Rhenium-188 as an alternative to Iodine-131 for treatment of breast tumors expressing the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS).

PubMed

Dadachova, E; Bouzahzah, B; Zuckier, L S; Pestell, R G

2002-01-01

The sodium-iodide symporter (NIS), which transports iodine into the cell, is expressed in thyroid tissue and was recently found to be expressed in approximately 80% of human breast cancers but not in healthy breast tissue. These findings raised the possibility that therapeutics targeting uptake by NIS may be used for breast cancer treatment. To increase the efficacy of such therapy it would be ideal to identify a radioactive therapy with enhanced local emission. The feasibility of using the powerful beta-emitting radiometal (188)Re in the form of (188)Re-perrhenate was therefore compared with 131I for treatment of NIS-expressing mammary tumors. In the current studies, using a xenografted breast cancer model induced by the ErbB2 oncogene in nude mice, (188)Re-perrhenate exhibited NIS-dependent uptake into the mammary tumor. Dosimetry calculations in the mammary tumor demonstrate that (188)Re-perrhenate is able to deliver a dose 4.5 times higher than (131)I suggesting it may provide enhanced therapeutic efficacy.

Volatile species of technetium and rhenium during waste vitrification

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kim, Dongsang; Kruger, Albert A.

Volatile loss of technetium (Tc) during vitrification of low-activity wastes is a technical challenge for treating and immobilizing the large volumes of radioactive and hazardous wastes stored at the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Site. There are various research efforts being pursued to develop technologies that can be implemented for cost effective management of Tc, including studies to understand the behavior of Tc during vitrification, with the goal of eventually increasing Tc retention in glass. Furthermore, one of these studies has focused on identifying the form or species of Tc and Re (surrogate for Tc) that evolve during the waste-to-glassmore » conversion process. This information is important for understanding the mechanism of Tc volatilization. In this paper, available information collected from the literature is critically evaluated to clarify the volatile species of Tc and Re and, more specifically, whether they volatilize as alkali pertechnetate and perrhenate or as technetium and rhenium oxides after decomposition of alkali pertechnetate and perrhenate. The evaluated data ranged from mass spectrometric identification of species volatilized from pure and binary alkali pertechnetate and perrhenate salts to structural and chemical analyses of volatilized materials during crucible melting and scaled melter processing of simulated wastes.« less

Volatile species of technetium and rhenium during waste vitrification

DOE PAGES

Kim, Dongsang; Kruger, Albert A.

2017-10-26

Volatile loss of technetium (Tc) during vitrification of low-activity wastes is a technical challenge for treating and immobilizing the large volumes of radioactive and hazardous wastes stored at the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Site. There are various research efforts being pursued to develop technologies that can be implemented for cost effective management of Tc, including studies to understand the behavior of Tc during vitrification, with the goal of eventually increasing Tc retention in glass. Furthermore, one of these studies has focused on identifying the form or species of Tc and Re (surrogate for Tc) that evolve during the waste-to-glassmore » conversion process. This information is important for understanding the mechanism of Tc volatilization. In this paper, available information collected from the literature is critically evaluated to clarify the volatile species of Tc and Re and, more specifically, whether they volatilize as alkali pertechnetate and perrhenate or as technetium and rhenium oxides after decomposition of alkali pertechnetate and perrhenate. The evaluated data ranged from mass spectrometric identification of species volatilized from pure and binary alkali pertechnetate and perrhenate salts to structural and chemical analyses of volatilized materials during crucible melting and scaled melter processing of simulated wastes.« less

Corrosion Behavior of Nuclear Waste Storage Canister Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grant, John

The nature of interaction of mild steel nuclear waste storage containers with technetium ions is not fully known. Technetium is formed during nuclear processing and some of this technetium has leaked at the Hanford nuclear waste storage site in Washington State. It is often found as highly oxidized pertechnetate (TeO4-) anions at these storage sites which also happen to be highly alkaline and contain a significant amount of nitrate. Theoretically, pertechnetate anions can act as electron acceptors and interact with the mild steel containers and accelerate the oxidation (corrosion) of steel. It is of interest to identify if pertechnetate anions pose a corrosion hazard to the mild steel nuclear waste storage tanks, under the conditions of the storage sites, as that can accelerate the degradation of the tanks and lead to further contamination. In this thesis, the interaction of two relevant container materials, namely, steel alloys A285 and A537 with a technetium surrogate, rhenium was studied. Perrhenate was used as an analog for pertechnetate. As all isotopes of technetium are radioactive, rhenium was chosen as the experimental surrogate due to its chemical similarity to technetium. Electrochemical behavior was evaluated using potentiodynamic polarization tests, and the surface morphology was studied using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Potentiodynamic polarization tests were conducted in 1.0M NaNO3 + 0.1M NaOH and 1.0M NaNO3 + 0.1M NaOH + 0.02M NaReO4. Tests were performed at three different temperatures, namely, (i) room temperature, (ii) 50°C and (iii) 80°C to study the effect of higher temperatures found in the storage sites. Corrosion current, corrosion potential, anodic and cathodic Tafel slopes, polarization resistance and corrosion rates were obtained from electrochemical testing and evaluated. Increasing temperatures was found to lead to increasing corrosion rates for all samples. The data also revealed increased corrosion from

Ion Exchange Column Tests Supporting Technetium Removal Resin Maturation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nash, C.; McCabe, D.; Hamm, L.

2013-12-20

The primary treatment of the tank waste at the DOE Hanford site will be done in the Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant, currently under construction. The baseline plan for this facility is to treat the waste, splitting it into High Level Waste (HLW) and Low Activity Waste (LAW). Both waste streams are then separately vitrified as glass and sealed in canisters. The LAW glass will be disposed on site. There are currently no plans to treat the waste to remove technetium, so its disposition path is the LAW glass. Due to the soluble properties of pertechnetate and long half-life ofmore » 99Tc, effective management of 99Tc is important. Options are being explored to immobilize the supplemental LAW portion of the tank waste, as well as to examine the volatility of 99Tc during the vitrification process. Removal of 99Tc, followed by off-site disposal has potential to reduce treatment and disposal costs. A conceptual flow sheets for supplemental LAW treatment and disposal that could benefit from technetium removal will specifically examine removing 99Tc from the LAW feed stream to supplemental immobilization. SuperLig® 639 is an elutable ion exchange resin. In the tank waste, 99Tc is predominantly found in the tank supernate as pertechnetate (TcO 4 -). Perrhenate (ReO 4 -) has been shown to be a good non-radioactive surrogate for pertechnetate in laboratory testing for this ion exchange resin. This report contains results of experimental ion exchange distribution coefficient and column resin maturation kinetics testing using the resin SuperLig® 639a to selectively remove perrhenate from simulated LAW. This revision includes results from testing to determine effective resin operating temperature range. Loading tests were performed at 45°C, and the computer modeling was updated to include the temperature effects. Equilibrium contact testing indicated that this batch of SuperLig® 639 resin has good performance, with an average perrhenate distribution coefficient of

Concentration of perrhenate and pertechnetate solutions

DOEpatents

Knapp, F.F.; Beets, A.L.; Mirzadeh, S.; Guhlke, S.

1998-03-17

A method is described for preparing a concentrated solution of a carrier-free radioisotope which includes the steps of: (a) providing a generator column loaded with a composition containing a parent radioisotope; (b) eluting the generator column with an eluent solution which includes a salt of a weak acid to elute a target daughter radioisotope from the generator column in a first eluate; (c) eluting a cation-exchange column with the first eluate to exchange cations of the salt for hydrogen ions and to elute the target daughter radioisotope and a weak acid in a second eluate; (d) eluting an anion-exchange column with the second eluate to trap and concentrate the target daughter radioisotope and to elute the weak acid solution therefrom; and (e) eluting the concentrated target daughter radioisotope from the anion-exchange column with a saline solution. 1 fig.

Concentration of perrhenate and pertechnetate solutions

DOEpatents

Knapp, Furn F.; Beets, Arnold L.; Mirzadeh, Saed; Guhlke, Stefan

1998-01-01

A method of preparing a concentrated solution of a carrier-free radioisotope which includes the steps of: a. providing a generator column loaded with a composition containing a parent radioisotope; b. eluting the generator column with an eluent solution which includes a salt of a weak acid to elute a target daughter radioisotope from the generator column in a first eluate. c. eluting a cation-exchange column with the first eluate to exchange cations of the salt for hydrogen ions and to elute the target daughter radioisotope and a weak acid in a second eluate; d. eluting an anion-exchange column with the second eluate to trap and concentrate the target daughter radioisotope and to elute the weak acid solution therefrom; and e. eluting the concentrated target daughter radioisotope from the anion-exchange column with a saline solution.

Study of the structure of PyHReO{sub 4} under high pressure

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kichanov, S. E., E-mail: ekich@nf.jinr.ru; Kozlenko, D. P.; Wasicki, J. W.

