Influence of Citric Acid on the Pink Color and Characteristics of Sous Vide Processed Chicken Breasts During Chill Storage

PubMed Central

Lim, Ki-Won

2015-01-01

Chicken breast dipped with citric acid (CA) was treated by sous vide processing and stored in a refrigerated state for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 14 d. A non-dipped control group (CON) and three groups dipped in different concentrations of citric acid concentration were analyzed (0.5%, 0.5CIT; 2.0%, 2CIT and 5.0%, 5CIT; w/v). Cooking yield and moisture content increased due to the citric acid. While the redness of the juice and meat in all groups showed significant increase during storage, the redness of the citric acid groups was reduced compared to the control group (p<0.05). The percentage of myoglobin denaturation (PMD) of the CA groups was also increased according to the level of CA during storage. Total aerobic counts, Enterobacteriaceae counts, volatile basic nitrogen and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were generally lower in the citric acid-treated samples than in untreated ones, indicating extended shelf life of the cooked chicken breast dipped in citric acid solution. The shear force of the 2CIT and 5CIT groups was significantly lower (p<0.05). The findings indicated positive effects in the physicochemical properties and storage ability of sous vide chicken breast at 2% and 5% citric acid concentrations. PMID:26761885

Formation of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Migration Level of Bisphenol-A in Sous-Vide-Cooked Trout Fillets at Different Cooking Temperatures and Cooking Levels.

PubMed

Oz, Fatih; Seyyar, Esra

2016-04-20

The effects of different cooking temperatures (65, 75, and 85 °C) and cooking levels (medium and well) on some quality properties, the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs), and the migration level of bisphenol-A (BPA) in trout fillets cooked by sous-vide were investigated. As a result, as expected, cooking caused a reduction in water content of the samples, whereas pH, TBARS, L*, and b* values increased. Cooking loss values ranged between 14.78 and 20.51%. Whereas IQ, MeIQ, 7,8-DiMeIQx, 4,8-DiMeIQx, PhIP, AαC and MeAαC could not be detected in the analyzed samples, varying levels of IQx (up to 0.16 ng/g) and MeIQx (up to 5.66 ng/g) were detected. It was determined that total HCA amounts ranged between 1.28 and 5.75 ng/g, and all or a big part of the total HCAs belonged to MeIQx. In addition, the migration level of BPA in sous-vide-cooked samples ranged between 4.93 and 27.11 ng/g.

Influence of Sous Vide and water immersion processing on polyacetylene content and instrumental color of parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) disks.

PubMed

Rawson, Ashish; Koidis, Anastasios; Rai, Dilip K; Tuohy, Maria; Brunton, Nigel

2010-07-14

The effect of blanching (95 +/- 3 degrees C) followed by sous vide (SV) processing (90 degrees C for 10 min) on levels of two polyacetylenes in parsnip disks immediately after processing and during chill storage was studied and compared with the effect of water immersion (WI) processing (70 degrees C for 2 min.). Blanching had the greatest influence on the retention of polyacetylenes in sous vide processed parsnip disks resulting in significant decreases of 24.5 and 24% of falcarinol (1) and falcarindiol (2) respectively (p < 0.05). Subsequent SV processing did not result in additional significant losses in polyacetylenes compared to blanched samples. Subsequent anaerobic storage of SV processed samples resulted in a significant decrease in 1 levels (p < 0.05) although no change in 2 levels was observed (p > 0.05). 1 levels in WI processed samples were significantly higher than in SV samples (p

Spoilage of sous vide cooked salmon (Salmo salar) stored under refrigeration.

PubMed

Díaz, P; Garrido, M D; Bañón, S

2011-02-01

The spoilage of Sous Vide 'SV' cooked salmon stored under refrigeration was studied. Samples were packaged under vacuum in polyamide-polypropylene pouches, cooked at an oven temperature/time of 80 (°)C/45 min, quickly chilled at 3 (°)C and stored at 2 (°)C for 0, 5 or 10 weeks for catering use. Microbial (aerobic and anaerobic psychrotrophs, lactic acid bacteria, molds and yeasts and Enterobacteriaceae), physical-chemical (pH, water activity, TBARS, acidity, L*a*b* color, texture profile analysis and shear force) and sensory (appearance, odor, flavor, texture and overall quality) parameters were determined. SV processing prevented the growth of aerobic and anaerobic psychrotrophs, lactic acid bacteria, molds and yeasts and Enterobacteriaceae. There were no relevant changes in pH, water activity, TBARS, CIELab color associated with cooked salmon spoilage. Instrumental texture data were contradictory. Slight decrease in lactic acid levels was found. In contrast, the SV cooked salmon suffered considerable sensory deterioration during its refrigerated storage, consisting of severe losses of cooked salmon odor and flavor, slight rancidity, discoloration associated with white precipitation, and moderates softness, and loss of chewiness and juiciness. No acidification, putrefaction or relevant rancidity was detected. The sensory spoilage preceded microbiological and physical-chemical spoilage, suggesting that microbiological quality alone may overestimate the shelf life of SV cooked salmon.

Effect of different temperature-time combinations on lipid and protein oxidation of sous-vide cooked lamb loins.

PubMed

Roldan, Mar; Antequera, Teresa; Armenteros, Monica; Ruiz, Jorge

2014-04-15

Forty-five lamb loins were subjected to sous-vide cooking at different combinations of temperature (60, 70 and 80 °C) and time (6, 12 and 24 h) to assess the effect on the oxidative stability of lipids and proteins. Heating induced both lipid and protein oxidation in lamb loins. Higher cooking temperature-time combinations increased conjugated dienes and decreased thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) values and hexanal. Total protein carbonyls increased throughout time at all cooking temperatures considered, while α-aminoadipic (AAS) and γ-glutamic semialdehydes (GGS) increased when cooking at 60 °C but not at 80 °C. Links between the decrease in secondary compounds from lipid oxidation due to cooking at higher temperatures and for longer times with the increased levels of 3-methylbutanal and greater differences between total protein carbonyls and AAS plus GGS were hypothesised. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Les facteurs prédictifs de morbimortalité chez les patients sous ballon de contre pulsion intra-aortique en chirurgie cardiaque

PubMed Central

Elahmadi, Brahim; Motiaa, Youssef; Hatim, Abdedaim Elghadbane; Atmani, Noureddine; Moutakillah, Younes; Wahid, Fouad Amal; Elbekkali, Youssef; Houssa, Mahdi Ait; Razine, Rachid; Boulahya, Abdelatif; Drissi, Mohammed

2015-01-01

Le ballon de contre pulsion intra-aortique (BCPIA) est fréquemment utilisé en chirurgie cardiaque, comme moyen d'assistance circulatoire en cas de bas débit cardiaque. Il est d'intérêt clinique de déterminer les facteurs pronostiques chez les patients porteurs d'un BCPIA en chirurgie cardiaque, et qui restent un sujet rarement élucidé dans la littérature. L'objectif de notre travail est de déterminer les facteurs prédictifs de morbi-mortalité chez les patients sous ballon de contre pulsion intraortique en périopératoire d'une chirurgie cardiaque. Il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective portant sur l'ensemble des patients opérés en chirurgie cardiaque sous circulation extracorporelle, et ayant bénéficiés de la mise en place d'un ballon de contre pulsion intra-aortique en périopératoire, au service de chirurgie cardiovasculaire de l'Hôpital Militaire Mohamed V de Rabat, entre le mois de janvier 2005 et le mois d'aout 20014. Soixante dix patients ont été inclus dans notre étude. En analyse univariée l'âge, la dyspnée de stade III et IV, l'insuffisance cardiaque, la présence d'un infarctus du myocarde, d'une coronaropathie mono et bitronculaire, les anomalies du doppler de trons supra-aortique et du membre inférieur, le caractère urgent de la chirurgie, la durée de la circulation extracorporelle, l'instabilité hémodynamique postopératoire, le saignement et l'insuffisance rénale postopératoire étaient statistiquement associés à une mortalité postopératoire élevée. La dyskinésie préopératoire et la sortie de circulation extracorporelle sous drogues étaient associées à une morbidité globale élevée. En analyse multi variée, seule l'âge, constituait un facteur de risque indépendant de mortalité dans notre série avec un Odds Ratio (OR): 1,89 ; un Intervalle de Confiance (IC) 95% de (1,52-4,97) et un p =0,045. Au terme de notre étude, le taux de mortalité était de 48,57% et de morbidité globale était de 87,1%. Il

Development of a convenience and safety chilled sous vide fish dish: Diversification of aquacultural products.

PubMed

Espinosa, M C; López, G; Díaz, P; Linares, M B; Garrido, M D

2016-04-01

The dynamic expansion of the ready-to-eat seabream sector in its adaptation to new lifestyles has led to the search for new presentation formats in seabream (Sparus aurata). Green sauce (olive oil, wine vinegar, garlic, fresh parsley, black pepper, basil and salt) and 60 ℃ of cooking temperature were chosen by the panellists for the sous vide cooking process. Seabream fillet and sauce were packaged in polypropylene trays, cooked, chilled and stored at 2 ℃. Microbiological (total viable counts,Enterobacteriaceae,lactic acid bacteria, anaerobic psychrotrophic, moulds and yeasts, Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes), chemical (pH and TBARs) and sensory parameters were determined at 0, 7, 17, 34, 48 and 62 days. In the conditions used, the microbiological counts remained stable, and Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes were absent. The acidic sauce had a positive effect on the pH of the product, and low TBARs were obtained throughout storage. The processing conditions used in the present study allowed a chilled ready-to-eat seabream product of consistently high quality up to 62 days of storage to be obtained, representing an expansion of the products offered by the aquacultural industry. © The Author(s) 2015.

Influence of the geothermal fluid rheology in the large scale hydro-thermal circulation in Soultz-sous-Forêts reservoir.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vallier, Bérénice; Magnenet, Vincent; Fond, Christophe; Schmittbuhl, Jean

2017-04-01

Many numerical models have been developed in deep geothermal reservoir engineering to interpret field measurements of the natural hydro-thermal circulations or to predict exploitation scenarios. They typically aim at analyzing the Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical and Chemical (THMC) coupling including complex rheologies of the rock matrix like thermo-poro-elasticity. Few approaches address in details the role of the fluid rheology and more specifically the non-linear sensitivity of the brine rheology with temperature and pressure. Here we use the finite element Code_Aster to solve the balance equations of a 2D THM model of the Soultz-sous-Forêts reservoir. The brine properties are assumed to depend on the fluid pressure and the temperature as in Magnenet et al. (2014). A sensitive parameter is the thermal dilatation of the brine that is assumed to depend quadratically with temperature as proposed by the experimental measurements of Rowe and Chou (1970). The rock matrix is homogenized at the scale of the equation resolution assuming to have a representative elementary volume of the fractured medium smaller than the mesh size. We still chose four main geological units to adjust the rock physic parameters at large scale: thermal conductivity, permeability, radioactive source production rate, elastic and Biot parameters. We obtain a three layer solution with a large hydro-thermal convection below the cover-basement transition. Interestingly, the geothermal gradient in the sedimentary layer is controlled by the radioactive production rate in the upper altered granite. The second part of the study deals with an inversion approach of the homogenized solid and fluid parameters at large scale using our direct THM model. The goal is to compare the large scale inverted estimates of the rock and brine properties with direct laboratory measurements on cores and discuss their upscaling in the context of a fractured network hydraulically active. Magnenet V., Fond C., Genter A. and

ATF Neutron Irradiation Program Irradiation Vehicle Design Concepts

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Geringer, J. W.; Katoh, Yutai; Howard, Richard H.

The Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) under the Civil Nuclear Energy Working Group (CNWG) is engaged in a cooperative research effort with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to explore issues related to nuclear energy, including research on accident-tolerant fuels and materials for use in light water reactors. This work develops a draft technical plan for a neutron irradiation program on the candidate accident-tolerant fuel cladding materials and elements using the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR). The research program requires the design of a detailed experiment, development of test vehicles, irradiation of test specimens, possible post irradiation examination and characterizationmore » of irradiated materials and the shipment of irradiated materials to Japan. This report discusses the conceptual design, the development and irradiation of the test vehicles.« less

Status of Post Irradiation Examination of FCAB and FCAT Irradiation Capsules

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Field, Kevin G.; Yamamoto, Yukinori; Howard, Richard H.

A series of irradiation programs are ongoing to address the need for determining the radiation tolerance of FeCrAl alloys. These irradiation programs, deemed the FCAT and FCAB irradiation programs, use the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) to irradiate second generation wrought FeCrAl alloys and early-generation powder-metallurgy (PM) oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) FeCrAl alloys. Irradiations have been or are being performed at temperatures of 200°C, 330°C, and 550°C from doses of 1.8 dpa up to 16 dpa. Preliminary post-irradiation examination (PIE) on low dose (<2 dpa) irradiation capsules of tensile specimens has been performed. Analysis of co-irradiated SiC thermometry have shown reasonablemore » matching between the nominal irradiation temperatures and the target irradiation temperatures. Room temperature tensile tests have shown typical radiation-induced hardening and embrittlement at irradiations of 200°C and 330°C, but a propensity for softening when irradiated to 550°C for the wrought alloys. The PM-ODS FeCrAl specimens showed less hardening compared to the wrought alloys. Future PIE includes high temperature tensile tests on the low dose irradiation capsules as well as the determination of reference fracture toughness transition temperature, T o, in alloys irradiated to 7 dpa and higher.« less

Characterization of Irradiated and Non-Irradiated Rubber from Automotive Scrap Tires

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Souza, Clécia Moura; Silva, Leonardo G.

The aim of this work was to characterize the samples of irradiated and non-irradiated rubber from automotive scrap tires. Rubber samples from scrap tires were irradiated at irradiation doses of 200, 400 and 600kGy in an electron beam accelerator. Subsequently, both the irradiated and non-irradiated samples were characterized by thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile strength mechanical test, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry.

Effect of Grapefruit Seed Extract on Thermal Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes during Sous-Vide Processing of Two Marinated Mexican Meat Entrées.

PubMed

Valenzuela-Melendres, Martin; Peña-Ramos, E Aida; Juneja, Vijay K; Camou, Juan Pedro; Cumplido-Barbeitia, German

2016-07-01

D- and z-values for Listeria monocytogenes were obtained for two Mexican meat entrées: pork meat marinated in tomatillo (green tomato) sauce (PTS) and beef marinated in a red chili sauce (BRCS), with addition of 0, 200, and 800 ppm of grapefruit seed extract (GSE). Meat samples inoculated with L. monocytogenes were packaged in sterile bags, immersed in a water bath, and held at 55, 57.5, 60, and 62.5°C for different periods of time. Depending upon the temperature, D-values at 0 ppm of GSE ranged from 26.19 to 2.03 min in BRCS and 26.41 to 0.8 min in PTS. Adding 800 ppm of GSE to BRCS thermally treated at 55 and 62.5°C significantly decreased inactivation time by 35%. A reduction in time of 25.9, 10.6, and 40.1% at 55, 57.5, and 60°C, respectively, was observed in PTS with 800 ppm of GSE. The z-values of L. monocytogenes were not significantly affected by GSE addition; average z-values were 7.25 and 5.09°C for BRCS and PTS, respectively. Estimated thermal lethality for a 7-D log reduction of L. monocytogenes under commercial-size sous-vide conditions at a reference temperature of 55°C was reached at 78 and 71 min for BRCS without and with 800 ppm of GSE, respectively. For PTS, 7-D reduction was attained at 69 and 61 min without and with addition of 800 ppm of GSE, respectively. Supplementing both Mexican meat entrées (BRCS and PTS) with 800 ppm of GSE rendered L. monocytogenes cells more sensitive to the lethal effect of heat. The results of this study will assist the retail food industry in designing acceptance limits on critical control points pertaining to cooking regimes to effectively eliminate L. monocytogenes in BRCS and PTS sous-vide processed Mexican meat entrées.

Prévalence, facteurs associés et prédisposant au syndrome métabolique chez les personnes vivants avec le VIH sous traitement antirétroviral à Porto-Novo en 2014

PubMed Central

Adébayo, Alassani; Albert, Dovonou Comlan; Ericie, Sossou; Angelo, Attinsounon Cossi; Jules, Gninkoun; Armand, Wanvoegbe; Séraphin, Ahoui; Léopold, Codjo; Gabriel, Ade

2015-01-01

Introduction Le syndrome métabolique est associé aux maladies cardiovasculaires. L'infection au VIH est devenue aujourd'hui une maladie chronique. L'objectif de cette étude est de déterminer la prévalence, les facteurs associés et prédisposant au syndrome métabolique chez les patients infectés par le VIH sous traitement antirétroviral. Méthodes Il s'est agi d'une étude transversale, descriptive et analytique. La population d’étude est constituée des patients vivant avec le VIH sous antirétroviral suivis au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de l'Ouémé-Plateau. Le syndrome métabolique a été défini selon les critères de la Fédération Internationale du Diabète. Résultats La population était constituée de 244 patients. La prévalence du syndrome métabolique était de 18,03% avec une prédominance féminine (74,6%). La moyenne d’âge était de 40,7 ± 9,71 ans. Les facteurs associés au syndrome métabolique étaient le sexe féminin, la sédentarité, l'antécédent d'HTA, le surpoids, l'apport énergétique élevé, l'apport lipidique élevé, la consommation d'alcool, la consommation de tabac et l'hypercholestérolémie. Les facteurs prédisposant au syndrome métabolique étaient la présence de l'HTA, le tour de taille élevé, l'hyperglycémie, l'hypocholestérolémie HDL et l'hypertriglycéridémie. Conclusion Le syndrome métabolique est fréquent chez les patients infectés par le VIH sous traitement antirétroviral. Une prévention prenant en compte les facteurs associés et prédisposant s'avère nécessaire. PMID:26966492

La Vie Politique sous la Restauration a Travers ’Le Rouge et le Noir’ de Stendahl (The Political Life during the Restauration as Depicted in Le Rouge et le Noir by Stendahl)

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-01-01

de la classe dirigeante est le clerg6. M. le vicaire de Frilair est le bras droit de l ’&veque dle Besangon et...sympathique effort de recherche ;la documentation contribue bien A 6clairer lanalyse. INTERPRETATION: L 𔄀tude des aspects de la vie politique sous la...References Ouvrages consultes AXccesion For NTIS CRA&I DTIC TA9 El Unanno ’-,’ 1 : By 442.-. - L -- A, _ojes Aof -d/or * A- Dans l’L*tude des

Rapid differentiation between gamma-irradiated and non irradiated potato tubers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jona, Roberto; Fronda, Anna

The use of gamma irradiation as commercial method for the preservation of fruits and vegetables calls for methods of differentiation between irradiated and non-irradiated foodstuffs. In a previous research, the polysaccharidic content of cell walls of irradiated tissue has been investigated, but it required rather long time to reach the result. A method devised to ascertain the vitality of cells has been applied to distinguish irradiated from non-irradiated potato tubers. 500 mg of tissue excised from tubers have been infiltrated with tetrazolium chloride 0.6% in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. After 15 hrs of incubation at 30°C the treated tissues have been extracted with 95% ethanol whose O.D. has been measured at 530 mμ wavelength. The colour intensity of the alcohol allowed a very clearcut recognition of the irradiated tubers.

Tissue irradiator

DOEpatents

Hungate, F.P.; Riemath, W.F.; Bunnell, L.R.

1975-12-16

A tissue irradiator is provided for the in-vivo irradiation of body tissue. The irradiator comprises a radiation source material contained and completely encapsulated within vitreous carbon. An embodiment for use as an in- vivo blood irradiator comprises a cylindrical body having an axial bore therethrough. A radioisotope is contained within a first portion of vitreous carbon cylindrically surrounding the axial bore, and a containment portion of vitreous carbon surrounds the radioisotope containing portion, the two portions of vitreous carbon being integrally formed as a single unit. Connecting means are provided at each end of the cylindrical body to permit connections to blood- carrying vessels and to provide for passage of blood through the bore. In a preferred embodiment, the radioisotope is thulium-170 which is present in the irradiator in the form of thulium oxide. A method of producing the preferred blood irradiator is also provided, whereby nonradioactive thulium-169 is dispersed within a polyfurfuryl alcohol resin which is carbonized and fired to form the integral vitreous carbon body and the device is activated by neutron bombardment of the thulium-169 to produce the beta-emitting thulium-170.

Élimination du bore du silicium par plasma inductif sous champ électrique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Combes, R.; Morvan, D.; Picard, G.; Amouroux, J.

1993-05-01

We analyzed purification mechanisms of silicon by inductive plasma with a fluoride slag. The aim is to study boron elimination from doped electronic grade silicon in function of the nature of the slag to obtain a photovoltaic grade silicon. The steady began with the calculation and the comparison of the stability diagram of boron compounds in presence of CaF2, BaF2 and MgF2. This study led us to conclude that BaF2 is the better slag for silicon purification. This has been confirmed by experience. In a second time, we made purifications under electric bias to enhance slag efficiency. We noticed that BaF2 is more sensitive to electric bias than other slags. Nous avons analysé le mécanisme de purification du silicium sous plasma inductif en présence d'un laitier fluoré. L'objectif principal est d'étudier l'élimination du bore du silicium électronique dopé en fonction de la nature du fluorure pour obtenir un silicium de qualité photovoltaïque. L'étude a commencé par l'établissement et la comparaison de diagrammes des composés du bore en présence de CaF2, de MgF2 et de BaF2. Nous avons déduit de cette première étude que BaF2 est le meilleur laitier pour la purification du silicium. Ceci a été corroboré par l'expérience. Nous avons ensuite opéré en présence d'un champ électrique dans le but d'améliorer encore l'efficacité des laitiers. Nous avons constaté que BaF2 est plus sensible au champ électrique que les deux autres laitiers utilisés.

Optical imaging of irradiated and non-irradiated hearts (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bolin, Stephanie; Chen, Guanchu; Medhora, Meetha M.; Camara, Amadou K. S.; Ranji, Mahsa

2016-03-01

Objective: In this study, the metabolic state of the heart tissue is studied in a rodent model of ischemia and reperfusion (IR) in rats exposed to irradiation injury using a cryofluorescence imaging technique. Mitochondrial metabolic state is evaluated by autofluorescence of mitochondrial metabolic coenzymes NADH and FAD. The redox ratio (NADH/FAD) is used as a biochemical/metabolic marker of oxidative stress, before, during and after IR. Materials and methods: Hearts were extracted from non-irradiated (control) and irradiated rats (Irr) given 15 Gy whole thorax irradiation rats (WTI). After 35 days, before the onset of radiation pneumonitis, these two groups of hearts were subjected to one of three treatments; Time control (TC; hearts perfused for the duration of the protocol without ischemia or IR), 25 minutes ischemia with no reperfusion and 25 minutes ischemia followed by 60 minutes reperfusion (IR). Hearts were removed from the Langendorff perfusion system and immediately snap frozen in liquid N2 to preserve the metabolic state after injury; 3-dimensional (3D) cryo-fluorescent imager was used to obtain in fixed time NADH and FAD fluorescence images and their distribution across the entire ventricles. In this study, a 30-μm axial resolution was used resulting in 550 cross-section images per heart. The 3D images of the redox ratio and their respective histograms were calculated in the six groups of hearts. Results: We compared the mean values of the redox ratio in each group, which demonstrate a reduced mitochondrial redox state in both irradiated and non-irradiated ischemic hearts and an oxidized mitochondrial redox state for both irradiated and non-irradiated ischemia-reperfusion hearts compared to control hearts. For non-irradiated hearts, ischemia and IR injuries resulted respectively in 61% increase and 54% decrease in redox ratio when compared with TC. For irradiated hearts, ischemia and IR injuries resulted respectively in 90% increase and 50% decrease

Human Factors Evaluation of Prototype Visor Attachment Sub-systems and Review of Alternative Visor Designs (Evaluation des Facteurs Humains lies aux Prototypes de sous - Systemes de Fixation de Visiere et Critique de Concepts Alternatifs de Visieres)

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-02-01

increase the thermal load generated under the helmet. Based on participant observations of glare reflectance off visor surfaces, many participants...identified between visor conditions for the Glendale spectacles or the Ballistic Spectacles (i.e. UVEX Eye Armour ). Generally , no visor or VASS...Pour ce faire, ils devaient porter jusqu’à quatre sous-systèmes de fixation de visière (VASS) différents et effectuer des mesures répétées : deux

Irradiation hardening of pure tungsten exposed to neutron irradiation

DOE PAGES

Hu, Xunxiang; Koyanagi, Takaaki; Fukuda, Makoto; ...

2016-08-26

In this paper, pure tungsten samples have been neutron irradiated in HFIR at 90–850 °C to 0.03–2.2 dpa. A dispersed barrier hardening model informed by the available microstructure data has been used to predict the hardness. Comparison of the model predictions and the measured Vickers hardness reveals the dominant hardening contribution at various irradiation conditions. For tungsten samples irradiated in HFIR, the results indicate that voids and dislocation loops contributed to the hardness increase in the low dose region (<0.3 dpa), while the formation of intermetallic second phase precipitation, resulting from transmutation, dominates the radiation-induced strengthening beginning with a relativelymore » modest dose (>0.6 dpa). Finally, the precipitate contribution is most pronounced for the HFIR irradiations, whereas the radiation-induced defect cluster microstructure can rationalize the entirety of the hardness increase observed in tungsten irradiated in the fast neutron spectrum of Joyo and the mixed neutron spectrum of JMTR.« less

The influence of late-stage pupal irradiation and increased irradiated: un-irradiated male ratio on mating competitiveness of the malaria mosquito Anopheles arabiensis Patton.

PubMed

Helinski, M E H; Knols, B G J

2009-06-01

Competitiveness of released males in genetic control programmes is of critical importance. In this paper, we explored two scenarios to compensate for the loss of mating competitiveness after pupal stage irradiation in males of the malaria mosquito Anopheles arabiensis. First, competition experiments with a higher ratio of irradiated versus un-irradiated males were performed. Second, pupae were irradiated just prior to emergence and male mating competitiveness was determined. Males were irradiated in the pupal stage with a partially or fully-sterilizing dose of 70 or 120 Gy, respectively. Pupae were irradiated aged 20-26 h (young) as routinely performed, or the pupal stage was artificially prolonged by cooling and pupae were irradiated aged 42-48 h (old). Irradiated males competed at a ratio of 3:1:1 to un-irradiated males for mates in a large cage design. At the 3:1 ratio, the number of females inseminated by males irradiated with 70 Gy as young pupae was similar to the number inseminated by un-irradiated males for the majority of the replicates. At 120 Gy, significantly fewer females were inseminated by irradiated than by un-irradiated males. The irradiation of older pupae did not result in a significantly improved male mating competitiveness compared to the irradiation of young pupae. Our findings indicate that the loss of competitiveness after pupal stage irradiation can be compensated for by a threefold increase of irradiated males, but only for the partially-sterilizing dose. In addition, cooling might be a useful tool to facilitate handling processes of large numbers of mosquitoes in genetic control programmes.

Dosimetry Formalism and Implementation of a Homogenous Irradiation Protocol to Improve the Accuracy of Small Animal Whole-Body Irradiation Using a Cesium-137 Irradiator

PubMed Central

Brodin, N. Patrik; Chen, Yong; Yaparpalvi, Ravindra; Guha, Chandan; Tomé, Wolfgang A.

2015-01-01

Shielded 137Cs irradiators are routinely used in pre-clinical radiation research to perform in vitro or in vivo investigations. Without appropriate dosimetry and irradiation protocols in place, there can be large uncertainty in the delivered dose of radiation between irradiated subjects that could lead to inaccurate and possibly misleading results. Here, a dosimetric evaluation of the JL Shepard Mark I-68A 137Cs irradiator and an irradiation technique for whole-body irradiation of small animals that allows one to limit the between subject variation in delivered dose to ±3% are provided. Mathematical simulation techniques and Gafchromic EBT film were used to describe the region within the irradiation cavity with homogeneous dose distribution (100% ±5%), the dosimetric impact of varying source-to-subject distance, and the variation in attenuation thickness due to turntable rotation. Furthermore, an irradiation protocol and dosimetry formalism that allows calculation of irradiation time for whole-body irradiation of small animals is proposed, that is designed to ensure a more consistent dose delivery between irradiated subjects. To compare this protocol with the conventional irradiation protocol suggested by the vendor, high-resolution film dosimetry measurements evaluating the dose difference between irradiation subjects and the dose distribution throughout subjects was performed, using phantoms resembling small animals. Based on these results, there can be considerable variation in the delivered dose of > ±5% using the conventional irradiation protocol for whole-body irradiation doses below 5 Gy. Using the proposed irradiation protocol this variability can be reduced to within ±3% and the dosimetry formalism allows for more accurate calculation of the irradiation time in relation to the intended prescription dose. PMID:26710162

Irradiated foods

MedlinePlus

... materials that kill bacteria. The process is called irradiation. It is used to remove germs from food. ... it reduces the risk for food poisoning . Food irradiation is used in many countries. It was first ...

Efficacy of Combined Sous Vide-Microwave Cooking for Foodborne Pathogen Inactivation in Ready-to-Eat Chicory Stems.

PubMed

Renna, Massimiliano; Gonnella, Maria; de Candia, Silvia; Serio, Francesco; Baruzzi, Federico

2017-07-01

There is a variety of different food processing methods, which can be used to prepare ready-to-eat foods. However, the need to preserve the freshness and nutritional qualities leads to the application of mild technologies which may be insufficient to inactivate microbial pathogens. In this work, fresh chicory stems were packed under a vacuum in films, which were transparent to microwaves. These were then exposed to microwaves for different periods of time. The application of sous vide microwave cooking (SV-MW, 900 W, 2450 MHz), controlled naturally occurring mesophilic aerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds for up to 30 d when vacuum-packed vegetables were stored at 4 °C. In addition, the process lethality of the SV-MW 90 s cooking was experimentally validated. This treatment led to 6.07 ± 0.7 and 4.92 ± 0.65 log cfu/g reduction of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes inoculated over the chicory stems (100 g), respectively. With an initial load of 9 log cfu/g for both pathogens, less than 10 cfu/g of surviving cells were found after 90 s cooking. This shows that short-time microwave cooking can be used to effectively pasteurize vacuum-packed chicory stems, achieving >5 log cfu/g reduction of E. coli and L. monocytogenes. © 2017 Institute of Food Technologists®.

Long-lived interaction between hydrothermal and magmatic fluids in the Soultz-sous-Forêts granitic system (Rhine Graben, France)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gardien, Véronique; Rabinowicz, Michel; Vigneresse, Jean-Louis; Dubois, Michel; Boulvais, Philippe; Martini, Rossana

2016-03-01

The 5 km deep drilling at Soultz-sous-Forêts samples a granitic intrusion under its sedimentary cover. Core samples at different depths allow study of the evolving conditions of fluid-rock interaction, from the syn-tectonic emplacement of Hercynian granites at depth until post-cooling history and alteration close to the surface. Hydrogen, carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of CO2 and H2O have been measured in fluid inclusions trapped in magmatic quartz within samples collected along the drill core. Early Fluid Inclusions Assemblage (FIA) contains aqueous carbonic fluids whereas the latest FIA are H2O-rich. In the early FIA, the amount of CO2 and the δ13C value both decrease with depth, revealing two distinct sources of carbon, one likely derived from sedimentary carbonates (δ13C = - 2‰ V-PDB) and another from the continental crust (δ13C = - 9‰ V-PDB). The carbon isotope composition of bulk granites indicates a third carbon source of organic derivation (δ13C = - 20‰ V-PDB). Using a δD - δ18O plot, we argue that the water trapped in quartz grains is mainly of meteoric origin somewhat mixed with magmatic water. The emplacement of the Soultz-sous-Forêts granite pluton occurred in a North 030-040° wrench zone. After consolidation of the granite mush at 600 °C, sinistral shear (γ 1) concentrated the final leucocratic melt in vertical planes oriented along (σ1, σ2). Crystallization of this residual leucocratic melt occurred while shearing was still active. At a temperature of 550 °C, crystallization ended with the formation of vertical quartz veins spaced about 5 mm, and exhibiting a width of several cm. The quartz veins form a connected network of a few kilometers in height, generated during hydrothermal contraction of the intrusion. Quartz crystallization led to the exsolution of 30% by volume of the aqueous fluid. As quartz grains were the latest solid phase still plastic, shearing localized inside the connected quartz network. Aqueous fluid was

Use of Irradiated Foods

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brynjolfsson, A.

1985-01-01

The safety of irradiated foods is reviewed. Guidelines and regulations for processing irradiated foods are considered. The radiolytic products formed in food when it is irradiated and its wholesomeness is discussed. It is concluded that food irradiation processing is not a panacea for all problems in food processing but when properly used will serve the space station well.

Insufficient cure under the condition of high irradiance and short irradiation time.

PubMed

Feng, Li; Carvalho, Ricardo; Suh, Byoung I

2009-03-01

To investigate if and why a plasma arc curing (PAC) light tends to undercure methacrylate-based resins or resin composites. Model dimethacrylate resins, commercial dental adhesives, and commercial resin composites were cured using a PAC light and a halogen light with the similar radiant exposures but different combinations of irradiance and irradiation time. The degree of double bond conversion (DC) was measured with FTIR spectroscopy and analyzed as a function of radiant exposure. The PAC light produced a lower DC than the halogen light for the model resin with the lowest viscosity and for three of the four adhesives. With a high irradiance, the PAC light could cure three of the four composites as thoroughly as its halogen counterpart. When the irradiance was reduced, however, three composites yielded a lower DC. Insufficient cure by PAC lights or any curing lights with very high irradiance is likely to happen when too short an irradiation time is used. It is because under higher irradiance, the lifetime of free radicals is shorter.

Investigation of persistent Multiplets at the EGS reservoir of Soultz-Sous-Forêts, France

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lengliné, O.; Cauchie, L.; Schmittbuhl, J.

2017-12-01

During the exploitation of geothermal reservoirs, abundant seismicity is generally observed, especially during phases of hydraulic stimulations. The induced seismicity at the Enhanced Geothermal System of Soultz-Sous-Forêts in France, has been thoroughly studied over the years of exploitation. The mechanism at its origin has been related to both fluid pressure increases during stimulation and aseismic creeping movements. The fluid-induced seismic events often exhibit a high degree of similarity and the mechanism at the origin of these repeated events is thought to be associated with slow slip process where asperities on the rupture zone act several times.To have a better understanding of the mechanisms associated with such events and on the damaged zones involved during the hydraulic stimulations, we investigate the behavior of the multiplets and their persistent nature over several water injection intervals. For this purpose, we analyzed large datasets recorded from a borehole seismic network for several water injection periods (1993, 2000). For each stimulation interval, thousands of events are recorded at depth. We detected the events using a STA/LTA approach and classified them into families of comparable waveforms using an approach based on cross-correlation analysis. Classification of the seismic events is then improved depending on their location within the multiplets. For this purpose, inter-event distances within multiplets are examined and determined from cross-correlation analysis between pairs of events. These distances are then compared to the source dimensions derived from the estimation of the corner frequencies estimation. The multiplets properties (location, events size) are then investigated within and over several hydraulic tests. Hopefully these steps will lead to increase the knowledge on the repetitive nature of these events and the investigation of their persistence will outline the heterogeneities of the structures (regional stress

Place du traitement chirurgical sous circulation extracorporelle à cœur battant dans les cancers du rein avec envahissement cave supra-diaphragmatique: à propos de sept cas

PubMed Central

Lahyani, Mounir; Karmouni, Tarik; Elkhader, Khalid; Koutani, Abdellatif; Andaloussi, Ahmed Ibn Attya

2014-01-01

Ce travail vise à analyser les résultats de la néphrectomie avec thrombectomie atrio-cave sous circulation extracorporelle (CEC) chez sept patients ayant un cancer du rein avec envahissement cave supra-diaphragmatique et de discuter les indications opératoires. Sept patients, six hommes et une femme dont l’âge varie entre 46ans et 65ans, ont été opérés d'un cancer du rein avec extension atrio-cave. L’écho-doppler a toujours permis la mise en évidence de l'extension veineuse mais la limite supérieure du thrombus était formellement identifiée par l'examen tomodensitométrique quatre fois, et par la résonance magnétique nucléaire dans tous les cas. Tous les patients ont été opérés sous CEC à cœur battant en normothermie. Un seul décès postopératoire est survenu. La durée du séjour en réanimation a été de 4,5 jours. Cinq patients ont eu à distance une dissémination métastatique. Cinq malades ont eu une médiane de survie de 11,5 mois (de 7 à16). Un malade a subi une métastasectomie pulmonaire 6 mois après la néphrectomie. L'exérèse des thrombi atrio-caves a été facilitée par la CEC avec une mortalité et une morbidité postopératoires acceptables mais les résultats à distance ont été décevants. Cette intervention ne peut être proposée qu'aux patients n'ayant aucune extension locorégionale et générale décelable, ce qui souligne l'importance des examens morphologiques préopératoires. PMID:25995777

Proton irradiation of simple gas mixtures: Influence of irradiation parameters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sack, Norbert J.; Schuster, R.; Hofmann, A.

1990-01-01

In order to get information about the influence of irradiation parameters on radiolysis processes of astrophysical interest, methane gas targets were irradiated with 6.5 MeV protons at a pressure of 1 bar and room temperature. Yields of higher hydrocarbons like ethane or propane were found by analysis of irradiated gas samples using gas chromatography. The handling of the proton beam was of great experimental importance for determining the irradiation parameters. In a series of experiments current density of the proton beam and total absorbed energy were shown to have a large influence on the yields of produced hydrocarbons. Mechanistic interpretations of the results are given and conclusions are drawn with regard to the chemistry and the simulation of various astrophysical systems.

KEY RESULTS FROM IRRADIATION AND POST-IRRADIATION EXAMINATION OF AGR-1 UCO TRISO FUEL

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Demkowicz, Paul A.; Hunn, John D.; Petti, David A.

The AGR-1 irradiation experiment was performed as the first test of tristructural isotropic (TRISO) fuel in the US Advanced Gas Reactor Fuel Development and Qualification Program. The experiment consisted of 72 right cylinder fuel compacts containing approximately 3×105 coated fuel particles with uranium oxide/uranium carbide (UCO) fuel kernels. The fuel was irradiated in the Advanced Test Reactor for a total of 620 effective full power days. Fuel burnup ranged from 11.3 to 19.6% fissions per initial metal atom and time average, volume average irradiation temperatures of the individual compacts ranged from 955 to 1136°C. This paper focuses on key resultsmore » from the irradiation and post-irradiation examination, which revealed a robust fuel with excellent performance characteristics under the conditions tested and have significantly improved the understanding of UCO coated particle fuel irradiation behavior within the US program. The fuel exhibited a very low incidence of TRISO coating failure during irradiation and post-irradiation safety testing at temperatures up to 1800°C. Advanced PIE methods have allowed particles with SiC coating failure to be isolated and meticulously examined, which has elucidated the specific causes of SiC failure in these specimens. The level of fission product release from the fuel during irradiation and post-irradiation safety testing has been studied in detail. Results indicated very low release of krypton and cesium through intact SiC and modest release of europium and strontium, while also confirming the potential for significant silver release through the coatings depending on irradiation conditions. Focused study of fission products within the coating layers of irradiated particles down to nanometer length scales has provided new insights into fission product transport through the coating layers and the role various fission products may have on coating integrity. The broader implications of these results and the application

Effects of sous-vide method at different temperatures, times and vacuum degrees on the quality, structural, and microbiological properties of pork ham.

PubMed

Jeong, Kiyoung; O, Hyeonbin; Shin, So Yeon; Kim, Young-Soon

2018-04-10

This study evaluated the influence of different factors on pork hams cooked by sous-vide method. The quality and structural and microbiological properties of the treated samples were compared with those of controls. Samples were subjected to treatment at different combinations of temperature (61 °C or 71 °C), time (45 or 90 min), and vacuum degree (98.81% or 96.58%). The control sample was air packaged and boiled for 45 min in boiling water. Temperature and vacuum degree affected quality properties, while the effect of time was limited. Samples cooked at 61 °C showed higher moisture content, redness, and pink color of the meat juice, whereas samples cooked at 71 °C showed higher cooking loss rate, lightness, and volatile basic nitrogen values. Texture analysis indicated tenderer meat for the treatment group than the control. No microbial growth was detected in any treatment groups. Meat cooked at 61 °C and 98.81% vacuum showed more spacious arrangement of meat fiber. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A New Remote-Sensing Method for Mine Detection using HPM Irradiation and IR Detection.

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-12-01

absorption of microwave energy by the mine. This signature appears at the soil surface after a brief time-delay from the start of HPM illumination. At...detection de cible, l’operation de teledetection, la capacite de detecter des cibles sous un ciel couvert avec peu de dependance du cycle solaire et la...the temperature of the sample depends on the microwave energy absorbed by the sample and varies inversely with the sample thermal heat capacity. The

Grafting of styrene into pre-irradiated fluoropolymer films: Influence of base material and irradiation temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lappan, Uwe; Geißler, Uwe; Gohs, Uwe; Uhlmann, Steffi

2010-10-01

In this study, the influence of irradiation temperature on mechanical properties of three fluoropolymers and on grafting of styrene into the polymers by the pre-irradiation method was investigated. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the irradiated polymers regarding trapped radical species and changes in the chemical structure, respectively. For poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoropropyl vinyl ether) (PFA) the irradiation temperature was found to be an important factor for tensile strength and elongation at break of the pre-irradiated film. No strong effect of irradiation temperature on the mechanical properties was noticed for poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-ethylene) (ETFE); however the yield of grafting drops at high irradiation temperatures. Finally, mechanical properties of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) were found to be dramatically altered, even if the film was irradiated at elevated temperature.

Analysis of macroscopic fractures in granite in the HDR geothermal well EPS-1, Soultz-sous-Foreêts, France

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Genter, Albert; Traineau, Hervé

1996-07-01

An exhaustive analysis of 3000 macroscopic fractures encountered in the geothermal Hot Dry Rock borehole, EPS-1, located inside the Rhine graben (Soultz-sous-Foreˆts, France), was done on a continuous core section over a depth interval from 1420 to 2230 m: 97% of the macroscopic structures were successfully reorientated with a good degree of confidence by comparison between core and acoustic borehole imagery. Detailed structural analysis of the fracture population indicates that fractures are grouped in two principal fractures sets striking N005 and N170 °, and dipping 70 °W and 70 °E, respectively. This average attitude is closely related to the past tectonic rifting activity of the graben during the Tertiary, and is consistent with data obtained from nearby boreholes and from neighbouring crystalline outcrops. Fractures are distributed in clusters of hydrothermally altered and fractured zones. They constitute a complex network of fault strands dominated by N-S trends, except within some of the most fractured depth intervals (1650 m, 2170 m), where an E-W-striking fracture set occurs. The geometry of the pre-existing fracture system strikes in a direction nearly parallel to the maximum horizontal stress. In this favorable situation, hydraulic injections will tend both to reactivate natural fractures at low pressures, and to create a geothermal reservoir.

Irradiation of meat products, chicken and use of irradiated spices for sausages

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kiss, I. F.; Beczner, J.; Zachariev, Gy.; Kovács, S.

The shelf-life of packed minced meat has been increased at least threefold at 4°C by applying a 2 kGy dose. Results have been confirmed by detailed quatitative microbiological examinations. Sensory evaluations show no significant difference between the unirradiated samples. The optimal average dose was 4 kGy for packed-frosen chicken. The number of mesophilic aerobic microbes was reduced by 2, that of psychrotolerant by 2-3 and that of Enterbacteriaceae by 3-4 orders of magnitude by 4 kGy. S. aureus and Salmonella could not be detected in the irradiated samples. In sensory evaluations there was no significant difference between untreated and irradiated samples. In 1984-1985 5100 kg irradiated chickens were marketed labelled as radiation treated. Irradiated spices (5 kGy) were used in the production of sausages (heat-treated and non-heat-treated) under industrial conditions. The microbiological contamination of irradiated spices was lower than that of ethylene oxide treated ones. The cell count in products made with irradiated spices was lower than in those made with unirradiated spices. The sausages proved to be of very good quality. In accordance with the permission, products were marketed and because of the low ratio of spices there was no need to declare them as using irradiated spices.

Anti-inflammatory effect of 635 nm irradiations on in vitro direct/indirect irradiation model.

PubMed

Lim, WonBong; Choi, Hongran; Kim, Jisun; Kim, Sangwoo; Jeon, SangMi; Zheng, Hui; Kim, DoMan; Ko, Youngjong; Kim, Donghwi; Sohn, HongMoon; Kim, OkJoon

2015-02-01

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been promoted for its beneficial effects on tissue healing and pain relief. As during laser treatment it is possible to irradiate only a small area of the surface body or wound and, correspondingly, of a very small volume of the circulating blood, it is necessary to explain how its photomodification can lead to a wide spectrum of therapeutic effects. To establish the experimental model for indirect irradiation, irradiation with 635 nm was performed on immortalized human gingival fibroblasts (IGFs) in the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The irradiated medium was transferred to non-irradiated IGFs which were compared with direct irradiated IGFs. The protein expressions were assessed by Western blot, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) was measured using an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by DCF-DA; cytokine profiles were assessed using a human inflammation antibody array. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression and PGE2 production were significantly increased in the LPS-treated group and decreased in both direct and indirect irradiated IGFs. Unlike direct irradiated IGFs, ROS level in indirect irradiated IGFs was decreased by time-dependent manners. There were significant differences of released granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), regulated on activated normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and I-TAC level observed compared with direct and indirect irradiated IGFs. In addition, in the indirect irradiation group, phosphorylations of C-Raf and Erk1/2 increased significantly compared with the direct irradiation group. Thus, we suggest that not only direct exposure with 635 nm light, but also indirect exposure with 635 nm light can inhibit activation of pro-inflammatory mediators and may be clinically useful as an anti-inflammatory tool. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Key results from irradiation and post-irradiation examination of AGR-1 UCO TRISO fuel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Demkowicz, Paul A.; Hunn, John D.; Petti, David A.

The AGR-1 irradiation experiment was performed as the first test of tristructural isotropic (TRISO) fuel in the US Advanced Gas Reactor Fuel Development and Qualification Program. The experiment consisted of 72 right cylinder fuel compacts containing approximately 3 × 105 coated fuel particles with uranium oxide/uranium carbide (UCO) fuel kernels. The fuel was irradiated in the Advanced Test Reactor for a total of 620 effective full power days. Fuel burnup ranged from 11.3 to 19.6% fissions per initial metal atom and time-average, volume-average irradiation temperatures of the individual compacts ranged from 955 to 1136 °C. This paper focuses on keymore » results from the irradiation and post-irradiation examination, which revealed a robust fuel with excellent performance characteristics under the conditions tested and have significantly improved the understanding of UCO coated particle fuel irradiation behavior. The fuel exhibited zero TRISO coating failures (failure of all three dense coating layers) during irradiation and post-irradiation safety testing at temperatures up to 1700 °C. Advanced PIE methods have allowed particles with SiC coating failure that were discovered to be present in a very-low population to be isolated and meticulously examined, which has elucidated the specific causes of SiC failure in these specimens. The level of fission product release from the fuel during irradiation and post-irradiation safety testing has been studied in detail. Results indicated very low release of krypton and cesium through intact SiC and modest release of europium and strontium, while also confirming the potential for significant silver release through the coatings depending on irradiation conditions. Focused study of fission products within the coating layers of irradiated particles down to nanometer length scales has provided new insights into fission product transport through the coating layers and the role various fission products may have on coating

Key results from irradiation and post-irradiation examination of AGR-1 UCO TRISO fuel

DOE PAGES

Demkowicz, Paul A.; Hunn, John D.; Petti, David A.; ...

2017-09-10

The AGR-1 irradiation experiment was performed as the first test of tristructural isotropic (TRISO) fuel in the US Advanced Gas Reactor Fuel Development and Qualification Program. The experiment consisted of 72 right cylinder fuel compacts containing approximately 3 × 105 coated fuel particles with uranium oxide/uranium carbide (UCO) fuel kernels. The fuel was irradiated in the Advanced Test Reactor for a total of 620 effective full power days. Fuel burnup ranged from 11.3 to 19.6% fissions per initial metal atom and time-average, volume-average irradiation temperatures of the individual compacts ranged from 955 to 1136 °C. This paper focuses on keymore » results from the irradiation and post-irradiation examination, which revealed a robust fuel with excellent performance characteristics under the conditions tested and have significantly improved the understanding of UCO coated particle fuel irradiation behavior. The fuel exhibited zero TRISO coating failures (failure of all three dense coating layers) during irradiation and post-irradiation safety testing at temperatures up to 1700 °C. Advanced PIE methods have allowed particles with SiC coating failure that were discovered to be present in a very-low population to be isolated and meticulously examined, which has elucidated the specific causes of SiC failure in these specimens. The level of fission product release from the fuel during irradiation and post-irradiation safety testing has been studied in detail. Results indicated very low release of krypton and cesium through intact SiC and modest release of europium and strontium, while also confirming the potential for significant silver release through the coatings depending on irradiation conditions. Focused study of fission products within the coating layers of irradiated particles down to nanometer length scales has provided new insights into fission product transport through the coating layers and the role various fission products may have on coating

Craniospinal Irradiation for Trilateral Retinoblastoma Following Ocular Irradiation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Marks, Lawrence B.; Bentel, Gunilla; Sherouse, George W.

A case study is presented. Craniospinal radiotherapy and a three-field pineal boost for trilateral retinoblastoma were delivered to a patient previously irradiated for ocular retinoblastoma. The availability of CT-based three-dimensional treatment planning provided the capability of identifying the previously irradiated volume as a three-dimensional anatomic structure and of designing a highly customized set of treatment beams that minimized reirradiation of that volume.

Ion irradiation to simulate neutron irradiation in model graphites: Consequences for nuclear graphite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Galy, N.; Toulhoat, N.; Moncoffre, N.; Pipon, Y.; Bérerd, N.; Ammar, M. R.; Simon, P.; Deldicque, D.; Sainsot, P.

2017-10-01

Due to its excellent moderator and reflector qualities, graphite was used in CO2-cooled nuclear reactors such as UNGG (Uranium Naturel-Graphite-Gaz). Neutron irradiation of graphite resulted in the production of 14C which is a key issue radionuclide for the management of the irradiated graphite waste. In order to elucidate the impact of neutron irradiation on 14C behavior, we carried out a systematic investigation of irradiation and its synergistic effects with temperature in Highly Oriented Pyrolitic Graphite (HOPG) model graphite used to simulate the coke grains of nuclear graphite. We used 13C implantation in order to simulate 14C displaced from its original structural site through recoil. The collision of the impinging neutrons with the graphite matrix carbon atoms induces mainly ballistic damage. However, a part of the recoil carbon atom energy is also transferred to the graphite lattice through electronic excitation. The effects of the different irradiation regimes in synergy with temperature were simulated using ion irradiation by varying Sn(nuclear)/Se(electronic) stopping power. Thus, the samples were irradiated with different ions of different energies. The structure modifications were followed by High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) and Raman microspectrometry. The results show that temperature generally counteracts the disordering effects of irradiation but the achieved reordering level strongly depends on the initial structural state of the graphite matrix. Thus, extrapolating to reactor conditions, for an initially highly disordered structure, irradiation at reactor temperatures (200 - 500 °C) should induce almost no change of the initial structure. On the contrary, when the structure is initially less disordered, there should be a "zoning" of the reordering: In "cold" high flux irradiated zones where the ballistic damage is important, the structure should be poorly reordered; In "hot" low flux irradiated zones where the ballistic

Detection of low amount of irradiated ingredients in non-irradiated precooked meals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marchioni, Eric; Horvatovich, Peter; Ndiaye, Bara; Miesch, Michel; Hasselmann, Claude

2002-03-01

The application of the European Standards for the detection of irradiated food by thermoluminescence of silicates, electron-spin resonance spectroscopy of bones or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of 2-alkylcyclobutanones does not allow the detection of irradiated ingredients included in small quantity in the matrix of a food which has not been irradiated, but which could be subjected to various processing technologies such as cooking, freezing or storage. The use of an enzymatic food hydrolysis carried out at moderated temperature, for the extraction of the food-contaminating silicate minerals and bone fragments, followed by a purification of the extracts by a high-density aqueous solution of sodium polytungstate, allows a simultaneous detection of weak inclusions (0.1% m:m) of irradiated spices and mechanically deboned turkey meat (MRM) included in various precooked foods. Moreover, the use of a supercritical fluid extraction procedure for the 2-alkylcyclobutanones or an additional purification step of the lipid extracts made it possible to lower the detection limit of the 2-alkylcyclobutanones radiation-induced from triglycerides. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, down to 0.5% (m:m) of irradiated MRM included in non-irradiated chicken quenelles could be detected.

Induced seismicity in EGS reservoir : analysis of persistent multiplets at Soultz-sous-Forêts, France

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cauchie, Léna; Lengliné, Olivier; Schmittbuhl, Jean

2017-04-01

Abundant seismicity is generally observed during the exploitation of geothermal reservoirs, especially during phases of hydraulic stimulations. At the Enhanced Geothermal System of Soultz-Sous-Forêts in France, the induced seismicity has been thoroughly studied over the years of exploitation and the mechanism at its origin has been related to both fluid pressure increase during stimulation and aseismic creeping movements. The fluid-induced seismic events often exhibit a high degree of similarity and the mechanism at the origin of these repeated events is thought to be associated with slow slip process where asperities on the rupture zone act several times. In order to improve our knowledge on the mechanisms associated with such events and on the damaged zones involved during the hydraulic stimulations, we investigate the behaviour of the multiplets and their persistent nature, if it prevails, over several water injection intervals. For this purpose, we analysed large datasets recorded from a downhole seismic network for several water injection periods (1993, 2000, …). For each stimulation interval, thousands of events are recorded at depth. We detected the events using the continuous kurtosis-based migration method and classified them into families of comparable waveforms using an approach based on cross-correlation analysis. We obtain precise relative locations of the multiplets using differential arrival times obtained through cross-correlation of similar waveforms. Finally, the properties of the similar fluid-induced seismic events are derived (magnitude, spectral content) and examined over the several hydraulic tests. Hopefully these steps will lead to a better understanding of the repetitive nature of these events and the investigation of their persistence will outline the heterogeneities of the structures (temperatures anomalies, regional stress perturbations, fluid flow channelling) regularly involved during the different stimulations.

Microstructure evolution during helium irradiation and post-irradiation annealing in a nanostructured reduced activation steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, W. B.; Ji, Y. Z.; Tan, P. K.; Zhang, C.; He, C. H.; Yang, Z. G.

2016-10-01

Severe plastic deformation, intense single-beam He-ion irradiation and post-irradiation annealing were performed on a nanostructured reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steel to investigate the effect of grain boundaries (GBs) on its microstructure evolution during these processes. A surface layer with a depth-dependent nanocrystalline (NC) microstructure was prepared in the RAFM steel using surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). Microstructure evolution after helium (He) irradiation (24.8 dpa) at room temperature and after post-irradiation annealing was investigated using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Experimental observation shows that GBs play an important role during both the irradiation and the post-irradiation annealing process. He bubbles are preferentially trapped at GBs/interfaces during irradiation and cavities with large sizes are also preferentially trapped at GBs/interfaces during post-irradiation annealing, but void denuded zones (VDZs) near GBs could not be unambiguously observed. Compared with cavities at GBs and within larger grains, cavities with smaller size and higher density are found in smaller grains. The average size of cavities increases rapidly with the increase of time during post-irradiation annealing at 823 K. Cavities with a large size are observed just after annealing for 5 min, although many of the cavities with small sizes also exist after annealing for 240 min. The potential mechanism of cavity growth behavior during post-irradiation annealing is also discussed.

Consumer acceptance of irradiated poultry.

PubMed

Hashim, I B; Resurreccion, A V; McWatters, K H

1995-08-01

A simulated supermarket setting (SSS) test was conducted to determine whether consumers (n = 126) would purchase irradiated poultry products, and the effects of marketing strategies on consumer purchase of irradiated poultry products. Consumer preference for irradiated poultry was likewise determined using a home-use test. A slide program was the most effective educational strategy in changing consumers' purchase behavior. The number of participants who purchased irradiated boneless, skinless breasts and irradiated thighs after the educational program increased significantly from 59.5 and 61.9% to 83.3 and 85.7% for the breasts and thighs, respectively. Using a label or poster did not increase the number of participants who bought irradiated poultry products. About 84% of the participants consider it either "somewhat necessary" or "very necessary" to irradiate raw chicken and would like all chicken that was served in restaurants or fast food places to be irradiated. Fifty-eight percent of the participants would always buy irradiated chicken if available, and an additional 27% would buy it sometimes. About 44% of the participants were willing to pay the same price for irradiated chicken as for nonirradiated. About 42% of participants were willing to pay 5% or more than what they were currently paying for nonirradiated chicken. Seventy-three percent or more of consumers who participated in the home-use test (n = 74) gave the color, appearance, and aroma of the raw poultry products a minimum rating of 7 (= like moderately). After consumers participated in a home-use test, 84 and 88% selected irradiated thighs and breasts, respectively, over nonirradiated in a second SSS test.

