Sample records for realistic atmospheric conditions

  1. The realist interpretation of the atmosphere

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Anduaga, Aitor

    The discovery of a clearly stratified structure of layers in the upper atmosphere has been--and still is--invoked too often as the great paradigm of atmospheric sciences in the 20th century. Behind this vision, an emphasis--or better, an overstatement--on the reality of the concept of layer lies. One of the few historians of physics who have not ignored this phenomenon of reification, C. Stewart Gillmor, attributed it to--somewhat ambiguous-- cultural (or perhaps, more generally, contextual) factors, though he never specified their nature. In this essay, I aim to demonstrate that, in the interwar years, most radiophysicists and some atomic physicists, for reasons principally related to extrinsic influences and to a lesser extent to internal developments of their own science, fervidly embraced a realist interpretation of the ionosphere. We will focus on the historical circumstances in which a specific social and commercial environment came to exert a strong influence on upper atmospheric physicists, and in which realism as a product validating the "truth" of certain practices and beliefs arose. This realist commitment I attribute to the mutual reinforcement of atmospheric physics and commercial and imperial interests in long-distance communications.

  2. Improvement in Simulation of Eurasian Winter Climate Variability with a Realistic Arctic Sea Ice Condition in an Atmospheric GCM

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Lim, Young-Kwon; Ham, Yoo-Geun; Jeong, Jee-Hoon; Kug, Jong-Seong

    2012-01-01

    The present study investigates how much a realistic Arctic sea ice condition can contribute to improve simulation of the winter climate variation over the Eurasia region. Model experiments are set up using different sea ice boundary conditions over the past 24 years (i.e., 1988-2011). One is an atmospheric model inter-comparison (AMIP) type of run forced with observed sea-surface temperature (SST), sea ice, and greenhouse gases (referred to as Exp RSI), and the other is the same as Exp RSI except for the sea ice forcing, which is a repeating climatological annual cycle (referred to as Exp CSI). Results show that Exp RSI produces the observed dominant pattern of Eurasian winter temperatures and their interannual variation better than Exp CSI (correlation difference up to approx. 0.3). Exp RSI captures the observed strong relationship between the sea ice concentration near the Barents and Kara seas and the temperature anomaly across Eurasia, including northeastern Asia, which is not well captured in Exp CSI. Lagged atmospheric responses to sea ice retreat are examined using observations to understand atmospheric processes for the Eurasian cooling response including the Arctic temperature increase, sea-level pressure increase, upper-level jet weakening and cold air outbreak toward the mid-latitude. The reproducibility of these lagged responses by Exp RSI is also evaluated.

  3. Realistic Modeling of Multi-Scale MHD Dynamics of the Solar Atmosphere

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Kitiashvili, Irina; Mansour, Nagi N.; Wray, Alan; Couvidat, Sebastian; Yoon, Seokkwan; Kosovichev, Alexander

    2014-01-01

    Realistic 3D radiative MHD simulations open new perspectives for understanding the turbulent dynamics of the solar surface, its coupling to the atmosphere, and the physical mechanisms of generation and transport of non-thermal energy. Traditionally, plasma eruptions and wave phenomena in the solar atmosphere are modeled by prescribing artificial driving mechanisms using magnetic or gas pressure forces that might arise from magnetic field emergence or reconnection instabilities. In contrast, our 'ab initio' simulations provide a realistic description of solar dynamics naturally driven by solar energy flow. By simulating the upper convection zone and the solar atmosphere, we can investigate in detail the physical processes of turbulent magnetoconvection, generation and amplification of magnetic fields, excitation of MHD waves, and plasma eruptions. We present recent simulation results of the multi-scale dynamics of quiet-Sun regions, and energetic effects in the atmosphere and compare with observations. For the comparisons we calculate synthetic spectro-polarimetric data to model observational data of SDO, Hinode, and New Solar Telescope.

  4. Accurate Ray-tracing of Realistic Neutron Star Atmospheres for Constraining Their Parameters

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vincent, Frederic H.; Bejger, Michał; Różańska, Agata; Straub, Odele; Paumard, Thibaut; Fortin, Morgane; Madej, Jerzy; Majczyna, Agnieszka; Gourgoulhon, Eric; Haensel, Paweł; Zdunik, Leszek; Beldycki, Bartosz

    2018-03-01

    Thermal-dominated X-ray spectra of neutron stars in quiescent, transient X-ray binaries and neutron stars that undergo thermonuclear bursts are sensitive to mass and radius. The mass–radius relation of neutron stars depends on the equation of state (EoS) that governs their interior. Constraining this relation accurately is therefore of fundamental importance to understand the nature of dense matter. In this context, we introduce a pipeline to calculate realistic model spectra of rotating neutron stars with hydrogen and helium atmospheres. An arbitrarily fast-rotating neutron star with a given EoS generates the spacetime in which the atmosphere emits radiation. We use the LORENE/NROTSTAR code to compute the spacetime numerically and the ATM24 code to solve the radiative transfer equations self-consistently. Emerging specific intensity spectra are then ray-traced through the neutron star’s spacetime from the atmosphere to a distant observer with the GYOTO code. Here, we present and test our fully relativistic numerical pipeline. To discuss and illustrate the importance of realistic atmosphere models, we compare our model spectra to simpler models like the commonly used isotropic color-corrected blackbody emission. We highlight the importance of considering realistic model-atmosphere spectra together with relativistic ray-tracing to obtain accurate predictions. We also insist upon the crucial impact of the star’s rotation on the observables. Finally, we close a controversy that has been ongoing in the literature in the recent years, regarding the validity of the ATM24 code.

  5. Performance of Airborne Precision Spacing Under Realistic Wind Conditions

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Wieland, Frederick; Santos, Michel; Krueger, William; Houston, Vincent E.

    2011-01-01

    With the expected worldwide increase of air traffic during the coming decade, both the Federal Aviation Administration s (FAA s) Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen), as well as Eurocontrol s Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) program have, as part of their plans, air traffic management solutions that can increase performance without requiring time-consuming and expensive infrastructure changes. One such solution involves the ability of both controllers and flight crews to deliver aircraft to the runway with greater accuracy than is possible today. Previous research has shown that time-based spacing techniques, wherein the controller assigns a time spacing to each pair of arriving aircraft, is one way to achieve this goal by providing greater runway delivery accuracy that produces a concomitant increase in system-wide performance. The research described herein focuses on a specific application of time-based spacing, called Airborne Precision Spacing (APS), which has evolved over the past ten years. This research furthers APS understanding by studying its performance with realistic wind conditions obtained from atmospheric sounding data and with realistic wind forecasts obtained from the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) short-range weather forecast. In addition, this study investigates APS performance with limited surveillance range, as provided by the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) system, and with an algorithm designed to improve APS performance when an ADS-B signal is unavailable. The results presented herein quantify the runway threshold delivery accuracy of APS un-der these conditions, and also quantify resulting workload metrics such as the number of speed changes required to maintain spacing.

  6. High Order Accurate Finite Difference Modeling of Seismo-Acoustic Wave Propagation in a Moving Atmosphere and a Heterogeneous Earth Model Coupled Across a Realistic Topography

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Petersson, N. Anders; Sjogreen, Bjorn

    Here, we develop a numerical method for simultaneously simulating acoustic waves in a realistic moving atmosphere and seismic waves in a heterogeneous earth model, where the motions are coupled across a realistic topography. We model acoustic wave propagation by solving the linearized Euler equations of compressible fluid mechanics. The seismic waves are modeled by the elastic wave equation in a heterogeneous anisotropic material. The motion is coupled by imposing continuity of normal velocity and normal stresses across the topographic interface. Realistic topography is resolved on a curvilinear grid that follows the interface. The governing equations are discretized using high ordermore » accurate finite difference methods that satisfy the principle of summation by parts. We apply the energy method to derive the discrete interface conditions and to show that the coupled discretization is stable. The implementation is verified by numerical experiments, and we demonstrate a simulation of coupled wave propagation in a windy atmosphere and a realistic earth model with non-planar topography.« less

  7. High Order Accurate Finite Difference Modeling of Seismo-Acoustic Wave Propagation in a Moving Atmosphere and a Heterogeneous Earth Model Coupled Across a Realistic Topography

    DOE PAGES

    Petersson, N. Anders; Sjogreen, Bjorn

    2017-04-18

    Here, we develop a numerical method for simultaneously simulating acoustic waves in a realistic moving atmosphere and seismic waves in a heterogeneous earth model, where the motions are coupled across a realistic topography. We model acoustic wave propagation by solving the linearized Euler equations of compressible fluid mechanics. The seismic waves are modeled by the elastic wave equation in a heterogeneous anisotropic material. The motion is coupled by imposing continuity of normal velocity and normal stresses across the topographic interface. Realistic topography is resolved on a curvilinear grid that follows the interface. The governing equations are discretized using high ordermore » accurate finite difference methods that satisfy the principle of summation by parts. We apply the energy method to derive the discrete interface conditions and to show that the coupled discretization is stable. The implementation is verified by numerical experiments, and we demonstrate a simulation of coupled wave propagation in a windy atmosphere and a realistic earth model with non-planar topography.« less

  8. Dynamic Response of an Energy Harvesting Device Under Realistic Flow Conditions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    O'Connor, Joseph; Revell, Alistair

    2017-11-01

    The need for reliable, cost-efficient, green energy alternatives has led to increased research in the area of energy harvesting. One approach to energy harvesting is to take advantage of self-sustaining flow-induced vibrations. Through the use of a piezoelectric flag, the mechanical strain from the flapping motion can be converted into electrical energy. While such devices show a lot of promise, the fluid-structure-electrical interactions are highly nonlinear and their response to off-design variations in flow conditions, such as those likely to be encountered upon deployment, is relatively unexplored. The purpose of the present work is to examine how a representative energy harvesting device performs in realistic atmospheric flow conditions involving wind gusts with spatial and temporal variations. A recently developed lattice-Boltzmann-immersed boundary-finite element model is used to perform fully-coupled 3D simulations of the fluid-structure system. For a range of unsteady flow conditions the resulting flow features and structural motion are examined and key behaviour modes are mapped out. The findings of this work will be particularly relevant for self-powered remote sensing networks, which often require deployment in unpredictable and varied environments.

  9. Impact of atmosphere and land surface initial conditions on seasonal forecast of global surface temperature

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Materia, Stefano; Borrelli, Andrea; Bellucci, Alessio; Alessandri, Andrea; Di Pietro, Pierluigi; Athanasiadis, Panagiotis; Navarra, Antonio; Gualdi, Silvio

    2014-05-01

    The impact of land surface and atmosphere initialization on the forecast skill of a seasonal prediction system is investigated, and an effort to disentangle the role played by the individual components to the global predictability is done, via a hierarchy of seasonal forecast experiments performed under different initialization strategies. A realistic atmospheric initial state allows an improved equilibrium between the ocean and overlying atmosphere, mitigating the coupling shock and possibly increasing the model predictive skill in the ocean. In fact, in a few regions characterized by strong air-sea coupling, the atmosphere initial condition affects the forecast skill for several months. In particular, the ENSO region, the eastern tropical Atlantic and the North Pacific benefit significantly from the atmosphere initialization. On mainland, the impact of atmospheric initial conditions is detected in the early phase of the forecast, while the quality of land surface initialization affects the forecast skill in the following lead seasons. The winter forecast in the high latitude plains of Siberia and Canada benefit from the snow initialization, while the impact of soil moisture initial state is particularly effective in the Mediterranean region, in central Asia and Australia. However, initialization through land surface reanalysis does not systematically guarantee an enhancement of the predictive skill: the quality of the forecast is sometimes higher for the non-constrained model. Overall, the introduction of a realistic initialization of land surface and atmosphere substantially increases skill and accuracy. However, further developments in the operating procedure for land surface initialization are required for more accurate seasonal forecasts.

  10. Performance of Airborne Precision Spacing Under Realistic Wind Conditions and Limited Surveillance Range

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Wieland, Frederick; Santos, Michel; Krueger, William; Houston, Vincent E.

    2011-01-01

    With the expected worldwide increase of air traffic during the coming decade, both the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen), as well as Eurocontrol's Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) program have, as part of their plans, air traffic management (ATM) solutions that can increase performance without requiring time-consuming and expensive infrastructure changes. One such solution involves the ability of both controllers and flight crews to deliver aircraft to the runway with greater accuracy than they can today. Previous research has shown that time-based spacing techniques, wherein the controller assigns a time spacing to each pair of arriving aircraft, can achieve this goal by providing greater runway delivery accuracy and producing a concomitant increase in system-wide performance. The research described herein focuses on one specific application of time-based spacing, called Airborne Precision Spacing (APS), which has evolved over the past ten years. This research furthers APS understanding by studying its performance with realistic wind conditions obtained from atmospheric sounding data and with realistic wind forecasts obtained from the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) short-range weather forecast. In addition, this study investigates APS performance with limited surveillance range, as provided by the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) system, and with an algorithm designed to improve APS performance when ADS-B surveillance data is unavailable. The results presented herein quantify the runway threshold delivery accuracy of APS under these conditions, and also quantify resulting workload metrics such as the number of speed changes required to maintain spacing.

  11. Computing the electric field from extensive air showers using a realistic description of the atmosphere

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gaté, F.; Revenu, B.; García-Fernández, D.; Marin, V.; Dallier, R.; Escudié, A.; Martin, L.

    2018-03-01

    The composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays is still poorly known and constitutes a very important topic in the field of high-energy astrophysics. Detection of ultra-high energy cosmic rays is carried out via the extensive air showers they create after interacting with the atmosphere constituents. The secondary electrons and positrons within the showers emit a detectable electric field in the kHz-GHz range. It is possible to use this radio signal for the estimation of the atmospheric depth of maximal development of the showers Xmax , with a good accuracy and a duty cycle close to 100%. This value of Xmax is strongly correlated to the nature of the primary cosmic ray that initiated the shower. We show in this paper the importance of using a realistic atmospheric model in order to correct for systematic errors that can prevent a correct and unbiased estimation of Xmax.

  12. Transport of Chemical Vapors from Subsurface Sources to Atmosphere as Affected by Shallow Subsurface and Atmospheric Conditions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rice, A. K.; Smits, K. M.; Hosken, K.; Schulte, P.; Illangasekare, T. H.

    2012-12-01

    Understanding the movement and modeling of chemical vapor through unsaturated soil in the shallow subsurface when subjected to natural atmospheric thermal and mass flux boundary conditions at the land surface is of importance to applications such as landmine detection and vapor intrusion into subsurface structures. New, advanced technologies exist to sense chemical signatures at the land/atmosphere interface, but interpretation of these sensor signals to make assessment of source conditions remains a challenge. Chemical signatures are subject to numerous interactions while migrating through the unsaturated soil environment, attenuating signal strength and masking contaminant source conditions. The dominant process governing movement of gases through porous media is often assumed to be Fickian diffusion through the air phase with minimal or no quantification of other processes contributing to vapor migration, such as thermal diffusion, convective gas flow due to the displacement of air, expansion/contraction of air due to temperature changes, temporal and spatial variations of soil moisture and fluctuations in atmospheric pressure. Soil water evaporation and interfacial mass transfer add to the complexity of the system. The goal of this work is to perform controlled experiments under transient conditions of soil moisture, temperature and wind at the land/atmosphere interface and use the resulting dataset to test existing theories on subsurface gas flow and iterate between numerical modeling efforts and experimental data. Ultimately, we aim to update conceptual models of shallow subsurface vapor transport to include conditionally significant transport processes and inform placement of mobile sensors and/or networks. We have developed a two-dimensional tank apparatus equipped with a network of sensors and a flow-through head space for simulation of the atmospheric interface. A detailed matrix of realistic atmospheric boundary conditions was applied in a series of

  13. Modeling the Performance Limitations and Prospects of Perovskite/Si Tandem Solar Cells under Realistic Operating Conditions

    PubMed Central

    2017-01-01

    Perovskite/Si tandem solar cells have the potential to considerably out-perform conventional solar cells. Under standard test conditions, perovskite/Si tandem solar cells already outperform the Si single junction. Under realistic conditions, however, as we show, tandem solar cells made from current record cells are hardly more efficient than the Si cell alone. We model the performance of realistic perovskite/Si tandem solar cells under real-world climate conditions, by incorporating parasitic cell resistances, nonradiative recombination, and optical losses into the detailed-balance limit. We show quantitatively that when optimizing these parameters in the perovskite top cell, perovskite/Si tandem solar cells could reach efficiencies above 38% under realistic conditions, even while leaving the Si cell untouched. Despite the rapid efficiency increase of perovskite solar cells, our results emphasize the need for further material development, careful device design, and light management strategies, all necessary for highly efficient perovskite/Si tandem solar cells. PMID:28920081

  14. Modeling the Performance Limitations and Prospects of Perovskite/Si Tandem Solar Cells under Realistic Operating Conditions.

    PubMed

    Futscher, Moritz H; Ehrler, Bruno

    2017-09-08

    Perovskite/Si tandem solar cells have the potential to considerably out-perform conventional solar cells. Under standard test conditions, perovskite/Si tandem solar cells already outperform the Si single junction. Under realistic conditions, however, as we show, tandem solar cells made from current record cells are hardly more efficient than the Si cell alone. We model the performance of realistic perovskite/Si tandem solar cells under real-world climate conditions, by incorporating parasitic cell resistances, nonradiative recombination, and optical losses into the detailed-balance limit. We show quantitatively that when optimizing these parameters in the perovskite top cell, perovskite/Si tandem solar cells could reach efficiencies above 38% under realistic conditions, even while leaving the Si cell untouched. Despite the rapid efficiency increase of perovskite solar cells, our results emphasize the need for further material development, careful device design, and light management strategies, all necessary for highly efficient perovskite/Si tandem solar cells.

  15. Exoplanetary Atmospheres-Chemistry, Formation Conditions, and Habitability.

    PubMed

    Madhusudhan, Nikku; Agúndez, Marcelino; Moses, Julianne I; Hu, Yongyun

    2016-12-01

    Characterizing the atmospheres of extrasolar planets is the new frontier in exoplanetary science. The last two decades of exoplanet discoveries have revealed that exoplanets are very common and extremely diverse in their orbital and bulk properties. We now enter a new era as we begin to investigate the chemical diversity of exoplanets, their atmospheric and interior processes, and their formation conditions. Recent developments in the field have led to unprecedented advancements in our understanding of atmospheric chemistry of exoplanets and the implications for their formation conditions. We review these developments in the present work. We review in detail the theory of atmospheric chemistry in all classes of exoplanets discovered to date, from highly irradiated gas giants, ice giants, and super-Earths, to directly imaged giant planets at large orbital separations. We then review the observational detections of chemical species in exoplanetary atmospheres of these various types using different methods, including transit spectroscopy, Doppler spectroscopy, and direct imaging. In addition to chemical detections, we discuss the advances in determining chemical abundances in these atmospheres and how such abundances are being used to constrain exoplanetary formation conditions and migration mechanisms. Finally, we review recent theoretical work on the atmospheres of habitable exoplanets, followed by a discussion of future outlook of the field.

  16. Convective dynamics and chemical disequilibrium in the atmospheres of substellar objects

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bordwell, Baylee; Brown, Benjamin P.; Oishi, Jeffrey S.

    2017-11-01

    The thousands of substellar objects now known provide a unique opportunity to test our understanding of atmospheric dynamics across a range of environments. The chemical timescales of certain species transition from being much shorter than the dynamical timescales to being much longer than them at a point in the atmosphere known as the quench point. This transition leads to a state of dynamical disequilibrium, the effects of which can be used to probe the atmospheric dynamics of these objects. Unfortunately, due to computational constraints, models that inform the interpretation of these observations are run at dynamical parameters which are far from realistic values. In this study, we explore the behavior of a disequilibrium chemical process with increasingly realistic planetary conditions, to quantify the effects of the approximations used in current models. We simulate convection in 2-D, plane-parallel, polytropically-stratified atmospheres, into which we add reactive passive tracers that explore disequilibrium behavior. We find that as we increase the Rayleigh number, and thus achieve more realistic planetary conditions, the behavior of these tracers does not conform to the classical predictions of disequilibrium chemistry.

  17. Effect of Atmospheric Conditions on LIBS Spectra

    PubMed Central

    Effenberger, Andrew J.; Scott, Jill R.

    2010-01-01

    Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is typically performed at ambient Earth atmospheric conditions. However, interest in LIBS in other atmospheric conditions has increased in recent years, especially for use in space exploration (e.g., Mars and Lunar) or to improve resolution for isotopic signatures. This review focuses on what has been reported about the performance of LIBS in reduced pressure environments as well as in various gases other than air. PMID:22399914

  18. Simulation Evaluation of Controller-Managed Spacing Tools under Realistic Operational Conditions

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Callantine, Todd J.; Hunt, Sarah M.; Prevot, Thomas

    2014-01-01

    Controller-Managed Spacing (CMS) tools have been developed to aid air traffic controllers in managing high volumes of arriving aircraft according to a schedule while enabling them to fly efficient descent profiles. The CMS tools are undergoing refinement in preparation for field demonstration as part of NASA's Air Traffic Management (ATM) Technology Demonstration-1 (ATD-1). System-level ATD-1 simulations have been conducted to quantify expected efficiency and capacity gains under realistic operational conditions. This paper presents simulation results with a focus on CMS-tool human factors. The results suggest experienced controllers new to the tools find them acceptable and can use them effectively in ATD-1 operations.

  19. Multimedia psychoeducational interventions to support patient self-care in degenerative conditions: A realist review.

    PubMed

    O'Halloran, Peter; Scott, David; Reid, Joanne; Porter, Sam

    2015-10-01

    Multimedia interventions are increasingly used to deliver information in order to promote self-care among patients with degenerative conditions. We carried out a realist review of the literature to investigate how the characteristics of multimedia psychoeducational interventions combine with the contexts in which they are introduced to help or hinder their effectiveness in supporting self-care for patients with degenerative conditions. Electronic databases (Medline, Science Direct, PSYCHinfo, EBSCO, and Embase) were searched in order to identify papers containing information on multimedia psychoeducational interventions. Using a realist review approach, we reviewed all relevant studies to identify theories that explained how the interventions work. Ten papers were included in the review. All interventions sought to promote self-care behaviors among participants. We examined the development and content of the multimedia interventions and the impact of patient motivation and of the organizational context of implementation. We judged seven studies to be methodologically weak. All completed studies showed small effects in favor of the intervention. Multimedia interventions may provide high-quality information in an accessible format, with the potential to promote self-care among patients with degenerative conditions, if the patient perceives the information as important and develops confidence about self-care. The evidence base is weak, so that research is needed to investigate effective modes of delivery at different resource levels. We recommend that developers consider how an intervention will reduce uncertainty and increase confidence in self-care, as well as the impact of the context in which it will be employed.

  20. Deriving realistic source boundary conditions for a CFD simulation of concentrations in workroom air.

    PubMed

    Feigley, Charles E; Do, Thanh H; Khan, Jamil; Lee, Emily; Schnaufer, Nicholas D; Salzberg, Deborah C

    2011-05-01

    Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used increasingly to simulate the distribution of airborne contaminants in enclosed spaces for exposure assessment and control, but the importance of realistic boundary conditions is often not fully appreciated. In a workroom for manufacturing capacitors, full-shift samples for isoamyl acetate (IAA) were collected for 3 days at 16 locations, and velocities were measured at supply grills and at various points near the source. Then, velocity and concentration fields were simulated by 3-dimensional steady-state CFD using 295K tetrahedral cells, the k-ε turbulence model, standard wall function, and convergence criteria of 10(-6) for all scalars. Here, we demonstrate the need to represent boundary conditions accurately, especially emission characteristics at the contaminant source, and to obtain good agreement between observations and CFD results. Emission rates for each day were determined from six concentrations measured in the near field and one upwind using an IAA mass balance. The emission was initially represented as undiluted IAA vapor, but the concentrations estimated using CFD differed greatly from the measured concentrations. A second set of simulations was performed using the same IAA emission rates but a more realistic representation of the source. This yielded good agreement with measured values. Paying particular attention to the region with highest worker exposure potential-within 1.3 m of the source center-the air speed and IAA concentrations estimated by CFD were not significantly different from the measured values (P = 0.92 and P = 0.67, respectively). Thus, careful consideration of source boundary conditions greatly improved agreement with the measured values.

  1. Computer Modeling of the Effects of Atmospheric Conditions on Sound Signatures

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-02-01

    simulation. 11 5. References 1. Attenborough K. Sound propagation in the atmosphere. In: Rossing TD, editor. Springer handbook of...ARL-TR-7602 ● FEB 2016 US Army Research Laboratory Computer Modeling of the Effects of Atmospheric Conditions on Sound ...Laboratory Computer Modeling of the Effects of Atmospheric Conditions on Sound Signatures by Sarah Wagner Science and Engineering Apprentice

  2. Effects of Atmospheric Conditions and the Land/Atmospheric Interface on Transport of Chemical Vapors from Subsurface Sources

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rice, A. K.; Smits, K. M.; Cihan, A.; Howington, S. E.; Illangasekare, T. H.

    2013-12-01

    Understanding the movement of chemical vapors and gas through variably saturated soil subjected to atmospheric thermal and mass flux boundary conditions at the land/atmospheric interface is important to many applications, including landmine detection, methane leakage during natural gas production from shale and CO2 leakage from deep geologic storage. New, advanced technologies exist to sense chemical signatures and gas leakage at the land/atmosphere interface, but interpretation of sensor signals remains a challenge. Chemical vapors are subject to numerous interactions while migrating through the soil environment, masking source conditions. The process governing movement of gases through porous media is often assumed to be Fickian diffusion through the air phase with minimal quantification of other processes, such as convective gas flow and temporal or spatial variation in soil moisture. Vapor migration is affected by atmospheric conditions (e.g. humidity, temperature, wind velocity), soil thermal and hydraulic properties and contaminant properties, all of which are physically and thermodynamically coupled. The complex coupling of two drastically different flow regimes in the subsurface and atmosphere is commonly ignored in modeling efforts, or simplifying assumptions are made to treat the systems as de-coupled. Experimental data under controlled laboratory settings are lacking to refine the theory for proper coupling and complex treatment of vapor migration through porous media in conversation with atmospheric flow and climate variations. Improving fundamental understanding and accurate quantification of these processes is not feasible in field settings due to lack of controlled initial and boundary conditions and inability to fully characterize the subsurface at all relevant scales. The goal of this work is to understand the influence of changes in atmospheric conditions to transport of vapors through variably saturated soil. We have developed a tank apparatus

  3. Multimodal person authentication on a smartphone under realistic conditions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Morris, Andrew C.; Jassim, Sabah; Sellahewa, Harin; Allano, Lorene; Ehlers, Johan; Wu, Dalei; Koreman, Jacques; Garcia-Salicetti, Sonia; Ly-Van, Bao; Dorizzi, Bernadette

    2006-05-01

    Verification of a person's identity by the combination of more than one biometric trait strongly increases the robustness of person authentication in real applications. This is particularly the case in applications involving signals of degraded quality, as for person authentication on mobile platforms. The context of mobility generates degradations of input signals due to the variety of environments encountered (ambient noise, lighting variations, etc.), while the sensors' lower quality further contributes to decrease in system performance. Our aim in this work is to combine traits from the three biometric modalities of speech, face and handwritten signature in a concrete application, performing non intrusive biometric verification on a personal mobile device (smartphone/PDA). Most available biometric databases have been acquired in more or less controlled environments, which makes it difficult to predict performance in a real application. Our experiments are performed on a database acquired on a PDA as part of the SecurePhone project (IST-2002-506883 project "Secure Contracts Signed by Mobile Phone"). This database contains 60 virtual subjects balanced in gender and age. Virtual subjects are obtained by coupling audio-visual signals from real English speaking subjects with signatures from other subjects captured on the touch screen of the PDA. Video data for the PDA database was recorded in 2 recording sessions separated by at least one week. Each session comprises 4 acquisition conditions: 2 indoor and 2 outdoor recordings (with in each case, a good and a degraded quality recording). Handwritten signatures were captured in one session in realistic conditions. Different scenarios of matching between training and test conditions are tested to measure the resistance of various fusion systems to different types of variability and different amounts of enrolment data.

  4. Investigating TIME-GCM Atmospheric Tides for Different Lower Boundary Conditions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Haeusler, K.; Hagan, M. E.; Lu, G.; Forbes, J. M.; Zhang, X.; Doornbos, E.

    2013-12-01

    It has been recently established that atmospheric tides generated in the lower atmosphere significantly influence the geospace environment. In order to extend our knowledge of the various coupling mechanisms between the different atmospheric layers, we rely on model simulations. Currently there exist two versions of the Global Scale Wave Model (GSWM), i.e. GSWM02 and GSWM09, which are used as a lower boundary (ca. 30 km) condition for the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIME-GCM) and account for the upward propagating atmospheric tides that are generated in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. In this paper we explore the various TIME-GCM upper atmospheric tidal responses for different lower boundary conditions and compare the model diagnostics with tidal results from satellite missions such as TIMED, CHAMP, and GOCE. We also quantify the differences between results associated with GSWM02 and GSWM09 forcing and results of TIMEGCM simulations using Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application (MERRA) data as a lower boundary condition.

  5. The vertical structure of convectively-driven cloud microphysics and its dependency on atmospheric conditions: An investigation through observations and modeling

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    van Diedenhoven, B.; Fridlind, A. M.; Sinclair, K.; Ackerman, A. S.

    2016-12-01

    It is generally observed that ice crystal sizes decrease as a function of altitude within clouds. This dependency is often explained as resulting from size sorting owing to the greater fall speeds of larger particles, but may also be related to dependence of ice diffusional growth on available water vapor and temperature, or other factors. Furthermore, the vertical variation of ice sizes is expected to be affected by the glaciation temperature of convectively-driven clouds. Realistic modeling of ice formation, growth and sedimentation is crucial to reliably represent vertical structures of ice clouds and cloud evolution in general. In this presentation we use remote sensing observations of glaciation temperature and ice effective radius obtained with airborne instruments to explore how their vertical dependencies vary with atmospheric conditions, such as humidity and wind profiles. Our focus will be on convectively-driven clouds. Subsequently, we test the ability of a quasi-idealized cloud permitting model to reproduce these dependencies of ice formation and size to atmospheric conditions, applying various ice growth and multiplication assumptions. The goal of this study is to identify variables that determine the vertical structure of cold clouds that can be used to evaluate model simulations.

  6. A Madden-Julian oscillation event realistically simulated by a global cloud-resolving model.

    PubMed

    Miura, Hiroaki; Satoh, Masaki; Nasuno, Tomoe; Noda, Akira T; Oouchi, Kazuyoshi

    2007-12-14

    A Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is a massive weather event consisting of deep convection coupled with atmospheric circulation, moving slowly eastward over the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Despite its enormous influence on many weather and climate systems worldwide, it has proven very difficult to simulate an MJO because of assumptions about cumulus clouds in global meteorological models. Using a model that allows direct coupling of the atmospheric circulation and clouds, we successfully simulated the slow eastward migration of an MJO event. Topography, the zonal sea surface temperature gradient, and interplay between eastward- and westward-propagating signals controlled the timing of the eastward transition of the convective center. Our results demonstrate the potential making of month-long MJO predictions when global cloud-resolving models with realistic initial conditions are used.

  7. Atmospheric effects in multispectral remote sensor data

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Turner, R. E.

    1975-01-01

    The problem of radiometric variations in multispectral remote sensing data which occur as a result of a change in geometric and environmental factors is studied. The case of spatially varying atmospheres is considered and the effect of atmospheric scattering is analyzed for realistic conditions. Emphasis is placed upon a simulation of LANDSAT spectral data for agricultural investigations over the United States. The effect of the target-background interaction is thoroughly analyzed in terms of various atmospheric states, geometric parameters, and target-background materials. Results clearly demonstrate that variable atmospheres can alter the classification accuracy and that the presence of various backgrounds can change the effective target radiance by a significant amount. A failure to include these effects in multispectral data analysis will result in a decrease in the classification accuracy.

  8. Effect of thermal stability/complex terrain on wind turbine model(s): a wind tunnel study to address complex atmospheric conditions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Guala, M.; Hu, S. J.; Chamorro, L. P.

    2011-12-01

    Turbulent boundary layer measurements in both wind tunnel and in the near-neutral atmospheric surface layer revealed in the last decade the significant contribution of the large scales of motions to both turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds stresses, for a wide range of Reynolds number. These scales are known to grow throughout the logarithmic layer and to extend several boundary layer heights in the streamwise direction. Potentially, they are a source of strong unsteadiness in the power output of wind turbines and in the aerodynamic loads of wind turbine blades. However, the large scales in realistic atmospheric conditions deserves further study, with well controlled boundary conditions. In the atmospheric wind tunnel of the St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, with a 16 m long test section and independently controlled incoming flow and floor temperatures, turbulent boundary layers in a range of stability conditions, from the stratified to the convective case, can be reproduced and monitored. Measurements of fluctuating temperature, streamwise and wall normal velocity components are simultaneously obtained by an ad hoc calibrated and customized triple-wire sensor. A wind turbine model with constant loading DC motor, constant tip speed ratio, and a rotor diameter of 0.128m is used to mimic a large full scale turbine in the atmospheric boundary layer. Measurements of the fluctuating voltage generated by the DC motor are compared with measurements of the blade's angular velocity by laser scanning, and eventually related to velocity measurements from the triple-wire sensor. This study preliminary explores the effect of weak stability and complex terrain (through a set of spanwise aligned topographic perturbations) on the large scales of the flow and on the fluctuations in the wind turbine(s) power output.

  9. Experimental Investigation of Soil and Atmospheric Conditions on the Momentum, Mass, and Thermal Boundary Layers Above the Land Atmosphere Interface

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Trautz, A.; Smits, K. M.; Illangasekare, T. H.; Schulte, P.

    2014-12-01

    The purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of soil conditions (i.e. soil type, saturation) and atmospheric forcings (i.e. velocity, temperature, relative humidity) on the momentum, mass, and temperature boundary layers. The atmospheric conditions tested represent those typically found in semi-arid and arid climates and the soil conditions simulate the three stages of evaporation. The data generated will help identify the importance of different soil conditions and atmospheric forcings with respect to land-atmospheric interactions which will have direct implications on future numerical studies investigating the effects of turbulent air flow on evaporation. The experimental datasets generated for this study were performed using a unique climate controlled closed-circuit wind tunnel/porous media facility located at the Center for Experimental Study of Subsurface Environmental Processes (CESEP) at the Colorado School of Mines. The test apparatus consisting of a 7.3 m long porous media tank and wind tunnel, were outfitted with a sensor network to carefully measure wind velocity, air and soil temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture, and soil air pressure. Boundary layer measurements were made between the heights of 2 and 500 mm above the soil tank under constant conditions (i.e. wind velocity, temperature, relative humidity). The soil conditions (e.g. soil type, soil moisture) were varied between datasets to analyze their impact on the boundary layers. Experimental results show that the momentum boundary layer is very sensitive to the applied atmospheric conditions and soil conditions to a much less extent. Increases in velocity above porous media leads to momentum boundary layer thinning and closely reflect classical flat plate theory. The mass and thermal boundary layers are directly dependent on both atmospheric and soil conditions. Air pressure within the soil is independent of atmospheric temperature and relative humidity - wind velocity and soil

  10. Colorimetric analysis of outdoor illumination across varieties of atmospheric conditions.

    PubMed

    Peyvandi, Shahram; Hernández-Andrés, Javier; Olmo, F J; Nieves, Juan Luis; Romero, Javier

    2016-06-01

    Solar illumination at ground level is subject to a good deal of change in spectral and colorimetric properties. With an aim of understanding the influence of atmospheric components and phases of daylight on colorimetric specifications of downward radiation, more than 5,600,000 spectral irradiance functions of daylight, sunlight, and skylight were simulated by the radiative transfer code, SBDART [Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.79, 2101 (1998)], under the atmospheric conditions of clear sky without aerosol particles, clear sky with aerosol particles, and overcast sky. The interquartile range of the correlated color temperatures (CCT) for daylight indicated values from 5712 to 7757 K among the three atmospheric conditions. A minimum CCT of ∼3600  K was found for daylight when aerosol particles are present in the atmosphere. Our analysis indicated that hemispheric daylight with CCT less than 3600 K may be observed in rare conditions in which the level of aerosol is high in the atmosphere. In an atmosphere with aerosol particles, we also found that the chromaticity of daylight may shift along the green-purple direction of the Planckian locus, with a magnitude depending on the spectral extinction by aerosol particles and the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. The data analysis showed that an extremely high value of CCT, in an atmosphere without aerosol particles, for daylight and skylight at low sun, is mainly due to the effect of Chappuis absorption band of ozone at ∼600  nm. In this paper, we compare our data with well-known observations from previous research, including the ones used by the CIE to define natural daylight illuminants.

  11. The Outdoor Atmospheric Simulation Chamber of Orleans-France (HELIOS)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mellouki, A.; Véronique, D.; Grosselin, B.; Peyroux, F.; Benoit, R.; Ren, Y.; Idir, M.