2007-05-15

The structure of deuterated pyridinium perrhenate (d{sub 5}PyH)ReO{sub 4} (C{sub 5}D{sub 5}NHReO{sub 4}) is studied by X-ray diffraction at room temperature and pressures up to 3.5 GPa and by neutron diffraction in the temperature range 10-293 K and at pressures up to 2.0 GPa. Under normal conditions, this compound belongs to the orthorhombic space group Cmc2{sub 1} (ferroelectric phase II). At room temperature and pressures above P > 0.7 GPa, a transition to an orthorhombic phase (paraelectric phase II) is observed. This paraelectric phase is described by the space group Cmcm. At a pressure as high as P = 2.0more » GPa, phase I remains stable at temperatures down to 10 K. This fact indicates that the high pressure suppresses the ferroelectric state in deuterated pyridinium perrhenate (d{sub 5}PyH)ReO{sub 4}.« less

Intraarterial irradiation with rhenium-188 for inhibition of restenosis after PTCA - strategy and evaluation of Re-188-species for rapid urinary excretion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Knapp, F.F. Jr.; Guhlke, S.; Beets, A.L.

1997-05-01

Estimated costs for coronary restenosis therapy after PTCA are > $ 1 billion (U.S.). Radiation is a simple and effective tool for inhibition of neointimal proliferation an important component of restenosis. We propose use of Re-188 (t{sub {1/2}} 16.9 h, 2.1 MeV {beta}), obtained from decay of W-188 (T{sub {1/2}} 69 d). Our alumina-based W-188/Re-188 generator has a shelf-life of several months and we have developed an on-line tandem cation/anion exchange column system to concentrate to > 18.5 BGq/mL. Estimates for targeted regional dose of 8.4 rad/37 MBq/min/mL, which is > 1,400 cGy for about 370 MBq Re-188 for 5more » min. Balloon inflation with Re-188 solutions is a new approach for more uniform vascular dose distribution as an alternative to use of radioactive wires or other linear sources. Rapid urinary excretion kinetics are important in the unlikely event of balloon rupture (<0.1%). We have therefore evaluated relative excretion kinetics of Re-188-perrhenate and -MAG3 in rats; Re-188-perrhenate was obtained from generator elution with 0.9% NaCl and re-188-MAG3 was prepared be reaction of the ligand with Sn(II)-reduced perrhenate. Fischer rats (n=4-5/group) were injected i.v. and urine and feces collected every 2 h for 12 h and then daily for 5 d. Both agents excreted > 90% in urine; biodistribution studies showed low organ uptake with intestines as the major site. Rhenium-188-MAG3 excreted more rapidly (2 h = 59.6{+-}18.5%) then Re-188-MAG3 excreted more rapidly (2 h = 68.3{+-}13.5%) in same model. Both Re-188 species are thus good candidates for balloon inflation. Studies are in progress in a swine model to evaluate the effectiveness of Re-188 for inhibition of restenosis.« less

Rhenium(VII) Catalysis of Prins Cyclization Reactions

PubMed Central

Tadpetch, Kwanruthai; Rychnovsky, Scott D.

2009-01-01

The rhenium(VII) complex O3ReOSiPh3 are particularly effective catalyst for Prins cyclizations using aromatic and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. The reaction conditions are mild and the highly substituted 4-hydroxy tetrahydropyran products are formed stereoselectively. Rhenium(VII) complexes appear to spontaneously form esters with alcohols and to directly activate electron rich alcohols for solvolysis. Re2O7 and perrhenic acid were equally effective in catalyzing these cyclizations. PMID:18816133

Testing a High-Sensitivity ATR FTIR Water Monitor for Ionic CWA Breakdown Products

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-12-31

for ClO4− (perchlorate) 37 The Limits of Detection for ClO3− (chlorate) 41 The Limits of Detection for PFOS− ( perfluorooctanesulfonate ) 44 The... perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS−), C8F17SO3−, perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS−), C4F9SO3−, trifluoromethanesulfonate, CF3SO3−, permanganate, MnO4−, perrhenate, ReO4...become a significant environmental concern in many western states.3 Perfluorooctanesulfonate was, for decades a key ingredient in aqueous film

Simple new method for effective concentration of 188Re solutions from alumina-based 188W-188Re generator.

PubMed

Guhlke, S; Beets, A L; Oetjen, K; Mirzadeh, S; Biersack, H J; Knapp, F F

2000-07-01

(188)Re is a useful generator-produced radioisotope currently under evaluation for a variety of therapeutic applications, including bone pain palliation and intravascular radiation therapy. Because the (188)W parent is available only in a relatively low specific activity (<0.15-0.19 GBq/mg) from reactor irradiation of enriched (186)W, relatively large volumes of 0.9% saline (>15 mL) are required for elution of the (188)Re daughter from traditional alumina-based (188)W-(188)Re generators. Because these large bolus volumes result in solutions with a relatively low specific volume activity of (188)Re (<1 GBq/mL for the 18.5-GBq generator), the availability of effective methods for eluent concentration is important. Our new approach is based on the use of 0.3 mol/L ammonium acetate as a representative salt of a weak acid instead of saline for generator elution. After generator elution, the ammonium acetate generator eluent (15-20 mL) is passed through a tandem IC-H Plus cation (Dowex-H)-anion (QMA Light) column system. Exchange of ammonium cations with hydrogen ions on the cation column forms an acetic acid solution containing perrhenate anions from which the macroscopic levels of the acetate anion of the eluent have been effectively removed. Because perrhenic acid is fully dissociated at this pH, the QMA Light column specifically traps the (188)Re-perrhenate, which is subsequently eluted with a low volume (<1 mL) of saline. Concentration ratios greater than 20:1 are readily achieved with this method. A typical clinical-scale generator loaded with 19.2 GBq (188)W was used to validate the approach. Saline elution provided (188)Re in a 75%-80% yield. Although elution with 0.15 mol/L NH4OAc gave lower yields (55%-60%), use of 0.3 mol/L NH4OAc provided yields comparable with those of saline (70%-75%). (188)W parent breakthrough was not detected after passage of the bolus through the tandem concentration system. Bolus volumes of 15-20 mL, which initially contained as much

Low temperature heat capacity and thermodynamic functions of anion bearing sodalites Na 8Al 6Si 6O 24X 2 (X = SO 4, ReO 4, Cl, I)

DOE PAGES

Schliesser, Jacob; Lilova, Kristina; Pierce, Eric M.; ...

2017-06-01

Heat capacities of sulfate, perrhenate, chloride, and iodide sodalites with the ideal formula Na 8Al 6Si 6O 24X 2 (X = SO 4, ReO 4, Cl, I) were measured from 2 K to 300 K using a Quantum Design Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS). From the heat capacity data, the standard thermodynamic functions were determined. All four sodalites undergo a phase transition below room temperature for which thermodynamic parameters were determined. Additionally, the heat capacity of one of the constituent compounds (NaReO 4) was measured.

New Gel-Like Polymers as Selective Weak-Base Anion Exchangers

PubMed Central

Gierczyk, Błażej; Cegłowski, Michał; Zalas, Maciej

2015-01-01

A group of new anion exchangers, based on polyamine podands and of excellent ion-binding capacity, were synthesized. The materials were obtained in reactions between various poly(ethyleneamines) with glycidyl derivatives of cyclotetrasiloxane. The final polymeric, strongly cross-linked materials form gel-like solids. Their structures and interactions with anions adsorbed were studied by spectroscopic methods (CP-MAS NMR, FR-IR, UV-Vis). The sorption isotherms and kinetic parameters were determined for 29 anions. Materials studied show high ion capacity and selectivity towards some important anions, e.g., selenate(VI) or perrhenate. PMID:25946220

Tungsten-188/carrier-free rhenium-188 perrhenic acid generator system

DOEpatents

Knapp, F.F. Jr.; Lisic, E.C.; Mirzadeh, S.; Callahan, A.P.

1994-01-04

A generator system has been invented for providing a carrier-free radioisotope in the form of an acid comprises a chromatography column in tandem fluid connection with an ion exchange column, the chromatography column containing a charge of a radioactive parent isotope. The chromatography column, charged with a parent isotope, is eluted with an alkali metal salt solution to generate the radioisotope in the form of an intermediate solution, which is passed through the ion-exchange column to convert the radioisotope to a carrier-free acid form. 1 figure.

Tungsten-188/carrier-free rhenium-188 perrhenic acid generator system

DOEpatents

Knapp, Jr., Furn F.; Lisic, Edward C.; Mirzadeh, Saed; Callahan, Alvin P.

1993-01-01

A generator system for providing a carrier-free radioisotope in the form of an acid comprises a chromatography column in tandem fluid connection with an ion exchange column, the chromatography column containing a charge of a radioactive parent isotope. The chromatography column, charged with a parent isotope, is eluted with an alkali metal salt solution to generate the radioisotope in the form of an intermediate solution, which is passed through the ion-exchange column to convert the radioisotope to a carrier-free acid form.

Tungsten-188/carrier-free rhenium-188 perrhenic acid generator system

DOEpatents

Knapp, F.F. Jr.; Lisic, E.C.; Mirzadeh, S.; Callahan, A.P.