TUNABLE IRRADIATION TESTBED

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wootan, David W.; Casella, Andrew M.; Asner, David M.

PNNL has developed and continues to develop innovative methods for characterizing irradiated materials from nuclear reactors and particle accelerators for various clients and collaborators around the world. The continued development of these methods, in addition to the ability to perform unique scientific investigations of the effects of radiation on materials could be greatly enhanced with easy access to irradiation facilities. A Tunable Irradiation Testbed with customized targets (a 30 MeV, 1mA cyclotron or similar coupled to a unique target system) is shown to provide a much more flexible and cost-effective source of irradiating particles than a test reactor or isotopicmore » source. The configuration investigated was a single shielded building with multiple beam lines from a small, flexible, high flux irradiation source. Potential applications investigated were the characterization of radiation damage to materials applicable to advanced reactors, fusion reactor, legacy waste, (via neutron spectra tailored to HTGR, molten salt, LWR, LMR, fusion environments); 252Cf replacement; characterization of radiation damage to materials of interest to High Energy Physics to enable the neutrino program; and research into production of short lived isotopes for potential medical and other applications.« less

Effects of Neutron Irradiation and Post-irradiation Annealing on the Microstructure of HT-UPS Stainless Steel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xu, Chi; Chen, Wei-Ying; Zhang, Xuan

Microstructural changes resulted from neutron irradiation and post-irradiation annealing in a high-temperature ultra-fine precipitate strengthened (HT-UPS) stainless steel were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe tomography (APT). Three HT-UPS samples were neutron-irradiated to 3 dpa at 500 °C, and after irradiation, two of them were annealed for 1 h at 600 °C and 700 °C, respectively. Frank dislocation loops were the dominant defect structure in both the as-irradiated and 600 °C post-irradiation-annealed (PIAed) samples, and the loop sizes and densities were similar in these two samples. Unfaulted dislocation loops were observed in the 700 °C PIAed sample, and the loop density was greatly reducedmore » in comparison with that in the as-irradiated sample. Nano-sized MX precipitates were observed under TEM in the 700 °C PIAed sample, but not in the 600 °C PIAed or the as-irradiated samples. The titanium-rich clusters were identified in all three samples using APT. The post-irradiation annealing (PIA) caused the growth of the Ti-rich clusters with a stronger effect at 700 °C than at 600 °C. The irradiation caused elemental segregations at the grain boundary and the grain interior, and the grain boundary segregation behavior is consistent with observations in other irradiated austenitic steels. APT results showed that PIA reduced the magnitude of irradiation induced segregations.« less

Irradiation subassembly

DOEpatents

Seim, O.S.; Filewicz, E.C.; Hutter, E.

1973-10-23

An irradiation subassembly for use in a nuclear reactor is described which includes a bundle of slender elongated irradiation -capsules or fuel elements enclosed by a coolant tube and having yieldable retaining liner between the irradiation capsules and the coolant tube. For a hexagonal bundle surrounded by a hexagonal tube the yieldable retaining liner may consist either of six segments corresponding to the six sides of the tube or three angular segments each corresponding in two adjacent sides of the tube. The sides of adjacent segments abut and are so cut that metal-tometal contact is retained when the volume enclosed by the retaining liner is varied and Springs are provided for urging the segments toward the center of the tube to hold the capsules in a closely packed configuration. (Official Gazette)

Methods for routine control of irradiated food: Determination of the irradiation status of shellfish by thermoluminescence analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schreiber, G. A.; Hoffmann, A.; Helle, N.; Bögl, K. W.

1994-06-01

In some countries, clearance has been given for treating certain types of shellfish by ionizing radiation in order to increase the shelf-life and to reduce health hazards which might be caused by contaminating microorganisms. In the present study, thermoluminescence (TL) analysis was used to examine the irradiation status of shellfish products purchased from local suppliers. For analysis minerals were isolated from the guts of the animals. Although on none of the examined products an irradiation treatment prior to analysis could be shown, the results obtained on non-irradiated and irradiated products have revealed that irradiation within the commercially used dose range can clearly be detected. Already first glow TL intensities of minerald indicated irradiation treatments. Normalized TL signals of non-irradiated and irradiated samples were clearly separated. By calculation of differences of TL intensities and TL signals between non-irradiated and irradiated samples in dependency of integration temperature an optimized integration area for glow curves was determined. The result of this study agree well with results obtained by two large-scale intercomparisons between food control laboratories to detect irradiation treatment of spices and herbal products as well as of fruit and vegetables by TL analysis of contaminating minerals.

Isoconversional approach for non-isothermal decomposition of un-irradiated and photon-irradiated 5-fluorouracil.

PubMed

Mohamed, Hala Sh; Dahy, AbdelRahman A; Mahfouz, Refaat M

2017-10-25

Kinetic analysis for the non-isothermal decomposition of un-irradiated and photon-beam-irradiated 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as anti-cancer drug, was carried out in static air. Thermal decomposition of 5-FU proceeds in two steps. One minor step in the temperature range of (270-283°C) followed by the major step in the temperature range of (285-360°C). The non-isothermal data for un-irradiated and photon-irradiated 5-FU were analyzed using linear (Tang) and non-linear (Vyazovkin) isoconversional methods. The results of the application of these free models on the present kinetic data showed quite a dependence of the activation energy on the extent of conversion. For un-irradiated 5-FU, the non-isothermal data analysis indicates that the decomposition is generally described by A3 and A4 modeles for the minor and major decomposition steps, respectively. For a photon-irradiated sample of 5-FU with total absorbed dose of 10Gy, the decomposition is controlled by A2 model throughout the coversion range. The activation energies calculated in case of photon-irradiated 5-FU were found to be lower compared to the values obtained from the thermal decomposition of the un-irradiated sample probably due to the formation of additional nucleation sites created by a photon-irradiation. The decomposition path was investigated by intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of DFT. Two transition states were involved in the process by homolytic rupture of NH bond and ring secession, respectively. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Commercial implementation of food irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Welt, M. A.

In July 1981, the first specifically designed multi-purpose irradiation facility for food irradiation was put into service by the Radiation Technology, Inc. subsidiary Process Technology, Inc. in West Memphis, Arkansas. The operational experience gained, resulted in an enhanced design which was put into commercial service in Haw River, North Carolina, by another subsidiary, Process Technology (N.C.), Inc. in October 1983. These facilities have enabled the food industry to assess the commercial viability of food irradiation. Further impetus towards commercialization of food irradiation was gained in March 1981 with the filing in the Federal Register, by the FDA, of an Advanced Proposed Notice of Rulemaking for Food Irradiation. Two years later in July 1983, the FDA approved the first food additive regulation involving food irradiation in nineteen years, when they approved the Radiation Technology, Inc. petition calling for the sanitization of spices, onion powder and garlic powder at a maximum dosage of 10 kGy. Since obtaining the spice irradiation approval, the FDA has accepted four additional petitions for filing in the Federal Register. One of the petitions which extended spice irradiation to include insect disinfestation has issued into a regulation while the remaining petitions covering the sanitization of herbs, spice blends, vegetable seasonings and dry powdery enzymes as well as the petition to irradiate hog carcasses and pork products for trichinae control at 1 kGy, are expected to issue either before the end of 1984 or early in 1985. More recently, food irradiation advocates in the United States received another vote of confidence by the announcement that a joint venture food irradiation facility to be constructed in Hawaii by Radiation Technology, is backed by a contractual committment for the processing of 40 million pounds of produce per year. Another step was taken when the Port of Salem, New Jersey announced that the Radiation Technology Model RT-4104

Final Report on MEGAPIE Target Irradiation and Post-Irradiation Examination

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yong, Dai

2015-06-30

Megawatt pilot experiment (MEGAPIE) was successfully performed in 2006. One of the important goals of MEGAPIE is to understand the behaviour of structural materials of the target components exposed to high fluxes of high-energy protons and spallation neutrons in flowing LBE (liquid lead-bismuth eutectic) environment by conducting post-irradiation examination (PIE). The PIE includes four major parts: non-destructive test, radiochemical analysis of production and distribution of radionuclides produced by spallation reaction in LBE, analysis of LBE corrosion effects on structural materials, T91 and SS 316L steels, and mechanical testing of the T91 and SS 316L steels irradiated in the lower partmore » of the target. The non-destructive test (NDT) including visual inspection and ultrasonic measurement was performed in the proton beam window area of the T91 calotte of the LBE container, the most intensively irradiated part of the MEGAPIE target. The visual inspection showed no visible failure and the ultrasonic measurement demonstrated no detectable change in thickness in the beam window area. Gamma mapping was also performed in the proton beam window area of the AlMg 3 safety-container. The gamma mapping results were used to evaluate the accumulated proton fluence distribution profile, the input data for determining irradiation parameters. Radiochemical analysis of radionuclides produced by spallation reaction in LBE is to improve the understanding of the production and distribution of radionuclides in the target. The results demonstrate that the radionuclides of noble metals, 207Bi, 194Hg/Au are rather homogeneously distributed within the target, while radionuclides of electropositive elements are found to be deposited on the steel-LBE interface. The corrosion effect of LBE on the structural components under intensive irradiation was investigated by metallography. The results show that no evident corrosion damages. However, unexpected deep cracks were found in the

Effect of irradiation temperature on microstructural changes in self-ion irradiated austenitic stainless steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jin, Hyung-Ha; Ko, Eunsol; Lim, Sangyeob; Kwon, Junhyun; Shin, Chansun

2017-09-01

We investigated the microstructural and hardness changes in austenitic stainless steel after Fe ion irradiation at 400, 300, and 200 °C using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoindentation. The size of the Frank loops increased and the density decreased with increasing irradiation temperature. Radiation-induced segregation (RIS) was detected across high-angle grain boundaries, and the degree of RIS increases with increasing irradiation temperature. Ni-Si clusters were observed using high-resolution TEM in the sample irradiated at 400 °C. The results of this work are compared with the literature data of self-ion and proton irradiation at comparable temperatures and damage levels on stainless steels with a similar material composition with this study. Despite the differences in dose rate, alloy composition and incident ion energy, the irradiation temperature dependence of RIS and the size and density of radiation defects followed the same trends, and were very comparable in magnitude.

Phytosanitary irradiation - Development and application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hallman, Guy J.; Loaharanu, Paisan

2016-12-01

Phytosanitary irradiation, the use of ionizing radiation to disinfest traded agricultural commodities of regulated pests, is a growing use of food irradiation that has great continued potential for increase in commercial application. In 2015 approximately 25,000 t of fresh fruits and vegetables were irradiated globally for phytosanitary purposes. Phytosanitary irradiation has resulted in a paradigm shift in phytosanitation in that the final burden of proof of efficacy of the treatment has shifted from no live pests upon inspection at a port of entry (as for all previous phytosanitary treatments) to total dependence on certification that the treatment for target pests is based on adequate science and is commercially conducted and protected from post-treatment infestation. In this regard phytosanitary irradiation is managed more like a hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) approach more consistent with food safety than phytosanitation. Thus, phytosanitary irradiation offers a more complete and rigorous methodology for safeguarding than other phytosanitary measures. The role of different organizations in achieving commercial application of phytosanitary irradiation is discussed as well as future issues and applications, including new generic doses.

Irradiation Creep in Graphite

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ubic, Rick; Butt, Darryl; Windes, William

2014-03-13

An understanding of the underlying mechanisms of irradiation creep in graphite material is required to correctly interpret experimental data, explain micromechanical modeling results, and predict whole-core behavior. This project will focus on experimental microscopic data to demonstrate the mechanism of irradiation creep. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy should be able to image both the dislocations in graphite and the irradiation-induced interstitial clusters that pin those dislocations. The team will first prepare and characterize nanoscale samples of virgin nuclear graphite in a transmission electron microscope. Additional samples will be irradiated to varying degrees at the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) facility and similarlymore » characterized. Researchers will record microstructures and crystal defects and suggest a mechanism for irradiation creep based on the results. In addition, the purchase of a tensile holder for a transmission electron microscope will allow, for the first time, in situ observation of creep behavior on the microstructure and crystallographic defects.« less

Thermoluminescence of irradiated foodstuffs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oduko, J. M.; Spyrou, N. M.

Measurements have been made of the thermoluminescent response of a number of foodstuffs, namely spices, chicken bone, eggshell and strawberries. From the results, irradiated samples can be clearly distinguished from unirradiated ones for several weeks after irradiation of 5-10 kGy, or in the case of some spices for up to 20 months. It is concluded that measurement of thermoluminescence is a promising technique for detecting the irradiation of foodstuffs.

Irradiation effects in monazite-(Ce) and zircon: Raman and photoluminescence study of Au-irradiated FIB foils

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nasdala, Lutz; Akhmadaliev, Shavkat; Artac, Andreas; Chanmuang N., Chutimun; Habler, Gerlinde; Lenz, Christoph

2018-05-01

Lamellae of 1.5 µm thickness, prepared from well-crystallised monazite-(Ce) and zircon samples using the focused-ion-beam technique, were subjected to triple irradiation with 1 MeV Au+ ions (15.6% of the respective total fluence), 4 MeV Au2+ ions (21.9%) and 10 MeV Au3+ ions (62.5%). Total irradiation fluences were varied in the range 4.5 × 1012 - 1.2 × 1014 ions/cm2. The highest fluence resulted in amorphisation of both minerals; all other irradiations (i.e. up to 4.5 × 1013 ions/cm2) resulted in moderate to severe damage. Lamellae were subjected to Raman and laser-induced photoluminescence analysis, in order to provide a means of quantifying irradiation effects using these two micro-spectroscopy techniques. Based on extensive Monte Carlo calculations and subsequent defect-density estimates, irradiation-induced spectroscopic changes are compared with those of naturally self-irradiated samples. The finding that ion irradiation of monazite-(Ce) may cause severe damage or even amorphisation, is in apparent contrast to the general observation that naturally self-irradiated monazite-(Ce) does not become metamict (i.e. irradiation-amorphised), in spite of high self-irradiation doses. This is predominantly assigned to the continuous low-temperature damage annealing undergone by this mineral; other possible causes are discussed. According to cautious estimates, monazite-(Ce) samples of Mesoproterozoic to Cretaceous ages have stored only about 1% of the total damage experienced. In contrast, damage in ion-irradiated and naturally self-irradiated zircon is on the same order; reasons for the observed slight differences are discussed. We may assess that in zircon, alpha decays create significantly less than 103 Frenkel-type defect pairs per event, which is much lower than previous estimates. Amorphisation occurs at defect densities of about 0.10 dpa (displacements per lattice atom).

Development of radiation indicators to distinguish between irradiated and non-irradiated herbal medicines using HPLC and GC-MS.

PubMed

Kim, Min Jung; Ki, Hyeon A; Kim, Won Young; Pal, Sukdeb; Kim, Byeong Keun; Kang, Woo Suk; Song, Joon Myong

2010-09-01

The effects of high dose γ-irradiation on six herbal medicines were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Herbal medicines were irradiated at 0-50 kGy with (60)Co irradiator. HPLC was used to quantify changes of major components including glycyrrhizin, cinnamic acid, poncirin, hesperidin, berberine, and amygdalin in licorice, cinnamon bark, poncirin immature fruit, citrus unshiu peel, coptis rhizome, and apricot kernel. No significant differences were found between gamma-irradiated and non-irradiated samples with regard to the amounts of glycyrrhizin, berberine, and amygdalin. However, the contents of cinnamic acid, poncirin, and hesperidin were increased after irradiation. Volatile compounds were analyzed by GC/MS. The relative proportion of ketone in licorice was diminished after irradiation. The relative amount of hydrocarbons in irradiated cinnamon bark and apricot kernel was higher than that in non-irradiated samples. Therefore, ketone in licorice and hydrocarbons in cinnamon bark and apricot kernel can be considered radiolytic markers. Three unsaturated hydrocarbons, i.e., 1,7,10-hexadecatriene, 6,9-heptadecadiene, and 8-heptadecene, were detected only in apricot kernels irradiated at 25 and 50 kGy. These three hydrocarbons could be used as radiolytic markers to distinguish between irradiated (>25 kGy) and non-irradiated apricot kernels.

Irradiated ready-to-eat spinach leaves: How information influences awareness towards irradiation treatment and consumer's purchase intention

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Finten, G.; Garrido, J. I.; Agüero, M. V.; Jagus, R. J.

2017-01-01

This article aims to clarify and supply further information on food irradiation acceptance, with particular focus on Argentina and irradiated ready-to-eat (RTE) spinach leaves through an open web-online survey. Results showed that half of respondents did not know food irradiation, but the other half demonstrated uncertainty despite they declared they had knowledge about it; thus, confirming little awareness towards this technology. Respondents who believed in the misleading myth about food irradiation represented 39%, while roughly the same number was doubtful. On the other hand, after supplying informative material, respondents were positively influenced and an increase in acceptance by 90% was found. Finally, 42% of respondents were willing to consume/purchase irradiated RTE spinach leaves, and 35% remained doubtful. Respondents who did not exclude to accept irradiated spinach could be considered potential consumers if intensive campaigns about the benefits of food irradiation were carried out by reliable actors. If the Argentinean RTE market grew, following the world consumption trend towards these products, irradiated spinach leaves could be successfully introduced by making better efforts to inform consumers about food irradiation.

Irradiation stability and thermo-mechanical properties of NITE-SiC irradiated to 10 dpa

DOE PAGES

Terrani, Kurt A.; Ang, Caen; Snead, Lance L.; ...

2017-11-24

In this study, five variants of nano-infiltration transient eutectic (NITE) SiC were prepared using nanopowder feedstock and sintering additive contents of <10 wt%. The dense monolithic materials were subsequently irradiated to 2 and 10 dpa in a mixed spectrum fission reactor at nominally 400 and 700°C. The evolution in swelling, strength, and thermal conductivity of these materials were examined after irradiation, where in all cases properties saturated at < 2dpa, without appreciable change for further irradiation to 10 dpa. Swelling behavior appeared similar to high-purity chemical vapor deposition (CVD) SiC within measurement uncertainty. The strength roughly doubled after irradiation. Finally,more » thermal resistivity increase as a result of irradiation was ~20% higher when compared to CVD-SiC.« less

Irradiation stability and thermo-mechanical properties of NITE-SiC irradiated to 10 dpa

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Terrani, Kurt A.; Ang, Caen; Snead, Lance L.

In this study, five variants of nano-infiltration transient eutectic (NITE) SiC were prepared using nanopowder feedstock and sintering additive contents of <10 wt%. The dense monolithic materials were subsequently irradiated to 2 and 10 dpa in a mixed spectrum fission reactor at nominally 400 and 700°C. The evolution in swelling, strength, and thermal conductivity of these materials were examined after irradiation, where in all cases properties saturated at < 2dpa, without appreciable change for further irradiation to 10 dpa. Swelling behavior appeared similar to high-purity chemical vapor deposition (CVD) SiC within measurement uncertainty. The strength roughly doubled after irradiation. Finally,more » thermal resistivity increase as a result of irradiation was ~20% higher when compared to CVD-SiC.« less

How to improve the irradiation conditions for the International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Daum, Eric

2000-12-01

The accelerator-based intense D-Li neutron source International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility (IFMIF) provides very suitable irradiation conditions for fusion materials development with the attractive option of accelerated irradiations. Investigations show that a neutron moderator made of tungsten and placed in the IFMIF test cell can further improve the irradiation conditions. The moderator softens the IFMIF neutron spectrum by enhancing the fraction of low energy neutrons. For displacement damage, the ratio of point defects to cascades is more DEMO relevant and for tritium production in Li-based breeding ceramic materials it leads to a preferred production via the 6Li(n,t) 4He channel as it occurs in a DEMO breeding blanket.

Survival after total body irradiation: Effects of irradiation of exteriorized small intestine. (Reannouncement with new availability information)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vriesendorp, H.M.; Vigneulle, R.M.; Kitto, G.

1993-12-31

Rats receiving lethal irradiation to their exteriorized small intestine with pulsed 18 MVp bremsstrahlung radiation live about 4 days longer than rats receiving a dose of total-body irradiation (TBI) causing intestinal death. The LD50 for intestinal irradiation is approximately 6 Gy higher than the LD50 for intestinal death after TBI. Survival time after exteriorized intestinal irradiation can be decreased, by adding abdominal irradiation. Adding thoracic or pelvic irradiation does not alter survival time. Shielding of large intestine improves survival after irradiation of the rest of the abdomen while the small intestine is also shielded. The kinetics of histological changes inmore » small intestinal tissues implicate the release of humoral factors after irradiation of the abdomen. Radiation injury develops faster in the first (proximal) 40 cm of the small intestine and is expressed predominantly as shortening in villus height. In the last (distal) 40 cm of the small intestine, the most pronounced radiation effect is a decrease in the number of crypts per millimeter. Irradiation (20 Gy) of the proximal small intestine causes 92 % mortality (median survival 10 days). Irradiation (20 Gy) of the distal small intestine causes 27% mortality (median survival > 30 days). In addition to depletion of crypt stem cells in the small intestine, other issues (humoral factors, irradiated subsection of the small intestine and shielding of the large intestine) appear to influence radiation-induced intestinal mortality.« less

TU-H-CAMPUS-TeP2-02: FLASH Irradiation Improves the Therapeutic Index Following GI Tract Irradiation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schueler, E; Trovati, S; King, G

Purpose: To investigate and characterize the radiobiological effectiveness of very high dose rate radiotherapy (FLASH) compared to conventional irradiation in an in vivo model. Methods: The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of C57BL/6 mice were irradiated with doses ranging between 10 and 18 Gy using a custom stereotactic jig. A Varian Clinac 21EX was modified to allow dose rates ranging from 0.05 to 240 Gy/s at the position of the mirror. With the gantry at 180 degrees, the jig holding the individual animals was placed above the mirror to take advantage of the reduced source to target distance. Mice were irradiated withmore » 20MeV electrons. Following irradiation, the mice were monitored twice daily for morbidity and daily for weight changes. Results: Mice irradiated with FLASH irradiation had lower weight loss compared to the mice receiving conventional irradiation. Following FLASH irradiation, a maximum weight loss of ∼20% was observed at day 6 with subsequent recovery, while following conventional irradiation, higher weight losses was observed with fewer instances of recovery. Concerning survival, all mice in the conventionally irradiated groups had a 100% mortality in the range of 15.5–18 Gy, while the mice irradiated with FLASH irradiation had a 100% survival in the same range. Conclusion: These results have demonstrated proof of principle that FLASH irradiations have a dramatic impact on the overall survival of mice following GI tract irradiations. If the increase in the therapeutic window can be validated and understood, this would revolutionize the field of radiation oncology and lead to increased cure rates with reduced side effects following treatment, resulting in increased quality of life for cancer survivors. Funding: DoD, Award#:W81XWH-14-1-0014, Weston Havens Foundation, Bio-X (Stanford University), the Office of the Dean of the Medical School, the Office of the Provost (Stanford University), and the Swedish Childhood Cancer Foundation; BL and PM

Blood Irradiator Interactive Tool Beta Version

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Howington, John; Potter, Charles; DeGroff, Tavias

The “Blood Irradiator Interactive Tool” compares a typical Cs-137 Blood Irradiator with that of the capabilities of an average X-ray Irradiator. It is designed to inform the user about the potential capabilities that an average X-ray Irradiator could offer them. Specifically the tool compares the amount of blood bags that can be irradiated by the users’ machine with that of the average X-ray capability. It also forcasts the amount of blood that can be irradiated on yearly basis for both the users’ machine and an average X-ray Device. The Average X-ray capabilities are taken from the three X-ray devices currentlymore » on the market: The RS 3400 Rad Source X-ray Blood Irradiator and both the 2.0L and 3.5 L versions of the Best Theratronis Raycell MK2« less

IRRADIATION AND TISSUE IMMUNITY. II. RESPONSE TO INJECTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCI IN X IRRADIATED SKIN AREAS OF RABBITS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kahn, R.L.

1963-03-01

Twenty-four hrs after 1000-r x irradiation of a small area of the skin of rabbits, they were injected with a suspension of staphylococci subcutaneously in the irradiated area and in a nonirradiated control area. Localized lesions were most marked in nonirradiated areas and in some animals no visible lesions were noted in irradiated areas. The mild inflammatory lesions in irradiated areas corroborate the point of view, that irradiation is anti-inflammatory. The reason for mild lesions must be the reduced localization of staphylococci in irradiated areas and their escape from those areas. It is suggested that the antilocalizing property of irradiationmore » is probably the basis for the antiinflammatory action. When the concentration of organisms injected in the irradiated area was high (10 billion), septicemia and death of the rabbits occurred, presumably as a result of the antilocalizing property of irradiation, which permitted the escape of the organisms from the injected area. In animals injected in irradiated areas with either 0.5 or 5 billion organisms, no septicemia was observed, presumably because of the high natural immunity of rabbits to staphylococci. (TCO)« less

AGC-2 Irradiation Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rohrbaugh, David Thomas; Windes, William; Swank, W. David

The Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) will be a helium-cooled, very high temperature reactor (VHTR) with a large graphite core. In past applications, graphite has been used effectively as a structural and moderator material in both research and commercial high temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR) designs.[ , ] Nuclear graphite H 451, used previously in the United States for nuclear reactor graphite components, is no longer available. New nuclear graphites have been developed and are considered suitable candidates for the new NGNP reactor design. To support the design and licensing of NGNP core components within a commercial reactor, a completemore » properties database must be developed for these current grades of graphite. Quantitative data on in service material performance are required for the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of each graphite grade with a specific emphasis on data related to the life limiting effects of irradiation creep on key physical properties of the NGNP candidate graphites. Based on experience with previous graphite core components, the phenomenon of irradiation induced creep within the graphite has been shown to be critical to the total useful lifetime of graphite components. Irradiation induced creep occurs under the simultaneous application of high temperatures, neutron irradiation, and applied stresses within the graphite components. Significant internal stresses within the graphite components can result from a second phenomenon—irradiation induced dimensional change. In this case, the graphite physically changes i.e., first shrinking and then expanding with increasing neutron dose. This disparity in material volume change can induce significant internal stresses within graphite components. Irradiation induced creep relaxes these large internal stresses, thus reducing the risk of crack formation and component failure. Obviously, higher irradiation creep levels tend to relieve more internal stress, thus allowing the

MASSIVE LEAKAGE IRRADIATOR

DOEpatents

Wigner, E.P.; Szilard, L.; Christy, R.F.; Friedman, F.L.

1961-05-30

An irradiator designed to utilize the neutrons that leak out of a reactor around its periphery is described. It avoids wasting neutron energy and reduces interference with the core flux to a minimum. This is done by surrounding all or most of the core with removable segments of the material to be irradiated within a matrix of reflecting material.

Positron irradiation effect on positronium formation in gamma-irradiated LDPE and unplasticized PVC

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, J.; Zang, P.; Cao, X. Z.; Yu, R. S.; Wang, B. Y.

2017-06-01

Positron irradiation effects on positronium formation in low-density polyethylene (LDPE), gamma-irradiated LDPE and unplasticized PVC (UPVC) are studied. At least in one of the three different measurements, i.e., prolonged positron annihilation measurement at room temperature, low temperature in darkness and subsequent measurement under light, changes in o-Ps intensity are observed in non-irradiated LDPE and gamma-irradiated LDPE. While in UPVC, change in o-Ps intensity is hardly observable in all the above-mentioned three measurements. Reduction of o-Ps intensity by light indicates that positronium formation via the recombination of a positron and a trapped electron exists in LDPE and gamma-irradiated LDPE. The absence of light bleaching effect, together with the fact that the value of o-Ps intensity in heating and cooling process of a thermal circle is nearly the same, indicates that in UPVC, positronium can not be formed through trapped electron mechanism. This study highlights the speciality of positronium formation in UPVC, positronium is formed exclusively by the recombination of electron-positron pairs with short separations.

Le potentiel de l'asteroseismologie pour les etoiles sous-naines de type B

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Charpinet, Stephane

L'objectif principal de cette thèse consiste à évaluer les possibilités que les étoiles sous naines de type B, aussi appelées sdB, puissent développer des variations de luminosité engendrées par des phénomènes de pulsations. Dans la mesure où, au commencement de cette étude, les sdB ne sont pas connues pour montrer ce type de comportement, notre approche s'effectue exclusivement sur des bases théoriques visant à déterminer, par le calcul, si ces étoiles ont le potentiel pour devenir instables. Le cas échéant, il s'agira d'évaluer quels sont les résultats susceptibles d'émerger d'un sondage de la structure interne de ces étoiles avec les méthodes de l'astéroséismologie. Après avoir introduit le contexte et les outils théoriques nécessaires à ce projet (théorie des pulsations stellaires et modèles d'étoiles sous-naines de type B), la démarche passe obligatoirement par une étude exhaustive des propriétés des modes de pulsation dans ces étoiles. Nous l'avons entreprise de manière systématique afin d'évaluer et de comprendre les comportements des oscillations en fonction des différents paramètres physiques qui caractérisent une sdB. Par souci de complétude, nous étudions également les rapports qu'entretiennent évolution et périodes de pulsation au cours de la phase sdB. Par la suite, fort des connaissances nouvellement acquises, nous nous lançons dans l'étude de la stabilité des modes d'oscillation, l'objectif étant d'identifier, le cas échéant, un mécanisme capable de déstabiliser, dans certaines conditions, une fraction de ces étoiles. Par cette approche, nous déterminons qu'un mécanisme κ associé à une région d'ionisation partielle de l'élément fer agit efficacement dans l'enveloppe des sdB si, toutefois, le fer y est présent en quantités extra- solaires. Nous montrons alors que des processus de diffusion, déjà fortement suspectes d'exister dans ces étoiles, sont en mesure d'accumuler des quantit

A new multipurpose gamma-irradiation facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huebner, G.

In the past 3 yr much work has been done in the G.D.R. on food irradiation. The experiments have shown that this treatment gives favourable results in many products such as spices, onions, potatoes, chicken, animal feeds, fodder yeast, drugs and vaccines. Economic aspects of food irradiation require the effective use of an irradiation plant and cobalt-60. Therefore, a new multipurpose irradiation facility was developed, applicable as an onion irradiator with a capacity of about 15 ton/h and for the simultaneous irradiation of different products (spices, animal feed, chicken, etc.) in closed product ☐es with a size of 1.2 m x 1.0 m x 1.2 m. A microcomputer controls the transport of product ☐es around the gamma sources.

Solar Irradiance Data Products at the LASP Interactive Solar IRradiance Datacenter (LISIRD)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ware Dewolfe, A.; Wilson, A.; Lindholm, D. M.; Pankratz, C. K.; Snow, M. A.; Woods, T. N.

2010-12-01

The Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) has developed the LASP Interactive Solar IRradiance Datacenter (LISIRD) to provide access to a comprehensive set of solar irradiance measurements. LISIRD has recently been updated to serve many new datasets and models, including data from SORCE, UARS-SOLSTICE, SME, and TIMED-SEE, and model data from the Flare Irradiance Spectral Model (FISM). The user interface emphasizes web-based interactive visualizations, allowing users to explore and compare this data before downloading it for analysis. The data provided covers a wavelength range from soft X-ray (XUV) at 0.1 nm up to the near infrared (NIR) at 2400 nm, as well as wavelength-independent Total Solar Irradiance (TSI). Combined data from the SORCE, TIMED-SEE, UARS-SOLSTICE, and SME instruments provide continuous coverage from 1981 to the present, while Lyman-alpha measurements, FISM daily data, and TSI models date from the 1940s to the present. LISIRD will also host Glory TSI data as part of the SORCE data system. This poster provides an overview of the LISIRD system, summarizes the data sets currently available, describes future plans and capabilities, and provides details on how to access solar irradiance data through LISIRD’s interfaces.

Electron irradiation of dry food products

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grünewald, Th.

The interest of the industrial food producer is increasing in having the irradiation facility installed in the food processing chain. The throughput of the irradiator should be high and the residence time of the product in the facility should be short. These conditions can be accomplished by electron irradiators. To clarify the irradiation conditions spices taken out of the industrial process, food grade salt, sugar, and gums as models of dry food products were irradiated. With a radiation dose of 10 kGy microbial load can be reduced on 10∗∗4 microorganisms/g. The sensory properties of the spices were not changed in an atypical way. For food grade salt and sugar changes of colour were observed which are due to lattice defects or initiated browning. The irradiation of several gums led only in some cases to an improvement of the thickness properties in the application below 50°C, in most cases the thickness effect was reduced. The products were packaged before irradiation. But it would be possible also to irradiate the products without packaging moving the product through the iradiation field in a closed conveyor system.

Cherry Irradiation Studies. 1984 annual report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eakin, D.E.; Hungate, F.P.; Tingey, G.L.

1985-04-01

Fresh cherries, cherry fruit fly larvae, and codling moth larvae were irradiated using the PNL cobalt-60 facility to determine the efficacy of irradiation treatment for insect disinfestation and potential shelf life extension. Irradiation is an effective disinfestation treatment with no significant degradation of fruit at doses well above those required for quarantine treatment. Sufficient codling moth control was achieved at projected doses of less than 25 krad; cherry fruit fly control, at projected doses of less than 15 krad. Dose levels up to 60 krad did not adversely affect cherry quality factors tested. Irradiation above 60 krad reduced the firmnessmore » of cherries but had no significant impact on other quality factors tested. Irradiation of cherries below 80 krad did not result in any significant differences in sensory evaluations (appearance, flavor, and firmness) in tests conducted at OSU. Irradiation up to 200 krad at a temperature of about 25/sup 0/C (77/sup 0/F) did not measurably extend shelf life. Irradiation at 500 krad at 25/sup 0/C (77/sup 0/F) increased mold and rotting of cherries tested. There is no apparent advantage of irradiation over low-temperature fumigation.« less

Irradiation of northwest agricultural products

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eakin, D. E.; Tingey, G. I.

1985-02-01

Irradiation of food for disinfestation and preservation is increasing in importance because of increasing restrictions on various chemical treatments. Irradiation treatment is of particular interest in the Northwest because of a growing supply of agricultural products and the need to develop new export markets. Several products have, or could potentially have, significant export markets if stringent insect ocntrol procedures are developed and followed. Due to the recognized potential benefits of irradiation, this program was conducted to evaluate the benefits of using irradiation on Northwest agricultural products. Commodities currently included in the program are cherries, apples, asparagus, spices, hay, and hides.

An Estimate of Changes in the Sun's Total Irradiance Caused by UV Irradiance Variations from 1874 to 1988

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lean, J.

1990-01-01

Enhanced emission from bright solar faculae is a source of significant variation in the sun's total irradiance. Relative to the emission from the quiet sun, facular emission is known to be considerably greater at UV wavelengths than at visible wavelengths. Determining the spectral dependence of facular emission is of interest for the physical insight this may provide to the origin of the sun's irradiance variations. It is also of interest because solar radiation at lambda less than 300 nm is almost totally absorbed in the Earth's atmosphere. Depending on the magnitude of the UV irradiance variations, changes in the sun's irradiance that penetrates to the Earth's surface may not be equivalent to total irradiance variations measured above the Earth's atmosphere. Using an empirical model of total irradiance variations which accounts separately for changes caused by bright faculae from those associated with dark sunspots, the contribution of UV irradiance variations to changes in the sun's total irradiance is estimated during solar cycles 12 to 21.

Dyeing of γ-irradiated cotton with natural flavonoid dye extracted from irradiated onion shells (Allium cepa) powder

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rehman, Fazal-ur; Adeel, Shahid; Shahid, Muhammad; Bhatti, Ijaz Ahmad; Nasir, Faiza; Akhtar, Nasim; Ahmad, Zulfiqar

2013-11-01

Powder of Onion shells as a source of natural flavonoid dye (Quercetin) and cotton fabrics were exposed to absorbed doses of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 kGy using Cs-137 gamma irradiator. Irradiated and un-irradiated dye powder was used for extraction of quercetin as well as antibacterial, hemolytic and antioxidant activities were also determined to observe the effect of radiation. Furthermore, color strength and colourfastness of irradiated fabrics were improved by using pre and post-mordants such as alum and iron. It is found that 4 kGy is the optimal absorbed dose for extraction of natural quercetin extracted from onion shells while maximum color strength and acceptable fastness properties are obtained on dyeing of irradiated fabric at 60 °C keeping M:L of 1:30 using 10% alum as pre-mordant and 6% alum as post-mordant. Gamma irradiation has not only improved the color strength of the dye using irradiated cotton but also that of colourfastness properties.

AMINO ACIDURIA IN PRIMATES FOLLOWING IRRADIATION

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hunter, C.G.

The daily urine amino N excretion of 4 monkeys was followed before and after whole body irradiation with doses in the lower lethal range. In 2 non- survivors, there was little change in the daily quantity excreted until terminally. In 2 survivors given the same food intakes as in the irradiated study and sham irradiated, the daily urine amino N excretion during the first week differed but slightly from the values after irradiation, but in the second week more amino N was excreted after irradiation in one animal and less in the other. It would appear that amino aciduria inmore » primates irradiated with doses in the lower lethal range is inseparable from the natural response of the over-all protein metabolism associated with any injury. (auth)« less

Rapid detection of irradiated frozen hamburgers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Delincée, Henry

2002-03-01

DNA comet assay can be employed as a rapid and inexpensive screening test to check whether frozen ground beef patties (hamburgers) have been irradiated as a means to increase their safety by eliminating pathogenic bacteria, e.g. E. coli O157:H7. Such a detection procedure will provide an additional check on compliance with existing regulations, e.g. enforcement of labelling and rules in international trade. Frozen ready prepared hamburgers from the market place were `electron irradiated' with doses of 0, 1.3, 2.7, 4.5 and 7.2kGy covering the range of potential commercial irradiation. DNA fragmentation in the hamburgers was made visible within a few hours using the comet assay, and non-irradiated hamburgers could be easily discerned from the irradiated ones. Even after 9 months of frozen storage, irradiated hamburgers could be identified. Since DNA fragmentation may also occur with other food processes (e.g. temperature abuse), positive screening tests shall be confirmed using a validated method to specifically prove an irradiation treatment, e.g. EN 1784 or EN 1785.

Thermal analysis applied to irradiated propolis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matsuda, Andrea Harumi; Machado, Luci Brocardo; del Mastro, Nélida Lucia

2002-03-01

Propolis is a resinous hive product, collected by bees. Raw propolis requires a decontamination procedure and irradiation appears as a promising technique for this purpose. The valuable properties of propolis for food and pharmaceutical industries have led to increasing interest in its technological behavior. Thermal analysis is a chemical analysis that gives information about changes on heating of great importance for technological applications. Ground propolis samples were 60Co gamma irradiated with 0 and 10 kGy. Thermogravimetry curves shown a similar multi-stage decomposition pattern for both irradiated and unirradiated samples up to 600°C. Similarly, through differential scanning calorimetry , a coincidence of melting point of irradiated and unirradiated samples was found. The results suggest that the irradiation process do not interfere on the thermal properties of propolis when irradiated up to 10 kGy.

Irradiation Microstructure of Austenitic Steels and Cast Steels Irradiated in the BOR-60 Reactor at 320°C

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Yong; Chen, Yiren; Huang, Yina; Allen, Todd; Rao, Appajosula

Reactor internal components are subjected to neutron irradiation in light water reactors, and with the aging of nuclear power plants around the world, irradiation-induced material degradations are of concern for reactor internals. Irradiation-induced defects resulting from displacement damage are critical for understanding degradation in structural materials. In the present work, microstructural changes due to irradiation in austenitic stainless steels and cast steels were characterized using transmission electron microscopy. The specimens were irradiated in the BOR-60 reactor, a fast breeder reactor, up to 40 dpa at 320°C. The dose rate was approximately 9.4x10-7 dpa/s. Void swelling and irradiation defects were analyzed for these specimens. A high density of faulted loops dominated the irradiated-altered microstructures. Along with previous TEM results, a dose dependence of the defect structure was established at 320°C.

Proton irradiation study of GFR candidate ceramics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gan, Jian; Yang, Yong; Dickson, Clayton; Allen, Todd

2009-06-01

This work investigated the microstructural response of SiC, ZrC and ZrN irradiated with 2.6 MeV protons at 800 °C to a fluence of 2.75 × 10 19 protons/cm 2, corresponding to 0.71-1.8 displacement per atom (dpa), depending on the material. The change of lattice constant evaluated using HOLZ patterns is not observed. In comparison to Kr ion irradiation at 800 °C to 10 dpa from the previous studies, the proton irradiated ZrC and ZrN at 1.8 dpa show less irradiation damage to the lattice structure. The proton irradiated ZrC exhibits faulted loops which are not observed in the Kr ion irradiated sample. ZrN shows the least microstructural change from proton irradiation. The microstructure of 6H-SiC irradiated to 0.71 dpa consists of black dot defects at high density.

Irradiation induced kyphosis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Riseborough, E.J.

1977-10-01

Eighty-one patients with Wilms tumor treated by irradiation and chemotherapy were studied. Despite the fact that multiple portals for irradiation were used, each crossing the midline, the amount of irradiation delivered to different parts of the vertebral body varied and it was this variation in delivered dose which produced axial skeletal deformities in 70% of the patients. Of the 57 patients with these deformities, 32 had scoliosis, 22 kyphoscoliosis and 3 patients pure kyphosis; 12 patients had a kyphotic deformity of over 25 degrees, 7 patients requiring surgical correction. A high incidence of pseudarthrosis following posterior fusion has led tomore » the preference of a 2-stage procedure, anterior interbody fusion followed by a posterior fusion with Harrington rods after 2 weeks of correction in halo femoral traction.« less

Embrittlement behavior of neutron irradiated RAFM steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gaganidze, E.; Schneider, H.-C.; Dafferner, B.; Aktaa, J.

2007-08-01

The effects of neutron irradiation on the embrittlement behavior of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steel EUROFER97 for different heat treatment conditions have been investigated. The irradiation to 16.3 dpa at different irradiation temperatures (250-450 °C) was carried out in the Petten High Flux Reactor in the framework of the HFR Phase-IIb (SPICE) irradiation project. Several reference RAFM steels (F82H-mod, OPTIFER-Ia, GA3X) and MANET-I were also irradiated at selected temperatures. The embrittlement behavior and hardening were investigated by instrumented Charpy-V tests with subsize specimens. The neutron irradiation induced embrittlement and hardening of as-delivered EUROFER97 are comparable to those of investigated reference steels, being mostly pronounced for 250 °C and 300 °C irradiation temperatures. Heat treatment of EUROFER97 at higher austenization temperature substantially improves the embrittlement behavior at irradiation temperatures of 250 °C and 350 °C.

Design of YCF-1 mobile γ irradiator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hehu, Zhang; Chuanzhen, Wang

1993-07-01

YCF-1 Mobile irradiator is designed by BINE of China. It has been put into running in YanJi city of Jilin province. It is able to be moved to border and distance places and area lumped and spreading out of agricultural products to service. It can play a important role in demonstration and extending irradiation technology in food irradiation, disinfestation, sterilization and quarantine, etc. This paper describes the features and design considerations of mobile irradiator. This irradiator adopted Cesium-137 source. The design capacity of loading source is 9.25PBq (250kCi), A half-time of Cs- 137 is 30.2 years long, exchanging source is not needed utilization rate of energy is higher, and the shielding is thinner, The Weight is lighter, The dose rate on the surface of it is 0.0025mSv/h in accordance with national standard. The internal size of irradiation room is 1800×1800×900mm (L×W×H), The sheilding of irradiation room is a steel shell filled with lead. The thickness of lead is 18cm. The irradiator is installed on a special flat truck. The size of the truck is 7000×3400×4200mm (L×W×H). The weight of irradiator is more than 80 150kw. The main components and parts of irradiator are: source, source racks and hoist, irradiation chamber, storage source chamber, the product's transport system, dose monitoring system, ventilation system and safety interlock system, etc.

Plasmodium falciparum: attenuation by irradiation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Waki, S.; Yonome, I.; Suzuki, M.

The effect of irradiation on the in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum was investigated. The cultured malarial parasites at selected stages of development were exposed to gamma rays and the sensitivity of each stage was determined. The stages most sensitive to irradiation were the ring forms and the early trophozoites; late trophozoites were relatively insensitive. The greatest resistance was shown when parasites were irradiated at a time of transition from the late trophozoite and schizont stages to young ring forms. The characteristics of radiosensitive variation in the parasite cycle resembled that of mammalian cells. Growth curves of parasites exposed tomore » doses of irradiation upto 150 gray had the same slope as nonirradiated controls but parasites which were exposed to 200 gray exhibited a growth curve which was less steep than that for parasites in other groups. Less than 10 organisms survived from the 10(6) parasites exposed to this high dose of irradiation; the possibility exists of obtaining radiation-attenuated P. falciparum.« less

Mechanical properties of irradiated beryllium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beeston, J. M.; Longhurst, G. R.; Wallace, R. S.; Abeln, S. P.

1992-10-01

Beryllium is planned for use as a neutron multiplier in the tritium breeding blanket of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). After fabricating samples of beryllium at densities varying from 80 to 100% of the theoretical density, we conducted a series of experiments to measure the effect of neutron irradiation on mechanical properties, especially strength and ductility. Samples were irradiated in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) to a neutron fluence of 2.6 × 10 25 n/m 2 ( E > 1 MeV) at an irradiation temperature of 75°C. These samples were subsequently compression-tested at room temperature, and the results were compared with similar tests on unirradiated specimens. We found that the irradiation increased the strength by approximately four times and reduced the ductility to approximately one fourth. Failure was generally ductile, but the 80% dense irradiated samples failed in brittle fracture with significant generation of fine particles and release of small quantities of tritium.

Irradiation preservation of seafood: Literature review

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Molton, P.M.

1987-10-01

The application of gamma-irradiation for extending the shelf life of seafood has been of interest for many years. This report reviews a number of studies on seafood irradiation conducted over the past several years. Topics covered include seafood irradiation techniques and dosages, species applicability and differences, the effects of packaging on seafood preservation, and changes in organoleptic acceptability as a result of irradiation. Particular attention is given to radiation effects (likely and unlikely) of concern to the public. These include the potential for generation of toxic chemical products, botulinum toxin production, and other health concerns. No scientifically defensible evidence ofmore » any kind was found for any harmful effect of irradiation of seafoods at the doses being considered (less than 300 krad), and all indications are that irradiation is an acceptable and needed additional tool for seafood preservation. 49 refs., 14 figs., 14 tabs.« less

Progress of food irradiation in the United States

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Derr, D. D.; Engeljohn, D. L.; Griffin, R. L.

1995-02-01

Irradiated foods have not yet made a significant impact in the United States marketplace. What progress has occurred to facilitate their commercialization? Irradiated produce has been sold in small quantities since 1992 and irradiated poultry was introduced in the marketplace in 1993. Federal inspection of irradiated commodities has settled into a regular routine. What must occur to further expand irradiated foods in the marketplace? Petitions to permit irradiation of red meats and seafood are being considered by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and a petition to permit the irradiation of shell eggs is being prepared for submission to FDA. In addition, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has accelerated efforts to develop the policies and regulatory structure needed to facilitate the approval of new irradiation treatments for imported plant products regulated by quarantine. When will greater commercialization occur? More positive coverage to food irradiation in recent months by both the trade and popular press indicates a change in attitude towards irradiated foods by both consumers and the food industry. Finally, actual consumer response to available irradiated foods casts a favorable light on the potential for increased marketing of value-added irradiated foods.

Comminuting irradiated ferritic steel

DOEpatents

Bauer, Roger E.; Straalsund, Jerry L.; Chin, Bryan A.

1985-01-01

Disclosed is a method of comminuting irradiated ferritic steel by placing the steel in a solution of a compound selected from the group consisting of sulfamic acid, bisulfate, and mixtures thereof. The ferritic steel is used as cladding on nuclear fuel rods or other irradiated components.

Irradiation-induced effects of proton irradiation on zirconium carbides with different stoichiometries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Y. Huang; B.R. Maier; T.R. Allen

2014-10-01

Zirconium carbide (ZrC) is being considered for utilization in deep burn TRISO fuel particles for hightemperature, gas-cooled reactors. Zirconium carbide has a cubic B1 type crystal structure along with a very high melting point (3420 ?C), exceptional hardness and good thermal and electrical conductivities. Understanding the ZrC irradiation response is crucial for establishing ZrC as an alternative component in TRISO fuel. Until now, very few studies on irradiation effects on ZrC have been released and fundamental aspects of defect evolution and kinetics are not well understood although some atomistic simulations and phenomenological studies have been performed. This work was carriedmore » out to understand the damage evolution in float-zone refined ZrC with different stoichiometries. Proton irradiations at 800 ?C up to doses of 3 dpa were performed on ZrCx (where x ranges from 0.9 to 1.2) to investigate the damage evolution. The irradiation-induced defects, such as density of dislocation loops, at different stoichiometries and doses which were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is presented and discussed.« less

Void swelling and irradiation creep in austenitic and martensitic stainless steels under cyclic irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhiyong, Zhu; Jung, Peter; Klein, Horst

1993-07-01

A high purity austenitic FeCrNiMo alloy and DIN 1.4914 martensitic stainless steel were irradiated with 6.2 MeV protons. The pulsed operation of a tokamak fusion reactor was simulated by simultaneous cycling of beam, temperature and stress similar to that anticipated in the NET (Next European Torus) design. Void swelling and irradiation creep of the FeCrNiMo alloy under cyclic and stationary conditions were identical within the experimental error. The martensitic steel showed no swelling at the present low doses (~0.2 dpa). The plastic deformation under continuous and cyclic irradiation was essentially determined by thermal creep. During irradiation the electrical resistivity of FeCrNiMo slightly increased, probably due to swelling, while that of DIN 1.4914 linearly decreased, probably due to segregation effects.

Parameterization of daily solar global ultraviolet irradiation.

PubMed

Feister, U; Jäkel, E; Gericke, K

2002-09-01

Daily values of solar global ultraviolet (UV) B and UVA irradiation as well as erythemal irradiation have been parameterized to be estimated from pyranometer measurements of daily global and diffuse irradiation as well as from atmospheric column ozone. Data recorded at the Meteorological Observatory Potsdam (52 degrees N, 107 m asl) in Germany over the time period 1997-2000 have been used to derive sets of regression coefficients. The validation of the method against independent data sets of measured UV irradiation shows that the parameterization provides a gain of information for UVB, UVA and erythemal irradiation referring to their averages. A comparison between parameterized daily UV irradiation and independent values of UV irradiation measured at a mountain station in southern Germany (Meteorological Observatory Hohenpeissenberg at 48 degrees N, 977 m asl) indicates that the parameterization also holds even under completely different climatic conditions. On a long-term average (1953-2000), parameterized annual UV irradiation values are 15% and 21% higher for UVA and UVB, respectively, at Hohenpeissenberg than they are at Potsdam. Daily global and diffuse irradiation measured at 28 weather stations of the Deutscher Wetterdienst German Radiation Network and grid values of column ozone from the EPTOMS satellite experiment served as inputs to calculate the estimates of the spatial distribution of daily and annual values of UV irradiation across Germany. Using daily values of global and diffuse irradiation recorded at Potsdam since 1937 as well as atmospheric column ozone measured since 1964 at the same site, estimates of daily and annual UV irradiation have been derived for this site over the period from 1937 through 2000, which include the effects of changes in cloudiness, in aerosols and, at least for the period of ozone measurements from 1964 to 2000, in atmospheric ozone. It is shown that the extremely low ozone values observed mainly after the eruption of Mt

Irradiation doses on thyroid gland during the postoperative irradiation for breast cancer.

PubMed

Akın, Mustafa; Ergen, Arzu; Unal, Aysegul; Bese, Nuran

2014-01-01

Thyroid gland is one of the radiosensitive endocrine organs in the body. It has been shown that direct irradiation of thyroid with total doses of 26 to 30 Gy can lead to functional abnormalities. In this study, irradiation doses on thyroid gland of the patients who received postoperative chest-wall/breast and regional nodal irradiation were assessed. Retrospective analyses of treatment plans from 122 breast cancer patients who were treated with 3D conformal radiotherapy (3D CRT) planning was performed. All patients received irradiation to supraclavicular/level III lymph nodes in addition to chest-wall/breast. A total dose of 46 Gy was delivered in 25 days to supraclavicular/level III lymph node region while a total dose of 50 Gy was delivered to whole breast/chest-wall. Thyroid gland was contoured on 2-5 mm thickness of computed tomography scans. Absolute thyroid volume, mean thyroid doses were calculated. The mean thyroid volume of all patients was 16.7 cc (min: 1.9 cc, max: 41.6 cc). The mean irradiation dose on was 22.5 Gy (0.32 Gy-46.5 Gy). The level of dose was higher than 26 Gy in 44% of the patients. In majority of the node-positive breast cancer patients treated with 3D CRT, the thyroid gland was exposed to considerable doses. On the other hand, for 44% of the patients are at risk for developing thyroid function abnormalities which should be considered during the routine follow-up.

The present situation of the irradiation application industry and irradiation facilities in Japan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mizusawa, K.; Baba, T.

2003-08-01

The irradiation application industry and irradiation facilities in Japan have been making slow but steady progress for the past 2-3 years. Beside conventional applications, new ones such as carbon fibers and membrane filters have come into the market. There are a lot of new applications about to emerge. PE tubing, already is in the European market, is being evaluated by end users in Japan. Cleaning of dioxin in exhaust gas was successfully tested at a pilot plant. Cross-linked PTFE and polyamide are waiting customers' evaluations as an engineering plastic. Surface cross-linking of artificial polycarbonate teeth has yielded remarkable experimental results. Cross-linking of polycaprolactone will be useful for biodegradable products. Being aware of the future growth of irradiation industry, contract service providers opened new facilities or increased their capability. Beside in-house facilities, there are now three Co-60 facilities and nine EB facilities available for contract irradiation in Japan.

Calculating Irradiance For Photosynthesis In The Ocean

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Collins, Donald J.; Davis, Curtiss O.; Booth, C. Rockwell; Kiefer, Dale A.; Stallings, Casson

1990-01-01

Mathematical model predicts available and usable irradiances. Yields estimates of irradiance available for photosynthesis (Epar) and irradiance usable for photosynthesis (Epur) as functions of depth in ocean. Describes Epur and Epar in terms of spectral parameters measured remotely (from satellites or airplanes). These irradiances useful in studies of photosynthetic productivity of phytoplankton in euphotic layer.

Irradiation effects on hydrases for biomedical applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Furuta, Masakazu; Ohashi, Isao; Oka, Masahito; Hayashi, Toshio

2000-03-01

To apply an irradiation technique to sterilize "Hybrid" biomedical materials including enzymes, we selected papain, a well-characterized plant endopeptidase as a model to examine durability of enzyme activity under the practical irradiation condition in which limited data were available for irradiation inactivation of enzymes. Dry powder and frozen aqueous solution of papain showed significant durability against 60Co-gamma irradiation suggesting that, the commercial irradiation sterilizing method is applicable without modification. Although irradiation of unfrozen aqueous papain solution showed an unusual change of the enzymatic activity with the increasing doses, and was totally inactivated at 15 kGy, we managed to keep the residual activity more than 50% of initial activity after 30-kGy irradiation, taking such optimum conditions as increasing enzyme concentration from 10 to 100 mg/ml and purging with N 2 gas to suppress the formation of free radicals.

Particular applications of food irradiation fresh produce

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prakash, Anuradha

2016-12-01

On fresh fruits and vegetables, irradiation at low and medium dose levels can effectively reduce microbial counts which can enhance safety, inhibit sprouting to extend shelf-life, and eliminate or sterilize insect pests which can serve to facilitate trade between countries. At the dose levels used for these purposes, the impact on quality is negligible. Despite the fact that regulations in many countries allow the use of irradiation for fresh produce, the technology remains under-utilized, even in the light of an increase in produce related disease outbreaks and the economic benefits of extended shelf life and reduced food waste. Putative concerns about consumer acceptance particularly for produce that is labeled as irradiated have deterred many companies from using irradiation and retailers to carry irradiated produce. This section highlights the commercial use of irradiation for fresh produce, other than phytosanitary irradiation which is covered in supplementary sections.

