effects of these amendments. The studies found that economic growth continued through the third phase of the amendments, beginning February 1, 1969, despite increased wage and hours restrictions for recently…

Direct and Indirect Effects of Teenage Body Weight on Adult Wages. NBER Working Paper No. 15027

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Han, Euna; Norton, Edward C.; Powell, Lisa M.

2009-01-01

Previous estimates on the association between body weight and wages in the literature have been contingent on education and occupation. This paper examines the direct effect of BMI on wages and the indirect effects operating through education and occupation choice, particularly for late-teen BMI and adult wages. Using the National Longitudinal…

Gender Wage Disparities among the Highly Educated.

PubMed

Black, Dan A; Haviland, Amelia; Sanders, Seth G; Taylor, Lowell J

2008-01-01

In the U.S. college-educated women earn approximately 30 percent less than their non-Hispanic white male counterparts. We conduct an empirical examination of this wage disparity for four groups of women-non-Hispanic white, black, Hispanic, and Asian-using the National Survey of College Graduates, a large data set that provides unusually detailed information on higher-level education. Nonparametric matching analysis indicates that among men and women who speak English at home, between 44 and 73 percent of the gender wage gaps are accounted for by such pre-market factors as highest degree and major. When we restrict attention further to women who have "high labor force attachment" (i.e., work experience that is similar to male comparables) we account for 54 to 99 percent of gender wage gaps. Our nonparametric approach differs from familiar regression-based decompositions, so for the sake of comparison we conduct parametric analyses as well. Inferences drawn from these latter decompositions can be quite misleading.

Gender Wage Disparities among the Highly Educated

PubMed Central

Black, Dan A.; Haviland, Amelia; Sanders, Seth G.; Taylor, Lowell J.

2015-01-01

In the U.S. college-educated women earn approximately 30 percent less than their non-Hispanic white male counterparts. We conduct an empirical examination of this wage disparity for four groups of women—non-Hispanic white, black, Hispanic, and Asian—using the National Survey of College Graduates, a large data set that provides unusually detailed information on higher-level education. Nonparametric matching analysis indicates that among men and women who speak English at home, between 44 and 73 percent of the gender wage gaps are accounted for by such pre-market factors as highest degree and major. When we restrict attention further to women who have “high labor force attachment” (i.e., work experience that is similar to male comparables) we account for 54 to 99 percent of gender wage gaps. Our nonparametric approach differs from familiar regression-based decompositions, so for the sake of comparison we conduct parametric analyses as well. Inferences drawn from these latter decompositions can be quite misleading. PMID:26097255

A comparison of salary-wage and hourly-wage acute care nursing units: a pilot study.

PubMed

Hickey, Rosa G; Buchko, Barbara L; Coe, Paula F; Woods, Anne B

2015-05-01

This pilot study examined differences in RN perception of the professional practice environment and financial indicators between salary-wage and hourly-wage compensation models. There is a dearth of current information regarding use of salary-wage models for compensation for direct care nurses. A descriptive, comparative design was used to examine the Revised Professional Practice Environment Scale (RPPE) and financial indicators of nurses in a nonprofit healthcare system over a 6-month period. Mean scores on the RPPE were significantly lower for hourly-wage RNs, and the hourly-wage model resulted in a 1.2% additional cost for overtime hours compared with the fixed cost of the salary-wage model. Nurses in an hourly-wage unit reported a significantly lower perception of the clinical practice environment than did their peers in a salary-wage unit, indicating that professional practice perceptions in a salary-wage unit may provide a more effective professional practice environment. Financial analysis resulted in a budget-neutral impact.

Interindustry Wage Differentials and the Gender Wage Gap.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fields, Judith; Wolff, Edward N.

1995-01-01

Wages of female workers differ significantly by industry. The average woman earns about 65% as much as the average man; 12%-22% of the gap is explained by differences in patterns of interindustry wage differentials and 15%-19% by differences in gender distribution of workers. Combined industry effects explain about one-third of the gender wage…

A minimum income for healthy living

PubMed Central

Morris, J; Donkin, A; Wonderling, D; Wilkinson, P; Dowler, E

2000-01-01

BACKGROUND—Half a century of research has provided consensual evidence of major personal requisites of adult health in nutrition, physical activity and psychosocial relations. Their minimal money costs, together with those of a home and other basic necessities, indicate disposable income that is now essential for health.
METHODS—In a first application we identified such representative minimal costs for healthy, single, working men aged 18-30, in the UK. Costs were derived from ad hoc survey, relevant figures in the national Family Expenditure Survey, and by pragmatic decision for the few minor items where survey data were not available.
RESULTS—Minimum costs were assessed at £131.86 per week (UK April 1999 prices). Component costs, especially those of housing (which represents around 40% of this total), depend on region and on several assumptions. By varying these a range of totals from £106.47 to £163.86 per week was detailed. These figures compare, 1999, with the new UK national minimum wage, after statutory deductions, of £105.84 at 18-21 years and £121.12 at 22+ years for a 38 hour working week. Corresponding basic social security rates are £40.70-£51.40 per week.
INTERPRETATION—Accumulating science means that absolute standards of living, "poverty", minimal official incomes and the like, can now be assessed by objective measurement of the personal capacity to meet the costs of major requisites of healthy living. A realistic assessment of these costs is presented as an impetus to public discussion. It is a historical role of public health as social medicine to lead in public advocacy of such a national agenda.


Keywords: income; public health; lifestyle; nutrition; housing; exercise; social exclusion; inequalities PMID:11076983

5 CFR 532.261 - Special wage schedules for leader and supervisory schedules for leader and supervisory wage...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... supervisory schedules for leader and supervisory wage employees in the Puerto Rico wage area. 532.261 Section... schedules for leader and supervisory wage employees in the Puerto Rico wage area. (a) The Department of... the Puerto Rico wage area. (c) The step 2 rate for the supervisory wage schedule shall be: (1) For...

5 CFR 532.261 - Special wage schedules for leader and supervisory schedules for leader and supervisory wage...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... supervisory schedules for leader and supervisory wage employees in the Puerto Rico wage area. 532.261 Section... schedules for leader and supervisory wage employees in the Puerto Rico wage area. (a) The Department of... the Puerto Rico wage area. (c) The step 2 rate for the supervisory wage schedule shall be: (1) For...

5 CFR 532.261 - Special wage schedules for leader and supervisory schedules for leader and supervisory wage...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... supervisory schedules for leader and supervisory wage employees in the Puerto Rico wage area. 532.261 Section... schedules for leader and supervisory wage employees in the Puerto Rico wage area. (a) The Department of... the Puerto Rico wage area. (c) The step 2 rate for the supervisory wage schedule shall be: (1) For...

5 CFR 532.261 - Special wage schedules for leader and supervisory schedules for leader and supervisory wage...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... supervisory schedules for leader and supervisory wage employees in the Puerto Rico wage area. 532.261 Section... schedules for leader and supervisory wage employees in the Puerto Rico wage area. (a) The Department of... the Puerto Rico wage area. (c) The step 2 rate for the supervisory wage schedule shall be: (1) For...

5 CFR 532.261 - Special wage schedules for leader and supervisory schedules for leader and supervisory wage...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... supervisory schedules for leader and supervisory wage employees in the Puerto Rico wage area. 532.261 Section... schedules for leader and supervisory wage employees in the Puerto Rico wage area. (a) The Department of... the Puerto Rico wage area. (c) The step 2 rate for the supervisory wage schedule shall be: (1) For...

Estimating Gender Wage Gaps: A Data Update

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McDonald, Judith A.; Thornton, Robert J.

2016-01-01

In the authors' 2011 "JEE" article, "Estimating Gender Wage Gaps," they described an interesting class project that allowed students to estimate the current gender earnings gap for recent college graduates using data from the National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE). Unfortunately, since 2012, NACE no longer…

Wives' Relative Wages, Husbands' Paid Work Hours, and Wives' Labor-Force Exit

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shafer, Emily Fitzgibbons

2011-01-01

Economic theories predict that women are more likely to exit the labor force if their partners' earnings are higher and if their own wage rate is lower. In this article, I use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 2,254) and discrete-time event-history analysis to show that wives' relative wages are more predictive of their exit than are…

76 FR 10395 - First American Title Insurance Company, Including Workers Whose Wages Were Reported Under...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-24

... DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Employment and Training Administration [TA-W-73,900A] First American Title Insurance Company, Including Workers Whose Wages Were Reported Under National Default Title Services..., applicable to workers of First American Title Insurance Company, including workers whose wages were reported...

Low-Wage Counties Face Locational Disadvantages.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gibbs, Robert; Cromartie, John B.

2000-01-01

Small populations and remoteness are the most salient features of low-wage counties. These locational attributes coincide with fewer high-wage jobs, yet low wages within industries define low-wage counties more than industry composition. Although adults in low-wage counties have less education and labor force participation overall, the role played…

Impact of a private sector living wage intervention on depressive symptoms among apparel workers in the Dominican Republic: a quasi-experimental study.

PubMed

Burmaster, Katharine B; Landefeld, John C; Rehkopf, David H; Lahiff, Maureen; Sokal-Gutierrez, Karen; Adler-Milstein, Sarah; Fernald, Lia C H

2015-08-03

Poverty reduction interventions through cash transfers and microcredit have had mixed effects on mental health. In this quasi-experimental study, we evaluate the effect of a living wage intervention on depressive symptoms of apparel factory workers in the Dominican Republic. Two apparel factories in the Dominican Republic. The final sample consisted of 204 hourly wage workers from the intervention (99) and comparison (105) factories. In 2010, an apparel factory began a living wage intervention including a 350% wage increase and significant workplace improvements. The wage increase was plausibly exogenous because workers were not aware of the living wage when applying for jobs and expected to be paid the usual minimum wage. These individuals were compared with workers at a similar local factory paying minimum wage, 15-16 months postintervention. Workers' depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). Ordinary least squares and Poisson regressions were used to evaluate treatment effect of the intervention, adjusted for covariates. Intervention factory workers had fewer depressive symptoms than comparison factory workers (unadjusted mean CES-D scores: 10.6 ± 9.3 vs 14.7 ± 11.6, p = 0.007). These results were sustained when controlling for covariates (β = -5.4, 95% CI -8.5 to -2.3, p = 0.001). In adjusted analyses using the standard CES-D clinical cut-off of 16, workers at the intervention factory had a 47% reduced risk of clinically significant levels of depressive symptoms compared with workers at the comparison factory (23% vs 40%). Policymakers have long grappled with how best to improve mental health among populations in low-income and middle-income countries. We find that providing a living wage and workplace improvements to improve income and well-being in a disadvantaged population is associated with reduced depressive symptoms. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where

Impact of a private sector living wage intervention on depressive symptoms among apparel workers in the Dominican Republic: a quasi-experimental study

PubMed Central

Burmaster, Katharine B; Landefeld, John C; Rehkopf, David H; Lahiff, Maureen; Sokal-Gutierrez, Karen; Adler-Milstein, Sarah; Fernald, Lia C H

2015-01-01

Objectives Poverty reduction interventions through cash transfers and microcredit have had mixed effects on mental health. In this quasi-experimental study, we evaluate the effect of a living wage intervention on depressive symptoms of apparel factory workers in the Dominican Republic. Setting Two apparel factories in the Dominican Republic. Participants The final sample consisted of 204 hourly wage workers from the intervention (99) and comparison (105) factories. Interventions In 2010, an apparel factory began a living wage intervention including a 350% wage increase and significant workplace improvements. The wage increase was plausibly exogenous because workers were not aware of the living wage when applying for jobs and expected to be paid the usual minimum wage. These individuals were compared with workers at a similar local factory paying minimum wage, 15–16 months postintervention. Primary outcome measures Workers’ depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). Ordinary least squares and Poisson regressions were used to evaluate treatment effect of the intervention, adjusted for covariates. Results Intervention factory workers had fewer depressive symptoms than comparison factory workers (unadjusted mean CES-D scores: 10.6±9.3 vs 14.7±11.6, p=0.007). These results were sustained when controlling for covariates (β=−5.4, 95% CI −8.5 to −2.3, p=0.001). In adjusted analyses using the standard CES-D clinical cut-off of 16, workers at the intervention factory had a 47% reduced risk of clinically significant levels of depressive symptoms compared with workers at the comparison factory (23% vs 40%). Conclusions Policymakers have long grappled with how best to improve mental health among populations in low-income and middle-income countries. We find that providing a living wage and workplace improvements to improve income and well-being in a disadvantaged population is associated with reduced

Stall in Women's Real Wage Growth Slows Progress in Closing the Wage Gap. Briefing Paper.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hartmann, Heidi; Whittaker, Julie

Since 1979, the wage gap between women and men has narrowed significantly, falling by more than 10 percent overall. The closing of the wage gap has slowed considerably in the 1990's, however, with women's real wages (adjusted for inflation) stagnating in recent year and men's wages continuing to decline. The lack of growth in both women's and…

The Wage Gap and Administrative Salaries Today.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Beyer, Kirk D.

1992-01-01

Analysis of national data on college administrator salaries by gender, minority/nonminority status, years of service, and institution type found that wage gaps related to gender and minority status persisted in 1991-92 but that interaction of length of service with other study variables explained a significant amount of this gap. (MSE)

Higher Education in Non-Standard Wage Contracts

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rosti, Luisa; Chelli, Francesco

2012-01-01

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to verify whether higher education increases the likelihood of young Italian workers moving from non-standard to standard wage contracts. Design/methodology/approach: The authors exploit a data set on labour market flows, produced by the Italian National Statistical Office, by interviewing about 85,000…

29 CFR 525.9 - Criteria for employment of workers with disabilities under certificates at special minimum wage...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Criteria for employment of workers with disabilities under...) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR REGULATIONS EMPLOYMENT OF WORKERS WITH DISABILITIES UNDER SPECIAL CERTIFICATES § 525.9 Criteria for employment of workers with disabilities under certificates at...

29 CFR 525.9 - Criteria for employment of workers with disabilities under certificates at special minimum wage...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Criteria for employment of workers with disabilities under...) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR REGULATIONS EMPLOYMENT OF WORKERS WITH DISABILITIES UNDER SPECIAL CERTIFICATES § 525.9 Criteria for employment of workers with disabilities under certificates at...

29 CFR 525.9 - Criteria for employment of workers with disabilities under certificates at special minimum wage...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Criteria for employment of workers with disabilities under...) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR REGULATIONS EMPLOYMENT OF WORKERS WITH DISABILITIES UNDER SPECIAL CERTIFICATES § 525.9 Criteria for employment of workers with disabilities under certificates at...

29 CFR 525.9 - Criteria for employment of workers with disabilities under certificates at special minimum wage...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Criteria for employment of workers with disabilities under...) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR REGULATIONS EMPLOYMENT OF WORKERS WITH DISABILITIES UNDER SPECIAL CERTIFICATES § 525.9 Criteria for employment of workers with disabilities under certificates at...

How do marital status, work effort, and wage rates interact?

PubMed

Ahituv, Avner; Lerman, Robert I

2007-08-01

How marital status interacts with men's earnings is an important analytic and policy issue, especially in the context of debates in the United States over programs that encourage healthy marriage. This paper generates new findings about the earnings-marriage relationship by estimating the linkages among flows into and out of marriage, work effort, and wage rates. The estimates are based on National Longitudinal Survey of Youth panel data, covering 23 years of marital and labor market outcomes, and control for unobserved heterogeneity. We estimate marriage effects on hours worked (our proxy for work effort) and on wage rates for all men and for black and low-skilled men separately. The estimates reveal that entering marriage raises hours worked quickly and substantially but that marriage's effect on wage rates takes place more slowly while men continue in marriage. Together; the stimulus to hours worked and wage rates generates an 18%-19% increase in earnings, with about one-third to one-half of the marriage earnings premium attributable to higher work effort. At the same time, higher wage rates and hours worked encourage men to marry and to stay married. Thus, being married and having high earnings reinforce each other over time.

75 FR 68416 - Administrative Wage Garnishment

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-08

... FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION 16 CFR Part 1 Administrative Wage Garnishment AGENCY: Federal Trade... 31 U.S.C. 3720D) authorizes collection of Federal agency debt by administrative wage garnishment. Wage garnishment is a process whereby an employer withholds amounts from an employee's wages and pays...

Wage differentials among Appalachian sawmills

Treesearch

Charles H. Wolf

1977-01-01

Wage differences among Appalachian sawmills were investigated, using multiple-regression analysis. Wages and fringe benefits were found to vary with type of product sawed, education of the work force, distance to urban areas, general wage levels, and use of collective-bargaining agreements between management and labor.

Estimating Nursing Wage Bill in Canada and Breaking Down the Growth Rate: 2000 to 2010.