1993-02-16

A generator system for providing a carrier-free radioisotope in the form of an acid comprises a chromatography column in tandem fluid connection with an ion exchange column, the chromatography column containing a charge of a radioactive parent isotope. The chromatography column, charged with a parent isotope, is eluted with an alkali metal salt solution to generate the radioisotope in the form of an intermediate solution, which is passed through the ion-exchange column to convert the radioisotope to a carrier-free acid form.

Tungsten-188/carrier-free rhenium-188 perrhenic acid generator system

DOEpatents

Knapp, Jr., Furn F.; Lisic, Edward C.; Mirzadeh, Saed; Callahan, Alvin P.

1994-01-01

A generator system for providing a carrier-free radioisotope in the form of an acid comprises a chromatography column in tandem fluid connection with an ion exchange column, the chromatography column containing a charge of a radioactive parent isotope. The chromatography column, charged with a parent isotope, is eluted with an alkali metal salt solution to generate the radioisotope in the form of an intermediate solution, which is passed through the ion-exchange column to convert the radioisotope to a carrier-free acid form.

Amplification of anion sensing by disulfide functionalized ferrocene and ferrocene-calixarene receptors adsorbed onto gold surfaces.

PubMed

Cormode, David P; Evans, Andrew J; Davis, Jason J; Beer, Paul D

2010-07-28

A disulfide functionalized bis-ferrocene urea acyclic receptor and disulfide functionalized mono- and bis-ferrocene amide and urea appended upper rim calix[4]arene receptors were prepared for the fabrication of SAM redox-active anion sensors. 1H NMR and diffusive voltammetric anion recognition investigations revealed each receptor to be capable of complexing and electrochemically sensing anions via cathodic perturbations of the respective receptor's ferrocene/ferrocenium redox couple. SAMs of a ferrocene urea receptor 3 and ferrocene urea calixarene receptor 17 exhibited significant enhanced magnitudes of cathodic response upon anion addition as compared to observed diffusive perturbations. SAMs of 17 were demonstrated to sense the perrhenate anion in aqueous solutions.

Ion Exchange Distribution Coefficient Tests and Computer Modeling at High Ionic Strength Supporting Technetium Removal Resin Maturation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nash, Charles A.; Hamm, L. Larry; Smith, Frank G.

2014-12-19

The primary treatment of the tank waste at the DOE Hanford site will be done in the Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) that is currently under construction. The baseline plan for this facility is to treat the waste, splitting it into High Level Waste (HLW) and Low Activity Waste (LAW). Both waste streams are then separately vitrified as glass and poured into canisters for disposition. The LAW glass will be disposed onsite in the Integrated Disposal Facility (IDF). There are currently no plans to treat the waste to remove technetium, so its disposition path is the LAW glass. Duemore » to the water solubility properties of pertechnetate and long half-life of 99Tc, effective management of 99Tc is important to the overall success of the Hanford River Protection Project mission. To achieve the full target WTP throughput, additional LAW immobilization capacity is needed, and options are being explored to immobilize the supplemental LAW portion of the tank waste. Removal of 99Tc, followed by off-site disposal, would eliminate a key risk contributor for the IDF Performance Assessment (PA) for supplemental waste forms, and has potential to reduce treatment and disposal costs. Washington River Protection Solutions (WRPS) is developing some conceptual flow sheets for supplemental LAW treatment and disposal that could benefit from technetium removal. One of these flowsheets will specifically examine removing 99Tc from the LAW feed stream to supplemental immobilization. To enable an informed decision regarding the viability of technetium removal, further maturation of available technologies is being performed. This report contains results of experimental ion exchange distribution coefficient testing and computer modeling using the resin SuperLig ® 639 a to selectively remove perrhenate from high ionic strength simulated LAW. It is advantageous to operate at higher concentration in order to treat the waste stream without dilution and to minimize the volume of the

Interventional Therapy of Head and Neck Cancer with Lipid Nanoparticle-Carried Rhenium-186 Radionuclide

PubMed Central

French, J. Tyler; Goins, Beth; Saenz, Marcela; Li, Shihong; Garcia-Rojas, Xavier; Phillips, William T.; Otto, Randal A.; Bao, Ande

2010-01-01

Purpose Minimally invasive interventional cancer therapy of drug-carrying lipid nanoparticles (liposomes) via convection enhanced delivery generally applied by the use of an infusion pump can increase intratumoral drug concentration and retention while facilitating broad distribution throughout solid tumors. We investigated the utility of liposome-carrying β-emitting radionuclides to treat head and neck cancer in nude rats by direct intratumoral infusion. Methods Four groups of nude rats were subcutaneously inoculated with human tongue cancer cells. After tumors reached an average size of 1.6 cm3, the treatment group received an intratumoral infusion of liposomal rhenium-186 (186Re) (185 MBq (5 mCi)/cm3 tumor). Three control groups were intratumorally infused with either, 1) unlabeled liposomes, 2) unencapsulated 186Re-perrhenate, or 3) unencapsulated intermediate 186Re-compound (186Re-BMEDA). In vivo distribution of 186Re-activity was measured by planar gamma camera imaging. Tumor therapy and toxicity were assessed by measurements of tumor size, body weight, and hematology. Results Average tumor volume of the 186Re-liposome group on post-treatment day-14 decreased to 87.7±20.1%, while tumor volumes increased to 395.0% - 514.4% on average in other three groups (P<0.001 vs 186Re-liposome group). 186Re-liposomes provided much higher intratumoral retention of 186Re-activity, resulting in an average tumor radiation absorbed dose of 526.3±93.3 Gy, whereas 186Re-perrhenate and 186Re-BMEDA groups had only 3.3±1.2 and 13.4±9.2 Gy tumor doses respectively. No systemic toxicity was observed. Conclusion Liposomal 186Re effectively treated the head and neck cancer with minimal side effects after convection enhanced interventional delivery. These results suggest the potential of liposomal 186Re for clinical application in interventional therapy of cancer. PMID:20478719

Microtitration of various anions with quaternary ammonium halides using solid-state electrodes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Selig, W.

1980-01-01

Many solid-state electrodes were found to respond as endpoint detectors in the potentiometric titration of large inorganic and organic anions with quaternary ammonium halides. The best response was obtained with the iodide and cyanide electrodes although practically any electrode can function as endpoint sensor. The titrants were hexadecylpyridinium chloride and hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride; hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and Hyamine 1622 may also be used. Some inorganic anions thus titratable are perrhenate, persulfate, ferricyanide, hexafluorophosphate, and hexachloroplatinate. Examples of organic anions titratable are nitroform, tetraphenylborate, cyanotriphenylborate, picrate, long-chain sulfates and sulfonates, and some soaps. The reverse titration of quaternary ammonium halides vs dodecylsulfate ismore » also feasible. Some titrations are feasible in a partially nonaqueous medium.« less

188Re-loaded lipid nanocapsules as a promising radiopharmaceutical carrier for internal radiotherapy of malignant gliomas

PubMed Central

Allard, Emilie; Hindré, François; Passirani, Catherine; Lemaire, Laurent; Lepareur, Nicolas; Noiret, Nicolas; Menei, Philippe; Benoit, Jean-Pierre

2008-01-01

Purpose Lipid nanocapsules (LNC) entrapping lipophilic complexes of 188Re (188Re(S3CPh)2(S2CPh) [188Re-SSS]) were investigated as a novel radiopharmaceutical carrier for internal radiation therapy of malignant gliomas. The present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of intracerebral administration of 188Re-SSS LNC by means of convection-enhanced delivery (CED) on a 9L rat brain tumour model. Methods Female Fischer rats with 9L glioma were treated with a single injection of 188Re-SSS LNC by CED 6 days after cell implantation. Rats were put into random groups according to the dose infused: 12, 10, 8, and 3 Gy in comparison with blank LNC, perrhenate solution (4Gy) and non-treated animals. The radionuclide brain retention level was evaluated by measuring 188Re elimination in faeces and urine over 72h after the CED injection. The therapeutic effect of 188Re-SSS LNC was assessed based on animal survival. Results CED of 188Re perrhenate solution resulted in rapid drug clearance with a brain T1/2 of 7h. In contrast, when administered in LNC, 188Re tissue retention was greatly prolonged, with only 10% of the injected dose being eliminated at 72h. Rat median survival was significantly improved for the group treated with 8Gy 188Re-SSS LNC compared to the control group and blank-LNC treated animals. The increase in the median survival time (ISTmedian) was about 80% compared to the control group; 33% of the animals were long-term survivors. The dose of 8Gy proved to be a very effective dose, between toxic (10–12Gy) and ineffective (3–4Gy) doses. Conclusions These findings show that CED of Rhenium-188-loaded lipid nanocapsules is a safe and potent antitumour system for treating malignant gliomas. Our data are the first to show the in vivo efficacy of Rhenium-188 internal radiotherapy for the treatment of brain malignancy. PMID:18465130

Methods for the separation of rhenium, osmium and molybdenum applicable to isotope geochemistry

USGS Publications Warehouse

Morgan, J.W.; Golightly, D.W.; Dorrzapf, A.F.