Free radical kinetics on irradiated fennel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamaoki, Rumi; Kimura, Shojiro; Ohta, Masatoshi

2008-09-01

Herein, an electron spin resonance study on the behavior of organic radicals in fennel before and after irradiation is reported. The spectrum of irradiated fennel composed of the spectrum component derived from the un-irradiated sample (near g=2.005) and the spectra components derived from carbohydrates. The time decay of intensity spectral components was well explained by first-order kinetics with a variety of rate constants. Especially, the signal at near g=2.02 ascribed to stable cellulose-derivative components is expected to be a good indicator in the identification of irradiated plant samples.

ATF Neutron Irradiation Program Technical Plan

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Geringer, J. W.; Katoh, Yutai

The Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) under the Civil Nuclear Energy Working Group (CNWG) is engaged in a cooperative research effort with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to explore issues related to nuclear energy, including research on accident-tolerant fuels and materials for use in light water reactors. This work develops a draft technical plan for a neutron irradiation program on the candidate accident-tolerant fuel cladding materials and elements using the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR). The research program requires the design of a detailed experiment, development of test vehicles, irradiation of test specimens, possible post-irradiation examination and characterization ofmore » irradiated materials and the shipment of irradiated materials to JAEA in Japan. This report discusses the technical plan of the experimental study.« less

Food irradiation: Standards, regulations and world-wide trade

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roberts, Peter B.

2016-12-01

There is an established framework of international standards for food irradiation covering human health, plant protection, labelling, dose delivery, quality assurance and facility management. Approximately 60 countries permit irradiation of one or more food or food classes. National regulations are briefly reviewed. Decontamination of spices, herbs and condiments remains the single largest application of irradiation. However, in recent years the market for irradiated fresh and processed meat has become firmly established in several countries including China and the USA. At least 10 countries have recently established bi-lateral agreements for trade in irradiated fresh fruits and vegetables using phytosanitary irradiation. Irradiated fresh produce volumes now exceed 20,000 t per year. Rationalization and greater consistency in labelling regulations would be advantageous to the future growth of applications of food irradiation.

Effect of gamma-irradiation on degradation of alginate.

PubMed

Lee, Dong Wook; Choi, Won Seok; Byun, Myung Woo; Park, Hyun Jin; Yu, Yong-Man; Lee, Chong M

2003-07-30

The aqueous solution of alginate was irradiated by 60Co gamma-rays in the dose range of 10-500 kGy. To assess the effect of irradiation on the degradation of alginate, the irradiation-induced changes in the viscosity, molecular weight, color, monomer composition, and sequence were measured. The molecular weight of raw alginate was reduced from 300000 to 25000 when irradiated at 100 kGy. The degradation rate decreased and the chain breaks per molecule increased with increasing irradiation dose. The viscosity of irradiated alginate solution reached a near minimum as low as at 10 kGy. No appreciable color changes were observed in the samples irradiated at up to 100 kGy, but intense browning occurred beyond 200 kGy. The 13C NMR spectra showed that homopolymeric blocks, MM and GG, increased and the M/G ratio decreased with irradiation. Considering both the level of degradation and the color change of alginate, the optimum irradiation dose was found to be 100 kGy.

The Next Spaceflight Solar Irradiance Sensor: TSIS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kopp, Greg; Pilewskie, Peter; Richard, Erik

2016-05-01

The Total and Spectral Solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS) will continue measurements of the solar irradiance with improved accuracies and stabilities over extant spaceflight instruments. The two TSIS solar-observing instruments include the Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM) and the Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM) for measuring total- and spectral- solar-irradiance, respectively. The former provides the net energy powering the Earth’s climate system while the latter helps attribute where that energy is absorbed by the Earth’s atmosphere and surface. Both spaceflight instruments are assembled and being prepared for integration on the International Space Station. With operations commencing in late 2017, the TSIS is intended to overlap with NASA’s ongoing SOlar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) mission, which launched in 2003 and contains the first versions of both the TIM and SIM instruments, as well as with the TSI Calibration Transfer Experiment (TCTE), which began total solar irradiance measurements in 2013. We summarize the TSIS’s instrument improvements and intended solar-irradiance measurements.

Thermoluminscence of irradiated herbs and spices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mamoon, A.; Abdul-Fattah, A. A.; Abulfaraj, W. H.

1994-07-01

Several types of herbs and spices from the local market were irradiated with different doses of γ radiations. Doses varied from a few kilograys to 10 kilograys. Thermoluminescence of the irradiated samples and their controls was investigated. For the same type of herb or spice glow curves of different magnitudes, corresponding somewhat to the doses given, were obtained from the irradiated samples. Most control samples gave little or insignificant glow. Glow curves from different herbs and spices irradiated with the same doses were not similar in the strength of the glow signal given. Samples of the black pepper obtained from different packages sometimes give glow curves of very different intensities. Samples from irradiated black pepper were found to show little fading of their glow curves even at 9 months postirradiation. All irradiations were done under the same experimental conditions and at a dose rate of approximately 1 kGy h-1. The glow curves were obtained using a heating rate of about 9°C s-1 and a constant nitrogen flow rate.

The LASP Interactive Solar IRradiance Datacenter (LISIRD)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pankratz, C. K.; Lindholm, D. M.; Snow, M.; Knapp, B.; Woodraska, D.; Templeman, B.; Woods, T. N.; Eparvier, F. G.; Fontenla, J.; Harder, J.; McClintock, W. E.

2007-12-01

The Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) has been making space-based measurements of solar irradiance for many decades, and thus has established an extensive catalog of past and ongoing space- based solar irradiance measurements. In order to maximize the accessibility and usability of solar irradiance data and information from multiple missions, LASP is developing the LASP Interactive Solar IRradiance Datacenter (LISIRD) to better serve the needs of researchers, educators, and the general public. This data center is providing interactive and direct access to a comprehensive set of solar spectral irradiance measurements from the soft X-ray (XUV) at 0.1 nm up to the near infrared (NIR) at 2400 nm, as well as state-of-the-art measurements of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI). LASP researchers are also responsible for an extensive set of solar irradiance models and historical solar irradiance reconstructions, which will also be accessible via this data center over time. LISIRD currently provides access to solar irradiance data sets from the SORCE, TIMED-SEE, UARS-SOLSTICE, and SME instruments, spanning 1981 to the present, as well as a Lyman Alpha composite that is available from 1947 to the present. LISIRD also provides data products of interest to the space weather community, whose needs demand high time cadence and near real-time data delivery. This poster provides an overview of the LISIRD system, summarizes the data sets currently available, describes future plans and capabilities, and provides details on how to access solar irradiance data through LISIRD's various interfaces.

Does gamma irradiation affect physicochemical properties of honey?

PubMed

Hussein, S Z; Yusoff, K M; Makpol, S; Mohd Yusof, Y A

2014-01-01

Honey is a supersaturated solution of sugars, enriched with proteins, minerals, vitamins, organic acids and polyphenols. Gamma irradiation is a physical technique of food preservation which protects the honey from insects' and microbial contamination during storage. We investigated the effect of gamma irradiation on physicochemical properties in two types of Malaysian honey, Gelam and Nenas. Both honeys were irradiated at the dose 25 kGy in a cobalt-60 irradiator. The physicochemical properties pH, moisture, acidity, color, and sugar content as well as vitamins C and E, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and mineral contents, for the irradiated and non-irradiated honeys were assessed. The results revealed that pH, acidity, minerals and sugar contents in both types of honey were not affected significantly by gamma irradiation, while moisture, vitamin E contents and HMF level decreased significantly with gamma irradiation. However, significant increased in color intensity and vitamin C were observed after gamma irradiation for both types of honey. In summary, gamma irradiation treatment of honey (in the dose mentioned above) did not cause significant changes in the physicochemical and mineral contents, except for significant alterations in color intensity, moisture, vitamins (C and E), and HMF contents.

AGR-1 Post Irradiation Examination Final Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Demkowicz, Paul Andrew

The post-irradiation examination (PIE) of the Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR)-1 experiment was a multi-year, collaborative effort between Idaho National Laboratory (INL) and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to study the performance of UCO (uranium carbide, uranium oxide) tristructural isotropic (TRISO) coated particle fuel fabricated in the U.S. and irradiated at the Advanced Test Reactor at INL to a peak burnup of 19.6% fissions per initial metal atom. This work involved a broad array of experiments and analyses to evaluate the level of fission product retention by the fuel particles and compacts (both during irradiation and during post-irradiation heating tests tomore » simulate reactor accident conditions), investigate the kernel and coating layer morphology evolution and the causes of coating failure, and explore the migration of fission products through the coating layers. The results have generally confirmed the excellent performance of the AGR-1 fuel, first indicated during the irradiation by the observation of zero TRISO coated particle failures out of 298,000 particles in the experiment. Overall release of fission products was determined by PIE to have been relatively low during the irradiation. A significant finding was the extremely low levels of cesium released through intact coatings. This was true both during the irradiation and during post-irradiation heating tests to temperatures as high as 1800°C. Post-irradiation safety test fuel performance was generally excellent. Silver release from the particles and compacts during irradiation was often very high. Extensive microanalysis of fuel particles was performed after irradiation and after high-temperature safety testing. The results of particle microanalysis indicate that the UCO fuel is effective at controlling the oxygen partial pressure within the particle and limiting kernel migration. Post-irradiation examination has provided the final body of data that speaks to the quality of the AGR-1 fuel

Rheological changes in irradiated chicken eggs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ferreira, Lúcia F. S.; Del Mastro, Nélida L.

1998-06-01

Pathogenic bacteria may cause foodborne illnesses. Humans may introduce pathogens into foods during production, processing, distribution and or preparation. Some of these microorganisms are able to survive conventional preservation treatments. Heat pasteurization, which is a well established and satisfactory means of decontamination/disinfection of liquid foods, cannot efficiently achieve a similar objective for solid foods. Extensive work carried out worldwide has shown that irradiation is efficient in eradicating foodborne pathogens like Salmonella spp. that can contaminate poultry products. In this work Co-60 gamma irradiation was applied to samples of industrial powder white, yolk and whole egg at doses between 0 and 25 kGy. Samples were rehydrated and the viscosity measured in a Brookfield viscosimeter, model DV III at 5, 15 and 25°C. The rheological behaviour among the various kinds of samples were markedly different. Irradiation with doses up to 5 kGy, known to reduced bacterial contamination to non-detectable levels, showed almost no variation of viscosity of irradiated egg white samples. On the other hand, whole or yolk egg samples showed some changes in rheological properties depending on the dose level, showing the predominance of whether polimerization or degradation as a result of the irradiation. Additionally, irradiation of yolk egg powder reduced yolk color as a function of the irradiation exposure implemented. The importance of these results are discussed in terms of possible industrial applications.

Élaboration d'un bronze Cu-8%Sn fritté sous pression et l'étude de son aptitude à l'absorption

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Loucif, K.; Keraghel, F.; Alem, S.

2005-05-01

L'introduction des píeces miniatures dans le domaine de l'informatique et la microélectronique nécessite une grande précision et un environnement propre. D'autre part, la conservation d'énergie exige des pièces légères et une bonne longévité. Pour résoudre ces problèmes, des pièces autolubrifiées ont été proposées. En effet, plusieurs disciplines peuvent s'ingérer pour élaborer ces pièces: la métallurgie des poudres pour produire des pièces poreuses, la tribologie pour caractériser la pièce en fonctionnement et la mécanique des fluides pour évaluer le comportement échantillon -lubrifiant.
Dans ce présent travail, nous présentons l'évolution de la densité des échantillons élaborés en fonction de: la température d'élaboration, la pression de compactage, et le temps de maintien et l'évolution de l'absorption des lubrifiants par un alliage Cu-8% Sn fritté sous pression. Les lubrifiants choisis sont l'eau et une huile de machine à usage domestique et leur aptitude à l'autolubrification.

AGC-2 Specimen Post Irradiation Data Package Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Windes, William Enoch; Swank, W. David; Rohrbaugh, David T.

This report documents results of the post-irradiation examination material property testing of the creep, control, and piggyback specimens from the irradiation creep capsule Advanced Graphite Creep (AGC)-2 are reported. This is the second of a series of six irradiation test trains planned as part of the AGC experiment to fully characterize the neutron irradiation effects and radiation creep behavior of current nuclear graphite grades. The AGC-2 capsule was irradiated in the Idaho National Laboratory Advanced Test Reactor at a nominal temperature of 600°C and to a peak dose of 5 dpa (displacements per atom). One-half of the creep specimens weremore » subjected to mechanical stresses (an applied stress of either 13.8, 17.2, or 20.7 MPa) to induce irradiation creep. All post-irradiation testing and measurement results are reported with the exception of the irradiation mechanical strength testing, which is the last destructive testing stage of the irradiation testing program. Material property tests were conducted on specimens from 15 nuclear graphite grades using a similar loading configuration as the first AGC capsule (AGC-1) to provide easy comparison between the two capsules. However, AGC-2 contained an increased number of specimens (i.e., 487 total specimens irradiated) and replaced specimens of the minor grade 2020 with the newer grade 2114. The data reported include specimen dimensions for both stressed and unstressed specimens to establish the irradiation creep rates, mass and volume data necessary to derive density, elastic constants (Young’s modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson’s ratio) from ultrasonic time-of-flight velocity measurements, Young’s modulus from the fundamental frequency of vibration, electrical resistivity, and thermal diffusivity and thermal expansion data from 100–500°C. No data outliers were determined after all measurements were completed. A brief statistical analysis was performed on the irradiated data and a limited comparison

Identification of irradiated mushrooms (in French)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bugyaki, L.

1973-01-01

From international colloquium: the identification of irradiated foodstuffs; Karlsruhe, Germany (24 Oct 1973). Cuttings from non-irradiated mushrooms, when kept at normal or sub-zero temperatares, produce new hyphae in solld culture media even after slx days, thus proving that they are living. On the other hand, cultures from mushrooms irradiated with 250 krad never show any sign of cellular proliferation. (auth)

Elective ilioingunial lymph node irradiation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Henderson, R.H.; Parsons, J.T.; Morgan, L.

1984-06-01

Most radiologists accept that modest doses of irradiation (4500-5000 rad/4 1/2-5 weeks) can control subclinical regional lymph node metastases from squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck and adenocarcinomas of the breast. There have been few reports concerning elective irradiation of the ilioinguinal region. Between October 1964 and March 1980, 91 patients whose primary cancers placed the ilioinguinal lymph nodes at risk received elective irradiation at the University of Florida. Included are patients with cancers of the vulva, penis, urethra, anus and lower anal canal, and cervix or vaginal cancers that involved the distal one-third of the vagina. Inmore » 81 patients, both inguinal areas were clinically negative; in 10 patients, one inguinal area was positive and the other negative by clinical examination. The single significant complication was a bilateral femoral neck fracture. The inguinal areas of four patients developed mild to moderate fibrosis. One patient with moderate fibrosis had bilateral mild leg edema that was questionably related to irradiation. Complications were dose-related. The advantages and dis-advantages of elective ilioinguinal node irradiation versus elective inguinal lymph node dissection or no elective treatment are discussed.« less

Synthesis of Creatine in X-irradiated Rats

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nerurkar, M. K.; Sahasrabudhe, M. B.

1960-01-01

BS>Synthesis and excretion of creatine and creatinine in total-body x- irradiated (600 n) rats were investigated. Irradiated rats exhibited a marked creatinuria, whereas creatinine excretion was only slightly increased in comparison to that of non-irradiated control animals. The increased creatine excretion after irradiation was ascribed to accelerated synthesis in the liver and greater release from the muscle. In vitro studies on the synthesis of creatine in liver homogenates revealed that the synthetic activity decreased immediately after irradiation but at later intervals showed a marked rise. The immediate fall in the creatine synthesis was not due to decreased availability of ATPmore » or glutathione. Administration of nicotinamide to animals, to inhibit the new creatine synthesis in the liver. indicated that although the creatine formation in the liver of x-irradiated rats was elevated. it could not account for more than a small fraction of the creatinuria observed. Most of the urinary creatine originated from the muscle, probably because of the impaired reconversion of creatine to phosphocreatine. Since the muscle ATP-creatine transphosphorylase activity was not affected by irradiation, it is suggested that the mobilization of muscle creatine to cause creatinuria is probably due to the diminution of glycolysis in the muscle of irradiated animals.« less

Food irradiation: Technology transfer to developing countries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kunstadt, Peter

This paper discusses Nordion's experiences to-date with the Food Irradiation Project in Thailand (1987-1990). This project will enable the Government of Thailand and the Thai food industry to benefit from established Canadian technology in food irradiation. It includes the design and the construction in Thailand of a multipurpose irradiation facility, similar to the Canadian Irradiation Centre. In addition Canada provides the services, for extended periods of time, of construction and installation management and experts in facility operation, maintenance and training. The Technology Transfer component is a major part of the overall Thai Food Irradiation Project. Its purpose is to familiarize Thai government and industry personnel with Canadian requirements in food regulations and distribution and to conduct market and consumer tests of selected Thai irradiated food products in Canada, once the products have Canadian regulatory approval. On completion of this project, Thailand will have the necessary facility, equipment and training to continue to provide leadership in food irradiation research, as well as scientific and technical support to food industries not only in Thailand by also in the ASEAN region.

Quality of mixed tropical fruit following irradiation treatment

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Irradiation can be used to control quarantine insect pests of fresh fruits and vegetables. The economic viability of irradiation improves if a diversity of crops can be treated, but the quality of irradiated produce determines market acceptance. Many tropical fruit tolerate irradiation doses less th...

Regional Nodal Irradiation in Early-Stage Breast Cancer.

PubMed

Whelan, Timothy J; Olivotto, Ivo A; Parulekar, Wendy R; Ackerman, Ida; Chua, Boon H; Nabid, Abdenour; Vallis, Katherine A; White, Julia R; Rousseau, Pierre; Fortin, Andre; Pierce, Lori J; Manchul, Lee; Chafe, Susan; Nolan, Maureen C; Craighead, Peter; Bowen, Julie; McCready, David R; Pritchard, Kathleen I; Gelmon, Karen; Murray, Yvonne; Chapman, Judy-Anne W; Chen, Bingshu E; Levine, Mark N

2015-07-23

Most women with breast cancer who undergo breast-conserving surgery receive whole-breast irradiation. We examined whether the addition of regional nodal irradiation to whole-breast irradiation improved outcomes. We randomly assigned women with node-positive or high-risk node-negative breast cancer who were treated with breast-conserving surgery and adjuvant systemic therapy to undergo either whole-breast irradiation plus regional nodal irradiation (including internal mammary, supraclavicular, and axillary lymph nodes) (nodal-irradiation group) or whole-breast irradiation alone (control group). The primary outcome was overall survival. Secondary outcomes were disease-free survival, isolated locoregional disease-free survival, and distant disease-free survival. Between March 2000 and February 2007, a total of 1832 women were assigned to the nodal-irradiation group or the control group (916 women in each group). The median follow-up was 9.5 years. At the 10-year follow-up, there was no significant between-group difference in survival, with a rate of 82.8% in the nodal-irradiation group and 81.8% in the control group (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72 to 1.13; P=0.38). The rates of disease-free survival were 82.0% in the nodal-irradiation group and 77.0% in the control group (hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.94; P=0.01). Patients in the nodal-irradiation group had higher rates of grade 2 or greater acute pneumonitis (1.2% vs. 0.2%, P=0.01) and lymphedema (8.4% vs. 4.5%, P=0.001). Among women with node-positive or high-risk node-negative breast cancer, the addition of regional nodal irradiation to whole-breast irradiation did not improve overall survival but reduced the rate of breast-cancer recurrence. (Funded by the Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute and others; MA.20 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00005957.).

Post-irradiation-examination of irradiated fuel outside the hot cell

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dawn E. Janney; Adam B. Robinson; Thomas P. O'Holleran

Because of their high radioactivity, irradiated fuels are commonly examined in a hot cell. However, the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) has recently investigated irradiated U-Mo-Al metallic fuel from the Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors (RERTR) project using a conventional unshielded scanning electron microscope outside a hot cell. This examination was possible because of a two-step sample-preparation approach in which a small volume of fuel was isolated in a hot cell and shielding was introduced during later stages of sample preparation. The resulting sample contained numerous sample-preparation artifacts but allowed analysis of microstructures from selected areas.

Study of irradiation damage induced by He2+ ion irradiation in Ni62Ta38 metallic glass and W metal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Xiaonan; Mei, Xianxiu; Zhang, Qi; Li, Xiaona; Wang, Yingmin; Wang, Younian

2017-09-01

Metallic glasses are considered to possess good resistant against irradiation due to their inherent structural long-range disorder and a lack of grain boundaries. The He2+ with an energy of 300 keV was used to irradiate Ni62Ta38 binary metallic glass to investigate its resistance against the irradiation, and the irradiated behaviour of the metallic glass was compared with that of W metal. The irradiation fluence range over 2.0 × 1017 ions/cm2-1.6 × 1018 ions/cm2. The TEM results show that nanocrystals of μ-NiTa phase and Ni2Ta phase appeared in Ni62Ta38 metallic glass under the irradiation fluence of 1.6 × 1018 ions/cm2. The SEM results show that the surfaces of Ni62Ta38 metallic glasses maintained flat and smooth, whereas a large area of blisters with peeling formed on the surface of W metal at the irradiation fluence of 1.0 × 1018 ions/cm2. It indicates that the critical irradiation fluence of surface breakage of the Ni62Ta38 metallic glass is higher than that of W metal. After the irradiation, stress was generated in the surface layer of W metal, leading to the increase of the hardness of W metal.

Microarchitecture of irradiated bone: comparison with healthy bone

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bléry, Pauline; Amouriq, Yves; Guédon, Jeanpierre; Pilet, Paul; Normand, Nicolas; Durand, Nicolas; Espitalier, Florent; Arlicot, Aurore; Malard, Olivier; Weiss, Pierre

2012-03-01

The squamous cell carcinomas of the upper aero-digestive tract represent about ten percent of cancers. External radiation therapy leads to esthetic and functional consequences, and to a decrease of the bone mechanical abilities. For these patients, the oral prosthetic rehabilitation, including possibilities of dental implant placement, is difficult. The effects of radiotherapy on bone microarchitecture parameters are not well known. Thus, the purpose of this study is to assess the effects of external radiation on bone micro architecture in an experimental model of 25 rats using micro CT. 15 rats were irradiated on the hind limbs by a single dose of 20 Grays, and 10 rats were non irradiated. Images of irradiated and healthy bone were compared. Bone microarchitecture parameters (including trabecular thickness, trabecular number, trabecular separation, connectivity density and tissue and bone volume) between irradiated and non-irradiated bones were calculated and compared using a Mann and Whitney test. After 7 and 12 weeks, images of irradiated and healthy bone are different. Differences on the irradiated and the healthy bone populations exhibit a statistical significance. Trabecular number, connectivity density and closed porosity are less important on irradiated bone. Trabecular thickness and separation increase for irradiated bone. These parameters indicate a decrease of irradiated bone properties. Finally, the external irradiation induces changes on the bone micro architecture. This knowledge is of prime importance for better oral prosthetic rehabilitation, including implant placement.

Solar Irradiance Data Products at the LASP Interactive Solar IRradiance Datacenter (LISIRD)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lindholm, D. M.; Ware DeWolfe, A.; Wilson, A.; Pankratz, C. K.; Snow, M. A.; Woods, T. N.

2011-12-01

The Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) has developed the LASP Interactive Solar IRradiance Datacenter (LISIRD, http://lasp.colorado.edu/lisird/) web site to provide access to a comprehensive set of solar irradiance measurements and related datasets. Current data holdings include products from NASA missions SORCE, UARS, SME, and TIMED-SEE. The data provided covers a wavelength range from soft X-ray (XUV) at 0.1 nm up to the near infrared (NIR) at 2400 nm, as well as Total Solar Irradiance (TSI). Other datasets include solar indices, spectral and flare models, solar images, and more. The LISIRD web site features updated plotting, browsing, and download capabilities enabled by dygraphs, JavaScript, and Ajax calls to the LASP Time Series Server (LaTiS). In addition to the web browser interface, most of the LISIRD datasets can be accessed via the LaTiS web service interface that supports the OPeNDAP standard. OPeNDAP clients and other programming APIs are available for making requests that subset, aggregate, or filter data on the server before it is transported to the user. This poster provides an overview of the LISIRD system, summarizes the datasets currently available, and provides details on how to access solar irradiance data products through LISIRD's interfaces.

Update on meat irradiation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Olson, D.G.

1997-12-01

The irradiation of meat and poultry in the United States is intended to eliminate pathogenic bacteria from raw product, preferably after packaging to prevent recontamination. Irradiation will also increase the shelf life of raw meat and poultry products approximately two to three times the normal shelf life. Current clearances in the United States are for poultry (fresh or frozen) at doses from 1.5 to 3.0 kGy and for fresh pork at doses from 0.3 to 1.0 kGy. A petition for the clearance of all red meat was submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in July 1994. The petitionmore » is for clearances of fresh meat at doses from 1.5 to 4.5 kGy and for frozen meat at {approximately}2.5 to 7.5 kGy. Clearance for red meat is expected before the end of 1997. There are 28 countries that have food irradiation clearances, of which 18 countries have clearances for meat or poultry. However, there are no uniform categories or approved doses for meat and poultry among the countries that could hamper international trade of irradiated meat and poultry.« less

Intracranial meningiomas related to external cranial irradiation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Spallone, A.; Gagliardi, F.M.; Vagnozzi, R.

1979-08-01

Three cases are presented of meningiomas following small-dose external cranial irradiation in which several features clearly indicate a causal relationship between radiotherapy and tumor development. The length of the latent period separates meningiomas following high-dose irradiation from those which followed small-dose irradiation. Therefore the oncogenic mechanism seems to act differently in the two groups. This demonstration that multiple meningiomas can occur in patients irradiated for Tinea capitis should enable other similar cases to be recognized.

Neutron irradiation effects on plasma facing materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barabash, V.; Federici, G.; Rödig, M.; Snead, L. L.; Wu, C. H.

2000-12-01

This paper reviews the effects of neutron irradiation on thermal and mechanical properties and bulk tritium retention of armour materials (beryllium, tungsten and carbon). For each material, the main properties affected by neutron irradiation are described and the specific tests of neutron irradiated armour materials under thermal shock and disruption conditions are summarized. Based on current knowledge, the expected thermal and structural performance of neutron irradiated armour materials in the ITER plasma facing components are analysed.

Irradiation creep of dispersion strengthened copper alloy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pokrovsky, A.S.; Barabash, V.R.; Fabritsiev, S.A.

1997-04-01

Dispersion strengthened copper alloys are under consideration as reference materials for the ITER plasma facing components. Irradiation creep is one of the parameters which must be assessed because of its importance for the lifetime prediction of these components. In this study the irradiation creep of a dispersion strengthened copper (DS) alloy has been investigated. The alloy selected for evaluation, MAGT-0.2, which contains 0.2 wt.% Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, is very similar to the GlidCop{trademark} alloy referred to as Al20. Irradiation creep was investigated using HE pressurized tubes. The tubes were machined from rod stock, then stainless steel caps were brazed ontomore » the end of each tube. The creep specimens were pressurized by use of ultra-pure He and the stainless steel caps subsequently sealed by laser welding. These specimens were irradiated in reactor water in the core position of the SM-2 reactors to a fluence level of 4.5-7.1 x 10{sup 21} n/cm{sup 2} (E>0.1 MeV), which corresponds to {approx}3-5 dpa. The irradiation temperature ranged from 60-90{degrees}C, which yielded calculated hoop stresses from 39-117 MPa. A mechanical micrometer system was used to measure the outer diameter of the specimens before and after irradiation, with an accuracy of {+-}0.001 mm. The irradiation creep was calculated based on the change in the diameter. Comparison of pre- and post-irradiation diameter measurements indicates that irradiation induced creep is indeed observed in this alloy at low temperatures, with a creep rate as high as {approx}2 x 10{sup {minus}9}s{sup {minus}1}. These results are compared with available data for irradiation creep for stainless steels, pure copper, and for thermal creep of copper alloys.« less

The irradiation hardening of Ni-Mo-Cr and Ni-W-Cr alloy under Xe26+ ion irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Huaican; Hai, Yang; Liu, Renduo; Jiang, Li; Ye, Xiang-xi; Li, Jianjian; Xue, Wandong; Wang, Wanxia; Tang, Ming; Yan, Long; Yin, Wen; Zhou, Xingtai

2018-04-01

The irradiation hardening of Ni-Mo-Cr and Ni-W-Cr alloy was investigated. 7 MeV Xe26+ ion irradiation was performed at room temperature and 650 °C with peak damage dose from 0.05 to 10 dpa. With the increase of damage dose, the hardness of Ni-Mo-Cr and Ni-W-Cr alloy increases, and reaches saturation at damage dose ≥1 dpa. Moreover, the damage dose dependence of hardness in both alloys can be described by the Makin and Minter's equation, where the effective critical volume of obstacles can be used to represent irradiation hardening resistance of the alloys. Our results also show that Ni-W-Cr alloy has better irradiation hardening resistance than Ni-Mo-Cr alloy. This is ascribed to the fact that the W, instead of Mo in the alloy, can suppress the formation of defects under ion irradiation.

Irradiation Induced Microstructure Evolution in Nanostructured Materials: A Review

PubMed Central

Liu, Wenbo; Ji, Yanzhou; Tan, Pengkang; Zang, Hang; He, Chaohui; Yun, Di; Zhang, Chi; Yang, Zhigang

2016-01-01

Nanostructured (NS) materials may have different irradiation resistance from their coarse-grained (CG) counterparts. In this review, we focus on the effect of grain boundaries (GBs)/interfaces on irradiation induced microstructure evolution and the irradiation tolerance of NS materials under irradiation. The features of void denuded zones (VDZs) and the unusual behavior of void formation near GBs/interfaces in metals due to the interactions between GBs/interfaces and irradiation-produced point defects are systematically reviewed. Some experimental results and calculation results show that NS materials have enhanced irradiation resistance, due to their extremely small grain sizes and large volume fractions of GBs/interfaces, which could absorb and annihilate the mobile defects produced during irradiation. However, there is also literature reporting reduced irradiation resistance or even amorphization of NS materials at a lower irradiation dose compared with their bulk counterparts, since the GBs are also characterized by excess energy (compared to that of single crystal materials) which could provide a shift in the total free energy that will lead to the amorphization process. The competition of these two effects leads to the different irradiation tolerance of NS materials. The irradiation-induced grain growth is dominated by irradiation temperature, dose, ion flux, character of GBs/interface and nanoprecipitates, although the decrease of grain sizes under irradiation is also observed in some experiments. PMID:28787902

7 CFR 305.9 - Irradiation treatment requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 5 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Irradiation treatment requirements. 305.9 Section 305... INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PHYTOSANITARY TREATMENTS § 305.9 Irradiation treatment requirements. Irradiation, carried out in accordance with the provisions of this section, is approved as a...

7 CFR 305.9 - Irradiation treatment requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 5 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Irradiation treatment requirements. 305.9 Section 305... INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PHYTOSANITARY TREATMENTS § 305.9 Irradiation treatment requirements. Irradiation, carried out in accordance with the provisions of this section, is approved as a...

7 CFR 305.9 - Irradiation treatment requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 5 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Irradiation treatment requirements. 305.9 Section 305... INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PHYTOSANITARY TREATMENTS § 305.9 Irradiation treatment requirements. Irradiation, carried out in accordance with the provisions of this section, is approved as a...

Biological effects of ultraviolet irradiation on bees

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Es`kov, E.K.

1995-09-01

The influence of natural solar and artificial ultraviolet irradiation on developing bees was studied. Lethal exposures to irradiation at different stages of development were determined. The influence of irradiation on the variability of the morphometric features of bees was revealed. 5 refs., 1 fig.

Nanoindentation of ion-irradiated reactor pressure vessel steels - model-based interpretation and comparison with neutron irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Röder, F.; Heintze, C.; Pecko, S.; Akhmadaliev, S.; Bergner, F.; Ulbricht, A.; Altstadt, E.

2018-04-01

Ion-irradiation-induced hardening is investigated on six selected reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels. The steels were irradiated with 5 MeV Fe2+ ions at fluences ranging from 0.01 to 1.0 displacements per atom (dpa) and the induced hardening of the surface layer was probed with nanoindentation. To separate the indentation size effect and the substrate effect from the irradiation-induced hardness profile, we developed an analytic model with the plastic zone of the indentation approximated as a half sphere. This model allows the actual hardness profile to be retrieved and the measured hardness increase to be assigned to the respective fluence. The obtained values of hardness increase vs. fluence are compared for selected pairs of samples in order to extract effects of the RPV steel composition. We identify hardening effects due to increased levels of copper, manganese-nickel and phosphorous. Further comparison with available neutron-irradiated conditions of the same heats of RPV steels indicates pronounced differences of the considered effects of composition for irradiation with neutrons vs. ions.

Phytosanitary irradiation in south Asia

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Irradiation has the potential to solve phytosanitary problems related to trade in south Asia. In general, it is the phytosanitary treatment most tolerated by fresh agricultural commodities. Irradiation technology is available in some countries of the region but is only used for phytosanitary purpos...

Accessing Solar Irradiance Data Products From the LASP Interactive Solar IRradiance Datacenter (LISIRD)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ware Dewolfe, A.; Wilson, A.; Lindholm, D. M.; Pankratz, C. K.; Snow, M.; Woods, T. N.

2009-12-01

The Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) is enhancing the LASP Interactive Solar IRradiance Datacenter (LISIRD) to provide access to a comprehensive set of solar spectral irradiance measurements. LISIRD has recently been updated to serve many new datasets and models, including sunspot index, photometric sunspot index, Lyman-alpha, and magnesium-II core-to-wing ratio. A new user interface emphasizes web-based interactive visualizations, allowing users to explore and compare this data before downloading it for analysis. The data provided covers a wavelength range from soft X-ray (XUV) at 0.1 nm up to the near infrared (NIR) at 2400 nm, as well as wavelength-independent Total Solar Irradiance (TSI). Combined data from the SORCE, TIMED-SEE, UARS-SOLSTICE, and SME instruments provide almost continuous coverage from 1981 to the present, while Hydrogen Lyman-alpha (121.6 nm) measurements / models date from 1947 to the present. This poster provides an overview of the LISIRD system, summarizes the data sets currently available, describes future plans and capabilities, and provides details on how to access solar irradiance data through LISIRD interfaces at http://lasp.colorado.edu/lisird/.

[Near infrared light irradiator using halogen lamp].

PubMed

Ide, Yasuo

2012-07-01

The practical electric light bulb was invented by Thomas Alva Edison in 1879. Halogen lamp is the toughest and brightest electric light bulb. With light filter, it is used as a source of near infrared light. Super Lizer and Alphabeam are made as near infrared light irradiator using halogen lamp. The light emmited by Super Lizer is linear polarized near infrared light. The wave length is from 600 to 1,600 nm and strongest at about 1,000 nm. Concerning Super Lizer, there is evidence of analgesic effects and normalization of the sympathetic nervous system. Super Lizer has four types of probes. SG type is used for stellate ganglion irradiation. B type is used for narrow area irradiation. C and D types are for broad area irradiation. The output of Alphabeam is not polarized. The wave length is from 700 to 1,600 nm and the strongest length is about 1,000nm. Standard attachment is used for spot irradiation. Small attachment is used for stellate ganglion irradiation. Wide attachment is used for broad area irradiation. The effects of Alphabeam are thought to be similar to that of Super Lizer.

High-dose neutron irradiation embrittlement of RAFM steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gaganidze, E.; Schneider, H.-C.; Dafferner, B.; Aktaa, J.

2006-09-01

Neutron irradiation-induced embrittlement of the reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steel EUROFER97 was studied under different heat treatment conditions. Irradiation was performed in the Petten High Flux Reactor within the HFR Phase-IIb (SPICE) irradiation project up to 16.3 dpa and at different irradiation temperatures (250-450 °C). Several reference RAFM steels (F82H-mod, OPTIFER-Ia, GA3X and MANET-I) were also irradiated at selected temperatures. The impact properties were investigated by instrumented Charpy-V tests with subsize specimens. Embrittlement and hardening of as-delivered EUROFER97 steel are comparable to those of reference steels. Heat treatment of EUROFER97 at a higher austenitizing temperature substantially improves the embrittlement behaviour at low irradiation temperatures. Analysis of embrittlement in terms of the parameter C = ΔDBTT/Δ σ indicates hardening-dominated embrittlement at irradiation temperatures below 350 °C with 0.17 ⩽ C ⩽ 0.53 °C/MPa. Scattering of C at irradiation temperatures above 400 °C indicates no hardening embrittlement.

Thermal conductivity of electron-irradiated graphene

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weerasinghe, Asanka; Ramasubramaniam, Ashwin; Maroudas, Dimitrios

2017-10-01

We report results of a systematic analysis of thermal transport in electron-irradiated, including irradiation-induced amorphous, graphene sheets based on nonequilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations. We focus on the dependence of the thermal conductivity, k, of the irradiated graphene sheets on the inserted irradiation defect density, c, as well as the extent of defect passivation with hydrogen atoms. While the thermal conductivity of irradiated graphene decreases precipitously from that of pristine graphene, k0, upon introducing a low vacancy concentration, c < 1%, in the graphene lattice, further reduction of the thermal conductivity with the increasing vacancy concentration exhibits a weaker dependence on c until the amorphization threshold. Beyond the onset of amorphization, the dependence of thermal conductivity on the vacancy concentration becomes significantly weaker, and k practically reaches a plateau value. Throughout the range of c and at all hydrogenation levels examined, the correlation k = k0(1 + αc)-1 gives an excellent description of the simulation results. The value of the coefficient α captures the overall strength of the numerous phonon scattering centers in the irradiated graphene sheets, which include monovacancies, vacancy clusters, carbon ring reconstructions, disorder, and a rough nonplanar sheet morphology. Hydrogen passivation increases the value of α, but the effect becomes very minor beyond the amorphization threshold.

Study into the identification of irradiation ground paprika

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Beczner, J.; Farkas, J.; Kiss, I.

From international colloquium: the identification of irradiated foodstuffs; Karlsruhe, Germany (24 Oct 1973). Several methods for the demonstration of irradiation in ground paprika were tested. In carbonyl compounds extracted by steam distillation unambiguous changes, which might have served as a basis for detecting irradiation, were not observed. Derivatography did not prove suitable either. On the basis of the size of ESR signal, the control sample and the irradiated one could be distinguished 2 to 3 weeks after irradiation. After a longer storage period, the size of the signal is irrelevant. Further study of the shape of the ESR signals maymore » yield valuable information in experiments on the demonstration of irradiation. (GE)« less

Evaluation of global horizontal irradiance to plane-of-array irradiance models at locations across the United States

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lave, Matthew; Hayes, William; Pohl, Andrew

2015-02-02

We report an evaluation of the accuracy of combinations of models that estimate plane-of-array (POA) irradiance from measured global horizontal irradiance (GHI). This estimation involves two steps: 1) decomposition of GHI into direct and diffuse horizontal components and 2) transposition of direct and diffuse horizontal irradiance (DHI) to POA irradiance. Measured GHI and coincident measured POA irradiance from a variety of climates within the United States were used to evaluate combinations of decomposition and transposition models. A few locations also had DHI measurements, allowing for decoupled analysis of either the decomposition or the transposition models alone. Results suggest that decompositionmore » models had mean bias differences (modeled versus measured) that vary with climate. Transposition model mean bias differences depended more on the model than the location. Lastly, when only GHI measurements were available and combinations of decomposition and transposition models were considered, the smallest mean bias differences were typically found for combinations which included the Hay/Davies transposition model.« less

Evaluation of various procedures transposing global tilted irradiance to horizontal surface irradiance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Housmans, Caroline; Bertrand, Cédric

2017-02-01

Many transposition models have been proposed in the literature to convert solar irradiance on the horizontal plane to that on a tilted plane. The inverse process, i.e. the conversion from tilted to horizontal is investigated here based upon seven months of in-plane global solar irradiance measurements recorded on the roof of the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium's radiation tower in Uccle (Longitude 4.35° E, Latitude 50.79° N). Up to three pyranometers mounted on inclined planes of different tilts and orientations were involved in the inverse transposition process. Our results indicate that (1) the tilt to horizontal irradiance conversion is improved when measurements from more than one tilted pyranometer are considered (i.e. by using a multi-pyranometer approach) and (2) the improvement from using an isotropic model to anisotropic models in the inverse transposition problem is not significant.

Microstructural evolution of nanochannel CrN films under ion irradiation at elevated temperature and post-irradiation annealing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tang, Jun; Hong, Mengqing; Wang, Yongqiang; Qin, Wenjing; Ren, Feng; Dong, Lan; Wang, Hui; Hu, Lulu; Cai, Guangxu; Jiang, Changzhong

2018-03-01

High-performance radiation tolerance materials are crucial for the success of future advanced nuclear reactors. In this paper, we present a further investigation that the "vein-like" nanochannel films can enhance radiation tolerance under ion irradiation at high temperature and post-irradiation annealing. The chromium nitride (CrN) nanochannel films with different nanochannel densities and the compact CrN film are chosen as a model system for these studies. Microstructural evolution of these films were investigated using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Elastic Recoil Detection (ERD) and Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction (GIXRD). Under the high fluence He+ ion irradiation at 500 °C, small He bubbles with low bubble densities are observed in the irradiated nanochannel CrN films, while the aligned large He bubbles, blistering and texture reconstruction are found in the irradiated compact CrN film. For the heavy Ar2+ ion irradiation at 500 °C, the microstructure of the nanochannel CrN RT film is more stable than that of the compact CrN film due to the effective releasing of defects via the nanochannel structure. Under the He+ ion irradiation and subsequent annealing, compared with the compact film, the nanochannel films have excellent performance for the suppression of He bubble growth and possess the strong microstructural stability. Basing on the analysis on the sizes and number densities of bubbles as well as the concentrations of He retained in the nanochannel CrN films and the compact CrN film under different experimental conditions, potential mechanism for the enhanced radiation tolerance are discussed. Nanochannels play a crucial role on the release of He/defects under ion irradiation. We conclude that the tailored "vein-like" nanochannel structure may be used as advanced radiation tolerance materials for future nuclear reactors.

THE EFFECT OF IRRADIATION ON REPRODUCTION BY THE HETEROGENETIC GENERATION OF STRONGYLOIDES PAPILLOSUS. I. IRRADIATION OF MALES AND FEMALES

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Katz, F.F.

1960-06-01

Fourth and fifth stage male and third and fourth stage female S. papillosus were subjected to various doses of Co/sup 60/ gamma irradiation and cultured in vitro with controls of the opposite sex. Fewer offspring were produced in cultures containing irradiated males than in cultures of irradiated females. A single experiment involving several doses and one control gave a more linear picture of the effects of irradiation than individual experiments carried out at various times for different dose levels. In the former, larvae were obtained in cultures of nematodes exposed to 20 kr but not to 40, 60, 80 ormore » 100 kr; in the latter, larvae occurred in cultures of males irradiated at 42 kr and in cultures of females exposed to 50 kr but not at the higher levels employed. With increased doses of irradiation, there was a decrease in the percentage of eggs hatching. The dominant lethal effect was observed in cultures with males exposed to 20 kr and higher doses. In cultures with irradiated females, this phenomenon was observed at 40 kr and higher levels. (auth)« less

Emulation of reactor irradiation damage using ion beams

DOE PAGES

Was, G. S.; Jiao, Z.; Getto, E.; ...

2014-06-14

The continued operation of existing light water nuclear reactors and the development of advanced nuclear reactor depend heavily on understanding how damage by radiation to levels degrades materials that serve as the structural components in reactor cores. The first high dose ion irradiation experiments on a ferritic-martensitic steel showing that ion irradiation closely emulates the full radiation damage microstructure created in-reactor are described. Ferritic-martensitic alloy HT9 (heat 84425) in the form of a hexagonal fuel bundle duct (ACO-3) accumulated 155 dpa at an average temperature of 443°C in the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF). Using invariance theory as a guide,more » irradiation of the same heat was conducted using self-ions (Fe++) at 5 MeV at a temperature of 460°C and to a dose of 188 displacements per atom. The void swelling was nearly identical between the two irradiation and the size and density of precipitates and loops following ion irradiation are within a factor of two of those for neutron irradiation. The level of agreement across all of the principal microstructure changes between ion and reactor irradiation establishes the capability of tailoring ion irradiation to emulate the reactor-irradiated microstructure.« less

Food irradiation for phytosanitary and quarantine treatment

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Irradiation at doses less than 1 kGy is an effective phytosanitary measure with minimal adverse effects on the quality of most fresh produce. There are internationally recognized guidelines for the use of irradiation as a phytosanitary measure and for the conduct of trade in irradiated fresh produce...

Cost effective alternative to low irradiance measurements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Oleary, Scott T.

1988-01-01

Martin Marietta's Space Simulation Laboratory (SSL) has a Thermal Environment Simulator (TES) with 56 individually controlled heater zones. The TES has a temperature range of approximately minus 129 C to plus 149 C. Because of the ability of TES to provide complex irradiance distributions, it is necessary to be able to measure a wide range of irradiance levels. SSL currently uses ambient temperature controlled radiometers with the capacity to measure sink irradiance levels of approximately 42.6 mw/sq cm, sink temperature equals 21 C and up. These radiometers could not be used to accurately measure the lower irradiance levels of the TES. Therefore, it was necessary to obtain a radiometer or develop techniques which could be used to measure lower irradiance levels.

Classification of daily solar irradiation by fractional analysis of 10-min-means of solar irradiance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harrouni, S.; Guessoum, A.; Maafi, A.

2005-02-01

This paper deals with fractal analysis of daily solar irradiances measured with a time step of 10 minutes at Golden and Boulder located in Colorado. The aim is to estimate the fractal dimensions in order to perform classification of daily solar irradiances. The estimated fractal dimension hat{D} and the clearness index KT are used as classification criteria. The results show that these criteria lead to three classes: clear sky, partially covered sky and overcast sky. The results also show that the evaluation of the fractal dimension of the irradiance signal based on a data set with 10 minutes time step is possible.

10 CFR 36.69 - Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. 36.69... IRRADIATORS Operation of Irradiators § 36.69 Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. (a) Irradiation... cause radiation overexposures of personnel. (b) Irradiation of more than small quantities of flammable...

10 CFR 36.69 - Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. 36.69... IRRADIATORS Operation of Irradiators § 36.69 Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. (a) Irradiation... cause radiation overexposures of personnel. (b) Irradiation of more than small quantities of flammable...

10 CFR 36.69 - Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. 36.69... IRRADIATORS Operation of Irradiators § 36.69 Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. (a) Irradiation... cause radiation overexposures of personnel. (b) Irradiation of more than small quantities of flammable...

10 CFR 36.69 - Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. 36.69... IRRADIATORS Operation of Irradiators § 36.69 Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. (a) Irradiation... cause radiation overexposures of personnel. (b) Irradiation of more than small quantities of flammable...

10 CFR 36.69 - Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. 36.69... IRRADIATORS Operation of Irradiators § 36.69 Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. (a) Irradiation... cause radiation overexposures of personnel. (b) Irradiation of more than small quantities of flammable...

A Practical Irradiance Model for Bifacial PV Modules

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Marion, Bill; MacAlpine, Sara; Deline, Chris

2017-06-21

A model, suitable for a row or multiple rows of photovoltaic (PV) modules, is presented for estimating the backside irradiance for bifacial PV modules. The model, which includes the effects of shading by the PV rows, is based on the use of configuration factors to determine the fraction of a source of irradiance that is received by the backside of the PV module. Backside irradiances are modeled along the sloped height of the PV module, but assumed not to vary along the length of the PV row. The backside irradiances are corrected for angle-of-incidence losses and may be added tomore » the front side irradiance to determine the total irradiance resource for the PV cell. Model results are compared with the measured backside irradiances for NREL and Sandia PV systems, and with results when using ray tracing software.« less

DYNAMIC MECHANICAL STUDIES OF IRRADIATED POLYPROPYLENE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sauer, J.A.; Merrill, L.J.; Woodward, A.E.

1962-04-01

The internal friction and the dynamic modulus of isotactic polypropylene samples subject to varying degrees of pile irradiation were studied at low audio frequencies and over the temperature range from 100 to over 400 deg K. The radiation dosages used varied from 5.4 x lO/sup 17/ to 14 x lO/sup 18/ nvt. For irradiation doses up to about 3 x lO/sup 18/ nvt, one observed change is a decrease in the temperature at which the final upswing in damping and drop in modulus occurs, presumably as a result of defects produced in the crystallites by the irradiation. As the irradiationmore » dose increases above 3 x lO/sup 18/ nvt, all evidence of crystallinity is lost, and the internal friction peak which occurs in the neighborhood of 300 deg K and which is associated with the glass transition of the amorphous regions moves to higher temperatures as a result of the increasing chain-stiffening effect due to crosslinking. The secondary loss peak at 250 deg K attributed to the motion of a small number of segraents in the amorphous regions is found to increase in magnitude with increasing dose. The results of density determinations raade before and after irradiation and also after subsequent exposure of the irradiated samples to melting temperatures and of solvent extraction studies of the irradiated samples confirm the simultaneous occurrence of crosslinking and of crystalline degradation upon pile irradiation of polypropylene samples. (auth)« less

Study of properties of tungsten irradiated in hydrogen atmosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tazhibayeva, I.; Skakov, M.; Baklanov, V.; Koyanbayev, E.; Miniyazov, A.; Kulsartov, T.; Ponkratov, Yu.; Gordienko, Yu.; Zaurbekova, Zh.; Kukushkin, I.; Nesterov, E.

2017-12-01

The paper presents the results of the experiments with DF (double forged) tungsten samples irradiated at the WWR-K research reactor in hydrogen and helium atmospheres. The irradiation time was 3255 h (135.6 d). After reactor irradiation, W samples have been subjected to investigations of their activity level, hardness, and microstructure, as well as x-ray and texture observations. The hydrogen yield released from irradiated tungsten samples have been measured using TDS-method. The hydrogen concentration in the tungsten samples irradiated in hydrogen was higher than that in the samples irradiated in helium atmosphere. It is shown that the surface microstructure of tungsten samples irradiated in hydrogen is characterized by micro-pits, inclusions and blisters in the form of bubbles, which were not observed earlier for tungsten irradiated in hydrogen.

FOOD IRRADIATION REACTOR

DOEpatents

Leyse, C.F.; Putnam, G.E.

1961-05-01

An irradiation apparatus is described. It comprises a pressure vessel, a neutronic reactor active portion having a substantially greater height than diameter in the pressure vessel, an annular tank surrounding and spaced from the pressure vessel containing an aqueous indium/sup 1//sup 1//sup 5/ sulfate solution of approximately 600 grams per liter concentration, means for circulating separate coolants through the active portion and the space between the annular tank and the pressure vessel, radiator means adapted to receive the materials to be irradiated, and means for flowing the indium/sup 1//sup 1//sup 5/ sulfate solution through the radiator means.

RESULTS OF THE CANADIAN PILOT SCALE POTATO IRRADIATION PROGRAM

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

1963-04-01

ABS>A potato irradiation program using a Mobile Cobalt-60 Irradiator was carried out in four provinces of Eastern Canada during the 1961-82 season in cooperation with twenty-six members of the potato industry. A total of 400 tons of potatoes was irradiated over a four months' period extending from October to February. Regular observations on both control and irradiated potatoes were conducted during storage by the Fruit and Vegetable Division of the Canada Department of Agriculture until final shipment to consumer markets or processing plants. The dose of 8,000 rads used in the program provided excellent control of sprouting in all storagesmore » regardless of variety, storage temperature, date of irradiation, method of storage or length of storage. When good material suitable for long term storage was irradiated and not mishandled during treatment, there was no effect on the rate of breakdown during storage. Irradiated potatoes were successfully processed into potato chips, instant mashed potato flakes, frozen french fries and pre-peeled fresh boilers. Irradiated potatoes were sold to Canadian consumers in the form of table stock and processed products. No complaints of any kind were received or reported regarding the acceptability of the irradiated potatoes. There was no unfavorable public reaction to the first irradiated food offered for sale in Canada. The results of the potato irradiation program have created a favorable climate for the future of potato irradiation in Canada. The operation of full scale irradiation facilities is envisaged within the next two years. (auth)« less

IRRADIATION METHOD OF CONVERTING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

DOEpatents

Allen, A.O.; Caffrey, J.M. Jr.

1960-10-11

A method is given for changing the distribution of organic compounds from that produced by the irradiation of bulk alkane hydrocarbons. This method consists of depositing an alkane hydrocarbon on the surface of a substrate material and irradiating with gamma radiation at a dose rate of more than 100,000 rads. The substrate material may be a metal, metal salts, metal oxides, or carbons having a surface area in excess of 1 m/sup 2//g. The hydrocarbons are deposited in layers of from 0.1 to 10 monolayers on the surfaces of these substrates and irradiated. The product yields are found to vary from those which result from the irradiation of bulk hydrocarbons in that there is an increase in the quantity of branched hydrocarbons.

Reconstruction of solar UV irradiance since 1974

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krivova, N. A.; Solanki, S. K.; Wenzler, T.; Podlipnik, B.

2009-09-01

Variations of the solar UV irradiance are an important driver of chemical and physical processes in the Earth's upper atmosphere and may also influence global climate. Here we reconstruct solar UV irradiance in the range 115-400 nm over the period 1974-2007 by making use of the recently developed empirical extension of the Spectral And Total Irradiance Reconstruction (SATIRE) models employing Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM) data. The evolution of the solar photospheric magnetic flux, which is a central input to the model, is described by the magnetograms and continuum images recorded at the Kitt Peak National Solar Observatory between 1974 and 2003 and by the Michelson Doppler Imager instrument on SOHO since 1996. The reconstruction extends the available observational record by 1.5 solar cycles. The reconstructed Ly-α irradiance agrees well with the composite time series by Woods et al. (2000). The amplitude of the irradiance variations grows with decreasing wavelength and in the wavelength regions of special interest for studies of the Earth's climate (Ly-α and oxygen absorption continuum and bands between 130 and 350 nm) is 1-2 orders of magnitude stronger than in the visible or if integrated over all wavelengths (total solar irradiance).

Identification of gamma-irradiated papaya, melon and watermelon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marín-Huachaca, Nélida S.; Mancini-Filho, Jorge; Delincée, Henry; Villavicencio, Anna Lúcia C. H.

2004-09-01

Ionizing radiation can be used to control spoilage microorganisms and to increase the shelf life of fresh fruits and vegetables in replacement for the treatment with chemical fumigants. In order to enforce labelling regulations, methods for detecting the irradiation treatment directly in the produce are required. Recently, a number of detection methods for irradiated food have been adopted by the Codex Comission. A rapid screening method for qualitative detection of irradiation is the DNA Comet Assay. The applicability of the DNA Comet Assay for distinguishing irradiated papaya, melon, and watermelon was evaluated. The samples were treated in a 60Co facility at dose levels of 0.0, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0kGy. The irradiated samples showed typical DNA fragmentation whereas cells from non-irradiated ones appeared intact. In addition to the DNA Comet Assay also the half-embryo test was applied in melon and watermelon to detect the irradiation treatment.

The status of food irradiation technology

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sivinski, J.S.

1989-01-01

Irradiation is a mature technology for many uses, such as medical product sterilization, crosslinking of plastics, application of coatings, stabilization of natural and synthetic rubbers prior to vulcanization, and in plant genetics. It also has many potential applications in the food and agriculture industries, especially in the postharvest activities associated with processing, storing, and distribution and in utilization and consumption. The safety of food irradiation has been thoroughly studied and established by distinguished scientists of international stature and unimpeachable credentials. Approximately 30 countries permit food irradiation and it is commercially used in 21. Parasites are of serious concern since theirmore » impact on human health and economic productivity is significant, especially in developing countries with sanitation and food control problems. Parasites in meat and fish can be rendered sterile or inactivated with irradiation, and the potential for improved human health is significant. The second area for immediate use of irradiation is in meeting plant quarantine requirements. The benefits described above and the approval of the scientific community are moving the technology toward greater utilization.« less

Food irradiation: Public opinion surveys

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kerr, S.D.