    2016-12-01

    Atmospheric simulation chambers are among the most advanced tools for investigating the atmospheric processes to derive physico-chemical parameters which are required for air quality and climate models. Recently, the ICARE-CNRS at Orléans (France) has set up a new large outdoor simulation chamber, HELIOS. HELIOS is one of the most advanced simulation chambers in Europe. It is one of the largest outdoor chambers and is especially suited to processes studies performed under realistic atmospheric conditions. HELIOS is a large hemispherical outdoor simulation chamber (volume of 90 m3) positioned on the top of ICARE-CNRS building at Orléans (47°50'18.39N; 1°56'40.03E). The chamber is made of FEP film ensuring more than 90 % solar light transmission. The chamber is protected against severe meteorological conditions by a moveable "box" which contains a series of Xenon lamps enabling to conduct experiments using artificial light. This special design makes HELIOS a unique platform where experiments can be made using both types of irradiations. HELIOS is dedicated mainly to the investigation of the chemical processes under different conditions (sunlight, artificial light and dark). The platform allows conducting the same type of experiments under both natural and artificial light irradiation. The available large range of complementary and highly sensitive instruments allows investigating the radical chemistry, gas phase processes and aerosol formation under realistic conditions. The characteristics of HELIOS will be presented as well as the first series of experimental results obtained so far.

  12. The Formation of Teacher Work Teams under Adverse Conditions: Towards a More Realistic Scenario for Schools in Distress

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Mintrop, Rick; Charles, Jessica

    2017-01-01

    Group formation studies are rare in the literature on teacher professional learning communities (PLCs). But they are needed to render realistic scenarios and design interventions for practitioners who work in schools where teachers encounter distress and social adversity. Under these conditions, we may need approaches to PLC development that are…

  13. Atmospheric-radiation boundary conditions for high-frequency waves in time-distance helioseismology

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fournier, D.; Leguèbe, M.; Hanson, C. S.; Gizon, L.; Barucq, H.; Chabassier, J.; Duruflé, M.

    2017-12-01

    The temporal covariance between seismic waves measured at two locations on the solar surface is the fundamental observable in time-distance helioseismology. Above the acoustic cut-off frequency ( 5.3 mHz), waves are not trapped in the solar interior and the covariance function can be used to probe the upper atmosphere. We wish to implement appropriate radiative boundary conditions for computing the propagation of high-frequency waves in the solar atmosphere. We consider recently developed and published radiative boundary conditions for atmospheres in which sound-speed is constant and density decreases exponentially with radius. We compute the cross-covariance function using a finite element method in spherical geometry and in the frequency domain. The ratio between first- and second-skip amplitudes in the time-distance diagram is used as a diagnostic to compare boundary conditions and to compare with observations. We find that a boundary condition applied 500 km above the photosphere and derived under the approximation of small angles of incidence accurately reproduces the "infinite atmosphere" solution for high-frequency waves. When the radiative boundary condition is applied 2 Mm above the photosphere, we find that the choice of atmospheric model affects the time-distance diagram. In particular, the time-distance diagram exhibits double-ridge structure when using a Vernazza Avrett Loeser atmospheric model.

  14. Assessment Regarding Impact of Atmospheric Conditions on Space Shuttle Launch Delays

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Johnson D. L.; Pearson, S. D.; Vaughan, W. W.; Batts, G. W.

    1998-01-01

    The atmospheric environment definition has played a key role in the development and operation of the NASA Space Shuttle as it has in other NASA Space Vehicle Programs. The objective of any definition of natural environment design requirements for a space vehicle development is to insure that the vehicle will perform safely and in a timely manner relative to the mission(s) for which the vehicle is being developed. The NASA Space Shuttle has enjoyed the longest tenure of any Space Vehicle from an operational standpoint. As such, it has provided a wealth of information on many engineering aspects of a Space Vehicle plus the influence of the atmosphere on operational endeavors. The atmospheric environment associated with the NASA Space Shuttle launches at the NASA Kennedy Space Center in Florida has been reviewed and studied over the entire NASA Space Shuttle flight history. The results of the analysis of atmospheric environment related launch delays relative to other sources of launch delays has been assessed. This paper will provide a summary of those conditions as well as mission analysis examples focused on atmospheric constraints for launch. Atmospheric conditions associated with NASA Space Shuttle launch delays will be presented to provide a reference as to the type conditions experienced which have mainly caused the delays.

  15. Is realistic neuronal modeling realistic?

    PubMed Central

    Almog, Mara

    2016-01-01

    Scientific models are abstractions that aim to explain natural phenomena. A successful model shows how a complex phenomenon arises from relatively simple principles while preserving major physical or biological rules and predicting novel experiments. A model should not be a facsimile of reality; it is an aid for understanding it. Contrary to this basic premise, with the 21st century has come a surge in computational efforts to model biological processes in great detail. Here we discuss the oxymoronic, realistic modeling of single neurons. This rapidly advancing field is driven by the discovery that some neurons don't merely sum their inputs and fire if the sum exceeds some threshold. Thus researchers have asked what are the computational abilities of single neurons and attempted to give answers using realistic models. We briefly review the state of the art of compartmental modeling highlighting recent progress and intrinsic flaws. We then attempt to address two fundamental questions. Practically, can we realistically model single neurons? Philosophically, should we realistically model single neurons? We use layer 5 neocortical pyramidal neurons as a test case to examine these issues. We subject three publically available models of layer 5 pyramidal neurons to three simple computational challenges. Based on their performance and a partial survey of published models, we conclude that current compartmental models are ad hoc, unrealistic models functioning poorly once they are stretched beyond the specific problems for which they were designed. We then attempt to plot possible paths for generating realistic single neuron models. PMID:27535372

  16. Low cost digester monitoring under realistic conditions: Rural use of biogas and digestate quality.

    PubMed

    Castro, L; Escalante, H; Jaimes-Estévez, J; Díaz, L J; Vecino, K; Rojas, G; Mantilla, L

    2017-09-01

    The purpose of this work was to assess the behaviour of anaerobic digestion of cattle manure in a rural digester under realistic conditions, and estimate the quality and properties of the digestate. The data obtained during monitoring indicated that the digester operation was stable without risk of inhibition. It produced an average of 0.85Nm 3 biogas/d at 65.6% methane, providing an energy savings of 76%. In addition, the digestate contained high nutrient concentrations, which is an important feature of fertilizers. However, this method requires post-treatment due to the presence of pathogens. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  17. Downscaling Ocean Conditions: Initial Results using a Quasigeostrophic and Realistic Ocean Model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Katavouta, Anna; Thompson, Keith

    2014-05-01

    Previous theoretical work (Henshaw et al, 2003) has shown that the small-scale modes of variability of solutions of the unforced, incompressible Navier-Stokes equation, and Burgers' equation, can be reconstructed with surprisingly high accuracy from the time history of a few of the large-scale modes. Motivated by this theoretical work we first describe a straightforward method for assimilating information on the large scales in order to recover the small scale oceanic variability. The method is based on nudging in specific wavebands and frequencies and is similar to the so-called spectral nudging method that has been used successfully for atmospheric downscaling with limited area models (e.g. von Storch et al., 2000). The validity of the method is tested using a quasigestrophic model configured to simulate a double ocean gyre separated by an unstable mid-ocean jet. It is shown that important features of the ocean circulation including the position of the meandering mid-ocean jet and associated pinch-off eddies can indeed be recovered from the time history of a small number of large-scales modes. The benefit of assimilating additional time series of observations from a limited number of locations, that alone are too sparse to significantly improve the recovery of the small scales using traditional assimilation techniques, is also demonstrated using several twin experiments. The final part of the study outlines the application of the approach using a realistic high resolution (1/36 degree) model, based on the NEMO (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean) modeling framework, configured for the Scotian Shelf of the east coast of Canada. The large scale conditions used in this application are obtained from the HYCOM (HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model) + NCODA (Navy Coupled Ocean Data Assimilation) global 1/12 degree analysis product. Henshaw, W., Kreiss, H.-O., Ystrom, J., 2003. Numerical experiments on the interaction between the larger- and the small-scale motion of

  18. Convective aggregation in realistic convective-scale simulations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Holloway, Christopher E.