1991-01-01

Effective methods are described for the chemical separation of rhenium, osmium and molybdenum. The methods are based on distillation and anion-exchange chromatography, and have been the basis for rhenium-osmium isotope studies of ore deposits and meteorites. Successful anion-exchange separation of osmium requires both recognition and careful control of the osmium species in solution; thus, distillation of osmium tetroxide from a mixture of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide is preferred to anion-exchange. Distribution coefficients measured for perrhenate in sulfuric acid media are sufficiently high (Kd > 500) for rhenium to be directly loaded onto an ion-exchange column from a distillation residue and subsequently eluted with nitric acid. Polymerization of molybdenum species during elution is prevented by use of a solution that is 1M in hydrochloric acid and 1M in sodium chloride. ?? 1991.

Use of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory tungsten-188/rhenium-188 generator for preparation of the rhenium-188 HDD/lipiodol complex for trans-arterial liver cancer therapy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jeong, J M; Knapp Jr, Russ F

2008-01-01

This work describes the installation, use, and quality control (QC) of the alumina-based tungsten-188 ({sup 188}W)/rhenium-188 ({sup 188}Re) generators provided by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). In addition, methods used for concentration of the {sup 188}Re-perrhenate bolus and preparation of {sup 188}Re-labeled HDD (4-hexadecyl-2,2,9,9-tetramethyl-4,7-diaza-1,10-decanethiol) for trans-arterial administration for therapy of nonresectable liver cancer also are described. The {sup 188}W/{sup 188}Re generator has a long useful shelf-life of several months and is a convenient on-site {sup 188}Re production system. {sup 188}Re has excellent therapeutic and imaging properties (T{sub 1/2} 16.9 hours; E{sub {beta}max} 2.12 MeV; 155-keV gamma ray, 15%) andmore » is cost effectively obtained on demand by saline elution of the generator. The clinical efficacy of a variety of {sup 188}Re-labeled agents has been demonstrated for several therapeutic applications. Because of the favorable physical properties of {sup 188}Re, several {sup 188}Re-labeled agents are being developed and evaluated for the treatment of nonresectable/refractory liver cancer. {sup 188}Re-labeled HDD has been the most widely studied of these agents for this application and has been introduced into clinical trials at a number of institutions. The trans-arterial administration of {sup 188}Re-labeled agents for treatment of inoperable liver cancer requires use of high-level (1-2 Ci) {sup 188}W/{sup 188}Re generators. The handling of such high levels of {sup 188}Re imposes radiological precautions normally not encountered in a radiopharmacy and adequate care and ALARA (i.e., 'As Low As Reasonably Achievable') principles must be followed. The ORNL generator provides consistently high {sup 188}Re yields (>75%) and low {sup 188}W parent breakthrough (<10{sup -3}%) over an extended shelf-life of several months. However, the high elution volumes (20-40 mL for 1-2 Ci generators) can require

Use of the ORNL Tungsten-188/Rhenium-188 Generator for Preparation of the Rhenium-188 HDD/Lipiodol Complex for Transarterial Liver Cancer Therapy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Knapp Jr, Russ F; Jeong, J M

2008-01-01

This work describes the installation, use, and quality control (QC) of the alumina-based tungsten-188 ({sup 188}W)/rhenium-188 ({sup 188}Re) generators provided by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). In addition, methods used for concentration of the {sup 188}Re-perrhenate bolus and preparation of {sup 188}Re-labeled HDD (4-hexadecyl-2,2,9,9-tetramethyl-4,7-diaza-1,10-decanethiol) for trans-arterial administration for therapy of nonresectable liver cancer also are described. The {sup 188}W/{sup 188}Re generator has a long useful shelf-life of several months and is a convenient on-site {sup 188}Re production system. {sup 188}Re has excellent therapeutic and imaging properties (T{sub 1/2} 16.9 hours; E{beta}{sub max} 2.12 MeV; 155-keV gamma ray, 15%) andmore » is cost effectively obtained on demand by saline elution of the generator. The clinical efficacy of a variety of {sup 188}Re-labeled agents has been demonstrated for several therapeutic applications. Because of the favorable physical properties of {sup 188}Re, several {sup 188}Re-labeled agents are being developed and evaluated for the treatment of nonresectable/refractory liver cancer. {sup 188}Re-labeled HDD has been the most widely studied of these agents for this application and has been introduced into clinical trials at a number of institutions. The trans-arterial administration of {sup 188}Re-labeled agents for treatment of inoperable liver cancer requires use of high-level (1-2 Ci) {sup 188}W/{sup 188}Re generators. The handling of such high levels of {sup 188}Re imposes radiological precautions normally not encountered in a radiopharmacy and adequate care and ALARA (ie, 'As Low As Reasonably Achievable') principles must be followed. The ORNL generator provides consistently high {sup 188}Re yields (>75%) and low {sup 188}W parent breakthrough (<10{sup -3}%) over an extended shelf-life of several months. However, the high elution volumes (20-40 mL for 1-2 Ci generators) can require concentration

Sodalite as a vehicle to increase Re retention in waste glass simulant during vitrification

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Luksic, Steven A.; Riley, Brian J.; Parker, Kent E.

Technetium retention during Hanford waste vitrification can be increased by inhibiting technetium volatility from the waste glass melter. Incorporating technetium into a mineral phase, such as sodalite, is one way to achieve this. Rhenium-bearing sodalite was tested as a vehicle to transport perrhenate (ReO4-), a nonradioactive surrogate for pertechnetate (TcO4-), into high-level (HLW) and low-activity waste (LAW) glasses. After melting feeds of these two glasses, the retention of rhenium was measured and compared with the rhenium retention in glass prepared from a feed containing Re2O7 as a standard. The rhenium retention was 21% higher for HLW glass and 85% highermore » for LAW glass when added to samples in the form of sodalite as opposed to when it was added as Re2O7, demonstrating the efficacy of this type of an approach.« less

Nuclear Medicine Program progress report for quarter ending March 31, 1990

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Knapp, F.F. Jr.; Ambrose, K.R.; Callahan, A.P.

1990-07-01

The evaluation of the effects of albumin and albumin plus sodium palmitate in the phosphate buffer perfusate on the relative incorporation of 15-(p-(I-125)iodophenyl)-3-(R,S)-methylpentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) into endogenous lipids of isolated rat hearts has been studied. The effects of eluant salt character and concentration on the elution of (Re-188)perrhenate from the alumina-based tungsten-188/rhenium-188 generator system have also been investigated. During this period several agents were supplied to Medical Cooperative investigators, including (I-123)-labeled and (I-131)-labeled fatty acid analogues for studies at the Brookhaven National Laboratory and the Cardiology Department at the Free University of Amsterdam. Tungsten-188/rhenium-188 generators were supplied to the Universitymore » of Massachusetts and the Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, in Newark, New Jersey. Osmium-191 was supplied for fabrication of generators for patient studies in Finland. 1 ref., 2 figs., 2 tabs.« less

First Cationic Uranyl-Organic Framework with Anion-Exchange Capabilities.

PubMed

Bai, Zhuanling; Wang, Yanlong; Li, Yuxiang; Liu, Wei; Chen, Lanhua; Sheng, Daopeng; Diwu, Juan; Chai, Zhifang; Albrecht-Schmitt, Thomas E; Wang, Shuao

2016-07-05

By controlling the extent of hydrolysis during the self-assembly process of a zwitterionic-based ligand with uranyl cations, we observed a structural evolution from the neutral uranyl-organic framework [(UO2)2(TTTPC)(OH)O(COOH)]·1.5DMF·7H2O (SCU-6) to the first cationic uranyl-organic framework with the formula of [(UO2)(HTTTPC)(OH)]Br·1.5DMF·4H2O (SCU-7). The crystal structures of SCU-6 and SCU-7 are layers built with tetranuclear and dinuclear uranyl clusters, respectively. Exchangeable halide anions are present in the interlaminar spaces balancing the positive charge of layers in SCU-7. Therefore, SCU-7 is able to effectively remove perrhenate anions from aqueous solution. Meanwhile, the H2PO4(-)-exchanged SCU-7 material exhibits a moderate proton conductivity of 8.70 × 10(-5) S cm(-1) at 50 °C and 90% relative humidity, representing nearly 80 times enhancement compared to the original material.

Theoretical study on complexation of the perchlorate, permanganate, pertechnate and perrhenate anions with dodecabenzylbambus[6]uril

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Böhm, Stanislav; Makrlík, Emanuel; Vaňura, Petr

2017-07-01

By using quantum chemical calculations, the most probable structures of the anionic complex species dodecabenzylbambus[6]uril-ClO4-, dodecabenzylbambus[6]uril-MnO4-, dodecabenzylbambus[6]uril-TcO4- and dodecabenzylbambus[6]uril-ReO4- were derived. In these four complexes, each of the considered anions, included in the macrocyclic cavity, is bound by 12 weak hydrogen bonds between methine hydrogen atoms on the convex face of glycoluril units and the respective anion. Further, the corresponding interaction energies of the investigated four anionic complexes were calculated; the absolute values of these calculated energies increase in the series of ReO4- < TcO4- < MnO4- < ClO4-.