The Canadian government are discussing the legislation, regulations and practical protocol necessary for the commercialization of food irradiation. Food industry marketing, public relations and media expertise will be needed to successfully introduce this new processing choice to retailers and consumers. Consumer research to date including consumer opinion studies and market trials conducted in the Netherlands, United States, South Africa and Canada will be explored for signposts to successful approaches to the introduction of irradiated foods to retailers and consumers. Research has indicated that the terms used to describe irradiation and information designed to reduce consumer fears will be important marketingmore » tools. Marketers will be challenged to promote old foods, which look the same to consumers, in a new light. Simple like or dislike or intention to buy surveys will not be effective tools. Consumer fears must be identified and effectively handled to support a receptive climate for irradiated food products. A cooperative government, industry, health professional, consumer association and retailer effort will be necessary for the successful introduction of irradiated foods into the marketplace. Grocery Products Manufacturers of Canada is a national trade association of more than 150 major companies engaged in the manufacture of food, non-alcoholic beverages and array of other national-brand consumer items sold through retail outlets.« less

Solar EUV irradiance for space weather applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Viereck, R. A.

2015-12-01

Solar EUV irradiance is an important driver of space weather models. Large changes in EUV and x-ray irradiances create large variability in the ionosphere and thermosphere. Proxies such as the F10.7 cm radio flux, have provided reasonable estimates of the EUV flux but as the space weather models become more accurate and the demands of the customers become more stringent, proxies are no longer adequate. Furthermore, proxies are often provided only on a daily basis and shorter time scales are becoming important. Also, there is a growing need for multi-day forecasts of solar EUV irradiance to drive space weather forecast models. In this presentation we will describe the needs and requirements for solar EUV irradiance information from the space weather modeler's perspective. We will then translate these requirements into solar observational requirements such as spectral resolution and irradiance accuracy. We will also describe the activities at NOAA to provide long-term solar EUV irradiance observations and derived products that are needed for real-time space weather modeling.

Position of the American Dietetic Association: food irradiation.

PubMed

Wood, O B; Bruhn, C M

2000-02-01

Food irradiation has been identified a sa safe technology to reduce the risk of foodborne illness as part of high-quality food production, processing, handling, and preparation. Food irradiation's history of scientific research , evaluation, and testing spans more than 40 countries around the world and it has been endorsed or support by numerous national and international food and organizations and professional groups. Food irradiation utilizes a source of ionizing energy that passes through food to destroy harmful bacteria and other organism. Often referred to as "cold pasteurization," food irradiation offers negligible loss of nutrients or sensory qualities in food as it does not substantially raise the temperature of the food during processing. Food irradiation does not replace proper food production, processing, handling, or preparation, nor can it enhance the quality of or prevent contact with foodborne bacteria after irradiation. In the United States, manufacturers are required to identify irradiated food sold to consumers with an international symbol (Radura) and and terminology describing the process on product labels. In addiction, food irradiation facilities are thoroughly regulated and monitored for worker and environmental safety. Members of The American Dietetic Association (ADA) and other food, nutrition, and health professionals have a responsibility to educate consumers, food processors, manufacturers and retailers about the safety and application of the technology. When consumers are educated about food irradiation, many prefer irradiated products because of their increased safety. It is the position of ADA that food irradiation enhances the safety and quality of the food supply and helps protect consumers from foodborne illness. The ADA encourages the government, food manufactures, food commodity groups, and qualified food and nutrition professionals to work together to educate consumers about this additional food safety tool and make this choice

Effect of gamma irradiation on Korean traditional multicolored paintwork

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoon, Minchul; Kim, Dae-Woon; Choi, Jong-il; Chung, Yong-Jae; Kang, Dai-Ill; Hoon Kim, Gwang; Son, Kwang-Tae; Park, Hae-Jun; Lee, Ju-Woon

2015-10-01

Gamma irradiation can destroy fungi and insects involved in the bio-deterioration of organic cultural heritages. However, this irradiation procedure can alter optical and structural properties of historical pigments used in wooden cultural heritage paintings. The crystal structure and color centers of these paintings must be maintained after application of the irradiation procedure. In this study, we investigated the effects of gamma irradiation on Korean traditional multicolored paintwork (Dancheong) for the preservation of wooden cultural heritages. The main pigments in Korean traditional wooden cultural heritages, Sukganju (Hematite; Fe2O3), Jangdan (Minium; Pb3O4), Whangyun (Crocoite; PbCrO4), and Jidang (Rutile; TiO2), were irradiated by gamma radiation at doses of 1, 5, and 20 kGy. After irradiation, changes in Commision Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE) color values (L*, a*, b*) were measured using the color difference meter, and their structural changes were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The slightly change in less than 1 dE* unit by gamma irradiation was observed, and structural changes in the Dancheong were stable after exposure to 20 kGy gamma irradiation. In addition, gamma irradiation could be applied to painted wooden cultural properties from the Korean Temple. Based on the color values, gamma irradiation of 20 kGy did not affect the Dancheong and stability was maintained for five months. In addition, the fungicidal and insecticidal effect by less than 5 kGy gamma irradiation was conformed. Therefore, the optical and structural properties of Dancheong were maintained after gamma irradiation, which suggested that gamma irradiation can be used for the preservation of wooden cultural heritages painted with Dancheong.

Preservation of food products by irradiation.

PubMed

McGivney, W T

1988-01-01

The use of irradiation to preserve food has the potential to significantly enhance our capacity to maximize the quality and quantity of the food we consume. In a world in which distribution of food occurs across continents and in which malnourished populations are in dire need of basic food products, any safe, effective, and efficient means of preserving food is more than welcome. Irradiation, as a method for food preservation, has been studied for more than 30 years. This discussion focuses on this most recent method for the preservation of food with particular emphasis on its effects on the safety, nutritive, and aesthetic values of the food preserved by irradiation. The use of ionizing radiation as a method to preserve foods is one that has been demonstrated to be effective for a variety of food classes. Irradiation offers a means to decontaminate, disinfest, and retard the spoilage of the food supply. At the same time, it appears that the wholesomeness of these food products is maintained. Nutritive value can be sustained by use of effective doses of radiation. Concerns over the safety of irradiated food are rooted in questions regarding the potential induction of radioactivity, harmful radiolytic products, and pathogenic radiation-resistant or mutant strains of microorganisms. Research findings have allayed concerns over safety. However, more research is necessary to conclusively resolve these safety issues. Food irradiation is a promising technology that has and will contribute to our ability to feed the people of this world. This technology is but one of many available ways to preserve our greatest natural resource, the food supply. Enhancement of the ability to preserve food by irradiation will facilitate the distribution of food from fertile developed regions to the malnourished peoples of underdeveloped countries. It is in diminishing the problem of malnourishment and starvation that irradiation as a means to preserve food may find the greatest acceptance.

High accuracy diffuse horizontal irradiance measurements without a shadowband

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schlemmer, J.A; Michalsky, J.J.

1995-12-31

The standard method for measuring diffuse horizontal irradiance uses a fixed shadowband to block direct solar radiation. This method requires a correction for the excess skylight blocked by the band, and this correction varies with sky conditions. Alternately, diffuse horizontal irradiance may be calculated from total horizontal and direct normal irradiance. This method is in error because of angular (cosine) response of the total horizontal pyranometer to direct beam irradiance. This paper describes an improved calculation of diffuse horizontal irradiance from total horizontal and direct normal irradiance using a predetermination of the angular response of the total horizontal pyranometer. Wemore » compare these diffuse horizontal irradiance calculations with measurements made with a shading-disk pyranometer that shields direct irradiance using a tracking disk. Results indicate significant improvement in most cases. Remaining disagreement most likely arises from undetected tracking errors and instrument leveling.« less

Low dose irradiation facilitates hepatocellular carcinoma genesis involving HULC.

PubMed

Li, Yuan; Ge, Chang; Feng, Guoxing; Xiao, Huiwen; Dong, Jiali; Zhu, Changchun; Jiang, Mian; Cui, Ming; Fan, Saijun

2018-03-24

Irradiation exposure positive correlates with tumor formation, such as breast cancer and lung cancer. However, whether low dose irradiation induces hepatocarcinogenesis and the underlying mechanism remain poorly defined. In the present study, we reported that low dose irradiation facilitated the proliferation of hepatocyte through up-regulating HULC in vitro and in vivo. Low dose irradiation exposure elevated HULC expression level in hepatocyte. Deletion of heightened HULC erased the cells growth accelerated following low dose irradiation exposure. CDKN1, the neighbor gene of HULC, was down-regulated by overexpression of HULC following low dose irradiation exposure via complementary base pairing, resulting in promoting cell cycle process. Thus, our findings provide new insights into the mechanism of low dose irradiation-induced hepatocarcinogenesis through HULC/CDKN1 signaling, and shed light on the potential risk of low dose irradiation for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in pre-clinical settings. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Data on total and spectral solar irradiance

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mecherikunnel, A. T.; Gatlin, J. A.; Richmond, J. C.

1983-01-01

This paper presents a brief survey of the data available on solar constant and extraterrestrial solar spectral irradiance. The spectral distribution of solar radiation at ground surface, computed from extraterrestrial solar spectral irradiance for several air mass values and for four levels of atmospheric pollution, is also presented. The total irradiance at ground level is obtained by integration of the area under the spectral irradiance curves. It is significant that, as air mass increases or as turbidity increases, the amount of energy in the infrared relative to the total increases and that the energy in the UV and visible decreases.

Effects of Normothermic Conditioned Microwave Irradiation on Cultured Cells Using an Irradiation System with Semiconductor Oscillator and Thermo-regulatory Applicator

PubMed Central

Asano, Mamiko; Sakaguchi, Minoru; Tanaka, Satoshi; Kashimura, Keiichiro; Mitani, Tomohiko; Kawase, Masaya; Matsumura, Hitoshi; Yamaguchi, Takako; Fujita, Yoshikazu; Tabuse, Katsuyoshi

2017-01-01

We investigated the effects of microwave irradiation under normothermic conditions on cultured cells. For this study, we developed an irradiation system constituted with semiconductor microwave oscillator (2.45 GHz) and thermos-regulatory applicator, which could irradiate microwaves at varied output powers to maintain the temperature of cultured cells at 37 °C. Seven out of eight types of cultured cells were killed by microwave irradiation, where four were not affected by thermal treatment at 42.5 °C. Since the dielectric properties such as ε’, ε” and tanδ showed similar values at 2.45 GHz among cell types and media, the degree of microwave energy absorbed by cells might be almost the same among cell types. Thus, the vulnerability of cells to microwave irradiation might be different among cell types. In HL-60 cells, which were the most sensitive to microwave irradiation, the viability decreased as irradiation time and irradiation output increased; accordingly, the decrease in viability was correlated to an increase in total joule. However, when a high or low amount of joules per minute was supplied, the correlation between cellular viability and total joules became relatively weak. It is hypothesized that kinds of cancer cells are efficiently killed by respective specific output of microwave under normothermic cellular conditions. PMID:28145466

Irradiation and post-irradiation examination of uranium-free nitride fuel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hania, P. R.; Klaassen, F. C.; Wernli, B.; Streit, M.; Restani, R.; Ingold, F.; Fedorov, A. V.; Wallenius, J.

2015-11-01

Two identical Phénix-type 15-15Ti steel pinlets each containing a 70 mm Pu0.3Zr0.7N fuel stack in a 1-bar helium atmosphere have been irradiated in the HFR Petten at medium high linear power (46-47 kW/m at BOL) and an average cladding temperature of 505 °C. The pins were irradiated to a plutonium burn-up of 9.7% (88 MWd/kgHM) in 170 full power days. Both pins remained fully intact. Post-irradiation examination performed at NRG and PSI showed that the overall swelling rate of the fuel was 0.92 vol-%/%FIHMA. Fission gas release was 5-6%, while helium release was larger than 50%. No fuel restructuring was observed, and only mild cracking. EPMA measurements show a burn-up increase toward the pellet edge of up to 4 times. All investigated fission products except to some extent the noble metals were found to be evenly distributed over the matrix, indicating good solubility. Local formation of a secondary phase with high Pu content and hardly any Zr was observed. A general conclusion of this investigation is that ZrN is a suitable inert matrix for burning plutonium at high destruction rates.

EFFECTS OF IN VITRO RADIOCOBALT IRRADIATION OF RABBIT OVA ON SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT IN VIVO WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE IRRADIATION OF MATERNAL ORGANISM

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chang, M.C.; Hunt, D.M.

Fertilized rabbit ova recovered one to six days after mating were irradiated in vitro from a radiocobalt source and then transplanted into recipient animals. When examined 22 to 28 days later 44, 33, 8 and 0% of ova irradiated respectively at 50, 100, 1,000 and 5,000 r developed into apparently normal fetuses without external or internal malformation. No significant differential sensitivity was apparent in ova irradiated at different ages. It was found further that 34, 36, 19 and 10% of two-, 4-, and 6-day ova irradiated respectively in vitro at 200, 400, 600, and 800 r developed into "normal" fetuses.more » Again no malformation of fetuses and no differential radiosensitivity between ova of different ages were observed. Following whole body irradiation at 400 r, it was found that 40% of non-irradiated ova developed into normal fetuses when transplanted into recipient animals that had been irradiated (vs. 36% in the irradiation of ova alone). However, only 17% of estimated ova developed into "normal" fetuses when pregnant rabbits were irradiated 2, 4 or 6 days after insemination (vs. 64% in the control). It appears that irradiation of the maternal organism influences embryonic development and that irradiation of pregnant animals exerts a combination of ill effects, on the ova and on their environment. Cytological study of irradiated blastocysts revealed no chromosomal breakage immediately after irradiation. Chromosomal abnormalities, fragmentation and condensation of chromatin were observed during the culture of irradiated blastocysts in accordance with the dosages applied. From this study it is concluded that (1) although 50 r may affect embryonic development, there seems to be no differential effect up to 400 r, above which greater prenatal death occurs; (2) before implantation, irradiated ova either die or develop into apparently normal fetuses and there is no evidence of differential radiosensitivity at various stages of development; (3) irradiation of the

Ultrastructural properties of laser-irradiated and heat-treated dentin.

PubMed

Rohanizadeh, R; LeGeros, R Z; Fan, D; Jean, A; Daculsi, G

1999-12-01

Previous studies using scanning electron microscopy and infrared absorption spectroscopy reported that laser irradiation causes compositional changes in enamel. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ultrastructural and compositional changes in dentin caused by irradiation with a short-pulse laser (Q-switched Nd:YAG). The irradiated and non-irradiated areas of the lased dentin samples were investigated by scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), micro-micro electron diffraction, and electron microprobe analysis of dispersive energy (EDX). Heat-treated dentin was similarly investigated. This study demonstrated that laser irradiation resulted in the recrystallization of dentin apatite and in the formation of additional calcium phosphate phases consisting of magnesium-substituted beta-tricalcium phosphate, beta-TCMP, beta-(Ca,Mg)3(PO4)2, and tetracalcium phosphate, TetCP, Ca4(PO4)O. TEM analyses of the modified and unmodified zones of the irradiated areas showed two types of crystal populations: much larger crystals from the modified zone and crystals with size and morphology similar to those of dentin apatite in the unmodified zone. The morphology of crystals in the modified zones in the irradiated dentin resembled those of dentin sintered at 800 or 950 degrees C. In the irradiated areas (modified and unmodified zones), the Ca/P ratio was lower compared with that in the non-irradiated dentin. The Mg/Ca ratio in the modified zones was higher than that in the unmodified zones and in the non-irradiated dentin. In sintered dentin, the Mg/Ca ratio increased as a function of sintering temperature. The ultrastructural and compositional changes observed in laser-irradiated dentin may be attributed to high temperature and high pressure induced by microplasma during laser irradiation. These changes may alter the solubility of the irradiated dentin, making it less susceptible to acid dissolution or to the caries process.

Spectral solar UV irradiance data for cycle 21

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

DeLand, Matthew T.; Cebula, Richard P.

2001-10-01

The Nimbus 7 Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV) instrument, which began taking data in November 1978, was the first instrument to make solar UV irradiance measurements covering both the minimum and maximum activity levels of a solar cycle. The currently archived irradiance data set was processed with an instrument characterization which fails to completely account for sensor degradation in the later part of the data record, thus limiting the accuracy of estimated long-term solar activity variations and the scientific value of the data. In this paper, we describe an improved Nimbus 7 SBUV spectral irradiance data set, which utilizes a more accurate model for instrument sensitivity and treats other time-dependent problems in the archived data. Estimated long-term irradiance changes during solar cycle 21 are 8.3(+/-2.6%) at 205 nm, and 4.9(+/-1.8)% at 240 nm. The revised Nimbus 7 SBUV irradiance data are in good agreement with predictions of solar cycle variations from the Mg II index proxy model. These solar irradiance changes are also consistent with overlapping irradiance data from the declining phase of solar cycle 21 measured by the Solar Mesosphere Explorer (SME). The Nimbus 7 SBUV irradiance data represent the earliest component of a 20+ year continuous record of solar spectral UV activity.

Luminescence properties after X-ray irradiation for dosimetry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hong, Duk-Geun; Kim, Myung-Jin

2016-05-01

To investigate the luminescence characteristics after exposure to X-ray radiation, we developed an independent, small X-ray irradiation system comprising a Varian VF-50J mini X-ray generator, a Pb collimator, a delay shutter, and an Al absorber. With this system, the apparent dose rate increased linearly to 0.8 Gy/s against the emission current for a 50 kV anode potential when the shutter was delayed for an initial 4 s and the Al absorber was 300 µm thick. In addition, an approximately 20 mm diameter sample area was irradiated homogeneously with X rays. Based on three-dimensional (3D) thermoluminescence (TL) spectra, the small X-ray irradiator was considered comparable to the conventional 90Sr/90Y beta source even though the TL intensity from beta irradiation was higher than that from X-ray irradiation. The single aliquot regenerative (SAR) growth curve for the small X-ray irradiator was identical to that for the beta source. Therefore, we concluded that the characteristics of the small X-ray irradiator and the conventional 90Sr/90Y beta source were similar and that X ray irradiation had the potential for being suitable for use in luminescence dosimetry.

Identification of irradiated strawberries (in French)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Deschreider, A.R.; Vigneron, J.M.

1973-01-01

From international colloquium: the identification of irradiated foodstuffs; Karlsruhe, Germany (24 0ct 1973). Packaged strawberries were irradiated with doses of 100, 200, and 500 krad of /sup 60/Co gamma rays. The irradiation of the fruit at these levels could not be detected either by measuring of the coloration of the anthocyanin extraction or the radioactivity of the phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase. If there is any plastic in the packaging material, examination under close infrared light reveals spectral modification when the dose level reaches 200 krad. (GE)

Comparison of irradiation behaviour of HTR graphite grades

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heijna, M. C. R.; de Groot, S.; Vreeling, J. A.

2017-08-01

The INNOGRAPH irradiations were executed in the High Flux Reactor (HFR) in Petten by NRG supported by the European Framework programs HTR-M, RAPHAEL, and ARCHER to generate data on the irradiation behaviour of graphite grades for High Temperature Reactor (HTR) application available at that time. Samples of the graphite grades NBG-10, NBG-17, NBG-18, NBG-20, NBG-25, PCEA, PPEA, PCIB, and IG-110 have been irradiated at 750 °C and 950 °C. The inherent scatter induced by the probabilistic material behaviour of graphite requires uncertainty and scatter induced by test conditions and post-irradiation examination to be minimized. The INNOGRAPH irradiations supplied an adequate number of irradiated samples to enable accurate determination of material properties and their evolution under irradiation. This allows comparison of different graphite grades and a qualitative assessment of their appropriateness for HTR applications, as a basis of selection, design and core component lifetime. The results indicate that coarse grained graphite grades exhibit more favourable behaviour for application in HTRs due to their low dimensional anisotropy and fracture propagation resilience.

Modelling rotational and cyclical spectral solar irradiance variations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Unruh, Yvonne

Solar irradiance changes are highly wavelength dependent: solar-cycle variations in the UV can be on the order of tens of percent, while changes in the visible are typically only of the order of one or two permille. With the launch of a number of instruments to measure spectral solar irradiance, we are now for a first time in a good position to explore the changing solar irradiance over a large range of wavelengths and to test our irradiance models as well as some of their underlying assumptions. I will introduce some of the current modelling approaches and present model-data comparisons, using the SATIRE irradiance model and SORCE/SIM measurements as an example. I will conclude by highlighting a number of outstanding questions regarding the modelling of spectral irradiance and current approaches to address these.

High accuracy diffuse horizontal irradiance measurements without a shadowband

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schlemmer, J.A.; Michalsky, J.J.

1995-10-01

The standard method for measuring diffuse horizontal irradiance uses a fixed shadowband to block direct solar radiation. This method requires a correction for the excess skylight blocked by the band, and this correction varies with sky conditions. Alternately, diffuse horizontal irradiance may be calculated from the total horizontal and direct normal irradiance. This method is in error because of the angular (often referred to as cosine) response of the total horizontal pyranometer to direct beam irradiance. This paper describes an improved calculation of diffuse horizontal irradiance from total horizontal and direct normal irradiance using a predetermination of the angular responsemore » of the total horizontal pyranometer. The authors compare these diffuse horizontal irradiance calculations with measurements made with a shading-disk pyranometer that shields direct irradiance using a tracking disk. The results indicate significant improvement in most cases. The remaining disagreement most likely arises from undetected tracking errors and instrument leveling.« less

Understanding and simulating the material behavior during multi-particle irradiations

PubMed Central

Mir, Anamul H.; Toulemonde, M.; Jegou, C.; Miro, S.; Serruys, Y.; Bouffard, S.; Peuget, S.

2016-01-01

A number of studies have suggested that the irradiation behavior and damage processes occurring during sequential and simultaneous particle irradiations can significantly differ. Currently, there is no definite answer as to why and when such differences are seen. Additionally, the conventional multi-particle irradiation facilities cannot correctly reproduce the complex irradiation scenarios experienced in a number of environments like space and nuclear reactors. Therefore, a better understanding of multi-particle irradiation problems and possible alternatives are needed. This study shows ionization induced thermal spike and defect recovery during sequential and simultaneous ion irradiation of amorphous silica. The simultaneous irradiation scenario is shown to be equivalent to multiple small sequential irradiation scenarios containing latent damage formation and recovery mechanisms. The results highlight the absence of any new damage mechanism and time-space correlation between various damage events during simultaneous irradiation of amorphous silica. This offers a new and convenient way to simulate and understand complex multi-particle irradiation problems. PMID:27466040

Irradiation-induced phenomena in carbon nanomaterials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krasheninnikov, Arkady

2008-03-01

The irradiation of solids with energetic particles such as electrons or ions is associated with disorder, normally an undesirable phenomenon. However, recent experiments [for an overview, see A.V Krasheninnikov, F. Banhart, Nature Materials, 6 (2007) 723] on bombardment of carbon nanostructures with energetic particles demonstrate that irradiation can have beneficial effects and that electron or ion beams may serve as tools to change the morphology and tailor mechanical, electronic and even magnetic properties of nanostructured carbon systems. We systematically study irradiation effects in carbon nanotubes and other forms of nano-structured carbon experimentally and theoretically by employing various atomistic models ranging from empirical potentials to time-dependent density functional theory. In my presentation, I will briefly review the recent progress in our understanding of ion-irradiation-induced phenomena in nano-structured carbon and present our recent theoretical [A.V Krasheninnikov, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 99 (2007) 016104, A. Tolvanen et al, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 (2007) 173109.] and experimental [O. Lehtinen et al., to be published] results. I dwell on the ``beneficial'' role of defects and impurities in nanotubes and related systems. Finally, I will present the results of simulations of irradiation-induced pressure build-up inside nanotubes encapsulated with metals [L. Sun, et al., Science 312 (2006) 1199]. Electron irradiation of such composite systems in the transmission electron microscope gives rise to contraction of nanotube shells and thus to high pressure. The irradiation-stimulated pressure can be as high as 40 GPa, which makes it possible to study phase transformations at the nanoscale with high spatial resolution. I will also address the mechanisms of plastic deformation of small metal particles inside carbon shells at high temperatures, which may be important for understanding catalytic growth of carbon nanotubes.

Irradiation creep of various ferritic alloys irradiated at {approximately}400{degrees}C in the PFR and FFTF reactors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Toloczko, M.B.; Garner, F.A.; Eiholzer, C.R.

1997-04-01

Three ferritic alloys were irradiated in two fast reactors to doses of 50 dpa or more at temperatures near 400{degrees}C. One martensitic alloy, HT9, was irradiated in both the FFTF and PFR reactors. PFR is the Prototype Fast Reactor in Dourneay, Scotland, and FFTF is the Fast Flux Test Facility in Richland, WA. D57 is a developmental alloy that was irradiated in PFR only, and MA957 is a Y{sub 2}O{sub 3} dispersion-hardened ferritic alloy that was irradiated only in FFTF. These alloys exhibited little or no void swelling at {approximately}400{degrees}C. Depending on the alloy starting condition, these steels develop amore » variety of non-creep strains early in the irradiation that are associated with phase changes. Each of these alloys creeps at a rate that is significantly lower than that of austenitic steels irradiated in the same experiments. The creep compliance for ferritic alloys in general appears to be {approximately}0.5 x 10{sup {minus}6} MPa{sup {minus}1} dpa{sup {minus}1}, independent of both composition and starting state. The addition of Y{sub 2}O{sub 3} as a dispersoid does not appear to change the creep behavior.« less

Research trends with food irradiation in Japan (in Japanese)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sato, T.

Potatoes and onions are irradiated to prevent their germination for 8 months after harvest. Twenty-seven tons of potatoes were exposed to /sup 60/Co gamma irradiation at a dose rate of 7 x 10/sup 4/ R/hr. Potatoes irradiated with a dose of 7 to 15 Krads were stored for 8 months at room temperature, and were suitable market produce. Sapporo yellow onions, produced in Hokkaido and which passed the year-end for storage, were mainly studied. It was possible to prevent germination of the onions if irradiated at a dose of 3 to 10 Krads within the dormant period. Concerning rice, itmore » was suggested that prevention of the main harmful insects of rice, such as rice weevil, Sordidus zeamais and Sordidus oryzal, was possible by sterilization and inactivation through irradiation at a dose of 15 Krads. The sterilization dose for harmful insects of wheat was 5 to 7 Krads. Theoff flavor in the wheat was recognized immediately after irradiation at a dose of 20 Krads, but after three months wheat did not show off flavor even with 50 Krads irradiation. As a result, the volume of bread was larger in irradiated bread rather than in nonirradiated bread. Vienna sausage without preservatives was irradiated in 500 Krads under the condition of being kept in cold storage at 10 deg C. Its decomposition was delayed one week. The proper dose for boiled fishpaste was determined to be 300 Krads, and its preservation period was prolonged from 7 to 10 days to 21 days by irradiation. In mandarin oranges, off flavor was caused by a dose level of 50 Krads of /sup 60/Co gamma radiation. Therefore, irradiation of mandarin oranges has to depend on electron irnadiation, but problems remain regarding the irradiation technique. In a study of the safety of irradiated food, potato irradiation was permitted by the Ministry of Health and Welfare at a dose of 15 Knads in August of 1972. Lastly, the condition of potato irradiation in the producing and consuming districts and economic problems are discussed

COBALT-60 Gamma Irradiation of Shrimp.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sullivan, Nancy L. B.

Meta- and ortho-tyrosine were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in conjunction with electrochemical detection in shrimp irradiated using cobalt-60 gamma radiation in the absorbed dose range 0.8 to 6.0 kGy, in nonirradiated shrimp, and in bovine serum albumin (BSA) irradiated in dilute aqueous solution at 25.0 kGy. Ortho-tyrosine was measured in nonirradiated BSA. Para-, meta-, and ortho-tyrosine were measured using HPLC in conjunction with uv-absorption detection in dilute aqueous solutions of phenylalanine irradiated in the absorbed dose range 16.0 to 195.0 kGy. The measured yields of tyrosine isomers were approximately linear as a function of absorbed dose in shrimp, and in irradiated solutions of phenylalanine up to 37.0 kGy. The occurrence of meta- and ortho-tyrosine, which had formerly been considered unique radiolytic products, has not previously been reported in nonirradiated shrimp or BSA. The conventional hydrolyzation and analytical techniques used in the present study to measure meta- and ortho-tyrosine may provide the basis for a method to detect and determine the dose used in food irradiation.

Irradiation of municipal sludge for agricultural use

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahlstrom, Scott B.

Research has demonstrated that irradiation is an effective means for reducing pathogens in sewage sludge to levels where sludge reuse in public areas meets criteria for protection of the public health. Complementary research has demonstrated the value of the irradiated sludge in both agronomic and animal science applications. The benefits of sludge application to cropland are well documented. The irradiation process does not increase the extractability and plant uptake of a broad range of nutrients and heavy metals from sludge-amended soils. However, it does eliminate the hazards associated with pathogen contamination when applying sludge to agricultural land. Irradiated sludge has also been evaluated as a supplemental foodstuff for cattle and sheep. The data indicate that products derived from raw sewage may have a substantial nutritive value for ruminant animals. Irradiation of sewage sludge is a practical means of sludge disinfection. Where a highly disinfected sludge is required, it should be considered as a viable sludge management alternative. Evaluation of sludge irradiation technology and its associated costs must be done with consideration of other sludge treatment processes to develop an acceptable sludge management system.

Microbiological decontamination of natural honey by irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Migdał, W.; Owczarczyk, H. B.; K ȩdzia, B.; Hołderna-K ȩdzia, E.; Madajczyk, D.

2000-03-01

Degree of microbiological decontamination, organoleptic and physico-chemical properties of natural honeys were investigated after radiation treatment. Seven kinds of honeys were irradiated with the beams of 10 MeV electrons from a 10 kW linear accelerator "Elektronika 10-10" at the dose 10 kGy. It was shown, that after irradiation, the total count of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and moulds decrease by 99%. The antibiotic value in investigated honeys increased in turn from 1.67 to 2.67 after irradiation. Such factors and parameters of investigated honeys as their consistency, content of water and saccharose, acidity, the diastase and 5-HMF values were not changed significantly after irradiation. Decontamination by irradiation is a process which allows us to obtain high microbiological purity of honeys. It is especially needed, when honeys are used in surgical treatment of injuries and in nutrition of babies with food deficiency.

Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on associative and spatial memory of sham-irradiated and 56Fe-irradiated C57BL/6J male mice.

PubMed

Villasana, Laura E; Rosenthal, Rosalind A; Doctrow, Susan R; Pfankuch, Timothy; Zuloaga, Damian G; Garfinkel, Alexandra Maccoll; Raber, Jacob

2013-01-01

Cranial irradiation with (56)Fe, a form of space radiation, causes hippocampus-dependent cognitive changes. (56)Fe irradiation also increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, which may contribute to these changes. Therefore, we investigated the effects of the antioxidant alpha lipoic acid (ALA) on cognition following sham-irradiation and irradiation. Male mice were irradiated (brain only) with (56)Fe (3 Gy) or sham-irradiated at 6-9 months of age. Half of the mice remained fed a regular chow and the other half of the mice were fed a caloric-matched diet containing ALA starting two-weeks prior to irradiation and throughout cognitive testing. Following cognitive testing, levels of 3-nitrotyrosine (3NT), a marker of oxidative protein stress, and levels of microtubule-associated protein (MAP-2), a dendritic protein important for cognition, were assessed using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. ALA prevented radiation-induced impairments in spatial memory retention in the hippocampal and cortical dependent water maze probe trials following reversal learning. However, in sham-irradiated mice, ALA treatment impaired cortical-dependent novel object recognition and amygdala-dependent cued fear conditioning. There was a trend towards lower 3NT levels in irradiated mice receiving a diet containing ALA than irradiated mice receiving a regular diet. In the hippocampal dentate gyrus of mice on regular diet, irradiated mice had higher levels of MAP-2 immunoreactivity than sham-irradiated mice. Thus, ALA might have differential effects on the brain under normal physiological conditions and those involving environmental challenges such as cranial irradiation. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Re-crystallization of ITO films after carbon irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Usman, Muhammad; Khan, Shahid; Khan, Majid; Abbas, Turab Ali

2017-01-01

2.0 MeV carbon ion irradiation effects on Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) thin films on glass substrate are investigated. The films are irradiated with carbon ions in the fluence range of 1 × 1013 to 1 × 1015 ions/cm2. The irradiation induced effects in ITO are compared before and after ion bombardment by systematic study of structural, optical and electrical properties of the films. The XRD results show polycrystalline nature of un-irradiated ITO films which turns to amorphous state after 1 × 1013 ions/cm2 fluence of carbon ions. Further increase in ion fluence to 1 × 1014 ions/cm2 re-crystallizes the structure and retains for even higher fluences. A gradual decrease in the electrical conductivity and transmittance of irradiated samples is observed with increasing ion fluence. The band gap of the films is observed to be decreased after carbon irradiation.

Post-irradiation examinations of Li 4SiO 4 pebbles irradiated in the EXOTIC-7 experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Piazza, G.; Scaffidi-Argentina, F.; Werle, H.

2000-12-01

Extraction of tritium in ceramics-7 (EXOTIC-7) was the first in-pile test with 6Li-enriched (50%) lithium orthosilicate (Li 4SiO 4) pebbles and with DEMO representative Li-burnup. Post-irradiation examinations (PIEs) of the Li 4SiO 4 have been performed at the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (FZK) to investigate the tritium release kinetics, the effects of Li-burnup, of the contact with beryllium during irradiation and the changes in the mechanical stability of the pebbles due to irradiation. Based on these data one can conclude that neither the contact with beryllium nor a burnup up to 13% have a detrimental effect on the tritium release of Li 4SiO 4 pebbles, but at 18% Li-burnup the residence time is increased by about a factor of 3. The mechanical strength of both irradiated and unirradiated pebbles has been examined by means of crush tests. According to the PIE no significant changes in the mechanical stability of the pebbles have been observed.

Effect of gamma irradiation on the photoluminescence of porous silicon

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Elistratova, M. A., E-mail: Marina.Elistratova@mail.ioffe.ru; Romanov, N. M.; Goryachev, D. N.

The effect of gamma irradiation on the luminescence properties of porous silicon produced by the electrochemical technique is studied. Changes in the photoluminescence intensity between irradiation doses and over a period of several days after the last irradiation are recorded. The quenching of photoluminescence at low irradiation doses and recovery after further irradiation are registered. It is found that porous silicon is strongly oxidized after gamma irradiation and the oxidation process continues for several days after irradiation. It is conceived that the change in the photoluminescence spectra and intensity of porous silicon after gamma irradiation is caused by a changemore » in the passivation type of the porous surface: instead of hydrogen passivation, more stable oxygen passivation is observed. To stabilize the photoluminescence spectra of porous silicon, the use of fullerenes is proposed. No considerable changes in the photoluminescence spectra during irradiation and up to 18 days after irradiation are detected in a porous silicon sample with a thermally deposited fullerene layer. It is shown that porous silicon samples with a deposited C{sub 60} layer are stable to gamma irradiation and oxidation.« less

Health protection and food preservation by gamma irradiation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1976-01-01

Results of several major studies on food systems for space missions beginning with Apollo 12 through Apollo-Soyuz and investigations of the application of irradiation to food for manned space flight are reported. The study of flight food systems involved the application of radurization (pasteurizing levels) doses of gamma irradiation to flour and bread supplied by Pepperidge Farms in advance of the missions. All flights from Apollo 12 through 17 carried irradiated fresh bread. On Apollo 17, cooperation with Natick Laboratories permitted the introduction of a ham sandwich using irradiated bread and irradiated sterile ham. Investigations centered on irradiated bread were conducted during the course of these missions. Studies were applied to the concept of improving fresh bread from the point of view of mold inhibition. The studies considered how irradiation could best be applied at what levels and on a variety of bread types. Throughout the studies of the application of gamma irradiation the emphasis was placed upon using low levels of irradiation in the pasteurizing or radurizing doses--under a Megarad. The primary goal was to determine if a public health benefit could be demonstrated using radurization along with food preservation and food quality improvements. The public health benefit would be parallel to that of pasteurization of milk as a concept. Publications are included providing the details of these observations, one dealing with the flour characteristics and the other dealing with the influence on fresh bread types. These demonstrate the major findings noted during the period of the studies examining bread.

[Effect of electromagnetic pulse irradiation on mice reproduction].

PubMed

Wang, Shui-ming; Wang, De-wen; Peng, Rui-yun; Chen, Hao-yu; Gao, Ya-bing; Cao, Xiao-zhe; Cui, Xue-mei; Zhao, Mei-lan

2003-10-01

To evaluate the effect of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) irradiation on mice reproduction. Female/male Kunming mice, 6 - 8 weeks old, prior to mating, or female after pregnancy were treated with whole body irradiation by 6 x 10(4) V/m electromagnetic pulse (EMP) for five times. The pregnant mice were killed on the 18th days, and teratological markers were analysed. EMP irradiation caused no significant changes in most of female organ weight and organ/body weight ratio. But it caused significant shortening in tail length of live foetus in the female mice before conception (prior to mating) or after pregnancy (P < 0.05), and obvious decrease in male offspring ratio (0.85 +/- 0.09 vs 1.09 +/- 0.17, P < 0.05). The male offspring ratio also significantly decreased (0.76 +/- 0.18 vs 1.09 +/- 0.17, P < 0.01) after male mice irradiated by EMP. The tail length of live foetus was shortened and male offspring sex ratio was increased after both male and female mice were irradiated by EMP. EMP irradiation also caused a significantly higher fetal death rate than normal control (P < 0.05). The embryo absorption rate was increased after irradiation except that was decreased in male mice. EMP irradiation has effect on pregnancy and offspring development in both male and female mice before mating and in female mice after pregnancy.

Recent changes in solar irradiance and infrared irradiance related with air temperature and cloudiness at the King Sejong Station, Antarctica

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jung, Y.; Kim, J.; Cho, H.; Lee, B.

2006-12-01

The polar region play a critical role in the surface energy balance and the climate system of the Earth. The important question in the region is that what is the role of the Antarctic atmospheric heat sink of global climate. Thus, this study shows the trends of global solar irradiance, infrared irradiance, air temperature and cloudiness measured at the King Sejong station, Antarctica, during the period of 1996-2004 and determines their relationship and variability of the surface energy balance. Annual average of solar radiation and cloudiness is 81.8 Wm-2 and 6.8 oktas and their trends show the decrease of -0.24 Wm-2yr-1(-0.30 %yr-1) and 0.02 oktas yr-1(0.30 %yr-1). The change of solar irradiance is directly related to change of cloudiness and decrease of solar irradiance presents radiative cooling at the surface. Monthly mean infrared irradiance, air temperature and specific humidity shows the decrease of -2.11 Wm^{- 2}yr-1(-0.75 %yr-1), -0.07 'Cyr-1(-5.15 %yr-1) and -0.044 gkg-1yr-1(-1.42 %yr-1), respectively. Annual average of the infrared irradiance is 279.9 Wm-2 and correlated with the air temperature, specific humidity and cloudiness. A multiple regression model for estimation of the infrared irradiance using the components has been developed. Effects of the components on the infrared irradiance changes show 52 %, 19 % and 10 % for air temperature, specific humidity and cloudiness, respectively. Among the components, air temperature has a great influence on infrared irradiance. Despite the increase of cloudiness, the decrease in the infrared irradiance is due to the decrease of air temperature and specific humidity which have a cooling effect. Therefore, the net radiation of the surface energy balance shows radiative cooling of negative 11-24 Wm^{- 2} during winter and radiative warming of positive 32-83 Wm-2 during the summer. Thus, the amount of shortage and surplus at the surface is mostly balanced by turbulent flux of sensible and latent heat.

Randomized study of whole-abdomen irradiation versus pelvic irradiation plus cyclophosphamide in treatment of early ovarian cancer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sell, A.; Bertelsen, K.; Andersen, J.E.

From 1 September 1981 to 1 January 1987, 118 patients with FIGO Stage IB, IC, IIA, IIB, and IIC epithelial ovarian cancer were randomized to abdominal irradiation or pelvic irradiation + cyclophosphamide. There was no difference between the regimens with respect to recurrence-free survival (55%) and 4-year overall survival (63%). At routine second-look laparotomy, 16% of patients without clinical detectable tumor showed recurrence. Twenty-five percent of the patients treated with pelvic irradiation + cyclophosphamide had hemorrhagic cystitis, probably caused by radiation damage and cyclophosphamide cystitis. Eight percent had late gastrointestinal symptoms requiring surgery.

EFFECTS OF CHRONIC IRRADIATION ON EINKORN WHEAT (in Japanese)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Matsumura, S.; Fujii, T.

1963-01-01

An experiment was carried out with seedlings of einkorn wheat ( Triticum monococcum flavescens), planted at the stage of 3 to 4 foilage leaves on Feb 23rd at several distances from the source and irradiated with varying dose rates and dosages. The plants wer irradiated during their growth and harvested on June 21st. Regular irradiation followed the routine of the gamma field; that is it was applied 20 hr per day starting from April 1st, but before that time, irradiation was occasionally given for mearsurement of dosage or dose rates and checks of the apparatus. Therefore, total irradiation time frommore » planting to harvest amounted to 1843 hours. Total dosages were calculated as 369 r minimum and 4608 r maximum, intensity being 4 to 50 r/20 hr. Survival rate clearly decreased at the highest dosage, while there was no marked difference between the other five irradiated lots and the nonirradiated one. On the other hand, seed fertility was nonlinearly (gradually at higher dosages) decreased with increasing dosage and reached to about one-half of that of the control lot at the highest dosage. For comparison, seedlings of the same kind were irradiated by 0.5 and 1 kr acute gamma rays (1 kr/hr) 16 days after sowing. Survival rate and fertility markedly decreased at 1-kr irradiation. The results were not easily comparable with those of chronic irradiation because acute irradiation was done only in the early seedling stage. Acute 1-kr irradiation showed severe effects and a similar effect was seen at the highest dosage of chronic irradiation (4607 r). Thus, the plants must be more tolerant to higher dosage when radiation intensity is low. (P.C.H.)« less

Structural responses of metallic glasses under neutron irradiation.

PubMed

Yang, L; Li, H Y; Wang, P W; Wu, S Y; Guo, G Q; Liao, B; Guo, Q L; Fan, X Q; Huang, P; Lou, H B; Guo, F M; Zeng, Q S; Sun, T; Ren, Y; Chen, L Y

2017-12-01

Seeking nuclear materials that possess a high resistance to particle irradiation damage is a long-standing issue. Permanent defects, induced by irradiation, are primary structural changes, the accumulation of which will lead to structural damage and performance degradation in crystalline materials served in nuclear plants. In this work, structural responses of neutron irradiation in metallic glasses (MGs) have been investigated by making a series of experimental measurements, coupled with simulations in ZrCu amorphous alloys. It is found that, compared with crystalline alloys, MGs have some specific structural responses to neutron irradiation. Although neutron irradiation can induce transient vacancy-like defects in MGs, they are fully annihilated after structural relaxation by rearrangement of free volumes. In addition, the rearrangement of free volumes depends strongly on constituent elements. In particular, the change in free volumes occurs around the Zr atoms, rather than the Cu centers. This implies that there is a feasible strategy for identifying glassy materials with high structural stability against neutron irradiation by tailoring the microstructures, the systems, or the compositions in alloys. This work will shed light on the development of materials with high irradiation resistance.

Facilities for studing radiation damage in nonmetals during irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Levy, P. W.

1984-08-01

Two facilities were developed for making optical absorption, luminescence and other measurements on a single sample before, during and after irradiation. One facility uses Co-60 gamma rays and the other 0.5 to 3 MeV electrons from an accelerator. Optical relays function as spectrophotometers, luminescence detectors, etc. All radiation sensitive components are outside of walk-in irradiation chambers; all measurement control and data recording is computerized. Irradiations are made at controlled temperatures between 5 K and 900 C. The materials studied include glasses, quartz, alkali halides (especially natural rock salt), organic crystals, etc. As determined from color center measurements the damage formation rate in all materials studied at 25 C or above is strongly temperature dependent. The defect concentration during irradiation is usually much greater than that measured after irradiation. The fraction of defects annealing after irradiation and the annealing rate usually increases as the irradiation temperature increases. The completed studies demonstrate that, in most cases, the extent of maximum damage and the damage formation and annealing kinetics can be determined only by making measurements during irradiation.

Dose controlled low energy electron irradiator for biomolecular films

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kumar, S. V. K., E-mail: svkk@tifr.res.in; Tare, Satej T.; Upalekar, Yogesh V.

2016-03-15

We have developed a multi target, Low Energy Electron (LEE), precise dose controlled irradiator for biomolecular films. Up to seven samples can be irradiated one after another at any preset electron energy and dose under UHV conditions without venting the chamber. In addition, one more sample goes through all the steps except irradiation, which can be used as control for comparison with the irradiated samples. All the samples are protected against stray electron irradiation by biasing them at −20 V during the entire period, except during irradiation. Ethernet based communication electronics hardware, LEE beam control electronics and computer interface weremore » developed in house. The user Graphical User Interface to control the irradiation and dose measurement was developed using National Instruments Lab Windows CVI. The working and reliability of the dose controlled irradiator has been fully tested over the electron energy range of 0.5 to 500 eV by studying LEE induced single strand breaks to ΦX174 RF1 dsDNA.« less

Diamond structure recovery during ion irradiation at elevated temperatures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deslandes, Alec; Guenette, Mathew C.; Belay, Kidane; Elliman, Robert G.; Karatchevtseva, Inna; Thomsen, Lars; Riley, Daniel P.; Lumpkin, Gregory R.

2015-12-01

CVD diamond is irradiated by 5 MeV carbon ions, with each sample held at a different temperature (300-873 K) during irradiations. The defect structures resulting from the irradiations are evident as vacancy, interstitial and amorphous carbon signals in Raman spectra. The observed variation of the full width at half maximum (FWHM) and peak position of the diamond peak suggests that disorder in the diamond lattice is reduced for high temperature irradiations. The dumbbell interstitial signal is reduced for irradiations at 873 K, which suggests this defect is unstable at these temperatures and that interstitials have migrated to crystal surfaces. Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy results indicate that damage to the diamond structure at the surface has occurred for room temperature irradiations, however, this structure is at least partially recovered for irradiations performed at 473 K and above. The results suggest that, in a high temperature irradiation environment such as a nuclear fusion device, in situ annealing of radiation-created defects can maintain the diamond structure and prolong the lifetime of diamond components.

Regulation of tomato fruit ascorbate content is more highly dependent on fruit irradiance than leaf irradiance.

PubMed

Gautier, Hélène; Massot, Capucine; Stevens, Rebecca; Sérino, Sylvie; Génard, Michel

2009-02-01

The mechanisms involving light control of vitamin C content in fruits are not yet fully understood. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of fruit and leaf shading on ascorbate (AsA) accumulation in tomato fruit and to determine how fruit sugar content (as an AsA precursor) affected AsA content. Cherry tomato plants were grown in a glasshouse. The control treatment (normally irradiated fruits and irradiated leaves) was compared with the whole-plant shading treatment and with leaf or fruit shading treatments in fruits harvested at breaker stage. In a second experiment, the correlation between sugars and AsA was studied during ripening. Fruit shading was the most effective treatment in reducing fruit AsA content. Under normal conditions, AsA and sugar content were correlated and increased with the ripening stage. Reducing fruit irradiance strongly decreased the reduced AsA content (-74 %), without affecting sugars, so that sugar and reduced AsA were no longer correlated. Leaf shading delayed fruit ripening: it increased the accumulation of oxidized AsA in green fruits (+98 %), whereas it decreased the reduced AsA content in orange fruits (-19 %), suggesting that fruit AsA metabolism also depends on leaf irradiance. Under fruit shading only, the absence of a correlation between sugars and reduced AsA content indicated that fruit AsA content was not limited by leaf photosynthesis or sugar substrate, but strongly depended on fruit irradiance. Leaf shading most probably affected fruit AsA content by delaying fruit ripening, and suggested a complex regulation of AsA metabolism which depends on both fruit and leaf irradiance and fruit ripening stage.

Infrared Irradiation: Toward Green Chemistry, a Review.

PubMed

Escobedo, René; Miranda, René; Martínez, Joel

2016-03-26

This review provides a comprehensive overview of where infrared irradiation has been employed, mainly as regards activating green mode for natural products extractions, as well as to favor a reaction, highlighting its actual importance. It is also underlined that infrared irradiation heating has been around for a long time; however, only in the last eighteen years have many of its advantages been applied to satisfy a wide range of chemical processes, natural products extractions, and for the promotion of many kinds of reactions. In addition, it is brought to light that near infrared irradiation is more efficient than middle and far infrared irradiations, being easily controllable and with the quality of a fast responding heat source. Thus, the main objective of this review is to offer infrared irradiation as an alternative clean energy source to activate reactions, in addition to favor the selective extraction of natural products, all of which is within the Green Chemistry protocol. Some recent results from our laboratory are also included.

Infrared Irradiation: Toward Green Chemistry, a Review

PubMed Central

Escobedo, René; Miranda, René; Martínez, Joel

2016-01-01

This review provides a comprehensive overview of where infrared irradiation has been employed, mainly as regards activating green mode for natural products extractions, as well as to favor a reaction, highlighting its actual importance. It is also underlined that infrared irradiation heating has been around for a long time; however, only in the last eighteen years have many of its advantages been applied to satisfy a wide range of chemical processes, natural products extractions, and for the promotion of many kinds of reactions. In addition, it is brought to light that near infrared irradiation is more efficient than middle and far infrared irradiations, being easily controllable and with the quality of a fast responding heat source. Thus, the main objective of this review is to offer infrared irradiation as an alternative clean energy source to activate reactions, in addition to favor the selective extraction of natural products, all of which is within the Green Chemistry protocol. Some recent results from our laboratory are also included. PMID:27023535

[Identification of irradiated abalone by ESR spectroscopy].

PubMed

Song, Yeping; Wang, Chuanxian; Yang, Zhenyu; Zhong, Weike; Geng, Jinpei; Lu, Di; Ding, Zhuoping

2012-05-01

To establish an analytical method for the detection and identification of irradiated abalone by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Electron spin resonance (ESR) was used to study the spectral characteristics of abalone and the characteristic peak for quantitation. There were obvious different ESR spectra between unirradiated and irradiated abalone. The g factor for unirradiated abalone was 2.0055-2.0060, the g1 and g2 factor for irradiated abalone were (2.0027 +/- 0.0001) and (1.9994 +/- 0.0001), respectively. The ESR signal intensity of characteristic peak was positively correlated with absorbed dose in the range of 0.5 - 10 kGy, left peak was the characteristic peak for quantitation and the detection limit was < or = 0.5 kGy. It was difficult to quantitate when the absorbed dose was over 10 kGy. ESR characteristic peak and g factor were able to qualitatively determine the irradiation of abalone. ESR spectroscopy is an effective method to determine whether the abalone being irradiated or not.

Single high-dose irradiation aggravates eosinophil-mediated fibrosis through IL-33 secreted from impaired vessels in the skin compared to fractionated irradiation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lee, Eun-Jung, E-mail: forejs2@yuhs.ac; Kim, Jun Won, E-mail: JUNWON@yuhs.ac; Yoo, Hyun, E-mail: gochunghee@yuhs.ac

We have revealed in a porcine skin injury model that eosinophil recruitment was dose-dependently enhanced by a single high-dose irradiation. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanism of eosinophil-associated skin fibrosis and the effect of high-dose-per-fraction radiation. The dorsal skin of a mini-pig was divided into two sections containing 4-cm{sup 2} fields that were irradiated with 30 Gy in a single fraction or 5 fractions and biopsied regularly over 14 weeks. Eosinophil-related Th2 cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and C–C motif chemokine-11 (CCL11/eotaxin) were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. RNA-sequencing using 30 Gy-irradiated mouse skin and functional assays in amore » co-culture system of THP-1 and irradiated-human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were performed to investigate the mechanism of eosinophil-mediated radiation fibrosis. Single high-dose-per-fraction irradiation caused pronounced eosinophil accumulation, increased profibrotic factors collagen and transforming growth factor-β, enhanced production of eosinophil-related cytokines including IL-4, IL-5, CCL11, IL-13, and IL-33, and reduced vessels compared with 5-fraction irradiation. IL-33 notably increased in pig and mouse skin vessels after single high-dose irradiation of 30 Gy, as well as in irradiated HUVECs following 12 Gy. Blocking IL-33 suppressed the migration ability of THP-1 cells and cytokine secretion in a co-culture system of THP-1 cells and irradiated HUVECs. Hence, high-dose-per-fraction irradiation appears to enhance eosinophil-mediated fibrotic responses, and IL-33 may be a key molecule operating in eosinophil-mediated fibrosis in high-dose-per fraction irradiated skin. - Highlights: • Single high-dose irradiation aggravates eosinophil-mediated fibrosis through IL-33. • Vascular endothelial cells damaged by high-dose radiation secrete IL-33. • Blocking IL-33 suppressed migration of inflammatory cells and cytokine secretion

Comparison of magnetic properties of austenitic stainless steel after ion irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Chaoliang; Liu, Xiangbing; Xue, Fei; Li, Yuanfei; Qian, Wangjie

2018-07-01

Specimens of austenitic stainless steel (ASS) were irradiated with H, Fe and Xe ions at room temperature. The vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) were used to analyze the magnetic properties and martensite formation. The magnetic hysteresis loops indicated that higher irradiation damage causes more significant magnetization phenomenon. Under the same damage level, Xe irradiation causes the most significant magnetization, Fe irradiation is the second, and H irradiation is the least. A similar martensite amount variation with irradiation can be obtained. The coercivity Hc increases first to 2 dpa and then decreases continuously with irradiation damage for Xe irradiation. At the same damage lever, H irradiation causes a largest Hc and Xe irradiation causes a minimal one.

EFFECT OF $gamma$-RAY IRRADIATION ON RED SEAWEEDS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Katsuura, K.; Suzuki, S.; Okano, T.

1962-07-01

The influence of gamma irradiation on chemical composition and physical properties, especially on jelly-forming ability, of red seaweeds (Rhodophyceae) was studied. Kirinsai (Eucheuma spinosum) and Ogonori (Gracilaria confervoides) were used as the samples of red seaweeds, and the raw seaweeds and the extracted mucilage from Kirinsai were irradiated by Co/sup 60/ gamma rays at doses ranging from 10/sup 4/ to 10/sup 7/ r After irradiation the relations between irradiation dosage and jelly strength, viscosity, and sulfate and carboxyl group content of the mucilage were examined. It was observed that irradiation did not increase jelly strength owing to the de-esterification ofmore » sulfate group, but it led to degradation of the main chain. From the results of fractionation experiments and the decrease of carboxyl group by irradiation, it was concluded that Kirinsai consists of the various kinds of polysaccharide and is not a polymer of a single component such as is true of Ogonori mucilage. (H.H.D.)« less

Reconstruction of solar spectral irradiance since the Maunder minimum

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krivova, N. A.; Vieira, L. E. A.; Solanki, S. K.

2010-12-01

Solar irradiance is the main external driver of the Earth's climate. Whereas the total solar irradiance is the main source of energy input into the climate system, solar UV irradiance exerts control over chemical and physical processes in the Earth's upper atmosphere. The time series of accurate irradiance measurements are, however, relatively short and limit the assessment of the solar contribution to the climate change. Here we reconstruct solar total and spectral irradiance in the range 115-160,000 nm since 1610. The evolution of the solar photospheric magnetic flux, which is a central input to the model, is appraised from the historical record of the sunspot number using a simple but consistent physical model. The model predicts an increase of 1.25 W/m2, or about 0.09%, in the 11-year averaged solar total irradiance since the Maunder minimum. Also, irradiance in individual spectral intervals has generally increased during the past four centuries, the magnitude of the trend being higher toward shorter wavelengths. In particular, the 11-year averaged Ly-α irradiance has increased by almost 50%. An exception is the spectral interval between about 1500 and 2500 nm, where irradiance has slightly decreased (by about 0.02%).

Void growth and coalescence in irradiated copper under deformation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barrioz, P. O.; Hure, J.; Tanguy, B.