    2017-06-01

    To investigate the real-world relevance of idealized-model convective self-aggregation, five 15 day cases of real organized convection in the tropics are simulated. These include multiple simulations of each case to test sensitivities of the convective organization and mean states to interactive radiation, interactive surface fluxes, and evaporation of rain. These simulations are compared to self-aggregation seen in the same model configured to run in idealized radiative-convective equilibrium. Analysis of the budget of the spatial variance of column-integrated frozen moist static energy shows that control runs have significant positive contributions to organization from radiation and negative contributions from surface fluxes and transport, similar to idealized runs once they become aggregated. Despite identical lateral boundary conditions for all experiments in each case, systematic differences in mean column water vapor (CWV), CWV distribution shape, and CWV autocorrelation length scale are found between the different sensitivity runs, particularly for those without interactive radiation, showing that there are at least some similarities in sensitivities to these feedbacks in both idealized and realistic simulations (although the organization of precipitation shows less sensitivity to interactive radiation). The magnitudes and signs of these systematic differences are consistent with a rough equilibrium between (1) equalization due to advection from the lateral boundaries and (2) disaggregation due to the absence of interactive radiation, implying disaggregation rates comparable to those in idealized runs with aggregated initial conditions and noninteractive radiation. This points to a plausible similarity in the way that radiation feedbacks maintain aggregated convection in both idealized simulations and the real world.Plain Language SummaryUnderstanding the processes that lead to the organization of tropical</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23325129','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23325129"><span>Quality of Golden papaya stored under controlled <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Martins, Derliane Ribeiro; de Resende, Eder Dutra</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>This work evaluated physicochemical parameters of Golden papaya stored under refrigeration in controlled <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>. The fruits were kept at 13  in chambers containing either 3 or 6% O2 combined with 6%, 10% or 15% CO2. Moreover, a normal <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> was produced with 20.8% O2 and 0.03% CO2 with ethylene scrubbing, and a control treatment was used with ambient <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Evaluations were performed at the following times: before storage, after 30 days of storage in controlled <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, and after removal from controlled <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and storage for 7 days in the cold room. At the lower O2 levels and higher CO2 levels, the ripening rate was decreased. The drop in pulp acidity was avoided after 30 days of storage at 3% O2, but the fruits reached normal acidity after removal from controlled <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and storage for 7 days in the cold room. The reducing sugars remained at a higher concentration after 30 days under 3% O2 and 15% CO2 even 7 days after removal from controlled <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and storage in the cold room. This <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> also preserved the content of ascorbic acid at a higher level.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21451627','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21451627"><span>Optical filter highlighting spectral features part II: quantitative measurements of cosmetic foundation and assessment of their spatial distributions under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> facial <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nishino, Ken; Nakamura, Mutsuko; Matsumoto, Masayuki; Tanno, Osamu; Nakauchi, Shigeki</p> <p>2011-03-28</p> <p>We previously proposed a filter that could detect cosmetic foundations with high discrimination accuracy [Opt. Express 19, 6020 (2011)]. This study extends the filter's functionality to the quantification of the amount of foundation and applies the filter for the assessment of spatial distributions of foundation under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> facial <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Human faces that are applied with quantitatively controlled amounts of cosmetic foundations were measured using the filter. A calibration curve between pixel values of the image and the amount of foundation was created. The optical filter was applied to visualize spatial foundation distributions under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> facial <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, which clearly indicated areas on the face where foundation remained even after cleansing. Results confirm that the proposed filter could visualize and nondestructively inspect the foundation distributions.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li class="active"><span>2</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_2 --> <div id="page_3" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="41"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JCli....9.1208K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JCli....9.1208K"><span>Equilibrium <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Response to North Atlantic SST Anomalies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kushnir, Yochanan; Held, Isaac M.</p> <p>1996-06-01</p> <p>The equilibrium general circulation model (GCM) response to sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the western North Atlantic region is studied. A coarse resolution GCM, with <span class="hlt">realistic</span> lower boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> including topography and climatological SST distribution, is integrated in perpetual January and perpetual October modes, distinguished from one another by the strength of the midlatitude westerlies. An SST anomaly with a maximum of 4°C is added to the climatological SST distribution of the model with both positive and negative polarity. These anomaly runs are compared to one another, and to a control integration, to determine the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> response. In all cases warming (cooling) of the midlatitude ocean surface yields a warming (cooling) of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> over and to the east of the SST anomaly center. The <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> temperature change is largest near the surface and decreases upward. Consistent with this simple thermal response, the geopotential height field displays a baroclinic response with a shallow anomalous low somewhat downstream from the warm SST anomaly. The equivalent barotropic, downstream response is weak and not robust. To help interpret the results, the <span class="hlt">realistic</span> GCM integrations are compared with parallel idealized model runs. The idealized model has full physics and a similar horizontal and vertical resolution, but an all-ocean surface with a single, permanent zonal asymmetry. The idealized and <span class="hlt">realistic</span> versions of the GCM display compatible response patterns that are qualitatively consistent with stationary, linear, quasigeostrophic theory. However, the idealized model response is stronger and more coherent. The differences between the two model response patterns can be reconciled based on the size of the anomaly, the model treatment of cloud-radiation interaction, and the static stability of the model <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> in the vicinity of the SST anomaly. Model results are contrasted with other GCM studies and observations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRD..122.4654Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRD..122.4654Y"><span>CCN activity of secondary aerosols from terpene ozonolysis under <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> relevant <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yuan, Cheng; Ma, Yan; Diao, Yiwei; Yao, Lei; Zhou, Yaoyao; Wang, Xing; Zheng, Jun</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Gas-phase ozonolysis of terpenes is an important source of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> secondary organic aerosol. The contribution of terpene-derived aerosols to the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) burden under <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, however, remains highly uncertain. The results obtained in previous studies under simple laboratory <span class="hlt">conditions</span> may not be applicable to <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> relevant <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Here we present that CCN activities of aerosols from terpene ozonolysis can be significantly affected by <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> relevant species that can act as stabilized Criegee intermediate (SCI) or OH scavengers. Ozonolysis reactions of α-pinene, limonene, α-cedrene, and α-humulene were conducted in a 4.5 m3 collapsible fluoropolymer chamber at near-<span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> concentrations in the presence of different OH scavengers (cyclohexane, 2-butanol, or CO) and SCI scavengers (CH3COOH, H2O, or SO2). The number size distribution and CCN activity of aerosol particles formed during ozonolysis were simultaneously determined. Additionally, particulate products were chemically analyzed by using a Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Chemical-Ionization Mass Spectrometer. Results showed that aerosol CCN activity following monoterpene ozonolysis was more sensitive to the choice of OH scavengers, while that from sesquiterpene ozonolysis was significantly affected by SCI scavengers. Combined with chemical analysis results, it was concluded that the unimolecular decomposition of CIs giving hygroscopic organic products can be largely suppressed by bimolecular reactions during sesquiterpene ozonolysis but was not significantly impacted in monoterpene ozonolysis. Our study underscores the key role of CIs in the CCN activity of terpene ozonolysis-derived aerosols. The effects of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> relevant species (e.g., SO2, H2O, and CO) need to be considered when assessing the contribution of biogenic terpenes to the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> CCN burden under ambient <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9833E..0EC','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9833E..0EC"><span>Capturing <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> effects on 3D millimeter wave radar propagation patterns</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cook, Richard D.; Fiorino, Steven T.; Keefer, Kevin J.; Stringer, Jeremy</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Traditional radar propagation modeling is done using a path transmittance with little to no input for weather and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. As radar advances into the millimeter wave (MMW) regime, <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> effects such as attenuation and refraction become more pronounced than at traditional radar wavelengths. The DoD High Energy Laser Joint Technology Offices High Energy Laser End-to-End Operational Simulation (HELEEOS) in combination with the Laser Environmental Effects Definition and Reference (LEEDR) code have shown great promise simulating <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> effects on laser propagation. Indeed, the LEEDR radiative transfer code has been validated in the UV through RF. Our research attempts to apply these models to characterize the far field radar pattern in three dimensions as a signal propagates from an antenna towards a point in space. Furthermore, we do so using <span class="hlt">realistic</span> three dimensional <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> profiles. The results from these simulations are compared to those from traditional radar propagation software packages. In summary, a fast running method has been investigated which can be incorporated into computational models to enhance understanding and prediction of MMW propagation through various <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> and weather <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880002224','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880002224"><span>Laboratory evaluation and application of microwave absorption properties under simulated <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Steffes, Paul G.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>Radio absorptivity data for planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> obtained from spacecraft radio occultation experiments and Earth-based radio astronomical observations can be used to infer abundances of microwave absorbing <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> constituents in those <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>, as long as reliable information regarding the microwave absorping properties of potential constituents is available. The use of theoretically derived microwave absorption properties for such <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> constituents, or laboratory measurements of such properties under environmental <span class="hlt">conditions</span> which are significantly different than those of the planetary <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> being studied, often leads to significant misinterpretation of available opacity data. Laboratory measurement of the microwave properties of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> gases under simulated <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for the outer planets were conducted. Results of these measurements are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PMB....54.4993X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PMB....54.4993X"><span>Synchronized moving aperture radiation therapy (SMART): superimposing tumor motion on IMRT MLC leaf sequences under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> delivery <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xu, Jun; Papanikolaou, Nikos; Shi, Chengyu; Jiang, Steve B.</p> <p>2009-08-01</p> <p>Synchronized moving aperture radiation therapy (SMART) has been proposed to account for tumor motions during radiotherapy in prior work. The basic idea of SMART is to synchronize the moving radiation beam aperture formed by a dynamic multileaf collimator (DMLC) with the tumor motion induced by respiration. In this paper, a two-dimensional (2D) superimposing leaf sequencing method is presented for SMART. A leaf sequence optimization strategy was generated to assure the SMART delivery under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> delivery <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The study of delivery performance using the Varian LINAC and the Millennium DMLC showed that clinical factors such as collimator angle, dose rate, initial phase and machine tolerance affect the delivery accuracy and efficiency. An in-house leaf sequencing software was developed to implement the 2D superimposing leaf sequencing method and optimize the motion-corrected leaf sequence under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> clinical <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The analysis of dynamic log (Dynalog) files showed that optimization of the leaf sequence for various clinical factors can avoid beam hold-offs which break the synchronization of SMART and fail the SMART dose delivery. Through comparison between the simulated delivered fluence map and the planed fluence map, it was shown that the motion-corrected leaf sequence can greatly reduce the dose error.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19641237','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19641237"><span>Synchronized moving aperture radiation therapy (SMART): superimposing tumor motion on IMRT MLC leaf sequences under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> delivery <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xu, Jun; Papanikolaou, Nikos; Shi, Chengyu; Jiang, Steve B</p> <p>2009-08-21</p> <p>Synchronized moving aperture radiation therapy (SMART) has been proposed to account for tumor motions during radiotherapy in prior work. The basic idea of SMART is to synchronize the moving radiation beam aperture formed by a dynamic multileaf collimator (DMLC) with the tumor motion induced by respiration. In this paper, a two-dimensional (2D) superimposing leaf sequencing method is presented for SMART. A leaf sequence optimization strategy was generated to assure the SMART delivery under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> delivery <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The study of delivery performance using the Varian LINAC and the Millennium DMLC showed that clinical factors such as collimator angle, dose rate, initial phase and machine tolerance affect the delivery accuracy and efficiency. An in-house leaf sequencing software was developed to implement the 2D superimposing leaf sequencing method and optimize the motion-corrected leaf sequence under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> clinical <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The analysis of dynamic log (Dynalog) files showed that optimization of the leaf sequence for various clinical factors can avoid beam hold-offs which break the synchronization of SMART and fail the SMART dose delivery. Through comparison between the simulated delivered fluence map and the planed fluence map, it was shown that the motion-corrected leaf sequence can greatly reduce the dose error.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25172723','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25172723"><span>Oxidative stability of n-3-enriched chicken patties under different package-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Penko, Ana; Polak, Tomaž; Lušnic Polak, Mateja; Požrl, Tomaž; Kakovič, Damir; Žlender, Božidar; Demšar, Lea</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>The oxidation processes were studied in chicken patties, enriched with n-3 fatty acids, after 8days of storage at 4°C, under different aerobic <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, and following heat treatment. Significant effects were seen on lipid and cholesterol oxidation and the sensory qualities for whole flaxseed addition in the chicken feed (i.e., n-3 fatty acid enrichment), and for the different package-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. For the raw chicken patties, n-3 enrichment increased the colour L(∗) values while, after the heat treatment, there were higher thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARs) and cholesterol oxidation products (COPs), and the rancidity was more pronounced. In comparison with the low O2 (<0.5%) package-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> <span class="hlt">condition</span>, O2 enrichment (80%) increased the instrumentally measured colour values, TBARs, total and individual COPs, and the rancidity became pronounced. The most suitable package-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> <span class="hlt">condition</span> of these raw n-3-enriched chicken patties is a very low O2 <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, with or without an O2 scavenger. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860005765','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860005765"><span>Laboratory evaluation and application of microwave absorption properties under simulated <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Steffes, P. G.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>Radio absorptivity data for planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> obtained from spacecraft radio occultation experiments and Earth-based radio astronomical observations can be used to infer abundances of microwave absorbing <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> constituents in those <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>, as long as reliable information regarding the microwave absorbing properties of potential constituents is available. The use of theoretically-derived microwave absorption properties for such <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> constituents, or laboratory measurements of such properties under environmental <span class="hlt">conditions</span> which are significantly different than those of the planetary <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> being studied, often lead to significant misinterpretation of available opacity data. Steffes and Eshleman showed that under environmental <span class="hlt">conditions</span> corresponding to the middle <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> of Venus, the microwave absorption due to <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> SO2 was 50 percent greater than that calculated from Van Vleck-Weiskopff theory. Similarly, the opacity from gaseous H2SO4 was found to be a factor of 7 greater than theoretically predicted for <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of the Venus middle <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. The recognition of the need to make such measurements over a range of temperatures and pressures which correspond to the periapsis altitudes of radio occultation experiments, and over a range of frequencies which correspond to both radio occultation experiments and radio astronomical observations, has led to the development of a facility at Georgia Tech which is capable of making such measurements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5090992','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5090992"><span>Contribution of <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Diffusion <span class="hlt">Conditions</span> to the Recent Improvement in Air Quality in China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wang, Xiaoyan; Wang, Kaicun; Su, Liangyuan</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>This study analyzed hourly mass concentration observations of PM2.5 (particulate matters with diameter less than 2.5 μm) at 512 stations in China from December 2013 to May 2015. We found that the mean concentrations of PM2.5 during the winter and spring of 2015 Dec. 2014 to Feb. 2015 and Mar. 2015 to May 2015) decreased by 20% and 14% compared to the previous year, respectively. Hazardous air-quality days decreased by 11% in 2015 winter, with more frequent good to unhealthy days; and the good and moderate air-quality days in 2015 spring increased by 9% corresponding to the less occurrence of unhealthy <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. We compared the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> diffusion <span class="hlt">conditions</span> during these two years and quantified its contribution to the improvement of air quality during the first half of 2015 over China. Our results show that during the 2015 winter and spring, 70% and 57% of the 512 stations experienced more favorable <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> diffusion <span class="hlt">conditions</span> compared to those of previous year. Over central and northern China, approximately 40% of the total decrease in PM2.5 during the 2015 winter can be attributed to the favorable <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> diffusion <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> diffusion <span class="hlt">conditions</span> during the spring of 2015 were not as favorable as in winter; and the average contributions of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> were slight. PMID:27805030</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.8802C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.8802C"><span>Oblique radiation lateral open boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for a regional climate <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cabos Narvaez, William; De Frutos Redondo, Jose Antonio; Perez Sanz, Juan Ignacio; Sein, Dmitry</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>The prescription of lateral boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in regional <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> models represent a very important issue for limited area models. The ill-posed nature of the open boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> makes it necessary to devise schemes in order to filter spurious wave reflections at boundaries, being desirable to have one boundary <span class="hlt">condition</span> per variable. On the other side, due to the essentially hyperbolic nature of the equations solved in state of the art <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> models, external data is required only for inward boundary fluxes. These circumstances make radiation lateral boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> a good choice for the filtering of spurious wave reflections. Here we apply the adaptive oblique radiation modification proposed by Mikoyada and Roseti to each of the prognostic variables of the REMO regional <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model and compare it to the more common normal radiation <span class="hlt">condition</span> used in REMO. In the proposed scheme, special attention is paid to the estimation of the radiation phase speed, essential to detecting the direction of boundary fluxes. One of the differences with the classical scheme is that in case of outward propagation, the adaptive nudging imposed in the boundaries allows to minimize under and over specifications problems, adequately incorporating the external information.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27071807','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27071807"><span>Does therapeutic writing help people with long-term <span class="hlt">conditions</span>? Systematic review, <span class="hlt">realist</span> synthesis and economic considerations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nyssen, Olga P; Taylor, Stephanie J C; Wong, Geoff; Steed, Elizabeth; Bourke, Liam; Lord, Joanne; Ross, Carol A; Hayman, Sheila; Field, Victoria; Higgins, Ailish; Greenhalgh, Trisha; Meads, Catherine</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Writing therapy to improve physical or mental health can take many forms. The most researched model of therapeutic writing (TW) is unfacilitated, individual expressive writing (written emotional disclosure). Facilitated writing activities are less widely researched. Databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Linguistics and Language Behaviour Abstracts, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, were searched from inception to March 2013 (updated January 2015). Four TW practitioners provided expert advice. Study procedures were conducted by one reviewer and checked by a second. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomised comparative studies were included. Quality was appraised using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Unfacilitated and facilitated TW studies were analysed separately under International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision chapter headings. Meta-analyses were performed where possible using RevMan version 5.2.6 (RevMan 2012, The Cochrane Collaboration, The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark). Costs were estimated from a UK NHS perspective and three cost-consequence case studies were prepared. <span class="hlt">Realist</span> synthesis followed <span class="hlt">Realist</span> and Meta-narrative Evidence Synthesis: Evolving Standards guidelines. To review the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of TW for people with long-term <span class="hlt">conditions</span> (LTCs) compared with no writing, or other controls, reporting any relevant clinical outcomes. To conduct a <span class="hlt">realist</span> synthesis to understand how TW might work, and for whom. From 14,658 unique citations, 284 full-text papers were reviewed and 64 studies (59 RCTs) were included in the final effectiveness reviews. Five studies examined facilitated TW; these were extremely heterogeneous with unclear or high risk of bias but suggested that facilitated TW interventions may be beneficial in individual LTCs. Unfacilitated expressive writing was examined in 59 studies of variable</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4946011','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4946011"><span><span class="hlt">Realist</span> complex intervention science: Applying <span class="hlt">realist</span> principles across all phases of the Medical Research Council framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Fletcher, Adam; Jamal, Farah; Moore, Graham; Evans, Rhiannon E.; Murphy, Simon; Bonell, Chris</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The integration of <span class="hlt">realist</span> evaluation principles within randomised controlled trials (‘<span class="hlt">realist</span> RCTs’) enables evaluations of complex interventions to answer questions about what works, for whom and under what circumstances. This allows evaluators to better develop and refine mid-level programme theories. However, this is only one phase in the process of developing and evaluating complex interventions. We describe and exemplify how social scientists can integrate <span class="hlt">realist</span> principles across all phases of the Medical Research Council framework. Intervention development, modelling, and feasibility and pilot studies need to theorise the contextual <span class="hlt">conditions</span> necessary for intervention mechanisms to be activated. Where interventions are scaled up and translated into routine practice, <span class="hlt">realist</span> principles also have much to offer in facilitating knowledge about longer-term sustainability, benefits and harms. Integrating a <span class="hlt">realist</span> approach across all phases of complex intervention science is vital for considering the feasibility and likely effects of interventions for different localities and population subgroups. PMID:27478401</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvB..95k5423K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvB..95k5423K"><span>Quantum-continuum simulation of the electrochemical response of pseudocapacitor electrodes under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Keilbart, Nathan; Okada, Yasuaki; Feehan, Aion; Higai, Shin'ichi; Dabo, Ismaila</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>Pseudocapacitors are energy-storage devices characterized by fast and reversible redox reactions that enable them to store large amounts of electrical energy at high rates. We simulate the response of pseudocapacitive electrodes under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> to identify the microscopic factors that determine their performance, focusing on ruthenia (RuO2) as a prototypical electrode material. Electronic-structure methods are used together with a self-consistent continuum solvation (SCCS) model to build a complete data set of free energies as the surface of the charged electrode is gradually covered with protons under applied voltage. The resulting data set is exploited to compute hydrogen-adsorption isotherms and charge-voltage responses by means of grand-canonical sampling, finding close agreement with experimental voltammetry. These simulations reveal that small changes on the order of 5 μ F /cm2 in the intrinsic double-layer capacitance of the electrode-electrolyte interface can induce variations of up to 40 μ F /cm2 in the overall pseudocapacitance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18936843','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18936843"><span>Evidence for the existence of supercooled ethane droplets under <span class="hlt">conditions</span> prevalent in Titan's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sigurbjörnsson, Omar F; Signorell, Ruth</p> <p>2008-11-07</p> <p>Recent evidence for ethane clouds and condensation in Titan's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> raise the question whether liquid ethane condensation nuclei and supercooled liquid ethane droplets exist under the prevalent <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. We present laboratory studies on the phase behaviour of pure ethane aerosols and ethane aerosols formed in the presence of other ice nuclei under <span class="hlt">conditions</span> relevant to Titan's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. Combining bath gas cooling with infrared spectroscopy, we find evidence for the existence of supercooled liquid ethane aerosol droplets. The observed homogeneous freezing rates imply that supercooled ethane could be a long-lived species in ethane-rich regions of Titan's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> similar to supercooled water in the Earth's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1612418R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1612418R"><span>Alteration of municipal and industrial slags under <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rafał Kowalski, Piotr; Michalik, Marek</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>The Waste Management System in Poland is being consequently built since 1998. After important changes in legislation, local governments have taken over the duty of waste collection. New points of selective collection of wastes have been opened and new sorting and composting plants were built. The last stage of introducing the Waste Management System is construction of waste incineration power plants. From nine installations which were planned, six are now under construction and they will start operating within the next two years. It is assumed that the consumption of raw wastes for these installations will reach 974 thousand tons per year. These investments will result in increased slags and ashes production. Now in Poland several local waste incinerators are operating and predominant amount of produced incineration residues is landfilled. These materials are exposed to <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in time of short term storage (just after incineration) and afterwards for a longer period of time on the landfill site. During the storage of slags low temperature mineral transformations and chemical changes may occur and also some components can be washed out. These materials are stored wet because of the technological processes. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of storage in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> on slags from incineration of industrial and municipal wastes. The experiment started in January 2013. During this period slag samples from incineration of industrial and municipal wastes were exposed to <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Samples were collected after 6 and 12 months. Within this time the pH value was measured monthly, and during the experimental period remained constant on the level of 9.5. After 6 months of exposure only slight changes in mineral compositions were observed in slags. The results of XRD analysis of municipal slags showed increase in content of carbonate minerals in comparison to the raw slag samples. In industrial slags, a decrease in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeoRL..43.5501E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeoRL..43.5501E"><span>The role of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> electric field in the dust-lifting process</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Esposito, F.; Molinaro, R.; Popa, C. I.; Molfese, C.; Cozzolino, F.; Marty, L.; Taj-Eddine, K.; Di Achille, G.; Franzese, G.; Silvestro, S.; Ori, G. G.</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Mineral dust particles represent the most abundant component of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> aerosol in terms of dry mass. They play a key role in climate and climate change, so the study of their emission processes is of utmost importance. Measurements of dust emission into the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> are scarce, so that the dust load is generally estimated using models. It is known that the emission process can generate strong <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> electric fields. Starting from the data we acquired in the Sahara desert, here, we show for the first time that depending on the relative humidity <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, electric fields contribute to increase up to a factor of 10 the amount of particles emitted into the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. This means that electrical forces and humidity are critical quantities in the dust emission process and should be taken into account in climate and circulation models to obtain more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> estimations of the dust load in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016DSRII.131....7H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016DSRII.131....7H"><span>SIPEX 2012: Extreme sea-ice and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> off East Antarctica</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Heil, P.; Stammerjohn, S.; Reid, P.; Massom, R. A.; Hutchings, J. K.</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>In 2012, Antarctic sea-ice coverage was marked by weak annual-mean climate anomalies that consisted of opposing anomalies early and late in the year (some setting new records) which were interspersed by near-average <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for most of the austral autumn and winter. Here, we investigate the ocean-ice-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> system off East Antarctica, prior to and during the Sea Ice Physics and Ecosystems eXperiment [SIPEX] 2012, by exploring relationships between <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> and oceanic forcing together with the sea-ice and snow characteristics. During August and September 2012, just prior to SIPEX 2012, <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> circulation over the Southern Ocean was near-average, setting up the ocean-ice-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> system for near-average <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. However, below-average surface pressure and temperature as well as strengthened circumpolar winds prevailed during June and July 2012. This led to a new record (19.48×106 km2) in maximum Antarctic sea-ice extent recorded in late September. In contrast to the weak circum-Antarctic <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, the East Antarctic sector (including the SIPEX 2012 region) experienced positive sea-ice extent and concentration anomalies during most of 2012, coincident with negative <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pressure and sea-surface temperature anomalies. Heavily deformed sea ice appeared to be associated with intensified wind stress due to increased cyclonicity as well as an increased influx of sea ice from the east. This increased westward ice flux is likely linked to the break-up of nearly 80% of the Mertz Glacier Tongue in 2010, which strongly modified the coastal configuration and hence the width of the westward coastal current. Combined with favourable <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> the associated changed coastal configuration allowed more sea ice to remain within the coastal current at the expense of a reduced northward flow in the region around 141°-145°E. In addition a westward propagating positive anomaly of sea-ice extent from the western Ross Sea during austral winter</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870034993&hterms=wine&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dwine','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870034993&hterms=wine&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dwine"><span>Kinetics of OH + CO reaction under <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hynes, A. J.; Wine, P. H.; Ravishankara, A. R.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>A pulsed laser photolysis-pulsed laser-induced fluorescence technique is used to directly measure the temperature, pressure, and H2O concentration dependence on k1 in air. K1 is found to increase linearly with increasing pressure at pressures of not greater than 1 atm, and the pressure dependence of k1 at 299 K is the same in N2 buffer gas as in O2 buffer gas. The rate constant in the low-pressure limit and the slope of the k1 versus pressure dependence are shown to be the same at 262 K as at 299 K. The present results significantly reduce the current <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model uncertainties in the temperature dependence under <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, in the third body efficiency of O2, and in the effect of water vapor on k1.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20387436','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20387436"><span>[Effects of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> thermally stratified <span class="hlt">condition</span> on sensible heat within forest canopy].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Diao, Yi-Wei; Wang, An-Zhi; Guan, De-Xin; Jin, Chang-Jie; Pei, Tie-Fan</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>By using Eulerian second-order closure model, this paper studied the source-sink distribution and flux characteristics of sensible heat within forest canopy under <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> thermally stratified <span class="hlt">condition</span>. In the daytime, a notable feature for the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> stratification of forest canopy was the unstable stratification above the canopy and the stable stratification under the canopy. The changes of temperature profile indicated there was a 'hot spot' at about 2/3 of canopy height. The counter-gradient fluxes within the canopy were discovered by modeling the heat flux under weak stable <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">condition</span>. Simulations of the diurnal variation of sensible heat flux were consistent with the measurements (R2 = 0.9035, P < 0.01). Adding buoyancy in the sensible heat balance equation could increase the simulation accuracy of inversion model, and improve the simulation capability for heat flux balance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/13535','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/13535"><span>Measurement of forest <span class="hlt">condition</span> and response along the Pennsylvania <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> deposition gradent</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>D.D. David; J.M. Skelly; J.A. Lynch; L.H. McCormick; B.L. Nash; M. Simini; E.A. Cameron; J.R. McClenahen; R.P. Long</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Research in the oak-hickory forest of northcentral Pennsylvania is being conducted to detect anomalies in forest <span class="hlt">condition</span> that may be due to <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> deposition, with the intent that such anomalies will be further studied to determine the role, if any, of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> deposition. This paper presents the status of research along a 160-km gradient of sulfate/nitrate...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_3 --> <div id="page_4" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="61"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9148E..6WS','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9148E..6WS"><span>Remembrance of phases past: An autoregressive method for generating <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> in simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Srinath, Srikar; Poyneer, Lisa A.; Rudy, Alexander R.; Ammons, S. M.</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>The advent of expensive, large-aperture telescopes and complex adaptive optics (AO) systems has strengthened the need for detailed simulation of such systems from the top of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> to control algorithms. The credibility of any simulation is underpinned by the quality of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> model used for introducing phase variations into the incident photons. Hitherto, simulations which incorporate wind layers have relied upon phase screen generation methods that tax the computation and memory capacities of the platforms on which they run. This places limits on parameters of a simulation, such as exposure time or resolution, thus compromising its utility. As aperture sizes and fields of view increase the problem will only get worse. We present an autoregressive method for evolving <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> phase that is efficient in its use of computation resources and allows for variability in the power contained in frozen flow or stochastic components of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. Users have the flexibility of generating <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> datacubes in advance of runs where memory constraints allow to save on computation time or of computing the phase at each time step for long exposure times. Preliminary tests of model <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> generated using this method show power spectral density and rms phase in accordance with established metrics for Kolmogorov models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1514250K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1514250K"><span>Predictability of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> leading to extreme weather events in the Western Mediterranean Region in comparison with the seasonal mean <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Khodayar, Samiro; Kalthoff, Norbert</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>Among all severe convective weather situations, fall season heavy rainfall represents the most threatening phenomenon in the western Mediterranean region. Devastating flash floods occur every year somewhere in eastern Spain, southern France, Italy, or North Africa, being responsible for a great proportion of the fatalities, property losses, and destruction of infrastructure caused by natural hazards. Investigations in the area have shown that most of the heavy rainfall events in this region can be attributed to mesoscale convective systems. The main goal of this investigation is to understand and identify the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> that favor the initiation and development of such systems. Insight of the involved processes and <span class="hlt">conditions</span> will improve their predictability and help preventing some of the fatal consequences related with the occurrence of these weather phenomena. The HyMeX (Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean eXperiment) provides a unique framework to investigate this issue. Making use of high-resolution seasonal simulations with the COSMO-CLM model the mean <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of the fall season, September, October and November, are investigated in different western Mediterranean regions such as eastern Spain, Southern France, northern Africa and Italy. The precipitation distribution, its daily cycle, and probability distribution function are evaluated to ascertain the similarities and differences between the regions of interest, as well as the spatial distribution of extreme events. Additionally, the regional differences of the boundary layer and mid-tropospheric <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> stability and inhibition, and low-level triggering are presented. Selected high impact weather HyMeX episodes' are analyzed with special focus on the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pre-<span class="hlt">conditions</span> leading to the extreme weather situations. These pre-<span class="hlt">conditions</span> are then compared to the mean seasonal <span class="hlt">conditions</span> to identify and point out possible anomalies in the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998TellA..50...76L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998TellA..50...76L"><span>Initial <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and ENSO prediction using a coupled ocean-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Larow, T. E.; Krishnamurti, T. N.</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>A coupled ocean-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> initialization scheme using Newtonian relaxation has been developed for the Florida State University coupled ocean-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> global general circulation model. The initialization scheme is used to initialize the coupled model for seasonal forecasting the boreal summers of 1987 and 1988. The <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> model is a modified version of the Florida State University global spectral model, resolution T-42. The ocean general circulation model consists of a slightly modified version of the Hamburg's climate group model described in Latif (1987) and Latif et al. (1993). The coupling is synchronous with information exchanged every two model hours. Using ECMWF <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> daily analysis and observed monthly mean SSTs, two, 1-year, time-dependent, Newtonian relaxation were performed using the coupled model prior to conducting the seasonal forecasts. The coupled initializations were conducted from 1 June 1986 to 1 June 1987 and from 1 June 1987 to 1 June 1988. Newtonian relaxation was applied to the prognostic <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> vorticity, divergence, temperature and dew point depression equations. In the ocean model the relaxation was applied to the surface temperature. Two, 10-member ensemble integrations were conducted to examine the impact of the coupled initialization on the seasonal forecasts. The initial <span class="hlt">conditions</span> used for the ensembles are the ocean's final state after the initialization and the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> initial <span class="hlt">conditions</span> are ECMWF analysis. Examination of the SST root mean square error and anomaly correlations between observed and forecasted SSTs in the Niño-3 and Niño-4 regions for the 2 seasonal forecasts, show closer agreement between the initialized forecast than two, 10-member non-initialized ensemble forecasts. The main conclusion here is that a single forecast with the coupled initialization outperforms, in SST anomaly prediction, against each of the control forecasts (members of the ensemble) which do not include such an initialization</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20649183','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20649183"><span>Tracking near-surface <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> using an infrasound network.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Marcillo, O; Johnson, J B</p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>Continuous volcanic infrasound signal was recorded on a three-microphone network at Kilauea in July 2008 and inverted for near-surface horizontal winds. Inter-station phase delays, determined by signal cross-correlation, vary by up to 4% and are attributable to variable <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The results suggest two predominant weather regimes during the study period: (1) 6-9 m/s easterly trade winds and (2) lower-intensity 2-5 m/s mountain breezes from Mauna Loa. The results demonstrate the potential of using infrasound for tracking local averaged meteorological <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, which has implications for modeling plume dispersal and quantifying gas flux.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010021339&hterms=water+wet&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dwater%2Bwet','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010021339&hterms=water+wet&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dwater%2Bwet"><span>Relative Influence of Initial Surface and <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">Conditions</span> on Seasonal Water and Energy Balances</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Oglesby, Robert J.; Marshall, Susan; Roads, John O.; Robertson, Franklin R.; Goodman, H. Michael (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>We constructed and analyzed wet and dry soil moisture composites for the mid-latitude GCIP region of the central US using long climate model simulations made with the NCAR CCM3 and reanalysis products from NCEP. Using the diagnostic composites as a guide, we have completed a series of predictability experiments in which we imposed soil water initial <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in CCM3 for the GCIP region for June 1 from anomalously wet and dry years, with <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> initial <span class="hlt">conditions</span> taken from June 1 of a year with 'near-normal' soil water, and initial soil water from the near-normal year and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> initial <span class="hlt">conditions</span> from the wet and dry years. Preliminary results indicate that the initial state of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> is more important than the initial state of soil water determining the subsequent late spring and summer evolution of sod water over the GCIP region. Surprisingly, neither the composites or the predictability experiments yielded a strong influence of soil moisture on the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. To explore this further, we have made runs with extreme dry soil moisture initial anomalies imposed over the GCIP region (the soil close to being completely dry). These runs did yield a very strong effect on the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> that persisted for at least three months. We conclude that the magnitude of the initial soil moisture anomaly is crucial, at least in CCM3, and are currently investigating whether a threshold exists, below which little impact is seen. In a complementary study, we compared the impact of the initial <span class="hlt">condition</span> of snow cover versus the initial <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> state over the western US (corresponding to the westward extension of the GAPP program follow-on to GCIP). In this case, the initial prescription of snow cover is far more important than the initial <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> state in determining the subsequent evolution of snow cover. We are currently working to understand the very different soil water and snow cover results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1812666G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1812666G"><span>Aridity under <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of increased CO2</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Greve, Peter; Roderick, Micheal L.; Seneviratne, Sonia I.</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>A string of recent of studies led to the wide-held assumption that aridity will increase under <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of increasing <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> CO2 concentrations and associated global warming. Such results generally build upon analyses of changes in the 'aridity index' (the ratio of potential evaporation to precipitation) and can be described as a direct thermodynamic effect on <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> water demand due to increasing temperatures. However, there is widespread evidence that contradicts the 'warmer is more arid' interpretation, leading to the 'global aridity paradox' (Roderick et al. 2015, WRR). Here we provide a comprehensive assessment of modeled changes in a broad set of dryness metrics (primarily based on a range of measures of water availability) over a large range of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> CO2 concentrations. We use an ensemble of simulations from of state-of-the-art climate models to analyse both equilibrium climate experiments and transient historical simulations and future projections. Our results show that dryness is, under <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of increasing <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> CO2 concentrations and related global warming, generally decreasing at global scales. At regional scales we do, however, identify areas that undergo changes towards drier <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, located primarily in subtropical climate regions and the Amazon Basin. Nonetheless, the majority of regions, especially in tropical and mid- to northern high latitudes areas, display wetting <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in a warming world. Our results contradict previous findings and highlight the need to comprehensively assess all aspects of changes in hydroclimatological <span class="hlt">conditions</span> at the land surface. Roderick, M. L., P. Greve, and G. D. Farquhar (2015), On the assessment of aridity with changes in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> CO2, Water Resour. Res., 51, 5450-5463</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JEMat..43.4472H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JEMat..43.4472H"><span>Assessment of Solder Joint Fatigue Life Under <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Service <span class="hlt">Conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hamasha, Sa'd.; Jaradat, Younis; Qasaimeh, Awni; Obaidat, Mazin; Borgesen, Peter</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The behavior of lead-free solder alloys under complex loading scenarios is still not well understood. Common damage accumulation rules fail to account for strong effects of variations in cycling amplitude, and random vibration test results cannot be interpreted in terms of performance under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> service <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. This is a result of the effects of cycling parameters on materials properties. These effects are not yet fully understood or quantitatively predictable, preventing modeling based on parameters such as strain, work, or entropy. Depending on the actual spectrum of amplitudes, Miner's rule of linear damage accumulation has been shown to overestimate life by more than an order of magnitude, and greater errors are predicted for other combinations. Consequences may be particularly critical for so-called environmental stress screening. Damage accumulation has, however, been shown to scale with the inelastic work done, even if amplitudes vary. This and the observation of effects of loading history on subsequent work per cycle provide for a modified damage accumulation rule which allows for the prediction of life. Individual joints of four different Sn-Ag-Cu-based solder alloys (SAC305, SAC105, SAC-Ni, and SACXplus) were cycled in shear at room temperature, alternating between two different amplitudes while monitoring the evolution of the effective stiffness and work per cycle. This helped elucidate general trends and behaviors that are expected to occur in vibrations of microelectronics assemblies. Deviations from Miner's rule varied systematically with the combination of amplitudes, the sequences of cycles, and the strain rates in each. The severity of deviations also varied systematically with Ag content in the solder, but major effects were observed for all the alloys. A systematic analysis was conducted to assess whether scenarios might exist in which the more fatigue-resistant high-Ag alloys would fail sooner than the lower-Ag ones.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040031822','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040031822"><span>Launch <span class="hlt">Condition</span> Deviations of Reusable Launch Vehicle Simulations in Exo-<span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Zoom Climbs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Urschel, Peter H.; Cox, Timothy H.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has proposed a two-stage system to deliver a small payload to orbit. The proposal calls for an airplane to perform an exo-<span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> zoom climb maneuver, from which a second-stage rocket is launched carrying the payload into orbit. The NASA Dryden Flight Research Center has conducted an in-house generic simulation study to determine how accurately a human-piloted airplane can deliver a second-stage rocket to a desired exo-<span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> launch <span class="hlt">condition</span>. A high-performance, fighter-type, fixed-base, real-time, pilot-in-the-loop airplane simulation has been modified to perform exo-<span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> zoom climb maneuvers. Four research pilots tracked a reference trajectory in the presence of winds, initial offsets, and degraded engine thrust to a second-stage launch <span class="hlt">condition</span>. These launch <span class="hlt">conditions</span> have been compared to the reference launch <span class="hlt">condition</span> to characterize the expected deviation. At each launch <span class="hlt">condition</span>, a speed change was applied to the second-stage rocket to insert the payload onto a transfer orbit to the desired operational orbit. The most sensitive of the test cases was the degraded thrust case, yielding second-stage launch energies that were too low to achieve the radius of the desired operational orbit. The handling qualities of the airplane, as a first-stage vehicle, have also been investigated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970018786','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970018786"><span>Documentation of <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">Conditions</span> During Observed Rising Aircraft Wakes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Zak, J. Allen; Rodgers, William G., Jr.