Upgrade to Ion Exchange Modeling for Removal of Technetium from Hanford Waste Using SuperLig® 639 Resin

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hamm, L.; Smith, F.; Aleman, S.

2013-05-16

This report documents the development and application of computer models to describe the sorption of pertechnetate [TcO₄⁻], and its surrogate perrhenate [ReO₄⁻], on SuperLig® 639 resin. Two models have been developed: 1) A thermodynamic isotherm model, based on experimental data, that predicts [TcO₄⁻] and [ReO₄⁻] sorption as a function of solution composition and temperature and 2) A column model that uses the isotherm calculated by the first model to simulate the performance of a full-scale sorption process. The isotherm model provides a synthesis of experimental data collected from many different sources to give a best estimate prediction of the behaviormore » of the pertechnetate-SuperLig® 639 system and an estimate of the uncertainty in this prediction. The column model provides a prediction of the expected performance of the plant process by determining the volume of waste solution that can be processed based on process design parameters such as column size, flow rate and resin physical properties.« less

Sodalite as a vehicle to increase Re retention in waste glass simulant during vitrification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luksic, Steven A.; Riley, Brian J.; Parker, Kent E.; Hrma, Pavel

2016-10-01

Technetium (Tc) retention during Hanford waste vitrification can be increased if the volatility can be controlled. Incorporating Tc into a thermally stable mineral phase, such as sodalite, is one way to achieve increased retention. Here, rhenium (Re)-bearing sodalite was tested as a vehicle to transport perrhenate (ReO4-), a nonradioactive surrogate for pertechnetate (TcO4-), into high-level (HLW) and low-activity waste (LAW) glass simulants. After melting HLW and LAW simulant feeds, the retention of Re in the glass was measured and compared with the Re retention in glass prepared from a feed containing Re2O7. Phase analysis of sodalite in both these glasses across a profile of temperatures describes the durability of Re-sodalite during the feed-to-glass transition. The use of Re sodalite improved the Re retention by 21% for HLW glass and 85% for LAW glass, demonstrating the potential improvement in Tc-retention if TcO4- were to be encapsulated in a Tc-sodalite prior to vitrification.

Radiant{trademark} Liquid Radioisotope Intravascular Radiation Therapy System

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eigler, N.; Whiting, J.; Chernomorsky, A.

1998-01-16

RADIANT{trademark} is manufactured by United States Surgical Corporation, Vascular Therapies Division, (formerly Progressive Angioplasty Systems). The system comprises a liquid {beta}-radiation source, a shielded isolation/transfer device (ISAT), modified over-the-wire or rapid exchange delivery balloons, and accessory kits. The liquid {beta}-source is Rhenium-188 in the form of sodium perrhenate (NaReO{sub 4}), Rhenium-188 is primarily a {beta}-emitter with a physical half-life of 17.0 hours. The maximum energy of the {beta}-particles is 2.1 MeV. The source is produced daily in the nuclear pharmacy hot lab by eluting a Tungsten-188/Rhenium-188 generator manufactured by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Using anion exchange columns and Milliporemore » filters the effluent is concentrated to approximately 100 mCi/ml, calibrated, and loaded into the (ISAT) which is subsequently transported to the cardiac catheterization laboratory. The delivery catheters are modified Champion{trademark} over-the-wire, and TNT{trademark} rapid exchange stent delivery balloons. These balloons have thickened polyethylene walls to augment puncture resistance; dual radio-opaque markers and specially configured connectors.« less

MARE-l in Milan: Status and Perspectives

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ferri, E.; Arnaboldi, C.; Ceruti, G.; Faverzani, M.; Gatti, C.; Giachero, A.; Gotti, C.; Kilbourne, C.; Kraft-Bermuth, S.; Nucciotti, A.;

Status of the MARE experiment in Milan

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ferri, E.; Arnaboldi, C.; Ceruti, G.

2009-12-16

An international collaboration has grown around the project of Microcalorimeter Arrays for a Rhenium Experiment (MARE) for a direct and calorimetric measurement of the electron antineutrino mass with sub-electronvolt sensitivity.MARE is divided into two phases. The first phase (MARE-1) consists of two independent experiments using the presently available detector technology to reach a sensitivity of m{sub v}{<=}2eV/c{sup 2}. The goal of the second phase (MARE-2) is to achieve a sub-electronvolt sensitivity on the neutrino mass.The Milan MARE-1 experiment is based on arrays of silicon implanted microcalorimeters, produced by NASA/GSFC, with dielectric silver perrhenate absorbers, AgReO{sub 4}. We present here themore » status of MARE-1 in Milan which is starting data taking with 2 arrays (72 detectors). In this configuration a sensitivity of about 5 eV can be achieved in two years. We describe in details the experimental setup which is designed to host up to 8 arrays (288 detectors). With 8 arrays, two years of measurement would improve the sensitivity to about 3 eV. This talk reports on the activity of the group for the MARE project in Milan.« less

Crystallization of rhenium salts in a simulated low-activity waste borosilicate glass

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Riley, Brian J.; McCloy, John S.; Goel, Ashutosh

2013-04-01

This study presents a new method for looking at the solubility of volatile species in simulated low-activity waste glass. The present study looking at rhenium salts is also applicable to real applications involving radioactive technetium salts. In this synthesis method, oxide glass powder is mixed with the volatiles species, vacuum-sealed in a fused quartz ampoule, and then heat-treated under vacuum in a furnace. This technique restricts the volatile species to the headspace above the melt but still within the sealed ampoule, thus maximizing the volatile concentration in contact with the glass. Various techniques were used to measure the solubility ofmore » rhenium in glass and include energy dispersive spectroscopy, wavelength dispersive spectroscopy, laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, and inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The Re-solubility in this glass was determined to be ~3004 parts per million Re atoms. Above this concentration, the salts separated out of the melt as inclusions and as a low viscosity molten salt phase on top of the melt observed during and after cooling. This salt phase was analyzed with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy as well as some of the other aforementioned techniques and identified to be composed of alkali perrhenate and alkali sulfate.« less

Rhenium solubility in borosilicate nuclear waste glass: implications for the processing and immobilization of technetium-99.

PubMed

McCloy, John S; Riley, Brian J; Goel, Ashutosh; Liezers, Martin; Schweiger, Michael J; Rodriguez, Carmen P; Hrma, Pavel; Kim, Dong-Sang; Lukens, Wayne W; Kruger, Albert A

2012-11-20

The immobilization of technetium-99 ((99)Tc) in a suitable host matrix has proven to be a challenging task for researchers in the nuclear waste community around the world. In this context, the present work reports on the solubility and retention of rhenium, a nonradioactive surrogate for (99)Tc, in a sodium borosilicate glass. Glasses containing target Re concentrations from 0 to 10,000 ppm [by mass, added as KReO(4) (Re(7+))] were synthesized in vacuum-sealed quartz ampules to minimize the loss of Re from volatilization during melting at 1000 °C. The rhenium was found as Re(7+) in all of the glasses as observed by X-ray absorption near-edge structure. The solubility of Re in borosilicate glasses was determined to be ~3000 ppm (by mass) using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. At higher rhenium concentrations, additional rhenium was retained in the glasses as crystalline inclusions of alkali perrhenates detected with X-ray diffraction. Since (99)Tc concentrations in a glass waste form are predicted to be <10 ppm (by mass), these Re results implied that the solubility should not be a limiting factor in processing radioactive wastes, assuming Tc as Tc(7+) and similarities between Re(7+) and Tc(7+) behavior in this glass system.

Anion inhibition profiles of the γ-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei responsible of melioidosis and highly drug resistant to common antibiotics.

PubMed

Del Prete, Sonia; Vullo, Daniela; Di Fonzo, Pietro; Osman, Sameh M; AlOthman, Zeid; Supuran, Claudiu T; Capasso, Clemente

2017-01-15

Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative saprophytic bacterium responsible of melioidosis, an endemic disease of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. A recombinant γ-CA (BpsγCA) identified in the genome of this bacterium was cloned and purified. Its catalytic activity and anion inhibition profiles were investigated. The enzyme was an efficient catalyst for the CO 2 hydration showing a k cat of 5.3×10 5 s -1 and k cat /K m of 2.5×10 7 M -1 ×s -1 . The best BpsγCA inhibitors were sulfamide, sulfamic acid, phenylboronic acid and phenylarsonic acid, which showed K I in the range of 49-83μM (these inhibitors showed millimolar inhibition constant against hCA II), followed by diethyldithiocarbamate, selenate, tellurate, perrhenate, selenocyanate, trithiocarbonate, tetraborato, pyrophosphate, stannate, carbonate, bicarbonate, azide, cyanide, thiocyanate and cyanate with K I s in the range of 0.55-9.1mM. In our laboratories, work is in progress to resolve the X-ray crystal structures of BpsγCA, which may allow the development of small molecule inhibitors with desired properties for targeting and inhibiting specifically the bacterial over the human CAs, considering the fact that B. pseudomallei is involved in a serious bacterial disease. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Theoretical modeling of rhenium isotope fractionation, natural variations across a black shale weathering profile, and potential as a paleoredox proxy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miller, Christian A.; Peucker-Ehrenbrink, Bernhard; Schauble, Edwin A.