2018-04-01

A decrease of fracture toughness of irradiated materials is usually observed, as reported for austenitic stainless steels in Light Water Reactors (LWRs) or copper alloys for fusion applications. For a wide range of applications (e.g. structural steels irradiated at low homologous temperature), void growth and coalescence fracture mechanism has been shown to be still predominant. As a consequence, a comprehensive study of the effects of irradiation-induced hardening mechanisms on void growth and coalescence in irradiated materials is required. The effects of irradiation on ductile fracture mechanisms - void growth to coalescence - are assessed in this study based on model experiments. Pure copper thin tensile samples have been irradiated with protons up to 0.01 dpa. Micron-scale holes drilled through the thickness of these samples subjected to uniaxial loading conditions allow a detailed description of void growth and coalescence. In this study, experimental data show that physical mechanisms of micron-scale void growth and coalescence are similar between the unirradiated and irradiated copper. However, an acceleration of void growth is observed in the later case, resulting in earlier coalescence, which is consistent with the decrease of fracture toughness reported in irradiated materials. These results are qualitatively reproduced with numerical simulations accounting for irradiation macroscopic hardening and decrease of strain-hardening capability.

Irradiation enhancement of biomass conversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smith, G. S.; Kiesling, H. E.; Galyean, M. L.; Bader, J. R.

The vast supply of cellulosic agricultural residues and industrial by-products that is produced each year is a prospective resource of biomass suitable for conversion to useful products such as feedstock for the chemicals industry and feedstuffs for the livestock industry. Conversions of such biomass is poor at present, and utilization is inefficient, because of physio-chemical barriers to biological degradation and (or) anti-quality components such as toxicants that restrict biological usages. Improvements in biodegradability of ligno-cellulosic materials have been accomplished by gamma-ray and electron-beam irradiation at intermediate dosage (˜ 50 Mrad; .5 MGy); but applications of the technology have been hampered by questionable interpretations of results. Recent research with organic wastes such as sewage sludge and straw suggests opportunity for important applications of irradiation technology in enhancement of biomass conversion. Data from experiments using irradiated straw as feed for ruminants are presented and discussed in relation to research on prospective usage of sewage products as feed for ruminants. Findings are discussed in regard to prospective applications in industrial fermentation processes. Possible usage of irradiation technology for destruction of toxicants in exotic plants is considered in regard to prospective new feedstuffs.

A Practical Irradiance Model for Bifacial PV Modules: Preprint

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Marion, Bill; MacAlpine, Sara; Deline, Chris

2017-06-15

A model, suitable for a row or multiple rows of photovoltaic (PV) modules, is presented for estimating the backside irradiance for bifacial PV modules. The model, which includes the effects of shading by the PV rows, is based on the use of configuration factors (CFs) to determine the fraction of a source of irradiance that is received by the backside of the PV module. Backside irradiances are modeled along the sloped height of the PV module, but assumed not to vary along the length of the PV row. The backside irradiances are corrected for angle-of-incidence losses and may be addedmore » to the front side irradiance to determine the total irradiance resource for the PV cell. Model results are compared with the measured backside irradiances for NREL and Sandia PV systems, and with results when using the RADIANCE ray tracing program.« less

NSUF Irradiated Materials Library

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cole, James Irvin

The Nuclear Science User Facilities has been in the process of establishing an innovative Irradiated Materials Library concept for maximizing the value of previous and on-going materials and nuclear fuels irradiation test campaigns, including utilization of real-world components retrieved from current and decommissioned reactors. When the ATR national scientific user facility was established in 2007 one of the goals of the program was to establish a library of irradiated samples for users to access and conduct research through competitively reviewed proposal process. As part of the initial effort, staff at the user facility identified legacy materials from previous programs thatmore » are still being stored in laboratories and hot-cell facilities at the INL. In addition other materials of interest were identified that are being stored outside the INL that the current owners have volunteered to enter into the library. Finally, over the course of the last several years, the ATR NSUF has irradiated more than 3500 specimens as part of NSUF competitively awarded research projects. The Logistics of managing this large inventory of highly radioactive poses unique challenges. This document will describe materials in the library, outline the policy for accessing these materials and put forth a strategy for making new additions to the library as well as establishing guidelines for minimum pedigree needed to be included in the library to limit the amount of material stored indefinitely without identified value.« less

Focal brain lesions induced with ultraviolet irradiation.

PubMed

Nakata, Mariko; Nagasaka, Kazuaki; Shimoda, Masayuki; Takashima, Ichiro; Yamamoto, Shinya

2018-05-22

Lesion and inactivation methods have played important roles in neuroscience studies. However, traditional techniques for creating a brain lesion are highly invasive, and control of lesion size and shape using these techniques is not easy. Here, we developed a novel method for creating a lesion on the cortical surface via 365 nm ultraviolet (UV) irradiation without breaking the dura mater. We demonstrated that 2.0 mWh UV irradiation, but not the same amount of non-UV light irradiation, induced an inverted bell-shaped lesion with neuronal loss and accumulation of glial cells. Moreover, the volume of the UV irradiation-induced lesion depended on the UV light exposure amount. We further succeeded in visualizing the lesioned site in a living animal using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Importantly, we also observed using an optical imaging technique that the spread of neural activation evoked by adjacent cortical stimulation disappeared only at the UV-irradiated site. In summary, UV irradiation can induce a focal brain lesion with a stable shape and size in a less invasive manner than traditional lesioning methods. This method is applicable to not only neuroscientific lesion experiments but also studies of the focal brain injury recovery process.

Application of gamma irradiation for inhibition of food allergy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Byun, Myung-Woo; Lee, Ju-Woon; Yook, Hong-Sun; Jo, Cheorun; Kim, Hee-Yun

2002-03-01

This study was carried out to evaluate the application of food irradiation technology as a method for reducing food allergy. Milk β-lactoglobulin, chicken egg albumin, and shrimp tropomyosin were used as model food allergens for experiments on allergenic and molecular properties by gamma irradiation. The amount of intact allergens in an irradiated solution was reduced by gamma irradiation depending upon the dose. These results showed that epitopes on the allergens were structurally altered by radiation treatment and that the irradiation technology can be applied to reduce allergenicity of allergic foods.

Food irradiation in the UK and the European Directive

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Woolston, John

2000-03-01

Food irradiation in the UK has been authorised since the early 1990s. In principle it is possible to irradiate a wide range of foods for a variety of purposes. In practice food irradiation is virtually non-existent. The structure of food retailing in the UK, a continual stream of food safety scares and a developing public 'crisis of confidence' in the food producer/supply chain have combined to make the future for food irradiation look bleak. The new European Directive on Food Irradiation is unlikely to alter this outlook.

Total body calcium analysis. [neutron irradiation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lewellen, T. K.; Nelp, W. B.

1974-01-01

A technique to quantitate total body calcium in humans is developed. Total body neutron irradiation is utilized to produce argon 37. The radio argon, which diffuses into the blood stream and is excreted through the lungs, is recovered from the exhaled breath and counted inside a proportional detector. Emphasis is placed on: (1) measurement of the rate of excretion of radio argon following total body neutron irradiation; (2) the development of the radio argon collection, purification, and counting systems; and (3) development of a patient irradiation facility using a 14 MeV neutron generator. Results and applications are discussed in detail.

ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND IRRADIATION DAMAGE TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Asscher, A.W.; Anson, S.G.

1962-12-29

On the basis of previous studies it appeared that irradiation damage to the nervous system might be more severe and more easily produced in hypertensive than in normotensive subjects. This hypothesis was investigated by studying the frequency of neurological complications and vascular lesions in the spinal cord after x irradiation of the cord in hypertensive and normotensive rats. Two weeks before irradiation of the spinal cord, a clip was applied to the right renal artery of the animals to produce hypertension. Single doses of 1500, 2000, or 3000 r were administered to the spinal cord in the cervical and uppermore » thoracic region of hypertensive rats (systolic blood pressure higher than 145 mm Hg) and normotensive rats. After 1500 r to spinal cord, no abnormalities were noted in the normotensive controls during the period of observation. Some hypertensive animaIs showed transient abnormalities of gait, and during the following week died suddenly. Those remaining died unexpectedly 35-259 days after irradiation without apparent preceding neurological manifestations, although acute vascular lesions were found in the irradiated regions of the spinal cord. The normotensive controls of the 2000-r group showed no abnormalities of gait or of tail sensation, but the hypertensive rats died 67-243 days after irradiation, and ntaxic episodes preceding these unexpected deaths in one animal. Ristologically, the irradiated segments of the cords showed multiple focal acute vascular necrosis. The smaller arteries in irradiated segments of the cords showed hyaline thickening; some of the smaller vessels were widely dilated and filled with blood, and their walls were necrotic. The white matter of the irradiated parts of these cords showed numerous holes (status spongiosus) in the lateral and dorsal columns. The anterior-horn cells in the irradiated zones were swollen, their nuclei pyknotic and cytoplasm devoid of Nissl granules. No abnormalities, besides thickening of the

Crystal plasticity modeling of irradiation growth in Zircaloy-2

DOE PAGES

Patra, Anirban; Tome, Carlos; Golubov, Stanislav I.

2017-05-10

A reaction-diffusion based mean field rate theory model is implemented in the viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) crystal plasticity framework to simulate irradiation growth in hcp Zr and its alloys. A novel scheme is proposed to model the evolution (both number density and radius) of irradiation-induced dislocation loops that can be informed directly from experimental data of dislocation density evolution during irradiation. This framework is used to predict the irradiation growth behavior of cold-worked Zircaloy-2 and trends compared to available experimental data. The role of internal stresses in inducing irradiation creep is discussed. Effects of grain size, texture, and external stress onmore » the coupled irradiation growth and creep behavior are also studied.« less

Crystal plasticity modeling of irradiation growth in Zircaloy-2

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Patra, Anirban; Tome, Carlos; Golubov, Stanislav I.

A reaction-diffusion based mean field rate theory model is implemented in the viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) crystal plasticity framework to simulate irradiation growth in hcp Zr and its alloys. A novel scheme is proposed to model the evolution (both number density and radius) of irradiation-induced dislocation loops that can be informed directly from experimental data of dislocation density evolution during irradiation. This framework is used to predict the irradiation growth behavior of cold-worked Zircaloy-2 and trends compared to available experimental data. The role of internal stresses in inducing irradiation creep is discussed. Effects of grain size, texture, and external stress onmore » the coupled irradiation growth and creep behavior are also studied.« less

Fuel or irradiation subassembly

DOEpatents

Seim, O.S.; Hutter, E.

1975-12-23

A subassembly for use in a nuclear reactor is described which incorporates a loose bundle of fuel or irradiation pins enclosed within an inner tube which in turn is enclosed within an outer coolant tube and includes a locking comb consisting of a head extending through one side of the inner sleeve and a plurality of teeth which extend through the other side of the inner sleeve while engaging annular undercut portions in the bottom portion of the fuel or irradiation pins to prevent movement of the pins.

Detection of irradiated fruits by gas-chromatographic methods.

PubMed

el-Dien, S; Farag, A

1996-06-01

To detect those fruits which have been subjected to low-dose irradiation (0.5-3 kGy), two methods of chromatography (GC-MS and LC-LC-GC-FID) were used to determine the radiolytic compounds of lipids formed after irradiation, such as alkanes and alkenes. Extraction of volatile hydrocarbon compounds from some parts of irradiated fruits, e.g. the flesh (avocado), seeds (papaya) and kernels (mango and apricot) was carried out. The analysis of hydrocarbons by GC-MS proved the suitability of using C17:1, C16:2, C15:0 and C14:1 as markers for avocados irradiated with a low dose (0.75 kGy). The same indicators appeared following the analysis of papayas and mangoes irradiated with 1.5, and 3.0 kGy. Also, C15:0, C14:1 and C16:3 can be used to identify apricots irradiated with a low dose (0.5 kGy). The detection of alkenes was only improved by a more selective isolation, e.g. of dienes or trienes by LC-LC-GC-FID. Within a few minutes, apricots and avocados irradiated at low doses (0.5 and 0.75 kGy) can be recognized by the indicators C16:2, C17:2 and C16:3, without interfering peaks. In all cases, C16:1, C16:2, C16:3 as well as significant amounts of C17:2 can be used as markers for fruit irradiation.

LOCAL ANESTHESIA IN IRRADIATED ANIMALS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lazovskaya, A.V.

1964-03-01

Experiments were conducted on animals subjected to x irradistion. A study was made of the features peculiar to the effect of local anesthetizing agents in various types of anesthesia. As revealed, the effect of decicaine on the cornea of the eye (terminal anesthesia) became intensified during the first hours after the irradiation of the animals (rabbits-- 1000 r) and reduced by the end of the first 24 hr. The initial value of the effect was restored by the third day. The extent of novocaine block of the sensitive conductors (conduction anesthesia) is greater in irradiated animals (frog- 5000 r) thanmore » that in nonirradiated ones. The analgesic effect of anesthetics (novocaine, benzocaine, mesocaine) weakened during infiltration anesthesia administered to the irradiated animals (guinea pigs--350 r). (auth)« less

Renal effects of renal x irradiation and induced autoallergic glomerulonephritis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rappaport, D.S.; Casarett, G.W.

1979-09-01

This study was conducted to determine what influence a single large x-ray exposure of kidney has on the development and course of an experimental autoallergic glomerulonephritis (EAG) in rats. EAG was induced in female Sprague-Dawley rats by immunization with Bordetella pertussis vaccine and homogenate of homologous kidney tissue and Freund's complete adjuvant. Progressive arteriolonephrosclerosis (ANS) was observed in right (irradiated) kidneys following unilateral renal irradiation (1500 rad). Rats were either immunized, sham-immunized, irradiated, sham-irradiated, or both immunized and irradiated. Light and immunofluorescent microscopic observation, urine protein content, and kidney weights were evaluated. In immunized-irradiated animals the effects of irradiation andmore » immunization were largely additive. Immunization did not considerably influence the development and course of ANS and irradiation did not considerably influence the development and course of EAG.« less

Crystal plasticity modeling of irradiation growth in Zircaloy-2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Patra, Anirban; Tomé, Carlos N.; Golubov, Stanislav I.

2017-08-01

A physically based reaction-diffusion model is implemented in the visco-plastic self-consistent (VPSC) crystal plasticity framework to simulate irradiation growth in hcp Zr and its alloys. The reaction-diffusion model accounts for the defects produced by the cascade of displaced atoms, their diffusion to lattice sinks and the contribution to crystallographic strain at the level of single crystals. The VPSC framework accounts for intergranular interactions and irradiation creep, and calculates the strain in the polycrystalline ensemble. A novel scheme is proposed to model the simultaneous evolution of both, number density and radius, of irradiation-induced dislocation loops directly from experimental data of dislocation density evolution during irradiation. This framework is used to predict the irradiation growth behaviour of cold-worked Zircaloy-2 and trends compared to available experimental data. The role of internal stresses in inducing irradiation creep is discussed. Effects of grain size, texture and external stress on the coupled irradiation growth and creep behaviour are also studied and compared with available experimental data.

A Retailer's Experience with Irradiated Foods

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

James P. Corrigan

2000-11-12

A food irradiation success story comes from Northbrook, Illinois, where Carrot Top, Inc., has been routinely carrying irradiated food for more than 7 yr. This paper presents the experiences of Carrot Top during those years, details the marketing approaches used, and summarizes the resulting sales figures.

Schedule and status of irradiation experiments

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rowcliffe, A.F.; Grossbeck, M.L.; Robertson, J.P.

1998-09-01

The current status of reactor irradiation experiments is presented in tables summarizing the experimental objectives, conditions, and schedule. Currently, the program has one irradiation experiment in reactor and five experiments in the design or construction stages. Postirradiation examination and testing is in progress on ten experiments.

Consumer acceptance of irradiated food: theory and reality

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bruhn, Christine M.

1998-06-01

For years most consumers have expressed less concern about food irradiation than other food processing technologies. Attitude studies have demonstrated that when given science-based information, from 60% to 90% of consumers prefer the advantages irradiation processing provides. When information is accompanied by samples, acceptance may increase to 99%. Information on irradiation should include product benefits, safety and wholesomeness, address environmental safety issues, and include endorsements by recognized health authorities. Educational and marketing programs should now be directed toward retailers and processors. Given the opportunity, consumers will buy high quality, safety-enhanced irradiated food.

Food irradiation: Technology transfer in Asia, practical experiences

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kunstadt, Peter; Eng, P.

1993-10-01

Nordion International Inc., in cooperation with the Thai Office of Atomic Energy for Peace (OAEP) and the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) recently completed a unique food irradiation technology transfer project in Thailand. This complete food irradiation technology transfer project included the design and construction of an automatic multipurpose irradiation facility as well as the services of construction and installation management and experts in facility operation, maintenance and training. This paper provides an insight into the many events that led to the succesful conclusion of the world's first complete food irradiation technology transfer project.

Cost of irradiating bacon and the associated energy savings. Technical report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brynjolfsson, A.

1979-03-01

This paper is about costs and energy savings obtained by irradiating bacon. Sterilized by irradiation (25 kGy), bacon without added nitrite does not contain nitrosamines and does not constitute botulism hazard. If bacon is irradiation sterilized while refrigerated, the cost of irradiation is about $0.08/lb; if irradiation-sterilized while frozen, the costs of irradiation and freezing would be about $0.03/lb. Substerilizing irradiation doses of 7.5 to 15 kGy would give about 80 days extension of bacon stored and distributed refrigerated. The irradiation costs, in this case, would be about $0.07/lb.

IRRADIATION-CAPSULE STUDY OF URANIUM MONOCARBIDE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Price, R.B.; Stahl, D.; Stang, J.H.

1960-03-01

Small cylindrical specimens of enriched UC were irradiated to evaluate usefulness as a high-temperature fuel for stationary power reactors. Detailed thermal and nuclear analyses were made to arrive at an appropriate capsule design on the basis of target specimen center-line temperature ( approximately 1500 deg F), specimen surface temperature (1100 deg F), specimen composition (U--5 wt.% C), and acapsule o.d. of 1.125 in. Temperature data from thermocouples inside the capsule indicated that five of the six capsules irradiated operated at close to the design conditions. Irradiation periods for individual capsules were varied to give burnups ranging from 1,000 to 20,000more » Mwd/t of U. Preliminary evidence indicates that this range of burnups was achieved. By using temperature and heat-flux data from the actual irradiations to estimate effective in-pile specimen thermal conductivities, it was found that the conductivity did not appear to vary during the exposures. (auth)« less

X-ray irradiation of yeast cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Masini, Alessandra; Batani, Dimitri; Previdi, Fabio; Conti, Aldo; Pisani, Francesca; Botto, Cesare; Bortolotto, Fulvia; Torsiello, Flavia; Turcu, I. C. Edmond; Allott, Ric M.; Lisi, Nicola; Milani, Marziale; Costato, Michele; Pozzi, Achille; Koenig, Michel

1997-10-01

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae yeast cells were irradiated using the soft X-ray laser-plasma source at Rutherford Laboratory. The aim was to produce a selective damage of enzyme metabolic activity at the wall and membrane level (responsible for fermentation) without interfering with respiration (taking place in mitochondria) and with nuclear and DNA activity. The source was calibrated by PIN diodes and X-ray spectrometers. Teflon stripes were chosen as targets for the UV laser, emitting X-rays at about 0.9 keV, characterized by a very large decay exponent in biological matter. X-ray doses to the different cell compartments were calculated following a Lambert-Bouguet-Beer law. After irradiation, the selective damage to metabolic activity at the membrane level was measured by monitoring CO2 production with pressure silicon detectors. Preliminary results gave evidence of pressure reduction for irradiated samples and non-linear response to doses. Also metabolic oscillations were evidenced in cell suspensions and it was shown that X-ray irradiation changed the oscillation frequency.

Regulation of tomato fruit ascorbate content is more highly dependent on fruit irradiance than leaf irradiance

PubMed Central

Gautier, Hélène; Massot, Capucine; Stevens, Rebecca; Sérino, Sylvie; Génard, Michel

2009-01-01

Background and Aims The mechanisms involving light control of vitamin C content in fruits are not yet fully understood. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of fruit and leaf shading on ascorbate (AsA) accumulation in tomato fruit and to determine how fruit sugar content (as an AsA precursor) affected AsA content. Methods Cherry tomato plants were grown in a glasshouse. The control treatment (normally irradiated fruits and irradiated leaves) was compared with the whole-plant shading treatment and with leaf or fruit shading treatments in fruits harvested at breaker stage. In a second experiment, the correlation between sugars and AsA was studied during ripening. Key Results Fruit shading was the most effective treatment in reducing fruit AsA content. Under normal conditions, AsA and sugar content were correlated and increased with the ripening stage. Reducing fruit irradiance strongly decreased the reduced AsA content (−74 %), without affecting sugars, so that sugar and reduced AsA were no longer correlated. Leaf shading delayed fruit ripening: it increased the accumulation of oxidized AsA in green fruits (+98 %), whereas it decreased the reduced AsA content in orange fruits (−19 %), suggesting that fruit AsA metabolism also depends on leaf irradiance. Conclusions Under fruit shading only, the absence of a correlation between sugars and reduced AsA content indicated that fruit AsA content was not limited by leaf photosynthesis or sugar substrate, but strongly depended on fruit irradiance. Leaf shading most probably affected fruit AsA content by delaying fruit ripening, and suggested a complex regulation of AsA metabolism which depends on both fruit and leaf irradiance and fruit ripening stage. PMID:19033285

Antimicrobial properties of natural substances in irradiated fresh poultry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mahrour, A.; Lacroix, M.; Nketsa-Tabiri, J.; Calderon, N.; Gagnon, M.

1998-06-01

This study was undertaken to determine if a combined treatment (marinating in natural plant extracts or vacuum) with irradiation could have a synergetic effect, in order to reduce the dose required for complete elimination of Salmonella on fresh poultry. The effect of these combined treatments on the shelf-life extension was also evaluated. The fresh chicken legs were irradiated at 0, 3 and 5 kGy. The poultry underwent microbial analysis(mesophilic and Salmonella detection). For each treatment, the total microbial count decreased with increase of irradiation dose. The marinating treatment have a synergistic effect with irradiation treatment to reduce the total microbial count and controlling the proliferation during storage at 4°C. Irradiation of fresh chicken pieces with a dose of 3 kGy appears to be able to extend the microbial shelf-life by a factor of 2. When the chicken is marinating and irradiated at 3 kGy or when irradiated at 5 kGy without marinating, the microbial shelf-life is extended by a factor of 7 to 8. No Salmonella was found during all the experiment in the chicken in air and marinated. However, a presence of Salmonella was found in samples irradiated at 5 kGy under vacuum, in unirradiated samples and samples irradiated at 3kGy in air and under vacuum.

Effect of post-irradiation annealing on the irradiated microstructure of neutron-irradiated 304L stainless steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiao, Z.; Hesterberg, J.; Was, G. S.

2018-03-01

Post-irradiation annealing was performed on a 304L SS that was irradiated to 5.9 dpa in the Barsebäck 1 BWR reactor. Evolution of dislocation loops, radiation-induced solute clusters and radiation-induced segregation at the grain boundary was investigated following thermal annealing at 500 °C and 550 °C up to 20 h. Dislocation loops, Ni-Si and Al-Cu clusters, and enrichment of Ni, Si and depletion of Cr at the grain boundary were observed in the as-irradiated condition. Dislocation loop size did not change significantly after annealing at 550 °C for 5 h but the loop number density decreased considerably and loops mostly disappeared after annealing at 550 °C for 20 h. The average size of Ni-Si and Al-Cu clusters increased while the number density decreased with annealing. The increase in cluster size was due to diffusion of solutes rather than cluster coarsening. Significant volume fractions of Ni-Si and Al-Cu clusters still remained after annealing at 550 °C for 20 h. Substantial recovery of Cr and Ni at the grain boundary was observed after annealing at 550 °C for 5 h but neither Cr nor Ni was fully recovered after 20 h. Annihilation of dislocation loops, driven by the thermal vacancy concentration gradient caused by the strain field and stacking fault associated with the loops appeared to be faster than annihilation of solute clusters and recovery of Ni and Si at the grain boundary, both of which are driven by the solute concentration gradients.

RESULTS OF THE CANADIAN POTATO IRRADIATION PROGRAM

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hetherington, C.H.; MacQueen, K.F.

1963-01-01

Results of test irradiations of potatoes in Canada between October 1961 and March 1962 are reviewed. Completely effective sprout inhibition was obtained in all cases. Radiation treatment was observed to be more effective than other methods. A lower dosage level would probably be satisfactory on a commercial basis. There was no internal sprouting and irradiated potatoes remained firmer than controls. Some dry rot was present in both control and treated potatoes. Irradiated potatoes were found to be more resistant to light greening. The quality of chips, instant mashed potatoes, frozen French fries, and fresh boilers produced from irradiated potatoes wasmore » found to be good. Implications and plans for commercialization of the process are discussed. (H.M.G.)« less

Performance of irradiated CVD diamond micro-strip sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adam, W.; Berdermann, E.; Bergonzo, P.; Bertuccio, G.; Bogani, F.; Borchi, E.; Brambilla, A.; Bruzzi, M.; Colledani, C.; Conway, J.; D'Angelo, P.; Dabrowski, W.; Delpierre, P.; Deneuville, A.; Dulinski, W.; van Eijk, B.; Fallou, A.; Fizzotti, F.; Foulon, F.; Friedl, M.; Gan, K. K.; Gheeraert, E.; Hallewell, G.; Han, S.; Hartjes, F.; Hrubec, J.; Husson, D.; Kagan, H.; Kania, D.; Kaplon, J.; Kass, R.; Koeth, T.; Krammer, M.; Logiudice, A.; Lu, R.; mac Lynne, L.; Manfredotti, C.; Meier, D.; Mishina, M.; Moroni, L.; Noomen, J.; Oh, A.; Pan, L. S.; Pernicka, M.; Peitz, A.; Perera, L.; Pirollo, S.; Procario, M.; Riester, J. L.; Roe, S.; Rousseau, L.; Rudge, A.; Russ, J.; Sala, S.; Sampietro, M.; Schnetzer, S.; Sciortino, S.; Stelzer, H.; Stone, R.; Suter, B.; Tapper, R. J.; Tesarek, R.; Trischuk, W.; Tromson, D.; Vittone, E.; Walsh, A. M.; Wedenig, R.; Weilhammer, P.; Wetstein, M.; White, C.; Zeuner, W.; Zoeller, M.; Plano, R.; Somalwar, S. V.; Thomson, G. B.

2002-01-01

CVD diamond detectors are of interest for charged particle detection and tracking due to their high radiation tolerance. In this article, we present, for the first time, beam test results from recently manufactured CVD diamond strip detectors and their behavior under low doses of electrons from a β-source and the performance before and after intense (>10 15/cm 2) proton- and pion-irradiations. We find that low dose irradiation increase the signal-to-noise ratio (pumping of the signal) and slightly deteriorate the spatial resolution. Intense irradiation with protons 2.2×10 15 p/ cm2 lowers the signal-to-noise ratio slightly. Intense irradiation with pions 2.9×10 15 π/ cm2 lowers the signal-to-noise ratio more. The spatial resolution of the diamond sensors improves after irradiations.

Commercial scale irradiation for insect disinfestation preserves peach quality

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McDonald, Heather; McCulloch, Mary; Caporaso, Fred; Winborne, Ian; Oubichon, Michon; Rakovski, Cyril; Prakash, Anuradha

2012-06-01

Irradiation is approved as a generic quarantine treatment by the US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Due to the effectiveness of irradiation in controlling insects on commodities, there is a growing need to understand the effects of low dose irradiation on fruit quality. The goal of this study was to determine the sensitivity of peaches (Prunus persica) to irradiation, and secondly, to determine the effect of commercial scale treatment on shelf-life, overall quality and consumer liking. Six varieties of peaches were irradiated in small batches at 0.29, 0.49, 0.69 and 0.90 kGy to observe the sensitivity of peaches at different dose levels. Changes in quality were evaluated by 8 trained panelists using descriptive analysis. Sensory characteristics (color, smoothness, aroma, touch firmness, mouth firmness, graininess, overall flavor and off-flavor) were evaluated at 2-4 day intervals and untreated samples served as control. To simulate commercial treatment, peaches were irradiated in pallet quantities at a target dose level of 0.4 kGy. The average absorbed dose was 0.66 kGy with an average dose uniformity ratio of 1.57. Commercially treated peaches were evaluated by 40-80 untrained consumers for acceptability routinely throughout the shelf life. Titratable acidity, Brix, texture and weight loss were also monitored for both commercial and small scale irradiated peaches. There was no dose effect on TA, Brix and weight loss due to irradiation. Peaches irradiated at 0.69 and 0.90 kGy were darker in flesh color, more juicy and less firm as determined by the trained panel and analytical pressure tests. Commercial scale irradiation did not adversely affect shelf life but was seen to enhance ripening. This, however, was perceived as a positive change by consumers. Overall, consumers rated the acceptability of irradiated peaches higher than untreated peaches. Statistical analysis was performed using linear mixed models to find determinates

Identification of irradiated mushrooms (in German)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Muenzner, R.

1973-01-01

A very simple method is described using a 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride solution as an indicator. The experiments have shown that only non- irradiated mushrooms could reduce the indicator solution to the red triphenylfornsazane. In the case of irradiated mushrooms, the solution retains its brown color. (GE)

Electron beam irradiation effects on ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nasef, Mohamed Mahmoud; Saidi, Hamdani; Dahlan, Khairul Zaman M.

2003-12-01

The effects of electron beam irradiation on ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) films were studied. Samples were irradiated in air at room temperature by a universal electron beam accelerator for doses ranging from 100 to 1200 kGy. Irradiated samples were investigated with respect to their chemical structure, thermal characteristics, crystallinity and mechanical properties using FTIR, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and universal mechanical tester. The interaction of electron irradiation with ETFE films was found to induce dose-dependent changes in all the investigated properties. A mechanism for electron-induced reactions is proposed to explain the structure-property behaviour of irradiated ETFE films.

Validation of gamma irradiator controls for quality and regulatory compliance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harding, Rorry B.; Pinteric, Francis J. A.

1995-09-01

Since 1978 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has had both the legal authority and the Current Good Manufacturing Practice (CGMP) regulations in place to require irradiator owners who process medical devices to produce evidence of Irradiation Process Validation. One of the key components of Irradiation Process Validation is the validation of the irradiator controls. However, it is only recently that FDA audits have focused on this component of the process validation. What is Irradiator Control System Validation? What constitutes evidence of control? How do owners obtain evidence? What is the irradiator supplier's role in validation? How does the ISO 9000 Quality Standard relate to the FDA's CGMP requirement for evidence of Control System Validation? This paper presents answers to these questions based on the recent experiences of Nordion's engineering and product management staff who have worked with several US-based irradiator owners. This topic — Validation of Irradiator Controls — is a significant regulatory compliance and operations issue within the irradiator suppliers' and users' community.

Gamma irradiation reduces the immunological toxicity of doxorubicin, anticancer drug

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Jae-Hun; Sung, Nak-Yun; Raghavendran, H. Balaji; Yoon, Yohan; Song, Beom-Seok; Choi, Jong-il; Yoo, Young-Choon; Byun, Myung-Woo; Hwang, Young-Jeong; Lee, Ju-Woon

2009-07-01

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used anticancer agent, but exhibits some immunological toxicity to patients during chemotherapy. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation on the immunological response and the inhibition activity on in vivo tumor mass of DOX. The results showed that DOX irradiated at 10 and 20 kGy reduce the inhibition of mouse peritoneal macrophage proliferation and induce the release of cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) when compared with non-irradiated DOX. The cytotoxicity against human breast (MCF-7), murine colon adenocarcinoma (Colon 26) and human monocytic (THP-1) tumor cell were not significantly different between non-irradiated and irradiated DOX ( P<0.05). In vivo study on the tumor mass inhibition, gamma-irradiated DOX showed a considerable inhibition of tumor mass and this effect was statistically non-significant as compared with non-irradiated DOX. In conclusion, gamma irradiation could be regarded as a potential method for reducing the immunological toxicity of DOX. Further researches is needed to reveal the formation and activity of radiolysis products by gamma irradiation.

Electron spin resonance identification of irradiated fruits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Raffi, Jacques J.; Agnel, Jean-Pierre L.

The electron spin resonance spectrum of achenes, pips, stalks and stones from irradiated fruits (strawberry, raspberry, red currant, bilberry, apple, pear, fig, french prune, kiwi, water-melon and cherry) always displays, just after γ-treatment, a weak triplet ( aH≈30 G) due to a cellulose radical; its left line (lower field) can be used as an identification test of irradiation, at least for strawberries, rapsberries, red currants or bilberries irradiated in order to improve their storage time.

Proton irradiation effects on beryllium - A macroscopic assessment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simos, Nikolaos; Elbakhshwan, Mohamed; Zhong, Zhong; Camino, Fernando

2016-10-01

Beryllium, due to its excellent neutron multiplication and moderation properties, in conjunction with its good thermal properties, is under consideration for use as plasma facing material in fusion reactors and as a very effective neutron reflector in fission reactors. While it is characterized by unique combination of structural, chemical, atomic number, and neutron absorption cross section it suffers, however, from irradiation generated transmutation gases such as helium and tritium which exhibit low solubility leading to supersaturation of the Be matrix and tend to precipitate into bubbles that coalesce and induce swelling and embrittlement thus degrading the metal and limiting its lifetime. Utilization of beryllium as a pion production low-Z target in high power proton accelerators has been sought both for its low Z and good thermal properties in an effort to mitigate thermos-mechanical shock that is expected to be induced under the multi-MW power demand. To assess irradiation-induced changes in the thermal and mechanical properties of Beryllium, a study focusing on proton irradiation damage effects has been undertaken using 200 MeV protons from the Brookhaven National Laboratory Linac and followed by a multi-faceted post-irradiation analysis that included the thermal and volumetric stability of irradiated beryllium, the stress-strain behavior and its ductility loss as a function of proton fluence and the effects of proton irradiation on the microstructure using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The mimicking of high temperature irradiation of Beryllium via high temperature annealing schemes has been conducted as part of the post-irradiation study. This paper focuses on the thermal stability and mechanical property changes of the proton irradiated beryllium and presents results of the macroscopic property changes of Beryllium deduced from thermal and mechanical tests.

High Fidelity Ion Beam Simulation of High Dose Neutron Irradiation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Was, Gary; Wirth, Brian; Motta, Athur

The objective of this proposal is to demonstrate the capability to predict the evolution of microstructure and properties of structural materials in-reactor and at high doses, using ion irradiation as a surrogate for reactor irradiations. “Properties” includes both physical properties (irradiated microstructure) and the mechanical properties of the material. Demonstration of the capability to predict properties has two components. One is ion irradiation of a set of alloys to yield an irradiated microstructure and corresponding mechanical behavior that are substantially the same as results from neutron exposure in the appropriate reactor environment. Second is the capability to predict the irradiatedmore » microstructure and corresponding mechanical behavior on the basis of improved models, validated against both ion and reactor irradiations and verified against ion irradiations. Taken together, achievement of these objectives will yield an enhanced capability for simulating the behavior of materials in reactor irradiations.« less

Whole-body γ-irradiation decelerates rat hepatocyte polyploidization.

PubMed

Ikhtiar, Adnan M

2015-07-01

To characterize hepatocyte polyploidization induced by intermediate dose of γ-ray. Male Wistar strain rats were whole-body irradiated (WBI) with 2 Gy of γ-ray at the age of 1 month, and 5-6 rats were sacrificed monthly at 0-25 months after irradiation. The nuclear DNA content of individual hepatocytes was measured by flow cytometry, then hepatocytes were classified into various ploidy classes. Survival percentage, after exposure up to the end of the study, did not indicate any differences between the irradiated groups and controls. The degree of polyploidization in hepatocytes of irradiated rats, was significantly lower than that for the control after 1 month of exposure, and it continued to be lower after up to 8 months. Thereafter, the degree of polyploidization in the irradiated group slowly returned to the control level when the irradiated rats reached the age of 10 months. Intermediate dose of ionizing radiation, in contrast to high doses, decelerate hepatocyte polyploidization, which may coincides with the hypothesis of the beneficial effects of low doses of ionizing radiation.

LIGHT SCATTERING PROPERTIES OF GLIADIN AFTER X-RAY IRRADIATION

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wu, J.

1962-01-01

The gliadin portion of wheat gluten prepared in 60% ethanol solution was investigated for its light scattering properties after x irradiation. Results show that the effect of irradiation depends on the quality of the sample, such as dry or wet. The average molecular weight of liadin decreased in accordance with the time of irradiation. The longer the irradiated time, the more SH groups were setfree. (P.C.H.)

Effets Seebeck et Nernst dans les cuprates: Etude de la reconstruction de la surface de Fermi sous champ magnetique intense

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Laliberte, Francis

2010-06-01

Ce memoire presente des mesures de transport thermoelectrique, les effets Seebeck et Nernst, dans une serie d'echantillons de supraconducteurs a haute temperature critique. Des resultats obtenus recemment au Laboratoire National des Champs Magnetiques Intenses a Grenoble sur La1.7Eu0.2Sr0.1 CuO4, La1.675Eu0.2Sr0.125CuO 4, La1.64Eu0.2Sr0.16CuO4, La1.74Eu0.1Sr0.16CuO4 et La 1.4Nd0.4Sr0.2CuO4 sont analyses. Une attention particuliere est accordee aux equations de la theorie semi-classique du transport et leur validite est verifiee. La procedure experimentale et les materiaux utilises pour concevoir les montages de mesures sont expliques en detail. Enfin, un chapitre est dedie a l'explication et l'interpretation des resultats de transport thermoelectrique sur YBa2Cu3O6+delta publies au cours de l'hiver 2010 dans les revues Nature et Physical Review Letters. Les donnees d'effet Seebeck dans les echantillons de La 1.8-x,Eu0.2SrxCuO 4, ou un changement de signe est observe, permettent de conclure a la presence d'une poche d'electrons dans la surface de Fermi qui domine le transport a basse temperature dans la region sous-dopee du diagramme de phase. Cette conclusion est similaire a celle obtenue par des mesures d'effet Hall dans YBa 2Cu3O6+delta et elle cadre bien dans un scenario de reconstruction de la surface de Fermi. Les donnees d'effet Nernst recueillies indiquent que la contribution des fluctuations supraconductrices est limitee a un modeste intervalle de temperature au-dessus de la temperature critique.

Trehalose Dimycolate Enhances Survival of Fission Neutron-Irradiated Mice and Klebsiella pneumoniae-Challenged Irradiated Mice

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-01-01

SR90-5 Trehalose Dimycolate Enhances Survival of Fission Neutron-Irradiated Mice and Kiebsiella pneumoniae-Challenged Irradiated Mice 1’ 2 D. (. M...doses kines and immunomodulators of nonspecific resistance to of fission neutron radiation is increased when trehalose dimycol- infection might have... trehalose day before exposure to radiation. TDM in an emulsion of squa- dimycolate (TDM) have been shown to be effective in in- lene. Tween 80, and saline

Low irradiance losses of photovoltaic modules

DOE PAGES

Mavromatakis, F.; Vignola, F.; Marion, Bill

2017-09-01

Here, the efficiency of a photovoltaic cell/module changes, as the intensity of incident irradiance decreases, in a non linear way and these changes are referred to as low irradiance losses. In this study data from field experiments, developed and organized by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, are used to evaluate the low irradiance losses for a variety of module technologies. The results demonstrate that the ratio of the normalized power divided by the normalized short circuit current provide a good measure of the module's low light efficiency losses after both the maximum power and the short circuit current are adjustedmore » for temperature effects. The normalized efficiencies determined through the field data, spanning for several months, are in good agreement with those determined under controlled conditions in a solar simulator. An analytical relation for the normalized efficiency is proposed based on existing formulation for the fill factor. Despite the approximate nature of the fill factor relation, this approach produces reliable results. It will be shown that a normalized efficiency curve can be used to extract information on the series and shunt resistances of the PV module and that the shunt resistance as a function of solar irradiance can be studied. Alternately, this formulation can be used to study the low irradiance losses of a module when the internal resistances are known.« less

Low irradiance losses of photovoltaic modules

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mavromatakis, F.; Vignola, F.; Marion, Bill

Here, the efficiency of a photovoltaic cell/module changes, as the intensity of incident irradiance decreases, in a non linear way and these changes are referred to as low irradiance losses. In this study data from field experiments, developed and organized by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, are used to evaluate the low irradiance losses for a variety of module technologies. The results demonstrate that the ratio of the normalized power divided by the normalized short circuit current provide a good measure of the module's low light efficiency losses after both the maximum power and the short circuit current are adjustedmore » for temperature effects. The normalized efficiencies determined through the field data, spanning for several months, are in good agreement with those determined under controlled conditions in a solar simulator. An analytical relation for the normalized efficiency is proposed based on existing formulation for the fill factor. Despite the approximate nature of the fill factor relation, this approach produces reliable results. It will be shown that a normalized efficiency curve can be used to extract information on the series and shunt resistances of the PV module and that the shunt resistance as a function of solar irradiance can be studied. Alternately, this formulation can be used to study the low irradiance losses of a module when the internal resistances are known.« less

A hybrid system for solar irradiance specification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tobiska, W.; Bouwer, S.

2006-12-01

Space environment research and space weather operations require solar irradiances in a variety of time scales and spectral formats. We describe the development of solar irradiance characterization using four models and systems that are also used for space weather operations. The four models/systems include SOLAR2000 (S2K), SOLARFLARE (SFLR), APEX, and IDAR, which are used by Space Environment Technologies (SET) to provide solar irradiances from the soft X-rays through the visible spectrum. SFLR uses the GOES 0.1 0.8 nm X-rays in combination with a Mewe model subroutine to provide 0.1 30.0 nm irradiances at 0.1 nm spectral resolution, at 1 minute time resolution, and in a 6-hour XUV EUV spectral solar flare evolution forecast with a 7 minute latency and a 2 minute cadence. These irradiances have been calibrated with the SORCE XPS observations and we report on the inclusion of these irradiances into the S2K model. The APEX system is a real-time data retrieval system developed in conjunction with the University of Southern California Space Sciences Center (SSC) to provide SOHO SEM data processing and distribution. SSC provides the updated SEM data to the research community and SET provides the operational data to the space operations community. We describe how the SOHO SEM data, and especially the new S10.7 index, is being integrated directly into the S2K model for space weather operations. The IDAR system has been developed by SET to extract coronal hole boundaries, streamers, coronal loops, active regions, plage, network, and background (internetwork) features from solar images for comparison with solar magnetic features. S2K, SFLR, APEX, and IDAR outputs are integrated through the S2K solar irradiance platform that has become a hybrid system, i.e., a system that is able to produce irradiances using different processes, including empirical and physics-based models combined with real-time data integration.

TECHNOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF GAMMA IRRADIATION OF WHEAT

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Milner, M.

Extensive literature appearing in the past six years suggests that few if any useful modifications of wheat and flour are produced by gamma irradiation. Deinfestation by treatments of 25,000 to 50,000 rep was proposed, but more information is needed about possible deleterious effects. Fungi, the cause of deterioration of damp grain, can be eliminated by irradiation levels around 250,000 rep, but damage to germination, starch, and protein, as well as darkening due to non-enzymatic browning, question the practicality of such treatment for improving storage properties. A decrease in power consumption in milling occurs, probably related to radiation-splitting of starch, whichmore » also involves decrease in dextrin chain length and gelatinization viscosity, as well as increases in maltose value. An increase in the soluble pentosans and loss of their gelling characteristic when treated with oxidizing agents is also observed, paralleling the appearance of major deterioration in breadmaking quality and loss of bromate response. Reduction of grain viability with irradiation is not paralleled by a corresponding drop in formazan production from TTC, due apparently to the formation of browning products, reducing in character (reductones), at high radiation levels. Evidence concerning the effects of irradiation on dough and breadmaking properties is conflicting but the improvement claimed in weak wheats can be explained on the basis of a stimulation in gas production during dough fermentation due to increase in starch degradation products; probably it does not involve beneficial modification of the gluten. Thus, when irradiated flours are baked with optimum quantities of sugar, amylase supplements and oxidizing agents, no improving effect due to irradiation is observed and the damage to bread properties is progressive; it is reversible in terms of loaf volume but not crumb grain by treatment with potassium bromate, but only at moderate irradiation levels. Reduction of dough

Effects of gamma irradiation on deteriorated paper

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bicchieri, Marina; Monti, Michela; Piantanida, Giovanna; Sodo, Armida

2016-08-01

Even though gamma radiation application, also at the minimum dosage required for disinfection, causes depolymerization and degradation of the paper substrate, recently published papers seemed, instead, to suggest that γ-rays application could be envisaged in some conditions for Cultural Heritage original documents and books. In some of the published papers, the possible application of γ-rays was evaluated mainly by using mechanical tests that scarcely reflect the chemical modifications induced in the cellulosic support. In the present article the effect of low dosage γ-irradiation on cellulosic substrates was studied and monitored applying different techniques: colorimetry, spectroscopic measurements, carbonyl content and average viscometric degree of polymerization. Two different papers were investigated, a non-sized, non-filled cotton paper, and a commercial permanent paper. To simulate a real deteriorated document, which could need γ-rays irradiation, some samples were submitted to a hydrolysis treatment. We developed a treatment based on the exposition of paper to hydrochloric acid vapors, avoiding any contact of the samples with water. This method induces a degradation similar to that observed on original documents. The samples were then irradiated with 3 kGy γ-rays at a 5258 Gy/h rate. The aforementioned analyses were performed on the samples just irradiated and after artificial ageing. All tests showed negative effects of gamma irradiation on paper. Non-irradiated paper preserves better its appearance and chemical properties both in the short term and after ageing, while the irradiated samples show appreciable color change and higher oxidation extent. Since the Istituto centrale restauro e conservazione patrimonio archivistico e librario is responsible for the choice of all restoration treatments that could be applied on library and archival materials under the protection of the Italian State (http://www.icpal.beniculturali.it/allegati/DM-7

Solar total and spectral irradiance reconstruction over last 9000 years

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Chi-Ju; Usoskin, Ilya; Krivova, Natalie; Solanki, Sami K.

2016-07-01

Although the mechanisms of solar influence on Earth climate system are not yet fully understood, solar total and spectral irradiance are considered to be among the main determinants. Solar total irradiance is the total flux of solar radiative energy entering Earth's climate system, whereas the spectral irradiance describes this energy is distributed over the spectrum. Solar irradiance in the UV band is of special importance since it governs chemical processes in the middle and upper atmosphere. On timescales of the 11-year solar cycle and shorter, solar irradiance is measured by space-based instruments while models are needed to reconstruct solar irradiance on longer timescale. The SATIRE-M model (Spectral And Total Irradiance Reconstruction over millennia) is employed in this study to reconstruct solar irradiance from decadal radionuclide isotope data such as 14C and 10Be stored in tree rings and ice cores, respectively. A reconstruction over the last 9000 years will be presented.

Solar Total and Spectral Irradiance Reconstruction over Last 9000 Years

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, C. J.; Krivova, N.; Solanki, S. K.; Usoskin, I. G.

2016-12-01

Although the mechanisms of solar influence on Earth climate system are not yet fully understood, solar total and spectral irradiance are considered to be among the main determinants. Solar total irradiance is the total flux of solar radiative energy entering Earth's climate system, whereas the spectral irradiance describes this energy is distributed over the spectrum. Solar irradiance in the UV band is of special importance since it governs chemical processes in the middle and upper atmosphere. On timescales of the 11-year solar cycle and shorter, solar irradiance is measured by space-based instruments while models are needed to reconstruct solar irradiance on longer timescale. The SATIRE-M model (Spectral And Total Irradiance Reconstruction over millennia) is employed in this study to reconstruct solar irradiance from decadal radionuclide isotope data such as 14C and 10Be stored in tree rings and ice cores, respectively. A reconstruction over the last 9000 years will be presented.

Irradiation of rainbow trout at early life stages results in trans-generational effects including the induction of a bystander effect in non-irradiated fish

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smith, Richard W., E-mail: rich.wilson.smith@gmail.com; Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario; Seymour, Colin B.

The bystander effect, a non-targeted effect (NTE) of radiation, which describes the response by non-irradiated organisms to signals emitted by irradiated organisms, has been documented in a number of fish species. However transgenerational effects of radiation (including NTE) have yet to be studied in fish. Therefore rainbow trout, which were irradiated as eggs at 48 h after fertilisation, eyed eggs, yolk sac larvae or first feeders, were bred to generate a F1 generation and these F1 fish were bred to generate a F2 generation. F1 and F2 fish were swam with non-irradiated bystander fish. Media from explants of F1 eyedmore » eggs, F1 one year old fish gill and F1 two year old fish gill and spleen samples, and F2 two year old gill and spleen samples, as well as from bystander eggs/fish, was used to treat a reporter cell line, which was then assayed for changes in cellular survival/growth. The results were complex and dependent on irradiation history, age (in the case of the F1 generation), and were tissue specific. For example, irradiation of one parent often resulted in effects not seen with irradiation of both parents. This suggests that, unlike mammals, in certain circumstances maternal and paternal irradiation may be equally important. This study also showed that trout can induce a bystander effect 2 generations after irradiation, which further emphasises the importance of the bystander effect in aquatic radiobiology. Given the complex community structure in aquatic ecosystems, these results may have significant implications for environmental radiological protection. - Highlights: • We evaluated the transgenerational effect of early life irradiation in rainbow trout. • Trout irradiated as eggs, yolk sac larvae or first feeders were crossed. • A transgenerational effect was evident in two generations after irradiation. • F1 and F2 generation fish induced a bystander effect in non-irradiated fish. • The precise effects were tissue specific and dependent

EXPERIMENTS ON THE PRESERVATION OF FRESH FRUIT BY IRRADIATION

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

de Zeeuw, D.

1961-01-01

Soft fruits, such as strawberries, raspberries and plums, were irradiated by means of an electron accelerator. The fruits were placed in small plastic boxes and irradiated on both sides with 1 Mev-electrons. The irradiation dosages varied from 0 to 700 kilorads. The storage temperature was usually 15 deg C. In general the consistency of soft fruits, irradiated with dosages of 300 to 700 kilorads, was superior to that of the non-irradiated fruits. It seems that a medium dose treatment affects both the shelf-life time and the ripening of fruit. In order to investigate the effect of ionizing radiation on themore » ripening process of fruit, experiments were carried out with tomatoes in different stages of maturity. In these investigations tomatoes were used because they do not get mouldy during a long storage period. Consequently, there is no interference of the metabolism of the micro-organisms with that of the tomato. In measuring the CO/sub 2/ production, it appeared that with mature green tomatoes this was considerably increased immediately after irradiation. However, there was no difference between the CO/sub 2/ production of irradiated and non-irradiated tomatoes of the turning mature stage. (auth)« less

Potential chemical markers for the identification of irradiated sausages.

PubMed

Kwon, Joong Ho; Akram, Kashif; Nam, Ki Chang; Min, Byungrok; Lee, Eun Joo; Ahn, Dong U

2012-09-01

Hydrocarbons, gas compounds, and off-odor volatiles were determined for irradiated (0 or 5 kGy) commercial sausages with different fat contents (16% and 29%) during a 60-d storage period at 4 °C. Total of 4 hydrocarbons (C14:1, C15:0, C16:2, and C17:1) were detected only in irradiated sausages: the amount of C16:2 was the highest, followed by C17:1, C14:1, and C15:0. The concentrations of hydrocarbons decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with storage, but were still detectable at the end of 60-d storage. Irradiated sausages produced significantly higher amounts of CO than the nonirradiated ones. CH(4) was detected only in irradiated sausages. Dimethyl disulfide was detected only in irradiated sausages and its concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with storage. Fat content of sausages showed a significant effect on the production and retention of hydrocarbons, gas compounds, and sulfur volatiles in irradiated sausages during storage. Some hydrocarbons (C16:2, C17:1, C14:1, and C15:0), CH(4) , and dimethyl disulfide were only found in irradiated sausages indicating that these compounds can be used as potential markers for irradiated sausages. © 2012 Institute of Food Technologists®

Precipitation in Ni-Si during electron and ion irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lucas, G. E.; Zama, T.; Ishino, S.

1986-11-01

This study was undertaken to further investigate how the nature of the irradiation condition affects precipitation in a dilute Ni-Si system. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) discs of a solution annealed Ni alloy containing 5 at% Si were irradiated with 400 keV Ar + ions, 200 keV He + ions and 1 MeV electrons at average displacement rates in the range 2 × 10 -5dpa/s to 2 × 10 -3dpa/s at temperatures in the range 25°C to 450°C. Samples irradiated with electrons were observed in situ in an HVEM, while ion irradiated specimens were examined in a TEM after irradiation. Precipitation of Ni 3Si was detected by the appearance of superlattice spots in the electron diffraction patterns. It was found that as the mass of the irradiating species increased, the lower bound temperature at which Ni 3Si precipitation was first observed increased. For electron irradiation, the lower bound temperature at 2 × 10 -3dpa/s was ˜125°C, whereas for 400 keV Ar + irradiation at a similar average displacement rate the lower boundary was approximately 325°C. This suggests that cascade disordering competes with radiation induced solute segregation.

Irradiation testing of high density uranium alloy dispersion fuels

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hayes, S.L.; Trybus, C.L.; Meyer, M.K.

1997-10-01

Two irradiation test vehicles have been designed, fabricated, and inserted into the Advanced Test Reactor in Idaho. Irradiation of these experiments began in August 1997. These irradiation tests were designed to obtain irradiation performance information on a variety of potential new, high-density dispersion fuels. Each of the two irradiation vehicles contains 32 microplates. Each microplate is aluminum clad, having an aluminum matrix phase and containing one of the following compositions as the fuel phase: U-10Mo, U-8Mo, U-6Mo, U-4Mo, U-9Nb-3Zr, U-6Nb-4Zr, U-5Nb-3Zr, U-6Mo-1Pt, U-6Mo-0.6Ru, U-10Mo-0.05Sn, U{sub 2}Mo, or U{sub 3}Si{sub 2}. These experiments will be discharged at peak fuel burnups ofmore » 40% and 80%. Of particular interest is the fission gas retention/swelling characteristics of these new fuel alloys. This paper presents the design of the irradiation vehicles and the irradiation conditions.« less

Establishment and development of irradiation technology industry in Shenzhen

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shou-yi, Lu

1993-07-01

This paper discusses the establishment and development of radiation processing—the new technology industry in Shenzhen special economic zone, China, from importing a complete set of irradiation equipment to establishing an industrial system of irradiation commercialization. Through the organization of irradiation production, the safety operation of the equipment, the development of irradiation products, the pioneering of technical markets, the increase of economic benefit and the reveal of social benefit, the irradiation technology industry in Shenzhen has formed a productive capacity of 1 million curies of Cobalt-60 just in a few years. This shows a bright future of the new technical industry. This paper also points out that the radiation sterilization is a ripe and practical technology in the present irradiation technology industry. The academic circles and industrial circles in the world now should closely cooperate to make the superior sterilization technology convinced by the public. The appropriate administrative measures should be taken to make it extended and popularized. This not only increases the level of social medical health, but also urges the irradiation technology to have an outstanding development in commercialization.

Spectral irradiance standard for the ultraviolet - The deuterium lamp

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Saunders, R. D.; Ott, W. R.; Bridges, J. M.

1978-01-01

A set of deuterium lamps is calibrated as spectral irradiance standards in the 200-350-nm spectral region utilizing both a high accuracy tungsten spectral irradiance standard and a newly developed argon mini-arc spectral radiance standard. The method which enables a transfer from a spectral radiance to a spectral irradiance standard is described. The following characteristics of the deuterium lamp irradiance standard are determined: sensitivity to alignment; dependence on input power and solid angle; reproducibility; and stability. The absolute spectral radiance is also measured in the 167-330-nm region. Based upon these measurements, values of the spectral irradiance below 200 nm are obtained through extrapolation.

Physiological activity of irradiated green tea polyphenol on the human skin.

PubMed

An, Bong-Jeun; Kwak, Jae-Hoon; Son, Jun-Ho; Park, Jung-Mi; Lee, Jin-Young; Park, Tae Soon; Kim, So-Yeun; Kim, Yeoung-Sun; Jo, Cheorun; Byun, Myung-Woo

2005-01-01

Physiological activity of irradiated green tea polyphenol on the human skin was investigated for further industrial application. The green tea polyphenol was separated and irradiated at 40 kGy by y-ray. For an anti-wrinkle effect, the collagenase inhibition effect was higher in the irradiated sample (65.3%) than that of the non-irradiated control (56.8%) at 200 ppm of the concentration (p < 0.05). Collagen biosynthesis rates using a human fibroblast were 19.4% and 16.3% in the irradiated and the non-irradiated polyphenols, respectively. The tyrosinase inhibition effect, which is related to the skin-whitening effect, showed a 45.2% and 42.9% in the irradiated and the non-irradiated polyphenols, respectively, at a 100 ppm level. A higher than 90% growth inhibition on skin cancer cells (SK-MEL-2 and G361) was demonstrated in both the irradiated and the non-irradiated polyphenols. Thus, the irradiation of green tea polyphenol did not change and even increased its anti-wrinkle, skin-whitening and anticancer effects on the human skin. The results indicated that irradiated green tea polyphenol can be used as a natural ingredient with excellent physiological functions for the human skin through cosmetic or food composition.