</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>Flight tests were conducted in the fall of 1995 off the coast of Wallops Island, Virginia in order to determine characteristics of wake vortices at flight altitudes. A NASA Wallops Flight Facility C130 aircraft equipped with smoke generators produced visible wakes at altitudes ranging from 775 to 2225 m in a variety of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, orientations (head wind, cross wind), and airspeeds. Meteorological and aircraft parameters were collected continuously from a Langley Research Center OV-10A aircraft as it flew alongside and through the wake vortices at varying distances behind the C130. Meteorological data were also obtained from special balloon observations made at Wallops. Differential GPS capabilities were on each aircraft from which accurate altitude profiles were obtained. Vortices were observed to rise at distances beyond a mile behind the C130. The maximum altitude was 150 m above the C130 in a near neutral <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> with significant turbulence. This occurred from large vertical oscillations in the wakes. There were several cases when vortices did not descend after a very short initial period and remained near generation altitude in a variety of moderately stable <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> and wind shears.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...743..191M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...743..191M"><span>Carbon-rich Giant Planets: <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Chemistry, Thermal Inversions, Spectra, and Formation <span class="hlt">Conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Madhusudhan, Nikku; Mousis, Olivier; Johnson, Torrence V.; Lunine, Jonathan I.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>The recent inference of a carbon-rich <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, with C/O >= 1, in the hot Jupiter WASP-12b motivates the exotic new class of carbon-rich planets (CRPs). We report a detailed study of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> chemistry and spectroscopic signatures of carbon-rich giant (CRG) planets, the possibility of thermal inversions in their <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>, the compositions of icy planetesimals required for their formation via core accretion, and the apportionment of ices, rock, and volatiles in their envelopes. Our results show that CRG <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> probe a unique region in composition space, especially at high temperature (T). For <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> with C/O >= 1, and T >~ 1400 K in the observable <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, most of the oxygen is bound up in CO, while H2O is depleted and CH4 is enhanced by up to two or three orders of magnitude each, compared to equilibrium compositions with solar abundances (C/O = 0.54). These differences in the spectroscopically dominant species for the different C/O ratios cause equally distinct observable signatures in the spectra. As such, highly irradiated transiting giant exoplanets form ideal candidates to estimate <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> C/O ratios and to search for CRPs. We also find that the C/O ratio strongly affects the abundances of TiO and VO, which have been suggested to cause thermal inversions in highly irradiated hot Jupiter <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>. A C/O = 1 yields TiO and VO abundances of ~100 times lower than those obtained with equilibrium chemistry assuming solar abundances, at P ~ 1 bar. Such a depletion is adequate to rule out thermal inversions due to TiO/VO even in the most highly irradiated hot Jupiters, such as WASP-12b. We estimate the compositions of the protoplanetary disk, the planetesimals, and the envelope of WASP-12b, and the mass of ices dissolved in the envelope, based on the observed <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> abundances. Adopting stellar abundances (C/O = 0.44) for the primordial disk composition and low-temperature formation <span class="hlt">conditions</span> (T <~ 30 K) for WASP-12b lead to a C</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990AtmEn..24.2585J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990AtmEn..24.2585J"><span>Laboratory exposure systems to simulate <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> degradation of building stone under dry and wet deposition <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Johnson, J. B.; Haneef, S. J.; Hepburn, B. J.; Hutchinson, A. J.; Thompson, G. E.; Wood, G. C.</p> <p></p> <p>The design philosophy, construction and use of two exposure test systems are described, in which the objective is to simulate the degradation of stone samples under, respectively, the 'dry' and 'wet' deposition of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pollutants. Some element of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> acceleration is possible in certain experiments. Particular emphasis is placed upon using known presentation rates of the pollutants, both in respect of typical depositions of pollutants and their oxidation products appropriate for an industrial <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. In the dry deposition rig, SO 2, NO 2, NO, HCl and the oxidant O 3 are presented individually or together at <span class="hlt">realistic</span> deposition rates. In the wet deposition apparatus, SO 2-4, NO -3 and Cl - at a pH of 3.5, simulating 'acid rain' but in a more concentrated form, are deposited. The dry deposition chamber can be operated at constant relative humidity (typically 84%) with pre-dried or precisely wetted stones to simulate episodic rain wetting, or using other methods of wet/dry cycling, which are also a feature of the wet deposition chamber. Heating and cooling of the samples is also possible, as is the use of shaped or coupled stones of different kinds such as are found in a building facade. The results are illustrated in terms of data on the weight change, the anion content of stone and run-off, the pH change of run-off and the total calcium reacted, using Portland stone, as a prelude to later papers in which behaviour of a whole matrix of stone types and environments is presented and discussed. Such an approach permits the eventual production of 'pollutant-material response' relationships and damage functions for comparison with and prediction of external exposure results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890012055','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890012055"><span>A cloud model simulation of space shuttle exhaust clouds in different <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Chen, C.; Zak, J. A.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>A three-dimensional cloud model was used to characterize the dominant influence of the environment on the Space Shuttle exhaust cloud. The model was modified to accept the actual heat and moisture from rocket exhausts and deluge water as initial <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. An upper-air sounding determined the ambient <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> in which the cloud could grow. The model was validated by comparing simulated clouds with observed clouds from four actual Shuttle launches. The model successfully produced clouds with dimensions, rise, decay, liquid water contents and vertical motion fields very similar to observed clouds whose dimensions were calculated from 16 mm film frames. Once validated, the model was used in a number of different <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> ranging from very unstable to very stable. In moist, unstable <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> simulated clouds rose to about 3.5 km in the first 4 to 8 minutes then decayed. Liquid water contents ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 g kg-1 mixing ratios and vertical motions were from 2 to 10 ms-1. An inversion served both to reduce entrainment (and erosion) at the top and to prevent continued cloud rise. Even in the most unstable <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>, the ground cloud did not rise beyond 4 km and in stable <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> with strong low level inversions the cloud could be trapped below 500 m. Wind shear strongly affected the appearance of both the ground cloud and vertical column cloud. The ambient low-level <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> moisture governed the amount of cloud water in model clouds. Some dry <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> produced little or no cloud water. One case of a simulated TITAN rocket explosion is also discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880015884','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880015884"><span>Linear and nonlinear acoustic wave propagation in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hariharan, S. I.; Yu, Ping</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>The investigation of the acoustic wave propagation theory and numerical implementation for the situation of an isothermal <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> is described. A one-dimensional model to validate an asymptotic theory and a 3-D situation to relate to a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> situation are considered. In addition, nonlinear wave propagation and the numerical treatment are included. It is known that the gravitational effects play a crucial role in the low frequency acoustic wave propagation. They propagate large distances and, as such, the numerical treatment of those problems become difficult in terms of posing boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> which are valid for all frequencies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28429398','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28429398"><span>Efficacy of passive sampler collection for <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> NO2 isotopes under simulated environmental <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Coughlin, Justin G; Yu, Zhongjie; Elliott, Emily M</p> <p>2017-07-30</p> <p>Nitrogen oxides or NO x (NO x = NO + NO 2 ) play an important role in air quality, <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> chemistry, and climate. The isotopic compositions of anthropogenic and natural NO 2 sources are wide-ranging, and they can be used to constrain sources of ambient NO 2 and associated <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> deposition of nitrogen compounds. While passive sample collection of NO 2 isotopes has been used in field studies to determine NO x source influences on <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> deposition, this approach has not been evaluated for accuracy or precision under different environmental <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The efficacy of NO 2 passive sampler collection for NO 2 isotopes was evaluated under varied temperature and relative humidity (RH) <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in a dynamic flux chamber. The precision and accuracy of the filter NO 2 collection as nitrite (NO 2 - ) for isotopic analysis were determined using a reference NO 2 gas tank and through inter-calibration with a modified EPA Method 7. The bacterial denitrifer method was used to convert 20 μM of collected NO 2 - or nitrate (NO 3 - ) into N 2 O and was carried out on an Isoprime continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer. δ 15 N-NO 2 values determined from passive NO 2 collection, in <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of 11-34 °C, 1-78% RH, have an overall accuracy and precision of ±2.1 ‰, and individual run precision of ±0.6 ‰. δ 18 O-NO 2 values obtained from passive NO 2 sampler collection, under the same <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, have an overall precision of ± 1.3 ‰. Suitable <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for passive sampler collection of NO 2 isotopes are in environments ranging from 11 to 34 °C and 1 to 78% RH. The passive NO 2 isotope measurement technique provides an accurate method to determine variations in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> δ 15 N-NO 2 values and a precise method for determining <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> δ 18 O-NO 2 values. The ability to measure NO 2 isotopes over spatial gradients at the same temporal resolution provides a unique perspective on the extent and seasonality of fluctuations in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> NO 2</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ascl.soft08007G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ascl.soft08007G"><span>PBMC: Pre-<span class="hlt">conditioned</span> Backward Monte Carlo code for radiative transport in planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>García Muñoz, A.; Mills, F. P.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>PBMC (Pre-<span class="hlt">Conditioned</span> Backward Monte Carlo) solves the vector Radiative Transport Equation (vRTE) and can be applied to planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> irradiated from above. The code builds the solution by simulating the photon trajectories from the detector towards the radiation source, i.e. in the reverse order of the actual photon displacements. In accounting for the polarization in the sampling of photon propagation directions and pre-<span class="hlt">conditioning</span> the scattering matrix with information from the scattering matrices of prior (in the BMC integration order) photon collisions, PBMC avoids the unstable and biased solutions of classical BMC algorithms for conservative, optically-thick, strongly-polarizing media such as Rayleigh <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMSA43A1609A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMSA43A1609A"><span>TOWARDS OPERATIONAL FORECASTING OF LOWER <span class="hlt">ATMOSPHERE</span> EFFECTS ON THE UPPER <span class="hlt">ATMOSPHERE</span> AND IONOSPHERE: INTEGRATED DYNAMICS IN EARTH’S <span class="hlt">ATMOSPHERE</span> (IDEA)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Akmaev, R. A.; Fuller-Rowell, T. J.; Wu, F.; Wang, H.; Juang, H.; Moorthi, S.; Iredell, M.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>The upper <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and ionosphere exhibit variability and phenomena that have been associated with planetary and tidal waves originating in the lower <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. To study and be able to predict the effects of these global-scale dynamical perturbations on the coupled thermosphere-ionosphere-electrodynamics system a new coupled model is being developed under the IDEA project. To efficiently cross the infamous R2O “death valley”, from the outset the IDEA project leverages the natural synergy between NOAA’s National Weather Service’s (NWS) Space Weather Prediction and Environmental Modeling Centers and a NOAA-University of Colorado cooperative institute (CIRES). IDEA interactively couples a Whole <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> Model (WAM) with ionosphere-plasmasphere and electrodynamics models. WAM is a 150-layer general circulation model (GCM) based on NWS’s operational weather prediction Global Forecast System (GFS) extended from its nominal top altitude of 62 km to over 600 km. It incorporates relevant physical processes including those responsible for the generation of tidal and planetary waves in the troposphere and stratosphere. Long-term simulations reveal <span class="hlt">realistic</span> seasonal variability of tidal waves with a substantial contribution from non-migrating tidal modes, recently implicated in the observed morphology of the ionosphere. Such phenomena as the thermospheric Midnight Temperature Maximum (MTM), previously associated with the tides, are also <span class="hlt">realistically</span> simulated for the first time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.A14D..09P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.A14D..09P"><span>The Impact of Ensemble Kalman Filter Assimilation of Near-Surface Observations on the Predictability of <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">Conditions</span> over Complex Terrain: Results from Recent MATERHORN Field Program</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pu, Z.; Zhang, H.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Near-surface <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> observations are the main conventional observations for weather forecasts. However, in modern numerical weather prediction, the use of surface observations, especially those data over complex terrain, remains a unique challenge. There are fundamental difficulties in assimilating surface observations with three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR). In our early study[1] (Pu et al. 2013), a series of observing system simulation experiments was performed with the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and compared with 3DVAR for its ability to assimilate surface observations with 3DVAR. Using the advanced research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, results demonstrate that the EnKF can overcome some fundamental limitations that 3DVAR has in assimilating surface observations over complex terrain. Specifically, through its flow-dependent background error term, the EnKF produces more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> analysis increments over complex terrain in general. Over complex terrain, the EnKF clearly performs better than 3DVAR, because it is more capable of handling surface data in the presence of terrain misrepresentation. With this presentation, we further examine the impact of EnKF data assimilation on the predictability of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> over complex terrain with the WRF model and the observations obtained from the most recent field experiments of the Mountain Terrain <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Modeling and Observations (MATERHORN) Program. The MATERHORN program provides comprehensive observations over mountainous regions, allowing the opportunity to study the predictability of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> over complex terrain in great details. Specifically, during fall 2012 and spring 2013, comprehensive observations were collected of soil states, surface energy budgets, near-surface <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, and profiling measurements from multiple platforms (e.g., balloon, lidar, radiosondes, etc.) over Dugway Proving Ground (DPG), Utah</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ems..confE.223L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ems..confE.223L"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> measured by a wireless sensor network on the local scale</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lengfeld, K.; Ament, F.</p> <p>2010-09-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> close to the surface, like temperature, wind speed and humidity, vary on small scales because of surface heterogeneities. Therefore, the traditional measuring approach of using a single, highly accurate station is of limited representativeness for a larger domain, because it is not able to determine these small scale variabilities. However, both the variability and the domain averages are important information for the development and validation of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> models and soil-vegetation-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>-transfer (SVAT) schemes. Due to progress in microelectronics it is possible to construct networks of comparably cheap meteorological stations with moderate accuracy. Such a network provides data in high spatial and temporal resolution. The EPFL Lausanne developed such a network called SensorScope, consisting of low cost autonomous stations. Each station observes air and surface temperature, humidity, wind direction and speed, incoming solar radiation, precipitation, soil moisture and soil temperature and sends the data via radio communication to a base station. This base station forwards the collected data via GSM/GPRS to a central server. The first measuring campaign took place within the FLUXPAT project in August 2009. We deployed 15 stations as a twin transect near Jülich, Germany. To test the quality of the low cost sensors we compared two of them to more accurate reference systems. It turned out, that although the network sensors are not highly accurate, the measurements are consistent. Consequently an analysis of the pattern of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> is feasible. The transect is 2.3 km long and covers different types of vegetation and a small river. Therefore, we analyse the influence of different land surfaces and the distance to the river on meteorological <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. For example, we found a difference in air temperature of 0.8°C between the station closest to and the station farthest from the river. The decreasing relative humidity with</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5951491','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5951491"><span>Fretting Wear Damage Mechanism of Uranium under Various <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> and Vacuum <span class="hlt">Conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Li, Zhengyang; Wu, Yanping; Meng, Xiandong; Zhang, Dongxu</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>A fretting wear experiment with uranium has been performed on a linear reciprocating tribometer with ball-on-disk contact. This study focused on the fretting behavior of the uranium under different <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> (Ar, Air (21% O2 + 78% N2), and O2) and vacuum <span class="hlt">conditions</span> (1.05 and 1 × 10−4 Pa). Evolution of friction was assessed by coefficient of friction (COF) and friction-dissipated energy. The oxide of the wear surface was evaluated by Raman spectroscopy. The result shows that fretting wear behavior presents strong <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and vacuum <span class="hlt">condition</span> dependence. With increasing oxygen content, the COF decreases due to abrasive wear and formation of oxide film. The COF in the oxygen <span class="hlt">condition</span> is at least 0.335, and it has a maximum wear volume of about 1.48 × 107 μm3. However, the COF in a high vacuum <span class="hlt">condition</span> is maximum about 1.104, and the wear volume is 1.64 × 106 μm3. The COF in the low vacuum <span class="hlt">condition</span> is very different: it firstly increased and then decreased rapidly to a steady value. It is caused by slight abrasive wear and the formation of tribofilm after thousands of cycles. PMID:29659484</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SPIE.7705E..04L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SPIE.7705E..04L"><span>Novel high-fidelity <span class="hlt">realistic</span> explosion damage simulation for urban environments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Xiaoqing; Yadegar, Jacob; Zhu, Youding; Raju, Chaitanya; Bhagavathula, Jaya</p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> building damage simulation has a significant impact in modern modeling and simulation systems especially in diverse panoply of military and civil applications where these simulation systems are widely used for personnel training, critical mission planning, disaster management, etc. <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> building damage simulation should incorporate accurate physics-based explosion models, rubble generation, rubble flyout, and interactions between flying rubble and their surrounding entities. However, none of the existing building damage simulation systems sufficiently faithfully realize the criteria of realism required for effective military applications. In this paper, we present a novel physics-based high-fidelity and runtime efficient explosion simulation system to <span class="hlt">realistically</span> simulate destruction to buildings. In the proposed system, a family of novel blast models is applied to accurately and <span class="hlt">realistically</span> simulate explosions based on static and/or dynamic detonation <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The system also takes account of rubble pile formation and applies a generic and scalable multi-component based object representation to describe scene entities and highly scalable agent-subsumption architecture and scheduler to schedule clusters of sequential and parallel events. The proposed system utilizes a highly efficient and scalable tetrahedral decomposition approach to <span class="hlt">realistically</span> simulate rubble formation. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system has the capability to <span class="hlt">realistically</span> simulate rubble generation, rubble flyout and their primary and secondary impacts on surrounding objects including buildings, constructions, vehicles and pedestrians in clusters of sequential and parallel damage events.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_4 --> <div id="page_5" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="81"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A52C..01C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A52C..01C"><span>Stepping towards new parameterizations for non-canonical <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> surface-layer <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Calaf, M.; Margairaz, F.; Pardyjak, E.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Representing land-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> exchange processes as a lower boundary <span class="hlt">condition</span> remains a challenge. This is partially a result of the fact that land-surface heterogeneity exists at all spatial scales and its variability does not "average" out with decreasing scales. Such variability need not rapidly blend away from the boundary thereby impacting the near-surface region of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. Traditionally, momentum and energy fluxes linking the land surface to the flow in NWP models have been parameterized using <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> surface layer (ASL) similarity theory. There is ample evidence that such representation is acceptable for stationary and planar-homogeneous flows in the absence of subsidence. However, heterogeneity remains a ubiquitous feature eliciting appreciable deviations when using ASL similarity theory, especially in scalars such moisture and air temperature whose blending is less efficient when compared to momentum. The focus of this project is to quantify the effect of surface thermal heterogeneity with scales Ο(1/10) the height of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> boundary layer and characterized by uniform roughness. Such near-canonical cases describe inhomogeneous scalar transport in an otherwise planar homogeneous flow when thermal stratification is weak or absent. In this work we present a large-eddy simulation study that characterizes the effect of surface thermal heterogeneities on the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> flow using the concept of dispersive fluxes. Results illustrate a regime in which the flow is mostly driven by the surface thermal heterogeneities, in which the contribution of the dispersive fluxes can account for up to 40% of the total sensible heat flux. Results also illustrate an alternative regime in which the effect of the surface thermal heterogeneities is quickly blended, and the dispersive fluxes provide instead a quantification of the flow spatial heterogeneities produced by coherent turbulent structures result of the surface shear stress. A threshold flow</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JCoPh.227.3486S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JCoPh.227.3486S"><span>Nonhydrostatic icosahedral <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model (NICAM) for global cloud resolving simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Satoh, M.; Matsuno, T.; Tomita, H.; Miura, H.; Nasuno, T.; Iga, S.</p> <p>2008-03-01</p> <p>A new type of ultra-high resolution <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> global circulation model is developed. The new model is designed to perform "cloud resolving simulations" by directly calculating deep convection and meso-scale circulations, which play key roles not only in the tropical circulations but in the global circulations of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. Since cores of deep convection have a few km in horizontal size, they have not directly been resolved by existing <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> general circulation models (AGCMs). In order to drastically enhance horizontal resolution, a new framework of a global <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model is required; we adopted nonhydrostatic governing equations and icosahedral grids to the new model, and call it Nonhydrostatic ICosahedral <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Model (NICAM). In this article, we review governing equations and numerical techniques employed, and present the results from the unique 3.5-km mesh global experiments—with O(10 9) computational nodes—using <span class="hlt">realistic</span> topography and land/ocean surface thermal forcing. The results show <span class="hlt">realistic</span> behaviors of multi-scale convective systems in the tropics, which have not been captured by AGCMs. We also argue future perspective of the roles of the new model in the next generation <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> sciences.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9653E..0AS','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9653E..0AS"><span>Simulation of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> and terrestrial background signatures for detection and tracking scenarios</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schweitzer, Caroline; Stein, Karin</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p>In the fields of early warning, one is depending on reliable image exploitation: Only if the applied detection and tracking algorithms work efficiently, the threat approach alert can be given fast enough to ensure an automatic initiation of the countermeasure. In order to evaluate the performance of those algorithms for a certain electro-optical (EO) sensor system, test sequences need to be created as <span class="hlt">realistic</span> and comprehensive as possible. Since both, background and target signature, depend on the environmental <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, a detailed knowledge of the meteorology and climatology is necessary. Trials for measuring these environmental characteristics serve as a solid basis, but might only constitute the <span class="hlt">conditions</span> during a rather short period of time. To represent the entire variation of meteorology and climatology that the future system will be exposed to, the application of comprehensive <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> modelling tools is essential. This paper gives an introduction of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> modelling tools that are currently used at Fraunhofer IOSB to simulate spectral background signatures in the infrared (IR) range. It is also demonstrated, how those signatures are affected by changing <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> and climatic <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. In conclusion - and with a special focus on the modelling of different cloud types - sources of error and limits are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970012778','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970012778"><span>Laboratory Evaluation and Application of Microwave Absorption Properties Under Simulated <span class="hlt">Conditions</span> for Planetary <span class="hlt">Atmospheres</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Steffes, Paul G.</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>Radio absorptivity data for planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> obtained from spacecraft radio occultation experiments and earth-based radio astronomical observations can be used to infer abundances of microwave absorbing constituents in those <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>, as long as reliable information regarding the microwave absorbing properties of potential constituents is available. The use of theoretically-derived microwave absorption properties for such <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> constituents, or using laboratory measurements of such properties under environmental <span class="hlt">conditions</span> which are significantly different than those of the planetary <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> being studied, often leads to significant misinterpretation of available opacity data. Laboratory measurements completed under this grant (NAGW-533), have shown that the opacity from, SO2 under simulated Venus <span class="hlt">conditions</span> is best described by a different lineshape than was previously used in theoretical predictions. The recognition of the need to make such laboratory measurements of simulated planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> over a range of temperatures and pressures which correspond to the altitudes probed by both radio occultation experiments and radio astronomical observations, and over a range of frequencies which correspond to those used in both radio occultation experiments and radio astronomical observations, has led to the development of a facility at Georgia Tech which is capable of making such measurements. It has been the goal of this investigation to conduct such measurements and to apply the results to a wide range of planetary observations, both spacecraft and earth-based, in order to determine the identity and abundance profiles of constituents in those planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=year+AND+12+AND+english&pg=7&id=EJ652780','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=year+AND+12+AND+english&pg=7&id=EJ652780"><span>Children's Responses to Contrasting '<span class="hlt">Realistic</span>' Mathematics Problems: Just How <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Are Children Ready To Be?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Cooper, Barry; Harries, Tony</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Analyzes 11-12-year-old English children's responses to two '<span class="hlt">realistic</span>' problems. Through a comparison of responses to two items, suggests that, given suitable '<span class="hlt">realistic</span>' problems, many children may be more willing and able to introduce <span class="hlt">realistic</span> responses in a testing context than earlier research might lead one to expect. (Author/MM)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.P53C4032D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.P53C4032D"><span>Solar Wind Interaction with the Martian Upper <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> at Early Mars/Extreme Solar <span class="hlt">Conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dong, C.; Bougher, S. W.; Ma, Y.; Toth, G.; Lee, Y.; Nagy, A. F.; Tenishev, V.; Pawlowski, D. J.; Combi, M. R.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The investigation of ion escape fluxes from Mars, resulting from the solar wind interaction with its upper <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>/ionosphere, is important due to its potential impact on the long-term evolution of Mars <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> (e.g., loss of water) over its history. In the present work, we adopt the 3-D Mars cold neutral <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> profiles (0 ~ 300 km) from the newly developed and validated Mars Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model (M-GITM) and the 3-D hot oxygen profiles (100 km ~ 5 RM) from the exosphere Monte Carlo model Adaptive Mesh Particle Simulator (AMPS). We apply these 3-D model output fields into the 3-D BATS-R-US Mars multi-fluid MHD (MF-MHD) model (100 km ~ 20 RM) that can simulate the interplay between Mars upper <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and solar wind by considering the dynamics of individual ion species. The multi-fluid MHD model solves separate continuity, momentum and energy equations for each ion species (H+, O+, O2+, CO2+). The M-GITM model together with the AMPS exosphere model take into account the effects of solar cycle and seasonal variations on both cold and hot neutral <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>. This feature allows us to investigate the corresponding effects on the Mars upper <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> ion escape by using a one-way coupling approach, i.e., both the M-GITM and AMPS model output fields are used as the input for the multi-fluid MHD model and the M-GITM is used as input into the AMPS exosphere model. In this study, we present M-GITM, AMPS, and MF-MHD calculations (1-way coupled) for 2.5 GYA <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and/or extreme solar <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for present day Mars (high solar wind velocities, high solar wind dynamic pressure, and high solar irradiance <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, etc.). Present day extreme <span class="hlt">conditions</span> may result in MF-MHD outputs that are similar to 2.5 GYA cases. The crustal field orientations are also considered in this study. By comparing estimates of past ion escape rates with the current ion loss rates to be returned by the MAVEN spacecraft (2013-2016), we can better constrain the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007OExpr..15.2753T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007OExpr..15.2753T"><span>Simulation of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> retinoscopic measurement</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tan, Bo; Chen, Ying-Ling; Baker, K.; Lewis, J. W.; Swartz, T.; Jiang, Y.; Wang, M.</p> <p>2007-03-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> simulation of ophthalmic measurements on normal and diseased eyes is presented. We use clinical data of ametropic and keratoconus patients to construct anatomically accurate three-dimensional eye models and simulate the measurement of a streak retinoscope with all the optical elements. The results show the clinical observations including the anomalous motion in high myopia and the scissors reflex in keratoconus. The demonstrated technique can be applied to other ophthalmic instruments and to other and more extensively abnormal eye <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. It provides promising features for medical training and for evaluating and developing ocular instruments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19840014024&hterms=geography&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dgeography','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19840014024&hterms=geography&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dgeography"><span>Design for and efficient dynamic climate model with <span class="hlt">realistic</span> geography</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Suarez, M. J.; Abeles, J.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>The long term climate sensitivity which include <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> dynamics are severely restricted by the expense of integrating <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> general circulation models are discussed. Taking as an example models used at GSFC for this dynamic model is an alternative which is of much lower horizontal or vertical resolution. The model of Heid and Suarez uses only two levels in the vertical and, although it has conventional grid resolution in the meridional direction, horizontal resolution is reduced by keeping only a few degrees of freedom in the zonal wavenumber spectrum. Without zonally asymmetric forcing this model simulates a day in roughly 1/2 second on a CRAY. The model under discussion is a fully finite differenced, zonally asymmetric version of the Heid-Suarez model. It is anticipated that speeds can be obtained a few seconds a day roughly 50 times faster than moderate resolution, multilayer GCM's.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007SPIE.6557E..0CF','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007SPIE.6557E..0CF"><span>New weather depiction technology for night vision goggle (NVG) training: 3D virtual/augmented reality scene-weather-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>-target simulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Folaron, Michelle; Deacutis, Martin; Hegarty, Jennifer; Vollmerhausen, Richard; Schroeder, John; Colby, Frank P.</p> <p>2007-04-01</p> <p>US Navy and Marine Corps pilots receive Night Vision Goggle (NVG) training as part of their overall training to maintain the superiority of our forces. This training must incorporate <span class="hlt">realistic</span> targets; backgrounds; and representative <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> and weather effects they may encounter under operational <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. An approach for pilot NVG training is to use the Night Imaging and Threat Evaluation Laboratory (NITE Lab) concept. The NITE Labs utilize a 10' by 10' static terrain model equipped with both natural and cultural lighting that are used to demonstrate various illumination <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, and visual phenomena which might be experienced when utilizing night vision goggles. With this technology, the military can safely, systematically, and reliably expose pilots to the large number of potentially dangerous environmental <span class="hlt">conditions</span> that will be experienced in their NVG training flights. A previous SPIE presentation described our work for NAVAIR to add <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> and weather effects to the NVG NITE Lab training facility using the NVG - WDT(Weather Depiction Technology) system (Colby, et al.). NVG -WDT consist of a high end multiprocessor server with weather simulation software, and several fixed and goggle mounted Heads Up Displays (HUDs). <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> and weather effects are simulated using state-of-the-art computer codes such as the WRF (Weather Research μ Forecasting) model; and the US Air Force Research Laboratory MODTRAN radiative transport model. Imagery for a variety of natural and man-made obscurations (e.g. rain, clouds, snow, dust, smoke, chemical releases) are being calculated and injected into the scene observed through the NVG via the fixed and goggle mounted HUDs. This paper expands on the work described in the previous presentation and will describe the 3D Virtual/Augmented Reality Scene - Weather - <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> - Target Simulation part of the NVG - WDT. The 3D virtual reality software is a complete simulation system to generate <span class="hlt">realistic</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EPJC...78..332I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EPJC...78..332I"><span>A conformally flat <span class="hlt">realistic</span> anisotropic model for a compact star</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ivanov, B. V.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>A physically <span class="hlt">realistic</span> stellar model with a simple expression for the energy density and conformally flat interior is found. The relations between the different <span class="hlt">conditions</span> are used without graphic proofs. It may represent a real pulsar.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.2005D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.2005D"><span>Pyroconvection Risk in Australia: Climatological Changes in <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Stability and Surface Fire Weather <span class="hlt">Conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dowdy, Andrew J.; Pepler, Acacia</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Extreme wildfires with strong convective processes in their plumes have recently led to disastrous impacts on various regions of the world. The Continuous Haines index (CH) is used in Australia to represent vertical <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> stability and humidity measures relating to pyroconvective processes. CH climatology is examined here using reanalysis data from 1979 to 2016, revealing large spatial and seasonal variations throughout Australia. Various measures of severity are investigated, including regionally specific thresholds. CH is combined with near-surface fire weather <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, as a type of compound event, and is examined in relation to environmental <span class="hlt">conditions</span> associated with pyroconvection. Significant long-term changes in CH are found for some regions and seasons, with these changes corresponding to changes in near-surface <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in some cases. In particular, an increased risk of pyroconvection is identified for southeast Australia during spring and summer, due to decreased vertical <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> stability and humidity combined with more severe near-surface <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22365807-atmospheric-circulation-brown-dwarfs-jets-vortices-time-variability','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22365807-atmospheric-circulation-brown-dwarfs-jets-vortices-time-variability"><span><span class="hlt">ATMOSPHERIC</span> CIRCULATION OF BROWN DWARFS: JETS, VORTICES, AND TIME VARIABILITY</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Xi; Showman, Adam P., E-mail: xiz@lpl.arizona.edu</p> <p>2014-06-10</p> <p>A variety of observational evidence demonstrates that brown dwarfs exhibit active <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> circulations. In this study we use a shallow-water model to investigate the global <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> dynamics in the stratified layer overlying the convective zone on these rapidly rotating objects. We show that the existence and properties of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> circulation crucially depend on key parameters including the energy injection rate and radiative timescale. Under <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of strong internal heat flux and weak radiative dissipation, a banded flow pattern comprised of east-west jet streams spontaneously emerges from the interaction of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> turbulence with the planetary rotation. In contrast, when themore » internal heat flux is weak and/or radiative dissipation is strong, turbulence injected into the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> damps before it can self-organize into jets, leading to a flow dominated by transient eddies and isotropic turbulence instead. The simulation results are not very sensitive to the form of the forcing. Based on the location of the transition between jet-dominated and eddy-dominated regimes, we suggest that many brown dwarfs may exhibit <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> circulations dominated by eddies and turbulence (rather than jets) due to the strong radiative damping on these worlds, but a jet structure is also possible under some <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Our simulated light curves capture important features from observed infrared light curves of brown dwarfs, including amplitude variations of a few percent and shapes that fluctuate between single-peak and multi-peak structures. More broadly, our work shows that the shallow-water system provides a useful tool to illuminate fundamental aspects of the dynamics on these worlds.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21030271-kinetics-devolatilization-oxidation-pulverized-biomass-entrained-flow-reactor-under-realistic-combustion-conditions','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21030271-kinetics-devolatilization-oxidation-pulverized-biomass-entrained-flow-reactor-under-realistic-combustion-conditions"><span>Kinetics of devolatilization and oxidation of a pulverized biomass in an entrained flow reactor under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> combustion <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Jimenez, Santiago; Remacha, Pilar; Ballester, Javier</p> <p>2008-03-15</p> <p>In this paper the results of a complete set of devolatilization and combustion experiments performed with pulverized ({proportional_to}500 {mu}m) biomass in an entrained flow reactor under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> combustion <span class="hlt">conditions</span> are presented. The data obtained are used to derive the kinetic parameters that best fit the observed behaviors, according to a simple model of particle combustion (one-step devolatilization, apparent oxidation kinetics, thermally thin particles). The model is found to adequately reproduce the experimental trends regarding both volatile release and char oxidation rates for the range of particle sizes and combustion <span class="hlt">conditions</span> explored. The experimental and numerical procedures, similar to those recentlymore » proposed for the combustion of pulverized coal [J. Ballester, S. Jimenez, Combust. Flame 142 (2005) 210-222], have been designed to derive the parameters required for the analysis of biomass combustion in practical pulverized fuel configurations and allow a reliable characterization of any finely pulverized biomass. Additionally, the results of a limited study on the release rate of nitrogen from the biomass particle along combustion are shown. (author)« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020046694','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020046694"><span>Laboratory Evaluation and Application of Microwave Absorption Properties under Simulated <span class="hlt">Conditions</span> for Planetary <span class="hlt">Atmospheres</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Steffes, Paul G.</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Radio absorptivity data for planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> obtained from spacecraft radio occultation experiments, entry probe radio signal absorption measurements, and earth-based or spacecraft-based radio astronomical (emission) observations can be used to infer abundances of microwave absorbing constituents in those <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>, as long as reliable information regarding the microwave absorbing properties of potential constituents is available. The use of theoretically-derived microwave absorption properties for such <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> constituents, or the use of laboratory measurements of such properties taken under environmental <span class="hlt">conditions</span> that are significantly different than those of the planetary <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> being studied, often leads to significant misinterpretation of available opacity data. Laboratory measurements have shown that the centimeter-wavelength opacity from gaseous phosphine (PH3) under simulated <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for the outer planets far exceeds that predicted from theory over a wide range of temperatures and pressures. This fundamentally changed the resulting interpretation of Voyager radio occultation data at Saturn and Neptune. It also directly impacts planning and scientific goals for study of Saturn's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> with the Cassini Radio Science Experiment and the Rossini RADAR instrument. The recognition of the need to make such laboratory measurements of simulated planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> over a range of temperatures and pressures which correspond to the altitudes probed by both radio occultation experiments and radio astronomical observations, and over a range of frequencies which correspond to those used in both spacecraft entry probe and orbiter (or flyby) radio occultation experiments and radio astronomical observations, has led to the development of a facility at Georgia Tech which is capable of making such measurements. It has been the goal of this investigation to conduct such measurements and to apply the results to a wide range of planetary observations</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1429631-realistic-full-wave-modeling-focal-plane-array-pixels','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1429631-realistic-full-wave-modeling-focal-plane-array-pixels"><span><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> full wave modeling of focal plane array pixels</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Campione, Salvatore; Warne, Larry K.; Jorgenson, Roy E.; ...</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Here, we investigate full-wave simulations of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> implementations of multifunctional nanoantenna enabled detectors (NEDs). We focus on a 2x2 pixelated array structure that supports two wavelengths of operation. We design each resonating structure independently using full-wave simulations with periodic boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> mimicking the whole infinite array. We then construct a supercell made of a 2x2 pixelated array with periodic boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> mimicking the full NED; in this case, however, each pixel comprises 10-20 antennas per side. In this way, the cross-talk between contiguous pixels is accounted for in our simulations. We observe that, even though there are finite extent effects,more » the pixels work as designed, each responding at the respective wavelength of operation. This allows us to stress that <span class="hlt">realistic</span> simulations of multifunctional NEDs need to be performed to verify the design functionality by taking into account finite extent and cross-talk effects.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.7734H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.7734H"><span>Assessing the Impacts of <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">Conditions</span> under Climate Change on Air Quality Profile over Hong Kong</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hei Tong, Cheuk</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Small particulates can cause long term impairment to human health as they can penetrate deep and deposit on the wall of the respiratory system. Under the projected climate change as reported by literature, <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> stability, which has strong effects on vertical mixing of air pollutants and thus air quality Hong Kong, is also varying from near to far future. In addition to domestic emission, Hong Kong receives also significant concentration of cross-boundary particulates that their natures and movements are correlated with <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">condition</span>. This study aims to study the relation of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> with air quality over Hong Kong. Past meteorological data is based on Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis data. Radiosonde data provided from HKO are also adopted in testing and validating the data. Future meteorological data is simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF), which dynamically downscaled the past and future climate under the A1B scenario simulated by ECHAM5/MPIOM. Air quality data is collected on one hand from the ground station data provided by Environment Protection Department, with selected stations revealing local emission and trans-boundary emission respectively. On the other hand, an <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), which operates using the radar principle to detect Rayleigh and Mie scattering from <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> gas and aerosols, has also been adopted to measure vertical aerosol profile, which has been observed tightly related to the high level meteorology. Data from scattered signals are collected, averaged or some episode selected for characteristic comparison with the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> stability indices and other meteorological factors. The relation between <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and air quality is observed by statistical analysis, and statistical models are built based on the stability indices to project the changes in sulphur dioxide, ozone and particulate</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Homan&pg=4&id=EJ504183','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Homan&pg=4&id=EJ504183"><span><span class="hlt">Realists</span>, Radicals, and Rainbows. The Twenty-Eighth Amy Morris Homans Lecture 1994.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Bennett, Roberta S.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>Challenges physical education professionals to be <span class="hlt">realists</span> who name the <span class="hlt">conditions</span> around them that divide according to group identity and thus perpetuate injustice; to be radicals who work to change <span class="hlt">conditions</span>; and to build and follow a rainbow path to a future where social justice, human rights, and the human <span class="hlt">condition</span> are first priorities. (JB)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980236907','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980236907"><span>Laboratory Evaluation and Application of Microwave Absorption Properties Under Simulated <span class="hlt">Conditions</span> for Planetary <span class="hlt">Atmospheres</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Steffes, Paul G.</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>Radio absorptivity data for planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> obtained from spacecraft radio occultation experiments, entry probe radio signal absorption measurements, and earth-based radio astronomical observations can be used to infer abundances of microwave absorbing constituents in those <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>, as long as reliable information regarding the microwave absorbing properties of potential constituents is available. The use of theoretically-derived microwave absorption properties for such <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> constituents, or using laboratory measurements of such properties taken under environmental <span class="hlt">conditions</span> which are significantly different than those of the planetary <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> being studied, often leads to significant misinterpretation of available opacity data. For example, laboratory measurements completed recently by Kolodner and Steffes (ICARUS 132, pp. 151-169, March 1998, attached as Appendix A) under this grant (NAGS-4190), have shown that the opacity from gaseous H2SO4 under simulated Venus <span class="hlt">conditions</span> is best described by a different formalism than was previously used. The recognition of the need to make such laboratory measurements of simulated planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> over a range of temperatures and pressures which correspond to the altitudes probed by both spacecraft entry probe and orbiter radio occultation experiments and by radio astronomical observations, and over a range of frequencies which correspond to those used in such experiments, has led to the development of a facility at Georgia Tech which is capable of making such measurements. It has been the goal of this investigation to conduct such measurements and to apply the results to a wide range of planetary observations, both spacecraft and earth-based, in order to determine the identity and abundance profiles of constituents in those planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26368301','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26368301"><span>Helping With All Your Heart: <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Heart Stimulus and Compliance With an Organ Donation Request.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jacob, Céline; Guéguen, Nicolas</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Pictures and images are important aspects in fundraising advertising and could generate more donations. In two experimental studies, we examined the effect of various pictures of hearts on compliance with a request for organ donations. The solicitor wore a white tee shirt where various forms of hearts were printed: symbolic versus <span class="hlt">realistic</span> (first experiment), none versus symbolic versus <span class="hlt">realistic</span> (second experiment). Results showed that more compliance was found in the <span class="hlt">realistic</span> heart experimental <span class="hlt">condition</span> whereas the symbolic heart form had no significant effect.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A51C2074S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A51C2074S"><span>Land-Sea-<span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> Interaction and Their Association with Drought <span class="hlt">Conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Singh, R. P.; Nath, A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Detailed analysis of satellite data for the period 2002-2016 provides an understanding of the land-sea interaction and its association with the vegetation <span class="hlt">conditions</span> over the Indian continent. The Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) phenomenon is also considered to understand the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> dynamics and meteorological parameters. GPS water vapor and meteorological parameters (relative humidity and water vapor) from the Indian Institute of Science (IISC) Bangalore have been considered for meteorological data for the period 2008-2016. <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> parameters (water vapor, precipitation rate, land temperature, total ozone column) have been considered using through NASA Giovanni portal and GPS water vapor through SoumiNet data to study relation between Sea Surface temperature (SST) from Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. Our detailed analysis shows that SST has strong impact on the NDVI at different locations, the maximum impact of SST is observed at lower latitudes. The NDVI over the central and northern India (Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) is not affected. The SST and NDVI shows high correlation in the central and northern parts, whereas the correlation is poor in the southern parts i.e. close to the ocean. The detailed analysis of NDVI data provides progression of the drought <span class="hlt">conditions</span> especially in the southern parts of India and also shows impact of the El Nino during 2015-2016.