PubMed

Ariste, Ruolz; Béjaoui, Ali

2015-05-01

Even though the nursing professional category (registered nurses [RNs] and licensed practical nurses) made up about one-third of the Canadian health professionals, no study exists about their wage bill, the composition and growth rate of this wage bill. This paper attempts to fill this gap by estimating the nursing wage bill in the Canadian provinces and breaking down the growth rate for the 2000-2010 period, using the 2001 Census and the 2011 National Household Survey. Total wage bill for the nursing professional category in Canada was estimated at $20.1 billion ($17.3 billion for RNs), which suggests that it is as substantial as net physician remuneration. The average annual growth rate of this wage bill was 6.6% for RNs. This increase was mainly driven by real (inflation-adjusted) wage per hour, which was 3.0%, suggesting the existence of a "health premium" of 1.7 percentage points during the study period. Copyright © 2015 Longwoods Publishing.

Estimating Nursing Wage Bill in Canada and Breaking Down the Growth Rate: 2000 to 2010

PubMed Central

Béjaoui, Ali

2015-01-01

Even though the nursing professional category (registered nurses [RNs] and licensed practical nurses) made up about one-third of the Canadian health professionals, no study exists about their wage bill, the composition and growth rate of this wage bill. This paper attempts to fill this gap by estimating the nursing wage bill in the Canadian provinces and breaking down the growth rate for the 2000–2010 period, using the 2001 Census and the 2011 National Household Survey. Total wage bill for the nursing professional category in Canada was estimated at $20.1 billion ($17.3 billion for RNs), which suggests that it is as substantial as net physician remuneration. The average annual growth rate of this wage bill was 6.6% for RNs. This increase was mainly driven by real (inflation-adjusted) wage per hour, which was 3.0%, suggesting the existence of a “health premium” of 1.7 percentage points during the study period. PMID:26142358

5 CFR 532.247 - Wage change surveys.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Wage change surveys. 532.247 Section 532... SYSTEMS Prevailing Rate Determinations § 532.247 Wage change surveys. (a) Wage change surveys shall be conducted in each wage area in years during which full-scale wage surveys are not conducted. (b) Data shall...

5 CFR 532.247 - Wage change surveys.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Wage change surveys. 532.247 Section 532... SYSTEMS Prevailing Rate Determinations § 532.247 Wage change surveys. (a) Wage change surveys shall be conducted in each wage area in years during which full-scale wage surveys are not conducted. (b) Data shall...

5 CFR 532.247 - Wage change surveys.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Wage change surveys. 532.247 Section 532... SYSTEMS Prevailing Rate Determinations § 532.247 Wage change surveys. (a) Wage change surveys shall be conducted in each wage area in years during which full-scale wage surveys are not conducted. (b) Data shall...

5 CFR 532.247 - Wage change surveys.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Wage change surveys. 532.247 Section 532... SYSTEMS Prevailing Rate Determinations § 532.247 Wage change surveys. (a) Wage change surveys shall be conducted in each wage area in years during which full-scale wage surveys are not conducted. (b) Data shall...

29 CFR 4.3 - Wage determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...)(i).) (e) Wage determinations will be available for public inspection during business hours at the... addition, most prevailing wage determinations are available online from WDOL. Archived versions of SCA wage...

Efficiency-wage competition and nonlinear dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guerrazzi, Marco; Sodini, Mauro

2018-05-01

In this paper we develop a nonlinear version of the efficiency-wage competition model pioneered by Hahn (1987) [27]. Under the assumption that the strategic relationship among optimal wage bids put forward by competing firms is non-monotonic, we show that market wage offers can actually display persistent fluctuations described by a piece-wise non-invertible map. Thereafter, assuming that employers are never constrained in the labour market, we give evidence that in the parameter region of chaotic dynamics, the model is able to reproduce the business cycle regularity according to which in the short-run average wages fluctuate less than aggregate employment. In addition, we show that the efficiency-wage competition among firms leads to some inefficiencies in the wage setting process.

Understanding the City Size Wage Gap*

PubMed Central

Baum-Snow, Nathaniel; Pavan, Ronni

2013-01-01

In this paper, we decompose city size wage premia into various components. We base these decompositions on an estimated on-the-job search model that incorporates latent ability, search frictions, firm-worker match quality, human capital accumulation and endogenous migration between large, medium and small cities. Counterfactual simulations of the model indicate that variation in returns to experience and differences in wage intercepts across location type are the most important mechanisms contributing to observed city size wage premia. Variation in returns to experience is more important for generating wage premia between large and small locations while differences in wage intercepts are more important for generating wage premia betwen medium and small locations. Sorting on unobserved ability within education group and differences in labor market search frictions and distributions of firm-worker match quality contribute little to observed city size wage premia. These conclusions hold for separate samples of high school and college graduates. PMID:24273347

Understanding the City Size Wage Gap.

PubMed

Baum-Snow, Nathaniel; Pavan, Ronni

2012-01-01

In this paper, we decompose city size wage premia into various components. We base these decompositions on an estimated on-the-job search model that incorporates latent ability, search frictions, firm-worker match quality, human capital accumulation and endogenous migration between large, medium and small cities. Counterfactual simulations of the model indicate that variation in returns to experience and differences in wage intercepts across location type are the most important mechanisms contributing to observed city size wage premia. Variation in returns to experience is more important for generating wage premia between large and small locations while differences in wage intercepts are more important for generating wage premia betwen medium and small locations. Sorting on unobserved ability within education group and differences in labor market search frictions and distributions of firm-worker match quality contribute little to observed city size wage premia. These conclusions hold for separate samples of high school and college graduates.

Bringing the Firms into Globalization Research: The Effects of Foreign Investment and Exports on Wages in Mexican Manufacturing Firms

PubMed Central

Villarreal, Andrés; Sakamoto, Arthur

2011-01-01

Researchers specializing in organizations and labor markets have paid insufficient attention to the effects that foreign ownership of a firm and its orientation towards export production may have on the wages it pays to its workers. Using information from a nationally-representative sample of manufacturing firms in Mexico, a paradigmatic case of a developing country that is highly integrated into world markets, we find that foreign-owned and export-oriented firms pay considerably more than nationally-owned firms engaged in the production of goods for sale in the domestic market. Second, beyond paying higher wages to their workers, foreign-owned firms also raise the wages paid by domestic firms operating in the same regional labor markets. The wage premium in foreign and export-oriented firms cannot be explained by their size, industry, geographical location, productivity, use of advanced technology, or the sociodemographic composition of their workforce. We find evidence that wages in foreign-owned companies in Mexico are dependent on the country of origin of the capital investment. A greater difference between the industry-specific wages paid in the country of ownership and Mexico is associated with a higher wage premium in Mexican affiliates. Future work should strive to link information from foreign-owned affiliates with their parent companies abroad. PMID:21566699

Are low wages risk factors for hypertension?

PubMed

Leigh, J Paul; Du, Juan

2012-12-01

Socio-economic status (SES) is strongly correlated with hypertension. But SES has several components, including income and correlations in cross-sectional data need not imply SES is a risk factor. This study investigates whether wages-the largest category within income-are risk factors. We analysed longitudinal, nationally representative US data from four waves (1999, 2001, 2003 and 2005) of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The overall sample was restricted to employed persons age 25-65 years, n = 17 295. Separate subsamples were constructed of persons within two age groups (25-44 and 45-65 years) and genders. Hypertension incidence was self-reported based on physician diagnosis. Our study was prospective since data from three base years (1999, 2001, 2003) were used to predict newly diagnosed hypertension for three subsequent years (2001, 2003, 2005). In separate analyses, data from the first base year were used to predict time-to-reporting hypertension. Logistic regressions with random effects and Cox proportional hazards regressions were run. Negative and strongly statistically significant correlations between wages and hypertension were found both in logistic and Cox regressions, especially for subsamples containing the younger age group (25-44 years) and women. Correlations were stronger when three health variables-obesity, subjective measures of health and number of co-morbidities-were excluded from regressions. Doubling the wage was associated with 25-30% lower chances of hypertension for persons aged 25-44 years. The strongest evidence for low wages being risk factors for hypertension among working people were for women and persons aged 25-44 years.

Great expectations: Past wages and unemployment durations☆

PubMed Central

Böheim, Renè; Horvath, Gerard Thomas; Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf

2011-01-01

Decomposing wages into worker and firm wage components, we find that firm-fixed components are sizeable parts of workers' wages. If workers can only imperfectly observe the extent of firm-fixed components in their wages, they might be misled about the overall wage distribution. Such misperceptions may lead to unjustified high reservation wages, resulting in overly long unemployment durations. We examine the influence of previous wages on unemployment durations for workers after exogenous lay-offs and, using Austrian administrative data, we find that younger workers are, in fact, unemployed longer if they profited from high firm-fixed components in the past. We interpret our findings as evidence for overconfidence generated by imperfectly observed productivity. PMID:22211003

Inter-Industry Wage Differentials and the Gender Wage Gap: An Identification Problem.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Horrace, William C.; Oaxaca, Ronald L.

2001-01-01

States that a method for estimating gender wage gaps by industry yields estimates that vary according to arbitrary choice of omitted reference groups. Suggests alternative methods not susceptible to this problem that can be applied to other contexts, such as racial, union/nonunion, and immigrant/native wage differences. (SK)

Wage Determination and Discrimination among Older Workers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Quinn, Joseph F.

1979-01-01

Analyzed determinants of wage rates of older workers and the large discrepancies existing between wage earned by Whites, non-Whites, men, and women. Human capital and geographic variables were important wage determinants. Differences in variables cannot completely explain the wage differentials of race and sex. (Author)

24 CFR 17.170 - Administrative wage garnishment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Administrative wage garnishment. 17... Administrative Wage Garnishment § 17.170 Administrative wage garnishment. (a) General. The Secretary may collect a debt by using administrative wage garnishment. Regulations in 31 CFR 285.11 governs collection...

6 CFR 11.5 - Administrative wage garnishment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 6 Domestic Security 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Administrative wage garnishment. 11.5 Section 11.5 Domestic Security DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY CLAIMS § 11.5 Administrative wage garnishment. DHS may collect debts from a debtor's wages by means of administrative wage...

29 CFR 783.45 - Deductions from wages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Deductions from wages. 783.45 Section 783.45 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR STATEMENTS OF GENERAL... TO EMPLOYEES EMPLOYED AS SEAMEN Computation of Wages and Hours § 783.45 Deductions from wages. Where...

Financing Educational Facility Construction: Prevailing Wage Litigation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goldblatt, Steven M.; Wood, R. Craig

This chapter presents an up-to-date analysis of prevailing state wage laws that affect educational facility construction or renovation and highlights relevant prevailing wage litigation in many states. Currently, 13 states have no prevailing wage laws for public works. The other 37 states and the District of Columbia do have prevailing wage laws…

29 CFR 525.10 - Prevailing wage rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Prevailing wage rates. 525.10 Section 525.10 Labor... OF WORKERS WITH DISABILITIES UNDER SPECIAL CERTIFICATES § 525.10 Prevailing wage rates. (a) A prevailing wage rate is a wage rate that is paid to an experienced worker not disabled for the work to be...

Do Students Expect Compensation for Wage Risk?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schweri, Juerg; Hartog, Joop; Wolter, Stefan C.

2011-01-01

We use a unique data set about the wage distribution that Swiss students expect for themselves ex ante, deriving parametric and non-parametric measures to capture expected wage risk. These wage risk measures are unfettered by heterogeneity which handicapped the use of actual market wage dispersion as risk measure in earlier studies. Students in…

Job-Advertising and Wage Control Spillovers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goodwin, William B.; Carlson, John A.

1981-01-01

This article examines the tradeoffs between wages and job-related advertising in the recruitment of new employees. Hypothesizes that when wages are limited by controls, firms increase their use of nonwage recruiting methods. Also examines the effect of the Nixon wage controls on newspaper help-wanted advertisements. (Author/CT)

Physician assistant wages and employment, 2000-2025.

PubMed

Quella, Alicia; Brock, Douglas M; Hooker, Roderick S

2015-06-01

This study sought to assess physician assistant (PA) wages, make comparisons with other healthcare professionals, and project their earnings to 2025. The Bureau of Labor Statistics PA employment datasets were probed, and 2013 wages were used to explore median wage differences between large employer categories and 14 years of historical data (2000-2013). Median wages of PAs, family physicians and general practitioners, pharmacists, registered nurses, advanced practice nurses, and physical therapists were compared. Linear regression was used to project the PA median wage to 2025. In 2013, the median hourly wage for a PA employed in a clinical role was $44.70. From 2000 to 2013, PA wages increased by 40% compared with the cumulative inflation rate of 35.3%. This suggests that demand exceeds supply, a finding consistent with similar clinicians such as family physicians. A predictive model suggests that PA employment opportunities and remuneration will remain high through 2025.

29 CFR 525.5 - Wage payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Wage payments. 525.5 Section 525.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR REGULATIONS EMPLOYMENT OF WORKERS WITH DISABILITIES UNDER SPECIAL CERTIFICATES § 525.5 Wage payments. (a) An individual whose earning or...

New Evidence against a Causal Marriage Wage Premium

PubMed Central

Killewald, Alexandra; Lundberg, Ian

2017-01-01

Recent research shows that men’s wages rise more rapidly than expected prior to marriage, but diverges on whether this indicates selection or a causal effect of anticipating marriage. We seek to adjudicate this debate by bringing together literatures on: (1) the male marriage wage premium, (2) selection into marriage based on men’s economic circumstances, and (3) the transition to adulthood, during which both union formation and unusually rapid improvements in work outcomes often occur. Using data from the NLSY79, we evaluate these perspectives. We show that wage declines predate rather than follow divorce, indicating no evidence that staying married benefits men’s wages. We find that older grooms experience no unusual wage patterns at marriage, suggesting that the observed marriage premium may simply reflect co-occurrence with the transition to adulthood for younger grooms. We show that men entering shotgun marriages experience similar premarital wage gains as other grooms, casting doubt on the claim that anticipation of marriage drives wage increases. We conclude that the observed wage patterns are most consistent with men marrying when their wages are already rising more rapidly than expected and divorcing when their wages are already falling, with no additional causal effect of marriage on wages. PMID:28332136

Rural Low-Wage Employment Rises among Men.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gibbs, Robert; Parker, Timothy

2000-01-01

In 1999, the percentage of low-wage workers in rural areas was higher than in urban areas or in 1979. The share of women and minorities in low-wage work stabilized, but the share of White men increased. Low-wage work increased in higher-skilled occupations, and the share of college educated low-wage workers increased significantly since 1979. (TD)

17 CFR 143.9 - Administrative wage garnishment orders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Administrative wage... JURISDICTION Administrative Wage Garnishment § 143.9 Administrative wage garnishment orders. Whenever an... administrative wage garnishment proceeding against a delinquent debtor. ...

Employment gains and wage declines: the erosion of black women's relative wages since 1980.

PubMed

Pettit, Becky; Ewert, Stephanie

2009-08-01

Public policy initiatives in the 1950s and 1960s, including Affirmative Action and Equal Employment Opportunity law, helped mitigate explicit discrimination in pay, and the expansion of higher education and training programs have advanced the employment fortunes of many American women. By the early 1980s, some scholars proclaimed near equity in pay between black and white women, particularly among young and highly skilled workers. More recent policy initiatives and labor market conditions have been arguably less progressive for black women's employment and earnings: through the 1980s, 1990s, and the first half of the 2000s, the wage gap between black and white women widened considerably. Using data from the Current Population Survey Merged Outgoing Rotation Group (CPS-MORG), this article documents the racial wage gap among women in the United States from 1979 to 2005. We investigate how demographic and labor market conditions influence employment and wage inequality among black and white women over the period. Although shifts in labor supply influence the magnitude of the black-white wage gap among women, structural disadvantages faced by black women help explain the growth in the racial wage gap.

Comparable Worth, Job Evaluation and Wage Discrimination: The Employer Approaches Wage Gap Issues in the 1980's.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leach, Daniel E.

1984-01-01

The role of women in the work force and the wages paid to women workers have become major employment discrimination issues of the 1980's. Comparable worth, wage discrimination, and the existence and possible influence of sex-related factors in wage administration systems, which include formalized job evaluation schemes, are discussed. (MLW)

Devaluing Women and Minorities: The Effects of Race/Ethnic and Sex Composition of Occupations on Wage Levels.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reid, Lori L.

1998-01-01

Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979-87, suggest that the percentage of white women in an occupation negatively affects wage levels. The percentages of black men or women or Latino/a men or women do not have negative effects. Occupational devaluation does not contribute to the race/ethnic wage gap and comparable worth policies…

48 CFR 22.404 - Davis-Bacon Act wage determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Davis-Bacon Act wage... Involving Construction 22.404 Davis-Bacon Act wage determinations. The Department of Labor is responsible for issuing wage determinations reflecting prevailing wages, including fringe benefits. The wage...