Révision de la sous-famille des Metaracoelophryinae de Puytorac 1972 (Oligohymenophora : Hoplytophryida : Hoplytophryidae), ciliés astomes du tube digestif d’oligochètes terricoles d’Afrique : description de cinq espèces nouvelles

PubMed Central

Fokam, Z.; Ngassam, P.; Nana, P.A.; Bricheux, G.; Bouchard, P.; Sime Ngando, T.

2012-01-01

Cinq nouvelles espèces de ciliés astomes, présentes dans le tube digestif de vers oligochètes du genre Alma du Cameroun, ont été décrites. Les techniques utilisées sont : l’observation vitale, la coloration au DAPI, la microscopie électronique à balayage et les imprégnations argentiques selon Fernandez Galiano, 1966. Ce travail confirme la présence des genres Paracoelophrya et Dicoelophrya dans le tube digestif des oligochètes du genre Alma du Gabon et du Cameroun ; il permet de faire une synthèse récapitulative de la sous-famille des Metaracoelophryinae. De plus, est confirmée l’homogénéité de ce groupe, et est reposée la question de la parenté phylogénétique des Hoplitophryida. PMID:22314239

Irradiation dose detection of irradiated milk powder using visible and near-infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics.

PubMed

Kong, W W; Zhang, C; Liu, F; Gong, A P; He, Y

2013-08-01

The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of applying visible and near-infrared spectroscopy to the quantitative detection of irradiation dose of irradiated milk powder. A total of 150 samples were used: 100 for the calibration set and 50 for the validation set. The samples were irradiated at 5 different dose levels in the dose range 0 to 6.0 kGy. Six different pretreatment methods were compared. The prediction results of full spectra given by linear and nonlinear calibration methods suggested that Savitzky-Golay smoothing and first derivative were suitable pretreatment methods in this study. Regression coefficient analysis was applied to select effective wavelengths (EW). Less than 10 EW were selected and they were useful for portable detection instrument or sensor development. Partial least squares, extreme learning machine, and least squares support vector machine were used. The best prediction performance was achieved by the EW-extreme learning machine model with first-derivative spectra, and correlation coefficients=0.97 and root mean square error of prediction=0.844. This study provided a new approach for the fast detection of irradiation dose of milk powder. The results could be helpful for quality detection and safety monitoring of milk powder. Copyright © 2013 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

[Changes in cellular radiosensitivity after low dose irradiation].

PubMed

Pelevina, I I; Aleshchenko, A V; Antoshchina, M M; Kudriashova, O V; Riabchenko, N I; Akleev, A V

2012-01-01

When the adaptive response (AR) was studied on human blood lymphocytes, a new dependence was discovered. This dependence defines the direction of the radiosensitivity change after a low dose of irradiation. Using micronucleus (MN) test with cytochalasin B the dependence between the cell reaction after low level irradiation and radiosensititvity (the effect after irradiation at the dose of 1 Gy) was observed. The negative correlation between the frequency of AR manifestation, sensibilization, intermediate links and radiosensitivity was discovered. This regularity is observed in the population of Moscow, Obninsk, Chelyabinsk region (irradiated and control) inhabitants, Chernobyl accident liquidators, Moscow children, in individuals with Hodgkin's lymphoma before and during treatment. The negative correlation is also noted by AR determination with two irradiation schemes: in one or two different cell cycle phases (G1-G1 or G1-G2). Similar links are observed using the chromosome methaphase analysis (the frequency of cells with chromosome aberrations). So, the results of the experiments conducted allow us to suppose that the connection between the cell radiosensitivity and a different type of reaction after low dose irradiation--from AR to the increase in radiosensitivity (sensibilization) is a general regularity. AR is induced by low level irradiation and high cell radiosensitivity, while sensibilization is induced by low radiosensitivity. Since AR and sensibilization can be induced not only by irradiation, but many different chemicals and physical agents, the described correlation can be observed in the case of different exposures. Cellular AR and sensibilization are integral indexes depending on many genetic and epigenetic factors, as well as on the initiation of a large number of events. However, the discovered mechanisms of interrelations are still difficult to explain.

Characterization of irradiated blends of alpha-tocopherol and UHMWPE.

PubMed

Oral, Ebru; Greenbaum, Evan S; Malhi, Arnaz S; Harris, William H; Muratoglu, Orhun K

2005-11-01

Adhesive/abrasive wear in ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has been minimized by radiation cross-linking. Irradiation is followed by melting to eliminate residual free radicals and avoid long-term oxidative embrittlement. However, post-irradiation melting reduces the crystallinity of the polymer and hence its strength and fatigue resistance. We proposed an alternative to post-irradiation melting to be the incorporation of the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol into UHMWPE prior to consolidation. alpha-Tocopherol is known to react with oxygen and oxidized lipids, stabilizing them against further oxidative degradation reactions. We blended GUR 1050 UHMWPE resin powder with alpha-tocopherol at 0.1 and 0.3 wt% and consolidated these blends. Then we gamma-irradiated these blends to 100-kGy. We characterized the effect of alpha-tocopherol on the cross-linking efficiency, oxidative stability, wear behavior and mechanical properties of the blends. (I) The cross-link density of virgin, 0.1 and 0.3 wt% alpha-tocopherol blended, 100-kGy irradiated UHMWPEs were 175+/-19, 146+/-4 and 93+/-4 mol/m3, respectively. (II) Maximum oxidation indices for 100-kGy irradiated UHMWPE previously blended with 0, 0.1 and 0.3 wt% alpha-tocopherol that were subjected to accelerated aging at 80 degrees C in air for 5 weeks were 3.32, 0.09, and 0.05, respectively. (III) The pin-on-disc wear rates of 100-kGy irradiated UHMWPE previously blended with 0.1 and 0.3 wt% alpha-tocopherol that were subjected to accelerated aging at 80 degrees C in air for 5 weeks were 2.10+/-0.17 and 5.01+/-0.76 mg/million cycles, respectively. (IV) Both accelerated aged, alpha-tocopherol-blended 100-kGy irradiated UHMWPEs showed higher ultimate tensile strength, higher yield strength, and lower elastic modulus when compared to 100-kGy irradiated, virgin UHMWPE. These results showed that alpha-tocopherol-blended 100-kGy irradiated UHMWPEs were not cross-linked to the same extent as the 100-kGy irradiated

Guide to solar reference spectra and irradiance models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tobiska, W. Kent

The international standard for determining solar irradiances was published by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in May 2007. The document, ISO 21348 Space Environment (natural and artificial) - Process for determining solar irradiances, describes the process for representing solar irradiances. We report on the next progression of standards work, i.e., the development of a guide that identifies solar reference spectra and irradiance models for use in engineering design or scientific research. This document will be produced as an AIAA Guideline and ISO Technical Report. It will describe the content of the reference spectra and models, uncertainties and limitations, technical basis, data bases from which the reference spectra and models are formed, publication references, and sources of computer code for reference spectra and solar irradiance models, including those which provide spectrally-resolved lines as well as solar indices and proxies and which are generally recognized in the solar sciences. The document is intended to assist aircraft and space vehicle designers and developers, heliophysicists, geophysicists, aeronomers, meteorologists, and climatologists in understanding available models, comparing sources of data, and interpreting engineering and scientific results based on different solar reference spectra and irradiance models.

Detection of irradiated spices using photo-stimulated luminescence technique (PSL)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ramli, Ros Anita Ahmad; Yasir, Muhamad Samudi; Othman, Zainon

2014-09-03

Photo-stimulated luminescence (PSL) technique was applied to detect irradiated black pepper (Piper nigrum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) after dark storage for 1 day, 3 and 6 months. Using screening and calibrated PSL, all samples were correctly discriminated between non-irradiated and spices irradiated with doses 1, 5 and 10 kGy. The PSL photon counts (PCs) of irradiated spices increased with increasing dose, with turmeric showing highest sensitivity index to irradiation compared to black pepper and cinnamon. The differences in response are possibly attributed to the varying quantity and quality of silicate minerals present in each spice sample. PSLmore » signals of all irradiated samples reduced after 3 and 6 months storage. The results of this study provide a useful database on the applicability of PSL technique for the detection of Malaysian irradiated spices.« less

Detection of irradiated spices using photo-stimulated luminescence technique (PSL)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ramli, Ros Anita Ahmad; Yasir, Muhamad Samudi; Othman, Zainon; Abdullah, Wan Saffiey Wan

2014-09-01

Photo-stimulated luminescence (PSL) technique was applied to detect irradiated black pepper (Piper nigrum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) after dark storage for 1 day, 3 and 6 months. Using screening and calibrated PSL, all samples were correctly discriminated between non-irradiated and spices irradiated with doses 1, 5 and 10 kGy. The PSL photon counts (PCs) of irradiated spices increased with increasing dose, with turmeric showing highest sensitivity index to irradiation compared to black pepper and cinnamon. The differences in response are possibly attributed to the varying quantity and quality of silicate minerals present in each spice sample. PSL signals of all irradiated samples reduced after 3 and 6 months storage. The results of this study provide a useful database on the applicability of PSL technique for the detection of Malaysian irradiated spices.

Understanding the Irradiation Behavior of Zirconium Carbide

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Motta, Arthur; Sridharan, Kumar; Morgan, Dane

2013-10-11

Zirconium carbide (ZrC) is being considered for utilization in high-temperature gas-cooled reactor fuels in deep-burn TRISO fuel. Zirconium carbide possesses a cubic B1-type crystal structure with a high melting point, exceptional hardness, and good thermal and electrical conductivities. The use of ZrC as part of the TRISO fuel requires a thorough understanding of its irradiation response. However, the radiation effects on ZrC are still poorly understood. The majority of the existing research is focused on the radiation damage phenomena at higher temperatures (>450{degree}C) where many fundamental aspects of defect production and kinetics cannot be easily distinguished. Little is known aboutmore » basic defect formation, clustering, and evolution of ZrC under irradiation, although some atomistic simulation and phenomenological studies have been performed. Such detailed information is needed to construct a model describing the microstructural evolution in fast-neutron irradiated materials that will be of great technological importance for the development of ZrC-based fuel. The goal of the proposed project is to gain fundamental understanding of the radiation-induced defect formation in zirconium carbide and irradiation response by using a combination of state-of-the-art experimental methods and atomistic modeling. This project will combine (1) in situ ion irradiation at a specialized facility at a national laboratory, (2) controlled temperature proton irradiation on bulk samples, and (3) atomistic modeling to gain a fundamental understanding of defect formation in ZrC. The proposed project will cover the irradiation temperatures from cryogenic temperature to as high as 800{degree}C, and dose ranges from 0.1 to 100 dpa. The examination of this wide range of temperatures and doses allows us to obtain an experimental data set that can be effectively used to exercise and benchmark the computer calculations of defect properties. Combining the examination of radiation

Optimizing UV Index determination from broadband irradiances

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tereszchuk, Keith A.; Rochon, Yves J.; McLinden, Chris A.; Vaillancourt, Paul A.

2018-03-01

A study was undertaken to improve upon the prognosticative capability of Environment and Climate Change Canada's (ECCC) UV Index forecast model. An aspect of that work, and the topic of this communication, was to investigate the use of the four UV broadband surface irradiance fields generated by ECCC's Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) numerical prediction model to determine the UV Index. The basis of the investigation involves the creation of a suite of routines which employ high-spectral-resolution radiative transfer code developed to calculate UV Index fields from GEM forecasts. These routines employ a modified version of the Cloud-J v7.4 radiative transfer model, which integrates GEM output to produce high-spectral-resolution surface irradiance fields. The output generated using the high-resolution radiative transfer code served to verify and calibrate GEM broadband surface irradiances under clear-sky conditions and their use in providing the UV Index. A subsequent comparison of irradiances and UV Index under cloudy conditions was also performed. Linear correlation agreement of surface irradiances from the two models for each of the two higher UV bands covering 310.70-330.0 and 330.03-400.00 nm is typically greater than 95 % for clear-sky conditions with associated root-mean-square relative errors of 6.4 and 4.0 %. However, underestimations of clear-sky GEM irradiances were found on the order of ˜ 30-50 % for the 294.12-310.70 nm band and by a factor of ˜ 30 for the 280.11-294.12 nm band. This underestimation can be significant for UV Index determination but would not impact weather forecasting. Corresponding empirical adjustments were applied to the broadband irradiances now giving a correlation coefficient of unity. From these, a least-squares fitting was derived for the calculation of the UV Index. The resultant differences in UV indices from the high-spectral-resolution irradiances and the resultant GEM broadband irradiances are typically within 0

Constant-dose microwave irradiation of insect pupae

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Olsen, Richard G.

Pupae of the yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor L. were subjected to microwave irradiation for 1.5-24 hours at power density levels adjusted to produce a total dosage of approximately 1123 J/g in each insect for every experiment. Insects without visible blemishes were exposed in a standing wave irradiation system such that half of them were exposed in the plane of maximum electric field (E field) and the other half were exposed in the plane of maximum magnetic field (H field). Both E field and H field insects exhibited nearly the same specific absorption rate (SAR) for pupal orientation parallel to the magnetic field vector at 5.95 GHz. Irradiations were conducted both with and without the use of a ventilating fan to control the temperature rise in the irradiation chamber. Abnormal development as a result of the microwave exposure was seen only in the high-power, short-duration experiment without chamber ventilation. This result suggests a thermal interaction mechanism for explanation of observed microwave-induced abnormalities. A study of the time course of the average temperature rise in the irradiated insects indicates that teratological effects for this configuration have a temperature threshold of approximately 40°C.

Carotid artery disease following external cervical irradiation.

PubMed Central

Elerding, S C; Fernandez, R N; Grotta, J C; Lindberg, R D; Causay, L C; McMurtrey, M J

1981-01-01

A retrospective study of 910 patients surviving at least five years after cervical irradiation for Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, or primary head an neck neoplasms showed the incidence of stroke following cervical irradiation was 63 of 910 patients (6.3%) during a mean period of observation of nine years. This represents a trend toward an increased risk for this population observed over the same period of time (p = 0.39). A prospective study of 118 similar patients currently living five years after cervical radiotherapy was performed to determine the incidence of carotid artery disease occurring as a consequence of neck irradiation. Abnormal carotid phonangiograms (CPA) were found in 25% of the patients and abnormal oculoplethysmographs (OPG) were found in 17%. These studies represent significant carotid lesions that are not expected in such a population. It is concluded that the carotid stenoses demonstrated are most likely a consequence of prior irradiation. Patients that are five-year survivors of cervical irradiation should have noninvasive vascular laboratory studies performed as part of their routine follow-up examinations in order to detect these carotid lesions while they are occult. PMID:7294930

Ultrasonic Transducer Irradiation Test Results

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Daw, Joshua; Palmer, Joe; Ramuhalli, Pradeep

2015-02-01

Ultrasonic technologies offer the potential for high-accuracy and -resolution in-pile measurement of a range of parameters, including geometry changes, temperature, crack initiation and growth, gas pressure and composition, and microstructural changes. Many Department of Energy-Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) programs are exploring the use of ultrasonic technologies to provide enhanced sensors for in-pile instrumentation during irradiation testing. For example, the ability of small diameter ultrasonic thermometers (UTs) to provide a temperature profile in candidate metallic and oxide fuel would provide much needed data for validating new fuel performance models. Other ongoing efforts include an ultrasonic technique to detect morphology changesmore » (such as crack initiation and growth) and acoustic techniques to evaluate fission gas composition and pressure. These efforts are limited by the lack of identified ultrasonic transducer materials capable of long term performance under irradiation test conditions. For this reason, the Pennsylvania State University (PSU) was awarded an ATR NSUF project to evaluate the performance of promising magnetostrictive and piezoelectric transducers in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Research Reactor (MITR) up to a fast fluence of at least 10 21 n/cm 2. The goal of this research is to characterize and demonstrate magnetostrictive and piezoelectric transducer operation during irradiation, enabling the development of novel radiation-tolerant ultrasonic sensors for use in Material Testing Reactors (MTRs). As such, this test is an instrumented lead test and real-time transducer performance data is collected along with temperature and neutron and gamma flux data. The current work bridges the gap between proven out-of-pile ultrasonic techniques and in-pile deployment of ultrasonic sensors by acquiring the data necessary to demonstrate the performance of ultrasonic transducers. To date, one piezoelectric transducer and two

Long-term reconstructions of total solar irradiance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krivova, Natalie; Solanki, Sami K.; Dasi Espuig, Maria

2012-07-01

Solar irradiance is the main external driver of the Earth's climate, although its relative contribution compared to other internal and anthropogenic factors is not yet well determined. Variations of total solar irradiance have being measured for over three decades and are relatively well understood. Reconstructions of the irradiance into the past remain, however, rather uncertain. In particular, the magnitude of the secular change is highly debated. The reason is the lack of direct and well-sampled proxies of solar magnetic activity on time scales longer than a few decades. Reconstructions on time scales of centuries rely on sunspot observations available since 1610. Reconstructions on millennial time scales use concentrations of the cosmogenic isotopes in terrestrial archives. We will review long-term reconstructions of the solar irradiance using the SATIRE set of models, compare them with other recent models and discuss the remaining uncertainties.

Backscattering measuring system for optimization of intravenous laser irradiation dose

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rusina, Tatyana V.; Popov, V. D.; Melnik, Ivan S.; Dets, Sergiy M.

1996-11-01

Intravenous laser blood irradiation as an effective method of biostimulation and physiotherapy becomes a more popular procedure. Optimal irradiation conditions for each patient are needed to be established individually. A fiber optics feedback system combined with conventional intravenous laser irradiation system was developed to control of irradiation process. The system consists of He-Ne laser, fiber optics probe and signal analyzer. Intravenous blood irradiation was performed in 7 healthy volunteers and 19 patients with different diseases. Measurements in vivo were related to in vitro blood irradiation which was performed in the same conditions with force-circulated venous blood. Comparison of temporal variations of backscattered light during all irradiation procedures has shown a strong discrepancy on optical properties of blood in patients with various health disorders since second procedure. The best cure effect was achieved when intensity of backscattered light was constant during at least five minutes. As a result, the optical irradiation does was considered to be equal 20 minutes' exposure of 3 mW He-Ne laser light at the end of fourth procedure.

Computation of diffuse sky irradiance from multidirectional radiance measurements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ahmad, Suraiya P.; Middleton, Elizabeth M.; Deering, Donald W.

1987-01-01

Accurate determination of the diffuse solar spectral irradiance directly above the land surface is important in characterizing the reflectance properties of these surfaces, especially vegetation canopies. This determination is also needed to infer the net radiation budget of the earth-atmosphere system above these surfaces. An algorithm is developed here for the computation of hemispheric diffuse irradiance using the measurements from an instrument called PARABOLA, which rapidly measures upwelling and downwelling radiances in three selected wavelength bands. The validity of the algorithm is established from simulations. The standard reference data set of diffuse radiances of Dave (1978), obtained by solving the radiative transfer equation numerically for realistic atmospheric models, is used to simulate PARABOLA radiances. Hemispheric diffuse irradiance is estimated from a subset of simulated radiances by using the algorithm described. The algorithm is validated by comparing the estimated diffuse irradiance with the true diffuse irradiance of the standard data set. The validations include sensitivity studies for two wavelength bands (visible, 0.65-0.67 micron; near infrared, 0.81-0.84 micron), different atmospheric conditions, solar elevations, and surface reflectances. In most cases the hemispheric diffuse irradiance computed from simulated PARABOLA radiances and the true irradiance obtained from radiative transfer calculations agree within 1-2 percent. This technique can be applied to other sampling instruments designed to estimate hemispheric diffuse sky irradiance.

RERTR-12 Insertion 2 Irradiation Summary Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

D. M. Perez; G. S. Chang; D. M. Wachs

2012-09-01

The Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactor (RERTR) experiment RERTR-12 was designed to provide comprehensive information on the performance of uranium-molybdenum (U-Mo) based monolithic fuels for research reactor applications.1 RERTR-12 insertion 2 includes the capsules irradiated during the last three irradiation cycles. These capsules include Z, Y1, Y2 and Y3 type capsules. The following report summarizes the life of the RERTR-12 insertion 2 experiment through end of irradiation, including as-run neutronic analysis results, thermal analysis results and hydraulic testing results.

Mechanisms of phosphenes in irradiated patients

PubMed Central

Mathis, Thibaud; Vignot, Stephane; Leal, Cecila; Caujolle, Jean-Pierre; Maschi, Celia; Mauget-Faÿsse, Martine; Kodjikian, Laurent; Baillif, Stéphanie; Herault, Joel; Thariat, Juliette

2017-01-01

Anomalous visual perceptions have been reported in various diseases of the retina and visual pathways or can be experienced under specific conditions in healthy individuals. Phosphenes are perceptions of light in the absence of ambient light, occurring independently of the physiological and classical photonic stimulation of the retina. They are a frequent symptom in patients irradiated in the region of the central nervous system (CNS), head and neck and the eyes. Phosphenes have historically been attributed to complex physical phenomena such as Cherenkov radiation. While phosphenes are related to Cherenkov radiation under high energy photon/electron irradiation conditions, physical phenomena are unlikely to be responsible for light flashes at energies used for ocular proton therapy. Phosphenes may involve a direct role for ocular photoreceptors and possible interactions between cones and rods. Other mechanisms involving the retinal ganglion cells or ultraweak biophoton emission and rhodopsin bleaching after exposure to free radicals are also likely to be involved. Despite their frequency as shown in our preliminary observations, phosphenes have been underreported probably because their mechanism and impact are poorly understood. Recently, phosphenes have been used to restore the vision and whether they might predict vision loss after therapeutic irradiation is a current field of investigation. We have reviewed and also investigated here the mechanisms related to the occurrence of phosphenes in irradiated patients and especially in patients irradiated by proton therapy for ocular tumors. PMID:28969095

Mechanical properties of acellular mouse lungs after sterilization by gamma irradiation.

PubMed

Uriarte, Juan J; Nonaka, Paula N; Campillo, Noelia; Palma, Renata K; Melo, Esther; de Oliveira, Luis V F; Navajas, Daniel; Farré, Ramon

2014-12-01

Lung bioengineering using decellularized organ scaffolds is a potential alternative for lung transplantation. Clinical application will require donor scaffold sterilization. As gamma-irradiation is a conventional method for sterilizing tissue preparations for clinical application, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of lung scaffold sterilization by gamma irradiation on the mechanical properties of the acellular lung when subjected to the artificial ventilation maneuvers typical within bioreactors. Twenty-six mouse lungs were decellularized by a sodium dodecyl sulfate detergent protocol. Eight lungs were used as controls and 18 of them were submitted to a 31kGy gamma irradiation sterilization process (9 kept frozen in dry ice and 9 at room temperature). Mechanical properties of acellular lungs were measured before and after irradiation. Lung resistance (RL) and elastance (EL) were computed by linear regression fitting of recorded signals during mechanical ventilation (tracheal pressure, flow and volume). Static (Est) and dynamic (Edyn) elastances were obtained by the end-inspiratory occlusion method. After irradiation lungs presented higher values of resistance and elastance than before irradiation: RL increased by 41.1% (room temperature irradiation) and 32.8% (frozen irradiation) and EL increased by 41.8% (room temperature irradiation) and 31.8% (frozen irradiation). Similar increases were induced by irradiation in Est and Edyn. Scanning electron microscopy showed slight structural changes after irradiation, particularly those kept frozen. Sterilization by gamma irradiation at a conventional dose to ensure sterilization modifies acellular lung mechanics, with potential implications for lung bioengineering. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Hair dosimetry following neutron irradiation.

PubMed

Lebaron-Jacobs, L; Gaillard-Lecanu, E; Briot, F; Distinguin, S; Boisson, P; Exmelin, L; Racine, Y; Berard, P; Flüry-Herard, A; Miele, A; Fottorino, R

2007-05-01

Use of hair as a biological dosimeter of neutron exposure was proposed a few years ago. To date, the (32)S(n,p)(32)P reaction in hair with a threshold of 2.5 MeV is the best choice to determine the fast neutron dose using body activation. This information is essential with regards to the heterogeneity of the neutron transfer to the organism. This is a very important parameter for individual dose reconstruction from the surface to the deeper tissues. This evaluation is essential to the adapted management of irradiated victims by specialized medical staff. Comparison exercises between clinical biochemistry laboratories from French sites (the CEA and COGEMA) and from the IRSN were carried out to validate the measurement of (32)P activity in hair and to improve the techniques used to perform this examination. Hair was placed on a phantom and was irradiated at different doses in the SILENE reactor (Valduc, France). Different parameters were tested: variation of hair type, minimum weight of hair sample, hair wash before measurement, delivery period of results, and different irradiation configurations. The results obtained in these comparison exercises by the different laboratories showed an excellent correlation. This allowed the assessment of a dose-activity relationship and confirmed the feasibility and the interest of (32)P measurement in hair following fast neutron irradiation.

Time-resolved seismic tomography at the EGS geothermal reservoir of Soultz-Sous-Forêts (France) during hydraulic stimulations. A comparison between different injection tests

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dorbath, C.; Calo, M.; Cornet, F.; Frogneux, M.

2011-12-01

One major goal of monitoring seismicity accompanying hydraulic fracturing of a reservoir is to recover the seismic velocity field in and around the geothermal site. Several studies have shown that the 4D (time dependent) seismic tomographies are very useful to illustrate and study the temporal variation of the seismic velocities conditioned by injected fluids. However, only an appropriate separation of the data in subsets and a reliable tomographic method allow studying representative variations of the seismic velocities during and after the injection periods. We present here new 4D seismic tomographies performed using datasets regarding some stimulation tests performed at the Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) site of Soultz-sous-Forêts (Alsace, France). The data used were recorded during the stimulation tests occurred in 2000, 2003 and 2004 that involved the wells GPK2, GPK3 and GPK4. For each set of events, the subsetting of the data was performed by taking into account the injection parameters of the stimulation tests (namely the injected flow rate and the wellhead pressure). The velocity models have been obtained using the Double-Difference tomographic method (Zhang and Thurber 2003) and further improved with the post-processing WAM technique (Calo' et al., 2009, 2011). This technique resulted very powerful because combines high resolution and reliablity of the seismic velocity fields calculated even with small datasets. In this work we show the complete sequence of the time-lapse tomographies and their variations in time and between different stimulation tests.

Recovery of uranium from an irradiated solid target after removal of molybdenum-99 produced from the irradiated target

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Reilly, Sean Douglas; May, Iain; Copping, Roy

A process for minimizing waste and maximizing utilization of uranium involves recovering uranium from an irradiated solid target after separating the medical isotope product, molybdenum-99, produced from the irradiated target. The process includes irradiating a solid target comprising uranium to produce fission products comprising molybdenum-99, and thereafter dissolving the target and conditioning the solution to prepare an aqueous nitric acid solution containing irradiated uranium. The acidic solution is then contacted with a solid sorbent whereby molybdenum-99 remains adsorbed to the sorbent for subsequent recovery. The uranium passes through the sorbent. The concentrations of acid and uranium are then adjusted tomore » concentrations suitable for crystallization of uranyl nitrate hydrates. After inducing the crystallization, the uranyl nitrate hydrates are separated from a supernatant. The process results in the purification of uranyl nitrate hydrates from fission products and other contaminants. The uranium is therefore available for reuse, storage, or disposal.« less

[The commonest therapeutic methods for laser irradiation of blood].

PubMed

Moskvin, S V; Konchugova, T V; Khadartsev, A А

2017-12-05

One of the most widely employed methods of laser therapy is laser irradiation of blood (LIB). There are two modifications of this technique, one being intravenous low-intensity laser irradiation of blood (ILIB), the other non-invasive blood irradiation(NLIB). The two methods have been developing independently since either has its advantages and disadvantages. The present article was designed to review the main currently available techniques for laser irradiation of blood which are presented in the form of tables (charts). Replacing the UV irradiation of blood with UV lamps by laser ultraviolet irradiation of blood (LUVIB®) has made it possible to significantly simplify the technique and enhanced its efficiency. The most effective options for ILIB are the combined techniques: ILIB-635 + LUVIB® and ILIB-525 + LUVIB. The most effective technique for ELIB is believed to be the use of low-intensity pulsed laser light with a wavelength of 635 nm and output power up to 40 W.

NOTE: Blood irradiation with accelerator produced electron beams

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Butson, M. J.; Cheung, T.; Yu, P. K. N.; Stokes, M. J.

2000-11-01

Blood and blood products are irradiated with gamma rays to reduce the risk of graft versus host disease (GVHD). A simple technique using electron beams produced by a medical linear accelerator has been studied to evaluate irradiation of blood and blood products. Variations in applied doses for a single field 20 MeV electron beam are measured in a phantom study. Doses have been verified with ionization chambers and commercial diode detectors. Results show that the blood product volume can be given a relatively homogeneous dose to within 6% using 20 MeV electrons without the need to rotate the blood bags or the beam entry point. The irradiation process takes approximately 6.5 minutes for 30 Gy applied dose to complete as opposed to 12 minutes for a dual field x-ray field irradiation at our centre. Electron beams can be used to satisfactorily irradiate blood and blood products in a minimal amount of time.

Solar Irradiance Variations on Active Region Time Scales

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Labonte, B. J. (Editor); Chapman, G. A. (Editor); Hudson, H. S. (Editor); Willson, R. C. (Editor)

1984-01-01

The variations of the total solar irradiance is an important tool for studying the Sun, thanks to the development of very precise sensors such as the ACRIM instrument on board the Solar Maximum Mission. The largest variations of the total irradiance occur on time scales of a few days are caused by solar active regions, especially sunspots. Efforts were made to describe the active region effects on total and spectral irradiance.

21 CFR 179.25 - General provisions for food irradiation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false General provisions for food irradiation. 179.25... (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) IRRADIATION IN THE PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND HANDLING OF FOOD Radiation and Radiation Sources § 179.25 General provisions for food irradiation. For the purposes...

21 CFR 179.25 - General provisions for food irradiation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false General provisions for food irradiation. 179.25... (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) IRRADIATION IN THE PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND HANDLING OF FOOD Radiation and Radiation Sources § 179.25 General provisions for food irradiation. For the purposes...

21 CFR 179.25 - General provisions for food irradiation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true General provisions for food irradiation. 179.25... (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) IRRADIATION IN THE PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND HANDLING OF FOOD Radiation and Radiation Sources § 179.25 General provisions for food irradiation. For the purposes...

21 CFR 179.25 - General provisions for food irradiation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false General provisions for food irradiation. 179.25... (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) IRRADIATION IN THE PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND HANDLING OF FOOD Radiation and Radiation Sources § 179.25 General provisions for food irradiation. For the purposes...

Simulation model for electron irradiated IGZO thin film transistors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dayananda, G. K.; Shantharama Rai, C.; Jayarama, A.; Kim, Hyun Jae

2018-02-01

An efficient drain current simulation model for the electron irradiation effect on the electrical parameters of amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O (IGZO) thin-film transistors is developed. The model is developed based on the specifications such as gate capacitance, channel length, channel width, flat band voltage etc. Electrical parameters of un-irradiated IGZO samples were simulated and compared with the experimental parameters and 1 kGy electron irradiated parameters. The effect of electron irradiation on the IGZO sample was analysed by developing a mathematical model.

7 CFR 305.9 - Irradiation treatment requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 5 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Irradiation treatment requirements. 305.9 Section 305.9 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PHYTOSANITARY TREATMENTS § 305.9 Irradiation treatment...

Interstitial irradiation as a salvage technique

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Syed, A.M.N.

1981-11-01

Forty patients with recurrent pelvic malignancies were irradiated using temporary /sup 192/Ir and/or permanent /sup 125/I implants. All patients had a previous course of pelvic irradiation to doses of 5,000 to 6,000 rad over five to eight weeks; patients with cervical and vaginal carcinomas had intracavitary irradiation as well (3,000 to 5,000 mg-hrs). Overall local control was achieved in 27 of 40 patients (67.5%); 13 of these patients remain alive to a minimum follow-up period of 2 years. Eighty percent of the patients experienced good paliation of pain, bleeding, lymphadema of legs, etc. Overall complicatin rate has been 20%, withmore » three patients having developed enterovaginal and vesicovaginal fistulae. (JMT)« less

Pulsar-irradiated stars in dense globular clusters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tavani, Marco

1992-01-01

We discuss the properties of stars irradiated by millisecond pulsars in 'hard' binaries of dense globular clusters. Irradiation by a relativistic pulsar wind as in the case of the eclipsing millisecond pulsar PSR 1957+20 alter both the magnitude and color of the companion star. Some of the blue stragglers (BSs) recently discovered in dense globular clusters can be irradiated stars in binaries containing powerful millisecond pulsars. The discovery of pulsar-driven orbital modulations of BS brightness and color with periods of a few hours together with evidence for radio and/or gamma-ray emission from BS binaries would valuably contribute to the understanding of the evolution of collapsed stars in globular clusters. Pulsar-driven optical modulation of cluster stars might be the only observable effect of a new class of binary pulsars, i.e., hidden millisecond pulsars enshrouded in the evaporated material lifted off from the irradiated companion star.

Calibration of the Odyssey Photosynthetic Irradiance Recorder for Absolute Irradiance Measures

EPA Science Inventory

Researchers are increasingly interested in measuring hotosynthetically active radiation (PAR) because of its importance in determining the structure and function of lotic ecosystems. The Odyssey Photosynthetic Irradiance Recorder is an affordable PAR meter gaining popularity am...

Discuss the testing problems of ultraviolet irradiance meters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ye, Jun'an; Lin, Fangsheng

2014-09-01

Ultraviolet irradiance meters are widely used in many areas such as medical treatment, epidemic prevention, energy conservation and environment protection, computers, manufacture, electronics, ageing of material and photo-electric effect, for testing ultraviolet irradiance intensity. So the accuracy of value directly affects the sterile control in hospital, treatment, the prevention level of CDC and the control accuracy of curing and aging in manufacturing industry etc. Because the display of ultraviolet irradiance meters is easy to change, in order to ensure the accuracy, it needs to be recalibrated after being used period of time. By the comparison with the standard ultraviolet irradiance meters, which are traceable to national benchmarks, we can acquire the correction factor to ensure that the instruments working under accurate status and giving the accurate measured data. This leads to an important question: what kind of testing device is more accurate and reliable? This article introduces the testing method and problems of the current testing device for ultraviolet irradiance meters. In order to solve these problems, we have developed a new three-dimensional automatic testing device. We introduce structure and working principle of this system and compare the advantages and disadvantages of two devices. In addition, we analyses the errors in the testing of ultraviolet irradiance meters.

21 CFR 179.25 - General provisions for food irradiation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false General provisions for food irradiation. 179.25... (CONTINUED) IRRADIATION IN THE PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND HANDLING OF FOOD Radiation and Radiation Sources § 179.25 General provisions for food irradiation. For the purposes of § 179.26, current good...

Aging-like Changes in the Transcriptome of Irradiated Microglia

PubMed Central

Li, Matthew D.; Burns, Terry C.; Kumar, Sunny; Morgan, Alexander A.; Sloan, Steven A.; Palmer, Theo D.

2014-01-01

Whole brain irradiation remains important in the management of brain tumors. Although necessary for improving survival outcomes, cranial irradiation also results in cognitive decline in long-term survivors. A chronic inflammatory state characterized by microglial activation has been implicated in radiation-induced brain injury. We here provide the first comprehensive transcriptional profile of irradiated microglia. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to isolate CD11b+ microglia from the hippocampi of C57BL/6 and Balb/c mice 1 month after 10Gy cranial irradiation. Affymetrix gene expression profiles were evaluated using linear modeling, rank product analyses. One month after irradiation, a conserved irradiation signature across strains was identified, comprising 448 and 85 differentially up- and down-regulated genes, respectively. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) demonstrated enrichment for inflammation, including M1 macrophage-associated genes, but also an unexpected enrichment for extracellular matrix and blood coagulation-related gene sets, in contrast previously described microglial states. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) confirmed these findings and further revealed alterations in mitochondrial function. The RNA-seq transcriptome of microglia 24h post-radiation proved similar to the 1-month transcriptome, but additionally featured alterations in apoptotic and lysosomal gene expression. Re-analysis of published aging mouse microglia transcriptome data demonstrated striking similarity to the 1 month irradiated microglia transcriptome, suggesting that shared mechanisms may underlie aging and chronic irradiation-induced cognitive decline. PMID:25690519

Bone necrosis and tumor induction following experimental intraoperative irradiation.

PubMed

Powers, B E; Gillette, E L; McChesney, S L; LeCouteur, R A; Withrow, S J

1989-09-01

The bone of the lumbar vertebrae of 153 dogs was examined 2 and 5 years after intraoperative irradiation (IORT), fractionated external beam irradiation (EBRT), or the combination. Groups of dogs received 15 to 55 Gy IORT only, 10 to 47.5 Gy IORT combined with 50 Gy EBRT in 2 Gy fractions or 60 to 80 Gy EBRT in 30 fractions. Six MeV electrons were used for IORT, and EBRT was done using photons from a 6 MV linear accelerator. The paraaortic region was irradiated and the ventral part of the lumbar vertebrae was in the 90% isodose level. Two years after irradiation, the dose causing significant bone necrosis as determined by at least 50% empty lacunae in the vertebral cortex was 38.2 Gy IORT alone and 32.5 Gy IORT combined with EBRT. Five years after irradiation, the dose causing 50% empty lacunae was 28.5 Gy IORT only and 14.4 Gy IORT combined with EBRT. The ED50 for lesions of the ventral vertebral artery was 21.7 Gy IORT only and 20.1 Gy IORT combined with 50 Gy EBRT 2 years after irradiation and 27.0 Gy IORT only and 20.0 Gy IORT combined with 50 Gy EBRT 5 years after irradiation. All lesions after EBRT only were mild. Eight dogs developed osteosarcomas 4 to 5 years after irradiation, one at 47.5 Gy IORT only and the remainder at 25.0 Gy IORT and above combined with 50 Gy EBRT. In conclusion, the extent of empty lacunae, indicating bone necrosis, was more severe 5 years after irradiation than after 2 years. The effect of 50 Gy EBRT in 2 Gy fractions was equivalent to about 6 Gy IORT 2 years after irradiation and to about 14 Gy 5 years after irradiation. Based on these estimates, IORT doses of 10 to 15 Gy have an effect 5 times or greater than the amount given in 2 Gy fractions. Osteosarcomas occurred in 21% of dogs which received doses greater than 25 Gy IORT. Doses of 15 to 20 Gy IORT in combination with 50 Gy EBRT in 2 Gy fractions may be near the tolerance level for late developing bone injury.

Enhancement of CNT-based filters efficiency by ion beam irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elsehly, Emad M.; Chechenin, N. G.; Makunin, A. V.; Shemukhin, A. A.; Motaweh, H. A.

2018-05-01

It is shown in the report that disorder produced by ion beam irradiation can enhance the functionality of the carbon nanotubes. The filters of pressed multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were irradiated by He+ ions of the energy E = 80 keV with the fluence 2 × 1016 ion/cm2. The removal of manganese from aqueous solutions by using pristine and ion beam irradiated MWNTs filters was studied as a function of pH, initial concentration of manganese in aqueous solution, MWNT mass and contact time. The filters before and after filtration were characterized by Raman (RS) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) techniques to investigate the deposition content in the filter and defect formation in the MWNTs. The irradiated samples showed an enhancement of removal efficiency of manganese up to 97.5% for 10 ppm Mn concentration, suggesting that irradiated MWNT filter is a better Mn adsorbent from aqueous solutions than the pristine one. Radiation-induced chemical functionalization of MWNTs due to ion beam irradiation, suggesting that complexation between the irradiated MWNTs and manganese ions is another mechanism. This conclusion is supported by EDS and RS and is correlated with a larger disorder in the irradiated samples as follows from RS. The study demonstrates that ion beam irradiation is a promising tool to enhance the filtration efficiency of MWNT filters.

Ultrasound-Based Guidance for Partial Breast Irradiation Therapy

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

and also are inexpensive. b. Collect US data from patient before the PBI treatment at the same time that CT is collected (months 2-14). We...introduces minimal divergence from the original workflow of PBI treatment. We have an approved institutional review board (IRB) protocol to obtain B...irradiation of only the in- volved area of the breast, partial breast irradiation ( PBI ), is as effective as whole breast irradiation [1]. Benefits of PBI

Light-Irradiation Wavelength and Intensity Changes Influence Aflatoxin Synthesis in Fungi

PubMed Central

Suzuki, Tadahiro

2018-01-01

Fungi respond to light irradiation by forming conidia and occasionally synthesizing mycotoxins. Several light wavelengths, such as blue and red, affect the latter. However, the relationship between light irradiation and mycotoxin synthesis varies depending on the fungal species or strain. This study focused on aflatoxin (AF), which is a mycotoxin, and the types of light irradiation that increase AF synthesis. Light-irradiation tests using the visible region indicated that blue wavelengths in the lower 500 nm region promoted AF synthesis. In contrast, red wavelengths of 660 nm resulted in limited significant changes compared with dark conditions. Irradiation tests with different intensity levels indicated that a low light intensity increased AF synthesis. For one fungal strain, light irradiation decreased the AF synthesis under all wavelength conditions. However, the decrease was mitigated by 525 nm low intensity irradiation. Thus, blue-green low intensity irradiation may increase AF synthesis in fungi. PMID:29304012

The Effects of Stellar Irradiation on Gravitational Instabilities in Protoplanetary Disks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cai, Kai; Durisen, R. H.; Zhu, Z.

2009-01-01

It has been suggested that giant protoplanets form in protoplanetary disks when the disks undergo rapid cooling and fragment into dense Jupiter-mass clumps under the disks' own self-gravity. Previous three-dimensional simulations of protoplanetary disks investigated the effects of envelope irradiation on the development of gravitational instabilities (GIs) in such disks. We found that the irradiation tends to suppress the nonlinear amplitude of GIs and no dense clumps form, arguing against direct formation of giant planets by disk instability in irradiated disks (Cai et al. 2008). In this work, by utilizing an improved radiative cooling scheme in the optically thin regions, we present some preliminary results from simulations with a variable irradiation temperature that mimics the effects of stellar irradiation. Comparisons with results from an envelope-irradiated disk suggest that stellar irradiation may be more effective in suppressing GIs than envelope irradiation.

Electron-beam irradiation-induced gate oxide degradation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cho, Byung Jin; Chong, Pei Fen; Chor, Eng Fong; Joo, Moon Sig; Yeo, In Seok

2000-12-01

Gate oxide degradation induced by electron-beam irradiation has been studied. A large increase in the low-field excess leakage current was observed on irradiated oxides and this was very similar to electrical stress-induced leakage currents. Unlike conventional electrical stress-induced leakage currents, however, electron-beam induced leakage currents exhibit a power law relationship with fluency without any signs of saturation. It has also been found that the electron-beam neither accelerates nor initiates quasibreakdown of the ultrathin gate oxide. Therefore, the traps generated by electron-beam irradiation do not contribute to quasibreakdown, only to the leakage current.

Monitoring pathogens from irradiated agriculture products

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Butterweck, Joseph S.

The final food and environmental safety assessment of agriculture product irradiation can only be determined by product history. Product history will be used for future research and development, regulations, commercial practices and implementation of agriculture and food irradiation on a regional basis. The commercial irradiator treats large varieties and amounts of products that are used in various environments. It, in time, will generate a large data base of product history. Field product monitoring begins when food irradiation progresses from the pilot/demonstration phase to the commercial phase. At that time, it is important that there be in place a monitoring system to collect and analyze field data. The systems managers, public health authorities and exotic disease specialists will use this information to assess the reduction of food pathogens on the populace and the environment. The common sources of monitoring data are as follows: 1) Host Monitoring a) Medical Diagnosis b) Autopsy c) Serology Surveys 2) Environmental Monitoring a) Sentinel b) Pest Surveys/Microbial Counts c) Sanitary Inspections 3) Food Industries Quality Assurance Monitoring a) End Product Inspection b) Complaints c) Continual Use of the Product

Irradiation embrittlement characterization of the EUROFER 97 material

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kytka, M.; Brumovsky, M.; Falcnik, M.

2011-02-01

The paper summarizes original results of irradiation embrittlement study of EUROFER 97 material that has been proposed as one candidate of structural materials for future fusion energy systems and GEN IV. Test specimens were manufactured from base metal as well as from weld metal and tested in initial unirradiated condition and also after neutron irradiation. Irradiation embrittlement was characterized by testing of toughness properties at transition temperature region - static fracture toughness and dynamic fracture toughness properties, all in sub-size three-point bend specimens (27 × 4 × 3 mm 3). Testing and evaluation was performed in accordance with ASTM and ESIS standards, fracture toughness KJC and KJd data were also evaluated with the "Master curve" approach. Moreover, J- R dependencies were determined and analyzed. The paper compares unirradiated and irradiated properties as well as changes in transition temperature shifts of these material parameters. Discussion about the correlation between static and dynamic properties is also given. Results from irradiation of EUROFER 97 show that this steel - base metal as well as weld metal - is suitable as a structural material for reactor pressure vessels of innovative nuclear systems - fusion energy systems and GEN IV. Transition temperature shifts after neutron irradiation by 2.5 dpa dose show a good agreement in the case of EUROFER 97 base material for both static and dynamic fracture toughness tests. From the results it can be concluded that there is a low sensitivity of weld metal to neutron irradiation embrittlement in comparison with EUROFER 97 base metal.

Biological characterization of a novel in vitro cell irradiator

PubMed Central

Fowler, Tyler L.; Fisher, Michael M.; Bailey, Alison M.; Bednarz, Bryan P.

2017-01-01

To evaluate the overall robustness of a novel cellular irradiator we performed a series of well-characterized, dose-responsive assays to assess the consequences of DNA damage. We used a previously described novel irradiation system and a traditional 137Cs source to irradiate a cell line. The generation of reactive oxygen species was assessed using chloromethyl-H2DCFDA dye, the induction of DNA DSBs was observed using the comet assay, and the initiation of DNA break repair was assessed through γH2AX image cytometry. A high correlation between physical absorbed dose and biologic dose was seen for the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species, physical DNA double strand breaks, and modulation of the cellular double stand break pathway. The results compared favorably to irradiation with a traditional 137Cs source. The rapid, straightforward tests described form a reasonable approach for biologic characterization of novel irradiators. These additional testing metrics go beyond standard physics testing such as Monte Carlo simulation and thermo-luminescent dosimeter evaluation to confirm that a novel irradiator can produce the desired dose effects in vitro. Further, assessment of these biological metrics confirms that the physical handling of the cells during the irradiation process results in biologic effects that scale appropriately with dose. PMID:29232400

Intravascular low-level laser irradiation in the treatment of psoriasis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Jing; Shi, Hong-Min; Zhang, Hui-Guo; Zhang, Mei-Jue; Xu, Jian; Zhou, Min; Hu, Guo-Qiang

1998-11-01

Liu TCY et al have put forward the biological information model on low intensity laser irradiation (BIML): low intensity laser irradiation couples with intracellular messenger through the chromophore absorption in the cell membrane: hot-color laser irradiation activates cAMP phosphodiestererase through Gi protein, or activates phosphoinositide phospholipase C through G protein, or activates one of receptor-associated kinases: cAMP; cold- color laser irradiation activates adenylate cyclase through Gs protein: cAMP$ARUP. In this paper, under the guidance of BIML, we applied the intravascular low intensity He-He laser irradiation on blood to a patient of idiopathic edema, and succeeded.

Silicon/HfO{sub 2} interface: Effects of gamma irradiation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Maurya, Savita

2016-05-23

Quality of MOS devices is a strong function of substrate and oxide interface. In this work we have studied how gamma photon irradiation affects the interface of a 13 nm thick, atomic layer deposited hafnium dioxide deposited on silicon wafer. CV and GV measurements have been done for pristine and irradiated samples to quantify the effect of gamma photon irradiation. Gamma photon irradiation not only introduces positive charge in the oxide and at the interface of Si/HfO{sub 2} interface but also induce phase change of oxide layer. Maximum oxide capacitances are affected by gamma photon irradiation.

Pristine and γ-irradiated halloysite reinforced epoxy nanocomposites - Insight study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saif, Muhammad Jawwad; Naveed, Muhammad; Zia, Khalid Mahmood; Asif, Muhammad

2016-10-01

The present study focuses on development of epoxy system reinforced with naturally occurring halloysite nanotubes (HNTs). A comparative study is presented describing the performance of pristine and γ-irradiated HNTs in an epoxy matrix. The γ-irradiation treatment was used for structural modification of natural pristine HNTs under air sealed environment at different absorbed doses and subsequently these irradiated HNTs were incorporated in epoxy resin with various wt% loadings. The consequences of γ-irradiation on HNTs were studied by FTIR and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) in terms of changes in functional groups and crystalline characteristics. An improvement is observed in mechanical properties and crack resistance of composites reinforced with γ-irradiated HNTs. The irradiated HNTs imparted an improved flexural and tensile strength/modulus along with better thermal performance.

Ionospheric Change and Solar EUV Irradiance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sojka, J. J.; David, M.; Jensen, J. B.; Schunk, R. W.

2011-12-01

The ionosphere has been quantitatively monitored for the past six solar cycles. The past few years of observations are showing trends that differ from the prior cycles! Our good statistical relationships between the solar radio flux index at 10.7 cm, the solar EUV Irradiance, and the ionospheric F-layer peak density are showing indications of divergence! Present day discussion of the Sun-Earth entering a Dalton Minimum would suggest change is occurring in the Sun, as the driver, followed by the Earth, as the receptor. The dayside ionosphere is driven by the solar EUV Irradiance. But different components of this spectrum affect the ionospheric layers differently. For a first time the continuous high cadence EUV spectra from the SDO EVE instrument enable ionospheric scientists the opportunity to evaluate solar EUV variability as a driver of ionospheric variability. A definitive understanding of which spectral components are responsible for the E- and F-layers of the ionosphere will enable assessments of how over 50 years of ionospheric observations, the solar EUV Irradiance has changed. If indeed the evidence suggesting the Sun-Earth system is entering a Dalton Minimum periods is correct, then the comprehensive EVE solar EUV Irradiance data base combined with the ongoing ionospheric data bases will provide a most fortuitous fiduciary reference baseline for Sun-Earth dependencies. Using the EVE EUV Irradiances, a physics based ionospheric model (TDIM), and 50 plus years of ionospheric observation from Wallops Island (Virginia) the above Sun-Earth ionospheric relationship will be reported on.

Proton irradiation effects on beryllium – A macroscopic assessment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Simos, Nikolaos; Elbakhshwan, Mohamed; Zhong, Zhong

Beryllium, due to its excellent neutron multiplication and moderation properties, in conjunction with its good thermal properties, is under consideration for use as plasma facing material in fusion reactors and as a very effective neutron reflector in fission reactors. While it is characterized by unique combination of structural, chemical, atomic number, and neutron absorption cross section it suffers, however, from irradiation generated transmutation gases such as helium and tritium which exhibit low solubility leading to supersaturation of the Be matrix and tend to precipitate into bubbles that coalesce and induce swelling and embrittlement thus degrading the metal and limiting itsmore » lifetime. Utilization of beryllium as a pion production low-Z target in high power proton accelerators has been sought both for its low Z and good thermal properties in an effort to mitigate thermos-mechanical shock that is expected to be induced under the multi-MW power demand. To assess irradiation-induced changes in the thermal and mechanical properties of Beryllium, a study focusing on proton irradiation damage effects has been undertaken using 200 MeV protons from the Brookhaven National Laboratory Linac and followed by a multi-faceted post-irradiation analysis that included the thermal and volumetric stability of irradiated beryllium, the stress-strain behavior and its ductility loss as a function of proton fluence and the effects of proton irradiation on the microstructure using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The mimicking of high temperature irradiation of Beryllium via high temperature annealing schemes has been conducted as part of the post-irradiation study. This study focuses on the thermal stability and mechanical property changes of the proton irradiated beryllium and presents results of the macroscopic property changes of Beryllium deduced from thermal and mechanical tests.« less

Proton irradiation effects on beryllium – A macroscopic assessment

DOE PAGES

Simos, Nikolaos; Elbakhshwan, Mohamed; Zhong, Zhong; ...

2016-07-01

Beryllium, due to its excellent neutron multiplication and moderation properties, in conjunction with its good thermal properties, is under consideration for use as plasma facing material in fusion reactors and as a very effective neutron reflector in fission reactors. While it is characterized by unique combination of structural, chemical, atomic number, and neutron absorption cross section it suffers, however, from irradiation generated transmutation gases such as helium and tritium which exhibit low solubility leading to supersaturation of the Be matrix and tend to precipitate into bubbles that coalesce and induce swelling and embrittlement thus degrading the metal and limiting itsmore » lifetime. Utilization of beryllium as a pion production low-Z target in high power proton accelerators has been sought both for its low Z and good thermal properties in an effort to mitigate thermos-mechanical shock that is expected to be induced under the multi-MW power demand. To assess irradiation-induced changes in the thermal and mechanical properties of Beryllium, a study focusing on proton irradiation damage effects has been undertaken using 200 MeV protons from the Brookhaven National Laboratory Linac and followed by a multi-faceted post-irradiation analysis that included the thermal and volumetric stability of irradiated beryllium, the stress-strain behavior and its ductility loss as a function of proton fluence and the effects of proton irradiation on the microstructure using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The mimicking of high temperature irradiation of Beryllium via high temperature annealing schemes has been conducted as part of the post-irradiation study. This study focuses on the thermal stability and mechanical property changes of the proton irradiated beryllium and presents results of the macroscopic property changes of Beryllium deduced from thermal and mechanical tests.« less

TOLERANCE OF IRRADIATED FATS (in German)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lang, K.

1962-05-01

As is known, irradiation of polyene acids causes them to undergo similar changes as occur in auto-oxidation, and auto-oxidized fat can become toxic under certain conditions. Thus experiments were devised to study the effects of feeding fats irradiated by a substantially higher dose than is necessary for the sterilization or pasteurization of foodstuifs; to determine the radiation dose causing symptoms from irradiated fat; and the mechanism of the toxic effect. Sprague-Dawley rats were given soya oil, irradiated with 1-Mev electrons at 0, 2.5, 10, 50, and 100 Mrep doses. The fat made up 20% of the diet, which was supplementedmore » with vitamins. With the 100-Mrep dose, after four weeks a depression in wt gain was observed which was connected with a significant loss in the nutritional efficiency of protein. After 3-month feeding, lethal toxicity was noted and after 6 months 18% of the animals died. Only 88% of the 100Mrep iriadiated oil was absorbed. At the 50-Mrep dose a significant disturbance in the liver function and decrease of plasma proteins were observed. From the 24th week on there was in increasing wt loss and mortality rate; after 32 weeks, 12 male rits out of 40 had died. Animals fed on 10-Mrep irradiated oil also showed a high mortality after 40 weeks. Other symptoms observed were: histologically detectible hypofunction of the thyroid gland, decreased body temperature, decreased oxygen consumption, and bradycardia. Other experiments with 100-Mrep irradiated fish oil showed similar results in 10 weeks. The cause of death could not be determined. Notable was the increased wt of liver, deposits of brown pigment in liver and spleen, which upon treatment with NaOH reacted for iron. Water consumption of rats did not change. Also noted was a marked hypoproteinemia accompanied by a characteristic change of the electrophoretic patterns of serum proteins; gamma globulins increased to 25.9%, as compared with 17.2% in the control group. (BBB)« less

Dose-dependent changes of chemical attributes in irradiated sausages.