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_5 --> <div id="page_6" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="101"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=elements+AND+fiction&pg=4&id=EJ891909','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=elements+AND+fiction&pg=4&id=EJ891909"><span>Keeping It Real: How <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Does <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Fiction for Children Need to Be?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>O'Connor, Barbara</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>O'Connor, an author of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> fiction for children, shares her attempts to strike a balance between carefree, uncensored, authentic, <span class="hlt">realistic</span> writing and age-appropriate writing. Of course, complicating that balancing act is the fact that what seems age-appropriate to her might not seem so to everyone. O'Connor suggests that while it may be…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890012054','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890012054"><span>Operational implications of a cloud model simulation of space shuttle exhaust clouds in different <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Zak, J. A.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>A three-dimensional cloud model was used to characterize the dominant influence of the environment on the Space Shuttle exhaust cloud. The model was modified to accept the actual heat and moisture from rocket exhausts and deluge water as initial <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. An upper-air sounding determined the ambient <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> in which the cloud would grow. The model was validated by comparing simulated clouds with observed clouds from four actual Shuttle launches. Results are discussed with operational weather forecasters in mind. The model successfully produced clouds with dimensions, rise, decay, liquid water contents, and vertical motion fields very similar to observed clouds whose dimensions were calculated from 16 mm film frames. Once validated, the model was used in a number of different <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> ranging from very unstable to very stable. Wind shear strongly affected the appearance of both the ground cloud and vertical column cloud. The ambient low-level <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> moisture governed the amount of cloud water in model clouds. Some dry <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> produced little or no cloud water. An empirical forecast technique for Shuttle cloud rise is presented and differences between natural <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> convection and exhaust clouds are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23402391','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23402391"><span>The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of shared care: protocol for a <span class="hlt">realist</span> review.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hardwick, Rebecca; Pearson, Mark; Byng, Richard; Anderson, Rob</p> <p>2013-02-12</p> <p>Shared care (an enhanced information exchange over and above routine outpatient letters) is commonly used to improve care coordination and communication between a specialist and primary care services for people with long-term <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Evidence of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of shared care is mixed. Informed decision-making for targeting shared care requires a greater understanding of how it works, for whom it works, in what contexts and why. This protocol outlines how <span class="hlt">realist</span> review methods can be used to synthesise evidence on shared care for long-term <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.A further aim of the review is to explore economic evaluations of shared care. Economic evaluations are difficult to synthesise due to problems in accounting for contextual differences that impact on resource use and opportunity costs. <span class="hlt">Realist</span> review methods have been suggested as a way to overcome some of these issues, so this review will also assess whether <span class="hlt">realist</span> review methods are amenable to synthesising economic evidence. Database and web searching will be carried out in order to find relevant evidence to develop and test programme theories about how shared care works. The review will have two phases. Phase 1 will concentrate on the contextual <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and mechanisms that influence how shared care works, in order to develop programme theories, which partially explain how it works. Phase 2 will focus on testing these programme theories. A Project Reference Group made up of health service professionals and people with actual experience of long-term <span class="hlt">conditions</span> will be used to ground the study in real-life experience. Review findings will be disseminated through local and sub-national networks for integrated care and long-term <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. This <span class="hlt">realist</span> review will explore why and for whom shared care works, in order to support decision-makers working to improve the effectiveness of care for people outside hospital. The development of <span class="hlt">realist</span> review methods to take into account cost and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760007941','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760007941"><span>Airship stresses due to vertical velocity gradients and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> turbulence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sheldon, D.</p> <p>1975-01-01</p> <p>Munk's potential flow method is used to calculate the resultant moment experienced by an ellipsoidal airship. This method is first used to calculate the moment arising from basic maneuvers considered by early designers, and then expended to calculate the moment arising from vertical velocity gradients and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> turbulence. This resultant moment must be neutralized by the transverse force of the fins. The results show that vertical velocity gradients at a height of 6000 feet in thunderstorms produce a resultant moment approximately three to four times greater than the moment produced in still air by <span class="hlt">realistic</span> values of pitch angle or steady turning. <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> values of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> turbulence produce a moment which is significantly less than the moment produced by maneuvers in still air.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..DFD.G2009G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..DFD.G2009G"><span>Unsteady Flow in Different <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Boundary Layer Regimes and Its Impact on Wind-Turbine Performance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gohari, Iman; Korobenko, Artem; Yan, Jinhui; Bazilevs, Yuri; Sarkar, Sutanu</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>Wind is a renewable energy resource that offers several advantages including low pollutant emission and inexpensive construction. Wind turbines operate in <span class="hlt">conditions</span> dictated by the <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Boundary Layer (ABL) and that motivates the study of coupling ABL simulations with wind turbine dynamics. The ABL simulations can be used for <span class="hlt">realistic</span> modeling of the environment which, with the use of fluid-structure interaction, can give <span class="hlt">realistic</span> predictions of extracted power, rotor loading, and blade structural response. The ABL simulations provide inflow boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> to the wind-turbine simulator which uses arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian variational multiscale formulation. In the present work, ABL simulations are performed to examine two different scenarios: (i) A neutral ABL with zero heat-flux and inversion layer at 350m, in which the wind turbine experiences maximum mean shear; (2) A shallow ABL with the surface cooling-rate of -1 K/hr, in which the wind turbine experiences maximum mean velocity at the low-level-jet nose height. We will discuss differences in the unsteady flow between the two different ABL <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and their impact on the performance of the wind turbine cluster in the coupled ABL-wind turbine simulations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770013716','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770013716"><span>The global reference <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model, mod 2 (with two scale perturbation model)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Justus, C. G.; Hargraves, W. R.</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>The Global Reference <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Model was improved to produce more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> simulations of vertical profiles of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> parameters. A revised two scale random perturbation model using perturbation magnitudes which are adjusted to conform to constraints imposed by the perfect gas law and the hydrostatic <span class="hlt">condition</span> is described. The two scale perturbation model produces appropriately correlated (horizontally and vertically) small scale and large scale perturbations. These stochastically simulated perturbations are representative of the magnitudes and wavelengths of perturbations produced by tides and planetary scale waves (large scale) and turbulence and gravity waves (small scale). Other new features of the model are: (1) a second order geostrophic wind relation for use at low latitudes which does not "blow up" at low latitudes as the ordinary geostrophic relation does; and (2) revised quasi-biennial amplitudes and phases and revised stationary perturbations, based on data through 1972.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19920017195','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19920017195"><span>Laboratory evaluation and application of microwave absorption properties under simulated <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Steffes, Paul G.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Radio absorptivity data for planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> obtained from spacecraft radio occultation experiments and earth-based radio astronomical observations can be used to infer abundances of microwave absorbing <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> constituents in those <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>, as long as reliable information regarding the microwave absorbing properties of potential constituents is available. The use of theoretically derived microwave absorption properties for such <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> constituents, or using laboratory measurements of such properties under environmental <span class="hlt">conditions</span> which are significantly different than those of the planetary <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> being studied, often leads to significant misinterpretation of available opacity data. The recognition of the need to make such laboratory measurements of simulated planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> over a range of temperatures and pressures which correspond to the altitudes probed by both radio occultation experiments and radio astronomical observations, and over a range of frequencies which correspond to those used in both radio occultation experiments and radio astronomical observations, has led to the development of a facility at Georgia Tech which is capable of making such measurements. The goal of this investigation was to conduct such measurements and to apply the results to a wide range of planetary observations, both spacecraft and earth-based, in order to determine the identity and abundance profiles of constituents in those planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12382683','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12382683"><span>Preservation of fresh meat with active and modified <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> packaging <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Skandamis, Panagiotis N; Nychas, George-John E</p> <p>2002-11-15</p> <p>The sensory, microbiological and physicochemical attributes of fresh meat stored at 5 and 15 degrees C were affected by the combined effect of volatile compounds of oregano essential oil and modified <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> packaging <span class="hlt">conditions</span> (40% CO2/30% N2/30% O2, 100% CO2, 80% CO2/20% air, vacuum pack and air). It was found that the extension of shelf life of meat samples depended on the packaging <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and augmented in the order: air < vacuum pack < 40% CO2/30% N2/30% O2 < 80% CO2/ 20% air < 100% CO2. Longer shelf life was observed in samples supplemented with the volatile compounds of oregano essential oil and stored under the same packaging <span class="hlt">conditions</span> mentioned above. The extension of shelf life may be due to the synergistic effect of volatile compounds of oregano essential oil and the modified <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> packaging used on the microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of meat. Indeed, both these hurdles can prolong and delay microbial growth or suppress the final counts of the spoilage microorganisms in comparison with the 'control' samples. The effect of essential oil volatile compounds was even more pronounced on the physicochemical changes of meat samples caused by microbial association. Oregano essential oil delayed glucose and lactate consumption, both indicators of meat spoilage aerobically as well as under 40% CO2/30% N2/30% O2, and 100% CO2. Finally, changes in other metabolites such as formic acid were also observed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMED11D0169W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMED11D0169W"><span>Analysis of the Impact of <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Wind Size Parameter on the Delft3D Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Washington, M. H.; Kumar, S.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The wind size parameter, which is the distance from the center of the storm to the location of the maximum winds, is currently a constant in the Delft3D model. As a result, the Delft3D model's output prediction of the water levels during a storm surge are inaccurate compared to the observed data. To address these issues, an algorithm to calculate a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> wind size parameter for a given hurricane was designed and implemented using the observed water-level data for Hurricane Matthew. A performance evaluation experiment was conducted to demonstrate the accuracy of the model's prediction of water levels using the <span class="hlt">realistic</span> wind size input parameter compared to the default constant wind size parameter for Hurricane Matthew, with the water level data observed from October 4th, 2016 to October 9th, 2016 from National Oceanic and <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Administration (NOAA) as a baseline. The experimental results demonstrate that the Delft3D water level output for the <span class="hlt">realistic</span> wind size parameter, compared to the default constant size parameter, matches more accurately with the NOAA reference water level data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000033620','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000033620"><span>Comparison of Dynamic Characteristics for an Inflatable Solar Concentrator in <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> and Thermal Vacuum <span class="hlt">Conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Slade, Kara N.; Tinker, Michael L.; Lassiter, John O.; Engberg, Robert</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>Dynamic testing of an inflatable solar concentrator structure in a thermal vacuum chamber as well as in ambient laboratory <span class="hlt">conditions</span> is described in detail. Unique aspects of modal testing for the extremely lightweight inflatable are identified, including the use of a noncontacting laser vibrometer measurement system. For the thermal vacuum environment, mode shapes and frequency response functions are compared for three different test article inflation pressures at room temperature. Modes that persist through all the inflation pressure regimes are identified, as well as modes that are unique for each pressure. In <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pressure and room temperature <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, dynamic measurements were obtained for the expected operational inflation pressure of 0.5 psig. Experimental mode shapes and frequency response functions for ambient <span class="hlt">conditions</span> are described and compared to the 0.5 psig results from the thermal vacuum tests. Only a few mode shapes were identified that occurred in both vacuum and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> environments. This somewhat surprising result is discussed in detail, and attributed at least partly to 1.) large differences in modal damping, and 2.) significant differences in the mass of air contained by the structure, in the two environments. Results of this investigation point out the necessity of testing inflatable space structures in vacuum <span class="hlt">conditions</span> before they can be launched. Ground testing in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pressure is not sufficient for predicting on-orbit dynamics of non-rigidized inflatable systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AAS...21840201M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AAS...21840201M"><span>Carbon-rich Planets: <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Spectra, Thermal Inversions, And Formation <span class="hlt">Conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Madhusudhan, Nikku; Mousis, O.; Lunine, J.; Johnson, T.</p> <p>2011-05-01</p> <p>Carbon-rich planets (CRPs) are the exotic new members in the repertoire of extrasolar planets. The first CRP <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> was discovered recently, for the extremely irradiated hot Jupiter WASP-12b. In this work, we report several candidate carbon-rich planets amongst the known sample of transiting exoplanets, along with follow-up theoretical and observational efforts that aim at confirming these candidates. We also discuss the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> chemistry and temperature structure of carbon-rich giant planets, their formation via core accretion, and the chemistry and apportionment of ices, rock, and volatiles in their envelopes. Our results show that CRP <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> probe a unique region in composition space, especially at high T. For C/O ≥ 1, most of the oxygen is occupied by CO for T > 1400 K and P < 1bar, causing a substantial depletion in water vapor, and an overabundance of methane compared to equilibrium chemistry with solar abundances. Adopting gas phase elemental abundances in the disk similar to those estimated in the star gives a C/O ratio in planetesimals and then in the envelope of WASP-12b similar to or below the solar C/O. Under these <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, a C/O ratio of 1 in WASP-12b would require that the oxygen abundance in the disk is depleted by a factor of 0.41.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70015773','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70015773"><span>Response of the water level in a well to Earth tides and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> loading under unconfined <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Rojstaczer, Stuart; Riley, Francis S.</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>The response of the water level in a well to Earth tides and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> loading under unconfined <span class="hlt">conditions</span> can be explained if the water level is controlled by the aquifer response averaged over the saturated depth of the well. Because vertical averaging tends to diminish the influence of the water table, the response is qualitatively similar to the response of a well under partially confined <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. When the influence of well bore storage can be ignored, the response to Earth tides is strongly governed by a dimensionless aquifer frequency Q′u. The response to <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> loading is strongly governed by two dimensionless vertical fluid flow parameters: a dimensionless unsaturated zone frequency, R, and a dimensionless aquifer frequency Qu. The differences between Q′u and Qu are generally small for aquifers which are highly sensitive to Earth tides. When Q′u and Qu are large, the response of the well to Earth tides and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> loading approaches the static response of the aquifer under confined <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. At small values of Q′u and Qu, well response to Earth tides and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> loading is strongly influenced by water table drainage. When R is large relative to Qu, the response to <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> loading is strongly influenced by attenuation and phase shift of the pneumatic pressure signal in the unsaturated zone. The presence of partial penetration retards phase advance in well response to Earth tides and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> loading. When the theoretical response of a phreatic well to Earth tides and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> loading is fit to the well response inferred from cross-spectral estimation, it is possible to obtain estimates of the pneumatic diffusivity of the unsaturated zone and the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990WRR....26.1803R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990WRR....26.1803R"><span>Response of the Water Level in a Well to Earth Tides and <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Loading Under Unconfined <span class="hlt">Conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rojstaczer, Stuart; Riley, Francis S.</p> <p>1990-08-01</p> <p>The response of the water level in a well to Earth tides and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> loading under unconfined <span class="hlt">conditions</span> can be explained if the water level is controlled by the aquifer response averaged over the saturated depth of the well. Because vertical averaging tends to diminish the influence of the water table, the response is qualitatively similar to the response of a well under partially confined <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. When the influence of well bore storage can be ignored, the response to Earth tides is strongly governed by a dimensionless aquifer frequency Q'u. The response to <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> loading is strongly governed by two dimensionless vertical fluid flow parameters: a dimensionless unsaturated zone frequency, R, and a dimensionless aquifer frequency Qu. The differences between Q'u and Qu are generally small for aquifers which are highly sensitive to Earth tides. When Q'u and Qu are large, the response of the well to Earth tides and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> loading approaches the static response of the aquifer under confined <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. At small values of Q'u and Qu, well response to Earth tides and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> loading is strongly influenced by water table drainage. When R is large relative to Qu, the response to <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> loading is strongly influenced by attenuation and phase shift of the pneumatic pressure signal in the unsaturated zone. The presence of partial penetration retards phase advance in well response to Earth tides and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> loading. When the theoretical response of a phreatic well to Earth tides and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> loading is fit to the well response inferred from cross-spectral estimation, it is possible to obtain estimates of the pneumatic diffusivity of the unsaturated zone and the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780065063&hterms=radiance+rayleigh&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dradiance%2Brayleigh','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780065063&hterms=radiance+rayleigh&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dradiance%2Brayleigh"><span>Radiative transfer in spherical shell <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>. I - Rayleigh scattering</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Adams, C. N.; Kattawar, G. W.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>The plane-parallel approximation and the more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> spherical shell approximation for the radiance reflected from a planetary <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> are compared and are applied to the study of a planet the size of the earth with a homogeneous conservative Rayleigh scattering <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> extending to a height of 100 km. Inadequacies of the approximations are considered. Radiance versus height distributions for both single and multiple scattering are presented, as are results for the fractional radiance from altitudes in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> which contribute to the total unidirectional reflected radiance at the top of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. The data can be used for remote sensing applications and planetary spectroscopy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SPIE.5892...52L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SPIE.5892...52L"><span>Optimizing performance of hybrid FSO/RF networks in <span class="hlt">realistic</span> dynamic scenarios</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Llorca, Jaime; Desai, Aniket; Baskaran, Eswaran; Milner, Stuart; Davis, Christopher</p> <p>2005-08-01</p> <p>Hybrid Free Space Optical (FSO) and Radio Frequency (RF) networks promise highly available wireless broadband connectivity and quality of service (QoS), particularly suitable for emerging network applications involving extremely high data rate transmissions such as high quality video-on-demand and real-time surveillance. FSO links are prone to <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> obscuration (fog, clouds, snow, etc) and are difficult to align over long distances due the use of narrow laser beams and the effect of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> turbulence. These problems can be mitigated by using adjunct directional RF links, which provide backup connectivity. In this paper, methodologies for modeling and simulation of hybrid FSO/RF networks are described. Individual link propagation models are derived using scattering theory, as well as experimental measurements. MATLAB is used to generate <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> obscuration scenarios, including moving cloud layers at different altitudes. These scenarios are then imported into a network simulator (OPNET) to emulate mobile hybrid FSO/RF networks. This framework allows accurate analysis of the effects of node mobility, <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> obscuration and traffic demands on network performance, and precise evaluation of topology reconfiguration algorithms as they react to dynamic changes in the network. Results show how topology reconfiguration algorithms, together with enhancements to TCP/IP protocols which reduce the network response time, enable the network to rapidly detect and act upon link state changes in highly dynamic environments, ensuring optimized network performance and availability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910012744','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910012744"><span>Laboratory evaluation and application of microwave absorption properties under simulated <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Steffes, Paul G.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Laboratory measurements of microwave and millimeter wave properties of the simulated <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> of the outer planets and their satellites has continued. One of the focuses is on the development of a radiative transfer model of the Jovian <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> at wavelengths from 1 mm to 10 cm. This modeling effort led to laboratory measurements of the millimeter wave opacity of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) under simulated Jovian <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Descriptions of the modeling effort, the Laboratory experiment, and the observations are presented. Correlative studies of measurements with Pioneer-Venus radio occultation measurements with longer wavelength emission measurements have provided new ways for characterizing temporal and spatial variations in the abundance of both gases H2SO4 and SO2, and for modeling their roles in the subcloud <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. Laboratory measurements were conducted on 1.35 cm (and 13 cm) opacity of gaseous SO2 and absorptivity of gaseous SO2 at the 3.2 mm wavelength under simulated Venus <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Laboratory measurements were completed on millimeter wave dielectric properties of liquid H2SO4, in order to model the effects of the opacity of the clouds of Venus onto millimeter wave emission spectrum.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JChPh.118.5754G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JChPh.118.5754G"><span>A <span class="hlt">realistic</span> chemical system presenting a self-organized critical behavior</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gaveau, Bernard; Latrémolière, Daniel; Moreau, Michel</p> <p>2003-04-01</p> <p>We consider a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> example of chemical system which presents self-organized criticality. We can study the kinetic equations analytically, and show that the <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for self-organized criticality are satisfied. We find power relaxation laws for certain variables near the critical state, confirming the self-organized critical behavior.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24407659','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24407659"><span>DC electrophoresis and viscosity of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> salt-free concentrated suspensions: non-equilibrium dissociation-association processes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ruiz-Reina, Emilio; Carrique, Félix; Lechuga, Luis</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>Most of the suspensions usually found in industrial applications are concentrated, aqueous and in contact with the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> CO2. The case of suspensions with a high concentration of added salt is relatively well understood and has been considered in many studies. In this work we are concerned with the case of concentrated suspensions that have no ions different than: (1) those stemming from the charged colloidal particles (the added counterions, that counterbalance their surface charge); (2) the H(+) and OH(-) ions from water dissociation, and (3) the ions generated by the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> CO2 contamination. We call this kind of systems "<span class="hlt">realistic</span> salt-free suspensions". We show some theoretical results about the electrophoretic mobility of a colloidal particle and the electroviscous effect of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> salt-free concentrated suspensions. The theoretical framework is based on a cell model that accounts for particle-particle interactions in concentrated suspensions, which has been successfully applied to many different phenomena in concentrated suspensions. On the other hand, the water dissociation and CO2 contamination can be described following two different levels of approximation: (a) by local equilibrium mass-action equations, because it is supposed that the reactions are so fast that chemical equilibrium is attained everywhere in the suspension, or (b) by non-equilibrium dissociation-association kinetic equations, because it is considered that some reactions are not rapid enough to ensure local chemical equilibrium. Both approaches give rise to different results in the range from dilute to semidilute suspensions, causing possible discrepancies when comparing standard theories and experiments concerning transport properties of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> salt-free suspensions. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1615419H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1615419H"><span>Upper <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Response to the April 2010 Storm as Observed by GOCE, CHAMP, and GRACE and Modeled by TIME-GCM</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hagan, Maura; Häusler, Kathrin; Lu, Gang; Forbes, Jeffrey; Zhang, Xiaoli; Doornbos, Eelco; Bruinsma, Sean</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>We present the results of an investigation of the upper <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> during April 2010 when it was disturbed by a fast-moving coronal mass ejection. Our study is based on comparative analysis of observations made by the Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE), Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP), and Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites and a set of simulations with the National Center for <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Research (NCAR) thermosphere-ionosphere-mesosphere-electrodynamics general circulation model (TIME-GCM). We compare and contrast the satellite observations with TIME-GCM results from a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> simulation based on prevailing meteorological and solar geomagnetic <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. We diagnose the comparative importance of the upper <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> signatures attributable to meteorological forcing with those attributable to storm effects by diagnosing a series of complementary control TIME-GCM simulations. These results also quantify the extent to which lower and middle <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> sources of upper <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> variability precondition its response to the solar geomagnetic storm.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.734c2091H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.734c2091H"><span>Improving stamping simulation accuracy by accounting for <span class="hlt">realistic</span> friction and lubrication <span class="hlt">conditions</span>: Application to the door-outer of the Mercedes-Benz C-class Coupé</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hol, J.; Wiebenga, J. H.; Stock, J.; Wied, J.; Wiegand, K.; Carleer, B.</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>In the stamping of automotive parts, friction and lubrication play a key role in achieving high quality products. In the development process of new automotive parts, it is therefore crucial to accurately account for these effects in sheet metal forming simulations. Only then, one can obtain reliable and <span class="hlt">realistic</span> simulation results that correspond to the actual try-out and mass production <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. In this work, the TriboForm software is used to accurately account for tribology-, friction-, and lubrication <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in stamping simulations. The enhanced stamping simulations are applied and validated for the door-outer of the Mercedes- Benz C-Class Coupe. The project results demonstrate the improved prediction accuracy of stamping simulations with respect to both part quality and actual stamping process <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_6 --> <div id="page_7" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="121"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29104914','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29104914"><span>Hyper-<span class="hlt">realistic</span> face masks: a new challenge in person identification.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sanders, Jet Gabrielle; Ueda, Yoshiyuki; Minemoto, Kazusa; Noyes, Eilidh; Yoshikawa, Sakiko; Jenkins, Rob</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>We often identify people using face images. This is true in occupational settings such as passport control as well as in everyday social environments. Mapping between images and identities assumes that facial appearance is stable within certain bounds. For example, a person's apparent age, gender and ethnicity change slowly, if at all. It also assumes that deliberate changes beyond these bounds (i.e., disguises) would be easy to spot. Hyper-<span class="hlt">realistic</span> face masks overturn these assumptions by allowing the wearer to look like an entirely different person. If unnoticed, these masks break the link between facial appearance and personal identity, with clear implications for applied face recognition. However, to date, no one has assessed the realism of these masks, or specified <span class="hlt">conditions</span> under which they may be accepted as real faces. Herein, we examined incidental detection of unexpected but attended hyper-<span class="hlt">realistic</span> masks in both photographic and live presentations. Experiment 1 (UK; n = 60) revealed no evidence for overt detection of hyper-<span class="hlt">realistic</span> masks among real face photos, and little evidence of covert detection. Experiment 2 (Japan; n = 60) extended these findings to different masks, mask-wearers and participant pools. In Experiment 3 (UK and Japan; n = 407), passers-by failed to notice that a live confederate was wearing a hyper-<span class="hlt">realistic</span> mask and showed limited evidence of covert detection, even at close viewing distance (5 vs. 20 m). Across all of these studies, viewers accepted hyper-<span class="hlt">realistic</span> masks as real faces. Specific countermeasures will be required if detection rates are to be improved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AAS...23222004C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AAS...23222004C"><span>Improving Optical Absorption Models for Harsh Planetary <span class="hlt">Atmospheres</span>: Laboratory Spectroscopy at Venus Surface <span class="hlt">Conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cole, Ryan Kenneth; Schroeder, Paul James; Diego Draper, Anthony; Rieker, Gregory Brian</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Modelling absorption spectra in high pressure, high temperature environments is complicated by the increased relevance of higher order collisional phenomena (e.g. line mixing, collision-induced absorption, finite duration of collisions) that alter the spectral lineshape. Accurate reference spectroscopy in these <span class="hlt">conditions</span> is of interest for mineralogy and radiative transfer studies of Venus as well as other dense planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>. We present a new, high pressure, high temperature absorption spectroscopy facility at the University of Colorado Boulder. This facility employs a dual frequency comb absorption spectrometer to record broadband (500nm), high resolution (~0.002nm) spectra in <span class="hlt">conditions</span> comparable to the Venus surface (730K, 90bar). Measurements of the near-infrared spectrum of carbon dioxide at high pressure and temperature will be compared to modeled spectra extrapolated from the HITRAN 2016 database as well as other published models that include additional collisional physics. This comparison gives insight into the effectiveness of existing absorption databases for modeling the lower Venus <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> as well as the need to expand absorption models to suit these <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012RaPC...81..889U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012RaPC...81..889U"><span>Study and Optimization on graft polymerization under normal pressure and air <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, and its application to metal adsorbent</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ueki, Yuji; Chandra Dafader, Nirmal; Hoshina, Hiroyuki; Seko, Noriaki; Tamada, Masao</p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>Radiation-induced graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto non-woven polyethylene (NWPE) fabric was achieved under normal pressure and air <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, without using unique apparatus such as glass ampoules or vacuum lines. To attain graft polymerization under normal pressure and air <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, the effects of the pre-irradiation dose, pre-irradiation <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, pre-irradiation temperature, de-aeration of GMA-emulsion, grafting <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> in a reactor, and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in GMA-emulsion on the degree of grafting (Dg) were investigated in detail. It was found that the DO concentration had the strongest influence, the pre-irradiation dose, de-aeration of emulsion and grafting <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> had a relatively strong impact, and the pre-irradiation <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and pre-irradiation temperature had the least effect on Dg. The optimum DO concentration before grafting was 2.0 mg/L or less. When a polyethylene bottle was used as a reactor instead of a glass ampoule, graft polymerization under normal pressure and air <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> could be achieved under the following <span class="hlt">conditions</span>; the pre-irradiation dose was more than 50 kGy, the volume ratio of GMA-emulsion to air was 50:1 or less, and the DO concentration in GMA-emulsion during grafting was below 2.0 mg/L. Under these grafting <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, Dg was controlled within a range of up to 362%. The prepared GMA-grafted NWPE (GMA-g-NWPE) fabric was modified with a phosphoric acid to obtain an adsorbent for heavy metal ions. In the column-mode adsorption tests of Pb(II), the adsorption performance of the produced phosphorylated GMA-g-NWPE fabric (fibrous metal adsorbent) was not essentially dependent on the flow rate of the feed. The breakthrough points of 200, 500, and 1000 h-1 in space velocity were 483, 477 and 462 bed volumes, and the breakthrough capacities of the three flow rates were 1.16, 1.15 and 1.16 mmol-Pb(II)/g-adsorbent.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/53162','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/53162"><span><span class="hlt">Conditional</span> vulnerability of plant diversity to <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> nitrogen deposition across the United States</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Samuel M. Simkin; Edith B. Allen; William D. Bowman; Christopher M. Clark; Jayne Belnap; Matthew L. Brooks; Brian S. Cade; Scott L. Collins; Linda H. Geiser; Frank S. Gilliam; Sarah E. Jovan; Linda H. Pardo; Bethany K. Schulz; Carly J. Stevens; Katharine N. Suding; Heather L. Throop; Donald M. Waller</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> nitrogen (N) deposition has been shown to decrease plant species richness along regional deposition gradients in Europe and in experimental manipulations. However, the general response of species richness to N deposition across different vegetation types, soil <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, and climates remains largely unknown even though responses may be contingent on these...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhDT.......312T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhDT.......312T"><span>Aerosolization and <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Transformation of Engineered Nanoparticles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tiwari, Andrea J.</p> <p></p> <p>While research on the environmental impacts of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) is growing, the potential for them to be chemically transformed in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> has been largely ignored. The overall objective of this work was to assess the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transformation of carbonaceous nanoparticles (CNPs). The research focuses on C60 fullerene because it is an important member of the carbonaceous nanoparticle (CNP) family and is used in a wide variety of applications. The first specific objective was to review the potential of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transformations to alter the environmental impacts of CNPs. We described <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> processes that were likely to physically or chemically alter aerosolized CNPs and demonstrated their relevance to CNP behavior and toxicity in the aqueous and terrestrial environment. In order to investigate the transformations of CNP aerosols under controlled <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, we developed an aerosolization technique that produces nano-scale aerosols without using solvents, which can alter the surface chemistry of the aerosols. We demonstrated the technique with carbonaceous (C60) and metal oxide (TiO2, CeO2) nanoparticle powders. All resulting aerosols exhibited unimodal size distributions and mode particle diameters below 100 nm. We used the new aerosolization technique to investigate the reaction between aerosolized C60 and <span class="hlt">atmospherically</span> <span class="hlt">realistic</span> levels of ozone (O3) in terms of reaction products, reaction rate, and oxidative stress potential. We identified C60O, C60O2, and C60O3 as products of the C60-O3 reaction. We demonstrated that the oxidative stress potential of C 60 may be enhanced by exposure to O3. We found the pseudo-first order reaction rate to be 9 x 10-6 to 2 x 10 -5 s-1, which is several orders of magnitude lower than the rate for several PAH species under comparable <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. This research has demonstrated that a thorough understanding of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> chemistry of ENPs is critical for accurate prediction of their environmental</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.S51C2688O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.S51C2688O"><span>Inferring <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> weather <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in volcanic environments using infrasound</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ortiz, H. D.; Johnson, J. B.; Ruiz, M. C.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>We use infrasound produced by Tungurahua Volcano (Ecuador) to infer local time-varying <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, which can be used to improve gas flux measurements and tephra dispersal modeling. Physical properties of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, including wind and temperature (which controls adiabatic sound speed), can be quantified by studying the travel times of acoustic waves produced during volcanic activity. The travel times between Tungurahua's vent and five infrasound stations located in a network configuration over an area of 90 km2 were used in this study. We are able to quantify the arrival time differences of acoustic waves for ten unique station pairs and use this information to model the average speed of sound between source and receiver. To identify what parameters best fit the observed arrival times, we perform a grid search for a homogeneous two-dimensional wind velocity as well as for air temperature. Due to travel time dependence on the specific path taken by waves, we account for topography using a 5 meter resolution digital elevation model of Tungurahua. To investigate the time-varying <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> structure we use data recorded at Tungurahua volcano, during a strombolian eruptive phase in August 2012, however the methodology can be applied to continuous network infrasound data collected since July 2006 as part of the Japanese-Ecuadorian Cooperation Project: "Enhancement of the Volcano Monitoring Capacity in Ecuador". We propose that the computation of wind velocities will help to improve gas flux measurements that are based on remote sensing techniques like Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS), resulting in better estimates of sulfur fluxes that can then be related to magma fluxing into the volcanic system. Further, wind field quantification close to the volcano can improve numerical models that are used to forecast tephra deposits, thereby helping to mitigate their effect on inhabitants, infrastructure, livestock, and crops.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9833E..02P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9833E..02P"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> propagation of high power laser radiation at different weather <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pargmann, Carsten; Hall, Thomas; Duschek, Frank; Handke, Jürgen</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Applications based on the propagation of high power laser radiation through the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> are limited in range and effect, due to weather dependent beam wandering, beam deterioration, and scattering processes. Security and defense related application examples are countermeasures against hostile projectiles and the powering of satellites and aircrafts. For an examination of the correlations between weather <span class="hlt">condition</span> and laser beam characteristics DLR operates at Lampoldshausen a 130 m long free transmission laser test range. Sensors around this test range continuously monitor turbulence strength, visibility, precipitation, temperature, and wind speed. High power laser radiation is obtained by a TruDisk 6001 disk laser (Trumpf company) yielding a maximum output power of 6 kW at a wavelength of 1030 nm. The laser beam is expanded to 180 mm and focused along the beam path. Power and intensity distribution are measured before and after propagation, providing information about the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transmission and alterations of diameter and position of the laser beam. Backscattered laser light is acquired by a photo receiver. As a result, measurements performed at different weather <span class="hlt">conditions</span> show a couple of correlations to the characteristics of the laser beam. The experimental results are compared to a numerical analysis. The calculations are based on the Maxwell wave equation in Fresnel approximation. The turbulence is considered by the introduction of phase screens and the "von Karman" spectrum.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ACPD...14.9647B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ACPD...14.9647B"><span>An attempt at estimating Paris area CO2 emissions from <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> concentration measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bréon, F. M.; Broquet, G.; Puygrenier, V.; Chevallier, F.; Xueref-Rémy, I.; Ramonet, M.; Dieudonné, E.; Lopez, M.; Schmidt, M.; Perrussel, O.; Ciais, P.</p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> concentration measurements are used to adjust the daily to monthly budget of CO2 emissions from the AirParif inventory of the Paris agglomeration. We use 5 <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> monitoring sites including one at the top of the Eiffel tower. The <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> inversion is based on a Bayesian approach, and relies on an <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transport model with a spatial resolution of 2 km with boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> from a global coarse grid transport model. The inversion tool adjusts the CO2 fluxes (anthropogenic and biogenic) with a temporal resolution of 6 h, assuming temporal correlation of emissions uncertainties within the daily cycle and from day to day, while keeping the a priori spatial distribution from the emission inventory. The inversion significantly improves the agreement between measured and modelled concentrations. However, the amplitude of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transport errors is often large compared to the CO2 gradients between the sites that are used to estimate the fluxes, in particular for the Eiffel tower station. In addition, we sometime observe large model-measurement differences upwind from the Paris agglomeration, which confirms the large and poorly constrained contribution from distant sources and sinks included in the prescribed CO2 boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> These results suggest that (i) the Eiffel measurements at 300 m above ground cannot be used with the current system and (ii) the inversion shall rely on the measured upwind-downwind gradients rather than the raw mole fraction measurements. With such setup, <span class="hlt">realistic</span> emissions are retrieved for two 30 day periods. Similar inversions over longer periods are necessary for a proper evaluation of the results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24549165','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24549165"><span>Protocol for an HTA report: Does therapeutic writing help people with long-term <span class="hlt">conditions</span>? Systematic review, <span class="hlt">realist</span> synthesis and economic modelling.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Meads, C; Nyssen, O P; Wong, G; Steed, L; Bourke, L; Ross, C A; Hayman, S; Field, V; Lord, J; Greenhalgh, T; Taylor, S J C</p> <p>2014-02-18</p> <p>Long-term medical <span class="hlt">conditions</span> (LTCs) cause reduced health-related quality of life and considerable health service expenditure. Writing therapy has potential to improve physical and mental health in people with LTCs, but its effectiveness is not established. This project aims to establish the clinical and cost-effectiveness of therapeutic writing in LTCs by systematic review and economic evaluation, and to evaluate context and mechanisms by which it might work, through <span class="hlt">realist</span> synthesis. Included are any comparative study of therapeutic writing compared with no writing, waiting list, attention control or placebo writing in patients with any diagnosed LTCs that report at least one of the following: relevant clinical outcomes; quality of life; health service use; psychological, behavioural or social functioning; adherence or adverse events. Searches will be conducted in the main medical databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, The Cochrane Library and Science Citation Index. For the <span class="hlt">realist</span> review, further purposive and iterative searches through snowballing techniques will be undertaken. Inclusions, data extraction and quality assessment will be in duplicate with disagreements resolved through discussion. Quality assessment will include using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. Data synthesis will be narrative and tabular with meta-analysis where appropriate. De novo economic modelling will be attempted in one clinical area if sufficient evidence is available and performed according to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) reference case.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012APh....35..591P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012APh....35..591P"><span>Description of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> at the Pierre Auger Observatory using the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pierre Auger Collaboration; Abreu, P.; Aglietta, M.; Ahlers, M.; Ahn, E. J.; Albuquerque, I. F. M.; Allard, D.; Allekotte, I.; Allen, J.; Allison, P.; Almela, A.; Alvarez Castillo, J.; Alvarez-Muñiz, J.; Ambrosio, M.; Aminaei, A.; Anchordoqui, L.; Andringa, S.; Antiči'C, T.; Aramo, C.; Arganda, E.; Arqueros, F.; Asorey, H.; Assis, P.; Aublin, J.; Ave, M.; Avenier, M.; Avila, G.; Bäcker, T.; Badescu, A. M.; Balzer, M.; Barber, K. B.; Barbosa, A. F.; Bardenet, R.; Barroso, S. L. C.; Baughman, B.; Bäuml, J.; Beatty, J. J.; Becker, B. R.; Becker, K. H.; Bellétoile, A.; Bellido, J. A.; Benzvi, S.; Berat, C.; Bertou, X.; Biermann, P. L.; Billoir, P.; Blanco, F.; Blanco, M.; Bleve, C.; Blümer, H.; Boháčová, M.; Boncioli, D.; Bonifazi, C.; Bonino, R.; Borodai, N.; Brack, J.; Brancus, I.; Brogueira, P.; Brown, W. C.; Bruijn, R.; Buchholz, P.; Bueno, A.; Burton, R. E.; Caballero-Mora, K. S.; Caccianiga, B.; Caramete, L.; Caruso, R.; Castellina, A.; Catalano, O.; Cataldi, G.; Cazon, L.; Cester, R.; Chauvin, J.; Cheng, S. H.; Chiavassa, A.; Chinellato, J. A.; Chirinos Diaz, J.; Chudoba, J.; Clay, R. W.; Coluccia, M. R.; Conceição, R.; Contreras, F.; Cook, H.; Cooper, M. J.; Coppens, J.; Cordier, A.; Coutu, S.; Covault, C. E.; Creusot, A.; Criss, A.; Cronin, J.; Curutiu, A.; Dagoret-Campagne, S.; Dallier, R.; Daniel, B.; Dasso, S.; Daumiller, K.; Dawson, B. R.; de Almeida, R. M.; de Domenico, M.; de Donato, C.; de Jong, S. J.; de La Vega, G.; de Mello Junior, W. J. M.; de Mello Neto, J. R. T.; de Mitri, I.; de Souza, V.; de Vries, K. D.; Del Peral, L.; Del Río, M.; Deligny, O.; Dembinski, H.; Dhital, N.; di Giulio, C.; Díaz Castro, M. L.; Diep, P. N.; Diogo, F.; Dobrigkeit, C.; Docters, W.; D'Olivo, J. C.; Dong, P. N.; Dorofeev, A.; Dos Anjos, J. C.; Dova, M. T.; D'Urso, D.; Dutan, I.; Ebr, J.; Engel, R.; Erdmann, M.; Escobar, C. O.; Espadanal, J.; Etchegoyen, A.; Facal San Luis, P.; Fajardo Tapia, I.; Falcke, H.; Farrar, G.; Fauth, A. C.; Fazzini, N.; Ferguson, A. P.; Fick, B.; Filevich, A.; Filipčič, A.; Fliescher, S.; Fracchiolla, C. E.; Fraenkel, E. D.; Fratu, O.; Fröhlich, U.; Fuchs, B.; Gaior, R.; Gamarra, R. F.; Gambetta, S.; García, B.; Garcia Roca, S. T.; Garcia-Gamez, D.; Garcia-Pinto, D.; Gascon, A.; Gemmeke, H.; Ghia, P. L.; Giaccari, U.; Giller, M.; Glass, H.; Gold, M. S.; Golup, G.; Gomez Albarracin, F.; Gómez Berisso, M.; Gómez Vitale, P. F.; Gonçalves, P.; Gonzalez, D.; Gonzalez, J. G.; Gookin, B.; Gorgi, A.; Gouffon, P.; Grashorn, E.; Grebe, S.; Griffith, N.; Grigat, M.; Grillo, A. F.; Guardincerri, Y.; Guarino, F.; Guedes, G. P.; Guzman, A.; Hansen, P.; Harari, D.; Harrison, T. A.; Harton, J. L.; Haungs, A.; Hebbeker, T.; Heck, D.; Herve, A. E.; Hojvat, C.; Hollon, N.; Holmes, V. C.; Homola, P.; Hörandel, J. R.; Horneffer, A.; Horvath, P.; Hrabovský, M.; Huber, D.; Huege, T.; Insolia, A.; Ionita, F.; Italiano, A.; Jarne, C.; Jiraskova, S.; Josebachuili, M.; Kadija, K.; Kampert, K. H.; Karhan, P.; Kasper, P.; Kégl, B.; Keilhauer, B.; Keivani, A.; Kelley, J. L.; Kemp, E.; Kieckhafer, R. M.; Klages, H. O.; Kleifges, M.; Kleinfeller, J.; Knapp, J.; Koang, D.-H.; Kotera, K.; Krohm, N.; Krömer, O.; Kruppke-Hansen, D.; Kuehn, F.; Kuempel, D.; Kulbartz, J. K.; Kunka, N.; La Rosa, G.; Lachaud, C.; Lahurd, D.; Latronico, L.; Lauer, R.; Lautridou, P.; Le Coz, S.; Leão, M. S. A. B.; Lebrun, D.; Lebrun, P.; Leigui de Oliveira, M. A.; Letessier-Selvon, A.; Lhenry-Yvon, I.; Link, K.; López, R.; Lopez Agüera, A.; Louedec, K.; Lozano Bahilo, J.; Lu, L.; Lucero, A.; Ludwig, M.; Lyberis, H.; Maccarone, M. C.; Macolino, C.; Maldera, S.; Mandat, D.; Mantsch, P.; Mariazzi, A. G.; Marin, J.; Marin, V.; Maris, I. C.; Marquez Falcon, H. R.; Marsella, G.; Martello, D.; Martin, L.; Martinez, H.; Martínez Bravo, O.; Mathes, H. J.; Matthews, J.; Matthews, J. A. J.; Matthiae, G.; Maurel, D.; Maurizio, D.; Mazur, P. O.; Medina-Tanco, G.; Melissas, M.; Melo, D.; Menichetti, E.; Menshikov, A.; Mertsch, P.; Meurer, C.; Mi'Canovi'C, S.; Micheletti, M. I.; Minaya, I. A.; Miramonti, L.; Molina-Bueno, L.; Mollerach, S.; Monasor, M.; Monnier Ragaigne, D.; Montanet, F.; Morales, B.; Morello, C.; Moreno, E.; Moreno, J. C.; Mostafá, M.; Moura, C. A.; Muller, M. A.; Müller, G.; Münchmeyer, M.; Mussa, R.; Navarra, G.; Navarro, J. L.; Navas, S.; Necesal, P.; Nellen, L.; Nelles, A.; Neuser, J.; Nhung, P. T.; Niechciol, M.; Niemietz, L.; Nierstenhoefer, N.; Nitz, D.; Nosek, D.; Nožka, L.; Oehlschläger, J.; Olinto, A.; Ortiz, M.; Pacheco, N.; Pakk Selmi-Dei, D.; Palatka, M.; Pallotta, J.; Palmieri, N.; Parente, G.; Parizot, E.; Parra, A.; Pastor, S.; Paul, T.; Pech, M.; Pȩkala, J.; Pelayo, R.; Pepe, I. M.; Perrone, L.; Pesce, R.; Petermann, E.; Petrera, S.; Petrinca, P.; Petrolini, A.; Petrov, Y.; Pfendner, C.; Piegaia, R.; Pierog, T.; Pieroni, P.; Pimenta, M.; Pirronello, V.; Platino, M.; Ponce, V. H.; Pontz, M.; Porcelli, A.; Privitera, P.; Prouza, M.; Quel, E. J.; Querchfeld, S.; Rautenberg, J.; Ravel, O.; Ravignani, D.; Revenu, B.; Ridky, J.; Riggi, S.; Risse, M.; Ristori, P.; Rivera, H.; Rizi, V.; Roberts, J.; Rodrigues de Carvalho, W.; Rodriguez, G.; Rodriguez Martino, J.; Rodriguez Rojo, J.; Rodriguez-Cabo, I.; Rodríguez-Frías, M. D.; Ros, G.; Rosado, J.; Rossler, T.; Roth, M.; Rouillé-D'Orfeuil, B.; Roulet, E.; Rovero, A. C.; Rühle, C.; Saftoiu, A.; Salamida, F.; Salazar, H.; Salesa Greus, F.; Salina, G.; Sánchez, F.; Santo, C. E.; Santos, E.; Santos, E. M.; Sarazin, F.; Sarkar, B.; Sarkar, S.; Sato, R.; Scharf, N.; Scherini, V.; Schieler, H.; Schiffer, P.; Schmidt, A.; Scholten, O.; Schoorlemmer, H.; Schovancova, J.; Schovánek, P.; Schröder, F.; Schulte, S.; Schuster, D.; Sciutto, S. J.; Scuderi, M.; Segreto, A.; Settimo, M.; Shadkam, A.; Shellard, R. C.; Sidelnik, I.; Sigl, G.; Silva Lopez, H. H.; Sima, O.; 'Smiałkowski, A.; Šmída, R.; Snow, G. R.; Sommers, P.; Sorokin, J.; Spinka, H.; Squartini, R.; Srivastava, Y. N.; Stanic, S.; Stapleton, J.; Stasielak, J.; Stephan, M.; Stutz, A.; Suarez, F.; Suomijärvi, T.; Supanitsky, A. D.; Šuša, T.; Sutherland, M. S.; Swain, J.; Szadkowski, Z.; Szuba, M.; Tapia, A.; Tartare, M.; Taşcău, O.; Tavera Ruiz, C. G.; Tcaciuc, R.; Thao, N. T.; Thomas, D.; Tiffenberg, J.; Timmermans, C.; Tkaczyk, W.; Todero Peixoto, C. J.; Toma, G.; Tomankova, L.; Tomé, B.; Tonachini, A.; Travnicek, P.; Tridapalli, D. B.; Tristram, G.; Trovato, E.; Tueros, M.; Ulrich, R.; Unger, M.; Urban, M.; Valdés Galicia, J. F.; Valiño, I.; Valore, L.; van den Berg, A. M.; Varela, E.; Vargascárdenas, B.; Vázquez, J. R.; Vázquez, R. A.; Veberič, D.; Verzi, V.; Vicha, J.; Videla, M.; Villaseñor, L.; Wahlberg, H.; Wahrlich, P.; Wainberg, O.; Walz, D.; Watson, A. A.; Weber, M.; Weidenhaupt, K.; Weindl, A.; Werner, F.; Westerhoff, S.; Whelan, B. J.; Widom, A.; Wieczorek, G.; Wiencke, L.; Wilczyńska, B.; Wilczyński, H.; Will, M.; Williams, C.; Winchen, T.; Wommer, M.; Wundheiler, B.; Yamamoto, T.; Yapici, T.; Younk, P.; Yuan, G.; Yushkov, A.; Zamorano, B.; Zas, E.; Zavrtanik, D.; Zavrtanik, M.; Zaw, I.; Zepeda, A.; Zhu, Y.; Zimbres Silva, M.; Ziolkowski, M.