Rank Regressions, Wage Distributions, and the Gender Gap.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fortin, Nicole M.; Lemieux, Thomas

1998-01-01

Current Population Survey data from 1979 and 1991 were used to decompose changes in the gender wage gap into three components: skill distribution, wage structure, and improvements in women's position. Relative wage gains by women may have been a source of increasing wage inequality among men. (SK)

29 CFR 531.59 - The tip wage credit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false The tip wage credit. 531.59 Section 531.59 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR REGULATIONS WAGE PAYMENTS UNDER THE FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT OF 1938 Interpretations Payment of Wages to Tipped Employees...

The effect of prior healthcare employment on the wages of registered nurses.

PubMed

Yoo, Byung-Kwang; Kim, Minchul; Lin, Tzu-Chun; Sasaki, Tomoko; Ward, Debbie; Spetz, Joanne

2016-08-19

The proportion of registered nurses (RNs) with employment in health-related positions before their initial RN education has increased in the past two decades. Previous research found that prior health-related employment is positively associated with RN workforce supply, potentially due to the wage differences based on different career paths. This study's objective is to test the hypotheses that prior health-related employment is associated with differences in starting wages and with different rates of wage growth for experience as an RN. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using the 2008 National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses (NSSRN) linked with county-level variables from the Area Health Resource File. We estimated a Heckman model where the second-stage equation's outcome variable was the logarithm of the RN hourly wage, accounting for the self-selection of working or not working as an RN (i.e., the first-stage equation's outcome variable). Key covariates included interaction terms between years of experience, experience squared, and six categories of prior health-related employment (manager, LPN/LVN, allied health, nursing aide, clerk, and all other healthcare positions). Additional covariates included demographics, weekly working hours, marital status, highest nursing degree, and county-level variables (e.g., unemployment rate). We estimated the marginal effect of experience on wage for each type of prior health-related employment, conducting separate analyses for RNs whose initial education was a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) (unweighted N = 10,345/weighted N = 945,429), RNs whose initial education was an Associate degree (unweighted N = 13,791/weighted N = 1,296,809), and total population combining the former groups (unweighted N = 24,136/weighted N = 2,242,238). Prior health-related employment was associated with higher wages, with the strongest wage differences among BSN-educated RNs. Among BSN-educated RNs, previous

Employment Gains and Wage Declines: The Erosion of Black Women’s Relative Wages Since 1980

PubMed Central

PETTIT, BECKY; EWERT, STEPHANIE

2009-01-01

Public policy initiatives in the 1950s and 1960s, including Affirmative Action and Equal Employment Opportunity law, helped mitigate explicit discrimination in pay, and the expansion of higher education and training programs have advanced the employment fortunes of many American women. By the early 1980s, some scholars proclaimed near equity in pay between black and white women, particularly among young and highly skilled workers. More recent policy initiatives and labor market conditions have been arguably less progressive for black women’s employment and earnings: through the 1980s, 1990s, and the first half of the 2000s, the wage gap between black and white women widened considerably. Using data from the Current Population Survey Merged Outgoing Rotation Group (CPS-MORG), this article documents the racial wage gap among women in the United States from 1979 to 2005. We investigate how demographic and labor market conditions influence employment and wage inequality among black and white women over the period. Although shifts in labor supply influence the magnitude of the black-white wage gap among women, structural disadvantages faced by black women help explain the growth in the racial wage gap. PMID:19771940

No Way Out: Working Poor Women in the United States.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Commission on Working Women, Washington, DC.

This report examines the situation of the one-half of the nation's nine million working poor who are female. It begins by looking at just who the working poor are. Two areas of study are education levels and types of jobs. The discussion then shifts to minimum wage earners and their characteristics, the current status of the minimum wage, and the…

5 CFR 532.229 - Local wage survey committee.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Local wage survey committee. 532.229... PREVAILING RATE SYSTEMS Prevailing Rate Determinations § 532.229 Local wage survey committee. (a)(1) A lead agency shall establish a local wage survey committee in each wage area for which it has lead agency...

5 CFR 532.229 - Local wage survey committee.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Local wage survey committee. 532.229... PREVAILING RATE SYSTEMS Prevailing Rate Determinations § 532.229 Local wage survey committee. (a)(1) A lead agency shall establish a local wage survey committee in each wage area for which it has lead agency...

5 CFR 532.229 - Local wage survey committee.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Local wage survey committee. 532.229... PREVAILING RATE SYSTEMS Prevailing Rate Determinations § 532.229 Local wage survey committee. (a)(1) A lead agency shall establish a local wage survey committee in each wage area for which it has lead agency...

5 CFR 532.229 - Local wage survey committee.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Local wage survey committee. 532.229... PREVAILING RATE SYSTEMS Prevailing Rate Determinations § 532.229 Local wage survey committee. (a)(1) A lead agency shall establish a local wage survey committee in each wage area for which it has lead agency...

20 CFR 404.1047 - Annual wage limitation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Annual wage limitation. 404.1047 Section 404.1047 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment, and Self-Employment Income Wages § 404.1047 Annual...

20 CFR 404.1047 - Annual wage limitation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Annual wage limitation. 404.1047 Section 404.1047 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment, and Self-Employment Income Wages § 404.1047 Annual...

20 CFR 404.1047 - Annual wage limitation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Annual wage limitation. 404.1047 Section 404.1047 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment, and Self-Employment Income Wages § 404.1047 Annual...

20 CFR 404.1047 - Annual wage limitation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Annual wage limitation. 404.1047 Section 404.1047 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment, and Self-Employment Income Wages § 404.1047 Annual...

20 CFR 404.1047 - Annual wage limitation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Annual wage limitation. 404.1047 Section 404.1047 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment, and Self-Employment Income Wages § 404.1047 Annual...

10 CFR 1015.208 - Administrative wage garnishment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Administrative wage garnishment. 1015.208 Section 1015.208... for the Administrative Collection of Claims § 1015.208 Administrative wage garnishment. (a) DOE may use administrative wage garnishment to collect money from a debtor's disposable pay to satisfy...

49 CFR 89.35 - Administrative wage garnishment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Administrative wage garnishment. 89.35 Section 89... COLLECTION ACT Collection of Claims § 89.35 Administrative wage garnishment. (a) General. The Secretary may use administrative wage garnishment for debts referred to cross-servicing at Financial Management...

Salaries and Wages Paid Professional and Support Personnel in Public Schools, 2008-09. A Reference Tool for School Administrators

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Educational Research Service, 2009

2009-01-01

This report presents salary and wage data collected as part of the "Educational Research Service (ERS) National Survey of Salaries and Wages in Public Schools, 2008-2009." The survey, conducted in fall 2008, collected data on salaries scheduled and salaries paid for 23 selected professional positions and 10 selected support positions in public…

12 CFR 313.93 - Wage garnishment order.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Wage garnishment order. 313.93 Section 313.93 Banks and Banking FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION PROCEDURE AND RULES OF PRACTICE PROCEDURES FOR CORPORATE DEBT COLLECTION Administrative Wage Garnishment § 313.93 Wage garnishment order. (a) Unless the...

Compensating wage differentials and the impact of health insurance in the public sector on wages and hours.

PubMed

Qin, Paige; Chernew, Michael

2014-12-01

This paper examines the trade-off between wages and employer spending on health insurance for public sector workers, and the relationship between coverage and hours worked. Our primary approach compares trends in wages and hours for public employees with and without state/local government provided health insurance using individual-level micro-data from the 1992-2011 CPS. To adjust for differences between insured and uninsured public sector employees, we create a matched sample based on an employee's propensity to receive health insurance. We assess the relationship between state contribution to the health plan premium, state-level healthcare spending, and the wages and hours of state and local government employees. We find modest reductions in wages are associated with having employer-sponsored health insurance (ESHI), although this effect is not precisely measured. The reduction in wages associated with having ESHI is larger among non-unionized workers. Further, we find little evidence that provision of health insurance increases hours worked. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

42 CFR 413.231 - Adjustment for wages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... labor-related portion of the base rate to account for geographic differences in the area wage levels using an appropriate wage index (established by CMS) which reflects the relative level of hospital wages... area as defined in this paragraph (b). (1) Urban area means a Metropolitan Statistical Area or a...

17 CFR 256.920 - Salaries and wages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Salaries and wages. 256.920... COMPANY ACT OF 1935 2. Expense § 256.920 Salaries and wages. (a) This account shall include salaries, wages, bonuses and other consideration for services, with the exception of director's fees paid directly...

State liberalism, female supervisors, and the gender wage gap.

PubMed

Maume, David J; Ruppanner, Leah

2015-03-01

Whereas some are concerned that the gender revolution has stalled, others note the rapid increase in women's representation in the ranks of management, and the reduction of wage inequality in larger and more active welfare states. Although these latter trends portend an attenuation of gender inequality, their effects on the gender pay gap in the U.S. are understudied due to data limitations, or to the assumption that in the U.S. pay is determined by market forces. In this study we extend research on the determinants of the gender wage gap by examining sex-of-supervisor effects on subordinates' pay, and to what degree the state's commitment to equality conditions this relationship. We pooled the 1997 and 2002 National Study of the Changing Workforce surveys to estimate hierarchical models of reporting to a female supervisor and wages, with theoretically important predictors at the individual level, and at the state of residence (an index composed of women's share of legislators, a measure of the liberal leanings of the state, and the size of the public sector relative to the labor force). We found that state effects on pay were mixed, with pay generally rising with state liberalism on the one hand. On the other hand, working for a female boss significantly reduced wages. We discussed the theoretical implications of our results, as well as the need for further study of the career effects on subordinates as women increasingly enter the ranks of management. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Overeducation and Employment Mismatch: Wage Penalties for College Degrees in Business

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Li, Ihsuan; Malvin, Mathew; Simonson, Robert D.

2015-01-01

Overeducation and underemployment are of increasing national concern. Recent research estimates that 48% of workers are overeducated for their positions. The wage penalty for overeducation varies significantly across majors by gender. Using the American Community Survey (Ruggles et al., 2010), the authors examine the extent of overeducation among…

A fair day's wage? Perceptions of public sector pay.

PubMed

Furnham, Adrian; Stieger, Stefan; Haubner, Tanja; Voracek, Martin; Swami, Viren

2009-12-01

There is a scarcity of evidence pertaining to the general public's perception of public sector pay. Hence, in the present study, 161 women and 149 men were asked to estimate the wages 35 public sector professions should receive annually in the fictitious nation of Maldoria, based on a comparison value of an annual income of T10,000 for general practitioners. Analysis showed that only pilots were given a higher annual income than general practitioners; miners and local government workers were also provided with relatively high annual incomes. By contrast, newscasters were provided with the lowest annual income. Participants' sex did not affect these evaluations, and other demographic variables and public sector-related information of the participants were poor predictors of their evaluations. The implications of this research on public attitudes toward wage determination are discussed, and avenues for further research highlighted.

26 CFR 31.3306(b)-1 - Wages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 15 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Wages. 31.3306(b)-1 Section 31.3306(b)-1... Unemployment Tax Act (Chapter 23, Internal Revenue Code of 1954) § 31.3306(b)-1 Wages. (a) Applicable law and... after 1938 constitutes wages is determined under section 3306(b). Accordingly, only remuneration paid...

20 CFR 404.220 - Average-monthly-wage method.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... average-monthly-wage method if it is to your advantage. Being eligible for either the average-monthly-wage method or the modified average-monthly-wage method does not preclude your eligibility under the old-start...

Salaries and Wages Paid Professional and Support Personnel in Public Schools, 2009-2010. A Reference Tool for School Administrators

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Protheroe, Nancy; Licciardi, Christopher M.; Cooke, Willa D.

2010-01-01

This report presents salary and wage data collected as part of the 37th edition of the "ERS National Survey of Salaries and Wages in Public Schools, 2009-2010." The survey, conducted in fall 2008, collected data on salaries scheduled and salaries paid for 23 selected professional positions and 10 selected support positions in public school systems…

26 CFR 1.199-2 - Wage limitation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... that W-2 wages must have been included in a return filed with the Social Security Administration (SSA... wages must be reported on return filed with the Social Security Administration—(i) In general. The term... setting forth the method that is used to calculate W-2 wages in case of a taxpayer with a short taxable...

Rural hospital wages

PubMed Central

Hendricks, Ann M.

1989-01-01

Average fiscal year 1982 wages from 2,302 rural American hospitals were used to test for a gradient descending from hospitals in counties adjacent to metropolitan areas to those not adjacent. Considerable variation in the ratios of adjacent to nonadjacent averages existed. No statistically significant difference was found, however. Of greater importance in explaining relative wages within States were occupational mix, mix of part-time and full-time workers, case mix, presence of medical residencies, and location in a high-rent county within the State. Medicare already adjusts payments for only two of these variables. PMID:10313454

20 CFR 404.221 - Computing your average monthly wage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... your average monthly wage, we consider all the wages, compensation, self-employment income, and deemed... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Computing your average monthly wage. 404.221... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Computing Primary Insurance Amounts Average-Monthly-Wage Method of Computing...

20 CFR 404.221 - Computing your average monthly wage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... your average monthly wage, we consider all the wages, compensation, self-employment income, and deemed... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Computing your average monthly wage. 404.221... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Computing Primary Insurance Amounts Average-Monthly-Wage Method of Computing...

Differences in wage rates for males and females in the health sector: a consideration of unpaid overtime to decompose the gender wage gap.

PubMed

Vecchio, Nerina; Scuffham, Paul A; Hilton, Michael F; Whiteford, Harvey A

2013-02-25

In Australia a persistent and sizable gender wage gap exists. In recent years this gap has been steadily widening. The negative impact of gender wage differentials is the disincentive to work more hours. This implies a substantial cost on the Australian health sector. This study aimed to identify the magnitude of gender wage differentials within the health sector. The investigation accounts for unpaid overtime. Given the limited availability of information, little empirical evidence exists that accounts for unpaid overtime. Information was collected from a sample of 10,066 Australian full-time employees within the health sector. Initially, ordinary least-squares regression was used to identify the gender wage gap when unpaid overtime was included and then excluded from the model. The sample was also stratified by gender and then by occupation to allow for comparisons. Later the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method was employed to identify and quantify the contribution of individual endowments to wage differentials between males and females. The analyses of data revealed a gender wage gap that varied across occupations. The inclusion of unpaid overtime in the analysis led to a slight reduction in the wage differential. The results showed an adjusted wage gap of 16.7%. Unpaid overtime made a significant but small contribution to wage differentials. Being female remained the major contributing factor to the wage gap. Given that wage differentials provide a disincentive to work more hours, serious attempts to deal with the skilled labour shortage in the health sector need to address the gender wage gap.

Differences in wage rates for males and females in the health sector: a consideration of unpaid overtime to decompose the gender wage gap

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background In Australia a persistent and sizable gender wage gap exists. In recent years this gap has been steadily widening. The negative impact of gender wage differentials is the disincentive to work more hours. This implies a substantial cost on the Australian health sector. This study aimed to identify the magnitude of gender wage differentials within the health sector. The investigation accounts for unpaid overtime. Given the limited availability of information, little empirical evidence exists that accounts for unpaid overtime. Methods Information was collected from a sample of 10,066 Australian full-time employees within the health sector. Initially, ordinary least-squares regression was used to identify the gender wage gap when unpaid overtime was included and then excluded from the model. The sample was also stratified by gender and then by occupation to allow for comparisons. Later the Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition method was employed to identify and quantify the contribution of individual endowments to wage differentials between males and females. Results The analyses of data revealed a gender wage gap that varied across occupations. The inclusion of unpaid overtime in the analysis led to a slight reduction in the wage differential. The results showed an adjusted wage gap of 16.7%. Conclusions Unpaid overtime made a significant but small contribution to wage differentials. Being female remained the major contributing factor to the wage gap. Given that wage differentials provide a disincentive to work more hours, serious attempts to deal with the skilled labour shortage in the health sector need to address the gender wage gap. PMID:23433245

The Wages of Older Men.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carliner, Geoffrey

1982-01-01

Net depreciation rates in human capital are estimated from wage data on a longitudinal sample of men aged 45 to 64. The results indicate that wage rates begin to decline in the early 50s at rates under one percent annually and decline at about two percent annually after age 60. (Author)

29 CFR 4.3 - Wage determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... section 2(a) thereof will be set forth in wage determinations issued by the Administrator. Wage... determinations that are no longer current may be accessed in the “Archived SCA WD” database of WDOL for...

29 CFR 4.3 - Wage determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... section 2(a) thereof will be set forth in wage determinations issued by the Administrator. Wage... determinations that are no longer current may be accessed in the “Archived SCA WD” database of WDOL for...