PubMed

Nam, K C; Lee, E J; Ahn, D U; Kwon, J H

2011-05-01

To determine the effects of irradiation on the chemical attributes of sausages, TBARS values, volatile compounds, gaseous compounds, and hydrocarbons of vacuum-packaged sausages were analyzed during 60 d of refrigerated storage. A sulfur-containing volatile (dimethyl disulfide), a gas (methane), and radiation-induced hydrocarbons (1-tetradecene, pentadecane, heptadecane, 8-heptadecene, eicosane, 1, 7-hexadecadiene, hexadecane) were mainly detected in irradiated sausages and the concentrations of these compounds were irradiation dose-dependent with R(2) = 0.9585, 0.9431, and 0.9091-0.9977, respectively. Especially methane and a few hydrocarbons were detected only in irradiated sausages and their amounts were dose-dependent. On the other hand, TBARS values, other off-odor volatiles (carbon disulfide, hexanal), and gases (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide) were found both in irradiated and nonirradiated sausages. Therefore, it is suggested that radiation-induced hydrocarbons (1-tetradecene, pentadecane, heptadecane, 8-heptadecene, eicosane, 1, 7-hexadecadiene, hexadecane), dimethyl disulfide, and methane can be used as markers for irradiated sausages. Copyright © 2010 The American Meat Science Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

AGC-2 Graphite Pre-irradiation Data Package

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

David Swank; Joseph Lord; David Rohrbaugh

2010-08-01

The NGNP Graphite R&D program is currently establishing the safe operating envelope of graphite core components for a Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) design. The program is generating quantitative data necessary for predicting the behavior and operating performance of the new nuclear graphite grades. To determine the in-service behavior of the graphite for pebble bed and prismatic designs, the Advanced Graphite Creep (AGC) experiment is underway. This experiment is examining the properties and behavior of nuclear grade graphite over a large spectrum of temperatures, neutron fluences and compressive loads. Each experiment consists of over 400 graphite specimens that are characterizedmore » prior to irradiation and following irradiation. Six experiments are planned with the first, AGC-1, currently being irradiated in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) and pre-irradiation characterization of the second, AGC-2, completed. This data package establishes the readiness of 512 specimens for assembly into the AGC-2 capsule.« less

Polymer Morphological Change Induced by Terahertz Irradiation

PubMed Central

Hoshina, Hiromichi; Suzuki, Hal; Otani, Chiko; Nagai, Masaya; Kawase, Keigo; Irizawa, Akinori; Isoyama, Goro

2016-01-01

As terahertz (THz) frequencies correspond to those of the intermolecular vibrational modes in a polymer, intense THz wave irradiation affects the macromolecular polymorph, which determines the polymer properties and functions. THz photon energy is quite low compared to the covalent bond energy; therefore, conformational changes can be induced “softly,” without damaging the chemical structures. Here, we irradiate a poly(3-hydroxybutylate) (PHB) / chloroform solution during solvent casting crystallization using a THz wave generated by a free electron laser (FEL). Morphological observation shows the formation of micrometer-sized crystals in response to the THz wave irradiation. Further, a 10−20% increase in crystallinity is observed through analysis of the infrared (IR) absorption spectra. The peak power density of the irradiating THz wave is 40 MW/cm2, which is significantly lower than the typical laser intensities used for material manipulation. We demonstrate for the first time that the THz wave effectively induces the intermolecular rearrangement of polymer macromolecules. PMID:27272984

Polymer Morphological Change Induced by Terahertz Irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hoshina, Hiromichi; Suzuki, Hal; Otani, Chiko; Nagai, Masaya; Kawase, Keigo; Irizawa, Akinori; Isoyama, Goro

2016-06-01

As terahertz (THz) frequencies correspond to those of the intermolecular vibrational modes in a polymer, intense THz wave irradiation affects the macromolecular polymorph, which determines the polymer properties and functions. THz photon energy is quite low compared to the covalent bond energy; therefore, conformational changes can be induced “softly,” without damaging the chemical structures. Here, we irradiate a poly(3-hydroxybutylate) (PHB) / chloroform solution during solvent casting crystallization using a THz wave generated by a free electron laser (FEL). Morphological observation shows the formation of micrometer-sized crystals in response to the THz wave irradiation. Further, a 10-20% increase in crystallinity is observed through analysis of the infrared (IR) absorption spectra. The peak power density of the irradiating THz wave is 40 MW/cm2, which is significantly lower than the typical laser intensities used for material manipulation. We demonstrate for the first time that the THz wave effectively induces the intermolecular rearrangement of polymer macromolecules.

Off-stoichiometric defect clustering in irradiated oxides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khalil, Sarah; Allen, Todd; EL-Azab, Anter

2017-04-01

A cluster dynamics model describing the formation of vacancy and interstitial clusters in irradiated oxides has been developed. The model, which tracks the composition of the oxide matrix and the defect clusters, was applied to the early stage formation of voids and dislocation loops in UO2, and the effects of irradiation temperature and dose rate on the evolution of their densities and composition was investigated. The results show that Frenkel defects dominate the nucleation process in irradiated UO2. The results also show that oxygen vacancies drive vacancy clustering while the migration energy of uranium vacancies is a rate-limiting factor for the nucleation and growth of voids. In a stoichiometric UO2 under irradiation, off-stoichiometric vacancy clusters exist with a higher concentration of hyper-stoichiometric clusters. Similarly, off-stoichiometric interstitial clusters form with a higher concentration of hyper-stoichiometric clusters. The UO2 matrix was found to be hyper-stoichiometric due to the accumulation of uranium vacancies.

Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Scale Comparison: 210 nm to 300 nm

PubMed Central

Thompson, Ambler; Early, Edward A.; O’Brian, Thomas R.

1998-01-01

Comparison of the irradiances from a number of ultraviolet spectral irradiance standards, based on different physical principles, showed agreement to within their combined standard uncertainties as assigned to them by NIST. The wavelength region of the spectral irradiance comparison was from 210 nm to 300 nm. The spectral irradiance sources were: an electron storage ring, 1000 W quartz-halogen lamps, deuterium arc lamps, and a windowless argon miniarc. PMID:28009378

Identification of irradiated spices by the use of thermoluminescence method (TL)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sharifzadeh, M.; Sohrabpour, M.

1993-07-01

In this paper the results of the investigations of identification of irradiated spices by the use of thermoluminescence method is reported. The materials used were black and red peppers, turmeric, cinnamon, and garlic powder. Gamma Cell 220 was used for irradiating samples at dose values of 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 kGy respectively. The TL intensity of the unirradiated spices as well as the fading characteristics of the irradiated samples having received a dose of 10 kGy have been measured. Post-irradiation temperature treatment of the irradiated (10 kGy) and unirradiated samples at 60°C and 100°C for 24 hours have been also performed. The results show that the TL intensities of unirradiated and irradiated samples from different batches of each spice are fairly distributed. A reasonable TL intensity versus dose has been observed in nearly all cases. Based on the observations made it is possible to distinguish irradiated spices after (4-9) months post-irradiation.

Effect of irradiation temperature and strain rate on the mechanical properties of V-4Cr-4Ti irradiated to low doses in fission reactors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zinkle, S.J.; Snead, L.L.; Rowcliffe, A.F.

Tensile tests performed on irradiated V-(3-6%)Cr-(3-6%)Ti alloys indicate that pronounced hardening and loss of strain hardening capacity occurs for doses of 0.1--20 dpa at irradiation temperatures below {approximately}330 C. The amount of radiation hardening decreases rapidly for irradiation temperatures above 400 C, with a concomitant increase in strain hardening capacity. Low-dose (0.1--0.5 dpa) irradiation shifts the dynamic strain aging regime to higher temperatures and lower strain rates compared to unirradiated specimens. Very low fracture toughness values were observed in miniature disk compact specimens irradiated at 200--320 C to {approximately}1.5--15 dpa and tested at 200 C.

Economics of food irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kunstadt, Peter; Eng, P.; Steeves, Colyn; Beaulieu, Daniel; Eng, P.

1993-07-01

The number of products being radiation processed worldwide is constantly increasing and today includes such diverse items as medical disposables, fruits and vegetables, spices, meats, seafoods and waste products. This range of products to be processed has resulted in a wide range of irradiator designs and capital and operating cost requirements. This paper discusses the economics of low dose food irradiation applications and the effects of various parameters on unit processing costs. It provides a model for calculating specific unit processing costs by correlating known capital costs with annual operating costs and annual throughputs. It is intended to provide the reader with a general knowledge of how unit processing costs are derived.

Irradiation direction from texture

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koenderink, Jan J.; Pont, Sylvia C.

2003-10-01

We present a theory of image texture resulting from the shading of corrugated (three-dimensional textured) surfaces, Lambertian on the micro scale, in the domain of geometrical optics. The derivation applies to isotropic Gaussian random surfaces, under collimated illumination, in normal view. The theory predicts the structure tensors from either the gradient or the Hessian of the image intensity and allows inferences of the direction of irradiation of the surface. Although the assumptions appear prima facie rather restrictive, even for surfaces that are not at all Gaussian, with the bidirectional reflectance distribution function far from Lambertian and vignetting and multiple scattering present, we empirically recover the direction of irradiation with an accuracy of a few degrees.

VIRGO: Experiment for helioseismology and solar irradiance monitoring

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Froehlich, Claus; Andersen, Bo N.

1995-01-01

The scientific objectives of the variability of solar irradiance and gravity oscillations (VIRGO) experiment are as follows: to determine the characteristics of pressure and internal gravity oscillations by observing irradiance and radiance variations; to measure the solar total and spectral irradiance, and to quantify their variability. Helioseismological methods can be applied to these data in order to probe the solar interior. Certain convection characteristics and their interaction with magnetic fields will be studied from the results of the irradiance monitoring and from the comparison of the amplitudes and phases of the oscillations as observed from the brightness by VIRGO and from velocity by the global oscillations at low frequency (GOLF) experiment. The VIRGO experiment contains two active-cavity radiometers that monitor the solar constant, two three-channel sunphotometers that measure the spectral irradiance, and a low resolution imager with 12 pixels that measures the radiance distribution over the solar disk at 500 nm. The scientific objectives of VIRGO are presented, the instruments and the data acquisition and control system are described, and their measured performances are given.

Effect of gamma-ray irradiation on the unloaded animal model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choi, Jong-Il; Yoon, Min-Chul; Sung, Nak-Yoon; Kim, Jae-Hun; Jong Lee, Yun; Lee, Ki-Soo; Choi, In-Ho; Nam, Gung Uk; Lee, Ju-Woon

During the space flight, human beings encountered the extreme conditions such as the cosmic ray irradiation and microgravity. There have been developed the animal models to simulate the microgravity condition in laboratory, but no study was carried out to investigate the combined effect of microgravity and exposure to irradiation. In this study, it was examined the effect of gamma irradiation on the suspension model. Rats were divided into four groups, Group I was loaded and not exposed to gamma irradiation, Group 2 was unloaded and not exposed, Group 3 was loaded and exposed to gamma irradiation at the dose of 50 mSV, and Group 4 was unloaded and exposed to gamma irradiation at the same dose. It was measured body, muscles and tissues weights and the biological analysis and the hematological response in blood samples were conducted. Anti-gravity tissue weight was only changed between loading and un-loading condition. However, there was no difference between irradiation exposed and not exposed unloaded groups. To know the difference of protein expression in anti-gravity tissues, 2 dimensional electrophoresis was performed. It has been found that the expression levels of several proteins were different by unloading condition and by irradiation exposed condition, respectively. These results provided the information on the combined effect of irradiation and microgravity to simulate space flight, and could be useful to search the candidate material for the countermeasure against space environment.

Histological observation on dental hard tissue irradiated by ultrashort-pulsed laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Uchizono, Takeyuki; Awazu, Kunio; Igarashi, Akihiro; Kato, Junji; Hirai, Yoshito

2006-04-01

In the field of dentistry, effectiveness of USPL irradiation is researched because USPL has less thermal side effect to dental hard tissue. In this paper, we observed morphological change and optical change of dental hard tissue irradiated by USPL for discussing the safety and effectiveness of USPL irradiation to dental hard tissues. Irradiated samples were crown enamel and root dentin of bovine teeth. Lasers were Ti:sapphire laser, which had pulse duration (P d)of 130 fsec and pulse repetition rate (f) of 1kHz and wavelength (l) of 800nm, free electron laser (FEL), which had P d of 15 μsec and f of 10Hz and wavelength of 9.6μm, and Er:YAG laser, which had P d of 250 μsec and f of 10Hz and wavelength of 2.94μm. After laser irradiation, the sample surfaces and cross sections were examined with SEM and EDX. The optical change of samples was observed using FTIR. In SEM, the samples irradiated by USPL had sharp and accurate ablation with no crack and no carbonization. But, in FEL and Er:YAG laser, the samples has rough ablation with crack and carbonization. It was cleared that the P/Ca ratio of samples irradiated by USPL had same value as non-irradiated samples. There was no change in the IR absorption spectrum between samples irradiated by USPL and non-irradiated sample. But, they of samples irradiated by FEL and Er:YAG laser, however, had difference value as non-irradiated samples. These results showed that USPL might be effective to ablate dental hard tissue without thermal damage.

Identification of gamma-irradiated foodstuffs by chemiluminescence measurements in Taiwan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Ming-Shia Chang; Chen, Li-Hsiang; Tsai, Zei-Tsan; Fu, Ying-Kai

In order to establish chemiluminescence (CL) measurements as an identification method for γ-irradiated foodstuffs in Taiwan, ten agricultural products including wheat flour, rice, ginger, potatoes, garlic, onions, red beans, mung beans, soy beans, xanthoxylon seeds and Japanese star anises have been tested to compare CL intensities between untreated samples and samples subject to a 10 kGy γ-irradiation dose. Amongst them, wheat flour is the most eligible product to be identified by CL measurements. The CL intensities of un-irradiated and irradiated flour have shown large differences associated with a significant dose-effect relationship. Effects of three different protein contents of flour, unsieved and sieved (100-200 mesh), the reproducibility and the storage experiment on CL intensities at various doses were investigated in this study. In addition, the white bulb part of onions has shown some CL in irradiated samples. The CL data obtained from the other eight agricultural products have shown large fluctuations and cannot be used to differentiate between irradiated and un-irradiated samples.

Fusing Satellite-Derived Irradiance and Point Measurements through Optimal Interpolation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lorenzo, A.; Morzfeld, M.; Holmgren, W.; Cronin, A.

2016-12-01

Satellite-derived irradiance is widely used throughout the design and operation of a solar power plant. While satellite-derived estimates cover a large area, they also have large errors compared to point measurements from sensors on the ground. We describe an optimal interpolation routine that fuses the broad spatial coverage of satellite-derived irradiance with the high accuracy of point measurements. The routine can be applied to any satellite-derived irradiance and point measurement datasets. Unique aspects of this work include the fact that information is spread using cloud location and thickness and that a number of point measurements are collected from rooftop PV systems. The routine is sensitive to errors in the satellite image geolocation, so care must be taken to adjust the cloud locations based on the solar and satellite geometries. Analysis of the optimal interpolation routine over Tucson, AZ, with 20 point measurements shows a significant improvement in the irradiance estimate for two distinct satellite image to irradiance algorithms. Improved irradiance estimates can be used for resource assessment, distributed generation production estimates, and irradiance forecasts.

Identification of irradiated refrigerated poultry with the DNA comet assay

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Villavicencio, A. L. C. H.; Araújo, M. M.; Marin-Huachaca, N. S.; Mancini-Filho, J.; Delincée, H.

2004-09-01

Food irradiation could make a significant contribution to the reduction of food-borne diseases caused by harmful bacteria such as Salmonella and parasites. In fact these organisms cause an increasing number of diseases and eventually deaths all over the world, also in industrialized countries. Radiation processing has the advantage that in addition to eliminating pathogens, thereby enhancing food safety, it also extends shelf life through destruction of spoilage organisms. The DNA molecule because of its big size is an easy target for ionizing radiation, therefore, changes in DNA offer potential to be used as a detection method for the irradiation treatment. In our study, poultry has been irradiated and changes in DNA analyzed by the Comet Assay. Samples were packed in plastic bags and irradiated. Doses were 0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5kGy. Immediately after irradiation the samples were returned to the refrigerator (4°C). Samples were analyzed 1 and 10 days after irradiation. This method proved to be an inexpensive and rapid screening technique for qualitative detection of irradiation treatment.

A nanotube based electron microbeam cellular irradiator for radiobiology research

PubMed Central

Bordelon, David E.; Zhang, Jian; Graboski, Sarah; Cox, Adrienne; Schreiber, Eric; Zhou, Otto Z.; Chang, Sha

2008-01-01

A prototype cellular irradiator utilizing a carbon nanotube (CNT) based field emission electron source has been developed for microscopic image-guided cellular region irradiation. The CNT cellular irradiation system has shown great potential to be a high temporal and spatial resolution research tool to enable researchers to gain a better understanding of the intricate cellular and intercellular microprocesses occurring following radiation deposition, which is essential to improving radiotherapy cancer treatment outcomes. In this paper, initial results of the system development are reported. The relationship between field emission current, the dose rate, and the dose distribution has been investigated. A beam size of 23 μm has been achieved with variable dose rates of 1–100 Gy∕s, and the system dosimetry has been measured using a radiochromic film. Cell irradiation has been demonstrated by the visualization of H2AX phosphorylation at DNA double-strand break sites following irradiation in a rat fibroblast cell monolayer. The prototype single beam cellular irradiator is a preliminary step to a multipixel cell irradiator that is under development. PMID:19123587

Food irradiation: regulatory aspects in the Asia and Pacific region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luckman, Gary James

2002-03-01

Irradiation treatment of food is becoming an increasingly accepted processing option for countries in the Asia Pacific region wishing to meet growing sanitary and phytosanitary requirements in international trade. There remain however, large differences between the regulatory requirements in the countries in this region. This paper gives an outline on existing food irradiation regulations in the separate countries of the Asia Pacific region. New developments such as the recent decision by the Australia New Zealand Food Authority to start assessing applications for food irradiation treatment are discussed. Australia's intention to regulate the export of food treated by irradiation will also be outlined. Details of the decision to harmonise food irradiation regulations by 13 countries in the Asia Pacific region based on conformance with Codex requirements is outlined. The likelihood of other Asia Pacific countries enacting similar harmonisation of their regulations will be examined. Future development such as certification of irradiation as a sanitary treatment for food are discussed. The expected result of these initiatives is a likely increase in irradiated foods traded within the Asia Pacific region.

Heavy-Section Steel Irradiation Program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rosseel, T.M.

2000-04-01

Maintaining the integrity of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) in a light-water-cooled nuclear power plant is crucial in preventing and controlling severe accidents that have the potential for major contamination release. Because the RPV is the only key safety-related component of the plant for which a redundant backup system does not exist, it is imperative to fully understand the degree of irradiation-induced degradation of the RPV's fracture resistance that occurs during service. For this reason, the Heavy-Section Steel Irradiation (HSSI) Program has been established.

Forecast Method of Solar Irradiance with Just-In-Time Modeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suzuki, Takanobu; Goto, Yusuke; Terazono, Takahiro; Wakao, Shinji; Oozeki, Takashi

PV power output mainly depends on the solar irradiance which is affected by various meteorological factors. So, it is required to predict solar irradiance in the future for the efficient operation of PV systems. In this paper, we develop a novel approach for solar irradiance forecast, in which we introduce to combine the black-box model (JIT Modeling) with the physical model (GPV data). We investigate the predictive accuracy of solar irradiance over wide controlled-area of each electric power company by utilizing the measured data on the 44 observation points throughout Japan offered by JMA and the 64 points around Kanto by NEDO. Finally, we propose the application forecast method of solar irradiance to the point which is difficulty in compiling the database. And we consider the influence of different GPV default time on solar irradiance prediction.

An electron spin resonance study of gamma-irradiated grapes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tabner, Brian J.; Tabner, Vivienne A.

The ESR spectra of the seeds, skins and stalks of unirradiated and γ-irradiated Cape black grapes have been obtained. In the spectra of all parts of the grape a single line (g ca. 2.004) is observed both before and after irradiation. New spectral features are observed after irradiation with doses of between 2 and 10 kGy. Some of these features decline in intensity over a period of several days. However, in the case of stalks, new spectral features are readily observed over the shelf-life of the fruit and in samples irradiated to a dose of only 2kGy.

EPR study on gamma-irradiated fruits dehydrated via osmosis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yordanov, N. D.; Aleksieva, K.

2007-06-01

The shape and time stability of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of non- and γ-irradiated papaya, melon, cherry and fig samples dehydrated via osmosis are reported. It is shown that non-irradiated samples are generally EPR silent whereas γ-irradiated exhibit "sugar-like" EPR spectra. The recorded EPR spectra are monitored for a period of 7 months after irradiation (stored at low humidity and in the dark). The results suggest longer period of unambiguous identification of the radiation processing of osmose dehydrated fruits. Therefore, the Protocol EN 13708,2001 issued by CEN is fully applicable for the studied fruit samples.

Microstructural evolution of neutron irradiated 3C-SiC

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sprouster, David J.; Koyanagi, Takaaki; Dooryhee, Eric

The microstructural response of neutron irradiated 3C-SiC have been investigated over a wide irradiation temperature and fluence range via qualitative and quantitative synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction characterization. Here, we identify several neutron fluence- and irradiation temperature-dependent changes in the microstructure, and directly highlight the specific defects introduced through the course of irradiation. By quantifying the microstructure, we aim to develop a more detailed understanding of the radiation response of SiC. Such studies are important to build mechanistic models of material performance and to understand the susceptibility of various microstructures to radiation damage for advanced energy applications.

Microstructural evolution of neutron irradiated 3C-SiC

DOE PAGES

Sprouster, David J.; Koyanagi, Takaaki; Dooryhee, Eric; ...

2017-03-18

The microstructural response of neutron irradiated 3C-SiC have been investigated over a wide irradiation temperature and fluence range via qualitative and quantitative synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction characterization. Here, we identify several neutron fluence- and irradiation temperature-dependent changes in the microstructure, and directly highlight the specific defects introduced through the course of irradiation. By quantifying the microstructure, we aim to develop a more detailed understanding of the radiation response of SiC. Such studies are important to build mechanistic models of material performance and to understand the susceptibility of various microstructures to radiation damage for advanced energy applications.

Irradiance of phototherapy equipment in maternity wards in Maceió.

PubMed

Ferreira, Anne Laura Costa; Nascimento, Renata Medeiros do; Veríssimo, Regina Célia Sales Santos

2009-01-01

The effectiveness of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia treatment depends directly on the amount of energy emitted by light (irradiance). This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the irradiance of phototherapy equipment in maternity wards in Maceió, AL, Brazil. All equipment in use in the neonatal units in Maceió was included in the study, totaling 36 devices, except those in maintenance. The measurement of irradiance was carried out with a radiometer. We observed that 72.20% of the equipment presented efficient irradiance and 27.76% were inefficient. The conclusion is that the majority of phototherapy devices are emitting the minimum required irradiance for neonatal jaundice treatment.

Study of the biochemical indicators of chronic irradiation in rats.

PubMed

Szabo, L D; Benko, A B; Gyenge, L; Predmerszky, T

1976-01-01

Daily urinary excretion of pseudouridine, creatinine and creatine of chronically irradiated Wistar rats was estimated. The irradiation conditions were: 60Co gamma source, dose-rate 10 rad/day, total dose 200, 400 and 600 rad. Control groups were kept under similar conditions. Urine samples were taken three times after the end of the irradiation period. It was found that: (1) pseudouridine excretion seems more suitable for indicating radiation injury than the creatine/creatinine ratio in chronic irradiation in rats; (ii) there are significant changes in dose dependence of pseudouridine excretion in the post-irradiation period; (iii) a new method for pseudouridine estimation gives closely similar data to those of earlier investigations.

In vitro laser nerve repair: protein solder strip irradiation or irradiation alone?

PubMed

Trickett, I; Dawes, J M; Knowles, D S; Lanzetta, M; Owen, E R

1997-01-01

This study investigated the potential of sutureless nerve repair using two promising laser fusion methods: direct 2 microns irradiation of the epineurium, and protein solder assisted epineurial fusion using a 800 nm laser. Laser anastomosis of the rat sciatic nerve was performed in vitro without stay sutures in two groups of six animals. In the first group, direct laser fusion used a pulsed Cr, Tm: YAG laser. In the second group an albumin-based fluid solder containing the dye indocyanine green was applied to the epineurium, then irradiated with a diode laser. These two techniques were compared with regards to coaptation success and axonal damage. Direct laser welding produced weak bonds despite microscopic investigation of the irradiated nerves showing fusion of the epineurium. The unsatisfactory bonding can be attributed to poor tissue overlap and insufficient protein in the thin epineurium denaturation of underlying axons was also observed. In contrast, the laser solder method produced successful welds with greatly reduced axonal damage, and significantly improved the tensile strength. This study confirmed the technical possibilities of sutureless nerve anastomosis. Laser activated solders enable stronger bonds, by the addition of protein to the anastomosis site, and less thermal damage to underlying tissue through selective absorption of laser energy by dye in the solder. Further in vivo studies are required before drawing final conclusions.

MOBILE GAMMA IRRADIATORS FOR FRUIT PRODUCE (Engineering Materials)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

1963-10-31

Mobile irradiators used for the radiopasteurization of strawberries, grapes, peaches, tomatoes, and lemons are described. The irradiators are mounted on trailers and each irradiator, including the trailer, weighs 70 to 80 tons. Radiatton doses range from 100,000 to 200,000 rads. Minimum production is 500 lb of fruit per hour. Drawings are included for four types of irradiators: the single-slab twopass, double-slab one-pass, single-slab four-pass, and line-source rotary. In the single-slab two-pass system, the packages make two passes in front of the source. The length of the packages is parallel to the direction of travel. The packages are irradiated on eachmore » side. This system is light in weight, has low capital cost, and is simple to fabricate. The double-slab one- pass system is the same as the above except the source strength is doubled and irradiation time is cut in half. The same arrangement is used in the single-slab four-pass system that is used in the singleslab two-pass system except the packages make two passes on each side of the source. The rotary system combines a linear and rotary motion to provide high dosage. It uses a small Co/sup 60/ source but costs more than a single-slab twopass system. (F.E.S.)« less

Extraction of incident irradiance from LWIR hyperspectral imagery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lahaie, Pierre

2014-10-01

The atmospheric correction of thermal hyperspectral imagery can be separated in two distinct processes: Atmospheric Compensation (AC) and Temperature and Emissivity separation (TES). TES requires for input at each pixel, the ground leaving radiance and the atmospheric downwelling irradiance, which are the outputs of the AC process. The extraction from imagery of the downwelling irradiance requires assumptions about some of the pixels' nature, the sensor and the atmosphere. Another difficulty is that, often the sensor's spectral response is not well characterized. To deal with this unknown, we defined a spectral mean operator that is used to filter the ground leaving radiance and a computation of the downwelling irradiance from MODTRAN. A user will select a number of pixels in the image for which the emissivity is assumed to be known. The emissivity of these pixels is assumed to be smooth and that the only spectrally fast varying variable in the downwelling irradiance. Using these assumptions we built an algorithm to estimate the downwelling irradiance. The algorithm is used on all the selected pixels. The estimated irradiance is the average on the spectral channels of the resulting computation. The algorithm performs well in simulation and results are shown for errors in the assumed emissivity and for errors in the atmospheric profiles. The sensor noise influences mainly the required number of pixels.

Determination of irradiated reactor uranium in soil samples in Belarus using 236U as irradiated uranium tracer.

PubMed

Mironov, Vladislav P; Matusevich, Janna L; Kudrjashov, Vladimir P; Boulyga, Sergei F; Becker, J Sabine

2002-12-01

This work presents experimental results on the distribution of irradiated reactor uranium from fallout after the accident at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) in comparison to natural uranium distribution in different soil types. Oxidation processes and vertical migration of irradiated uranium in soils typical of the 30 km relocation area around Chernobyl NPP were studied using 236U as the tracer for irradiated reactor uranium and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry as the analytical method for uranium isotope ratio measurements. Measurements of natural uranium yielded significant variations of its concentration in upper soil layers from 2 x 10(-7) g g(-1) to 3.4 x 10(-6) g g(-1). Concentrations of irradiated uranium in the upper 0-10 cm soil layers at the investigated sampling sites varied from 5 x 10(-12) g g(-1) to 2 x 10(-6) g g(-1) depending on the distance from Chernobyl NPP. In the majority of investigated soil profiles 78% to 97% of irradiated "Chernobyl" uranium is still contained in the upper 0-10 cm soil layers. The physical and chemical characteristics of the soil do not have any significant influence on processes of fuel particle destruction. Results obtained using carbonate leaching of 236U confirmed that more than 60% of irradiated "Chernobyl" uranium is still in a tetravalent form, ie. it is included in the fuel matrix (non-oxidized fuel UO2). The average value of the destruction rate of fuel particles determined for the Western radioactive trace (k = 0.030 +/- 0.005 yr(-1)) and for the Northern radioactive trace (k = 0.035 + 0.009 yr(-1)) coincide within experimental errors. Use of leaching of fission products in comparison to leaching of uranium for study of the destruction rate of fuel particles yielded poor coincidence due to the fact that use of fission products does not take into account differences in the chemical properties of fission products and fuel matrix (uranium).

Irradiation behavior of U 6Mn-Al dispersion fuel elements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meyer, M. K.; Wiencek, T. C.; Hayes, S. L.; Hofman, G. L.

2000-02-01

Irradiation testing of U 6Mn-Al dispersion fuel miniplates was conducted in the Oak Ridge Research Reactor (ORR). Post-irradiation examination showed that U 6Mn in an unrestrained plate configuration performs similarly to U 6Fe under irradiation, forming extensive and interlinked fission gas bubbles at a fission density of approximately 3×10 27 m-3. Fuel plate failure occurs by fission gas pressure driven `pillowing' on continued irradiation.

Reconstructions of solar irradiance on centennial time scales

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krivova, Natalie; Solanki, Sami K.; Dasi Espuig, Maria; Kok Leng, Yeo

Solar irradiance is the main external source of energy to Earth's climate system. The record of direct measurements covering less than 40 years is too short to study solar influence on Earth's climate, which calls for reconstructions of solar irradiance into the past with the help of appropriate models. An obvious requirement to a competitive model is its ability to reproduce observed irradiance changes, and a successful example of such a model is presented by the SATIRE family of models. As most state-of-the-art models, SATIRE assumes that irradiance changes on time scales longer than approximately a day are caused by the evolving distribution of dark and bright magnetic features on the solar surface. The surface coverage by such features as a function of time is derived from solar observations. The choice of these depends on the time scale in question. Most accurate is the version of the model that employs full-disc spatially-resolved solar magnetograms and reproduces over 90% of the measured irradiance variation, including the overall decreasing trend in the total solar irradiance over the last four cycles. Since such magnetograms are only available for about four decades, reconstructions on time scales of centuries have to rely on disc-integrated proxies of solar magnetic activity, such as sunspot areas and numbers. Employing a surface flux transport model and sunspot observations as input, we have being able to produce synthetic magnetograms since 1700. This improves the temporal resolution of the irradiance reconstructions on centennial time scales. The most critical aspect of such reconstructions remains the uncertainty in the magnitude of the secular change.

Status of food irradiation in the United States

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Derr, Donald D.; Engel, Ronald E.

1993-07-01

The time immediately preceding the 8th International Meeting on Radiation Processing in September 1992 has been a landmark period for food irradiation in the United States. U.S. regulatory officials, industry and media representatives, and some consumer organizations share the opinion that radiation processing may be part of the solution to microbiological contamination of products of animal origin. Several new regulations being developed by U.S. regulatory agencies and being petitioned by industry groups are outlined. Renewed interest on the part of the U.S. Army in using irradiated foods in many of their nations is reviewed. The first commercial facility designed for food irradiation and two demonstration food irradiation facilities began operations early in 1992. The progress of these facilities is discussed. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Uruguay round of GATT negotiations may significantly lower barriers that impede international agricultural trade. International agreement on appropriate control and inspection procedures would eliminate unnecessary differences and improve mutual trust thus facilitating international trade in irradiated foods. The harmonization of radiation process practices, dosimetry standards, and other issues plays a very important role in meeting the provisions of trade agreeements. It is vitally important to address these issues early in the commercialization of food irradiation throughout the trading world. Some comments in that area are provided. Much has been done already to harmonize regulations and facilitate trade; but there is still much to be done. Regardless of how these issues are resolved, they will have a significant impact on the use of radiation processing for foods and the trade of irradiated foods all over the world.

INFLUENCE OF INTRAMUSCULAR FAT LEVEL ON ORGANOLEPTIC, PHYSICAL, AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF IRRADIATED PORK. I. HIGH-TEMPERATURE SHORT-TIME PRE-IRRADIATION HEAT TREATMENT

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bray, R.W.; Weckel, K.G.; Evans, G.W.

1964-02-01

The influence of intramuscular fat (degree of marbling) on characteristics of precooked and irradiated pork muscle was studied. Loins were selected and categorized into three marbling levels by visual appraisal. A relatively high temperature (325 deg F) and short time (2 hr) heat treatment was used for enzyme inactivation. Samples were packed under vacuum in rigid containers and irradiated to 4.5 Mrad with gamma radiation. Irradiated and frozen control samples were evaluated up to 2l0 days later. Degree of marbling had no apparent influence on organoleptic properties of either irradiated or frozen control longissimus dorsi muscle samples. Frozen control samplesmore » were preferred in general appearance, flavor, and over-all acceptability by panelists. Irradiated samples were preferred in texture qualities. Storage time was not a major factor in organoleptic acceptability; however, acceptability of irradiated samples declined between 150 and 210 days of storage. Hunter color attributes were not affected by marbling level. L, a/sub L/ hue, and saturation were increased by radiation treatment. Mechanical tenderness values were decreased due to higher marbling level and radiation treatment. Expressible-moisture values were lowered by radiation treatment and increased with storage time. Iodine numbers were decreased by radiation. Degree of marbling did not affect thiobarbituric acid values but they were significantly lower for irradiated samples. pH values increased with higher levels of intramuscular fat, were significantly higher in irradiated samples than controls, and tended to increase steadily with advancing storage time. (BBB)« less

Low Dose Food Irradiation at Natick

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-06-01

bread, cakes, and cookies made with this irradiated flour have consistently received excellent ratings by taste panelists and other consumers at Natick...activity, titratable acidity, pH, ash, protein, and moisture content), dough and baking characteristics (bread scores, rheological and alpha-amylase...on the vitamin content in the irradiated flour or in the bread made from the 1 3See footnote 5 15 flour (Tables 10,11). Farinographs, dough

Gamma-ray irradiation enhanced boron-10 compound accumulation in murine tumors.

PubMed

Liu, Yong; Nagata, Kenji; Masunaga, Shin-ichiro; Suzuki, Minoru; Kashino, Genro; Kinashi, Yuko; Tanaka, Hiroki; Sakurai, Yoshinori; Maruhashi, Akira; Ono, Koji

2009-11-01

Previous studies have demonstrated that X-ray irradiation affects angiogenesis in tumors. Here, we studied the effects of gamma-ray irradiation on boron-10 compound accumulation in a murine tumor model. The mouse squamous cell carcinoma was irradiated with gamma-ray before BSH ((10)B-enriched borocaptate sodium) administration. Then, the boron-10 concentrations in tumor and normal muscle tissues were measured by prompt gamma-ray spectrometry (PGA). A tumor blood flow assay was performed, and cell killing effects of neutron irradiation with various combinations of BSH and gamma-rays were also examined. BSH concentrations of tumor tissues were 16.1 +/- 0.6 microg/g, 16.7 +/- 0.5 microg/g and 17.8 +/- 0.5 microg/g at 72 hours after gamma-ray irradiation at doses of 5, 10, and 20 Gy, compared with 13.1 +/- 0.5 microg/g in unirradiated tumor tissues. The enhancing inhibition of colony formation by neutron irradiation with BSH was also found after gamma-ray irradiation. In addition, increasing Hoechst 33342 perfusion was also observed. In this study, we demonstrated that gamma-ray irradiation enhances BSH accumulation in tumors. The present results suggest that the enhancement of (10)B concentration that occurs after gamma-ray irradiation may be due to the changes in the extracellular microenvironment, including in tumor vessels, induced by gamma-ray irradiation.

Self-ion emulation of high dose neutron irradiated microstructure in stainless steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiao, Z.; Michalicka, J.; Was, G. S.

2018-04-01

Solution-annealed 304L stainless steel (SS) was irradiated to 130 dpa at 380 °C, and to 15 dpa at 500 °C and 600 °C, and cold-worked 316 SS (CW 316 SS) was irradiated to 130 dpa at 380 °C using 5 MeV Fe++/Ni++ to produce microstructures and radiation-induced segregation (RIS) for comparison with that from neutron irradiation at 320 °C to 46 dpa in the BOR60 reactor. For the 304L SS alloy, self-ion irradiation at 380 °C produced a dislocation loop microstructure that was comparable to that by neutron irradiation. No voids were observed in either the 380 °C self-ion irradiation or the neutron irradiation conditions. Irradiation at 600 °C produced the best match to radiation-induced segregation of Cr and Ni with the neutron irradiation, consistent with the prediction of a large temperature shift by Mansur's invariant relations for RIS. For the CW 316 SS alloy irradiated to 130 dpa at 380 °C, both the irradiated microstructure (dislocation loops, precipitates and voids) and RIS reasonably matched the neutron-irradiated sample. The smaller temperature shift for RIS in CW 316 SS was likely due to the high sink (dislocation) density induced by the cold work. A single self-ion irradiation condition at a dose rate ∼1000× that in reactor does not match both dislocation loops and RIS in solution-annealed 304L SS. However, a single irradiation temperature produced a reasonable match with both the dislocation/precipitate microstructure and RIS in CW 316 SS, indicating that sink density is a critical factor in determining the temperature shift for self-ion irradiations.

Irradiation chamber and sample changer for biological samples

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kraft, G.; Daues, H. W.; Fischer, B.; Kopf, U.; Liebold, H. P.; Quis, D.; Stelzer, H.; Kiefer, J.; Schöpfer, F.; Schneider, E.; Weber, K.; Wulf, H.; Dertinger, H.

1980-01-01

This paper describes an irradiation system with which living cells of different origin are irradiated with heavy ion beams (18⩽ Z⩽92) at energies up to 10 MeV/amu. The system consists of a beam monitor connected to the vacuum system of the accelerator and the irradiation chamber, containing the biological samples under atmospheric pressure. The requirements and aims of the set up are discussed. The first results with saccharomyces cerevisiae and Chinese Hamster tissue cells are presented.

Checking ozone amounts by measurements of UV-irradiances

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Seckmeyer, Gunther; Kettner, Christiane; Thiel, Stephen

1994-01-01

Absolute measurements of UV-irradiances in Germany and New Zealand are used to determine the total amounts of ozone. UV-irradiances measured and calculated for clear skies and for solar zenith angles less than 60 deg generally show a good accordance. The UVB-irradiances, however, show that the actual Dobson values are about 5 percent higher in Germany and about 3 percent higher in New Zealand compared to those obtained by our method. Possible reasons for these deviations are discussed.

Active Cavity Irradiance Monitor Satellite ACRIMSAT Artist Concept

NASA Image and Video Library

1999-12-21

The Active Cavity Irradiance Monitor Satellite, or ACRIMSAT, mission is a climate change investigation that measures changes in how much of the sun's energy reaches Earth's atmosphere. This energy, called solar irradience, creates winds, heats the land and drives ocean currents, and therefore contains significant data that climatologists can use to improve predictions of climate change and global warming. The satellite's Active Cavity Irradiance Monitor III instrument, now in its third generation, has been used since the 1980s to study solar irradiance and its impacts on global warming. Scientists, using data from the instrument, now theorize that there is a significant correlation between solar radiation and global warming. ACRIMSAT completed its five-year primary mission in 2005 when it began operating under its extended mission. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA18157

HOMO-AUTOPLASTIC SURGERY IN BURNS OF IRRADIATED ANIMALS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Khaydarov, A.Kh.; Galayko, S.M.; Levin, S.I.

1962-01-01

Twenty-six rabbits of about the same weight and age were subjected to charring burns on their backs (9 cm/sup 2/) The necrotic scab was removed at regular time intervals and an auto- or homograft was immediately transplanted into the opened wound. Twenty rabbits were subjected to repeated x irradiation (2 x 600 r). Penetrating radiation affected the recipient of the homograft, which, when transplanted during the height of radiation sickness dissolved rapidly. The healing process of autografts was slower in the irradiated animals than in the controls. Homografts transplanted from irradiated animals, 7 days after irradiation with 600 r, tomore » healthy animals, remained alive for a long time and the epithelization of the wound occurred after 4 to 5 weeks. (OTS)« less

Immunogenicity of the irradiated Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula vaccine

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Othman, M.I.

1986-01-01

This work was initiated to investigate the immunogenicity of the irradiated schistosomula vaccine with respect to its: ability to protect against challenge infection; ability to induce antibody responses in Western blot (WB) assay; and the antibodies' ability to kill the parasites; ultrastructural changes of the vaccine organism's tegument; antibody binding to their surface in immunofluorescence (IFA) and immunoelectron microscopic (IEM) assays and surface antigen recognition with different sera in WB. Irradiated schistosomula, freshly prepared or cultured up to 48 hours, were able to induce significant levels of protection (27%-67%). however, irradiated cercariae offered greater protection (52%-72%). Vaccination of mice withmore » irradiated schistosomula, led to higher antibody responses to adult freeze-thaw (AFT) and schistosomula membrane extract (SME) antigens with respect to to time and number of recognized antigens.« less

Study on elucidation of bactericidal effects induced by laser beam irradiation Measurement of dynamic stress on laser irradiated surface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Furumoto, Tatsuaki; Kasai, Atsushi; Tachiya, Hiroshi; Hosokawa, Akira; Ueda, Takashi

2010-09-01

In dental treatment, many types of laser beams have been used for various surgical treatments, and the influences of laser beam irradiation on bactericidal effect have been investigated. However, most of the work has been performed by irradiating to an agar plate with the colony of bacteria, and very few studies have been reported on the physical mechanism of bactericidal effects induced by laser beam irradiation. This paper deals with the measurement of dynamic stress induced in extracted human enamel by irradiation with Nd:YAG laser beams. Laser beams can be delivered to the enamel surface through a quartz optical fiber. Dynamic stress induced in the specimen using elastic wave propagation in a cylindrical long bar made of aluminum alloy is measured. Laser induced stress intensity is evaluated from dynamic strain measured by small semiconductor strain gauges. Carbon powder and titanium dioxide powder were applied to the human enamel surface as absorbents. Additionally, the phenomenon of laser beam irradiation to the human enamel surface was observed with an ultrahigh speed video camera. Results showed that a plasma was generated on the enamel surface during laser beam irradiation, and the melted tissues were scattered in the vertical direction against the enamel surface with a mushroom-like wave. Averaged scattering velocity of the melted tissues was 25.2 m/s. Induced dynamic stress on the enamel surface increased with increasing laser energy in each absorbent. Induced dynamic stresses with titanium dioxide powder were superior to those with carbon powder. Induced dynamic stress was related to volume of prepared cavity, and induced stress for the removal of unit volume of human enamel was 0.03 Pa/mm 3.

Dielectric relaxation of gamma irradiated muscovite mica

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kaur, Navjeet; Singh, Mohan, E-mail: mohansinghphysics@gmail.com; Singh, Lakhwant

2015-03-15

Highlights: • The present article reports the effect of gamma irradiation on the dielectric relaxation characteristics of muscovite mica. • Dielectric and electrical relaxations have been analyzed in the framework of dielectric permittivity, electric modulus and Cole–Cole formalisms. • The frequency dependent electrical conductivity has been rationalized using Johnsher’s universal power law. • The experimentally measured electric modulus and conductivity data have been fitted using Havriliak–Negami dielectric relaxation function. - Abstract: In the present research, the dielectric relaxation of gamma irradiated muscovite mica was studied in the frequency range of 0.1 Hz–10 MHz and temperature range of 653–853 K, usingmore » the dielectric permittivity, electric modulus and conductivity formalisms. The dielectric constants (ϵ′ and ϵ′′) are found to be high for gamma irradiated muscovite mica as compared to the pristine sample. The frequency dependence of the imaginary part of complex electric modulus (M′′) and dc conductivity data conforms Arrhenius law with single value of activation energy for pristine sample and two values of activation energy for gamma irradiated mica sample. The experimentally assessed electric modulus and conductivity information have been interpreted by the Havriliak–Negami dielectric relaxation explanation. Using the Cole–Cole framework, an analysis of real and imaginary characters of the electric modulus for pristine and gamma irradiated sample was executed which reflects the non-Debye relaxation mechanism.« less

Irradiation of rainbow trout at early life stages results in trans-generational effects including the induction of a bystander effect in non-irradiated fish.

PubMed

Smith, Richard W; Seymour, Colin B; Moccia, Richard D; Mothersill, Carmel E

2016-02-01

The bystander effect, a non-targeted effect (NTE) of radiation, which describes the response by non-irradiated organisms to signals emitted by irradiated organisms, has been documented in a number of fish species. However transgenerational effects of radiation (including NTE) have yet to be studied in fish. Therefore rainbow trout, which were irradiated as eggs at 48h after fertilisation, eyed eggs, yolk sac larvae or first feeders, were bred to generate a F1 generation and these F1 fish were bred to generate a F2 generation. F1 and F2 fish were swam with non-irradiated bystander fish. Media from explants of F1 eyed eggs, F1 one year old fish gill and F1 two year old fish gill and spleen samples, and F2 two year old gill and spleen samples, as well as from bystander eggs/fish, was used to treat a reporter cell line, which was then assayed for changes in cellular survival/growth. The results were complex and dependent on irradiation history, age (in the case of the F1 generation), and were tissue specific. For example, irradiation of one parent often resulted in effects not seen with irradiation of both parents. This suggests that, unlike mammals, in certain circumstances maternal and paternal irradiation may be equally important. This study also showed that trout can induce a bystander effect 2 generations after irradiation, which further emphasises the importance of the bystander effect in aquatic radiobiology. Given the complex community structure in aquatic ecosystems, these results may have significant implications for environmental radiological protection. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

EXTENSION OF STORAGE LIFE OF GARLIC BULBS BY $gamma$-IRRADIATION

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mathur, P.B.

1963-12-01

Garlic bulbs were packaged in polyethylene bags and irradiated with 5 krad of Co/sup 60/ gamma rays. Irradiated and control bulbs were stored at 11- 12 deg C. Weight loss, number of bulbs sprouted, and number of bulbs decayed were greater in the control group than in the irradiated group. No adverse effect on the taste, flavor, texture, or pungency of irradiated garlic bulbs was determined organo-leptically at the end of seven months storage. (H.M.G.)

Irradiation treatment of minimally processed carrots for ensuring microbiological safety

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ashraf Chaudry, Muhammad; Bibi, Nizakat; Khan, Misal; Khan, Maazullah; Badshah, Amal; Jamil Qureshi, Muhammad

2004-09-01

Minimally processed fruits and vegetables are very common in developed countries and are gaining popularity in developing countries due to their convenience and freshness. However, minimally processing may result in undesirable changes in colour, taste and appearance due to the transfer of microbes from skin to the flesh. Irradiation is a well-known technology for elimination of microbial contamination. Food irradiation has been approved by 50 countries and is being applied commercially in USA. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of irradiation on the quality of minimally processed carrots. Fresh carrots were peeled, sliced and PE packaged. The samples were irradiated (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 kGy) and stored at 5°C for 2 weeks. The samples were analyzed for hardness, organoleptic acceptance and microbial load at 0, 7th and 15th day. The mean firmness of the control and all irradiated samples remained between 4.31 and 4.42 kg of force, showing no adverse effect of radiation dose. The effect of storage (2 weeks) was significant ( P< 0.05) with values ranging between 4.28 and 4.39 kg of force. The total bacterial counts at 5°C for non-irradiated and 0.5 kGy irradiated samples were 6.3×10 5 cfu/g, 3.0×10 2 and few colonies(>10) in all other irradiated samples(1.0, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 kGy) after 2 weeks storage. No coliform or E. coli were detected in any of the samples (radiated or control) immediately after irradiation and during the entire storage period in minimally processed carrots. A dose of 2.0 kGy completely controlled the fungal and bacterial counts. The irradiated samples (2.0 kGy) were also acceptable sensorially.

Preparation of ultrafiltration membrane by phase separation coupled with microwave irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suryani, Puput Eka; Purnama, Herry; Susanto, Heru

2015-12-01

Preparation of low fouling ultrafiltration membrane is still a big challenge in the membrane field. In this paper, polyether sulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes were prepared by non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) coupled with microwave irradiation. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyethylene glycol methacrylate (PEGMA) were used as additives to improve membrane hydrophilicity. In this study, the concentration of additive, irradiation time and microwave power was varied. The membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, while the performances were tested by adsorptive and ultrafiltration fouling experiments. The results show that the irradiation time and irradiation power are very important parameter that influence the membrane characteristic. In addition, type and concentration of additive are other important parameters. The results suggest that microwave irradiation is the most important parameter influencing the membrane characteristic. Both pure water flux and fouling resistance increase with increasing irradiation time, power irradiation, and additive concentration. PES membrane with addition of 10% w/w PEG and irradiated by 130 W microwave power for 180 seconds is the best membrane performance.

Surface study of irradiated sapphires from Phrae Province, Thailand using AFM

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Monarumit, N.; Jivanantaka, P.; Mogmued, J.; Lhuaamporn, T.; Satitkune, S.

2017-09-01

The irradiation is one of the gemstone enhancements for improving the gem quality. Typically, there are many varieties of irradiated gemstones in the gem market such as diamond, topaz, and sapphire. However, it is hard to identify the gemstones before and after irradiation. The aim of this study is to analyze the surface morphology for classifying the pristine and irradiated sapphires using atomic force microscope (AFM). In this study, the sapphire samples were collected from Phrae Province, Thailand. The samples were irradiated by high energy electron beam for a dose of ionizing radiation at 40,000 kGy. As the results, the surface morphology of pristine sapphires shows regular atomic arrangement, whereas, the surface morphology of irradiated sapphires shows the nano-channel observed by the 2D and 3D AFM images. The atomic step height and root mean square roughness have changed after irradiation due to the micro-structural defect on the sapphire surface. Therefore, this study is a frontier application for sapphire identification before and after irradiation.

[Histopathological study of wound healing process of rat tongue and femur by excimer laser irradiation--possibility of cutting of vital tissue by laser irradiation].

PubMed

Ochiai, S

1990-12-01

The possibilities of bone and soft tissue ablation without thermal damage by 248 nm KrF excimer laser irradiation were examined. A defect was made on the rat tongue by laser at pulse width: 15 nsec, power density: 12 W/cm2, pulse repetition rate: 20 Hz and irradiated time: 60 seconds. The same size defect was made by stainless steel surgical knife for control. The tongues were examined histopathologically at timed sequence from 1 hour to 7 days after operation. The rat femur was cut by laser at pulse width: 15 nsec, power density: 2.6 kW/cm2, pulse repetition rate: 30 Hz and irradiated time: 3 minutes. The femur was amputated by dental diamond disc for control. The femurs were examined histopathologically at timed sequence from 1 hour to 16 weeks after operation. The rat tongue was easily excised with little thermal injury by laser irradiation, and its healing process is almost the same as that of the control. The laser irradiation had no hemostatic effect. The femur could be amputated by laser irradiation but its wound healing was prolonged. The laser ablation stump showed massive necrosis probably due to the thermal injury and these necrotic bones likely disturbed the wound repair. The degree of the thermal injury by the excimer laser irradiation might depend on the irradiation condition because the condition of bone amputation was stronger than that of tongue excision.

Neutron irradiation of Am-241 effectively produces curium

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anderson, R. W.; Milstead, J.; Stewart, D. C.

1967-01-01

Computer study was made on the production of multicurie amounts of highly alpha-active curium 242 from americium 241 irradiation. The information available includes curium 242 yields, curium composition, irradiation data, and production techniques and safeguards.

Linear accelerator: a reproducible, efficacious and cost effective alternative for blood irradiation.

PubMed

Shastry, Shamee; Ramya, B; Ninan, Jefy; Srinidhi, G C; Bhat, Sudha S; Fernandes, Donald J

2013-12-01

The dedicated devices for blood irradiation are available only at a few centers in developing countries thus the irradiation remains a service with limited availability due to prohibitive cost. To implement a blood irradiation program at our center using linear accelerator. The study is performed detailing the specific operational and quality assurance measures employed in providing a blood component-irradiation service at tertiary care hospital. X-rays generated from linear accelerator were used to irradiate the blood components. To facilitate and standardize the blood component irradiation, a blood irradiator box was designed and fabricated in acrylic. Using Elekta Precise Linear Accelerator, a dose of 25 Gy was delivered at the centre of the irradiation box. Standardization was done using five units of blood obtained from healthy voluntary blood donors. Each unit was divided to two parts. One aliquot was subjected to irradiation. Biochemical and hematological parameters were analyzed on various days of storage. Cost incurred was analyzed. Progressive increase in plasma hemoglobin, potassium and lactate dehydrogenase was noted in the irradiated units but all the parameters were within the acceptable range indicating the suitability of the product for transfusion. The irradiation process was completed in less than 30 min. Validation of the radiation dose done using TLD showed less than ± 3% variation. This study shows that that the blood component irradiation is within the scope of most of the hospitals in developing countries even in the absence of dedicated blood irradiators at affordable cost. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Treatment of cystic craniopharyngioma with phosphorus-32 intracavitary irradiation

PubMed Central

Zhao, Rong; Deng, Jinglan; Liang, Xiaoyan; Zeng, Jin; Chen, Xiaoyuan

2013-01-01

Purpose The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of phosphorus-32 colloid ([32P]) intracavitary irradiation on the treatment of patients with cystic craniopharyngiomas. Methods Twenty patients with predominantly cystic craniopharyngiomas were admitted from 1981 to 2006. Eleven patients had [32P] intracavitary irradiation by stereotactic injection or Ommaya cyst instillation as the primary treatment, and the remaining nine had the same internal irradiation as an adjuvant treatment after tumor resection. A calculated irradiation dose of 400~500 Gy per once was delivered to the cyst wall. Conclusion The patients were followed up ranging from 36 to 336 months; no operative morbidity or mortality was found from [32P] intracavitary irradiation. Fourteen patients (70%) had tumor progression and required further two to four times intracavitary irradiation. All 20 cases achieved tumor shrinkage or stabilization with effective outcome 3–6 months after the last [32P] therapy. For patients with cystic craniopharyngioma, [32P] administration by stereo-tactic injection or Ommaya cyst instillation is a safe and helpful option, which could improve the life quality, prolong the life span, and enhance the survival rate of cystic craniopharyngioma patients. PMID:19904543

Concurrent in situ ion irradiation transmission electron microscope

DOE PAGES

Hattar, K.; Bufford, D. C.; Buller, D. L.

2014-08-29

An in situ ion irradiation transmission electron microscope has been developed and is operational at Sandia National Laboratories. This facility permits high spatial resolution, real time observation of electron transparent samples under ion irradiation, implantation, mechanical loading, corrosive environments, and combinations thereof. This includes the simultaneous implantation of low-energy gas ions (0.8–30 keV) during high-energy heavy ion irradiation (0.8–48 MeV). In addition, initial results in polycrystalline gold foils are provided to demonstrate the range of capabilities.

Using electron irradiation to probe iron-based superconductors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cho, Kyuil; Kończykowski, M.; Teknowijoyo, S.; Tanatar, M. A.; Prozorov, R.

2018-06-01

High-energy electron irradiation at low temperatures is an efficient and controlled way to create vacancy–interstitial Frenkel pairs in a crystal lattice, thereby inducing nonmagnetic point-like scattering centers. In combination with London penetration depth and resistivity measurements, the electron irradiation was used as a phase-sensitive probe to study the superconducting order parameter in iron-based superconductors (FeSCs), lending strong support to sign-changing s ± pairing. Here, we review the key results of the effect of electron irradiation in FeSCs.

Modelling total solar irradiance using a flux transport model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dasi Espuig, Maria; Jiang, Jie; Krivova, Natalie; Solanki, Sami

2014-05-01

Reconstructions of solar irradiance into the past are of considerable interest for studies of solar influence on climate. Models based on the assumption that irradiance changes are caused by the evolution of the photospheric magnetic field have been the most successful in reproducing the measured irradiance variations. Our SATIRE-S model is one of these. It uses solar full-disc magnetograms as an input, and these are available for less than four decades. Thus, to reconstruct the irradiance back to times when no observed magnetograms are available, we combine the SATIRE-S model with synthetic magnetograms, produced using a surface flux transport model. The model is fed with daily, observed or modelled statistically, records of sunspot positions, areas, and tilt angles. To describe the secular change in the irradiance, we used the concept of overlapping ephemeral region cycles. With this technique TSI can be reconstructed back to 1700.