2015-11-01

We present the first data documenting environmental variations in the isotope composition of Re, and the first theoretical models of equilibrium Re isotope fractionation factors. Variations of δ187Re at modern surface temperatures are predicted to be ‰ level for redox (ReVII ⇌ ReIV) and perrhenate thiolation reactions (ReVIIO4- ⇌ReVIIOXS4-X- ⇌ReVII S4-). Nuclear volume fractionations are calculated to be smaller than mass dependent effects. Values of δ187Re from New Albany Shale samples presented in this work and in a previous study show a range of 0.8‰ over a stratigraphic interval of ∼20 m. The magnitude of variation is consistent with theoretical predictions and may provide evidence for changing δ187Re of seawater in the geologic past. A -0.3‰ change in δ187Re across a 14 m horizontal black shale weathering profile is accompanied by a hundred-fold decrease in Re concentration and a 75% decrease in organic carbon associated with the transition from reducing to oxic weathering environment. We attribute decreasing δ187Re to the loss of organically bound Re component (δ187Re = -0.28‰). The Re isotope composition of the complementary detrital silicate fraction varies from -0.59 to -1.5‰, depending on the choice of silicate Re concentration.

Lipid nanocapsules loaded with rhenium-188 reduce tumor progression in a rat hepatocellular carcinoma model.

PubMed

Vanpouille-Box, Claire; Lacoeuille, Franck; Roux, Jérôme; Aubé, Christophe; Garcion, Emmanuel; Lepareur, Nicolas; Oberti, Frédéric; Bouchet, Francis; Noiret, Nicolas; Garin, Etienne; Benoît, Jean-Pierre; Couturier, Olivier; Hindré, François

2011-03-07

Due to their nanometric scale (50 nm) along with their biomimetic properties, lipid nanocapsules loaded with Rhenium-188 (LNC(188)Re-SSS) constitute a promising radiopharmaceutical carrier for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment as its size may improve tumor penetration in comparison with microspheres devices. This study was conducted to confirm the feasibility and to assess the efficacy of internal radiation with LNC(188)Re-SSS in a chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma rat model. Animals were treated with an injection of LNC(188)Re-SSS (80 MBq or 120 MBq). The treated animals (80 MBq, n = 12; 120 MBq, n = 11) were compared with sham (n = 12), blank LNC (n = 7) and (188)Re-perrhenate (n = 4) animals. The evaluation criteria included rat survival, tumor volume assessment, and vascular endothelial growth factor quantification. Following treatment with LNC(188)Re-SSS (80 MBq) therapeutic efficiency was demonstrated by an increase in the median survival from 54 to 107% compared with control groups with up to 7 long-term survivors in the LNC(188)Re-SSS group. Decreased vascular endothelial growth factor expression in the treated rats could indicate alterations in the angiogenesis process. Overall, these results demonstrate that internal radiation with LNC(188)Re-SSS is a promising new strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment.

Lipid Nanocapsules Loaded with Rhenium-188 Reduce Tumor Progression in a Rat Hepatocellular Carcinoma Model

PubMed Central

Vanpouille-Box, Claire; Lacoeuille, Franck; Roux, Jérôme; Aubé, Christophe; Garcion, Emmanuel; Lepareur, Nicolas; Oberti, Frédéric; Bouchet, Francis; Noiret, Nicolas; Garin, Etienne; Benoît, Jean-Pierre; Couturier, Olivier; Hindré, François

2011-01-01

Background Due to their nanometric scale (50 nm) along with their biomimetic properties, lipid nanocapsules loaded with Rhenium-188 (LNC188Re-SSS) constitute a promising radiopharmaceutical carrier for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment as its size may improve tumor penetration in comparison with microspheres devices. This study was conducted to confirm the feasibility and to assess the efficacy of internal radiation with LNC188Re-SSS in a chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma rat model. Methodology/Principal Findings Animals were treated with an injection of LNC188Re-SSS (80 MBq or 120 MBq). The treated animals (80 MBq, n = 12; 120 MBq, n = 11) were compared with sham (n = 12), blank LNC (n = 7) and 188Re-perrhenate (n = 4) animals. The evaluation criteria included rat survival, tumor volume assessment, and vascular endothelial growth factor quantification. Following treatment with LNC188Re-SSS (80 MBq) therapeutic efficiency was demonstrated by an increase in the median survival from 54 to 107% compared with control groups with up to 7 long-term survivors in the LNC188Re-SSS group. Decreased vascular endothelial growth factor expression in the treated rats could indicate alterations in the angiogenesis process. Conclusions/Significance Overall, these results demonstrate that internal radiation with LNC188Re-SSS is a promising new strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. PMID:21408224

Intratumoral Injection of 188Re labeled Cationic Polyethylenimine Conjugates: A Preliminary Report

PubMed Central

Kim, Eun-Mi; Heo, Young-Jun; Moon, Hyung-Bae; Bom, Hee-Seung; Kim, Chang-Guhn

2004-01-01

188Re(Rhenium) is easily obtained from an in-house 188W/188Re generator that is similar to the current 99Mo/99mTc generator, making it very convenient for clinical use. This characteristic makes this radionuclide a promising candidate as a therapeutic agent. Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a cationic polymer and has been used as a gene delivery vector. Positively charged materials interact with cellular blood components, vascular endothelium, and plasma proteins. In this study, the authors investigated whether intratumoral injection of 188Re labeled transferrin (Tf)-PEI conjugates exert the effect of radionuclide therapy against the tumor cells. When the diameters of the Ramos lymphoma (human Burkitt's lymphoma) xenografted tumors reached approximately 1 cm, 3 kinds of 188Re bound compounds (HYNIC-PEI-Tf, HYNIC-PEI, 188Re perrhenate) were injected directly into the tumors. There were increases in the retention of 188Re inside the tumor when PEI was incorporated with 188Re compared to the use of free 188Re. The 188Re HYNIC-Tf-PEI showed the most retention inside the tumor (retention rate=approximately 97%). H&E stain of isolated tumor tissues showed that 188Re labeled HYNIC-PEI-Tf caused extensive tumor necrosis. These results support 188Re HYNIC-PEI-Tf as being a useful radiopharmaceutical agent to treat tumors when delievered by intratumoral injection. PMID:15483337

Rhenium Radioisotopes for Therapeutic Radiopharmaceutical Development

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Beets, A.L.; Knapp, F.F., Jr.; Kropp, J.

The availability of therapeutic radioisotopes at reasonable costs is important for applications in nuclear medicine, oncology and interventional cardiology, Rhenium-186 (Re-186) and rhenium-1 88 (Re-188) are two reactor-produced radioisotope which are attractive for a variety of therapeutic applications, Rhenium-186 has a half-life of 90 hours and decays with emission of a &particle with a maximum energy of 1.08 MeV and a 135 keV (9Yo) gamma which permits imaging. In contrast, Re- 188 has a much shorter half-life of 16.9 hours and emits a p-particle with a much higher energy of 2.12 MeV (Em=) and a 155 keV gamma photon (15Yo)more » for imaging. While Re-186 is unavailable from a generator system and must be directly produced in a nuclear reactor, Re-188 can also be directly produced in a reactor with high specific activity, but is more conveniently and cost-effectively available as carrier-free sodium perrhenate by saline elution of the alumina-based tungsten-188 (W1 88)/Re-l 88 generator system [1-2]. Since a comprehensive overviewofRe-186 and Re-188 therapeutic agents is beyond the scope of this &tended Abstrac4 the goal is to provide key examples of various agents currently in clinical use and those which are being developed for important clinical applications.« less

Drug composition matters: the influence of carrier concentration on the radiochemical purity, hydroxyapatite affinity and in-vivo bone accumulation of the therapeutic radiopharmaceutical 188Rhenium-HEDP.

PubMed

Lange, R; de Klerk, J M H; Bloemendal, H J; Ramakers, R M; Beekman, F J; van der Westerlaken, M M L; Hendrikse, N H; Ter Heine, R

2015-05-01

(188)Rhenium-HEDP is an effective bone-targeting therapeutic radiopharmaceutical, for treatment of osteoblastic bone metastases. It is known that the presence of carrier (non-radioactive rhenium as ammonium perrhenate) in the reaction mixture during labeling is a prerequisite for adequate bone affinity, but little is known about the optimal carrier concentration. We investigated the influence of carrier concentration in the formulation on the radiochemical purity, in-vitro hydroxyapatite affinity and the in-vivo bone accumulation of (188)Rhenium-HEDP in mice. The carrier concentration influenced hydroxyapatite binding in-vitro as well as bone accumulation in-vivo. Variation in hydroxyapatite binding with various carrier concentrations seemed to be mainly driven by variation in radiochemical purity. The in-vivo bone accumulation appeared to be more complex: satisfactory radiochemical purity and hydroxyapatite affinity did not necessarily predict acceptable bio-distribution of (188)Rhenium-HEDP. For development of new bisphosphonate-based radiopharmaceuticals for clinical use, human administration should not be performed without previous animal bio-distribution experiments. Furthermore, our clinical formulation of (188)Rhenium-HEDP, containing 10 μmol carrier, showed excellent bone accumulation that was comparable to other bisphosphonate-based radiopharmaceuticals, with no apparent uptake in other organs. Radiochemical purity and in-vitro hydroxyapatite binding are not necessarily predictive of bone accumulation of (188)Rhenium-HEDP in-vivo. The formulation for (188)Rhenium-HEDP as developed by us for clinical use exhibits excellent bone uptake and variation in carrier concentration during preparation of this radiopharmaceutical should be avoided. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A Freeze-Dried Kit for the Preparation of (188)Re-HEDP for Bone Pain Palliation: Preparation and Preliminary Clinical Evaluation.