29 CFR 4.3 - Wage determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... section 2(a) thereof will be set forth in wage determinations issued by the Administrator. Wage... determinations that are no longer current may be accessed in the “Archived SCA WD” database of WDOL for...

29 CFR 4.3 - Wage determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... section 2(a) thereof will be set forth in wage determinations issued by the Administrator. Wage... determinations that are no longer current may be accessed in the “Archived SCA WD” database of WDOL for...

20 CFR 616.10 - Reuse of employment and wages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Reuse of employment and wages. 616.10 Section 616.10 Employees' Benefits EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR INTERSTATE ARRANGEMENT FOR COMBINING EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES § 616.10 Reuse of employment and wages. Employment and wages...

29 CFR 1.5 - Procedure for requesting wage determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Procedure for requesting wage determinations. 1.5 Section 1.5 Labor Office of the Secretary of Labor PROCEDURES FOR PREDETERMINATION OF WAGE RATES § 1.5 Procedure for requesting wage determinations. (a) The Department of Labor publishes general wage...

29 CFR 7.6 - Filing of wage determination record.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Filing of wage determination record. 7.6 Section 7.6 Labor... AND FEDERALLY ASSISTED CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS Review of Wage Determinations. § 7.6 Filing of wage determination record. (a) In representing the officer issuing the wage determination the Solicitor shall, among...

Period Effects, Cohort Effects, and the Narrowing Gender Wage Gap

PubMed Central

Campbell, Colin; Pearlman, Jessica

2015-01-01

Despite the abundance of sociological research on the gender wage gap, questions remain. In particular, the role of cohorts is under investigated. Using data from the Current Population Survey, we use Age-Period-Cohort analysis to uniquely estimate age, period, and cohort effects on the gender wage gap. The narrowing of the gender wage gap that occurred between 1975 and 2009 is largely due to cohort effects. Since the mid-1990s, the gender wage gap has continued to close absent of period effects. While gains in female wages contributed to declines in the gender wage gap for cohorts born before 1950, for later cohorts the narrowing of the gender wage gap is primarily a result of declines in male wages. PMID:24090861

28 CFR 301.204 - Continuation of lost-time wages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Continuation of lost-time wages. 301.204... ACCIDENT COMPENSATION Lost-Time Wages § 301.204 Continuation of lost-time wages. (a) Once approved, the inmate shall receive lost-time wages until the inmate: (1) Is released; (2) Is transferred to another...

29 CFR 8.5 - Filing of wage determination record.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Filing of wage determination record. 8.5 Section 8.5 Labor... SERVICE CONTRACTS Review of Wage Determinations § 8.5 Filing of wage determination record. The Associate... record upon which the wage determination was based. Under no circumstances shall source data obtained by...

Emotional labor demands and compensating wage differentials.

PubMed

Glomb, Theresa M; Kammeyer-Mueller, John D; Rotundo, Maria

2004-08-01

The concept of emotional labor demands and their effects on workers has received considerable attention in recent years, with most studies concentrating on stress, burnout, satisfaction, or other affective outcomes. This study extends the literature by examining the relationship between emotional labor demands and wages at the occupational level. Theories describing the expected effects of job demands and working conditions on wages are described. Results suggest that higher levels of emotional labor demands are associated with lower wage rates for jobs low in cognitive demands and with higher wage rates for jobs high in cognitive demands. Implications of these findings are discussed. (c) 2004 APA

Wage Discrimination in the Reemployment Process.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mavromaras, Kostas G.; Rudolph, Helmut

1997-01-01

Wage discrimination by gender in reemployment was examined by decomposing the wage gap upon reemployment. Results suggest that employers are using discriminatory hiring practices that are less likely to be detected and harder to prove in court. (SK)

29 CFR 783.44 - Board and lodging as wages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Board and lodging as wages. 783.44 Section 783.44 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR STATEMENTS OF GENERAL... TO EMPLOYEES EMPLOYED AS SEAMEN Computation of Wages and Hours § 783.44 Board and lodging as wages...

48 CFR 22.1013 - Review of wage determination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Review of wage... Amended 22.1013 Review of wage determination. (a) Based on incumbent collective bargaining agreement. (1) If wages, fringe benefits, or periodic increases provided for in a collective bargaining agreement...

Body weight and wages: evidence from Add Health.

PubMed

Sabia, Joseph J; Rees, Daniel I

2012-01-01

This note uses data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to examine the relationship between body weight and wages. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and individual fixed effects estimates provide evidence that overweight and obese white women are paid substantially less per hour than their slimmer counterparts. Two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimation confirms this relationship, suggesting that it is not driven by time-variant unobservables. Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Period effects, cohort effects, and the narrowing gender wage gap.

PubMed

Campbell, Colin; Pearlman, Jessica

2013-11-01

Despite the abundance of sociological research on the gender wage gap, questions remain. In particular, the role of cohorts is under investigated. Using data from the Current Population Survey, we use age-period-cohort analysis to uniquely estimate age, period, and cohort effects on the gender wage gap. The narrowing of the gender wage gap that occurred between 1975 and 2009 is largely due to cohort effects. Since the mid-1990s, the gender wage gap has continued to close absent of period effects. While gains in female wages contributed to declines in the gender wage gap for cohorts born before 1950, for later cohorts the narrowing of the gender wage gap is primarily a result of declines in male wages. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

26 CFR 31.3301-4 - When wages are paid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 15 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false When wages are paid. 31.3301-4 Section 31.3301... Unemployment Tax Act (Chapter 23, Internal Revenue Code of 1954) § 31.3301-4 When wages are paid. Wages are paid when actually or constructively paid. Wages are constructively paid when they are credited to the...

26 CFR 31.3401(a)-2 - Exclusions from wages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 15 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Exclusions from wages. 31.3401(a)-2 Section 31... Collection of Income Tax at Source § 31.3401(a)-2 Exclusions from wages. (a) In general. (1) The term “wages... specifically excepted from wages under section 3401(a). (2) The exception attaches to the remuneration for...

48 CFR 22.404-11 - Wage determination appeals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Wage determination appeals... Involving Construction 22.404-11 Wage determination appeals. The Secretary of Labor has established an... Davis-Bacon Act wage determinations. A contracting agency or other interested party may file a petition...

From Dark to Light: Skin Color and Wages among African-Americans

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goldsmith, Arthur H.; Hamilton, Darrick; Darity, William, Jr.

2007-01-01

This paper develops and tests a theory, referred to as "preference for whiteness," which predicts that the interracial (white-black) and intraracial wage gap widens as the skin shade of the black worker darkens. Using data drawn from the Multi City Study of Urban Inequality and the National Survey of Black Americans, we report evidence…

Work Expectations, Human Capital Accumulation, and the Wages of Young Women.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sandell, Steven H.; Shapiro, David

Based on the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women aged fourteen to twenty-four in 1968, a study was made to determine the impact that women's ex ante labor market expectations have on their salary and development and to examine the effect of women's postschool training and maturation (human capital accumulation) on wages. Six findings…

Mental Health Insurance Parity and Provider Wages.

PubMed

Golberstein, Ezra; Busch, Susan H

2017-06-01

Policymakers frequently mandate that employers or insurers provide insurance benefits deemed to be critical to individuals' well-being. However, in the presence of private market imperfections, mandates that increase demand for a service can lead to price increases for that service, without necessarily affecting the quantity being supplied. We test this idea empirically by looking at mental health parity mandates. This study evaluated whether implementation of parity laws was associated with changes in mental health provider wages. Quasi-experimental analysis of average wages by state and year for six mental health care-related occupations were considered: Clinical, Counseling, and School Psychologists; Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors; Marriage and Family Therapists; Mental Health Counselors; Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers; and Psychiatrists. Data from 1999-2013 were used to estimate the association between the implementation of state mental health parity laws and the Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act and average mental health provider wages. Mental health parity laws were associated with a significant increase in mental health care provider wages controlling for changes in mental health provider wages in states not exposed to parity (3.5 percent [95% CI: 0.3%, 6.6%]; p<.05). Mental health parity laws were associated with statistically significant but modest increases in mental health provider wages. Health insurance benefit expansions may lead to increased prices for health services when the private market that supplies the service is imperfect or constrained. In the context of mental health parity, this work suggests that part of the value of expanding insurance benefits for mental health coverage was captured by providers. Given historically low wage levels of mental health providers, this increase may be a first step in bringing mental health provider wages in line with parallel

An investigation into the effect of type I and type II diabetes duration on employment and wages.

PubMed

Minor, Travis

2013-12-01

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, the current study examines the effect of type I and type II diabetes on employment status and wages. The results suggest that both the probability of employment and wages are negatively related to the number of years since the initial diagnosis of diabetes. Moreover, the effect of diabetes duration on the probability of employment appears to be nonlinear, peaking around 16 years for females and 10 years for males. A similar negative effect on wages is found only in male diabetics. Finally, the results suggest that failure to distinguish between type I and type II diabetics may lead to some counterintuitive results. Published by Elsevier B.V.

The effect of Medicaid wage pass-through programs on the wages of direct care workers.

PubMed

Baughman, Reagan A; Smith, Kristin

2010-05-01

Despite growing demand for nursing and home health care as the US population ages, compensation levels in the low-skill nursing labor market that provides the bulk of long-term care remain quite low. The challenge facing providers of long-term care is that Medicaid reimbursement rates for nursing home and home health care severely restrict the wage growth that is necessary to attract workers, resulting in high turnover and labor shortages. Almost half of US states have responded by enacting "pass-through" provisions in their Medicaid programs, channeling additional long-term care funding directly to compensation of lower-skill nursing workers. We test the effect of Medicaid wage pass-through programs on hourly wages for direct care workers. We estimate several specifications of wage models using employment data from the 1996 and 2001 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation for nursing, home health, and personal care aides. The effect of pass-through programs is identified by an indicator variable for states with programs; 20 states adopted pass-throughs during the sample period. Workers in states with pass-through programs earn as much as 12% more per hour than workers in other states after those programs are implemented. Medicaid wage pass-through programs appear to be a viable policy option for raising compensation levels of direct care workers, with an eye toward improving recruitment and retention in long-term care settings.

48 CFR 22.1012-1 - Prevailing wage determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Prevailing wage... wage determination in a solicitation, contract or contract modification (see 22.1007) is determined by... wage determination shall not be effective if it is received by the contracting agency less than 10 days...

5 CFR 532.207 - Time schedule for wage surveys.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... PREVAILING RATE SYSTEMS Prevailing Rate Determinations § 532.207 Time schedule for wage surveys. (a) Wage... local prevailing rates. (f) The beginning month of appropriated and nonappropriated fund wage surveys...

Legal Status and Wage Disparities for Mexican Immigrants

PubMed Central

Hall, Matthew; Greenman, Emily; Farkas, George

2014-01-01

This paper employs a unique method of imputing the legal status of Mexican immigrants in the 1996-1999 and 2001-2003 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation to provide new evidence of the role of legal authorization in the U.S. on workers’ wages. Using growth curve techniques, we estimate wage trajectories for four groups: documented Mexican immigrants, undocumented Mexican immigrants, U.S-born Mexican Americans, and native non-Latino whites. Our estimates reveal a 17 percent wage disparity between documented and undocumented Mexican immigrant men, and a 9 percent documented-undocumented wage disparity for Mexican immigrant women. We also find that in comparison to authorized Mexicans, undocumented Mexican immigrants have lower returns to human capital and slower wage growth. PMID:25414526

Legal Status and Wage Disparities for Mexican Immigrants.

PubMed

Hall, Matthew; Greenman, Emily; Farkas, George

2010-12-01

This paper employs a unique method of imputing the legal status of Mexican immigrants in the 1996-1999 and 2001-2003 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation to provide new evidence of the role of legal authorization in the U.S. on workers' wages. Using growth curve techniques, we estimate wage trajectories for four groups: documented Mexican immigrants, undocumented Mexican immigrants, U.S-born Mexican Americans, and native non-Latino whites. Our estimates reveal a 17 percent wage disparity between documented and undocumented Mexican immigrant men, and a 9 percent documented-undocumented wage disparity for Mexican immigrant women. We also find that in comparison to authorized Mexicans, undocumented Mexican immigrants have lower returns to human capital and slower wage growth.

42 CFR 412.266 - Availability of wage data.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Availability of wage data. 412.266 Section 412.266... Review Board Composition and Procedures § 412.266 Availability of wage data. A hospital may obtain the average hourly wage data necessary to prepare its application to the MGCRB from Federal Register documents...

Gender, race & the veteran wage gap.

PubMed

Vick, Brandon; Fontanella, Gabrielle

2017-01-01

This paper analyzes earnings outcomes of Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans. We utilize the 2009-2013 American Community Survey and a worker-matching methodology to decompose wage differences between veteran and non-veteran workers. Among fully-employed, 25-40 year-olds, veteran workers make 3% less than non-veteran workers. While male veterans make 9% less than non-veterans, female and black veterans experience a wage premium (2% and 7% respectively). Decomposition of the earnings gap identifies some of its sources. Relatively higher rates of disability and lower rates of educational attainment serve to increase the overall wage penalty against veterans. However, veterans work less in low-paying occupations than non-veterans, serving to reduce the wage penalty. Finally, among male and white subgroups, non-veterans earn more in the top quintile due largely to having higher educational attainment and greater representation in higher-paying occupations, such as management. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

29 CFR 1620.12 - Wage “rate.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... “rate.” (a) The term wage “rate,” as used in the EPA, refers to the standard or measure by which an employee's wage is determined and is considered to encompass all rates of wages whether calculated on a... rate at which overtime compensation or other special remuneration is paid as well as the rate at which...

29 CFR 1620.12 - Wage “rate.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... “rate.” (a) The term wage “rate,” as used in the EPA, refers to the standard or measure by which an employee's wage is determined and is considered to encompass all rates of wages whether calculated on a... rate at which overtime compensation or other special remuneration is paid as well as the rate at which...

29 CFR 1620.12 - Wage “rate.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... “rate.” (a) The term wage “rate,” as used in the EPA, refers to the standard or measure by which an employee's wage is determined and is considered to encompass all rates of wages whether calculated on a... rate at which overtime compensation or other special remuneration is paid as well as the rate at which...

29 CFR 1620.12 - Wage “rate.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... “rate.” (a) The term wage “rate,” as used in the EPA, refers to the standard or measure by which an employee's wage is determined and is considered to encompass all rates of wages whether calculated on a... rate at which overtime compensation or other special remuneration is paid as well as the rate at which...

Male-Female Wage Differentials in the United States.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kiker, B. F.; Crouch, Henry L.

The primary objective of this paper is to describe a method of estimating female-male wage ratios. The estimating technique presented is two stage least squares (2SLS), in which equations are estimated for both men and women. After specifying and estimating the wage equations, the male-female wage differential is calculated that would remain if…

24 CFR 574.655 - Wage rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Wage rates. 574.655 Section 574.655 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating to Housing and Urban Development (Continued) OFFICE OF... COMMUNITY FACILITIES HOUSING OPPORTUNITIES FOR PERSONS WITH AIDS Other Federal Requirements § 574.655 Wage...

5 CFR 532.233 - Preparation for full-scale wage surveys.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Preparation for full-scale wage surveys... REGULATIONS PREVAILING RATE SYSTEMS Prevailing Rate Determinations § 532.233 Preparation for full-scale wage... the local wage survey committee. (e) Selection and appointment of data collectors. (1) The local wage...

24 CFR 965.101 - Preemption of State prevailing wage requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Preemption of State prevailing wage... URBAN DEVELOPMENT PHA-OWNED OR LEASED PROJECTS-GENERAL PROVISIONS Preemption of State Prevailing Wage Requirements § 965.101 Preemption of State prevailing wage requirements. (a) A prevailing wage rate including...

Economic development and wage inequality: A complex system analysis.

PubMed

Sbardella, Angelica; Pugliese, Emanuele; Pietronero, Luciano

2017-01-01

Adapting methods from complex system analysis, this paper analyzes the features of the complex relationship between wage inequality and the development and industrialization of a country. Development is understood as a combination of a monetary index, GDP per capita, and a recently introduced measure of a country's economic complexity: Fitness. Initially the paper looks at wage inequality on a global scale, over the time period 1990-2008. Our empirical results show that globally the movement of wage inequality along with the ongoing industrialization of countries has followed a longitudinally persistent pattern comparable to the one theorized by Kuznets in the fifties: countries with an average level of development suffer the highest levels of wage inequality. Next, the study narrows its focus on wage inequality within the United States. By using data on wages and employment in the approximately 3100 US counties over the time interval 1990-2014, it generalizes the Fitness-Complexity metric for geographic units and industrial sectors, and then investigates wage inequality between NAICS industries. The empirical time and scale dependencies are consistent with a relation between wage inequality and development driven by institutional factors comparing countries, and by change in the structural compositions of sectors in a homogeneous institutional environment, such as the counties of the United States.