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> at the site of a cosmic ray observatory must be known for reconstructing observed extensive air showers. The Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) is a global <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model predicated on meteorological measurements and numerical weather predictions. GDAS provides altitude-dependent profiles of the main state variables of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> like temperature, pressure, and humidity. The original data and their application to the air shower reconstruction of the Pierre Auger Observatory are described. By comparisons with radiosonde and weather station measurements obtained on-site in Malargüe and averaged monthly models, the utility of the GDAS data is shown.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1034827','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1034827"><span>Description of <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">Conditions</span> at the Pierre Auger Observatory using the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Abreu, P.; /Lisbon, IST; Aglietta, M.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> at the site of a cosmic ray observatory must be known for reconstructing observed extensive air showers. The Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) is a global <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model predicated on meteorological measurements and numerical weather predictions. GDAS provides altitude-dependent profiles of the main state variables of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> like temperature, pressure, and humidity. The original data and their application to the air shower reconstruction of the Pierre Auger Observatory are described. By comparisons with radiosonde and weather station measurements obtained on-site in Malargue and averaged monthly models, the utility of the GDAS data is shown.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22465627-moist-boussinesq-shallow-water-equations-set-testing-atmospheric-models','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22465627-moist-boussinesq-shallow-water-equations-set-testing-atmospheric-models"><span>A moist Boussinesq shallow water equations set for testing <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Zerroukat, M., E-mail: mohamed.zerroukat@metoffice.gov.uk; Allen, T.</p> <p></p> <p>The shallow water equations have long been used as an initial test for numerical methods applied to <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> models with the test suite of Williamson et al. being used extensively for validating new schemes and assessing their accuracy. However the lack of physics forcing within this simplified framework often requires numerical techniques to be reworked when applied to fully three dimensional models. In this paper a novel two-dimensional shallow water equations system that retains moist processes is derived. This system is derived from three-dimensional Boussinesq approximation of the hydrostatic Euler equations where, unlike the classical shallow water set, we allowmore » the density to vary slightly with temperature. This results in extra (or buoyancy) terms for the momentum equations, through which a two-way moist-physics dynamics feedback is achieved. The temperature and moisture variables are advected as separate tracers with sources that interact with the mean-flow through a simplified yet <span class="hlt">realistic</span> bulk moist-thermodynamic phase-change model. This moist shallow water system provides a unique tool to assess the usually complex and highly non-linear dynamics–physics interactions in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> models in a simple yet <span class="hlt">realistic</span> way. The full non-linear shallow water equations are solved numerically on several case studies and the results suggest quite <span class="hlt">realistic</span> interaction between the dynamics and physics and in particular the generation of cloud and rain. - Highlights: • Novel shallow water equations which retains moist processes are derived from the three-dimensional hydrostatic Boussinesq equations. • The new shallow water set can be seen as a more general one, where the classical equations are a special case of these equations. • This moist shallow water system naturally allows a feedback mechanism from the moist physics increments to the momentum via buoyancy. • Like full models, temperature and moistures are advected as tracers that</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990040668','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990040668"><span>Modeling the Performance of Direct-Detection Doppler Lidar Systems in Real <span class="hlt">Atmospheres</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>McGill, Matthew J.; Hart, William D.; McKay, Jack A.; Spinhirne, James D.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>Previous modeling of the performance of spaceborne direct-detection Doppler lidar systems has assumed extremely idealized <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> models. Here we develop a technique for modeling the performance of these systems in a more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, based on actual airborne lidar observations. The resulting <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model contains cloud and aerosol variability that is absent in other simulations of spaceborne Doppler lidar instruments. To produce a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> simulation of daytime performance, we include solar radiance values that are based on actual measurements and are allowed to vary as the viewing scene changes. Simulations are performed for two types of direct-detection Doppler lidar systems: the double-edge and the multi-channel techniques. Both systems were optimized to measure winds from Rayleigh backscatter at 355 nm. Simulations show that the measurement uncertainty during daytime is degraded by only about 10-20% compared to nighttime performance, provided a proper solar filter is included in the instrument design.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/508715-islscp-initiative-global-datasets-surface-boundary-conditions-atmospheric-forcings-land-atmosphere-studies','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/508715-islscp-initiative-global-datasets-surface-boundary-conditions-atmospheric-forcings-land-atmosphere-studies"><span>The ISLSCP initiative I global datasets: Surface boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> forcings for land-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> studies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sellers, P.J.; Collatz, J.; Koster, R.</p> <p>1996-09-01</p> <p>A comprehensive series of global datasets for land-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> models has been collected, formatted to a common grid, and released on a set of CD-ROMs. This paper describes the motivation for and the contents of the dataset. In June of 1992, an interdisciplinary earth science workshop was convened in Columbia, Maryland, to assess progress in land-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> research, specifically in the areas of models, satellite data algorithms, and field experiments. At the workshop, representatives of the land-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> modeling community defined a need for global datasets to prescribe boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, initialize state variables, and provide near-surface meteorological and radiative forcings for their models.more » The International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP), a part of the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment, worked with the Distributed Active Archive Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center to bring the required datasets together in a usable format. The data have since been released on a collection of CD-ROMs. The datasets on the CD-ROMs are grouped under the following headings: vegetation; hydrology and soils; snow, ice, and oceans; radiation and clouds; and near-surface meteorology. All datasets cover the period 1987-88, and all but a few are spatially continuous over the earth`s land surface. All have been mapped to a common 1{degree} x 1{degree} equal-angle grid. The temporal frequency for most of the datasets is monthly. A few of the near-surface meteorological parameters are available both as six-hourly values and as monthly means. 26 refs., 8 figs., 2 tabs.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.6800S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.6800S"><span>Evaporation from soils subjected to natural boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> at the land-<span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> interface</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Smits, K.; Illngasekare, T.; Ngo, V.; Cihan, A.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>Bare soil evaporation is a key process for water exchange between the land and the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and an important component of the water balance in semiarid and arid regions. However, there is no agreement on the best methodology to determine evaporation under different boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> at the land surface. This becomes critical in developing models that couples land to the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. Because it is difficult to measure evaporation from soil, with the exception of using lysimeters, numerous formulations have been proposed to establish a relationship between the rate of evaporation and soil moisture and/or soil temperature and thermal properties. Different formulations vary in how they partition available energy. A need exists to systematically compare existing methods to experimental data under highly controlled <span class="hlt">conditions</span> not achievable in the field. The goal of this work is to perform controlled experiments under transient <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of soil moisture, temperature and wind at the land/<span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> interface to test different conceptual and mathematical formulations for the soil surface boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> to develop appropriate numerical models to be used in simulations. In this study, to better understand the coupled water-vapor-heat flow processes in the shallow subsurface near the land surface, we modified a previously developed theory by Smits et al. [2011] that allows non-equilibrium liquid/gas phase change with gas phase vapor diffusion to better account for dry soil <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The model did not implement fitting parameters such as a vapor enhancement factor that is commonly introduced into the vapor diffusion coefficient as an arbitrary multiplication factor. In order to experimentally test the numerical formulations/code, we performed a two-dimensional physical model experiment under varying boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> using test sand for which the hydraulic and thermal properties were well characterized. Precision data under well-controlled transient heat and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.3482L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.3482L"><span>Influence of different land surfaces on <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> measured by a wireless sensor network</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lengfeld, Katharina; Ament, Felix</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> close to the surface, like temperature, wind speed and humidity, vary on small scales because of surface heterogeneities. Therefore, the traditional measuring approach of using a single, highly accurate station is of limited representativeness for a larger domain, because it is not able to determine these small scale variabilities. However, both the variability and the domain averages are important information for the development and validation of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> models and soil-vegetation-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>-transfer (SVAT) schemes. Due to progress in microelectronics it is possible to construct networks of comparably cheap meteorological stations with moderate accuracy. Such a network provides data in high spatial and temporal resolution. The EPFL Lausanne developed such a network called SensorScope, consisting of low cost autonomous stations. Each station observes air and surface temperature, humidity, wind direction and speed, incoming solar radiation, precipitations, soil moisture and soil temperature and sends the data via radio communication to a base station. This base station forwards the collected data via GSM/GPRS to a central server. Within the FLUXPAT project in August 2009 we deployed 15 stations as a twin transect near Jülich, Germany. One aim of this first experiment was to test the quality of the low cost sensors by comparing them to more accurate reference measurements. It turned out, that although the network is not highly accurate, the measurements are consistent. Consequently an analysis of the pattern of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> is feasible. For example, we detect a variability of ± 0.5K in the mean temperature at a distance of only 2.3 km. The transect covers different types of vegetation and a small river. Therefore, we analyzed the influence of different land surfaces and the distance to the river on meteorological <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. On the one hand, some results meet our expectations, e.g. the relative humidity decreases with increasing</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17151753','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17151753"><span>Ultraviolet light propagation under low visibility <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and its application to aircraft landing aid.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lavigne, Claire; Durand, Gérard; Roblin, Antoine</p> <p>2006-12-20</p> <p>Light scattering in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> by particles and molecules gives rise to an aureole surrounding the source image that tends to reduce the contrast of the source with respect to the background. However, UV scattering phase functions of the haze droplets present a very important forward peak. The spreading of a detected signal in the UV is not as important as in the case of a clear <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> where Rayleigh scattering predominates. This physical property has to be taken into account to evaluate the potential of UV radiation as an aircraft landing aid under low visibility <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Different results characterizing UV runway lights, simulations of UV radiation propagation in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, and the use of a simple detection algorithm applied to one particular sensor are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=255796','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=255796"><span>Modified <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> packaging for fresh-cut ‘Kent’ mango under common retail display <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>A modified <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> package (MAP) was designed to optimize the quality and shelf-life of fresh-cut ‘Kent’ mango during exposure to common retail display <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The synergism between the MAP system and an antioxidant treatment (calcium ascorbate and citric acid) was also investigated. Mango sl...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870015826','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870015826"><span>Laboratory evaluation and application of microwave absorption properties under simulated <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Steffes, Paul G.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>Laboratory measurements were conducted to evaluate properties of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> gases under simulated <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for the outer planets. A significant addition to this effort was the capability to make such measurements at millimeter wavelengths. Measurements should soon be completed on the millimeter wave absorption from ammonia under Jovian <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Also studied will be the feasibility of measuring the microwave and millimeter wave properties of phosphine (PH3) under simulated Jovian <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Further analysis and application of the laboratory results to microwave and millimeter wave absorption data for the outer planet, such as Voyager Radio Occultation experiments, will be pursued.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMSA43B2149L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMSA43B2149L"><span>Day-to-day ionospheric variability due to lower <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> perturbations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, H.; Yudin, V. A.; Roble, R. G.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Ionospheric day-to-day variability is a ubiquitous feature, even in the absence of appreciable geomagnetic activities. Although meteorological perturbations have been recognized as an important source of the variability, it is not well represented in previous modeling studies, and the mechanism is not well understood. This study demonstrates that TIME-GCM (Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model) constrained in the stratosphere and mesosphere by the hourly Whole <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> Community Climate Model (WACCM) simulations is capable of reproducing observed features of day-to-day variability in the thermosphere-ionosphere. <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> weather patterns in the lower <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> in WACCM was specified by Modern Era Retrospective reanalysis for Research and Application (MERRA). The day-to-day variations in mean zonal wind, migrating and non-migrating tides in the thermosphere, vertical and zonal ExB drifts, and ionosphere F2 layer peak electron density (NmF2) are examined. The standard deviations of the drifts and NmF2 display local time and longitudinal dependence that compare favorably with observations. Their magnitudes are 50% or more of those from observations. The day-to-day thermosphere and ionosphere variability in the model is primarily caused by the perturbations originated in lower <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, since the model simulation is under constant solar minimum and low geomagnetic <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_7 --> <div id="page_8" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="141"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160005039','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160005039"><span>Filter Media Tests Under Simulated Martian <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">Conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Agui, Juan H.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Human exploration of Mars will require the optimal utilization of planetary resources. One of its abundant resources is the Martian <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> that can be harvested through filtration and chemical processes that purify and separate it into its gaseous and elemental constituents. Effective filtration needs to be part of the suite of resource utilization technologies. A unique testing platform is being used which provides the relevant operational and instrumental capabilities to test articles under the proper simulated Martian <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. A series of tests were conducted to assess the performance of filter media. Light sheet imaging of the particle flow provided a means of detecting and quantifying particle concentrations to determine capturing efficiencies. The media's efficiency was also evaluated by gravimetric means through a by-layer filter media configuration. These tests will help to establish techniques and methods for measuring capturing efficiency and arrestance of conventional fibrous filter media. This paper will describe initial test results on different filter media.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3932001','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3932001"><span>Protocol for an HTA report: Does therapeutic writing help people with long-term <span class="hlt">conditions</span>? Systematic review, <span class="hlt">realist</span> synthesis and economic modelling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Meads, C; Nyssen, O P; Wong, G; Steed, L; Bourke, L; Ross, C A; Hayman, S; Field, V; Lord, J; Greenhalgh, T; Taylor, S J C</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Introduction Long-term medical <span class="hlt">conditions</span> (LTCs) cause reduced health-related quality of life and considerable health service expenditure. Writing therapy has potential to improve physical and mental health in people with LTCs, but its effectiveness is not established. This project aims to establish the clinical and cost-effectiveness of therapeutic writing in LTCs by systematic review and economic evaluation, and to evaluate context and mechanisms by which it might work, through <span class="hlt">realist</span> synthesis. Methods Included are any comparative study of therapeutic writing compared with no writing, waiting list, attention control or placebo writing in patients with any diagnosed LTCs that report at least one of the following: relevant clinical outcomes; quality of life; health service use; psychological, behavioural or social functioning; adherence or adverse events. Searches will be conducted in the main medical databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, The Cochrane Library and Science Citation Index. For the <span class="hlt">realist</span> review, further purposive and iterative searches through snowballing techniques will be undertaken. Inclusions, data extraction and quality assessment will be in duplicate with disagreements resolved through discussion. Quality assessment will include using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. Data synthesis will be narrative and tabular with meta-analysis where appropriate. De novo economic modelling will be attempted in one clinical area if sufficient evidence is available and performed according to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) reference case. PMID:24549165</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7169805','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7169805"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> optical calibration system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Hulstrom, R.L.; Cannon, T.W.</p> <p>1988-10-25</p> <p>An <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> optical calibration system is provided to compare actual <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> optical <span class="hlt">conditions</span> to standard <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> optical <span class="hlt">conditions</span> on the basis of aerosol optical depth, relative air mass, and diffuse horizontal skylight to global horizontal photon flux ratio. An indicator can show the extent to which the actual <span class="hlt">conditions</span> vary from standard <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Aerosol scattering and absorption properties, diffuse horizontal skylight to global horizontal photon flux ratio, and precipitable water vapor determined on a real-time basis for optical and pressure measurements are also used to generate a computer spectral model and for correcting actual performance response of a photovoltaic device to standard <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> optical <span class="hlt">condition</span> response on a real-time basis as the device is being tested in actual outdoor <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. 7 figs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/866746','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/866746"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> optical calibration system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Hulstrom, Roland L.; Cannon, Theodore W.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>An <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> optical calibration system is provided to compare actual <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> optical <span class="hlt">conditions</span> to standard <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> optical <span class="hlt">conditions</span> on the basis of aerosol optical depth, relative air mass, and diffuse horizontal skylight to global horizontal photon flux ratio. An indicator can show the extent to which the actual <span class="hlt">conditions</span> vary from standard <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Aerosol scattering and absorption properties, diffuse horizontal skylight to global horizontal photon flux ratio, and precipitable water vapor determined on a real-time basis for optical and pressure measurements are also used to generate a computer spectral model and for correcting actual performance response of a photovoltaic device to standard <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> optical <span class="hlt">condition</span> response on a real-time basis as the device is being tested in actual outdoor <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26658010','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26658010"><span>Visible spectroscopy as a tool for the assessment of storage <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of fresh pork packaged in modified <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Spanos, Dimitrios; Christensen, Mette; Tørngren, Mari Ann; Baron, Caroline P</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>The storage <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of fresh meat are known to impact its colour and microbial shelf life. In the present study, visible spectroscopy was evaluated as a method to assess meat storage <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and its optimisation. Fresh pork steaks (longissimus thoracis et lumborum and semimembranosus) were placed in modified <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> packaging using gas mixtures containing 0, 40, 50, and 80% oxygen, and stored with or without light for up to 9days. Principal component analysis of visible reflectance spectra (400-700nm) showed that the colour of the different meat cuts was affected by presence of oxygen, illumination, and storage time. Differences in the oxygen levels did not contribute to the observed variance. Predictive models based on partial least squares regression-discriminant analysis exhibited high potency in the classification of the storage parameters of meat cuts packaged in modified <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. The study demonstrates the applicability of visible spectroscopy as a tool to assess the storage <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of meat cuts packaged in modified <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmEn.132..317B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmEn.132..317B"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> composition in the Eastern Mediterranean: Influence of biomass burning during summertime using the WRF-Chem model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bossioli, E.; Tombrou, M.; Kalogiros, J.; Allan, J.; Bacak, A.; Bezantakos, S.; Biskos, G.; Coe, H.; Jones, B. T.; Kouvarakis, G.; Mihalopoulos, N.; Percival, C. J.</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>The composition of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> over the Aegean Sea (AS) during an 'Etesian' outbreak under the influence of biomass burning (BB) activity is investigated. Simulations with the fully coupled WRF-Chem model during the Aegean-GAME campaign (29/8-9/9/2011) are used to examine the BB effect over the region. Two distinct Etesian flow patterns characterized by different transport <span class="hlt">conditions</span> are analysed. The influence of the off-line calculated BB emissions on the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> chemical composition over the AS under these <span class="hlt">conditions</span> is estimated. In addition, sensitivity runs are used to examine the influence of the biogenic emissions calculated on-line and the <span class="hlt">realistic</span> representation of the stratosphere-troposphere exchange processes are investigated through the time-varying chemical boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> from the MOZART global chemical transport model. The horizontal and vertical distributions of gaseous and aerosol species are simulated under long-range transport <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and interpreted in relation to the evolution of the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL). In the case of a weaker synoptic system (medium-range transport <span class="hlt">conditions</span>), even a small variability of meteorological parameters in limited areas become critical for the spatial distribution of gases and aerosols. The BB activity increases O3, PM2.5 and organic matter concentrations up to 5.5 ppb, 5.8 μg m-3 and 3.3 μg m-3, respectively. The spatial extent of the simulated BB plumes is further examined by comparison with airborne measurements of hydrogen cyanide (HCN). The estimated effect of biogenic emissions on O3 and PM2.5 concentrations is either positive or negative (±6 ppb for O3 and up to ± 1 μg m-3 for PM2.5) depending on the emission algorithm employed. The <span class="hlt">realistic</span> representation of the chemical boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> reproduces an observed layer rich in O3 above 4 km, but also increases O3 concentrations inside the PBL by up to 40%.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2828434','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2828434"><span>A <span class="hlt">realist</span> evaluation of the management of a well- performing regional hospital in Ghana</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Background <span class="hlt">Realist</span> evaluation offers an interesting approach to evaluation of interventions in complex settings, but has been little applied in health care. We report on a <span class="hlt">realist</span> case study of a well performing hospital in Ghana and show how such a <span class="hlt">realist</span> evaluation design can help to overcome the limited external validity of a traditional case study. Methods We developed a <span class="hlt">realist</span> evaluation framework for hypothesis formulation, data collection, data analysis and synthesis of the findings. Focusing on the role of human resource management in hospital performance, we formulated our hypothesis around the high commitment management concept. Mixed methods were used in data collection, including individual and group interviews, observations and document reviews. Results We found that the human resource management approach (the actual intervention) included induction of new staff, training and personal development, good communication and information sharing, and decentralised decision-making. We identified 3 additional practices: ensuring optimal physical working <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, access to top managers and managers' involvement on the work floor. Teamwork, recognition and trust emerged as key elements of the organisational climate. Interviewees reported high levels of organisational commitment. The analysis unearthed perceived organisational support and reciprocity as underlying mechanisms that link the management practices with commitment. Methodologically, we found that <span class="hlt">realist</span> evaluation can be fruitfully used to develop detailed case studies that analyse how management interventions work and in which <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Analysing the links between intervention, mechanism and outcome increases the explaining power, while identification of essential context elements improves the usefulness of the findings for decision-makers in other settings (external validity). We also identified a number of practical difficulties and priorities for further methodological development</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20100330','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20100330"><span>A <span class="hlt">realist</span> evaluation of the management of a well-performing regional hospital in Ghana.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Marchal, Bruno; Dedzo, McDamien; Kegels, Guy</p> <p>2010-01-25</p> <p><span class="hlt">Realist</span> evaluation offers an interesting approach to evaluation of interventions in complex settings, but has been little applied in health care. We report on a <span class="hlt">realist</span> case study of a well performing hospital in Ghana and show how such a <span class="hlt">realist</span> evaluation design can help to overcome the limited external validity of a traditional case study. We developed a <span class="hlt">realist</span> evaluation framework for hypothesis formulation, data collection, data analysis and synthesis of the findings. Focusing on the role of human resource management in hospital performance, we formulated our hypothesis around the high commitment management concept. Mixed methods were used in data collection, including individual and group interviews, observations and document reviews. We found that the human resource management approach (the actual intervention) included induction of new staff, training and personal development, good communication and information sharing, and decentralised decision-making. We identified 3 additional practices: ensuring optimal physical working <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, access to top managers and managers' involvement on the work floor. Teamwork, recognition and trust emerged as key elements of the organisational climate. Interviewees reported high levels of organisational commitment. The analysis unearthed perceived organisational support and reciprocity as underlying mechanisms that link the management practices with commitment. Methodologically, we found that <span class="hlt">realist</span> evaluation can be fruitfully used to develop detailed case studies that analyse how management interventions work and in which <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Analysing the links between intervention, mechanism and outcome increases the explaining power, while identification of essential context elements improves the usefulness of the findings for decision-makers in other settings (external validity). We also identified a number of practical difficulties and priorities for further methodological development. This case suggests that a well</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.9188C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.9188C"><span>Erosion processes in molassic cliffs: the role of the rock surface temperature and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Carrea, Dario; Abellán, Antonio; Guerin, Antoine; Jaboyedoff, Michel; Voumard, Jérémie</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>The morphology of the Swiss Plateau is modeled by numerous steep cliffs of Molasse. These cliffs are mainly composed of sub-horizontal alternated layers of sandstone, shale and conglomerates deposed in the Alps foreland basin during the Tertiary period. These Molasse cliffs are affected by erosion processes inducing numerous rockfall events. Thus, it is relevant to understand how different external factors influence Molasse erosion rates. In this study, we focus on analyzing temperature variation during a winter season. As pilot study area we selected a cliff which is formed by a sub-horizontal alternation of outcropping sandstone and shale. The westward facing test site (La Cornalle, Vaud, Switzerland), which is a lateral scarp of a slow moving landslide area, is currently affected by intense erosion. Regarding data acquisition, we monitored both in-situ rock and air temperatures at 15 minutes time-step since October 2013: (1) on the one hand we measured Ground Surface Temperature (GST) at near-surface (0.1 meter depth) using a GST mini-datalogger M-Log5W-Rock model; (2) On the other hand we monitored <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> using a weather station (Davis Vantage pro2 plus) collecting numerous parameters (i.e. temperature, irradiation, rain, wind speed, etc.). Furthermore, the area was also seasonally monitored by Ground-Based (GB) LiDAR since 2010 and monthly monitored since September 2013. In order to understand how <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> (such as freeze and thaw effect) influence the erosion of the cliff, we modeled the temperature diffusion through the rock mass. To this end, we applied heat diffusion and radiation equation using a 1D temperature profile, obtaining as a result both temperature variations at different depths together with the location of the 0°C isotherm. Our model was calibrated during a given training set using both in-situ rock temperatures and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. We then carried out a comparison with the rockfall events derived from the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AtmEn..61...40P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AtmEn..61...40P"><span>Ozonation of isoproturon adsorbed on silica particles under <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pflieger, Maryline; Grgić, Irena; Kitanovski, Zoran</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>The results on heterogeneous ozonation of a phenylurea pesticide, isoproturon, under <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> are presented for the first time in the present study. The study was carried out using an experimental device previously adopted and validated for the heterogeneous reactivity of organics toward ozone (Pflieger et al., 2011). Isoproturon was adsorbed on silica particles via a liquid-to-solid equilibrium with a load far below a monolayer (0.02% by weight/surface coverage of 0.5%). The rate constants were estimated by measuring the consumption of the organic (dark, T = 26 °C, RH < 1%). The experimental data were fitted by both the modified Langmuir-Hinshelwood and the Eley-Rideal patterns, resulting in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> lifetimes of heterogeneous ozonation of 4 and 6 days, respectively (for 40 ppb of O3). Parameters, such as the number and the quantity of pesticides adsorbed on the solid support, which can significantly influence the heterogeneous kinetics, were investigated as well. The results obtained suggest that the organic compound is adsorbed in multilayer aggregates on the aerosol even though submonolayer coverage is assumed. The presence of a second herbicide, trifluralin, together with isoproturon on the aerosol surface does not affect the kinetics of ozonation, indicating that both compounds are adsorbed on different surface sites of silica particles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28508130','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28508130"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> create freeways, detours and tailbacks for migrating birds.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shamoun-Baranes, Judy; Liechti, Felix; Vansteelant, Wouter M G</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>The extraordinary adaptations of birds to contend with <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> during their migratory flights have captivated ecologists for decades. During the 21st century technological advances have sparked a revival of research into the influence of weather on migrating birds. Using biologging technology, flight behaviour is measured across entire flyways, weather radar networks quantify large-scale migratory fluxes, citizen scientists gather observations of migrant birds and mechanistic models are used to simulate migration in dynamic aerial environments. In this review, we first introduce the most relevant microscale, mesoscale and synoptic scale <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> phenomena from the point of view of a migrating bird. We then provide an overview of the individual responses of migrant birds (when, where and how to fly) in relation to these phenomena. We explore the cumulative impact of individual responses to weather during migration, and the consequences thereof for populations and migratory systems. In general, individual birds seem to have a much more flexible response to weather than previously thought, but we also note similarities in migratory behaviour across taxa. We propose various avenues for future research through which we expect to derive more fundamental insights into the influence of weather on the evolution of migratory behaviour and the life-history, population dynamics and species distributions of migrant birds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000099712','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000099712"><span>Basic Modeling of the Solar <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> and Spectrum</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Avrett, Eugene H.; Wagner, William J. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>During the last three years we have continued the development of extensive computer programs for constructing <span class="hlt">realistic</span> models of the solar <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and for calculating detailed spectra to use in the interpretation of solar observations. This research involves two major interrelated efforts: work by Avrett and Loeser on the Pandora computer program for optically thick non-LTE modeling of the solar <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> including a wide range of physical processes, and work by Kurucz on the detailed high-resolution synthesis of the solar spectrum using data for over 58 million atomic and molecular lines. Our objective is to construct <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> models from which the calculated spectra agree as well as possible with high-and low-resolution observations over a wide wavelength range. Such modeling leads to an improved understanding of the physical processes responsible for the structure and behavior of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A23J..02C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A23J..02C"><span>Meteorology Research in DOE's <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> to Electrons (A2e) Program</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cline, J.; Haupt, S. E.; Shaw, W. J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>DOE's <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> to electrons (A2e) program is performing cutting edge research to allow optimization of wind plants. This talk will summarize the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> science portion of A2e, with an overview of recent and planned observation and modeling projects designed to bridge the terra incognita between the mesoscale and the microscales that affect wind plants. Introduction A2e is a major focus of the Wind Energy Technologies Office (WETO) within the Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy (EERE) at the DOE. The overall objective of A2e is to optimize wind power production and integrates improved knowledge of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> inflow (fuel), turbine and plant aerodynamics, and control systems. The <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> component of the work addresses both the need for improved forecasting of hub-height winds and the need for improved turbulence characterization for turbine inflows under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and terrain. Several projects will be discussed to address observations of meteorological variables in regions not typically observed. The modelling needs are addressed through major multi-institutional integrated studies comprising both theoretical and numerical advances to improve models and field observations for physical insight. Model improvements are subjected to formal verification and validation, and numerical and observational data are archived and disseminated to the public through the A2e Data Archive and Portal (DAP; http://a2e.energy.gov). The overall outcome of this work will be increased annual energy production from wind plants and improved turbine lifetimes through a better understanding of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> loading. We will briefly describe major components of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> part of the A2e strategy and work being done and planned.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26613914','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26613914"><span>Low Temperature and Modified <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span>: Hurdles for Antibiotic Resistance Transfer?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Van Meervenne, Eva; Van Coillie, Els; Van Weyenberg, Stephanie; Boon, Nico; Herman, Lieve; Devlieghere, Frank</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Food is an important dissemination route for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Factors used during food production and preservation may contribute to the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes, but research on this subject is scarce. In this study, the effect of temperature (7 to 37°C) and modified <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> packaging (air, 50% CO2-50% N2, and 100% N2) on antibiotic resistance transfer from Lactobacillus sakei subsp. sakei to Listeria monocytogenes was evaluated. Filter mating was performed on nonselective agar plates with high-density inocula. A more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> setup was created by performing modified <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> experiments on cooked ham using high-density and low-density inocula. Plasmid transfer was observed between 10 and 37°C, with plasmid transfer also observed at 7°C during a prolonged incubation period. When high-density inocula were used, transconjugants were detected, both on agar plates and cooked ham, under the three <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> (air, 50% CO2-50% N2, and 100% N2) at 7°C. This yielded a median transfer ratio (number of transconjugants/number of recipients) with an order of magnitude of 10(-4) to 10(-6). With low-density inocula, transfer was only detected under the 100% N2 <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> after 10-day incubation at 7°C, yielding a transfer ratio of 10(-5). Under this <span class="hlt">condition</span>, the highest bacterial density was obtained. The results indicate that low temperature and modified <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> packaging, two important hurdles in the food industry, do not necessarily prevent plasmid transfer from Lactobacillus sakei subsp. sakei to Listeria monocytogenes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7169805-atmospheric-optical-calibration-system','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7169805-atmospheric-optical-calibration-system"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> optical calibration system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hulstrom, R.L.; Cannon, T.W.</p> <p>1988-10-25</p> <p>An <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> optical calibration system is provided to compare actual <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> optical <span class="hlt">conditions</span> to standard <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> optical <span class="hlt">conditions</span> on the basis of aerosol optical depth, relative air mass, and diffuse horizontal skylight to global horizontal photon flux ratio. An indicator can show the extent to which the actual <span class="hlt">conditions</span> vary from standard <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Aerosol scattering and absorption properties, diffuse horizontal skylight to global horizontal photon flux ratio, and precipitable water vapor determined on a real-time basis for optical and pressure measurements are also used to generate a computer spectral model and for correcting actual performance response of a photovoltaic devicemore » to standard <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> optical <span class="hlt">condition</span> response on a real-time basis as the device is being tested in actual outdoor <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. 7 figs.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920019801&hterms=thermophysical+properties+soil&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dthermophysical%2Bproperties%2Bsoil','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920019801&hterms=thermophysical+properties+soil&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dthermophysical%2Bproperties%2Bsoil"><span>Simulation of Martian surface-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> interaction in a space-simulator: Technical considerations and feasibility</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Moehlmann, D.; Kochan, H.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>The Space Simulator of the German Aerospace Research Establishment at Cologne, formerly used for testing satellites, is now, since 1987, the central unit within the research sub-program 'Comet-Simulation' (KOSI). The KOSI team has investigated physical processes relevant to comets and their surfaces. As a byproduct we gained experience in sample-handling under simulated space <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. In broadening the scope of the research activities of the DLR Institute of Space Simulation an extension to 'Laboratory-Planetology' is planned. Following the KOSI-experiments a Mars Surface-Simulation with <span class="hlt">realistic</span> minerals and surface soil in a suited environment (temperature, pressure, and CO2-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>) is foreseen as the next step. Here, our main interest is centered on thermophysical properties of the Martian surface and energy transport (and related gas transport) through the surface. These laboratory simulation activities can be related to space missions as typical pre-mission and during-the-mission support of the experiments design and operations (simulation in parallel). Post mission experiments for confirmation and interpretation of results are of great value. The physical dimensions of the Space Simulator (cylinder of about 2.5 m diameter and 5 m length) allows for testing and qualification of experimental hardware under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> Martian <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPGI2005W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPGI2005W"><span>Novel diagnostics for direct measurements of radical densities in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pressure plasma jets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wagenaars, Erik</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span>-pressure plasma jets (APPJs) are widely studied for potential applications in industry and healthcare, e.g. surface modification of plastics, plasma medicine and photoresist removal. These plasmas can operate in open air, remain at room temperature and still have a non-equilibrium chemistry. Even though the exact mechanisms through which APPJs affect target surfaces remain largely unknown, it is clear that reactive species play a pivotal role in the success of APPJs. Therefore, reactive species diagnostics of APPJs play an important role in further developing our understanding of the plasma chemistry and will enable increases in treatment efficacy. Two-photon Absorption Laser Induced Fluorescence (TALIF) is a well-known technique for the measurement of absolute densities of atomic radicals such as O, N and H. Unfortunately, application of this technique on APPJs that are operating under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for applications, i.e. in open air and with complex admixtures, is not straightforward. The highly collisional environment of APPJs means that collisional quenching of the laser-excited state becomes significant and needs to be taken into account. For well-controlled <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> and simple admixtures the effect can be estimated using quenching coefficients, however under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> operating <span class="hlt">conditions</span> the identity and density of the quenching partners is unknown due to the complexity of the plasma chemistry. I will present a picosecond TALIF diagnostic which uses a sub-nanosecond laser and iCCD camera that allows the measurement of the quenching-affected fluorescence decay rate directly, enabling absolute measurements of O and N density maps in the open-air effluent of an APPJ. The author acknowledges his collaborators at UoY, A. West, J. Bredin, S. Schroeter, K. Niemi, T. Gans, J. Dedrick and D. O'Connell and support from the UK EPSRC (EP/K018388/1 & EP/H003797/1).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JGeod..85..661G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JGeod..85..661G"><span>Adaptive mapping functions to the azimuthal anisotropy of the neutral <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gegout, P.; Biancale, R.; Soudarin, L.</p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>The anisotropy of propagation of radio waves used by global navigation satellite systems is investigated using high-resolution observational data assimilations produced by the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast. The geometry and the refractivity of the neutral <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> are built introducing accurate geodetic heights and continuous formulations of the refractivity and its gradient. Hence the <span class="hlt">realistic</span> ellipsoidal shape of the refractivity field above the topography is properly represented. <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> delays are obtained by ray-tracing through the refractivity field, integrating the eikonal differential system. Ray-traced delays reveal the anisotropy of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. With the aim to preserve the classical mapping function strategy, mapping functions can evolve to adapt to high-frequency <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> fluctuations and to account for the anisotropy of propagation by fitting at each site and time the zenith delays and the mapping functions coefficients. Adaptive mapping functions (AMF) are designed with coefficients of the continued fraction form which depend on azimuth. The basic idea is to expand the azimuthal dependency of the coefficients in Fourier series introducing a multi-scale azimuthal decomposition which slightly changes the elevation functions with the azimuth. AMF are used to approximate thousands of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> ray-traced delays using a few tens of coefficients. Generic recursive definitions of the AMF and their partial derivatives lead to observe that the truncation of the continued fraction form at the third term and the truncation of the azimuthal Fourier series at the fourth term are sufficient in usual meteorological <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Delays' and elevations' mapping functions allow to store and to retrieve the ray-tracing results to solve the parallax problem at the observation level. AMF are suitable to fit the time-variable isotropic and anisotropic parts of the ray-traced delays at each site at each time step and to provide GPS range</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApJ...854....8B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApJ...854....8B"><span>Convective Dynamics and Disequilibrium Chemistry in the <span class="hlt">Atmospheres</span> of Giant Planets and Brown Dwarfs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bordwell, Baylee; Brown, Benjamin P.; Oishi, Jeffrey S.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Disequilibrium chemical processes significantly affect the spectra of substellar objects. To study these effects, dynamical disequilibrium has been parameterized using the quench and eddy diffusion approximations, but little work has been done to explore how these approximations perform under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> planetary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in different dynamical regimes. As a first step toward addressing this problem, we study the localized, small-scale convective dynamics of planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> by direct numerical simulation of fully compressible hydrodynamics with reactive tracers using the Dedalus code. Using polytropically stratified, plane-parallel <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> in 2D and 3D, we explore the quenching behavior of different abstract chemical species as a function of the dynamical <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> as parameterized by the Rayleigh number. We find that in both 2D and 3D, chemical species quench deeper than would be predicted based on simple mixing-length arguments. Instead, it is necessary to employ length scales based on the chemical equilibrium profile of the reacting species in order to predict quench points and perform chemical kinetics modeling in 1D. Based on the results of our simulations, we provide a new length scale, derived from the chemical scale height, that can be used to perform these calculations. This length scale is simple to calculate from known chemical data and makes reasonable predictions for our dynamical simulations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.P11D1845P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.P11D1845P"><span>Importance of Including Topography in Numerical Simulations of Venus' <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Circulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Parish, H. F.; Schubert, G.; Lebonnois, S.; Covey, C. C.; Walterscheid, R. L.; Grossman, A.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Venus' <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> is characterized by strong superrotation, in which the wind velocities at cloud heights are around 60 times faster than the surface rotation rate. The reasons for this strong superrotation are still not well understood. Since the surface of the planet is both a source and sink of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> angular momentum it is important to understand and properly account for the interactions at the surface-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> boundary. A key aspect of the surface-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> interaction is the topography. Topography has been introduced into different general circulation models (GCMs) of Venus' <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, producing significant, but widely varying effects on the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> circulation. The reasons for the inconsistencies among model results are not well known, but our studies suggest they might be related to the influences of different dynamical cores. In our recent study, we have analyzed the angular momentum budget for two Venus GCMs, the Venus Community <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> model (Venus CAM) and the Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique (LMD) Venus GCM. Because of Venus' low magnitude surface winds, surface friction alone supplies only a relatively weak angular momentum forcing to the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. We find that if surface friction is introduced without including surface topography, the angular momentum balance of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> may be dominated by effects such as numerical diffusion, a sponge layer, or other numerical residuals that are generally included in all GCMs, and can themselves be sources of angular momentum. However, we find the mountain torque associated with <span class="hlt">realistic</span> Venus surface topography supplies a much larger source of angular momentum than the surface friction, and dominates nonphysical numerical terms. (A similar effect occurs for rapidly rotating planets like Earth, but in this case numerical errors in the angular momentum budget are relatively small even in the absence of mountain torque). Even if surface friction dominates numerical terms in the angular</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_8 --> <div id="page_9" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="161"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19029589','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19029589"><span>Simulation of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> dispersion of radionuclides using an Eulerian-Lagrangian modelling system.