Proton irradiation studies on Al and Al5083 alloy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bhattacharyya, P.; Gayathri, N.; Bhattacharya, M.; Gupta, A. Dutta; Sarkar, Apu; Dhar, S.; Mitra, M. K.; Mukherjee, P.

2017-10-01

The change in the microstructural parameters and microhardness values in 6.5 MeV proton irradiated pure Al and Al5083 alloy samples have been evaluated using different model based techniques of X-ray diffraction Line Profile Analysis (XRD) and microindendation techniques. The detailed line profile analysis of the XRD data showed that the domain size increases and saturates with irradiation dose both in the case of Al and Al5083 alloy. The corresponding microstrain values did not show any change with irradiation dose in the case of the pure Al but showed an increase at higher irradiation doses in the case of Al5083 alloy. The microindendation results showed that unirradiated Al5083 alloy has higher hardness value compared to that of unirradiated pure Al. The hardness increased marginally with irradiation dose in the case of Al5083, whereas for pure Al, there was no significant change with dose.

Phytosanitary irradiation and fresh fruit quality: Cultivar and maturity effects

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Irradiation is an effective quarantine treatment for global trade of fresh produce. Variation in cultivars and maturity stages can impact the tolerance of fresh fruits to irradiation for the purposes of quarantine security. Tolerance thresholds for irradiated fruit are lacking for a large number of ...

Hematological and TGF-beta variations after whole-body proton irradiation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kajioka, E. H.; Andres, M. L.; Mao, X. W.; Moyers, M. F.; Nelson, G. A.; Gridley, D. S.

2000-01-01

The acute effects of proton whole-body irradiation on five bone-marrow-derived cell types and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) were examined and compared to the effects of photons (60Co). C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 3 Gy (0.4 Gy/min) protons at spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP), protons at entry (E), or 60Co and euthanized on days 0.5-17 thereafter. 60Co-irradiated animals had decreased erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit at 12 hours post-exposure; depression was not noted in proton (SOBP or E)-irradiated groups until day 4. Significantly decreased leukocyte counts were observed at this same time in all irradiated groups, with lymphocyte loss being greater than that of monocytes, and the depression was generally maintained. In contrast, the levels of neutrophils and thrombocytes fluctuated, especially during the first week; significant differences were noted among irradiated groups in neutrophil levels. Plasma TGF-beta 1 was elevated on day 7 in the 60Co, but not proton, irradiated mice. Collectively, the data show that dramatic and persistent changes occurred in all irradiated groups. However, few differences in assay results were seen between animals exposed to protons (SOBP or E) or photons, as well as between the groups irradiated with either of the two regions of the proton Bragg curve.

Proton irradiation of malignant melanoma of the ciliary body.

PubMed Central

Gragoudas, E S; Goitein, M; Koehler, A; Wagner, M S; Verhey, L; Tepper, J; Suit, H D; Schneider, R J; Johnson, K N

1979-01-01

This is our first case of malignant melanoma of the ciliary body treated with proton beam irradiation, a technique that we developed for irradiating choroidal melanomas. After 21 months of follow-up no growth of the tumour has been observed, and shrinkage of the tumour was noted on the follow-up photographs and by ultrasonography. The 32P uptake test, which was positive before treatment, turned negative 14 months after irradiation. The described technique of proton beam irradiation might offer an alternative for the treatment of ciliary body melanomas when the present techniques of iridocyclectomy cannot be applied because of the size of the lesion. Images PMID:106873

Fusion neutron irradiation of Ni-Si alloys at high temperature*1

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, J. S.; Guinan, M. W.; Hahn, P. A.

1988-07-01

Two Ni-4% Si alloys, with different cold work levels, have been irradiated with 14-MeV fusion neutrons at 623 K, and their Curie temperatures have been monitored during irradiation. The results are compared to those of an identical alloy irradiated by 2-MeV electrons. The results show that increasing dislocation density increases the Curie temperature change rate. At the same damage rate, the Curie temperature change rate for the alloy irradiated by 14-MeV fusion neutrons is only 6-7% of that for an identical alloy irradiated by 2-MeV electrons. It is well known that the migration of radiation induced defects contributes to segregation of silicon atoms at sinks in this alloy, causing the Curie temperature changes. The current results imply that the relative free defect production efficiency decreases from one for the electron irradiated sample to 6-7% for the fusion neutron irradiated sample.

Thermal imaging of high power diode lasers subject to back-irradiance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, C.; Pipe, K. P.; Cao, C.; Thiagarajan, P.; Deri, R. J.; Leisher, P. O.

2018-03-01

CCD-based thermoreflectance imaging and finite element modeling are used to study the two-dimensional (2D) temperature profile of a junction-down broad-area diode laser facet subject to back-irradiance. By determining the temperature rise in the active region (ΔΤAR) at different diode laser optical powers, back-irradiance reflectance levels, and back-irradiance spot locations, we find that ΔΤAR increases by nearly a factor of three when the back-irradiance spot is centered in the absorbing substrate approximately 5 μm away from the active region, a distance roughly equal to half of the back-irradiance spot FWHM (9 μm). This corroborates prior work studying the relationship between the back-irradiance spot location and catastrophic optical damage, suggesting a strong thermal basis for reduced laser lifetime in the presence of back-irradiance for diode lasers fabricated on absorbing substrates.

Pollen and spores as biological recorders of past ultraviolet irradiance.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fraser, Wesley; Jardine, Phillip; Lomax, Barry; Sephton, Mark; Shanahan, Timothy; Miller, Charlotte; Gosling, William

2017-04-01

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiance from the Sun is a key driver of climatic and biotic change. UV irradiance modulates processes in the stratosphere, and influences the biosphere from ecosystem-level through to the largest scale patterns of diversification and extinction. Yet our understanding of UV irradiance is limited to the present; no validated empirical method exists to reconstruct UV flux over long, geologically relevant timescales. Here, we show that a recently developed proxy for UV irradiance based on spore and pollen chemistry can be used over long (100,000 years) timescales. First, we demonstrate spatial variation in spore and pollen chemistry correlate with known latitudinal solar irradiance gradients. Second, using this relationship we provide a reconstruction of past changes in solar irradiance based on the pollen record obtained from Lake Bosumtwi in Ghana. Variations in the chemistry of grass pollen from the Lake Bosumtwi record show a link to multiple orbital precessional cycles (19-21,000 years). By providing a unique, local proxy for broad spectrum solar irradiance, the chemical analysis of spores and pollen offers unprecedented opportunities to decouple solar variability, climate and vegetation change through geologic time and a new proxy with which to probe the Earth system.

Identification of irradiated refrigerated pork with the DNA comet assay

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Araújo, M. M.; Marin-Huachaca, N. S.; Mancini-Filho, J.; Delincée, H.; Villavicencio, A. L. C. H.

2004-09-01

Food irradiation can contribute to a safer and more plentiful food supply by inactivating pathogens, eradicating pests and by extending shelf-life. Particularly in the case of pork meat, this process could be a useful way to inactivate harmful parasites such as Trichinella and Taenia solium. Ionizing radiation causes damage to the DNA of the cells (e.g. strand breaks), which can be used to detect irradiated food. Microelectrophoresis of single cells (``Comet Assay'') is a simple and rapid test for DNA damage and can be used over a wide dose range and for a variety of products. Refrigerated pork meat was irradiated with a 60Co source, Gammacell 220 (A.E.C.L.) installed in IPEN (Sa~o Paulo, Brazil). The doses given were 0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5kGy for refrigerated samples. Immediately after irradiation the samples were returned to the refrigerator (6°C). Samples were kept in the refrigerator after irradiation. Pork meat was analyzed 1, 8 and 10 days after irradiation using the DNA ``Comet Assay''. This method showed to be an inexpensive and rapid technique for qualitative detection of irradiation treatment.

Evaluation of instant cup noodle, irradiated for immuno-compromised patients

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Ji-Hye; Kim, Jae-Kyung; Park, Jae-Nam; Yoon, Young-Min; Sung, Nak-Yun; Kim, Jae-Hun; Song, Beom-Seok; Yook, Hong-Sun; Kim, Byeong-Keun; Lee, Ju-Woon

2012-08-01

In the present study, initial microbial load of instant cup noodle (ICN) was investigated and gamma irradiation applied to develop immuno-compromised patients food for their safe consumption. The initial microbial population of dried vegetable and meat, and noodle was below the detection limit (1 log CFU/g); however, that of seasoning powder was just above 4 log CFU/g. Moreover, rehydrated-ICN with water at 100 °C still show above 3 log CFU/g of microbial load, which indicates the need for an additional process to control microbial safety of the seasoning powder. The total aerobic bacteria in seasoning powder and rehydrated-ICN could be controlled with 17 kGy gamma irradiation. This result referred 17 kGy gamma irradiation could reach 'practical sterility' of ICN. The overall difference in sensory properties between the non-irradiated and irradiated ICN was insignificant. Thus, gamma irradiation could improve the microbial quality of ICN, and reduce the risk of infection posed by the seasoning powder, without any adverse effects on their sensory quality. These results suggest that gamma-irradiated ICN can be used as a snack food for immuno-compromised patients.

Irradiating insect pests

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

This is a non-technical article focusing on phytosanitary uses of irradiation. In a series of interview questions, I present information on the scope of the invasive species problem and the contribution of international trade in agricultural products to the movement of invasive insects. This is foll...

CERN IRRADIATION FACILITIES.

PubMed

Pozzi, Fabio; Garcia Alia, Ruben; Brugger, Markus; Carbonez, Pierre; Danzeca, Salvatore; Gkotse, Blerina; Richard Jaekel, Martin; Ravotti, Federico; Silari, Marco; Tali, Maris

2017-09-28

CERN provides unique irradiation facilities for applications in dosimetry, metrology, intercomparison of radiation protection devices, benchmark of Monte Carlo codes and radiation damage studies to electronics. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Solar Spectral Irradiance and Climate

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pilewskie, P.; Woods, T.; Cahalan, R.

2012-01-01

Spectrally resolved solar irradiance is recognized as being increasingly important to improving our understanding of the manner in which the Sun influences climate. There is strong empirical evidence linking total solar irradiance to surface temperature trends - even though the Sun has likely made only a small contribution to the last half-century's global temperature anomaly - but the amplitudes cannot be explained by direct solar heating alone. The wavelength and height dependence of solar radiation deposition, for example, ozone absorption in the stratosphere, absorption in the ocean mixed layer, and water vapor absorption in the lower troposphere, contribute to the "top-down" and "bottom-up" mechanisms that have been proposed as possible amplifiers of the solar signal. New observations and models of solar spectral irradiance are needed to study these processes and to quantify their impacts on climate. Some of the most recent observations of solar spectral variability from the mid-ultraviolet to the near-infrared have revealed some unexpected behavior that was not anticipated prior to their measurement, based on an understanding from model reconstructions. The atmospheric response to the observed spectral variability, as quantified in climate model simulations, have revealed similarly surprising and in some cases, conflicting results. This talk will provide an overview on the state of our understanding of the spectrally resolved solar irradiance, its variability over many time scales, potential climate impacts, and finally, a discussion on what is required for improving our understanding of Sun-climate connections, including a look forward to future observations.

New insight into mitochondrial changes in vascular endothelial cells irradiated by gamma ray.

PubMed

Hu, Shunying; Gao, Yajing; Zhou, Hao; Kong, Fanxuan; Xiao, Fengjun; Zhou, Pingkun; Chen, Yundai

2017-05-01

To investigate alterations of mitochondria in irradiated endothelial cells to further elucidate the mechanism underlying radiation-induced heart disease. Experiments were performed using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs were irradiated with single gamma ray dose of 0, 5, 10 and 20 Gy, respectively. Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry at 24, 48 and 72 h post-irradiation, respectively. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured with 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA) at 24 h post-irradiation. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) by JC-1 and the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) by a calcein-cobalt quenching method were detected at 24 h post-irradiation in order to measure changes of mitochondria induced by gamma ray irradiation. Gamma ray irradiation increased HUVECs apoptosis in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Irradiation also promoted ROS production in HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner. At 24 h post-irradiation, the results showed that irradiation decreases ΔΨm, however, paradoxically, flow cytometry showed green fluorescence instensity higher in irradiated HUVECs than in control HUVECs in an irradiation dose-dependent manner which indicated gamma ray irradiation inhibited mPTP opening in HUVECs. Gamma ray irradiation induces apoptosis and ROS production of endothelial cells, and decreases ΔΨm meanwhile contradictorily inhibiting the opening of mPTP.

Ag Transport Through Non-Irradiated and Irradiated SiC

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Szlufarska, Izabela; Morgan, Dane; Blanchard, James

Silicon carbide is the main barrier to diffusion of fission products in the current design of TRistuctural ISOtropic (TRISO) coated fuel particles, and Ag is one of the few fission products that have been shown to escape through this barrier. Because the SiC coating in TRISO is exposed to radiation throughout the lifetime of the fuel, understanding of how radiation changes the transport of the fission products is essential for the safety of the reactor. The goals of this project are: (i) to determine whether observed variation in integral release measurements of Ag through SiC can be explained by differencesmore » in grain size and grain boundary (GB) types among the samples; (2) to identify the effects of irradiation on diffusion of Ag through SiC; (3) to discover phenomena responsible for significant solubility of Ag in polycrystalline SiC. To address these goals, we combined experimental analysis of SiC diffusion couples with modeling studies of diffusion mechanisms through bulk and GBs of this material. Comparison between results obtained for pristine and irradiated samples brings in insights into the effects of radiation on Ag transport.« less

RESPONSE LATENCIES OF NORMAL AND FOCAL-HEAD IRRADIATED MONKEYS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McDowell, A.A.; Brown, W.L.

1963-12-01

This study was designed to determine whether focal-head irradiated rhesus monkeys differ from normal monkeys in a manner analogous to that previously found in whole-body irradiated monkeys with respect to response latencies under both familiar and novel stimulus conditions. Five control and four focal-head irradiated rhesus monkeys with nearly identical training histories were used; the latter were survivors of a focal-head irradiation study conducted four years earlier. They had received 3000 r x radiation to the inferior parietal lobule and posterior aspect of the temporal lobe of the brain, and 30 days later the same dosage to the same areamore » of the brain. The testing was conducted in a modified version of the Wisconsin General Test Apparatus, with 24 trials per day for two days, on response latency to a single food-rewarded wooden block placed randomly over either of the two extreme food-well positions. Then, 24 trials were conducted per day for two days on response latency to either the same food-rewarded wooden block or to a novel nonrewarded wooden block presented simultaneously. On the single-block condition, median response latencies of the two groups were comparable and the groups improved in a similar manner with practice. Optimal performance latencies were also comparable for the two groups. When the novel nonrewarded stimulus block was introduced, both groups manifested comparable disruption of median response latencies, but disruption of optimal response latencies was shown only by the focalhead irradiated group. The findings show that monkeys with previous focal-head irradiation of the posterior association areas, unlike relatively high-dose whole-body irradiated monkeys, manifest median response latencies comparable to those of controls. These data indicate the lasting effects of focal-head irradiation with x rays, and suggest that the sites of permanent damage for monkeys given sublethal whole-body radiation exposure differ from the sites

HERPES ZOSTER FOLLOWING ROENTGEN IRRADIATION (in Hungarian)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vetro, E.

1963-06-01

This report describes the appearance of herpes zoster in six female patients following x irradiation therapy with total doses of 1400 to 3000 r. Five of the patients received the treatment as postoperative treatment for breast cancer, the sixth patient was treated for rheumatoid anthritis. It is noted that this occurrence of herpes zoster following postoperative irradiation treatment for breast cancer is 100 times its incidence in the normal population where it occurs in an average of 0.025%. In the cases described, herpes appeared on the irradiated side of the body, in one instance it was very severe in amore » patient who had received prior hydrocortisone treatment, which might have accounted for the herpes in this case. It is possible that the herpes virus entered through the incision caused by the operation on the breast, although this has not been proven. The frequent occurrence of herpes zoster following irradiation is not coincidental, and further studies are under way, including measurements of radiation damage to the spinal cord ganglia. (BBB)« less

Progress and future tasks in food irradiation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

1973-09-01

Progress in the use of atomic energy for preserving food was reviewed at recent meetings of the Second International Symposium on Food Irradiation in India. The technical feasibility of radiation control was discussed with regard to the inhibition of sprouting in yams by gamma radiation; combined radiation and chemical treatment of potatoes and onions to prevent sprouting; effects of radiation on starch preparations and seasonings; radiation preservation of fish; radiation effects on bacteria; and control of insect pests. The importance of assessing the economic feasibility on the basis of practical, large-scale tests is emphasized. With regard to wholesomeness reports weremore » given of acute and chronic toxicity tests with irradiated wheat, shrimp, whole diets, beef, strawberries, mushrooms, and chicken. No harmful effects were observed following large-scale animal testing of irradiated complete diets. A summary of tasks ahead includes an assessment of economic benefits of food irradiation; criteria of public health acceptance; education of the public; and internationsl collaboration with the FAO and IAEA. (HLW)« less

Irradiation effects in tungsten-copper laminate composite

DOE PAGES

Garrison, L. M.; Katoh, Yutai; Snead, Lance L.; ...

2016-09-19

Tungsten-copper laminate composite has shown promise as a structural plasma-facing component as compared to tungsten rod or plate. The present study evaluated the tungsten-copper composite after irradiation in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at temperatures of 410–780 °C and fast neutron fluences of 0.02–9.0 × 10 25 n/m 2, E > 0.1 MeV, 0.0039–1.76 displacements per atom (dpa) in tungsten. Tensile tests were performed on the composites, and the fracture surfaces were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy. Before irradiation, the tungsten layers had brittle cleavage failure, but the overall composite had 15.5% elongation at 22 °C. After only 0.0039more » dpa this was reduced to 7.7% elongation, and no ductility was observed after 0.2 dpa at all irradiation temperatures when tensile tested at 22 °C. In conclusion, tor elevated temperature tensile tests after irradiation, the composite only had ductile failure at temperatures where the tungsten was delaminating or ductile.« less

Light ion irradiation for unfavorable soft tissue sarcoma

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Linstadt, D.; Castro, J.R.; Phillips, T.L.

1990-09-01

Between 1978 and 1989, 32 patients with unfavorable soft tissue sarcoma underwent light ion (helium, neon) irradiation with curative intent at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. The tumors were located in the trunk in 22 patients and head and neck in 10. Macroscopic tumor was present in 22 at the time of irradiation. Two patients had tumors apparently induced by previous therapeutic irradiation. Follow-up times for surviving patients ranged from 4 to 121 months (median 27 months). The overall 3-year actuarial local control rate was 62%; the corresponding survival rate was 50%. The 3-year actuarial control rate for patients irradiated with macroscopicmore » tumors was 48%, while none of the patients with microscopic disease developed local recurrence (100%). The corresponding 3-year actuarial survival rates were 40% (macroscopic) and 78% (microscopic). Patients with retroperitoneal sarcoma did notably well; the local control rate and survival rate were 64% and 62%, respectively. Complications were acceptable; there were no radiation related deaths, while two patients (6%) required operations to correct significant radiation-related injuries. These results appear promising compared to those achieved by low -LET irradiation, and suggest that this technique merits further investigation.« less

EPR investigation of some traditional oriental irradiated spices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Duliu, Octavian G.; Georgescu, Rodica; Ali, Shaban Ibrahim

2007-06-01

The 9.50 GHz electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of unirradiated and 60Co γ-ray irradiated cardamom ( Elettaria cardamomum L. Maton, Zingiberaceae), ginger (( Zingiber officinale Rosc., Zingiberaceae), and saffron ( Crocus sativus L., Iridaceae) have been investigated at room temperature. All unirradiated spices presented a weak resonance line with g-factors around free-electron ones. After γ-ray irradiation at an absorbed dose of up to 11.3 kGy, the presence of EPR spectra whose amplitude increase monotonously with the absorbed dose has been noticed with all spices. A 100 °C isothermal annealing of 11.3 kGy irradiated samples has shown a differential reduction of amplitude of various components that compose initial spectra, but even after 3.6 h of thermal treatment, the remaining amplitude represents no less then 30% of the initial ones. The same peculiarities have been noticed after 83 days storage at room temperature but after 340 days storage at ambient conditions only irradiated ginger displays a weak signal that differs from those of unirradiated sample. All these factors could be taken into account in establishing at which extent the EPR is suitable to evidence any irradiation treatment applied to these spices.

Advanced solar irradiances applied to satellite and ionospheric operational systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tobiska, W. Kent; Schunk, Robert; Eccles, Vince; Bouwer, Dave

Satellite and ionospheric operational systems require solar irradiances in a variety of time scales and spectral formats. We describe the development of a system using operational grade solar irradiances that are applied to empirical thermospheric density models and physics-based ionospheric models used by operational systems that require a space weather characterization. The SOLAR2000 (S2K) and SOLARFLARE (SFLR) models developed by Space Environment Technologies (SET) provide solar irradiances from the soft X-rays (XUV) through the Far Ultraviolet (FUV) spectrum. The irradiances are provided as integrated indices for the JB2006 empirical atmosphere density models and as line/band spectral irradiances for the physics-based Ionosphere Forecast Model (IFM) developed by the Space Environment Corporation (SEC). We describe the integration of these irradiances in historical, current epoch, and forecast modes through the Communication Alert and Prediction System (CAPS). CAPS provides real-time and forecast HF radio availability for global and regional users and global total electron content (TEC) conditions.

Safety evaluation of irradiated foods in China: A condensed report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yin, D.

1989-03-01

Eight trials, with 439 human volunteers who consumed irradiated foods including rice, potatoes, mushrooms, peanuts, and Chinese sausages, as well as diets composed of multiple irradiated foods (irradiated at dosages of 0.2 to 8 kGy) that accounted for 60-66% of the entire diet, were carried out for 2-3 months according to a unified protocol. No adverse effects on body weight, blood pressure, ECG, hematology, blood enzyme activities, serum lipids or blood or urine 17-hydroxycortisol contents and no chromosomal aberration of peripheral blood lymphocytes were found. It is especially worthwhile to note that there was no change in the polyploidy aftermore » consumption of irradiated diets. On the basis of these results and a comprehensive analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of irradiated foods, temporary hygienic standards for irradiated rice, potatoes, onions, garlic, Chinese sausages, peanuts, and mushrooms were promulgated by the Chinese Ministry of Public Health.« less

Dosimetry procedures for an industrial irradiation plant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grahn, Ch.

Accurate and reliable dosimetry procedures constitute a very important part of process control and quality assurance at a radiation processing plant. γ-Dose measurements were made on the GBS 84 irradiator for food and other products on pallets or in containers. Chemical dosimeters wre exposed in the facility under conditions of the typical plant operation. The choice of the dosimeter systems employed was based on the experience in chemical dosimetry gained over several years. Dose uniformity information was obtained in air, spices, bulbs, feeds, cosmetics, plastics and surgical goods. Most products currently irradiated require dose uniformity which can be efficiently provided by pallet or box irradiators like GBS 84. The radiation performance characteristics and some dosimetry procedures are discussed.

Status of food irradiation in the world

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kume, Tamikazu; Furuta, Masakazu; Todoriki, Setsuko; Uenoyama, Naoki; Kobayashi, Yasuhiko

2009-03-01

The status of food irradiation in the world in 2005 was investigated using published data, a questionnaire survey and direct visits. The results showed that the quantity of irradiated foods in the world in 2005 was 405,000 ton and comprised 1,86,000 ton (46%) for disinfection of spices and dry vegetables, 82,000 ton (20%) for disinfestation of grains and fruits, 32,000 ton (8%) for disinfection of meat and fish, 88,000 ton (22%) for sprout inhibition of garlic and potato, and 17,000 ton (4%) of other food items that included health foods, mushroom, honey, etc. Commercial food irradiation is increasing significantly in Asia, but decreasing in EU.

The Influence Of Hydrothermal Alteration And Weathering On Rock Magnetic Properties Of Granites From The Eps-1 Drilling (soultz-sous-forÊts / France)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Just, J.; Schleicher, A.; Kontny, A.; de Wall, H.

The EPS-1 drilling in Soultz-sous-Forêts (Rhinegraben, France) recovered a core pro- file of Tertiary to Permo-Mesozoic sediments deposited on a Variscan granitic base- ment. Magnetic susceptibility (k) measurements on the core material revealed a con- tinous increase from the basement/cover boundary (kmean 0.4 x 10-3 SI) into the magnetite-bearing granite (kmean 13 x 10-3 SI) over a depth range of 1417 U 1555 m. Rock magnetic and mineralogic studies were performed for the fresh granite, the hydrothermally altered granite near a fault zone and the altered granite from the fossil land surface near the basement/cover boundary. The decrease in susceptibility can be correlated with a gradual decomposition of magnetite to hematite and an alteration of the matrix minerals feldspars, biotite and hornblende to clay minerals and carbon- ates. Along with this transition, characteristic rock magnetic signatures can be dis- criminated for different degrees of alteration. While temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility k(T)-curves in fresh granites indicate a typical multidomain magnetite course with good reversibility, different types of irreversible courses are observed for the altered granite. However, hematite could not be identified in the k(T)-curves. Al- tered granite shows relatively weak magnetic behaviour in AF-demagnetisation exper- iments, untypical for hematite. The alteration of the fresh granite also causes a change in magnetic fabric parameter, especially of the anisotropy factor. The magnetic min- eralogy from the altered granite in respect to the changes in rock magnetic properties will be discussed.

Effect of heavy ion irradiation on C 60

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lotha, S.; Ingale, A.; Avasthi, D. K.; Mittal, V. K.; Mishra, S.; Rustagi, K. C.; Gupta, A.; Kulkarni, V. N.; Khathing, D. T.

1999-06-01

Thin films of C 60 were subjected to swift heavy ion irradiation spanning the region from 2 to 11 keV/nm of electronic excitation. Studies of the irradiated films by Raman spectroscopy indicated polymerization and damage of the film with an ion fluence. The ion track radii are estimated for various ions using the Raman data. Photoluminescence spectroscopy of the irradiated film indicated a decrease in the C 60 phase with a dose, and an increase in the intensity at the 590 nm wavelength, which is attributed to an increase in the oxygen content.

Comparison of the Changes in the Visible and Infrared Irradiance Observed by the SunPhotometers on EURECA to the UARS Total Solar and UV Irradiances

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pap, Judit

1995-01-01

Solar irradiance in the near-UV (335 nm), visible (500 nm) and infrared (778 nm) spectral bands has been measured by the SunPhotometers developed at the World Radiation Center, Davos, Switzerland on board the European Retrievable Carrier between August 1992 and May 1993. Study of the variations in the visible and infrared irradiance is important for both solar and atmospheric physics. The purpose of this paper is to examine the temporal variations observed in the visible and infrared spectral bands after eliminating the trend in the data mainly related to instrument degradation. The effect of active regions in these spectral irradiances is clearly resolved. Variations in the visible and infrared irradiances are compared to total solar irradiance observed by the SOVA2 radiometer on the EURECA platform and by the ACRIMII radiometer on UARS as well as to UV observations of the UARS and NOAA9 satellites. The space-borne spectral irradiance observations are compared to the photometric sunspot deficit and CaII K irradiance measured at the San Fernando Observatory, California State University at Northridge in order to study the effect of active regions in detail.

Assessment of simulated high-dose partial-body irradiation by PCC-R assay.

PubMed

Romero, Ivonne; García, Omar; Lamadrid, Ana I; Gregoire, Eric; González, Jorge E; Morales, Wilfredo; Martin, Cécile; Barquinero, Joan-Francesc; Voisin, Philippe

2013-09-01

The estimation of the dose and the irradiated fraction of the body is important information in the primary medical response in case of a radiological accident. The PCC-R assay has been developed for high-dose estimations, but little attention has been given to its applicability for partial-body irradiations. In the present work we estimated the doses and the percentage of the irradiated fraction in simulated partial-body radiation exposures at high doses using the PCC-R assay. Peripheral whole blood of three healthy donors was exposed to doses from 0-20 Gy, with ⁶⁰Co gamma radiation. To simulate partial body irradiations, irradiated and non-irradiated blood was mixed to obtain proportions of irradiated blood from 10-90%. Lymphocyte cultures were treated with Colcemid and Calyculin-A before harvest. Conventional and triage scores were performed for each dose, proportion of irradiated blood and donor. The Papworth's u test was used to evaluate the PCC-R distribution per cell. A dose-response relationship was fitted according to the maximum likelihood method using the frequencies of PCC-R obtained from 100% irradiated blood. The dose to the partially irradiated blood was estimated using the Contaminated Poisson method. A new D₀ value of 10.9 Gy was calculated and used to estimate the initial fraction of irradiated cells. The results presented here indicate that by PCC-R it is possible to distinguish between simulated partial- and whole-body irradiations by the u-test, and to accurately estimate the dose from 10-20 Gy, and the initial fraction of irradiated cells in the interval from 10-90%.

The effect of irradiation temperature on the non-enzymatic browning reaction in cooked rice

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Ju-Woon; Oh, Sang-Hee; Kim, Jae-Hun; Byun, Eui-Hong; Ree Kim, Mee; Baek, Min; Byun, Myung-Woo

2007-05-01

The effect of irradiation temperature on the non-enzymatic browning reaction in a sugar-glycine solution and cooked rice generated by gamma irradiation was evaluated in the present study. When the sugar-glycine solution and cooked rice were irradiated at room temperature, the browning reaction was dramatically increased during the post-irradiation period. In the case of irradiation at below the freezing point, the browning by irradiation was retarded during not only irradiation but also a post-irradiation period. The changes of the sugar profile, such as a sugar loss or reducing power of the irradiated sugar-glycine solution and the electron spin resonance signal intensity of the irradiated cooked rice were also decreased with lower irradiation temperature. The present results may suggest that the production of free radicals and a radiolysis product is inhibited during gamma irradiation in the frozen state and it may prevent the browning reaction generated by gamma irradiation from occurring.

INFLUENCE OF INTRAMUSCULAR FAT LEVEL ON ORGANOLEPTIC, PHYSICAL, AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF IRRADIATED PORK. II. LOW-TEMPERATURE LONG-TIME PRE-IRRADIATION HEAT TREATMENT

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bray, R.W.; Weckel, K.G.; Evans, G.W.

1964-02-01

Pork muscle (longissimus dorsi) was graded in three marbling levels by both visual appraisal and ether-extraction analysis of total fat. A low- temperature (121 deg F, gradually increasing to 191 deg F), long-time (19-hr) heat treatment was used for enzyme inactivation. Samples were packed under vacuum in rigid containers and irradiated to 4.5 Mrad with gamma radiation. Irradiated and frozen control samples were evaluated at intervals over a 180-day period. The heat treatment caused excessive connective-tissue breakdown as evidenced by a soft, dry texture. Marbling level had no significant effect on consumer-panel judgments of irradiated or frozen control samples (servedmore » plain, without bread). Lower degrees of marbling were preferred in irradiated sandwich items. Irradiated samples were less preferred than frozen control samples in both plain and sandwich form. Hunter L (color) values a/sub L/ (redness), hue, and saturation attributes were increased by irradiation treatment. Hunter L and b/sub L/ (yellowness) values of highly marbled irradiated sample-s were elevated. Highly marbled samples displayed greater tenderness qualities, as evidenced by mechanical tenderness measurements. Expressible moisture values were decreased by marbling degree and radiation treatment and increased by advancing storage time. As a measure of oxidation rancidity, thiobarbituric acid values were increased by increasing levels of marbling and advancing storage time, but were not influenced by preservation method. No significant differences in pH values due to marbling level or preservation method were detected. Bacteriologic counts of randomly selected irradiated samples indicated that they were commercially sterile (average of 57 colonies/g of sample). Methylene blue stains of colonles revealed Micrococcus. Frozen (control) samples contained moderate numbers of colonies (av. 2300 colonies per g of sample). Micrococcus colonies were again predominant, but a few colonles of film

Skeletal effects of megavoltage irradiation in survivors of Wilms' tumor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Heaston, D.K.; Libshitz, H.I.; Chan, R.C.

1979-09-01

The skeletal effects of megavoltage irradiation (/sup 60/Co) in 25 long term survivors of Wilms' tumor are described. In general, the changes seen with megavoltage irradiation are as frequent but not as severe as those previously reported after orthovoltage irradiation. Vertebral body changes generally occur within 5 years after irradiation. Scoliosis and/or kyphosis do not usually develop until after five years postirradiation. Kyphotic curves tend to progress after the adolescent growth spurt while scoliotic curves do not. Other bony and nonosseous changes are detailed.

A I-V analysis of irradiated Gallium Arsenide solar cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Heulenberg, A.; Maurer, R. H.; Kinnison, J. D.

1991-01-01

A computer program was used to analyze the illuminated I-V characteristics of four sets of gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar cells irradiated with 1-MeV electrons and 10-MeV protons. It was concluded that junction regions (J sub r) dominate nearly all GaAs cells tested, except for irradiated Mitsubishi cells, which appear to have a different doping profile. Irradiation maintains or increases the dominance by J sub r. Proton irradiation increases J sub r more than does electron irradiation. The U.S. cells were optimized for beginning of life (BOL) and the Japanese for end of life (EOL). I-V analysis indicates ways of improving both the BOL and EOL performance of GaAs solar cells.

Clinical Use of Deferoxamine in Distraction Osteogenesis of Irradiated Bone

PubMed Central

Momeni, Arash; Rapp, Scott; Donneys, Alexis; Buchman, Steven R.; Wan, Derrick C.

2016-01-01

The deleterious effects of radiotherapy, including hypovascularity and hypocellularity, have made distraction of irradiated bones challenging. Animal studies, however, have demonstrated adjunctive measures such as the administration of deferoxamine to significantly improve bone regeneration across irradiated distraction gaps. In this report, we demonstrate, for the first time, enhanced bone formation following deferoxamine application in a patient following distraction of a previously irradiated maxilla. CT imaging of the pterygomaxillary buttress on the side of administration revealed significantly increased bone area and density relative to the contralateral buttress. This is the first presentation of clinical deferoxamine use to promote bone formation following irradiated bone distraction and highlights the promise for this adjunctive measure to make outcomes after distraction of irradiated bone more reliable. PMID:27171947

Thermal imaging of high power diode lasers subject to back-irradiance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, C.; Pipe, K. P.; Cao, C.

In this study, CCD-based thermoreflectance imaging and finite element modeling are used to study the two-dimensional (2D) temperature profile of a junction-down broad-area diode laser facet subject to back-irradiance. By determining the temperature rise in the active region (ΔΤAR) at different diode laser optical powers, back-irradiance reflectance levels, and back-irradiance spot locations, we find that ΔΤAR increases by nearly a factor of three when the back-irradiance spot is centered in the absorbing substrate approximately 5 μm away from the active region, a distance roughly equal to half of the back-irradiance spot FWHM (9 μm). This corroborates prior work studying themore » relationship between the back-irradiance spot location and catastrophic optical damage, suggesting a strong thermal basis for reduced laser lifetime in the presence of back-irradiance for diode lasers fabricated on absorbing substrates.« less

[Efficiency of photodecomposition of trace NDMA in water by UV irradiation].

PubMed

Xu, Bing-Bing; Chen, Zhong-Lin; Qi, Fei; Ma, Jun

2008-07-01

Efficiency of photodecomposition of trace NDMA by UV irradiation was investigated with analyzing the initial concentration of NDMA, solution pH, irradiation area, irradiation intensity and water quality effect on NDMA photolysis. NDMA could be effectively photodegraded by UV irradiation. The removal efficiency of NDMA was 97.5% after 5 min of UV irradiation. Effect of initial NDMA concentration on photodecomposition of NDMA was not remarkable. With pH value ascending, the removal rate of NDMA photodecomposition decreased. The yields of photoquantum were more under lower solution pH than that under higher pH. NDMA had fastest reaction rate at solution pH = 2.2. Removal efficiency of NDMA increased with the available irradiation area ascending. Increscent ultraviolet irradiation intensity was good for NDMA degradation. Water quality affected the removal of NDMA slightly. The removal efficiency of NDMA in tap water and Songhua River raw water were 96.7% and 94.8%, respectively.

Thermal imaging of high power diode lasers subject to back-irradiance

DOE PAGES

Li, C.; Pipe, K. P.; Cao, C.; ...

2018-03-07

In this study, CCD-based thermoreflectance imaging and finite element modeling are used to study the two-dimensional (2D) temperature profile of a junction-down broad-area diode laser facet subject to back-irradiance. By determining the temperature rise in the active region (ΔΤAR) at different diode laser optical powers, back-irradiance reflectance levels, and back-irradiance spot locations, we find that ΔΤAR increases by nearly a factor of three when the back-irradiance spot is centered in the absorbing substrate approximately 5 μm away from the active region, a distance roughly equal to half of the back-irradiance spot FWHM (9 μm). This corroborates prior work studying themore » relationship between the back-irradiance spot location and catastrophic optical damage, suggesting a strong thermal basis for reduced laser lifetime in the presence of back-irradiance for diode lasers fabricated on absorbing substrates.« less

The effect of gamma irradiation on curcumin component of Curcuma domestica

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chosdu, R.; Erizal; Iriawan, T.; Hilmy, N.

1995-02-01

The effect of gamma irradiation on curcumin component of Curcuma domestica rhizome were investigated. Pure curcumin, sliced and powdered rhizome with 10% of moisture content were irradiated at 0, 10, 30 and 50 kGy (dose rate of 6 kGy/h). Curcumin content was analysed using HPLC method and ESR spectra. Results show that free radicals are already present in unirradiated rhizome. Gamma irradiation at the doses of 10, 30 and 50 kGy induced the free radicals formation of pure curcumin and Curcuma domestica rhizome. The ESR spectra of irradiated rhizome gave a very similar spectra to the signal of irradiated pure curcumin. The percentage of free radicals intensity from pure curcumin was very stable at room temperature up to 670 hours of storage. However, the percentage intensity of free radicals in the irradiated rhizome were decay during storage. Irradiation treatment and storage time did not give a significant change on curcumin content, water activity, pH and moisture content of rhizome investigated.

Gamma irradiation influence on storage and quality of potatoes (in Bulgarian)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vylchev, P.

1972-01-01

Gamma irradiation of three varieties potatoes, early crop, middle-early crop, and late crop, was studied. Tubers were irradiated in the autumn with 8 and 10 kR. Weight losses, starch contents, and culinary alterations were investigated. Irradiated tubers in all three varieties of potatoes did not sprout. At the end of April, weight losses of non-irradiated potatoes were 9 to 14.5%, and of irradiated, 0.5 to 4.5%. After one year of storage these losses were respectively 44 to 56% and 11 to 19%, in relation to the variety and the radiation dose. Tubers infected with Spondylocladium atrovirens Harz were not appropriatemore » for prolonged storage. In the spring substantial differences were not established in the quality of controls and irradiated tubers. After one year storage of irradiated tubers proved to be with lower quality characteristics in comparisons to new crop, but were nevertheless suitable for consumption. (auth)« less

Advanced Numerical Model for Irradiated Concrete

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Giorla, Alain B.

In this report, we establish a numerical model for concrete exposed to irradiation to address these three critical points. The model accounts for creep in the cement paste and its coupling with damage, temperature and relative humidity. The shift in failure mode with the loading rate is also properly represented. The numerical model for creep has been validated and calibrated against different experiments in the literature [Wittmann, 1970, Le Roy, 1995]. Results from a simplified model are shown to showcase the ability of numerical homogenization to simulate irradiation effects in concrete. In future works, the complete model will be appliedmore » to the analysis of the irradiation experiments of Elleuch et al. [1972] and Kelly et al. [1969]. This requires a careful examination of the experimental environmental conditions as in both cases certain critical information are missing, including the relative humidity history. A sensitivity analysis will be conducted to provide lower and upper bounds of the concrete expansion under irradiation, and check if the scatter in the simulated results matches the one found in experiments. The numerical and experimental results will be compared in terms of expansion and loss of mechanical stiffness and strength. Both effects should be captured accordingly by the model to validate it. Once the model has been validated on these two experiments, it can be applied to simulate concrete from nuclear power plants. To do so, the materials used in these concrete must be as well characterized as possible. The main parameters required are the mechanical properties of each constituent in the concrete (aggregates, cement paste), namely the elastic modulus, the creep properties, the tensile and compressive strength, the thermal expansion coefficient, and the drying shrinkage. These can be either measured experimentally, estimated from the initial composition in the case of cement paste, or back-calculated from mechanical tests on concrete. If

He ion irradiation effects on multiwalled carbon nanotubes structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elsehly, Emad M.; Chechenin, Nikolay G.; Makunin, Alexey V.; Shemukhin, Andrey A.; Motaweh, Hussien A.

2017-03-01

Samples of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were irradiated with 80 keV He ions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) inspection showed that the average outer diameters of the tube decreased as a result of ion irradiation. The samples were also characterized using Raman spectrometry by analysis of the intensity of main bands in the spectra of virgin and irradiated MWNT samples. Modifications of the disorder mode (D-band) and the tangential mode (G-band) were studied as a function of irradiation fluences. Raman spectra showed that as the fluence increases, the MWNTs first show disorder due to the produced defects, and then amorphization under still higher fluence of ion irradiation. Thermal and athermal mechanisms of the radiation induced MWNTs modifications are discussed. Contribution to the Topical Issue "Many Particle Spectroscopy of Atoms, Molecules, Clusters and Surfaces", edited by A.N. Grum-Grzhimailo, E.V. Gryzlova, Yu V. Popov, and A.V. Solov'yov.

Post-irradiation examinations of THERMHET composite fuels for transmutation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Noirot, J.; Desgranges, L.; Chauvin, N.; Georgenthum, V.

2003-07-01

The thermal behaviour of composite targets dedicated to minor actinide transmutation was studied using THERMHET (thermal behaviour of heterogeneous fuel) irradiation in the SILOE reactor. Three inert matrix fuel designs were tested (macro-mass, jingle and microdispersion) all with a MgAl 2O 4 spinel inert matrix and around 40% weight of UO 2 to simulate minor actinide inclusions. The post-irradiation examinations led to a new interpretation of the temperature measurement by thermocouples located in the central hole of the pellets. A major change in the micro-dispersed structure was detected. The examinations enabled us to understand the behaviour of the spinel during the different stages of irradiation. They revealed an amorphisation at low temperature and then a nano re-crystallisation at high temperature of the spinel in the micro-dispersed case. These results, together with those obtained in the MATINA irradiation of an equivalent structure, show the importance of the irradiation temperature on spinel behaviour.

Physical-chemical analyses of irradiated papayas ( Carica papaya L.)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Camargo, R. J.; Tadini, C. C.; Sabato, S. F.

2007-11-01

Papaya is cultivated in Espírito Santo State/Brazil and as it stands up to irradiation, it is important to validate this technology, since it is already being applied in some countries. Penetration energy, ratio (relation between soluble solids and titrable acidity) and skin color were evaluated to verify the influence of four different doses of irradiation (0.0, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.00 kGy) on papayas, during 21 days. As a result for the skin color and the penetration energy, it was found that in the first days after irradiation, these variables increased with increase in radiation dose; however, after a time lapse, the tendency inverted and the irradiated fruits had a slower ripening process. For the ratio, a very important variable that it is responsible for the fruit taste, no difference was found between irradiated and the control fruit. Color and texture measurements are dependent on the storage temperature.

Automated detection of irradiated food with the comet assay.

PubMed

Verbeek, F; Koppen, G; Schaeken, B; Verschaeve, L

2008-01-01

Food irradiation is the process of exposing food to ionising radiation in order to disinfect, sanitise, sterilise and preserve food or to provide insect disinfestation. Irradiated food should be adequately labelled according to international and national guidelines. In many countries, there are furthermore restrictions to the product-specific maximal dose that can be administered. Therefore, there is a need for methods that allow detection of irradiated food, as well as for methods that provide a reliable dose estimate. In recent years, the comet assay was proposed as a simple, rapid and inexpensive method to fulfil these goals, but further research is required to explore the full potential of this method. In this paper we describe the use of an automated image analysing system to measure DNA comets which allow the discrimination between irradiated and non-irradiated food as well as the set-up of standard dose-response curves, and hence a sufficiently accurate dose estimation.

Effects of gamma irradiation on the performance of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) accessions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Surahman, M.; Santosa, E.; Agusta, H.; Aisyah, S. I.; Nisya, F. N.

2018-03-01

This study aimed to assess the effects of mutation by using gamma ray on the performance of jatropha plants. The study was conducted at PAIR BATAN. Jatropha seeds obtained from the collection farm of SBRC LPPM IPB and PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa Tbk in Gunung Putri, Bogor, were irradiated. The irradiated seeds were grown in Jonggol Trial Farm of IPB. Gamma irradiation was conducted by using a GCM 4000A device. Treatments consisted of irradiation doses, irradiation methods, and accessions. Irradiation doses given were 175, 200, 225 Gy, and no irradiation (control). Irradiation methods consisted of acute, intermittent, and split-dose. Accessions used in this study were Dompu, Medan, Bima, Lombok, ITP II, IP2P, and Thailand. Results of the study were analysed until 5 months after planting showed that gamma ray mutation gave stimulating and inhibiting effects on similar traits. Irradiation dose of 225 Gy was good to be given in acute, intermittent, and split-dose methods. Irradiation effects were found to be significant in jatropha accessions. Effects of irradiation on production will be published soon.

Irradiation effect on deuterium behaviour in low-dose HFIR neutron-irradiated tungsten

DOE PAGES

Shimada, Masashi; Cao, G.; Otsuka, T.; ...

2014-12-01

Tungsten samples were irradiated by neutrons in the High Flux Isotope Reactor, Oak Ridge National Laboratory at reactor coolant temperatures of 50-70°C to low displacement damage of 0.025 and 0.3 dpa under the framework of the US-Japan TITAN program (2007-2013). After cooling down, the HFIR neutron-irradiated tungsten samples were exposed to deuterium plasmas in the Tritium Plasma Experiment, Idaho National Laboratory at 100, 200 and 500 °C twice at the ion fluence of 5×10²⁵ m⁻² to reach a total ion fluence of 1×10²⁶ m⁻² in order to investigate the near surface deuterium retention and saturation via nuclear reaction analysis. Finalmore » thermal desorption spectroscopy was performed to elucidate irradiation effect on total deuterium retention. Nuclear reaction analysis results showed that the maximum near surface (<5 µm depth) deuterium concentration increased from 0.5 at % D/W in 0.025 dpa samples to 0.8 at. % D/W in 0.3 dpa samples. The large discrepancy between the total retention via thermal desorption spectroscopy and the near surface retention via nuclear reaction analysis indicated the deuterium was migrated and trapped in bulk (at least 50 µm depth for 0.025 dpa and 35 µm depth for 0.025 dpa) at 500 °C case even in the relatively low ion fluence of 10²⁶ m⁻².« less

Investigation of Oxygen Diffusion in Irradiated UO2 with MD Simulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Günay, Seçkin D.

2016-11-01

In this study, irradiated UO2 is analyzed by atomistic simulation method to obtain diffusion coefficient of oxygen ions. For this purpose, a couple of molecular dynamics (MD) supercells containing Frenkel, Schottky, vacancy and interstitial types for both anion and cation defects is constructed individually. Each of their contribution is used to calculate the total oxygen diffusion for both intrinsic and extrinsic ranges. The results display that irradiation-induced defects contribute the most to the overall oxygen diffusion at temperatures below 800-1,200 K. This result is quite sensible because experimental data shows that, from room temperature to about 1,500 K, irradiation-induced swelling decreases and irradiated UO2 lattice parameter is gradually recovered because defects annihilate each other. Another point is that, concentration of defects enhances the irradiation-induced oxygen diffusion. Irradiation type also has the similar effect, namely oxygen diffusion in crystals irradiated with α-particles is more than the crystals irradiated with neutrons. Dynamic Frenkel defects dominate the oxygen diffusion data above 1,500—1,800 K. In all these temperature ranges, thermally induced Frenkel defects make no significant contribution to overall oxygen diffusion.

Different doses of partial liver irradiation promotes hepatic regeneration in rat

PubMed Central

Liu, Ying; Shi, Changzheng; Cui, Meng; Yang, Zhenhua; Gan, Danhui; Wang, Yiming

2015-01-01

The aim of this study is to investigate whether partial liver irradiation promotes hepatic regeneration in rat. Left-half liver of rat was irradiated to 10 Gy, and the Right-half to 0, 5, 10 and 15 Gy, respectively. Then, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were evaluated on 0 day, 15-day, 30-day, 45-day and 60-day after liver irradiation. Next, the serum HGF, NF-κB and TGF-β1 levels were also analyzed on 60-day after liver irradiation. Lastly, the cyclinD1 protein expression was appraised by western blots on 60-day after liver irradiation. ALT, AST and ALP levels were reduced compared with that of controls. The serum HGF, NF-κB and TGF-β1 levels, and the cyclinD1 protein expression in liver irradiation group were increased compared with that of controls group. However, hepatic regeneration of higher dose-irradiated cirrhotic liver was triggered a more enhanced regeneration, compared with that of higher doses group. In summary, these results suggest that different doses of partial liver irradiation promotes hepatic regeneration in rat. PMID:26261535

SUMMARY OF FRUIT IRRADIATION AT WAGENINGEN

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

de Zeeuw, D.

Use was made of l Mev electrons produced by a normal Van de Graaff accelerator in fresh soft fruit. In order to obtain an even dose distribution over the surface of fruit, it was packed one layer thick in small plastic boxes. Both upper and lower sides of these boxes were irradiated. In case of firmer fruit species, such as plums, these were also placed on mechanically driven rollers on which they were slowly rotated during irradiation. With this method the irradiation time was chosen twice as long as for the packed fruit so as to meet the total dosemore » requirement. Dosimetry measurements were made by both chemical and physical methods. The dose rate was 2 Krad per second. Results obtained with 100 to 500 Krad doses are given for strawberries, raspberries, red and black currants, blackberries, cherries, and plums. (auth)« less

Radiographic findings after treatment with balloon brachytherapy accelerated partial breast irradiation.

PubMed

Ibrahim, Nafisa B; Anandan, Srividya; Hartman, Audrey L; McSweeney, Michelle; Chun, Jeanette; McKee, Andrea; Yang, Rebecca; Kim, Cathleen

2015-01-01

The use of accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) following breast-conserving surgery is rapidly gaining popularity as an alternative to whole-breast irradiation (WBI) in selected patients with early-stage breast cancer. Although data on the long-term effectiveness and safety of APBI accelerated partial breast irradiation are still being gathered, the shorter treatment course and narrowed radiation target of APBI accelerated partial breast irradiation provide an attractive alternative for carefully selected patients. These patients include those with relatively small tumors (≤3 cm), negative or close margins, and negative sentinel lymph nodes. Possible long-term complications include telangiectasia and the development of a palpable mass at the lumpectomy site. Mammographic findings in patients who have undergone APBI accelerated partial breast irradiation are distinct from those in patients who have undergone conventional WBI whole-breast irradiation . The most common post-APBI accelerated partial breast irradiation radiographic findings include formation of seromas at the lumpectomy site, focal parenchymal changes such as increased trabeculation and parenchymal distortion, fat necrosis, and skin changes such as thickening or retraction. Given the continued evolution of breast cancer treatment, it is important that radiologists have a comprehensive understanding of APBI accelerated partial breast irradiation in terms of rationale, patient selection criteria, common postprocedural radiographic findings (and how they differ from post-WBI whole-breast irradiation findings), and advantages and potential complications. RSNA, 2015

Evolution of the solar irradiance during the Holocene

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vieira, L. E. A.; Solanki, S. K.; Krivova, N. A.; Usoskin, I.

2011-07-01

Context. Long-term records of solar radiative output are vital for understanding solar variability and past climate change. Measurements of solar irradiance are available for only the last three decades, which calls for reconstructions of this quantity over longer time scales using suitable models. Aims: We present a physically consistent reconstruction of the total solar irradiance for the Holocene. Methods: We extend the SATIRE (Spectral And Total Irradiance REconstruction) models to estimate the evolution of the total (and partly spectral) solar irradiance over the Holocene. The basic assumption is that the variations of the solar irradiance are due to the evolution of the dark and bright magnetic features on the solar surface. The evolution of the decadally averaged magnetic flux is computed from decadal values of cosmogenic isotope concentrations recorded in natural archives employing a series of physics-based models connecting the processes from the modulation of the cosmic ray flux in the heliosphere to their record in natural archives. We then compute the total solar irradiance (TSI) as a linear combination of the jth and jth + 1 decadal values of the open magnetic flux. In order to evaluate the uncertainties due to the evolution of the Earth's magnetic dipole moment, we employ four reconstructions of the open flux which are based on conceptually different paleomagnetic models. Results: Reconstructions of the TSI over the Holocene, each valid for a different paleomagnetic time series, are presented. Our analysis suggests that major sources of uncertainty in the TSI in this model are the heritage of the uncertainty of the TSI since 1610 reconstructed from sunspot data and the uncertainty of the evolution of the Earth's magnetic dipole moment. The analysis of the distribution functions of the reconstructed irradiance for the last 3000 years, which is the period that the reconstructions overlap, indicates that the estimates based on the virtual axial dipole

Disinfestation of different cereal products by irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kovács, E.; Kiss, I.; Boros, A.; Horváth, Ny.; Tóth, J.; Gyulai, P.; Szalma, Á.

The sensitivity of overlineTribolium confusum - small flour beetle - to radiation was studied in a dose range of 0-0.8 kGy. We found that the insect egg was the most sensitive to radiation, then larvae and pupae followed it. 0.2 kGy dose of irradiation kills these forms or their further development is inhibited. Imagoes do not immediately die after 0.8 kGy dose of irradiation; the young imagoes are more sensitive to radiation than the aged ones. 0.4 kGy average dose of irradiation is a suitable protection against overlineTribolium confusum. Disinfestation experiments were performed with wheat-germ and wheat-bran and parallelly the most important ingredients of the two products were analysed. The vitamin E content and the rate of lipid-oxidation of wheat germ were determined. The vitamin E content decreased after radiation treatment, however, during storage of at least 6 months, it remained at a level specified by food quality standards (higher than 10 mg%). Carbohydrate content of wheat-bran (water soluble carbohydrate content, crude-fibre and dietary fibre content) did not change at all. Storability of radiation disinfested wheat-germ was 8 months, wheat-bran 3-4 months. On the base of the results 2-2 tons of wheat-germ and wheat-bran were irradiated and trial marked in 1985. In 1986 the irradiation of 10 tons of wheat-germ is planned.

Outcome in patients with small cell lung cancer re-irradiated for brain metastases after prior prophylactic cranial irradiation.

PubMed

Bernhardt, Denise; Bozorgmehr, Farastuk; Adeberg, Sebastian; Opfermann, Nils; von Eiff, Damian; Rieber, Juliane; Kappes, Jutta; Foerster, Robert; König, Laila; Thomas, Michael; Debus, Jürgen; Steins, Martin; Rieken, Stefan

2016-11-01

Patients with brain metastases from small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) who underwent prior prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) are often treated with a second course of whole brain radiation therapy (Re-WBRT) or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for purposes of palliation in symptomatic patients, hope for increased life expectancy or even as an alternative to untolerated steroids. Up to date there is only limited data available regarding the effect of this treatment. This study examines outcomes in patients in a single institution who underwent cerebral re-irradiation after prior PCI. We examined the medical records of 76 patients with brain metastases who had initially received PCI between 2008 and 2015 and were subsequently irradiated with a second course of cerebral radiotherapy. Patients underwent re-irradiation using either Re-WBRT (88%) or SRS (17%). The outcomes, including symptom palliation, radiation toxicity, and overall survival (OS) following re-irradiation were analyzed. Survival and correlations were calculated using log-rank, univariate, and multivariate Cox proportional hazards-ratio analyses. Treatment-related toxicity was classified according to CTCAE v4.0. Median OS of all patients was 3 months (range 0-12 months). Median OS after Re-WBRT was 3 months (range 0-12 months). Median OS after SRS was 5 months (range 0-12 months). Karnofsky performance status scale (KPS ≥50%) was significantly associated with improved OS in both univariate (HR 2772; p=0,009) and multivariate analyses (HR 2613; p=0,024) for patients receiving Re-WBRT. No unexpected toxicity was observed and the observed toxicity remained consistently low. Symptom palliation was achieved in 40% of symptomatic patients. In conclusion, cerebral re-irradiation after prior PCI is beneficial for symptom palliation and is associated with minimal side effects in patients with SCLC. Our survival data suggests that it is primarily useful in patients with adequate performance status. Copyright �