Are low wages risk factors for hypertension?

PubMed Central

Du, Juan

2012-01-01

Objective: Socio-economic status (SES) is strongly correlated with hypertension. But SES has several components, including income and correlations in cross-sectional data need not imply SES is a risk factor. This study investigates whether wages—the largest category within income—are risk factors. Methods: We analysed longitudinal, nationally representative US data from four waves (1999, 2001, 2003 and 2005) of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The overall sample was restricted to employed persons age 25–65 years, n = 17 295. Separate subsamples were constructed of persons within two age groups (25–44 and 45–65 years) and genders. Hypertension incidence was self-reported based on physician diagnosis. Our study was prospective since data from three base years (1999, 2001, 2003) were used to predict newly diagnosed hypertension for three subsequent years (2001, 2003, 2005). In separate analyses, data from the first base year were used to predict time-to-reporting hypertension. Logistic regressions with random effects and Cox proportional hazards regressions were run. Results: Negative and strongly statistically significant correlations between wages and hypertension were found both in logistic and Cox regressions, especially for subsamples containing the younger age group (25–44 years) and women. Correlations were stronger when three health variables—obesity, subjective measures of health and number of co-morbidities—were excluded from regressions. Doubling the wage was associated with 25–30% lower chances of hypertension for persons aged 25–44 years. Conclusions: The strongest evidence for low wages being risk factors for hypertension among working people were for women and persons aged 25–44 years. PMID:22262559

Workplace Education for Low-Wage Workers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ahlstrand, Amanda L.; Bassi, Laurie J.; McMurrer, Daniel P.

The training being provided to low-wage workers, factors affecting the availability and effectiveness of such training, and training outcomes were examined. The major research activities were as follows: (1) identification of 192 employers that invested most heavily in training for low-wage workers; (2) telephone interviews with 40 of the 192…

48 CFR 22.1007 - Requirement to obtain wage determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Requirement to obtain wage determinations. 22.1007 Section 22.1007 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION... Amended 22.1007 Requirement to obtain wage determinations. The contracting officer shall obtain wage...

Economic development and wage inequality: A complex system analysis

PubMed Central

Pugliese, Emanuele; Pietronero, Luciano

2017-01-01

Adapting methods from complex system analysis, this paper analyzes the features of the complex relationship between wage inequality and the development and industrialization of a country. Development is understood as a combination of a monetary index, GDP per capita, and a recently introduced measure of a country’s economic complexity: Fitness. Initially the paper looks at wage inequality on a global scale, over the time period 1990–2008. Our empirical results show that globally the movement of wage inequality along with the ongoing industrialization of countries has followed a longitudinally persistent pattern comparable to the one theorized by Kuznets in the fifties: countries with an average level of development suffer the highest levels of wage inequality. Next, the study narrows its focus on wage inequality within the United States. By using data on wages and employment in the approximately 3100 US counties over the time interval 1990–2014, it generalizes the Fitness-Complexity metric for geographic units and industrial sectors, and then investigates wage inequality between NAICS industries. The empirical time and scale dependencies are consistent with a relation between wage inequality and development driven by institutional factors comparing countries, and by change in the structural compositions of sectors in a homogeneous institutional environment, such as the counties of the United States. PMID:28926577

26 CFR 31.3402(e)-1 - Included and excluded wages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 15 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Included and excluded wages. 31.3402(e)-1... SOURCE Collection of Income Tax at Source § 31.3402(e)-1 Included and excluded wages. (a) If a portion of... not more than 31 consecutive days constitutes wages, and the remainder does not constitute wages, all...

Bobbing for Widgets: Compensating Wage Differentials

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eckel, Catherine; McInnes, Melayne Morgan; Solnick, Sara; Ensminger, Jean; Fryer, Roland; Heiner, Ronald; Samms, Gavin; Sieberg, Katri; Wilson, Rick

2005-01-01

The authors describe a classroom game that introduces the concept of compensating wage differentials by allowing students to negotiate over the assignment of jobs and wages. Two jobs are designed so that neither job requires special skills, but one is significantly more unpleasant than the other. By varying the job titles and duties, students can…

75 FR 135 - Department of Defense Wage Committee Meetings

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-04

... DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Office of the Secretary Department of Defense Wage Committee Meetings AGENCY..., notice is hereby given that the Department of Defense Wage Committee will meet in closed session on... CONTACT: Mr. Craig Jerabek, Designated Federal Officer for the Department of Defense Wage Committee; 1400...

20 CFR 656.41 - Review of prevailing wage determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Review of prevailing wage determinations. 656.41 Section 656.41 Employees' Benefits EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR... Prevailing Wage § 656.41 Review of prevailing wage determinations. (a) Review of NPC PWD. Any employer...

48 CFR 1322.404-6 - Modification of wage determination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Modification of wage... Involving Construction 1322.404-6 Modification of wage determination. The designee authorized to request an extension beyond 90 days after bid opening from the Department of Labor Administrator, Wage and Hour...

Welfare Careers and Low Wage Employment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, Joe A.; Ferman, Louis A.

A sample of 1010 low-wage workers in Detroit (stratified by sex and welfare status) were interviewed in 1969. Data were collected on background characteristics, labor market experiences, and work career histories. The data relate to sexism as an important determinant of income in low-wage groups (women earn less and have lower status jobs),…

The Wage Gap and Comparable Worth.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, James P.

The typical working woman is thought to make 60% of a man's wage, despite increased job skills. Facts prove this perception incorrect. Lack of progress is an artifact of changing labor market characteristics associated with the rapid growth in the numbers of women in the labor market. Low skills, low wage female entrants tend to hold down the…

48 CFR 22.404-6 - Modifications of wage determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Modifications of wage... Involving Construction 22.404-6 Modifications of wage determinations. (a) General. (1) The Department of Labor may modify a wage determination to make it current by specifying only the items being changed or...

26 CFR 509.113 - Government wages, salaries, and pensions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 19 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Government wages, salaries, and pensions. 509...) REGULATIONS UNDER TAX CONVENTIONS SWITZERLAND General Income Tax § 509.113 Government wages, salaries, and pensions. (a) General. Under Article XI of the convention any wage, salary, or similar compensation, or any...

Bridging the Wage Gap: Pay Equity and Job Evaluations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ferraro, Geraldine A.

1984-01-01

Discusses the growing gap between the wages of women and men and reviews arguments opposing pay equity. Cites occupational segregation and sex-based wage discrimination as causes for the wage gap, and considers some remedies that have proven to be effective: negotiation, collective bargaining, litigation, and job evaluation studies. (KH)

29 CFR 500.81 - Payment of wages when due.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Payment of wages when due. 500.81 Section 500.81 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR REGULATIONS MIGRANT AND SEASONAL AGRICULTURAL WORKER PROTECTION Worker Protections Wages and Payroll Standards § 500.81 Payment of...

Wage determination and discrimination among older workers.

PubMed

Quinn, J F

1979-09-01

In this study, the determinants of the wage rates of a large sample of individuals aged 58 to 63 are first analyzed. Second, an explanation for the large discrepancies existing between the average wage rates earned by whites and nonwhites and by men and women is attempted. Human capital and geographic variables were found to be important wage determinants. Education, vocational training, years of job tenure, health, region of residence and local cost of living were significant explanators, especially for whites. Differences in these variables, however, cannot completely explain the wage differentials that exist by race and sex. There is a large unexplained component (especially in the male-female comparison) offering evidence of race and sex discrimination among older workers. In the case of sex discrimination, much of the problem appears to be occupational segregation--the crowding of women into low paying industries and occupations.

29 CFR 5.11 - Disputes concerning payment of wages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Disputes concerning payment of wages. 5.11 Section 5.11... Provisions and Procedures § 5.11 Disputes concerning payment of wages. (a) This section sets forth the procedure for resolution of disputes of fact or law concerning payment of prevailing wage rates, overtime...

27 CFR 70.242 - Wages, salary and other income.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Wages, salary and other... Collection of Excise and Special (Occupational) Tax Limitations § 70.242 Wages, salary and other income. (a... as wages, salary or other income are exempt from levy. This section described the income of a...

Wage differences according to health status in France.

PubMed

Ben Halima, Mohamed Ali; Rococo, Emeline

2014-11-01

Many OECD countries have implemented anti-discrimination laws in recent decades. However, according to the annual report published in 2010 by the French High Authority for the Fight against Discrimination and for Equality, the second most commonly cited factor in discrimination claims since 2005 is a handicap or health status. The aim of this research is to estimate the level of unexplained components in the wage gap that can be attributed to wage discrimination based on health status in France in 2010 utilizing data from the Health, Healthcare and Insurance survey among 1594 individuals. Three health indicators are used: self-perceived health status, activity limitations and long-term chronic illness. To measure the wage gap according to an individual's health status, the analysis considers the endogenous selection of health status and unobserved differences in productivity. The results demonstrate that wage discrimination is experienced by individuals in poor health regardless of the health indicator utilized. The hourly wage rate among individuals with poor self-assessed health status is on average 14.2% lower than among individuals with good self-assessed health status. However, for individuals suffering from a long-term chronic illness or an activity limitation, the gap is 6.3% and 4.5%, respectively. The decomposition performed on wage differences according to health status by correcting for health status selection bias and controlling for unobserved differences in productivity indicates that the 'unexplained component' that can be attributed to wage discrimination is equal to 50%. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Who Benefits Most from a University Degree?: A Cross-National Comparison of Selection and Wage Returns in the US, UK, and Germany

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Luthra, Renee Reichl; Flashman, Jennifer

2017-01-01

Recent research on economic returns to higher education in the United States suggests that those with the highest wage returns to a college degree are least likely to obtain one. We extend the study of heterogeneous returns to tertiary education across multiple institutional contexts, investigating how the relationship between wage returns and the…

5 CFR 532.227 - Agency wage committee.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Agency wage committee. 532.227 Section 532.227 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS PREVAILING RATE SYSTEMS Prevailing Rate Determinations § 532.227 Agency wage committee. (a) Each lead agency shall...

20 CFR 404.1042 - Wages when paid and received.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment, and Self-Employment Income Wages § 404.1042... employee in the course of employment, that are considered to be wages, are deemed to be paid at the time... received by the employee. (2) We consider tips to be received in the course of employment whether they are...

20 CFR 404.1042 - Wages when paid and received.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment, and Self-Employment Income Wages § 404.1042... employee in the course of employment, that are considered to be wages, are deemed to be paid at the time... received by the employee. (2) We consider tips to be received in the course of employment whether they are...

20 CFR 404.1042 - Wages when paid and received.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment, and Self-Employment Income Wages § 404.1042... employee in the course of employment, that are considered to be wages, are deemed to be paid at the time... received by the employee. (2) We consider tips to be received in the course of employment whether they are...

20 CFR 404.1042 - Wages when paid and received.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment, and Self-Employment Income Wages § 404.1042... employee in the course of employment, that are considered to be wages, are deemed to be paid at the time... received by the employee. (2) We consider tips to be received in the course of employment whether they are...

20 CFR 404.1042 - Wages when paid and received.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment, and Self-Employment Income Wages § 404.1042... employee in the course of employment, that are considered to be wages, are deemed to be paid at the time... received by the employee. (2) We consider tips to be received in the course of employment whether they are...

26 CFR 31.3402(c)-1 - Wage bracket withholding.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... percentage method with respect to any employee. The tax computed under the wage bracket method shall be in... tax is required to be withheld from a wage payment of $48 when two withholding exemptions are claimed... tax to be withheld from a wage payment of $36 when one withholding exemption is claimed. (c) Periods...

The marriage premium and compensating wage differentials.

PubMed

Reed, W R; Harford, K

1989-12-01

This paper proposes and tests an alternative explanation of the marriage premium that relies upon differences in workers' tastes and compensating wage differentials. A key assumption is that marital status proxies for the consumption of family goods, such as children, and that these are costly. Workers whose greater demands for family goods are taste- generated and shown to choose jobs that offer greater wage, and less non-pecuniary compensation. This creates an observed wage premium that has nothing to do with differences in workers' productivities. Supporting empirical evidence for this hypothesis is presented, including a reevaluation of previous studies.

Gender-Based Wage Differentials in a Predominantly Female Profession: Observations from Nursing

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Cheryl, Bland; Gates, Michael

2004-01-01

Despite numerous studies examining nursing wages, very little attention has focused on nursing wage differentials. We build on previous research by modeling nursing wages and examining male-female wage differences within the context of the current nursing shortage. Our results show that male nurses do earn a wage premium, largely explained by…

29 CFR 510.20 - Wage surveys in Puerto Rico.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Wage surveys in Puerto Rico. 510.20 Section 510.20 Labor... RICO Classification of Industries § 510.20 Wage surveys in Puerto Rico. (a) The legislative history to... official survey data substantiating that an industry's average hourly wage is below either the $4.65 or $4...

29 CFR 510.20 - Wage surveys in Puerto Rico.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Wage surveys in Puerto Rico. 510.20 Section 510.20 Labor... RICO Classification of Industries § 510.20 Wage surveys in Puerto Rico. (a) The legislative history to... official survey data substantiating that an industry's average hourly wage is below either the $4.65 or $4...

29 CFR 510.20 - Wage surveys in Puerto Rico.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Wage surveys in Puerto Rico. 510.20 Section 510.20 Labor... RICO Classification of Industries § 510.20 Wage surveys in Puerto Rico. (a) The legislative history to... official survey data substantiating that an industry's average hourly wage is below either the $4.65 or $4...

29 CFR 510.20 - Wage surveys in Puerto Rico.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Wage surveys in Puerto Rico. 510.20 Section 510.20 Labor... RICO Classification of Industries § 510.20 Wage surveys in Puerto Rico. (a) The legislative history to... official survey data substantiating that an industry's average hourly wage is below either the $4.65 or $4...

29 CFR 510.20 - Wage surveys in Puerto Rico.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Wage surveys in Puerto Rico. 510.20 Section 510.20 Labor... RICO Classification of Industries § 510.20 Wage surveys in Puerto Rico. (a) The legislative history to... official survey data substantiating that an industry's average hourly wage is below either the $4.65 or $4...

29 CFR 4.167 - Wage payments-medium of payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 1 2014-07-01 2013-07-01 true Wage payments-medium of payment. 4.167 Section 4.167 Labor... Compliance with Compensation Standards § 4.167 Wage payments—medium of payment. The wage payment requirements... the period in which it was earned, are not proper mediums of payment under the Act. If, as is...

29 CFR 4.167 - Wage payments-medium of payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Wage payments-medium of payment. 4.167 Section 4.167 Labor... Compliance with Compensation Standards § 4.167 Wage payments—medium of payment. The wage payment requirements... the period in which it was earned, are not proper mediums of payment under the Act. If, as is...

29 CFR 4.167 - Wage payments-medium of payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Wage payments-medium of payment. 4.167 Section 4.167 Labor... Compliance with Compensation Standards § 4.167 Wage payments—medium of payment. The wage payment requirements... the period in which it was earned, are not proper mediums of payment under the Act. If, as is...

29 CFR 4.167 - Wage payments-medium of payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Wage payments-medium of payment. 4.167 Section 4.167 Labor... Compliance with Compensation Standards § 4.167 Wage payments—medium of payment. The wage payment requirements... the period in which it was earned, are not proper mediums of payment under the Act. If, as is...

29 CFR 4.167 - Wage payments-medium of payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Wage payments-medium of payment. 4.167 Section 4.167 Labor... Compliance with Compensation Standards § 4.167 Wage payments—medium of payment. The wage payment requirements... the period in which it was earned, are not proper mediums of payment under the Act. If, as is...

THE ROLE OF LOCATION IN EVALUATING RACIAL WAGE DISPARITY

PubMed Central

Black, Dan A.; Kolesnikova, Natalia; Sanders, Seth G.; Taylor, Lowell J.

2015-01-01

A standard object of empirical analysis in labor economics is a modified Mincer wage function in which an individual’s log wage is specified to be a function of education, experience, and an indicator variable identifying race. We analyze this approach in a context in which individuals live and work in different locations (and thus face different housing prices and wages). Our model provides a justification for the traditional approach, but with the important caveat that the regression should include location-specific fixed effects. Empirical analyses of men in U.S. labor markets demonstrate that failure to condition on location causes us to (i) overstate the decline in black-white wage disparity over the past 60 years, and (ii) understate racial and ethnic wage gaps that remain after taking into account measured cognitive skill differences that emerge when workers are young. PMID:25798025

THE ROLE OF LOCATION IN EVALUATING RACIAL WAGE DISPARITY.