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Basit, Abdul; Espinosa, Francisco; Avila, Ruben; Raza, S; Irfan, N</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>In this paper we present an <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> dispersion scenario for a proposed nuclear power plant in Pakistan involving the hypothetical accidental release of radionuclides. For this, a concept involving a Lagrangian stochastic particle model (LSPM) coupled with an Eulerian regional <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> modelling system (RAMS) is used. The <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> turbulent dispersion of radionuclides (represented by non-buoyant particles/neutral traces) in the LSPM is modelled by applying non-homogeneous turbulence <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The mean wind velocities governed by the topography of the region and the surface fluxes of momentum and heat are calculated by the RAMS code. A moving least squares (MLS) technique is introduced to calculate the concentration of radionuclides at ground level. The numerically calculated vertical profiles of wind velocity and temperature are compared with observed data. The results obtained demonstrate that in regions of complex terrain it is not sufficient to model the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> dispersion of particles using a straight-line Gaussian plume model, and that by utilising a Lagrangian stochastic particle model and regional <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> modelling system a much more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> estimation of the dispersion in such a hypothetical scenario was ascertained. The particle dispersion results for a 12 h ground release show that a triangular area of about 400 km(2) situated in the north-west quadrant of release is under radiological threat. The particle distribution shows that the use of a Gaussian plume model (GPM) in such situations will yield quite misleading results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70041421','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70041421"><span>Improving the accuracy of S02 column densities and emission rates obtained from upward-looking UV-spectroscopic measurements of volcanic plumes by taking <span class="hlt">realistic</span> radiative transfer into account</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Kern, Christoph; Deutschmann, Tim; Werner, Cynthia; Sutton, A. Jeff; Elias, Tamar; Kelly, Peter J.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is monitored using ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectroscopy at numerous volcanoes around the world due to its importance as a measure of volcanic activity and a tracer for other gaseous species. Recent studies have shown that failure to take <span class="hlt">realistic</span> radiative transfer into account during the spectral retrieval of the collected data often leads to large errors in the calculated emission rates. Here, the framework for a new evaluation method which couples a radiative transfer model to the spectral retrieval is described. In it, absorption spectra are simulated, and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> parameters are iteratively updated in the model until a best match to the measurement data is achieved. The evaluation algorithm is applied to two example Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) measurements conducted at Kilauea volcano (Hawaii). The resulting emission rates were 20 and 90% higher than those obtained with a conventional DOAS retrieval performed between 305 and 315 nm, respectively, depending on the different SO2 and aerosol loads present in the volcanic plume. The internal consistency of the method was validated by measuring and modeling SO2 absorption features in a separate wavelength region around 375 nm and comparing the results. Although additional information about the measurement geometry and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> is needed in addition to the acquired spectral data, this method for the first time provides a means of taking <span class="hlt">realistic</span> three-dimensional radiative transfer into account when analyzing UV-spectral absorption measurements of volcanic SO2 plumes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AnGeo..32..669A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AnGeo..32..669A"><span>Assessment of a surface-layer parameterization scheme in an <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model for varying meteorological <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Anurose, T. J.; Bala Subrahamanyam, D.</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>The performance of a surface-layer parameterization scheme in a high-resolution regional model (HRM) is carried out by comparing the model-simulated sensible heat flux (H) with the concurrent in situ measurements recorded at Thiruvananthapuram (8.5° N, 76.9° E), a coastal station in India. With a view to examining the role of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> stability in conjunction with the roughness lengths in the determination of heat exchange coefficient (CH) and H for varying meteorological <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, the model simulations are repeated by assigning different values to the ratio of momentum and thermal roughness lengths (i.e. z0m/z0h) in three distinct configurations of the surface-layer scheme designed for the present study. These three configurations resulted in differential behaviour for the varying meteorological <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, which is attributed to the sensitivity of CH to the bulk Richardson number (RiB) under extremely unstable, near-neutral and stable stratification of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940024211','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940024211"><span>A new test method for the assessment of the arc tracking properties of wire insulation in air, oxygen enriched <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> and vacuum</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Koenig, Dieter</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Development of a new test method suitable for the assessment of the resistance of aerospace cables to arc tracking for different specific environmental and network <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of spacecraft is given in view-graph format. The equipment can be easily adapted for tests at different <span class="hlt">realistic</span> electrical network <span class="hlt">conditions</span> incorporating circuit protection and the test system works equally well whatever the test <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. Test results confirm that pure Kapton insulated wire has bad arcing characteristics and ETFE insulated wire is considerably better in air. For certain wires, arc tracking effects are increased at higher oxygen concentrations and significantly increased under vacuum. All tests on different cable insulation materials and in different environments, including enriched oxygen <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>, resulted in a more or less rapid extinguishing of all high temperature effects at the beginning of the post-test phase. In no case was a self-maintained fire initiated by the arc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AdSpR..61..617S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AdSpR..61..617S"><span>Model of a fluxtube with a twisted magnetic field in the stratified solar <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sen, S.; Mangalam, A.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>We build a single vertical straight magnetic fluxtube spanning the solar photosphere and the transition region which does not expand with height. We assume that the fluxtube containing twisted magnetic fields is in magnetohydrostatic equilibrium within a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> stratified <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> subject to solar gravity. Incorporating specific forms of current density and gas pressure in the Grad-Shafranov equation, we solve the magnetic flux function, and find it to be separable with a Coulomb wave function in radial direction while the vertical part of the solution decreases exponentially. We employ improved fluxtube boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and take a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> ambient external pressure for the photosphere to transition region, to derive a family of solutions for reasonable values of the fluxtube radius and magnetic field strength at the base of the axis that are the free parameters in our model. We find that our model estimates are consistent with the magnetic field strength and the radii of Magnetic bright points (MBPs) as estimated from observations. We also derive thermodynamic quantities inside the fluxtube.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140013109','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140013109"><span>Compact Multi-Gas Monitor for Life Support Systems Control in Space: Evaluation Under <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Environmental <span class="hlt">Conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Alonso, Jesus Delgado; Phillips, Straun; Chullen, Cinda; Mendoza, Edgar</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Advanced space life support systems require lightweight, low-power, durable sensors for monitoring critical gas components. A luminescence-based optical flow-through cell to monitor carbon dioxide, oxygen, and humidity has been developed and was demonstrated using bench-top instrumentation under environmental <span class="hlt">conditions</span> relevant to portable life support systems, including initially pure oxygen <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, temperature range from 50 F to 150 F, and humidity from dry to 100% RH and under <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of water condensation. This paper presents the most recent progress in the development of this sensor technology. Trace gas contaminants in a space suit, originating from hardware and material off-gassing and crew member metabolism, are from many chemical families. The result is a gas mix much more complex than the pure oxygen fed into the space suit, and this complexity may interfere with gas sensor readings. This paper presents an evaluation of optical sensor performance when exposed to the most significant trace gases reported to be found in space suits. A study of the calibration stability of the sensors is also presented. For that purpose, a profile of temperature, pressure, humidity, and gas composition for the duration of an EVA has been defined, and the performance of sensors operated repeatedly under those <span class="hlt">conditions</span> has been studied. Finally, this paper presents the first compact readout unit for these optical sensors, designed for the volume, power, and weight restrictions of a PLSS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120015598','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120015598"><span>Thermophysical Properties Measurement of High-Temperature Liquids Under Microgravity <span class="hlt">Conditions</span> in Controlled <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">Conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Watanabe, Masahito; Ozawa, Shumpei; Mizuno, Akotoshi; Hibiya, Taketoshi; Kawauchi, Hiroya; Murai, Kentaro; Takahashi, Suguru</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Microgravity <span class="hlt">conditions</span> have advantages of measurement of surface tension and viscosity of metallic liquids by the oscillating drop method with an electromagnetic levitation (EML) device. Thus, we are preparing the experiments of thermophysical properties measurements using the Materials-Science Laboratories ElectroMagnetic-Levitator (MSL-EML) facilities in the international Space station (ISS). Recently, it has been identified that dependence of surface tension on oxygen partial pressure (Po2) must be considered for industrial application of surface tension values. Effect of Po2 on surface tension would apparently change viscosity from the damping oscillation model. Therefore, surface tension and viscosity must be measured simultaneously in the same <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Moreover, effect of the electromagnetic force (EMF) on the surface oscillations must be clarified to obtain the ideal surface oscillation because the EMF works as the external force on the oscillating liquid droplets, so extensive EMF makes apparently the viscosity values large. In our group, using the parabolic flight levitation experimental facilities (PFLEX) the effect of Po2 and external EMF on surface oscillation of levitated liquid droplets was systematically investigated for the precise measurements of surface tension and viscosity of high temperature liquids for future ISS experiments. We performed the observation of surface oscillations of levitated liquid alloys using PFLEX on board flight experiments by Gulfstream II (G-II) airplane operated by DAS. These observations were performed under the controlled Po2 and also under the suitable EMF <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. In these experiments, we obtained the density, the viscosity and the surface tension values of liquid Cu. From these results, we discuss about as same as reported data, and also obtained the difference of surface oscillations with the change of the EMF <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H13B1356W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H13B1356W"><span>Investigating hydrometeorological impacts of perennial bioenergy crops under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> scenario expansions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wagner, M.; Wang, M.; Miguez-Macho, G.; Miller, J. N.; Bagley, J. E.; Bernacchi, C.; Georgescu, M.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Perennial bioenergy crops, such as switchgrass and miscanthus, have been posed as a more sustainable energy pathway relative to annual bioenergy crops due to their reduced carbon footprint and ability to grow on abandoned and degraded land, thereby, avoiding competition with food crops. Previous studies that replaced annual bioenergy crops with perennial crops noted regional cooling associated with enhanced ET due to their deeper rooting systems extracting deeper soil moisture. This study provides a more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> assessment by (1) analyzing perennial bioenergy expansion only in suitable abandoned and degraded farmlands, and (2) using field scale measurements of albedo in conjunction with known vegetation fraction and leaf area index (LAI) values. High-resolution (2 km grid spacing) simulations were performed using a state-of-the-art <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model (Weather Research and Forecasting system) dynamically coupled to a land surface model system over the Southern Plains of the U.S., during a normal precipitation year (2007) and a drought year (2011). Our results show that perennial bioenergy crop expansion leads to regional cooling (1-2 oC), that is driven primarily by enhanced reflection of shortwave radiation, and secondarily, by enhanced ET. Perennial bioenergy crop expansion was also shown to mitigate drought impacts through moistening and cooling of the near-surface environment. These impacts, however, were reduced during the drought year as a result of differential environmental <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, when compared to those of the normal cimate year. This study serves as a major step towards assessing the sustainability of perennial bioenergy crop expansion under diverse hydrometeorological <span class="hlt">conditions</span> by highlighting the driving mechanisms and processes associated with this energy pathway.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JASTP..97...85X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JASTP..97...85X"><span>Periodic variations of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> electric field on fair weather <span class="hlt">conditions</span> at YBJ, Tibet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xu, Bin; Zou, Dan; Chen, Ben Yuan; Zhang, Jin Ye; Xu, Guo Wang</p> <p>2013-05-01</p> <p>Observations of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> electric field on fair weather <span class="hlt">conditions</span> from the plateau station, YBJ, Tibet (90°31‧50″ E, 30°06‧38″ N), over the period from 2006 to 2011, are presented in this work. Its periodic modulations are analyzed in frequency-domain by Lomb-Scargle Periodogram method and in time-domain by folding method. The results show that the fair weather <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> electric field intensity is modulated weakly by annual cycle, solar diurnal cycle and its several harmonic components. The modulating amplitude of annual cycle is bigger than that of solar diurnal cycle. The annual minimum/maximum nearly coincides with spring/autumn equinox. The detailed spectrum analysis show that the secondary peaks (i.e. sidereal diurnal cycle and semi-sidereal diurnal cycle) nearly disappear along with their primary peaks when the primary signals are subtracted from electric field data sequence. The average daily variation curve exhibits dual-fluctuations, and has obviously seasonal dependence. The mean value is bigger in summer and autumn, but smaller in spring and winter. The daytime fluctuation is affected by the sunrise and sunset effect, the occurring time of which have a little shift with seasons. However, the nightly one has a great dependence on season <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2889857','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2889857"><span>A <span class="hlt">realistic</span> evaluation: the case of protocol-based care</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Background 'Protocol based care' was envisioned by policy makers as a mechanism for delivering on the service improvement agenda in England. <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> evaluation is an increasingly popular approach, but few published examples exist, particularly in implementation research. To fill this gap, within this paper we describe the application of a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> evaluation approach to the study of protocol-based care, whilst sharing findings of relevance about standardising care through the use of protocols, guidelines, and pathways. Methods Situated between positivism and relativism, <span class="hlt">realistic</span> evaluation is concerned with the identification of underlying causal mechanisms, how they work, and under what <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Fundamentally it focuses attention on finding out what works, for whom, how, and in what circumstances. Results In this research, we were interested in understanding the relationships between the type and nature of particular approaches to protocol-based care (mechanisms), within different clinical settings (context), and what impacts this resulted in (outcomes). An evidence review using the principles of <span class="hlt">realist</span> synthesis resulted in a number of propositions, i.e., context, mechanism, and outcome threads (CMOs). These propositions were then 'tested' through multiple case studies, using multiple methods including non-participant observation, interviews, and document analysis through an iterative analysis process. The initial propositions (conjectured CMOs) only partially corresponded to the findings that emerged during analysis. From the iterative analysis process of scrutinising mechanisms, context, and outcomes we were able to draw out some theoretically generalisable features about what works, for whom, how, and what circumstances in relation to the use of standardised care approaches (refined CMOs). Conclusions As one of the first studies to apply <span class="hlt">realistic</span> evaluation in implementation research, it was a good fit, particularly given the growing emphasis on</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860018568','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860018568"><span>Laboratory evaluation and application of microwave absorption properties under simulated <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Steffes, P. G.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>The recognition of the need to make laboratory measurements of simulated planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> over a range of temperatures and pressure which correspond to the altitudes probed by radio occultation experiments, and over a range of frequencies which correspond to both radio occultation experiments and radio astronomical observations, has led to the development of a facility at Georgia Tech which is capable of making such measurements. Construction was completed of the outer planets simulator and measurements were conducted of the microwave absorption and refraction from nitrogen under simulated Titan <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The results of these and previous laboratory measurements were applied to a wide range of microwave opacity measurements, in order to derive constituent densities and distributions in planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> such as Venus.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018FoPh...48...48B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018FoPh...48...48B"><span><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Clocks for a Universe Without Time</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bryan, K. L. H.; Medved, A. J. M.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>There are a number of problematic features within the current treatment of time in physical theories, including the "timelessness" of the Universe as encapsulated by the Wheeler-DeWitt equation. This paper considers one particular investigation into resolving this issue; a <span class="hlt">conditional</span> probability interpretation that was first proposed by Page and Wooters. Those authors addressed the apparent timelessness by subdividing a faux Universe into two entangled parts, "the clock" and "the remainder of the Universe", and then synchronizing the effective dynamics of the two subsystems by way of <span class="hlt">conditional</span> probabilities. The current treatment focuses on the possibility of using a (somewhat) <span class="hlt">realistic</span> clock system; namely, a coherent-state description of a damped harmonic oscillator. This clock proves to be consistent with the <span class="hlt">conditional</span> probability interpretation; in particular, a standard evolution operator is identified with the position of the clock playing the role of time for the rest of the Universe. Restrictions on the damping factor are determined and, perhaps contrary to expectations, the optimal choice of clock is not necessarily one of minimal damping.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090022745&hterms=post+test&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dpost%2Btest','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090022745&hterms=post+test&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dpost%2Btest"><span>Development of a Test Protocol for Spacecraft Post-Fire <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Cleanup and Monitoring</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Zuniga, David; Hornung, Steven D.; Haas, Jon P.; Graf, John C.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Detecting and extinguishing fires, along with post-fire <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> cleaning and monitoring, are vital components of a spacecraft fire response system. Preliminary efforts focused on the technology evaluation of these systems under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> are described in this paper. While the primary objective of testing is to determine a smoke mitigation filter s performance, supplemental evaluations measuring the smoke-filled chamber handheld commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> monitoring devices (combustion product monitors) are also conducted. The test chamber consists of a 1.4 cubic meter (50 cu. ft.) volume containing a smoke generator. The fuel used to generate the smoke is a mixture of polymers in quantities representative of materials involved in a circuit board fire as a typical spacecraft fire. Two fire <span class="hlt">conditions</span> were examined: no flame and flame. No flame events are produced by pyrolyzing the fuel mixture in a quartz tube furnace with forced ventilation to produce a white, lingering-type smoke. Flame events ignite the smoke at the outlet of the tube furnace producing combustion characterized by a less opaque smoke with black soot. Electrochemical sensor measurements showed carbon monoxide is a major indicator of each fire. Acid gas measurements were recorded, but cross interferents are currently uncharacterized. Electrochemical sensor measurements and sample acquisition techniques from photoacoustic sensors are being improved. Overall, this research shows fire characterization using traditional analytical chemistry techniques is required to verify measurements recorded using COTS <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> monitoring devices.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030025291','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030025291"><span>The SPARC Intercomparison of Middle <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> Climatologies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Randel, William; Fleming, Eric; Geller, Marvin; Gelman, Mel; Hamilton, Kevin; Karoly, David; Ortland, Dave; Pawson, Steve; Swinbank, Richard; Udelhofen, Petra</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Our current confidence in 'observed' climatological winds and temperatures in the middle <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> (over altitudes approx. 10-80 km) is assessed by detailed intercomparisons of contemporary and historic data sets. These data sets include global meteorological analyses and assimilations, climatologies derived from research satellite measurements, and historical reference <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> circulation statistics. We also include comparisons with historical rocketsonde wind and temperature data, and with more recent lidar temperature measurements. The comparisons focus on a few basic circulation statistics, such as temperature, zonal wind, and eddy flux statistics. Special attention is focused on tropical winds and temperatures, where large differences exist among separate analyses. Assimilated data sets provide the most <span class="hlt">realistic</span> tropical variability, but substantial differences exist among current schemes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AtmEn.180...69T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AtmEn.180...69T"><span>Assessing the impacts of seasonal and vertical <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> on air quality over the Pearl River Delta region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tong, Cheuk Hei Marcus; Yim, Steve Hung Lam; Rothenberg, Daniel; Wang, Chien; Lin, Chuan-Yao; Chen, Yongqin David; Lau, Ngar Cheung</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Air pollution is an increasingly concerning problem in many metropolitan areas due to its adverse public health and environmental impacts. Vertical <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> have strong effects on vertical mixing of air pollutants, which directly affects surface air quality. The characteristics and magnitude of how vertical <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> affect surface air quality, which are critical to future air quality projections, have not yet been fully understood. This study aims to enhance understanding of the annual and seasonal sensitivities of air pollution to both surface and vertical <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Based on both surface and vertical meteorological characteristics provided by 1994-2003 monthly dynamic downscaling data from the Weather and Research Forecast Model, we develop generalized linear models (GLMs) to study the relationships between surface air pollutants (ozone, respirable suspended particulates, and sulfur dioxide) and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. Applying Principal Component Regression (PCR) to address multi-collinearity, we study the contributions of various meteorological variables to pollutants' concentration levels based on the loading and model coefficient of major principal components. Our results show that relatively high pollutant concentration occurs under relatively low mid-level troposphere temperature gradients, low relative humidity, weak southerly wind (or strong northerly wind) and weak westerly wind (or strong easterly wind). Moreover, the correlations vary among pollutant species, seasons, and meteorological variables at various altitudes. In general, pollutant sensitivity to meteorological variables is found to be greater in winter than in other seasons, and the sensitivity of ozone to meteorology differs from that of the other two pollutants. Applying our GLMs to anomalous air pollution episodes, we find that meteorological variables up to mid troposphere (∼700 mb) play an important role in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AIPC.1637..348G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AIPC.1637..348G"><span>On the analytic and numeric optimisation of airplane trajectories under real <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gonzalo, J.; Domínguez, D.; López, D.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>From the beginning of aviation era, economic constraints have forced operators to continuously improve the planning of the flights. The revenue is proportional to the cost per flight and the airspace occupancy. Many methods, the first started in the middle of last century, have explore analytical, numerical and artificial intelligence resources to reach the optimal flight planning. In parallel, advances in meteorology and communications allow an almost real-time knowledge of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and a reliable, error-bounded forecast for the near future. Thus, apart from weather risks to be avoided, airplanes can dynamically adapt their trajectories to minimise their costs. International regulators are aware about these capabilities, so it is reasonable to envisage some changes to allow this dynamic planning negotiation to soon become operational. Moreover, current unmanned airplanes, very popular and often small, suffer the impact of winds and other weather <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in form of dramatic changes in their performance. The present paper reviews analytic and numeric solutions for typical trajectory planning problems. Analytic methods are those trying to solve the problem using the Pontryagin principle, where influence parameters are added to state variables to form a split <span class="hlt">condition</span> differential equation problem. The system can be solved numerically -indirect optimisation- or using parameterised functions -direct optimisation-. On the other hand, numerical methods are based on Bellman's dynamic programming (or Dijkstra algorithms), where the fact that two optimal trajectories can be concatenated to form a new optimal one if the joint point is demonstrated to belong to the final optimal solution. There is no a-priori <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for the best method. Traditionally, analytic has been more employed for continuous problems whereas numeric for discrete ones. In the current problem, airplane behaviour is defined by continuous equations, while wind fields are given in a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMAE13B0342G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMAE13B0342G"><span>Lightning characterization through acoustic and electromagnetic measurements recorded during the HyMeX SOP1 and simulation of the acoustic nonlinear propagation in <span class="hlt">realistic</span> thunderstorm meteorological <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gallin, L.; Coulouvrat, F.; Farges, T.; Marchiano, R.; Defer, E.; Rison, W.; Schulz, W.; Nuret, M.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The goal is to study the transformation of the thunder (amplitude, spectrum) during its travel from the lightning channel towards a detector (microphone, microbarometer), considering propagation distances of less than 50 km and complex local meteorological properties. Inside the European HyMeX project, the SOP1 campaign (2012) took place from September 2012 to November 2012 in South of France. An acoustic station (center: 4.39° E, 44.08° N) composed of a microphone array placed inside a microbarometer array was installed by CEA near city of Uzès. It was located in the center of an LMA network coming with two slow antennas. This network was deployed in France for the first time by the New Mexico Tech and LERMA laboratory. The detections from the European lightning location system EUCLID complete this dataset. During the SOP1 period several storms passed over the station. The post-processings of the records point out days with interesting thunderstorms. Especially during the 26th of October 2012 in the evening (around 8 pm) a thunderstorm passed just over the acoustic station. Not too many lightning strokes are detected by EUCLID, the corresponding flashes are then well characterized by the LMA network. Slow antennas present good electric field measurements. The acoustic records have excellent quality. We present for some selected flashes a comparative study of the different measurements (LMA, slow antenna, EUCLID, microphones, microbarometers): focusing on amplitude and spectrum of the thunder waveforms, and on propagation effects due to the meteorological <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. To quantify the impact of these meteorological <span class="hlt">conditions</span> on the propagating thunder (from the lightning sources to the acoustic array), a code named Flhoward is used [Dagrau et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 130, 20-32, 2011][Coulouvrat, Wave Motion, 49, 50--63, 2012]. It is designed to simulate the nonlinear propagation of acoustic shock waves through a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> model (including temperature</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/878681','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/878681"><span>TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF <span class="hlt">REALISTIC</span> EMISSIONS OF SOURCE AEROSOLS (TERESA): APPLICATION TO POWER PLANT-DERIVED PM2.5</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Annette Rohr</p> <p>2006-03-01</p> <p>TERESA (Toxicological Evaluation of <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Emissions of Source Aerosols) involves exposing laboratory rats to <span class="hlt">realistic</span> coal-fired power plant and mobile source emissions to help determine the relative toxicity of these PM sources. There are three coal-fired power plants in the TERESA program; this report describes the results of fieldwork conducted at the first plant, located in the Upper Midwest. The project was technically challenging by virtue of its novel design and requirement for the development of new techniques. By examining aged, <span class="hlt">atmospherically</span> transformed aerosol derived from power plant stack emissions, we were able to evaluate the toxicity of PM derivedmore » from coal combustion in a manner that more accurately reflects the exposure of concern than existing methodologies. TERESA also involves assessment of actual plant emissions in a field setting--an important strength since it reduces the question of representativeness of emissions. A sampling system was developed and assembled to draw emissions from the stack; stack sampling conducted according to standard EPA protocol suggested that the sampled emissions are representative of those exiting the stack into the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. Two mobile laboratories were then outfitted for the study: (1) a chemical laboratory in which the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> aging was conducted and which housed the bulk of the analytical equipment; and (2) a toxicological laboratory, which contained animal caging and the exposure apparatus. Animal exposures were carried out from May-November 2004 to a number of simulated <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> scenarios. Toxicological endpoints included (1) pulmonary function and breathing pattern; (2) bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytological and biochemical analyses; (3) blood cytological analyses; (4) in vivo oxidative stress in heart and lung tissue; and (5) heart and lung histopathology. Results indicated no differences between exposed and control animals in any of the endpoints examined. Exposure concentrations</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.4539B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.4539B"><span>Exchange of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) between plants and the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> under laboratory and field <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Breuninger, C.; Meixner, F. X.; Thielmann, A.; Kuhn, U.; Dindorf, T.; Kesselmeier, J.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>Nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), often denoted as nitrogen oxides (NOx), and ozone (O3) are considered as most important compounds in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> chemistry. In remote areas NOx concentration is related to biological activities of soils and vegetation. The emitted NOx will not entirely be subject of long range transport through the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. Aside oxidation of NO2 by the OH radical (forming HNO3), a considerable part of it is removed from the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> through the uptake of NO2 by plants. The exchange depends on stomatal activity and on NO2 concentrations in ambient air. It is known that NO2 uptake by plants represents a large NO2 sink, but the magnitude and the NO2 compensation point concentration are still under discussion. Our dynamic chamber system allows exchange measurements of NO2 under field <span class="hlt">conditions</span> (uncontrolled) as well as studies under controlled laboratory <span class="hlt">conditions</span> including fumigation experiments. For NO2 detection we used a highly NO2 specific blue light converter (photolytic converter) with subsequent chemiluminescence analysis of the generated NO. Furthermore, as the exchange of NO2 is a complex interaction of transport, chemistry and plant physiology, in our field experiments we determined fluxes of NO, NO2, O3, CO2 and H2O. For a better knowledge of compensation point values for the bi-directional NO2 exchange we investigated a primary representative of conifers, Picea abies, under field and laboratory <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, and re-analyzed older field data of the deciduous tree Quercus robur.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997RScI...68.3351H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997RScI...68.3351H"><span>Flexible ion conduit for use under rarefied <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hars, Gyorgy; Meuzelaar, Henk LC.</p> <p>1997-09-01</p> <p>A tubular ion conduit has been constructed, which transports ions by convection by means of a carrier gas. Typical inlet pressures are in the 10-100 Torr range, with outlet pressures as low as 10-3 Torr. The 20-30 cm, 1-2-mm-i.d., capillary tube, made of an electrically insulating material, is surrounded by a specifically configured pair of helical electrodes ("helical dipole"), which are supplied with symmetrical voltages in the tens of volt amplitude and in 1 MHz frequency range. The vibrational average force field generated reduces the tendency of ions to hit the inner wall of the tube. This way ions can be transported with minimal loss. Previously, known ion guides are operated under molecular flow (high vacuum) <span class="hlt">conditions</span> only, as opposed to the method described here, where the carrier gas enters under viscous flow <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and exits as molecular flow. In addition, existing ion guides are stiff in contrast to the flexible construction described here, which can be easily and inexpensively manufactured. The ion conduit is expected to have important applications in connecting ambient or near-ambient pressure electrospray ionization or <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pressure ionization type ion sources to mass spectrometers, while reducing pumping requirements, e.g., field portable equipment. Furthermore, the device may provide a means for connecting electron multiplier detectors to near ambient pressure analyzers such as ion mobility spectrometers.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ivs..conf..326H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ivs..conf..326H"><span>An Inequality Constrained Least-Squares Approach as an Alternative Estimation Procedure for <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Parameters from VLBI Observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Halsig, Sebastian; Artz, Thomas; Iddink, Andreas; Nothnagel, Axel</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>On its way through the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, radio signals are delayed and affected by bending and attenuation effects relative to a theoretical path in vacuum. In particular, the neutral part of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> contributes considerably to the error budget of space-geodetic observations. At the same time, space-geodetic techniques become more and more important in the understanding of the Earth's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, because <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> parameters can be linked to the water vapor content in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. The tropospheric delay is usually taken into account by applying an adequate model for the hydrostatic component and by additionally estimating zenith wet delays for the highly variable wet component. Sometimes, the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) approach leads to negative estimates, which would be equivalent to negative water vapor in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and does, of course, not reflect meteorological and physical <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in a plausible way. To cope with this phenomenon, we introduce an Inequality Constrained Least Squares (ICLS) method from the field of convex optimization and use inequality constraints to force the tropospheric parameters to be non-negative allowing for a more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> tropospheric parameter estimation in a meteorological sense. Because deficiencies in the a priori hydrostatic modeling are almost fully compensated by the tropospheric estimates, the ICLS approach urgently requires suitable a priori hydrostatic delays. In this paper, we briefly describe the ICLS method and validate its impact with regard to station positions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29127869','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29127869"><span>Trans-boundary air pollution in a city under various <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Luo, Ming; Hou, Xiangting; Gu, Yefu; Lau, Ngar-Cheung; Yim, Steve Hung-Lam</p> <p>2018-03-15</p> <p>Trans-boundary air pollution (TAP) is a crucial factor affecting air quality, and its contribution may vary over time and differ under various <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. This study firstly applies an integrated statistical scheme to estimate the contributions of TAP and local sources to air pollutants in a city, and then investigate the influences of tropical cyclones (TC) on TAP. Hong Kong is chosen as an example because of its significant and special TAP characteristics. This study focuses on four major air pollutants, namely, respirable and fine suspended particulates (RSP/PM 10 and FSP/PM 2.5 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), from 2002 to 2013. Our results show that, on average, TAP is the major contributor of the annual RSP, FSP, SO 2 , and NO 2 in Hong Kong. We estimate that when a TC is approaching, the increase in pollutant concentration in Hong Kong is mainly due to the increase in TAP contribution by the strengthened northerly wind at higher level of <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> (≥900hPa). These changes are accompanied by decreases in precipitation and increases in northerly/north-easterly wind, which may prolong the lifetime of pollutants, enhancing pollutant transport from mainland China to Hong Kong. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27562029','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27562029"><span>Implications of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for analysis of surface temperature variability derived from landscape-scale thermography.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hammerle, Albin; Meier, Fred; Heinl, Michael; Egger, Angelika; Leitinger, Georg</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Thermal infrared (TIR) cameras perfectly bridge the gap between (i) on-site measurements of land surface temperature (LST) providing high temporal resolution at the cost of low spatial coverage and (ii) remotely sensed data from satellites that provide high spatial coverage at relatively low spatio-temporal resolution. While LST data from satellite (LST sat ) and airborne platforms are routinely corrected for <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> effects, such corrections are barely applied for LST from ground-based TIR imagery (using TIR cameras; LST cam ). We show the consequences of neglecting <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> effects on LST cam of different vegetated surfaces at landscape scale. We compare LST measured from different platforms, focusing on the comparison of LST data from on-site radiometry (LST osr ) and LST cam using a commercially available TIR camera in the region of Bozen/Bolzano (Italy). Given a digital elevation model and measured vertical air temperature profiles, we developed a multiple linear regression model to correct LST cam data for <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> influences. We could show the distinct effect of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and related radiative processes along the measurement path on LST cam , proving the necessity to correct LST cam data on landscape scale, despite their relatively low measurement distances compared to remotely sensed data. Corrected LST cam data revealed the dampening effect of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, especially at high temperature differences between the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and the vegetated surface. Not correcting for these effects leads to erroneous LST estimates, in particular to an underestimation of the heterogeneity in LST, both in time and space. In the most pronounced case, we found a temperature range extension of almost 10 K.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860023786','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860023786"><span>Laboratory evaluation and application of microwave absorption properties under simulated <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Steffes, P. G.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>After long arduous work with the simulator, measurements of the refractivity and absorptivity of nitrogen under <span class="hlt">conditions</span> similar to those for Titan were completed. The most significant measurements, however, were those of the microwave absorption from gaseous ammonia under simulated <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for the Jovian <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> over wavelengths from 1.3 to 22 cm. The results of these measurements are critical in that they confirm the theoretical calculation of the ammonia opacity using the Ben-Reuven lineshape. The application of both these results, and results obtained previously, to planetary observations at microwave frequencies were especially rewarding. Applications of the results for ammonia to radio astronomical observations of Jupiter in the 1.3 to 20 cm wavelength range and the application of results for gaseous H2SO4 under simulated Venus <span class="hlt">conditions</span> are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=women+AND+economic+AND+power&pg=6&id=EJ831984','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=women+AND+economic+AND+power&pg=6&id=EJ831984"><span>Postpositivist <span class="hlt">Realist</span> Theory: Identity and Representation Revisited</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Gilpin, Lorraine S.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>In postpositivist <span class="hlt">realist</span> theory, people like Paula Moya (2000) and Satya Mohanty (2000) make a space that at once reflects and informs my location as a Third-World woman of color and a Black-immigrant educator in the United States. In postpositivist <span class="hlt">realist</span> theory, understanding emerges from one's past and present experiences and interactions as…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.3728M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.3728M"><span>The Impact of Parameterized Convection on Climatological Precipitation in <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Global Climate Models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Maher, Penelope; Vallis, Geoffrey K.; Sherwood, Steven C.; Webb, Mark J.; Sansom, Philip G.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Convective parameterizations are widely believed to be essential for <span class="hlt">realistic</span> simulations of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. However, their deficiencies also result in model biases. The role of convection schemes in modern <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> models is examined using Selected Process On/Off Klima Intercomparison Experiment simulations without parameterized convection and forced with observed sea surface temperatures. Convection schemes are not required for reasonable climatological precipitation. However, they are essential for reasonable daily precipitation and constraining extreme daily precipitation that otherwise develops. Systematic effects on lapse rate and humidity are likewise modest compared with the intermodel spread. Without parameterized convection Kelvin waves are more <span class="hlt">realistic</span>. An unexpectedly large moist Southern Hemisphere storm track bias is identified. This storm track bias persists without convection schemes, as does the double Intertropical Convergence Zone and excessive ocean precipitation biases. This suggests that model biases originate from processes other than convection or that convection schemes are missing key processes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26762609','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26762609"><span>Soil-plant-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> regulating convective cloud formation above southeastern US pine plantations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Manoli, Gabriele; Domec, Jean-Christophe; Novick, Kimberly; Oishi, Andrew Christopher; Noormets, Asko; Marani, Marco; Katul, Gabriel</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>Loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.) occupy more than 20% of the forested area in the southern United States, represent more than 50% of the standing pine volume in this region, and remove from the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> about 500 g C m-2 per year through net ecosystem exchange. Hence, their significance as a major regional carbon sink can hardly be disputed. What is disputed is whether the proliferation of young plantations replacing old forest in the southern United States will alter key aspects of the hydrologic cycle, including convective rainfall, which is the focus of the present work. Ecosystem fluxes of sensible (Hs) and latent heat (LE) and large-scale, slowly evolving free <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> temperature and water vapor content are known to be first-order controls on the formation of convective clouds in the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> boundary layer. These controlling processes are here described by a zero-order analytical model aimed at assessing how plantations of different ages may regulate the persistence and transition of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> system between cloudy and cloudless <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Using the analytical model together with field observations, the roles of ecosystem Hs and LE on convective cloud formation are explored relative to the entrainment of heat and moisture from the free <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. Our results demonstrate that cloudy-cloudless regimes at the land surface are regulated by a nonlinear relation between the Bowen ratio Bo=Hs/LE and root-zone soil water content, suggesting that young/mature pines ecosystems have the ability to recirculate available water (through rainfall predisposition mechanisms). Such nonlinearity was not detected in a much older pine stand, suggesting a higher tolerance to drought but a limited control on boundary layer dynamics. These results enable the generation of hypotheses about the impacts on convective cloud formation driven by afforestation/deforestation and groundwater depletion projected to increase following increased human population in the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6829150-active-realistic-passive-marijuana-exposure-tested-three-immunoassays-gc-ms-urine','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6829150-active-realistic-passive-marijuana-exposure-tested-three-immunoassays-gc-ms-urine"><span>Active and <span class="hlt">realistic</span> passive marijuana exposure tested by three immunoassays and GC/MS in urine</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Mule, S.J.; Lomax, P.; Gross, S.J.</p> <p></p> <p>Human urine samples obtained before and after active and passive exposure to marijuana were analyzed by immune kits (Roche, Amersham, and Syva) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Seven of eight subjects were positive for the entire five-day test period with one immune kit. The latter correlated with GC/MS in 98% of the samples. Passive inhalation experiments under <span class="hlt">conditions</span> likely to reflect <span class="hlt">realistic</span> exposure resulted consistently in less than 10 ng/mL of cannabinoids. The 10-100-ng/mL cannabinoid concentration range essential for detection of occasional and moderate marijuana users is thus unaffected by <span class="hlt">realistic</span> passive inhalation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPJWC.16003009M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPJWC.16003009M"><span>Improving 1D Stellar Models with 3D <span class="hlt">Atmospheres</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mosumgaard, Jakob Rørsted; Silva Aguirre, Víctor; Weiss, Achim; Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jørgen; Trampedach, Regner</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Stellar evolution codes play a major role in present-day astrophysics, yet they share common issues. In this work we seek to remedy some of those by the use of results from <span class="hlt">realistic</span> and highly detailed 3D hydrodynamical simulations of stellar <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>. We have implemented a new temperature stratification extracted directly from the 3D simulations into the Garching Stellar Evolution Code to replace the simplified <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> normally used. Secondly, we have implemented the use of a variable mixing-length parameter, which changes as a function of the stellar surface gravity and temperature - also derived from the 3D simulations. Furthermore, to make our models consistent, we have calculated new opacity tables to match the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> simulations. Here, we present the modified code and initial results on stellar evolution using it.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22531208-sic-based-neutron-detector-quasi-realistic-working-conditions-efficiency-stability-room-high-temperature-under-fast-neutron-irradiations','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22531208-sic-based-neutron-detector-quasi-realistic-working-conditions-efficiency-stability-room-high-temperature-under-fast-neutron-irradiations"><span>SiC-based neutron detector in quasi-<span class="hlt">realistic</span> working <span class="hlt">conditions</span>: efficiency and stability at room and high temperature under fast neutron irradiations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Ferone, Raffaello; Issa, Fatima; Ottaviani, Laurent</p> <p></p> <p>In the framework of the European I SMART project, we have designed and made new SiC-based nuclear radiation detectors able to operate in harsh environments and to detect both fast and thermal neutrons. In this paper, we report experimental results of fast neutron irradiation campaign at high temperature (106 deg. C) in quasi-<span class="hlt">realistic</span> working <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Our device does not suffer from high temperature, and spectra do show strong stability, preserving features. These experiments, as well as others in progress, show the I SMART SiC-based device skills to operate in harsh environments, whereas other materials would strongly suffer from degradation. Workmore » is still demanded to test our device at higher temperatures and to enhance efficiency in order to make our device fully exploitable from an industrial point of view. (authors)« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19960002983','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19960002983"><span>Asteroid entry in Venusian <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>: Pressure and density fields effect on crater formation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Schmidt, Robert</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>The objectives are to look at time scales of overpressure compared to cratering and to determine: what are the transient pressure and density due to <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> entry; do shock waves evacuate ambient gas; do transient <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> disturbances 'settle down' during cratering; can the pressure/density field be approximated as quasi-static; how does disturbance scale with impactor size; and what is the role of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> thickness. The general approach is to perform inexpensive exploratory calculations, perform experiments to validate code and observe crater growth, and to follow up with more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> coupling calculations. This viewgraph presentation presents progress made with the objective to obtain useful scaling relationships for crater formation when <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> effects are important.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23695543','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23695543"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> production of glycolaldehyde under hazy prebiotic <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Harman, Chester E; Kasting, James F; Wolf, Eric T</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>The early Earth's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, with extremely low levels of molecular oxygen and an appreciable abiotic flux of methane, could have been a source of organic compounds necessary for prebiotic chemistry. Here, we investigate the formation of a key RNA precursor, glycolaldehyde (2-hydroxyacetaldehyde, or GA) using a 1-dimensional photochemical model. Maximum <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> production of GA occurs when the CH4:CO2 ratio is close to 0.02. The total <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> production rate of GA remains small, only 1 × 10(7) mol yr(-1). Somewhat greater amounts of GA production, up to 2 × 10(8) mol yr(-1), could have been provided by the formose reaction or by direct delivery from space. Even with these additional production mechanisms, open ocean GA concentrations would have remained at or below ~1 μM, much smaller than the 1-2 M concentrations required for prebiotic synthesis routes like those proposed by Powner et al. (Nature 459:239-242, 2009). Additional production or concentration mechanisms for GA, or alternative formation mechanisms for RNA, are needed, if this was indeed how life originated on the early Earth.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5862249','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5862249"><span>Shipbuilding Docks as Experimental Systems for <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Assessments of Anthropogenic Stressors on Marine Organisms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Harding, Harry R.; Bunce, Tom; Birch, Fiona; Lister, Jessica; Spiga, Ilaria; Benson, Tom; Rossington, Kate; Jones, Diane; Tyler, Charles R.; Simpson, Stephen D.