PubMed

Mallia, Madhava B; Shinto, Ajit Sugunan; Kameswaran, Mythili; Kamaleshwaran, Koramadai Karuppusamy; Kalarikal, Radhakrishnan; Aswathy, K K; Banerjee, Sharmila

2016-05-01

(188)Re-HEDP is an established radiopharmaceutical used for pain palliation in patients with osseous metastasis. Considering commercial availability of (188)W/(188)Re generator, the accessibility to a lyophilized kit would make preparation of this radiopharmaceutical feasible at the hospital radiopharmacy having access to a generator. A protocol for the preparation of a single-vial lyophilized hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) kit was developed and its consistency was checked by preparing six batches. Each sterile lyophilized kit prepared as per the protocol contained 9 mg of HEDP, 3 mg of gentisic acid, and 4 mg of SnCl2.2H2O. Randomly selected kits from all six batches were subjected to thorough quality control tests that were passed by all batches. (188)Re-HEDP could be prepared by addition of 1 mL of freshly eluted Na(188)ReO4 (up to 3700 MBq) containing 1 μmol of carrier ReO4(-) (perrhenate) and heating at 100°C for 15 minutes. (188)Re-HEDP with >95% radiochemical purity could be consistently prepared using the lyophilized kits. Sterile (188)Re-HEDP prepared using the lyophilized kit was evaluated in patients with osseous metastasis. Post-therapy images of the patient were compared with (99m)Tc-MDP bone scan and found to be satisfactory. The bone-to-background as well as tumor-to-normal bone uptake ratio was found to be significant. All patients who received therapy reported significant pain relief within a week to 10 days post-administration of (188)Re-HEDP.

Reduction in clonogenic survival of sodium-iodide symporter (NIS)-positive cells following intracellular uptake of (99m)Tc versus (188)Re.

PubMed

Freudenberg, Robert; Wendisch, Maria; Runge, Roswitha; Wunderlich, Gerd; Kotzerke, Jörg

2012-12-01

Cellular radionuclide uptake increases the heterogeneity of absorbed dose to biological structures. Dose increase depends on uptake yield and emission characteristics of radioisotopes. We used an in vitro model to compare the impact of cellular uptake of (188)Re-perrhenate and (99m)Tc-pertechnetate on cellular survival. Rat thyroid PC Cl3 cells in culture were incubated with (188)Re or (99m)Tc in the presence or absence of perchlorate for 1 hour. Clonogenic cell survival was measured by colony formation. In addition, intracellular radionuclide uptake was quantified. Dose effect curves were established for (188)Re and (99m)Tc for various extra- and intracellular distributions of the radioactivity. In the presence of perchlorate, no uptake of radionuclides was detected and (188)Re reduced cell survival more efficiently than (99m)Tc. A(37), the activity that is necessary to yield 37% cell survival was 14 MBq/ml for (188)Re and 480 MBq/ml for (99m)Tc. In the absence of perchlorate, both radionuclides showed similar uptakes; however, A(37) was reduced by 30% for the beta-emitter and by 95% for (99m)Tc. The dose D(37) that yields 37% cell survival was between 2.3 and 2.8 Gy for both radionuclides. Uptake of (188)Re and (99m)Tc decreased cell survival. Intracellular (99m)Tc yielded a dose increase that was higher compared to (188)Re due to emitted Auger and internal conversion-electrons. Up to 5 Gy there was no difference in radiotoxicity of (188)Re and (99m)Tc. At doses higher than 5 Gy intracellular (99m)Tc became less radiotoxic than (188)Re, probably due to a non-uniform lognormal radionuclide uptake.

Palliation and Survival After Repeated Re-188-HEDP Therapy of Hormone-Refractory Bone Metastases of Prostate Cancer: A Retrospsective Analysis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Knapp Jr, Russ F

2011-01-01

This retrospective study compared the effects of single and multiple administrations of {sup 186}Re-hydroxyethylidenediphosphonate (186Re-HEDP) on palliation and survival of prostate cancer patients presenting with more than 5 skeletal metastases. Methods: A total of 60 patients were divided into 3 groups. Group A (n = 19) consisted of patients who had received a single injection; group B (n = 19), patients who had 2 injections; and group C (n = 22), patients who had 3 or more successive injections. The {sup 188}Re-HEDP was prepared using non-carrier-added {sup 188}Re obtained from an in-house {sup 188}W/{sup 188}Re generator after dilution with carriermore » perrhenate. Patients data available from the referring physicians - including prostate-specific antigen levels - were entered into a Windows-based matrix and analyzed using a statistical program. The Gleason scores were similar for all 3 groups. Results: Mean survival from the start of treatment was 4.50 {+-} 0.81 mo (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.92-6.08) for group A, 9.98 {+-} 2.21 mo (95% CI, 5.65-14.31) for group B, and 15.66 {+-} 3.23 (95% CI, 9.33-22.0) for group C. Although the 3 groups did not differ in Gleason score, the number of lost life-years was significantly lower in group C than in groups A and B. Pain palliation was achieved in 89.5% of group A, 94.7% of group B, and 90.9% of group C. Conclusion: Posttreatment overall survival could be improved from 4.50 to 15.66 mo by multiple-injection bone-targeted therapy with {sup 188}Re-HEDP, when compared with a single injection. Significant pain palliation was common and independent of administration frequency.« less

Ambient aging of rhenium filaments used in thermal ionization mass spectrometry: Growth of oxo-rhenium crystallites and anti-aging strategies.

PubMed

Mannion, Joseph M; Wellons, Matthew S; Shick, Charles R; Fugate, Glenn A; Powell, Brian A; Husson, Scott M

2017-01-01

Degassing is a common preparation technique for rhenium filaments used for thermal ionization mass spectrometric analysis of actinides, including plutonium. Although optimization studies regarding degassing conditions have been reported, little work has been done to characterize filament aging after degassing. In this study, the effects of filament aging after degassing were explored to determine a "shelf-life" for degassed rhenium filaments, and methods to limit filament aging were investigated. Zone-refined rhenium filaments were degassed by resistance heating under high vacuum before exposure to ambient atmosphere for up to 2 months. After degassing the nucleation and preferential growth of oxo-rhenium crystallites on the surface of polycrystalline rhenium filaments was observed by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Compositional analysis of the crystallites was conducted using SEM-Raman spectroscopy and SEM energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and grain orientation at the metal surface was investigated by electron back-scatter diffraction mapping. Spectra collected by SEM-Raman suggest crystallites are composed primarily of perrhenic acid. The relative extent of growth and crystallite morphology were found to be grain dependent and affected by the dissolution of carbon into filaments during annealing (often referred to as carbonization or carburization). Crystallites were observed to nucleate in region specific modes and grow over time through transfer of material from the surface. Factors most likely to affect the rates of crystallite growth include rhenium substrate properties such as grain size, orientation, levels of dissolved carbon, and relative abundance of defect sites; as well as environmental factors such as length of exposure to oxygen and relative humidity. Thin (∼180 nm) hydrophobic films of poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) were found to slow the growth of oxo-rhenium crystallites on the filament surfaces and may serve as

RHENIUM SOLUBILITY IN BOROSILICATE NUCLEAR WASTE GLASS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROCESSING AND IMMOBILIZATION OF TECHNETIUM-99 (AND SUPPORTING INFORMATION WITH GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

AA KRUGER; A GOEL; CP RODRIGUEZ

2012-08-13

The immobilization of 99Tc in a suitable host matrix has proved a challenging task for researchers in the nuclear waste community around the world. At the Hanford site in Washington State in the U.S., the total amount of 99Tc in low-activity waste (LAW) is {approx} 1,300 kg and the current strategy is to immobilize the 99Tc in borosilicate glass with vitrification. In this context, the present article reports on the solubility and retention of rhenium, a nonradioactive surrogate for 99Tc, in a LAW sodium borosilicate glass. Due to the radioactive nature of technetium, rhenium was chosen as a simulant becausemore » of previously established similarities in ionic radii and other chemical aspects. The glasses containing target Re concentrations varying from 0 to10,000 ppm by mass were synthesized in vacuum-sealed quartz ampoules to minimize the loss of Re by volatilization during melting at 1000 DC. The rhenium was found to be present predominantly as Re7 + in all the glasses as observed by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES). The solubility of Re in borosilicate glasses was determined to be {approx}3,000 ppm (by mass) using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). At higher rhenium concentrations, some additional material was retained in the glasses in the form of alkali perrhenate crystalline inclusions detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and laser ablation-ICP mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Assuming justifiably substantial similarities between Re7 + and Tc 7+ behavior in this glass system, these results implied that the processing and immobilization of 99Tc from radioactive wastes should not be limited by the solubility of 99Tc in borosilicate LAW glasses.« less

Ultra-small rhenium nanoparticles immobilized on DNA scaffolds: An excellent material for surface enhanced Raman scattering and catalysis studies.