PubMed

Black, Dan A; Kolesnikova, Natalia; Sanders, Seth G; Taylor, Lowell J

2013-05-01

A standard object of empirical analysis in labor economics is a modified Mincer wage function in which an individual's log wage is specified to be a function of education, experience, and an indicator variable identifying race. We analyze this approach in a context in which individuals live and work in different locations (and thus face different housing prices and wages). Our model provides a justification for the traditional approach, but with the important caveat that the regression should include location-specific fixed effects. Empirical analyses of men in U.S. labor markets demonstrate that failure to condition on location causes us to (i) overstate the decline in black-white wage disparity over the past 60 years, and (ii) understate racial and ethnic wage gaps that remain after taking into account measured cognitive skill differences that emerge when workers are young.

Economic Benefits of Studying Economics in Canada: A Comparison of Wages of Economics Majors with Wages in Other Fields of Study, Circa 2005

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Akbari, Ather H.; Aydede, Yigit

2015-01-01

We compared the wages of economics degree holders with of those in 49 other fields of study using data from the 2006 Canadian population census. At the undergraduate level, economics majors earned the sixth highest average wage in 2005. When demographic controls were applied, they ranked ninth on the salary scale. When we compared the wages in 15…

From Wage Slaves to Wage Workers: Cultural Opportunity Structures and the Evolution of the Wage Demands of the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor, 1880-1900

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hallgrimsdottir, Helga Kristin; Benoit, Cecilia

2007-01-01

This paper examines the reasons behind a historic shift in the language couching the wage demands of two North American labor movements during the last twenty years of the 19th century--the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor. We trace how the once dominant imagery of "wage slavery" lost its connection to producerist labor…

77 FR 58707 - Minimum Internal Control Standards

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-21

... Gaming Commission 25 CFR Part 543 Minimum Internal Control Standards; Final Rule #0;#0;Federal Register... Control Standards AGENCY: National Indian Gaming Commission, Interior. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: The National Indian Gaming Commission (NIGC) amends its minimum internal control standards for Class II gaming...

78 FR 11793 - Minimum Internal Control Standards

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-20

... Internal Control Standards AGENCY: National Indian Gaming Commission. ACTION: Proposed rule. SUMMARY: The National Indian Gaming Commission (NIGC) proposes to amend its minimum internal control standards for Class... NIGC published a final rule in the Federal Register called Minimum Internal Control Standards. 64 FR...

77 FR 32444 - Minimum Internal Control Standards

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-01

... Internal Control Standards AGENCY: National Indian Gaming Commission. ACTION: Proposed rule. SUMMARY: The National Indian Gaming Commission (NIGC) proposes to amend its minimum internal control standards for Class... the Federal Register called Minimum Internal Control Standards. 64 FR 590. The rule added a new part...

48 CFR 22.1008-1 - Obtaining wage determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Labor. If the WDOL database does not contain the applicable prevailing wage determination for a contract... employees to be utilized in performance of the contract using the Wage and Hour Division's Service Contract...

29 CFR 3.10 - Methods of payment of wages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Methods of payment of wages. 3.10 Section 3.10 Labor Office... IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY LOANS OR GRANTS FROM THE UNITED STATES § 3.10 Methods of payment of wages. The payment of wages shall be by cash, negotiable instruments payable on demand, or the additional forms of...

Women and Work in Appalachia: The Waging War.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lilly, Leslie

1979-01-01

Discusses the low wages and dead-end jobs most Appalachian women workers face and explores nontraditional employment options which offer higher wages, benefits, security, and a chance for truly meeting a family's needs. (DS)

27 CFR 70.162 - Levy and distraint on salary and wages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... salary and wages. 70.162 Section 70.162 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX... § 70.162 Levy and distraint on salary and wages. (a) Notice of intent to levy. Levy may be made for any... salary or wages. A levy on salary or wages is continuous from the time of the levy until the liability...

The earnings of informal carers: wage differentials and opportunity costs.

PubMed

Heitmueller, Axel; Inglis, Kirsty

2007-07-01

A substantial proportion of working age individuals in Britain are looking after sick, disabled or elderly people, often combining their work and caring responsibilities. Previous research has shown that informal care is linked with substantial opportunity costs for the individual due to forgone wages as a result of non-labour market participation. In this paper we show that informal carers exhibit further disadvantages even when participating. Using the British Household Panel Study (BHPS) we decompose wage differentials and show that carers can expect lower returns for a given set of characteristics, with this wage penalty varying along the pay distribution and by gender. Furthermore, opportunity costs from forgone wages and wage penalties are estimated and found to be substantial.

29 CFR 525.10 - Prevailing wage rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... Such data may be obtained by surveying comparable firms in the area that employ primarily nondisabled... services which only provide entry level wage data are not acceptable as sources for prevailing wage... with firm or other source; (2) Name, address, and phone number of firm or other source contacted; (3...

48 CFR 22.404-10 - Posting wage determinations and notice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Posting wage... Contracts Involving Construction 22.404-10 Posting wage determinations and notice. The contractor must keep a copy of the applicable wage determination (and any approved additional classifications) posted at...

17 CFR 242.612 - Minimum pricing increment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Minimum pricing increment. 242.612 Section 242.612 Commodity and Securities Exchanges SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION (CONTINUED...-Regulation of the National Market System § 242.612 Minimum pricing increment. (a) No national securities...

Physician wages across specialties: informing the physician reimbursement debate.

PubMed

Leigh, J Paul; Tancredi, Daniel; Jerant, Anthony; Kravitz, Richard L

2010-10-25

Disparities in remuneration between primary care and other physician specialties may impede health care reform by undermining the sustainability of a primary care workforce. Previous studies have compared annual incomes across specialties unadjusted for work hours. Wage (earnings-per-hour) comparisons could better inform the physician payment debate. In a cross-sectional analysis of data from 6381 physicians providing patient care in the 2004-2005 Community Tracking Study (adjusted response rate, 53%), we compared wages across broad and narrow categories of physician specialties. Tobit and linear regressions were run. Four broad specialty categories (primary care, surgery, internal medicine and pediatric subspecialties, and other) and 41 specific specialties were analyzed together with demographic, geographic, and market variables. In adjusted analyses on broad categories, wages for surgery, internal medicine and pediatric subspecialties, and other specialties were 48%, 36%, and 45% higher, respectively, than for primary care specialties. In adjusted analyses for 41 specific specialties, wages were significantly lower for the following than for the reference group of general surgery (wage near median, $85.98): internal medicine and pediatrics combined (-$24.36), internal medicine (-$24.27), family medicine (-$23.70), and other pediatric subspecialties (-$23.44). Wage rankings were largely impervious to adjustment for control variables, including age, race, sex, and region. Wages varied substantially across physician specialties and were lowest for primary care specialties. The primary care wage gap was likely conservative owing to exclusion of radiologists, anesthesiologists, and pathologists. In light of low and declining medical student interest in primary care, these findings suggest the need for payment reform aimed at increasing incomes or reducing work hours for primary care physicians.

When Do Laws Matter? National Minimum-Age-of-Marriage Laws, Child Rights, and Adolescent Fertility, 1989–2007

PubMed Central

Kim, Minzee; Longhofer, Wesley; Boyle, Elizabeth Heger; Nyseth, Hollie

2014-01-01

Using the case of adolescent fertility, we ask the questions of whether and when national laws have an effect on outcomes above and beyond the effects of international law and global organizing. To answer these questions, we utilize a fixed-effect time-series regression model to analyze the impact of minimum-age-of-marriage laws in 115 poor- and middle-income countries from 1989 to 2007. We find that countries with strict laws setting the minimum age of marriage at 18 experienced the most dramatic decline in rates of adolescent fertility. Trends in countries that set this age at 18 but allowed exceptions (for example, marriage with parental consent) were indistinguishable from countries that had no such minimum-age-of-marriage law. Thus, policies that adhere strictly to global norms are more likely to elicit desired outcomes. The article concludes with a discussion of what national law means in a diffuse global system where multiple actors and institutions make the independent effect of law difficult to identify. PMID:25525281

Applications of a Wage-Turnover Model to the Shipbuilding Industry.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-02-08

wage differential leaving a firm indifferent between the two groups is 1 3 J2 Because older workers have a shorter work- life expectancy, their rate...discussion of the relationship between current and future wage rates over a worker’s life cycle, see Joanne Salop and Steven Salop, "Self Selection...existing wage scales. 24- F4or an optimal solution to the problem of life -cycle wage Fates from the perspective of the firm, Information is needed on

The Role of Test Scores in Explaining Race and Gender Differences in Wages

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blackburn, McKinley L.

2004-01-01

Previous research has suggested that skills reflected in test-score performance on tests such as the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) can account for some of the racial differences in average wages. I use a more complete set of test scores available with the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort to reconsider this evidence, and…

Wages and Labor Management in African Manufacturing

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fafchamps, Marcel; Soderbom, Mans

2006-01-01

Using matched employer-employee data from ten African countries, we examine the relationship between wages, worker supervision, and labor productivity in manufacturing. Wages increase with firm size for both production workers and supervisors. We develop a two-tier model of supervision that can account for this stylized fact and we fit the…

20 CFR 655.1308 - Offered wage rate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

.... Recruitment for this purpose begins when the job order is accepted by the SWA for posting. (d) Wage offer. The... job offers for beginning level employees who have a basic understanding of the occupation. These... monitored and reviewed for accuracy. (2) Level II wage rates are assigned to job offers for employees who...

29 CFR 4.168 - Wage payments-deductions from wages paid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... wage requirements of the Act will not be met where unauthorized deductions, rebates, or refunds reduce... reduce the employees' compensation below that required by the Act. Since it may be administratively... day regardless of the number of hours the employee may work that day, the preceding weekly amount...

48 CFR 22.404-5 - Expiration of project wage determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Expiration of project wage... Involving Construction 22.404-5 Expiration of project wage determinations. (a) The contracting officer shall make every effort to ensure that contract award is made before expiration of the project wage...

Intersectionopoly: A Simulation of the Wage Gap

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Paino, Maria; May, Matthew; Burrington, Lori A.; Becker, Jacob H.

2017-01-01

This article describes a simulation activity designed to teach students about the wage gap. The wage gap is an important topic in many sociology classrooms, but it can be difficult to convey the accumulated disadvantage experienced by women and racial/ethnic minorities to students using in-class discussions, lectures, or assigned readings alone.…

Wage, Work Environment, and Staffing: Effects on Nurse Outcomes

PubMed Central

McHugh, Matthew D.; Ma, Chenjuan

2015-01-01

Research has shown that hospitals with better nurse staffing and work environments have better nurse outcomes—less burnout, job dissatisfaction, and intention to leave the job. Many studies, however, have not accounted for wage effects, which may confound findings. By using a secondary analysis with cross-sectional administrative data and a four-state survey of nurses, we investigated how wage, work environment, and staffing were associated with nurse outcomes. Logistic regression models, with and without wage, were used to estimate the effects of work environment and staffing on burnout, job dissatisfaction, and intent to leave. We discovered that wage was associated with job dissatisfaction and intent to leave but had little influence on burnout, while work environment and average patient-to-nurse ratio still have considerable effects on nurse outcomes. Wage is important for good nurse outcomes, but it does not diminish the significant influence of work environment and staffing on nurse outcomes. PMID:25121923

Wage, work environment, and staffing: effects on nurse outcomes.

PubMed

McHugh, Matthew D; Ma, Chenjuan

2014-01-01

Research has shown that hospitals with better nurse staffing and work environments have better nurse outcomes-less burnout, job dissatisfaction, and intention to leave the job. Many studies, however, have not accounted for wage effects, which may confound findings. By using a secondary analysis with cross-sectional administrative data and a four-state survey of nurses, we investigated how wage, work environment, and staffing were associated with nurse outcomes. Logistic regression models, with and without wage, were used to estimate the effects of work environment and staffing on burnout, job dissatisfaction, and intent to leave. We discovered that wage was associated with job dissatisfaction and intent to leave but had little influence on burnout, while work environment and average patient-to-nurse ratio still have considerable effects on nurse outcomes. Wage is important for good nurse outcomes, but it does not diminish the significant influence of work environment and staffing on nurse outcomes. © The Author(s) 2014 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav.

5 CFR 532.243 - Consultation with the agency wage committee.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... REGULATIONS PREVAILING RATE SYSTEMS Prevailing Rate Determinations § 532.243 Consultation with the agency wage... survey; (2) The report and recommendations of the local wage survey committee concerning the use of data... recommendation for a proposed wage schedule derived from the data. [46 FR 21344, Apr. 10, 1981. Redesignated at...

Economic Analysis of a Living Wage Ordinance.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tolley, George; Bernstein, Peter

A study estimated the costs of the "Chicago Jobs and Living Wage Ordinance" that would require firms that receive assistance from the city of Chicago to pay their workers an hourly wage of at least $7.60. An estimate of the additional labor cost that would result from the proposed Ordinance was calculated. Results of a survey of…

The Effect of Overskilling Dynamics on Wages

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mavromaras, Kostas; Mahuteau, Stephane; Sloane, Peter; Wei, Zhang

2013-01-01

We use a random-effects dynamic probit model to estimate the effect of overskilling dynamics on wages. We find that overskilling mismatch is common and more likely among those who have been overskilled in the past. It is also highly persistent, in a manner that is inversely related to educational level. Yet, the wages of university graduates are…

24 CFR 70.4 - Procedure for implementing prevailing wage exemptions for volunteers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... prevailing wage exemptions for volunteers. 70.4 Section 70.4 Housing and Urban Development Office of the... AND HUD-DETERMINED WAGE RATES § 70.4 Procedure for implementing prevailing wage exemptions for... otherwise subject to Davis-Bacon or HUD-determined prevailing wage rates which propose to use volunteers and...

Minimum Wage Fairness Act

THOMAS, 113th Congress

Sen. Harkin, Tom [D-IA

2014-04-08

Senate - 04/30/2014 Motion by Senator Reid to reconsider the vote by which cloture was not invoked on the motion to proceed to the measure (Record Vote No. 117) entered in Senate. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Microfinance, wage employment and housework: a gender analysis.

PubMed

Khan, M R

1999-08-01

This paper examines the loan-use pattern of women involved in wage employment and their benefits from such loans in Bangladesh. The effects of wage employment on gender relations and how these women balance loan use, wage employment, and housework were also explored. The study was conducted among women enrolled in the Ayesha Abed Foundation (AAF) of the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) in Jamalpur district, central Bangladesh. The AAF was established to generate employment and income for poor rural women. Data were gathered through survey, interviews, and focus-group discussions. Findings revealed that women wage earners avail themselves of the BRAC loans for consumption, asset accumulation, land purchase, and other productive purposes. About 53% of their loans were used by others and only 34 out of 341 women in the sample actually used the loans themselves. The loans were repaid by sewing or subsistence work, mainly in the subcenters (52%), through income from rickshaw pulling by their husbands (24%), and by selling vegetables, eggs, or milk. Furthermore, findings showed that the household work of women wage earners is generally taken up by other women in the family and has resulted in more men taking part in household responsibilities. In conclusion, wage employment plays an important factor in the promotion of the economic and social empowerment of women. Economic empowerment is observed in the greater degree of control women have over the money they earn. Social empowerment is manifested in the expanding mobility of women, whereby they are able to interact with other women and generate support systems.

26 CFR 301.6334-2 - Wages, salary, and other income.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 18 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Wages, salary, and other income. 301.6334-2....6334-2 Wages, salary, and other income. (a) In general. Under section 6334 (a)(9) and (d) certain amounts payable to or received by a taxpayer as wages, salary, or other income are exempt from levy. This...

26 CFR 31.3121(a)(1)-1 - Annual wage limitation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 15 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Annual wage limitation. 31.3121(a)(1)-1 Section... § 31.3121(a)(1)-1 Annual wage limitation. (a) In general. (1) The term “wages” does not include that... for such calendar year (exclusive of remuneration excepted from wages in accordance with paragraph (j...

48 CFR 622.404-11 - Wage determination appeals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Wage determination appeals. 622.404-11 Section 622.404-11 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF STATE SOCIOECONOMIC... Construction 622.404-11 Wage determination appeals. The cognizant contracting activity is the contracting...

48 CFR 222.1008-1 - Obtaining wage determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Obtaining wage determinations. 222.1008-1 Section 222.1008-1 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION... ACQUISITIONS Service Contract Act of 1965, as Amended 222.1008-1 Obtaining wage determinations. Follow the...

Motherhood, Labor Force Behavior, and Women’s Careers: An Empirical Assessment of the Wage Penalty for Motherhood in Britain, Germany, and the United States

PubMed Central

GANGL, MARKUS; ZIEFLE, ANDREA

2009-01-01

Using harmonized longitudinal data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we trace career prospects after motherhood for five cohorts of American, British, and West German women around the 1960s. We establish wage penalties for motherhood between 9% and 18% per child, with wage losses among American and British mothers being lower than those experienced by mothers in Germany. Labor market mechanisms generating the observed wage penalty for motherhood differ markedly across countries, however. For British and American women, work interruptions and subsequent mobility into mother-friendly jobs fully account for mothers’ wage losses. In contrast, respective penalties are considerably smaller in Germany, yet we observe a substantial residual wage penalty that is unaccounted for by mothers’ observable labor market behavior. We interpret this finding as indicating a comparatively more pronounced role for statistical discrimination against mothers in the German labor market. PMID:21305397

Association of Wage With Employee Participation in Health Assessments and Biometric Screening.

PubMed

Sherman, Bruce W; Addy, Carol

2018-02-01

To understand differences in health risk assessment (HRA) and biometric screening participation rates among benefits-enrolled employees in association with wage category. Cross-sectional analysis of employee eligibility file and health benefits (wellness and claims) data. Data from self-insured employers participating in the RightOpt private exchange (Conduent HR Services) during 2014. Active employees from 4 companies continuously enrolled in health insurance for which wage data were available. Measures included HRA and biometric screening participation rates and wage status, with employee age, sex, employer, job tenure, household income, geographic location, and health benefits deductible as a percentage of total wages serving as covariates. Employees were separated into 5 groups based on wage status. Logistic regression analysis incorporated other measures as covariates to adjust for differences between groups, with HRA and biometric screening participation rates determined as binary outcomes. Participation rates for HRA and biometric screening were 90% and 87%, respectively, in the highest wage category, decreasing to 67% and 60%, respectively, among the lowest wage category. Employee wage status is associated with significant differences in HRA and biometric participation rates. Generalizing the results generated by modest participation in these offerings to entire populations may risk misinterpretation of results based on variable participation rates across wage categories.

Precarious employment associated with depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in adult wage workers.

PubMed

Han, Kyu-Man; Chang, Jisoon; Won, Eunsoo; Lee, Min-Soo; Ham, Byung-Joo

2017-08-15

Precarious employment is one of the most important indicators of social disadvantage and is associated with poor mental health. This study aimed to investigate the association of precarious employment with depressive mood and suicidal ideation in adult wage workers, and the possible mediating or moderating effect of socioeconomic factors in the association between precarious work and mental health status. Data from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V) conducted between 2010 and 2012 were analyzed. Among the 24,173 participants, 6266 adult wage workers (3206 precarious and 3060 non-precarious workers) aged ≥19 years were included. Socioeconomic and health-related characteristics as well as depressive mood and suicidal ideation were investigated. Precarious employment was significantly associated with depressive mood in the logistic regression analyses adjusting for all potential confounding factors as covariates. The socioeconomic variables including age, gender, education level, marital status, household income, and occupation type were significantly related with depressive mood and suicidal ideation in adult wage workers. We also found that gender and household income had possible moderating effects on the association between precarious employment and suicidal ideation. Precarious work was associated with suicidal ideation only for male workers and worker with low or middle-lower income levels. Our study is based on a cross-sectional design, thus, we could not elucidate the causal relationship between the variables. Our study suggested that precarious employment plays a pivotal role in the mental health status of adult wage workers. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Inefficient Self-Selection into Education and Wage Inequality

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ordine, Patrizia; Rose, Giuseppe

2011-01-01

This paper proposes a theoretical framework where "within graduates" wage inequality is related to overeducation/educational mismatch in the labor market. We show that wage inequality may arise because of inefficient self-selection into education in the presence of ability-complementary technological progress and asymmetric information…

76 FR 13991 - Meeting of the Department of Defense Wage Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-15

... DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Office of the Secretary Meeting of the Department of Defense Wage Committee... meetings of the Department of Defense Wage Committee. DATES: Tuesday, April 5, 2011, and Tuesday, April 19... FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Chairman, Department of Defense Wage Committee, 4000 Defense Pentagon...

Displacement in new economy labor markets: Post-displacement wage loss in high tech versus low tech cities.

PubMed

Davis, Daniel J; Rubin, Beth A

2016-11-01

While scholars and politicians tout education as the salve to employment disruptions, we argue that the geography of the new economy, and the social closure mechanisms that geography creates, may be just as important as individuals' characteristics for predicting post-displacement wage loss (or gain). We use data from the 2012 Displaced Workers ement of the Current Population Survey and from the 2010 United States Census to test hypotheses linking local labor markets in different industrial contexts to post-displacement wage loss. Our results point to age as a closure mechanism, and to the partially protective effect of education in high-tech versus low-tech economic sectors. This study is the first to use national level data to examine how employment in high-tech cities influences post-displacement wages. These findings are relevant both for theorizing about the new economy and for public policy. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

75 FR 22752 - Federal Advisory Committee; Department of Defense Wage Committee; Charter Renewal

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-30

... Wage Committee; Charter Renewal AGENCY: Department of Defense (DoD). ACTION: Renewal of Federal... charter for the Department of Defense Wage Committee (hereafter referred to as the Committee). FOR FURTHER... wage surveys and the establishment of wage schedules for all appropriated fund and non- appropriated...

Age and disability: explaining the wage differential.

PubMed

Gannon, Brenda; Munley, Margaret

2009-07-01

This paper estimates the level of explained and unexplained factors that contribute to the wage gap between workers with and without disabilities, providing benchmark estimates for Ireland. It separates out the confounding impact of productivity differences between disabled and non-disabled, by comparing wage differentials across three groups, disabled with limitations, disabled without limitations and non-disabled. Furthermore, data are analysed for the years 1995-2001 and two sub-samples pre and post 1998 allow us to decompose wage differentials before and after the Employment Equality Act 1998. Results are comparable to those of the UK and the unexplained component (upper bound of discrimination) is lower once we control for productivity differences. The lower bound level depends on the contribution of unobserved effects and the validity of the selection component in the decomposition model.

Residual Wage Differences by Gender: Bounding the Estimates.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sakellariou, Chris N.; Patrinos, Harry A.

1996-01-01

Uses data from the 1986 Canadian labor market activity survey file to derive estimates of residual gender wage gap differences. Investigates these estimates' dependence on experimental design and on assumptions about discrimination-free wage structures. Residual differences persist, even after restricting the sample to a group of highly motivated,…

48 CFR 22.1008-1 - Obtaining wage determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... determinations using the WDOL website. Contracting officers may also use the Department of Labor's e98 electronic... Labor. If the WDOL database does not contain the applicable prevailing wage determination for a contract action, the contracting officer must use the e98 process to request a wage determination from the...

48 CFR 22.1012-1 - Prevailing wage determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

.... (The telephone number is provided on the e98 website.) [71 FR 36934, June 28, 2006] ... publication of the revised prevailing wage determination on the website. (ii) For purposes of using the e98...) In selecting a prevailing wage determination from the WDOL website for use in a solicitation or other...

48 CFR 22.1012-1 - Prevailing wage determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

.... (The telephone number is provided on the e98 website.) [71 FR 36934, June 28, 2006] ... of the revised prevailing wage determination on the website. (ii) For purposes of using the e98...) In selecting a prevailing wage determination from the WDOL website for use in a solicitation or other...

48 CFR 22.1012-1 - Prevailing wage determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

.... (The telephone number is provided on the e98 website.) [71 FR 36934, June 28, 2006] ... publication of the revised prevailing wage determination on the website. (ii) For purposes of using the e98...) In selecting a prevailing wage determination from the WDOL website for use in a solicitation or other...

48 CFR 22.1012-1 - Prevailing wage determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

.... (The telephone number is provided on the e98 website.) [71 FR 36934, June 28, 2006] ... publication of the revised prevailing wage determination on the website. (ii) For purposes of using the e98...) In selecting a prevailing wage determination from the WDOL website for use in a solicitation or other...

5 CFR 532.237 - Review by the local wage survey committee.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... REGULATIONS PREVAILING RATE SYSTEMS Prevailing Rate Determinations § 532.237 Review by the local wage survey... to the lead agency together with a report of its recommendations concerning the use of the data. The local wage survey committee may make any other recommendations concerning the wage survey which it...

Applying the Exceptions to the Fair Labor Standards Act to Child Care Workers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dalton, Jason

2009-01-01

The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) is the primary federal legislation establishing national wage and hour standards. The purpose of the Act is to protect the working class from overwork and underpay by providing non-waivable rights to a minimum wage and a premium pay rate at time and one-half the regular rate of pay for all hours worked over 40…

Relationship Between Accreditation Status and Hourly Wages of Medical Record Technicians.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Passmore, David Lynn; Marron, Michael

A study examined the relationship between accreditation status and hourly wages of medical record technicians (MRTs) in four major metropolitan areas (Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City, and Atlanta) during August 1975. Multiple regression analysis of the hourly wages of 590 female, full-time MRTs collected through a government hospital wage survey…

75 FR 50751 - Federal Advisory Committee; Department of Defense Wage Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-17

... Wage Committee ACTION: Notice of closed meetings. SUMMARY: Pursuant to the provisions of section 10 of... Wage Committee will meet on September 21, October 5, and October 19, 2010, in Rosslyn, VA. The meetings... meetings may be obtained by writing to the Chairman, Department of Defense Wage Committee, 4000 Defense...

Legal Status and Wage Disparities for Mexican Immigrants

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hall, Matthew; Greenman, Emily; Farkas, George

2010-01-01

This article employs a unique method of inferring the legal status of Mexican immigrants in the Survey of Income and Program Participation to offer new evidence of the role of legal authorization in the United States on workers' wages. We estimate wage trajectories for four groups: documented Mexican immigrants, undocumented Mexican immigrants,…

Wage Discrimination and Comparable Worth: A Legal Perspective.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pinzler, Isabelle Katz; Ellis, Deborah

1989-01-01

Discusses ways to close the gap between the courts' approach to applying Federal law to sex-based and race-based wage discrimination and the law's potential to change wage inequities. Discusses the Equal Pay Act and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Explores ways the court applies these laws. (JS)

Employment and Wage Disparities for Nurses With Activity Limitations.

PubMed

Wilson, Barbara L; Butler, Richard J; Butler, Matthew J

2016-11-01

No studies quantify the labor market disparities between nurses with and without activity difficulties (physical impairment or disability). We explore disparate treatment of nurses with activity difficulties at three margins of the labor market: the ability to get a job, the relative wage rate offered once a nurse has a job, and the annual hours of work given that wage rate. Key variables from the American Community Survey (ACS) were analyzed, including basic demographic information, wages, hours of work, and employment status of registered nurses from 2006 to 2014. Although there is relatively little disparity in hourly wages, there is enormous disparity in the disabled's employment and hours of work opportunities, and hence a moderate amount of disparity in annual wages. This has significant implications for the nursing labor force, particularly as the nursing workforce continues to age and physical limitations or disabilities increase by 15-fold from 25 to 65 years of age.  Physical or psychological difficulties increase sharply over the course of a nurse's career, and employers must heighten efforts to facilitate an aging workforce and provide appropriate job accommodations for nurses with activity limitations. © 2016 Sigma Theta Tau International.

48 CFR 1322.404 - Davis-Bacon Act wage determination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Davis-Bacon Act wage determination. 1322.404 Section 1322.404 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE... Involving Construction 1322.404 Davis-Bacon Act wage determination. ...

29 CFR 1620.12 - Wage “rate.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION THE EQUAL PAY ACT § 1620.12 Wage... gender than the other for the performance of equal work, the higher rate serves as a wage standard. When a violation of the Act is established, the higher rate paid for equal work is the standard to which...

48 CFR 1422.404 - Davis-Bacon Act wage determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Davis-Bacon Act wage determinations. 1422.404 Section 1422.404 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR... Involving Construction 1422.404 Davis-Bacon Act wage determinations. ...

Does the Gender Wage Gap Exist at Riverside Community College District?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, Jami; Casolari, Amber

2015-01-01

The gender wage gap in the United States is a well-documented social and economic phenomenon. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 has done little to bring parity between men's and women's wages. Existing data show a relationship between race, age, geography, immigration, education, and women's pay status. This study analyzes wage disparity within higher…

Age, wage, and job placement: older women's experiences entering the retail sector.

PubMed

Frank-Miller, Ellen G; Lambert, Susan J; Henly, Julia R

2015-01-01

Older women seeking employment often find opportunities limited to low-wage jobs, such as those in retail. We report findings about job placement and starting wages for hourly workers hired at a women's apparel retailer from August 2006 to December 2009. We examine competing hypotheses regarding the role of age in explaining women's job placement and starting wages. Although newly hired women age 55+ earn higher wages and are placed in higher-quality jobs than the youngest women (ages 18-22), they are less likely to be placed in better-quality jobs than their midlife counterparts. Overall, wage differences are largely explained by job quality.

Labor Market Dropouts and Trends in the Wages of Black and White Men.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Juhn, Chinhui

2003-01-01

When discouraged unemployed black males are accounted for, real wage growth for black men over 1969-98 is reduced by about 40% and black-white wage convergence by about one-third. An important source of selection bias is the changing gap between wages of workers and potential wages of nonworkers. (Contains 20 references.) (SK)

Do wages matter?: a backward bend in the 2004 California RN labor supply.

PubMed

Tellez, Michelle; Spetz, Joanne; Seago, Jean Ann; Harrington, Charlene M; Kitchener, Martin

2009-08-01

Using data from the 2004 California Board of Registered Nursing Survey, a two-stage least-square equation was estimated to examine the effect of wages on hours worked by female registered nurses. Wages were found to have a nonlinear effect on hours worked, with a backward bending supply curve. Wages had a positive effect on the average hours worked per week up to $24.99 per hour and a negative effect between $30.00 and $100.00 per hour when compared with the wage category of $25.00 to $29.99. Results suggest that wages are important to secure the labor supply but do not increase aggregate supply beyond a wage threshold.

Ageing, productivity and wages in Austria☆

PubMed Central

Mahlberg, Bernhard; Freund, Inga; Crespo Cuaresma, Jesús; Prskawetz, Alexia

2013-01-01

Current demographic developments in industrialized countries and their consequences for workforce ageing challenge the sustainability of intergenerational transfers and economic growth. A shrinking share of the young workforce will have to support a growing share of elderly, non-working people. Therefore, the productivity of the workforce is central to a sustainable economic future. Using a new matched employer–employee panel dataset for Austrian firms for the period 2002–2005, we study the relationship between the age structure of employees, labour productivity and wages. These data allow us to account, simultaneously, for both socio-demographic characteristics of employees and firm heterogeneity, in order to explain labour productivity and earnings. Our results indicate that firm productivity is not negatively related to the share of older employees it employs. We also find no evidence for overpayment of older employees. Our results do not show any association between wages and the share of older employees. Furthermore, we find a negative relationship between the share of young employees and labour productivity as well as wages, which is more prevalent in the industry and construction sector. PMID:23734070

42 CFR 412.212 - National rate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... discharge classified within a DRG, the national rate equals the product of— (1) The national average... under § 412.60(b)) for that DRG. (d) Adjusting for different area wage levels. CMS adjusts the...

Motherhood and the Wages of Women in Professional Occupations.

PubMed

Buchmann, Claudia; McDaniel, Anne

2016-08-01

It is well established that mothers are paid less than childless women and that fathers tend to earn higher wages relative to childless men, but we do not know whether these findings apply to workers in all occupations. Using IPUMS and ACS data from 1980 and 2010, we examine the family wage gap for highly educated professionals, the most advantaged sector of the occupational distribution. Results indicate that the size of the negative wage differential for motherhood has declined over time in all professions. Moreover, in the traditionally male-dominated professions of STEM, medicine, and law, women with children experience a positive wage differential, whereas their counterparts in female-dominated professions continue to experience a negative one. The positive differential for fatherhood has remained stable over time. These findings underscore the growing heterogeneity of women's experiences in combining work and family and raise important questions for further research.

Motherhood and the Wages of Women in Professional Occupations

PubMed Central

BUCHMANN, CLAUDIA; MCDANIEL, ANNE

2017-01-01

It is well established that mothers are paid less than childless women and that fathers tend to earn higher wages relative to childless men, but we do not know whether these findings apply to workers in all occupations. Using IPUMS and ACS data from 1980 and 2010, we examine the family wage gap for highly educated professionals, the most advantaged sector of the occupational distribution. Results indicate that the size of the negative wage differential for motherhood has declined over time in all professions. Moreover, in the traditionally male-dominated professions of STEM, medicine, and law, women with children experience a positive wage differential, whereas their counterparts in female-dominated professions continue to experience a negative one. The positive differential for fatherhood has remained stable over time. These findings underscore the growing heterogeneity of women’s experiences in combining work and family and raise important questions for further research. PMID:29177191

An examination of pharmacists' labor supply and wages.