PubMed

Anantharaj, S; Sakthikumar, K; Elangovan, Ayyapan; Ravi, G; Karthik, T; Kundu, Subrata

2016-12-01

Highly Sensitive and ultra-small Rhenium (Re) metal nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully stabilized in water by the staging and fencing action of the versatile biomolecule DNA that resulted in two distinct aggregated chain-like morphologies with average grain sizes of 1.1±0.1nm and 0.7±0.1nm for the very first time within a minute of reaction time. Re NPs are formed by the borohydride reduction of ammonium perrhenate (NH4ReO4) in the presence of DNA at room temperature (RT) under stirring. The morphologies were controlled by carefully monitoring the molar ratio of NH4ReO4 and DNA. The synthesized material was employed in two potential applications: as a substrate for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) studies and as a catalyst for the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds. SERS study was carried out by taking methylene blue (MB) as the probe and the highest SERS enhancement factor (EF) of 2.07×10(7) was found for the aggregated chain-like having average grain size of 0.7±0.1nm. Catalytic reduction of 4-nitro phenol (4-NP), 2-nitro phenol (2-NP) and 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) with a rate constant value of 6×10(-2)min(-1), 33.83×10(-2)min(-1) and 37.4×10(-2)min(-1) have testified the excellent catalytic performance of our Re NPs immobilized on DNA. The overall study have revealed the capability of DNA in stabilizing the highly reactive Re metal at nanoscale and made them applicable in practice. The present route can also be extended to prepare one dimensional (1-D), self-assembled NPs of other reactive metals, mixed metals or even metal oxides for specific applications in water based solutions. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copper(II) perrhenate Cu(C{sub 3}H{sub 7}OH){sub 2}(ReO{sub 4}){sub 2}: Synthesis from isopropanol and CuReO{sub 4}, structure and properties

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mikhailova, D., E-mail: d.mikhailova@ifw-dresden.de; Institute for Complex Materials, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, D-01069 Dresden; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, D-01187 Dresden

2015-12-15

The crystal structure of Cu{sup +}Re{sup 7+}O{sub 4} is capable of a quasi-reversible incorporation of C{sub 3}H{sub 7}OH molecules. A room-temperature reaction between CuReO{sub 4} and C{sub 3}H{sub 7}OH under oxidizing conditions leads to the formation of a novel metal-organic hybrid compound Cu{sup 2+}(C{sub 3}H{sub 7}OH){sub 2}(ReO{sub 4}){sub 2}. Upon heating under reducing conditions, this compound transforms back into CuReO{sub 4}, albeit with ReO{sub 2} and metallic Cu as by-products. The crystal structure of Cu(C{sub 3}H{sub 7}OH){sub 2}(ReO{sub 4}){sub 2} solved from single-crystal X-ray diffraction (Pbca, a=10.005(3) Å, b=7.833(2) Å, and c=19.180(5) Å) reveals layers of corner-sharing CuO{sub 6}-octahedra andmore » ReO{sub 4}-tetrahedra, whereas isopropyl groups are attached to both sides of these layers, thus providing additional connections within the layers through hydrogen bonds. Cu(C{sub 3}H{sub 7}OH){sub 2}(ReO{sub 4}){sub 2} is paramagnetic down to 4 K because the spatial arrangement of the Cu{sup 2+} half-filled orbitals prevents magnetic superexchange. The paramagnetic effective moment of 2.0(1) μ{sub B} is slightly above the spin-only value and typical for Cu{sup 2+} ions. - Highlights: • Novel Cu(C{sub 3}H{sub 7}OH){sub 2}(ReO{sub 4}){sub 2} compound has a sequence of inorganic and organic layers. • Hydrogen bonds provide an additional bonding Isopropanol molecules serve as a reducing agent during decomposition. • No direct Cu-O-Re-O-Cu connections via d{sub x2-y2} orbital of Cu{sup 2+} explain paramagnetism. • Hydrogen bonds provide an additional bonding. • Isopropanol molecules serve as a reducing agent during decomposition.« less

PEGylated N-methyl-S-methyl dithiocarbazate as a new reagent for the high-yield preparation of nitrido Tc-99m and Re-188 radiopharmaceuticals.

PubMed

Boschi, Alessandra; Massi, Alessandro; Uccelli, Licia; Pasquali, Micol; Duatti, Adriano

2010-11-01

A novel nitrido nitrogen atom donor for the preparation of (99m)Tc and (188)Re radiopharmaceuticals containing a metal-nitrogen multiple bond is presented. HO(2)C-PEG(600)-DTCZ was obtained by conjugation of N-methyl-S-methyl dithiocarbazate [H(2)N-N(CH(3))-C(S)SCH(3), HDTCZ] with polyethylene glycol 600 (PEG(600)). Asymmetrical heterocomplexes of the type [M(N)(PNP)(B)](0/+) (M=(99m)Tc, (188)Re; PNP=diphosphine ligands, B=DBODC, DEDC, NSH, H(2)OS, CysNAc, HDTCZ) and symmetrical nitride compounds of the type [M(N)(L)(2)] (L=DEDC, DPDC) have been prepared in high yield by using the newly designed nitride nitrogen atom donor HO(2)C-PEG(600)-DTCZ. A two-step procedure was applied for preparing the above symmetrical and asymmetrical complexes. The first step involved the preliminary formation of a mixture of nitride Tc-99m or Re-188 precursors, which contained the [M≡N](2+) core, through reduction of generator-eluted (99m)Tc-pertechnetate or (188)Re-perrhenate with thin (II) chloride in the presence of HO(2)C-PEG(600)-DTCZ. In the second step, the intermediate mixture was converted either in the final mixed asymmetrical complex by the simultaneous addition of diphosphine ligand and the suitable bidentate ligand B, or in the final symmetrical complex by the only addition of the bidentate ligand L. It was also demonstrated that the novel water-soluble nitride nitrogen atom donor HO(2)C-PEG(600)-DTCZ did not show coordinating properties toward the M≡N ((99m)Tc, (188)Re) core. Biodistribution studies in rats of the hitherto unreported [(99m)Tc(N)(PNP(3))DTCZ](+) and [(99m)Tc(N)(PNP(5))DTCZ](+) complexes showed that they selectively localize in the myocardium of rats with a favourable heart-to-lung and heart-to-liver uptake ratios. In particular, the heart-to-lung and heart-to-liver uptake ratios dramatically increased in the interval between 60 and 120 min postinjection. Hence, the combination of the favourable chemical and biological properties of HO(2)C-PEG(600)-DTCZ

Removal of Radioactive Materials from Groundwater Using Porous Iron Composite Media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dorward, E.; Thomas, R.; Cochran, J. P.; Chang, H. S.; Tandukar, M.; Coutelot, F.; Seaman, J. C.

2017-12-01

Uranium (U) is a concern in aqueous environments because of its toxicity. Reducing the mobile U(VI) to the relatively immobile U(IV) can decrease soluble U concentrations. Zero valent iron (ZVI) has been demonstrated as an effective reducing agent for U(VI) as well as other frequently occurring co-contaminants, such as nitrate (NO3-). However, the ability of ZVI to chemically reduce and immobilize U and other associated contaminants in more complex systems containing many alternate electron acceptors and non-ideal chemical conditions remains a concern. Porous iron composite (PIC) materials were evaluated for their ability to address these concerns in both batch and column experiments. We created an artificial groundwater surrogate containing ≈ 100 mg L-1 NO3-, 200 mg L-1 alkalinity, 100 µg L-1 U(VI) as uranyl (UO2+2), 100 µg L-1 rhenium (Re) as perrhenate (ReO4-), and 50 µg L-1 arsenic (As). In batch, we reacted 5 grams of PIC material with 200 mL groundwater surrogate under two different atmospheric conditions to evaluate the impact of O2. At specific time intervals, 5 mL aliquots from each batch treatment were removed for chemical analysis (i.e., U, Re, As, Fe, NO3, etc.) and the pH and ORP of the remaining suspension was measured. The PIC was effective at fully reducing NO3- levels over the extended reaction time despite rapid pH increase (> 8) during equilibration. Soluble levels of U and Re, a chemical surrogate for 99Tc, decreased in a similar fashion to NO3- in both the presence and absence of O2. Soluble As levels decreased more rapidly than other contaminants, but remained at ≈ 1 µg L-1. Very little nitrite (NO2-) was detected in the batch tests, with NH4+ levels consistent with the amount of NO3- reduced. Similar rates of immobilization for U, Re, and As were observed in the presence and absence of NO3-. Subsequent leaching tests corresponding to residence times ranging from 120 to 7.5 minutes demonstrated the ability of the PIC to reduce NO3- to