PubMed

Polgreen, Linnea A; Mott, David A; Doucette, William R

2011-12-01

For the last decade, there has been a shortage of pharmacists for most of the United States. This shortage is in part because of demand-side phenomena (eg, increasing prescription drug use, increases in the complexity of drug regimens, and an aging population). However, there also may be supply-side causes. Although the number of pharmacy school graduates has increased, most graduates are women, many of whom may choose to work part-time. Because of the change in sex composition of the workforce, some researchers conclude that pharmacist shortages will be even more critical in the future. The goals of this article are to model pharmacists' decisions to work, estimate pharmacists' wages, and identify influences on the number of hours worked by pharmacists in the United States. Pharmacist labor supply is examined using a static, 3-step, empirical labor supply model that estimates the decision to work, hourly wages, and number of hours worked for U.S. pharmacists. Pharmacists have high starting wages but flat wage trajectories. Although many pharmacists are working part-time, this is true for women and men. Income effects do not dominate substitution effects, even at the high level of compensation found here. Results indicate that previous predictions brought about by the changing sex composition of the pharmacist labor force might not come to pass, and additional pharmacists may be attracted to the profession by higher wages and flexible schedules. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Unequal depression for equal work? How the wage gap explains gendered disparities in mood disorders.

PubMed

Platt, Jonathan; Prins, Seth; Bates, Lisa; Keyes, Katherine

2016-01-01

Mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety, are more prevalent among women than men. This disparity may be partially due to the effects of structural gender discrimination in the work force, which acts to perpetuate gender differences in opportunities and resources and may manifest as the gender wage gap. We sought to quantify and operationalize the wage gap in order to explain the gender disparity in depression and anxiety disorders, using data from a 2001-2002 US nationally representative survey of 22,581 working adults ages 30-65. Using established Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition methods to account for gender differences in individual-level productivity, our models reduced the wage gap in our sample by 13.5%, from 54% of men's pay to 67.5% of men's pay. We created a propensity-score matched sample of productivity indicators to test if the direction of the wage gap moderated the effects of gender on depression or anxiety. Where female income was less than the matched male counterpart, odds of both disorders were significantly higher among women versus men (major depressive disorder OR: 2.43, 95% CI: 1.95-3.04; generalized anxiety disorder OR: 4.11, 95% CI: 2.80-6.02). Where female income was greater than the matched male, the higher odds ratios for women for both disorders were significantly attenuated (Major Depressive Disorder OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 0.96-1.52) (Generalized Anxiety Disorder OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.04-2.29). The test for effect modification by sex and wage gap direction was statistically significant for both disorders. Structural forms of discrimination may explain mental health disparities at the population level. Beyond prohibiting overt gender discrimination, policies must be created to address embedded inequalities in procedures surrounding labor markets and compensation in the workplace. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Unequal Depression for Equal Work? How the wage gap explains gendered disparities in mood disorders

PubMed Central

Platt, Jonathan; Prins, Seth; Bates, Lisa; Keyes, Katherine

2016-01-01

Mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety, are more prevalent among women than men. This disparity may be partially due to the effects of structural gender discrimination in the work force, which acts to perpetuate gender differences in opportunities and resources and may manifest as the gender wage gap. We sought to quantify and operationalize the wage gap in order to explain the gender disparity in depression and anxiety disorders, using data from a 2001–2002 US nationally representative survey of 22,581 working adults ages 30–65. Using established Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition methods to account for gender differences in individual-level productivity, our models reduced the wage gap in our sample by 13.5%, from 54% of men’s pay to 67.5% of men’s pay. We created a propensity-score matched sample of productivity indicators to test if the direction of the wage gap moderated the effects of gender on depression or anxiety. Where female income was less than the matched male counterpart, odds of both disorders were significantly higher among women versus men (major depressive disorder OR: 2.43, 95% CI: 1.95–3.04; generalized anxiety disorder OR: 4.11, 95% CI: 2.80–6.02). Where female income was greater than the matched male, the higher odds ratios for women for both disorders were significantly attenuated (Major Depressive Disorder OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 0.96–1.52) (Generalized Anxiety Disorder OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.04–2.29). The test for effect modification by sex and wage gap direction was statistically significant for both disorders. Structural forms of discrimination may explain mental health disparities at the population level. Beyond prohibiting overt gender discrimination, policies must be created to address embedded inequalities in procedures surrounding labor markets and compensation in the workplace. PMID:26689629

5 CFR 532.203 - Structure of regular wage schedules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Structure of regular wage schedules. 532.203 Section 532.203 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS PREVAILING RATE SYSTEMS Prevailing Rate Determinations § 532.203 Structure of regular wage schedules. (a...

48 CFR 422.404-6 - Modifications of wage determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Modifications of wage determinations. 422.404-6 Section 422.404-6 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE... Involving Construction 422.404-6 Modifications of wage determinations. HCA's are authorized to request...

48 CFR 622.404-6 - Modifications of wage determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Modifications of wage determinations. 622.404-6 Section 622.404-6 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF STATE... Involving Construction 622.404-6 Modifications of wage determinations. The cognizant contracting activity is...

Worksite Health Promotion for Low-wage Workers: A Scoping Literature Review

PubMed Central

Stiehl, Emily; Shivaprakash, Namrata; Thatcher, Esther; Ornelas, India J.; Kneipp, Shawn; Baron, Sherry L.; Muramatsu, Naoko

2018-01-01

Objective To determine: (1) What research has been done on health promotion interventions for low-wage workers and (2) What factors are associated with effective low-wage workers’ health promotion. Data Source This review includes articles from PubMed and PsychINFO published in or before July 2016 Study Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria The search yielded 130 unique articles, 35 met the inclusion criteria: (1) being conducted in the US, (2) including an intervention or empirical data around health promotion among adult low-wage workers, and (3) measuring changes in low-wage worker health. Data Extraction Central features of the selected studies were extracted, including the theoretical foundation, study design, health promotion intervention content and delivery format, intervention targeted outcomes, sample characteristics, and work, occupational, and industry characteristics. Data Analysis Consistent with a scoping review, we used a descriptive, content analysis approach to analyze extracted data. All authors agreed upon emergent themes and two authors independently coded data extracted from each article. Results The results suggest that the research on low-wage workers’ health promotion is limited, but increasing, and that low-wage workers have limited access to and utilization of worksite health promotion programs. Conclusions Workplace health promotion programs could have a positive effect on low-wage workers, but more work is needed to understand how to expand access, what drives participation and which delivery mechanisms are most effective. PMID:28893085

Worksite Health Promotion for Low-Wage Workers: A Scoping Literature Review.

PubMed

Stiehl, Emily; Shivaprakash, Namrata; Thatcher, Esther; Ornelas, India J; Kneipp, Shawn; Baron, Sherry L; Muramatsu, Naoko

2018-02-01

To determine: (1) What research has been done on health promotion interventions for low-wage workers and (2) what factors are associated with effective low-wage workers' health promotion programs. This review includes articles from PubMed and PsychINFO published in or before July 2016. Study Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria: The search yielded 130 unique articles, 35 met the inclusion criteria: (1) being conducted in the United States, (2) including an intervention or empirical data around health promotion among adult low-wage workers, and (3) measuring changes in low-wage worker health. Central features of the selected studies were extracted, including the theoretical foundation; study design; health promotion intervention content and delivery format; intervention-targeted outcomes; sample characteristics; and work, occupational, and industry characteristics. Consistent with a scoping review, we used a descriptive, content analysis approach to analyze extracted data. All authors agreed upon emergent themes and 2 authors independently coded data extracted from each article. The results suggest that the research on low-wage workers' health promotion is limited, but increasing, and that low-wage workers have limited access to and utilization of worksite health promotion programs. Workplace health promotion programs could have a positive effect on low-wage workers, but more work is needed to understand how to expand access, what drives participation, and which delivery mechanisms are most effective.

77 FR 58856 - Notice of Proposed Information Collection: Comment Request; Maintenance Wage Rate Recommendation...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-24

...-assisted low-income or affordable housing are paid no less than prevailing wages that are determined or... Information Collection: Comment Request; Maintenance Wage Rate Recommendation, and Maintenance Wage Rate Survey; and Report of Additional Classification and Wage Rate AGENCY: Office of Departmental Operations...

Occupational adjustment of the prospective payment system wage index

PubMed Central

Pope, Gregory C.

1989-01-01

In this article, the bias in the Medicare prospective payment system (PPS) hospital wage index that results from its failure to hold hospital occupation mix constant is examined. On average, the difference between the current PPS wage index and a fixed-occupation-mix Laspeyres index is small, approximately 2 percent. However, occupation-mix distortions are substantially larger for a small proportion of labor market areas, especially some in the South. Biases in the wage index resulting from its failure to appropriately account for labor substitution and intra-occupational worker characteristics are also analyzed but are not found to be significant. PMID:10313354

77 FR 33445 - Department of Defense Wage Committee; Notice of Closed Meetings

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-06

... DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Office of the Secretary Department of Defense Wage Committee; Notice of... hereby given that a closed meeting of the Department of Defense Wage Committee will be held. DATES... by writing to the Chairman, Department of Defense Wage Committee, 4000 Defense Pentagon, Washington...

Childcare Subsidies, Wages, and Employment of Single Mothers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tekin, Erdal

2007-01-01

This paper develops and estimates a model for the choice of part-time and full-time employment and the decision to pay for childcare among single mothers. The results indicate that a lower childcare price and a higher full-time wage rate both lead to an increase in overall employment and the use of paid childcare. The part-time wage effects are…

48 CFR 22.1008 - Procedures for obtaining wage determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Procedures for obtaining wage determinations. 22.1008 Section 22.1008 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION... of 1965, as Amended 22.1008 Procedures for obtaining wage determinations. [71 FR 36933, June 28, 2006] ...

5 CFR 532.235 - Conduct of full-scale wage survey.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... PREVAILING RATE SYSTEMS Prevailing Rate Determinations § 532.235 Conduct of full-scale wage survey. (a) Wage... the lead agency believes is appropriate and useful in determining local prevailing rates. (c) The data...

75 FR 11137 - Federal Advisory Committee; Department of Defense Wage Committee; Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-10

... Wage Committee; Meeting AGENCY: Department of Defense (DoD). ACTION: Notice of closed meeting. SUMMARY... is hereby given that the Department of Defense Wage Committee will meet on April 6, 2010. The meeting... the Chairman, Department of Defense Wage Committee, 4000 Defense Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301- 4000...

76 FR 64901 - Department of Defense Wage Committee; Notice of Closed Meetings

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-19

... DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Office of the Secretary Department of Defense Wage Committee; Notice of... hereby given that closed meeting of the Department of Defense Wage Committee will be held. DATES: Tuesday... writing to the Chairman, Department of Defense Wage Committee, 4000 Defense Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301...

76 FR 64902 - Department of Defense Wage Committee; Notice of Closed Meetings

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-19

... DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Office of the Secretary Department of Defense Wage Committee; Notice of... hereby given that closed meeting of the Department of Defense Wage Committee will be held. DATES: Tuesday... writing to the Chairman, Department of Defense Wage Committee, 4000 Defense Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301...

77 FR 43575 - Department of Defense Wage Committee; Notice of Closed Meetings

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-25

... DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Office of the Secretary Department of Defense Wage Committee; Notice of... hereby given that closed meeting of the Department of Defense Wage Committee will be held. DATES: Tuesday... writing to the Chairman, Department of Defense Wage Committee, 4000 Defense Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301...

A dynamic econometric model of agricultural wage determination in Bangladesh.

PubMed

Boyce, J K; Ravallion, M

1991-11-01

Economists applied data from 1949-1950 and 1980-1981 to a new dynamic model to examine the dynamics of determinants of agricultural wages in Bangladesh, particularly the effect of changes in relative prices of rice (the staple food) and productivity. Just a 20% rise in the price or rice was passed on in the agricultural wage rate within the current year. About 50% was passed on in the long run, however. Therefore an increase in the price of rice reduced the rice purchasing power of agricultural wages in the short and long term. In fact, the importance given to rice in the long run real wage rate was almost the same as the mean proportion of expenditure that an agricultural laborer in Bangladesh committed to rice and closely related food staples. Thus arise in the price of rice in comparison to other goods had limited effects on the long run real wage in terms of the bundle of goods typically consumed, but very adverse effects in the short run placing a high burden on the rural poor. On the other hand, the long run real wage rate fell considerably between the mid 1960s-early 1980s when overall agricultural productivity increased. The economists pointed out that this increased productivity may not have lowered long run real wage rates, but instead mitigating factors may have contributed to this fall. For example, population growth, rising landlessness, and insufficient economic growth in nonagricultural sectors resulted in a consistent growth in the labor supply. In conclusion, this new dynamic model showed that Bangladesh cannot depend only on agricultural growth to reduce the poverty of farmers.

76 FR 52642 - Department of Defense Wage Committee; Notice of Closed Meetings

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-23

... DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Office of the Secretary Department of Defense Wage Committee; Notice of... Committee Act, notice is hereby given that a closed meeting of the Department of Defense Wage Committee will... meetings may be obtained by writing to the Chairman, Department of Defense Wage Committee, 4000 Defense...

76 FR 35858 - Department of Defense Wage Committee; Notice of Closed Meetings

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-20

... DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Office of the Secretary Department of Defense Wage Committee; Notice of... is hereby given that closed meeting of the Department of Defense Wage Committee will be held on... considered are related to internal rules and practices of the Department of Defense and the detailed wage...

76 FR 52643 - Department of Defense Wage Committee; Notice of Closed Meetings

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-23

... DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Office of the Secretary Department of Defense Wage Committee; Notice of... Committee Act, notice is hereby given that a closed meeting of the Department of Defense Wage Committee will... meetings may be obtained by writing to the Chairman, Department of Defense Wage Committee, 4000 Defense...

24 CFR 585.312 - Wages, labor standards, and nondiscrimination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Wages, labor standards, and nondiscrimination. 585.312 Section 585.312 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating to Housing and Urban... § 585.312 Wages, labor standards, and nondiscrimination. Applicable provisions are stated in section 456...

48 CFR 1422.404-6 - Modifications of wage determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Modifications of wage determinations. 1422.404-6 Section 1422.404-6 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR... Involving Construction 1422.404-6 Modifications of wage determinations. The HCA is authorized to request an...

Employer-sponsored health insurance and the gender wage gap.

PubMed

Cowan, Benjamin; Schwab, Benjamin

2016-01-01

During prime working years, women have higher expected healthcare expenses than men. However, employees' insurance rates are not gender-rated in the employer-sponsored health insurance (ESI) market. Thus, women may experience lower wages in equilibrium from employers who offer health insurance to their employees. We show that female employees suffer a larger wage gap relative to men when they hold ESI: our results suggest this accounts for roughly 10% of the overall gender wage gap. For a full-time worker, this pay gap due to ESI is on the order of the expected difference in healthcare expenses between women and men. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Consumption Taxes and Economic Efficiency with Idiosyncratic Wage Shocks

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nishiyama, Shinichi; Smetters, Kent

2005-01-01

Fundamental tax reform is examined in an overlapping-generations model in which heterogeneous agents face idiosyncratic wage shocks and longevity uncertainty. A progressive income tax is replaced with a flat consumption tax. If idiosyncratic wage shocks are insurable (i.e., no risk), this reform improves (interim) efficiency, a result consistent…

Real Wages and Unemployment: A Rejoinder to Ms. Levacic.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hopkin, Sir Bryan

1986-01-01

Maintains that the level of real wages is not an obstacle to the achievement of full employment. Covers such topics as aggregate demand and supply, the argument about inflationary pressures, the open economy, and real wage objectives in responding, point by point, to the arguments noted by Ms. Levancic. (JDH)

Organized Labor and Racial Wage Inequality in the United States1

PubMed Central

Rosenfeld, Jake; Kleykamp, Meredith

2014-01-01

Why have African-American private-sector unionization rates surpassed those of white workers for decades, and how has private-sector union decline exacerbated black-white wage inequality? Using data from the Current Population Survey (1973–2007), the authors show that African-Americans join unions for protection against discriminatory treatment in nonunion sectors. A model-predicted wage series also shows that, among women, black-white weekly wage gaps would be between 13% and 30% lower if union representation remained at high levels. The effect of deunionization on racial wage inequality for men is less substantial, but without deunionization, weekly wages for black men would be an estimated $49 higher. The results recast organized labor as an institution vital for its economic inclusion of African-American men and women. This study points to the need to move beyond class-based analyses of union decline to an understanding of the gendered role unions once played in mitigating racial inequality. PMID:25620802