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Abstract Empirical investigations of the impacts of anthropogenic stressors on marine organisms are typically performed under controlled laboratory <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, onshore mesocosms, or via offshore experiments with <span class="hlt">realistic</span> (but uncontrolled) environmental variation. These approaches have merits, but onshore setups are generally small sized and fail to recreate natural stressor fields, whereas offshore studies are often compromised by confounding factors. We suggest the use of flooded shipbuilding docks to allow studying <span class="hlt">realistic</span> exposure to stressors and their impacts on the intra- and interspecific responses of animals. Shipbuilding docks permit the careful study of groups of known animals, including the evaluation of their behavioral interactions, while enabling full control of the stressor and many environmental <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. We propose that this approach could be used for assessing the impacts of prominent anthropogenic stressors, including chemicals, ocean warming, and sound. Results from shipbuilding-dock studies could allow improved parameterization of predictive models relating to the environmental risks and population consequences of anthropogenic stressors. PMID:29599545</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29599545','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29599545"><span>Shipbuilding Docks as Experimental Systems for <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Assessments of Anthropogenic Stressors on Marine Organisms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bruintjes, Rick; Harding, Harry R; Bunce, Tom; Birch, Fiona; Lister, Jessica; Spiga, Ilaria; Benson, Tom; Rossington, Kate; Jones, Diane; Tyler, Charles R; Radford, Andrew N; Simpson, Stephen D</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Empirical investigations of the impacts of anthropogenic stressors on marine organisms are typically performed under controlled laboratory <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, onshore mesocosms, or via offshore experiments with <span class="hlt">realistic</span> (but uncontrolled) environmental variation. These approaches have merits, but onshore setups are generally small sized and fail to recreate natural stressor fields, whereas offshore studies are often compromised by confounding factors. We suggest the use of flooded shipbuilding docks to allow studying <span class="hlt">realistic</span> exposure to stressors and their impacts on the intra- and interspecific responses of animals. Shipbuilding docks permit the careful study of groups of known animals, including the evaluation of their behavioral interactions, while enabling full control of the stressor and many environmental <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. We propose that this approach could be used for assessing the impacts of prominent anthropogenic stressors, including chemicals, ocean warming, and sound. Results from shipbuilding-dock studies could allow improved parameterization of predictive models relating to the environmental risks and population consequences of anthropogenic stressors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.9784H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.9784H"><span>Impact of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> soil moisture initialization on the representation of extreme events in the western Mediterranean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Helgert, Sebastian; Khodayar, Samiro</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>In a warmer Mediterranean climate an increase in the intensity and frequency of extreme events like floods, droughts and extreme heat is expected. The ability to predict such events is still a great challenge and exhibits many uncertainties in the weather forecast and climate predictions. Thereby the missing knowledge about soil moisture-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> interactions and their representation in models is identified as one of the main sources of uncertainty. In this context the soil moisture(SM) plays an important role in the partitioning of sensible and latent heat fluxes on the surface and consequently influences the boundary-layer stability and the precipitation formation. The aim of this research work is to assess the influence of soil moisture-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> interactions on the initiation and development of extreme events in the western Mediterranean (WMED). In this respect the impact of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> SM initialization on the model representation of extreme events is investigated. High-resolution simulations of different regions in the WMED, including various climate zones from moderate to arid climate, are conducted with the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> COSMO (Consortium for Small-scale Modeling) model in the numerical weather prediction and climate mode. A multiscale temporal and spatial approach is used (days to years, 7km to 2.8km grid spacing). Observational data provided by the framework of the HYdrological cycle in the Mediterranean EXperiment (HyMeX) as well as satellite data such as precipitation from CMORPH (CPC MORPHing technique), evapotranspiration from Land Surface Analysis Satellite Applications Facility (LSA-SAF) and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> moisture from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) are used for process understanding and model validation. To select extreme dry and wet periods the Effective Drought Index (EDI) is calculated. In these periods sensitivity studies of extreme SM initialization scenarios are performed to prove a possible impact of soil moisture on</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070039071','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070039071"><span>Earth Global Reference <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Model (GRAM99): Short Course</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Leslie, Fred W.; Justus, C. G.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Earth-GRAM is a FORTRAN software package that can run on a variety of platforms including PC's. For any time and location in the Earth's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, Earth-GRAM provides values of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> quantities such as temperature, pressure, density, winds, constituents, etc.. Dispersions (perturbations) of these parameters are also provided and have <span class="hlt">realistic</span> correlations, means, and variances - useful for Monte Carlo analysis. Earth-GRAM is driven by observations including a tropospheric database available from the National Climatic Data Center. Although Earth-GRAM can be run in a "stand-alone" mode, many users incorporate it into their trajectory codes. The source code is distributed free-of-charge to eligible recipients.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1910221L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1910221L"><span>Land surface and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> associated with heat waves in the South Central United States</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lee, Eungul; Bieda, Rahama; Shanmugasundaram, Jothiganesh; Richter, Heather</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Exposure to extreme heat was reconstructed based on regional land-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> processes from 1979 to 2010 in the South Central U.S. The study region surrounds the Chickasaw Nation (CN), a predominantly Native American population with a highly prevalent burden of climate-sensitive chronic diseases. Land surface and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for summer heat waves were analyzed during spring (March-April-May, MAM) and summer (June-July-August, JJA) based on the Climate and Ocean: Variability, Predictability, and Change maximum temperature definition for heat wave frequency (HWF). The spatial-temporal pattern of HWF was determined using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis and the corresponding principle component time series of the first EOF of HWF. Statistically significant analyses of observed <span class="hlt">conditions</span> indicated that sensible heat increased and latent heat fluxes decreased with high HWF in the South Central U.S. The largest positive correlations of sensible heat flux to HWF and the largest negative correlations of latent heat flux to HWF were specifically observed over the CN. This is a significantly different energy transfer regime due to less available soil moisture during the antecedent MAM and JJA. The higher sensible heat from dry soil could cause significant warming from the near surface (> 2.0°C) to the lower troposphere (> 1.5°C), and accumulated boundary layer heat could induce the significant patterns of higher geopotential height and enhance anticyclonic circulations (negative vorticity anomaly) at the midtroposphere. Results suggested a positive land-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> feedback associated with heat waves and called attention to the need for region-specific climate adaptation planning.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28834422','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28834422"><span>Adapting <span class="hlt">realist</span> synthesis methodology: The case of workplace harassment interventions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Carr, Tracey; Quinlan, Elizabeth; Robertson, Susan; Gerrard, Angie</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Realist</span> synthesis techniques can be used to assess complex interventions by extracting and synthesizing configurations of contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes found in the literature. Our novel and multi-pronged approach to the <span class="hlt">realist</span> synthesis of workplace harassment interventions describes our pursuit of theory to link macro and program level theories. After discovering the limitations of a dogmatic approach to <span class="hlt">realist</span> synthesis, we adapted our search strategy and focused our analysis on a subset of data. We tailored our <span class="hlt">realist</span> synthesis to understand how, why, and under what circumstances workplace harassment interventions are effective. The result was a conceptual framework to test our theory-based interventions and provide the basis for subsequent <span class="hlt">realist</span> evaluation. Our experience documented in this article contributes to an understanding of how, under what circumstances, and with what consequences <span class="hlt">realist</span> synthesis principles can be customized. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApSS..443...83C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApSS..443...83C"><span><span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> self-cleaning under humidity <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and influence of the snowflakes and artificial light interaction for water dissociation simulated by the means of COMSOL</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cocean, A.; Cocean, I.; Cazacu, M. M.; Bulai, G.; Iacomi, F.; Gurlui, S.</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>The self-cleaning of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> under humidity <span class="hlt">conditions</span> is observed due to the change in emission intensity when chemical traces are investigated with DARLIOES - the advanced LIDAR based on space- and time-resolved RAMAN and breakdown spectroscopy in <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of consistent humidity of <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. The determination was performed during the night, in the wintertime under <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of high humidity and snowfall, in urban area of Iasi. The change in chemical composition of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> detected was assumed to different chemical reactions involving presence of the water. Water dissociation that was registered during spectral measurements is explained by a simulation of the interaction between artificial light and snowflakes - virtually designed in a spherical geometry - in a wet air environment, using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The aim of the study is to explain the decrease or elimination of some of the toxic trace chemical compounds in the process of self-cleaning in other <span class="hlt">conditions</span> than the sun light interaction for further finding application for air cleaning under artificial <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.H41C0908B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.H41C0908B"><span>Generation of a <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Soil Moisture Initialization System and its Potential Impact on Short-to-Seasonal Forecasting of Near Surface Variables</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Boisserie, M.; Cocke, S.; O'Brien, J. J.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>Although the amount of water contained in the soil seems insignificant when compared to the total amount of water on a global-scale, soil moisture is widely recognized as a crucial variable for climate studies. It plays a key role in regulating the interaction between the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and the land-surface by controlling the repartition between the surface latent and sensible heat fluxes. In addition, the persistence of soil moisture anomalies provides one of the most important components of memory for the climate system. Several studies have shown that, during the boreal summer in mid-latitudes, the soil moisture role in controlling the continental precipitation variability may be more important than that of the sea surface temperature (Koster et al. 2000, Hong and Kalnay 2000, Koster et al. 2000, Kumar and Hoerling 1995, Trenberth et al. 1998, Shukla 1998). Although all of the above studies have demonstrated the strong sensitivity of seasonal forecasts to the soil moisture initial <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, they relied on extreme or idealized soil moisture levels. The question of whether <span class="hlt">realistic</span> soil moisture initial <span class="hlt">conditions</span> lead to improved seasonal predictions has not been adequately addressed. Progress in addressing this question has been hampered by the lack of long-term reliable observation-based global soil moisture data sets. Since precipitation strongly affects the soil moisture characteristics at the surface and in depth, an alternative to this issue is to assimilate precipitation. Because precipitation is a diagnostic variable, most of the current reanalyses do not directly assimilate it into their models (M. Bosilovitch, 2008). In this study, an effective technique that directly assimilates the precipitation is used. We examine two experiments. In the first experiment, the model is initialized by directly assimilating a global, 3-hourly, 1.0° precipitation dataset, provided by Sheffield et al. (2006), in a continuous assimilation period of a couple of months. For</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=64412&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=physiology+AND+stress&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=64412&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=physiology+AND+stress&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>CANOPY CONDUCTANCE OF PINUS TAEDA, LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA AND QUERCUS PHELLOS UNDER VARYING <span class="hlt">ATMOSPHERIC</span> AND SOIL WATER <span class="hlt">CONDITION</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Sap flow, and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> and soil water data were collected in closed-top chambers under <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of high soil water potential for saplings of Liquidambar styraciflua L., Quercus phellos L., and Pinus taeda L., three co-occurring species in the southeastern USA. Responses of c...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22410823','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22410823"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> during high ragweed pollen concentrations in Zagreb, Croatia.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Prtenjak, Maja Telišman; Srnec, Lidija; Peternel, Renata; Madžarević, Valentina; Hrga, Ivana; Stjepanović, Barbara</p> <p>2012-11-01</p> <p>We examined the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> favourable to the occurrence of maximum concentrations of ragweed pollen with an extremely high risk of producing allergy. Over the 2002-2009 period, daily pollen data collected in Zagreb were used to identify two periods of high pollen concentration (> 600 grains/m(3)) for our analysis: period A (3-4 September 2002) and period B (6-7 September 2003). Synoptic <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in both periods were very similar: Croatia was under the influence of a lower sector high pressure system moving slowly eastward over Eastern Europe. During the 2002-2009 period, this type of weather pattern (on ~ 70% of days), in conjunction with almost non-gradient surface pressure <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in the area (on ~ 30% of days) characterised days when the daily pollen concentrations were higher than 400 grains/m(3). Numerical experiments using a mesoscale model at fine resolution showed successful multi-day simulations reproducing the local topographic influence on wind flow and in reasonable agreement with available observations. According to the model, the relatively weak synoptic flow (predominantly from the eastern direction) allowed local thermal circulations to develop over Zagreb during both high pollen episodes. Two-hour pollen concentrations and 48-h back-trajectories indicated that regional-range transport of pollen grains from the central Pannonian Plain was the cause of the high pollen concentrations during period A. During period B, the north-westward regional-range transport in Zagreb was supplemented significantly by pronounced horizontal recirculation of pollen grains. This recirculation happened within the diurnal local circulation over the city, causing a late-evening increase in pollen concentration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012IJBm...56.1145P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012IJBm...56.1145P"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> during high ragweed pollen concentrations in Zagreb, Croatia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Prtenjak, Maja Telišman; Srnec, Lidija; Peternel, Renata; Madžarević, Valentina; Hrga, Ivana; Stjepanović, Barbara</p> <p>2012-11-01</p> <p>We examined the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> favourable to the occurrence of maximum concentrations of ragweed pollen with an extremely high risk of producing allergy. Over the 2002-2009 period, daily pollen data collected in Zagreb were used to identify two periods of high pollen concentration (> 600 grains/m3) for our analysis: period A (3-4 September 2002) and period B (6-7 September 2003). Synoptic <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in both periods were very similar: Croatia was under the influence of a lower sector high pressure system moving slowly eastward over Eastern Europe. During the 2002-2009 period, this type of weather pattern (on ~ 70% of days), in conjunction with almost non-gradient surface pressure <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in the area (on ~ 30% of days) characterised days when the daily pollen concentrations were higher than 400 grains/m3. Numerical experiments using a mesoscale model at fine resolution showed successful multi-day simulations reproducing the local topographic influence on wind flow and in reasonable agreement with available observations. According to the model, the relatively weak synoptic flow (predominantly from the eastern direction) allowed local thermal circulations to develop over Zagreb during both high pollen episodes. Two-hour pollen concentrations and 48-h back-trajectories indicated that regional-range transport of pollen grains from the central Pannonian Plain was the cause of the high pollen concentrations during period A. During period B, the north-westward regional-range transport in Zagreb was supplemented significantly by pronounced horizontal recirculation of pollen grains. This recirculation happened within the diurnal local circulation over the city, causing a late-evening increase in pollen concentration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29750188','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29750188"><span>Temperature effect on phase state and reactivity controls <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> multiphase chemistry and transport of PAHs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mu, Qing; Shiraiwa, Manabu; Octaviani, Mega; Ma, Nan; Ding, Aijun; Su, Hang; Lammel, Gerhard; Pöschl, Ulrich; Cheng, Yafang</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons like benzo( a )pyrene (BaP) in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> particulate matter pose a threat to human health because of their high carcinogenicity. In the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, BaP is mainly degraded through a multiphase reaction with ozone, but the fate and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transport of BaP are poorly characterized. Earlier modeling studies used reaction rate coefficients determined in laboratory experiments at room temperature, which may overestimate/underestimate degradation rates when applied under <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Moreover, the effects of diffusion on the particle bulk are not well constrained, leading to large discrepancies between model results and observations. We show how regional and global distributions and transport of BaP can be explained by a new kinetic scheme that provides a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> description of the temperature and humidity dependence of phase state, diffusivity, and reactivity of BaP-containing particles. Low temperature and humidity can substantially increase the lifetime of BaP and enhance its <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> dispersion through both the planetary boundary layer and the free troposphere. The new scheme greatly improves the performance of multiscale models, leading to better agreement with observed BaP concentrations in both source regions and remote regions (Arctic), which cannot be achieved by less-elaborate degradation schemes (deviations by multiple orders of magnitude). Our results highlight the importance of considering temperature and humidity effects on both the phase state of aerosol particles and the chemical reactivity of particulate air pollutants.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19940016351&hterms=TNT&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DTNT','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19940016351&hterms=TNT&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DTNT"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> breakup of a small comet in the Earth's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Teterev, A. V.; Misychenko, N. I.; Rudak, L. V.; Romanov, G. S.; Smetannikov, A. S.; Nemchinov, I. V.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>The aerodynamic stresses can lead to the deformation and even to destruction of the meteoroids during their flight through the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. The pressure at the blunt nose of the cosmic body moving at very high speed through the dense layers of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> may be much larger than the tensile or the compressive strength of the body. So the usage of the hydrodynamics theory is validated. The estimates show that the transverse velocity of the substance of the body U is of the order of (rho(sub a)/rho(sub o))(sup 1/2)V where V is the velocity of the body and rho(sub o) is its density, rho(sub a) is the density of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. The separation of the fragments is larger than the diameter of the body D if D is less than D(sub c) = 2H(square root of rho(sub a)/rho(sub o)), where H is the characteristic scale of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. For an icy body one obtains U = 1/30(V) and critical diameter D(sub C) = 500 m. The process of the disintegration of the body is still not fully understood and so one can use the numerical simulation to investigate it. Such simulations where conducted for the Venusian <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and the gaseous equation of state of the body was used. For the Earth <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> for the velocity V = 50 km/s the pressure at the blunt nose of the body is 25 kbar, and is of the order of bulk modulus of compressibility of the water or ice. The <span class="hlt">realistic</span> EOS of water in tabular form was used. It was assumed that the initial shape of the body was spherical and the initial diameter D(sub o) of the body is 200 m and so it is smaller than the critical diameter D(sub C). The initial kinetic energy of the icy body is equivalent to the energy of the explosion 1200 Mt of TNT. The results of the simulation of the deformation of the body during its vertical flight through the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and during its impact into the ocean are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19603845','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19603845"><span>Damage induced to DNA by low-energy (0-30 eV) electrons under vacuum and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Brun, Emilie; Cloutier, Pierre; Sicard-Roselli, Cécile; Fromm, Michel; Sanche, Léon</p> <p>2009-07-23</p> <p>In this study, we show that it is possible to obtain data on DNA damage induced by low-energy (0-30 eV) electrons under <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Five monolayer films of plasmid DNA (3197 base pairs) deposited on glass and gold substrates are irradiated with 1.5 keV X-rays in ultrahigh vacuum and under <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The total damage is analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The damage produced on the glass substrate is attributed to energy absorption from X-rays, whereas that produced on the gold substrate arises from energy absorption from both the X-ray beam and secondary electrons emitted from the gold surface. By analysis of the energy of these secondary electrons, 96% are found to have energies below 30 eV with a distribution peaking at 1.4 eV. The differences in damage yields recorded with the gold and glass substrates is therefore essentially attributed to the interaction of low-energy electrons with DNA under vacuum and hydrated <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. From these results, the G values for low-energy electrons are determined to be four and six strand breaks per 100 eV, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EPJWC.17601018A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EPJWC.17601018A"><span>Assessment of capabilities of lidar systems in day-and night-time under different <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> and internal-noise <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Agishev, Ravil; Comerón, Adolfo</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>As an application of the dimensionless parameterization concept proposed earlier for the characterization of lidar systems, the universal assessment of lidar capabilities in day and night <span class="hlt">conditions</span> is considered. The dimensionless parameters encapsulate the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, the lidar optical and optoelectronic characteristics, including the photodetector internal noise, and the sky background radiation. Approaches to ensure immunity of the lidar system to external background radiation are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020081021','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020081021"><span>Space and <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Environments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Barth, Janet L.; Day, John H. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>This viewgraph presentation provides information on space environments and the protection of materials and structures from their harsh <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Space environments are complex, and the complexity of spacecraft systems is increasing. Design accommodation must be <span class="hlt">realistic</span>. Environmental problems can be limited at low cost relative to spacecraft cost.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3251981','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3251981"><span>The New Pelagic Operational Observatory of the Catalan Sea (OOCS) for the Multisensor Coordinated Measurement of <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> and Oceanographic <span class="hlt">Conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Bahamon, Nixon; Aguzzi, Jacopo; Bernardello, Raffaele; Ahumada-Sempoal, Miguel-Angel; Puigdefabregas, Joan; Cateura, Jordi; Muñoz, Eduardo; Velásquez, Zoila; Cruzado, Antonio</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The new pelagic Operational Observatory of the Catalan Sea (OOCS) for the coordinated multisensor measurement of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> and oceanographic <span class="hlt">conditions</span> has been recently installed (2009) in the Catalan Sea (41°39′N, 2°54′E; Western Mediterranean) and continuously operated (with minor maintenance gaps) until today. This multiparametric platform is moored at 192 m depth, 9.3 km off Blanes harbour (Girona, Spain). It is composed of a buoy holding <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> sensors and a set of oceanographic sensors measuring the water <span class="hlt">conditions</span> over the upper 100 m depth. The station is located close to the head of the Blanes submarine canyon where an important multispecies pelagic and demersal fishery gives the station ecological and economic relevance. The OOCS provides important records on <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> and oceanographic <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, the latter through the measurement of hydrological and biogeochemical parameters, at depths with a time resolution never attained before for this area of the Mediterranean. Twenty four moored sensors and probes operating in a coordinated fashion provide important data on Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs; UNESCO) such as temperature, salinity, pressure, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll fluorescence, and turbidity. In comparison with other pelagic observatories presently operating in other world areas, OOCS also measures photosynthetic available radiation (PAR) from above the sea surface and at different depths in the upper 50 m. Data are recorded each 30 min and transmitted in real-time to a ground station via GPRS. This time series is published and automatically updated at the frequency of data collection on the official OOCS website (http://www.ceab.csic.es/~oceans). Under development are embedded automated routines for the in situ data treatment and assimilation into numerical models, in order to provide a reliable local marine processing forecast. In this work, our goal is to detail the OOCS multisensor architecture in relation to the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AAS...23111108S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AAS...23111108S"><span>Theory and Simulation of Exoplanetary <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Haze: Giant Spectral Line Broadening</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sadeghpour, Hossein; Felfeli, Zineb; Kharchenko, Vasili; Babb, James; Vrinceanu, Daniel</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Prominent spectral features in observed transmission spectra of exoplanets are obscured. <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> haze is the leading candidate for the flattening of spectral transmission of expolanetray occultation, but also for solar system planets, Earth and cometary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>. Such spectra which carry information about how the planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> become opaque to stellar light in transit, show broad absorption where strong absorption lines from sodium or potassium and water are predicted to exist. In this work, we develop a detailed atomistic theoretical model, taking into account interaction between an atomic or molecular radiator with dust and haze particulates. Our model considers a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> structure of haze particulates from small seed particles up to sub-micron irregularly shaped aggregates. This theory of interaction between haze and radiator particles allows to consider nearly all <span class="hlt">realistic</span> structure, size and chemical composition of haze particulates. The computed shift and broadening of emission spectra will include both quasi-static (mean field) and collisional (pressure) shift and broadening. Our spectral calculations will be verified with available laboratory experimental data on spectra of alkali atoms in liquid droplet, solid ice, dust and dense gaseous environments. The simplicity, elegance and generality of the proposed model makes it amenable to a broad community of users in astrophysics and chemistry. The verified models can be used for analysis of emission and absorption spectra of alkali atoms from exoplanets, solar system planets, satellites and comets.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Icar..245..153S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Icar..245..153S"><span>Laboratory measurements of the 3.7-20 cm wavelength opacity of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide under simulated <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for the deep <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> of Venus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Steffes, Paul G.; Shahan, Patrick; Christopher Barisich, G.; Bellotti, Amadeo</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>In the past two decades, multiple observations of Venus have been made at X-Band (3.6 cm) using the Jansky Very Large Array (VLA), and maps have been created of the 3.6 cm emission from Venus (see, e.g., Devaraj, K. [2011]. The Centimeter- and Millimeter-Wavelength Ammonia Absorption Spectra under Jovian <span class="hlt">Conditions</span>. PhD Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA). Since the emission morphology is related both to surface features and to deep <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> absorption from CO2 and SO2 (see, e.g., Butler, B.J., Steffes, P.G., Suleiman, S.H., Kolodner, M.A., Jenkins, J.M. [2001]. Icarus 154, 226-238), knowledge of the microwave absorption properties of sulfur dioxide in a carbon dioxide <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> under <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for the deep <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> of Venus is required for proper interpretation. Except for a single measurement campaign conducted at a single wavelength (3.2 cm) over 40 years ago (Ho, W., Kaufman, I.A., Thaddeus, P. [1966]. J. Geophys. Res. 71, 5091-5108), no measurements of the centimeter-wavelength properties of any Venus <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> constituent have been conducted under <span class="hlt">conditions</span> characteristic of the deep <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> (pressures from 10 to 92 bars and temperatures from 400 to 700 K). New measurements of the microwave properties of SO2 and CO2 at wavelengths from 3.7 to 20 cm have been conducted under simulated <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for the deep <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> of Venus, using a new high-pressure system. Results from this measurement campaign conducted at temperatures from 430 K to 560 K and at pressures up to 92 bars are presented. Results indicate that the model for the centimeter-wavelength opacity from pure CO2 (Ho, W., Kaufman, I.A., Thaddeus, P. [1966]. J. Geophys. Res. 71, 5091-5108), is valid over the entire centimeter-wavelength range under simulated <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for the deep <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> of Venus. Additionally, the laboratory results indicate that both of the models for the centimeter-wavelength opacity of SO2 in a CO2 <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> from Suleiman et al. (Suleiman, S</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3641936','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3641936"><span>The Toxicological Evaluation of <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Emissions of Source Aerosols Study: Statistical Methods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Coull, Brent A.; Wellenius, Gregory A.; Gonzalez-Flecha, Beatriz; Diaz, Edgar; Koutrakis, Petros; Godleski, John J.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The Toxicological Evaluation of <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Emissions of Source Aerosols (TERESA) study involved withdrawal, aging, and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transformation of emissions of three coal-fired power plants. Toxicological evaluations were carried out in rats exposed to different emission scenarios with extensive exposure characterization. Data generated had multiple levels of resolution: exposure, scenario and constituent chemical composition. Here, we outline a multilayered approach to analyze the associations between exposure and health effects beginning with standard ANOVA models that treat exposure as a categorical variable. The model assessed differences in exposure effects across scenarios (by plant). To assess unadjusted associations between pollutant concentrations and health, univariate analyses were conducted using the difference between the response means under exposed and control <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and a single constituent concentration as the predictor. Then, a novel multivariate analysis of exposure composition and health was used based on random forests, a recent extension of classification and regression trees that were applied to the outcome differences. For each exposure constituent, this approach yielded a nonparametric measure of the importance of that constituent in predicting differences in response on a given day, controlling for the other measured constituent concentrations in the model. Finally, an R2 analysis compared the relative importance of exposure scenario, plant, and constituent concentrations on each outcome. Peak expiratory flow is used to demonstrate how the multiple levels of the analysis complement each other to assess constituents most strongly associated with health effects. PMID:21913820</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21913820','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21913820"><span>The toxicological evaluation of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> emissions of source aerosols study: statistical methods.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Coull, Brent A; Wellenius, Gregory A; Gonzalez-Flecha, Beatriz; Diaz, Edgar; Koutrakis, Petros; Godleski, John J</p> <p>2011-08-01</p> <p>The Toxicological Evaluation of <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Emissions of Source Aerosols (TERESA) study involved withdrawal, aging, and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transformation of emissions of three coal-fired power plants. Toxicological evaluations were carried out in rats exposed to different emission scenarios with extensive exposure characterization. Data generated had multiple levels of resolution: exposure, scenario, and constituent chemical composition. Here, we outline a multilayered approach to analyze the associations between exposure and health effects beginning with standard ANOVA models that treat exposure as a categorical variable. The model assessed differences in exposure effects across scenarios (by plant). To assess unadjusted associations between pollutant concentrations and health, univariate analyses were conducted using the difference between the response means under exposed and control <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and a single constituent concentration as the predictor. Then, a novel multivariate analysis of exposure composition and health was used based on Random Forests(™), a recent extension of classification and regression trees that were applied to the outcome differences. For each exposure constituent, this approach yielded a nonparametric measure of the importance of that constituent in predicting differences in response on a given day, controlling for the other measured constituent concentrations in the model. Finally, an R(2) analysis compared the relative importance of exposure scenario, plant, and constituent concentrations on each outcome. Peak expiratory flow (PEF) is used to demonstrate how the multiple levels of the analysis complement each other to assess constituents most strongly associated with health effects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920051644&hterms=models+linear&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dmodels%2Blinear','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920051644&hterms=models+linear&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dmodels%2Blinear"><span>Meridionally propagating interannual-to-interdecadal variability in a linear ocean-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mehta, Vikram M.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Meridional oscillation modes in a global, primitive-equation coupled ocean-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> model have been analyzed in order to determine whether they contain such meridionally propagating modes as surface-pressure perturbations with years-to-decades oscillation periods. A two-layer global ocean model and a two-level global <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> model were then formulated. For <span class="hlt">realistic</span> parameter values and basic states, meridional modes oscillating at periods of several years to several decades are noted to be present in the coupled ocean-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> model; the oscillation periods, travel times, and meridional structures of surface pressure perturbations in one of the modes are found to be comparable to the corresponding characteristics of observed sea-level pressure perturbations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EPJD...68...97A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EPJD...68...97A"><span>Low-energy-electron interactions with DNA: approaching cellular <span class="hlt">conditions</span> with <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> experiments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Alizadeh, Elahe; Sanche, Léon</p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>A novel technique has been developed to investigate low energy electron (LEE)-DNA interactions in the presence of small biomolecules (e.g., N2, O2, H2O) found near DNA in the cell nucleus, in order to simulate cellular <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. In this technique, LEEs are emitted from a metallic surface exposed by soft X-rays and interact with DNA thin films at standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP). Whereas <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> N2 had little effect on the yields of LEE-induced single and double strand breaks, both O2 and H2O considerably modified and increased such damage. The highest yields were obtained when DNA is embedded in a combined O2 and H2O <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. In this case, the amount of additional double strand breaks was supper-additive. The effect of modifying the chemical and physical stability of DNA by platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents (Pt-drugs) including cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin was also investigated with this technique. The results obtained provide information on the role played by subexcitation-energy electrons and dissociative electron attachment in the radiosensitization of DNA by Pt-drugs, which is an important step to unravel the mechanisms of radiosensitisation of these agents in chemoradiation cancer therapy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...98a2019L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...98a2019L"><span>Effect of Nock-Ten Tropical Cyclone on <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">Condition</span> and Distribution of Rainfall in Gorontalo, Ternate, and Sorong Regions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lumbangaol, A.; Serhalawan, Y. R.; Endarwin</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Nock-Ten Tropical Cyclone is an <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> phenomenon that has claimed many lives in the Philippines. This super-typhoon cyclone grows in the Western Pacific Ocean, North of Papua. With the area directly contiguous to the trajectory of Nock-Ten Tropical Cyclone growth, it is necessary to study about the growth activity of this tropical cyclones in Indonesia, especially in 3 different areas, namely Gorontalo, Ternate, and Sorong. This study was able to determine the impact of Nock-Ten Tropical Cyclone on <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> dynamics and rainfall growth distribution based on the stages of tropical cyclone development. The data used in this study include Himawari-8 IR channel satellite data to see the development stage and movement track of Tropical Cyclone Nock-Ten, rainfall data from TRMM 3B42RT satellite product to know the rain distribution in Gorontalo, Ternate, and Sorong, and reanalysis data from ECMWF such as wind direction and speed, vertical velocity, and relative vorticity to determine <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> at the time of development of the Nock-Ten Tropical Cyclone. The results of data analysis processed using GrADS application showed the development stage of Nock-Ten Tropical Cyclone has effect of changes in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> dynamics <span class="hlt">condition</span> and wind direction pattern. In addition, tropical cyclones also contribute to very light to moderate scale intensity during the cycle period of tropical cyclone development in all three regions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhDT.......184S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhDT.......184S"><span>Experimental analysis of the vorticity and turbulent flow dynamics of a pitching airfoil at <span class="hlt">realistic</span> flight (helicopter) <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sahoo, Dipankar</p> <p></p> <p>Improved basic understanding, predictability, and controllability of vortex-dominated and unsteady aerodynamic flows are important in enhancement of the performance of next generation helicopters. The primary objective of this research project was improved understanding of the fundamental vorticity and turbulent flow physics for a dynamically stalling airfoil at <span class="hlt">realistic</span> helicopter flight <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. An experimental program was performed on a large-scale (C = 0.45 m) dynamically pitching NACA 0012 wing operating in the Texas A&M University large-scale wind tunnel. High-resolution particle image velocimetry data were acquired on the first 10-15% of the wing. Six test cases were examined including the unsteady (k>0) and steady (k=0) <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The relevant mechanical, shear and turbulent time-scales were all of comparable magnitude, which indicated that the flow was in a state of mechanical non-equilibrium, and the expected flow separation and reattachment hystersis was observed. Analyses of the databases provided new insights into the leading-edge Reynolds stress structure and the turbulent transport processes. Both of which were previously uncharacterized. During the upstroke motion of the wing, a bubble structure formed in the leading-edge Reynolds shear stress. The size of the bubble increased with increasing angle-of-attack before being diffused into a shear layer at full separation. The turbulent transport analyses indicated that the axial stress production was positive, where the transverse production was negative. This implied that axial turbulent stresses were being produced from the axial component of the mean flow. A significant portion of the energy was transferred to the transverse stress through the pressure-strain redistribution, and then back to the transverse mean flow through the negative transverse production. An opposite trend was observed further downstream of this region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2258572','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2258572"><span>Effect of Shadowing on Survival of Bacteria under <span class="hlt">Conditions</span> Simulating the Martian <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> and UV Radiation▿ †</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Osman, Shariff; Peeters, Zan; La Duc, Myron T.; Mancinelli, Rocco; Ehrenfreund, Pascale; Venkateswaran, Kasthuri</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Spacecraft-associated spores and four non-spore-forming bacterial isolates were prepared in Atacama Desert soil suspensions and tested both in solution and in a desiccated state to elucidate the shadowing effect of soil particulates on bacterial survival under simulated Martian <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> and UV irradiation <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. All non-spore-forming cells that were prepared in nutrient-depleted, 0.2-μm-filtered desert soil (DSE) microcosms and desiccated for 75 days on aluminum died, whereas cells prepared similarly in 60-μm-filtered desert soil (DS) microcosms survived such <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Among the bacterial cells tested, Microbacterium schleiferi and Arthrobacter sp. exhibited elevated resistance to 254-nm UV irradiation (low-pressure Hg lamp), and their survival indices were comparable to those of DS- and DSE-associated Bacillus pumilus spores. Desiccated DSE-associated spores survived exposure to full Martian UV irradiation (200 to 400 nm) for 5 min and were only slightly affected by Martian <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in the absence of UV irradiation. Although prolonged UV irradiation (5 min to 12 h) killed substantial portions of the spores in DSE microcosms (∼5- to 6-log reduction with Martian UV irradiation), dramatic survival of spores was apparent in DS-spore microcosms. The survival of soil-associated wild-type spores under Martian <span class="hlt">conditions</span> could have repercussions for forward contamination of extraterrestrial environments, especially Mars. PMID:18083857</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28501639','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28501639"><span>Comparative evaluation of thermal decomposition behavior and thermal stability of powdered ammonium nitrate under different <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yang, Man; Chen, Xianfeng; Wang, Yujie; Yuan, Bihe; Niu, Yi; Zhang, Ying; Liao, Ruoyu; Zhang, Zumin</p> <p>2017-09-05</p> <p>In order to analyze the thermal decomposition characteristics of ammonium nitrate (AN), its thermal behavior and stability under different <span class="hlt">conditions</span> are studied, including different <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>, heating rates and gas flow rates. The evolved decomposition gases of AN in air and nitrogen are analyzed with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Thermal stability of AN at different heating rates and gas flow rates are studied by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, paired comparison method and safety parameter evaluation. Experimental results show that the major evolved decomposition gases in air are H 2 O, NH 3 , N 2 O, NO, NO 2 and HNO 3 , while in nitrogen, H 2 O, NH 3 , NO and HNO 3 are major components. Compared with nitrogen <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, lower initial and end temperatures, higher heat flux and broader reaction temperature range are obtained in air. Meanwhile, higher air gas flow rate tends to achieve lower reaction temperature and to reduce thermal stability of AN. Self-accelerating decomposition temperature of AN in air is much lower than that in nitrogen. It is considered that thermostability of AN is influenced by <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, heating rate and gas flow rate, thus changes of boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> will influence its thermostability, which is helpful to its safe production, storage, transportation and utilization. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4182460','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4182460"><span><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Real-Time Outdoor Rendering in Augmented Reality</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kolivand, Hoshang; Sunar, Mohd Shahrizal</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> rendering techniques of outdoor Augmented Reality (AR) has been an attractive topic since the last two decades considering the sizeable amount of publications in computer graphics. <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> virtual objects in outdoor rendering AR systems require sophisticated effects such as: shadows, daylight and interactions between sky colours and virtual as well as real objects. A few <span class="hlt">realistic</span> rendering techniques have been designed to overcome this obstacle, most of which are related to non real-time rendering. However, the problem still remains, especially in outdoor rendering. This paper proposed a much newer, unique technique to achieve <span class="hlt">realistic</span> real-time outdoor rendering, while taking into account the interaction between sky colours and objects in AR systems with respect to shadows in any specific location, date and time. This approach involves three main phases, which cover different outdoor AR rendering requirements. Firstly, sky colour was generated with respect to the position of the sun. Second step involves the shadow generation algorithm, Z-Partitioning: Gaussian and Fog Shadow Maps (Z-GaF Shadow Maps). Lastly, a technique to integrate sky colours and shadows through its effects on virtual objects in the AR system, is introduced. The experimental results reveal that the proposed technique has significantly improved the realism of real-time outdoor AR rendering, thus solving the problem of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> AR systems. PMID:25268480</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25268480','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25268480"><span><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> real-time outdoor rendering in augmented reality.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kolivand, Hoshang; Sunar, Mohd Shahrizal</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> rendering techniques of outdoor Augmented Reality (AR) has been an attractive topic since the last two decades considering the sizeable amount of publications in computer graphics. <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> virtual objects in outdoor rendering AR systems require sophisticated effects such as: shadows, daylight and interactions between sky colours and virtual as well as real objects. A few <span class="hlt">realistic</span> rendering techniques have been designed to overcome this obstacle, most of which are related to non real-time rendering. However, the problem still remains, especially in outdoor rendering. This paper proposed a much newer, unique technique to achieve <span class="hlt">realistic</span> real-time outdoor rendering, while taking into account the interaction between sky colours and objects in AR systems with respect to shadows in any specific location, date and time. This approach involves three main phases, which cover different outdoor AR rendering requirements. Firstly, sky colour was generated with respect to the position of the sun. Second step involves the shadow generation algorithm, Z-Partitioning: Gaussian and Fog Shadow Maps (Z-GaF Shadow Maps). Lastly, a technique to integrate sky colours and shadows through its effects on virtual objects in the AR system, is introduced. The experimental results reveal that the proposed technique has significantly improved the realism of real-time outdoor AR rendering, thus solving the problem of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> AR systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=310227&Lab=NHEERL&keyword=Experimental+AND+design&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=310227&Lab=NHEERL&keyword=Experimental+AND+design&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>Critical Evaluation of Air-Liquid Interface Exposure Devices for In Vitro Assessment of <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Pollutants</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Exposure of cells to <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pollutants at the air-liquid interface (ALI) is a more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> approach than exposures of attached cells submerged in liquid medium. However, there is still limited understanding of the ideal ALI device design features that permit reproducible a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004SPIE.5484..689T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004SPIE.5484..689T"><span>Generating <span class="hlt">realistic</span> images using Kray</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tanski, Grzegorz</p> <p>2004-07-01</p> <p>Kray is an application for creating <span class="hlt">realistic</span> images. It is written in C++ programming language, has a text-based interface, solves global illumination problem using techniques such as radiosity, path tracing and photon mapping.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA476017','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA476017"><span>Estimations of <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">Conditions</span> for Input to the Radar Performance Surface</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>timely <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> and ocean surface descriptions on features that impact radar and electro-optical sensor systems . The first part of this study is an...Navy’s Coupled Ocean <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS®) are compared to in-situ data to assess the sensitivities of air-sea...temperature measurements to make direct comparisons to the Coupled Ocean <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS®) as a prime source of input to the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160006531','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160006531"><span>Measurements of <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> CO2 Column in Cloudy Weather <span class="hlt">Conditions</span> using An IM-CW Lidar at 1.57 Micron</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lin, Bing; Obland, Michael; Harrison, F. Wallace; Nehrir, Amin; Browell, Edward; Campbell, Joel; Dobler, Jeremy; Meadows, Bryon; Fan, Tai-Fang; Kooi, Susan; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20160006531'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20160006531_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20160006531_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20160006531_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20160006531_hide"></p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>This study evaluates the capability of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> CO2 column measurements under cloudy <span class="hlt">conditions</span> using an airborne intensity-modulated continuous-wave integrated-path-differential-absorption lidar operating in the 1.57-m CO2 absorption band. The <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> CO2 column amounts from the aircraft to the tops of optically thick cumulus clouds and to the surface in the presence of optically thin clouds are retrieved from lidar data obtained during the summer 2011 and spring 2013 flight campaigns, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A53A2207C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A53A2207C"><span>Development of <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Synthetic Data Products for the Tempo Geostationary Mission</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chan Miller, C.; Gonzalez Abad, G.; Zoogman, P.; Spurr, R. J. D.; Keller, C. A.; Liu, X.; Chance, K.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>TEMPO is a future geostationary satellite instrument designed to measure <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pollution from solar backscatter over greater North America. Here we describe efforts to generate <span class="hlt">realistic</span> synthetic level 1 (radiance) and level 2 (trace gas, aerosol and cloud) TEMPO observations, appropriate for retrieval algorithm validation and data assimilation observing system simulation experiments. The synthetic data are derived using a high resolution ( 12km x 12km) GEOS-5 GCM simulation with GEOS-Chem tropospheric chemistry combined with the VLIDORT radiative transfer model. The simulations include cloud and aerosol scattering, pressure- and temperature-dependent gas absorption, anisotropic surface reflectance derived from MODIS observations, solar-induced plant fluorescence derived from GOME-2 observations, and the Ring effect. We describe methods to speed up calculation of the synthetic level 2 products, and present a first validation of the TEMPO operational algorithms against the synthetic level 1 data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017OptFT..38..154S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017OptFT..38..154S"><span>Optical aging observation in suspended core tellurite microstructured fibers under <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Strutynski, C.; Mouawad, O.; Picot-Clémente, J.; Froidevaux, P.; Désévédavy, F.; Gadret, G.; Jules, J.-C.; Kibler, B.; Smektala, F.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Tellurite glasses are good candidates for the development of broadband supercontinuum (SC) laser sources in the 1-5 μm range. At the moment, beside very few exceptions, SC generation in TeO2-based microstructured optical fibers (MOFs) is limited to 3 μm in the mid-infrared (MIR). We present here an observation of an optical aging occurring in six-hole suspended-core tellurite MOFs. When exposed to <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, such fibers show an alteration of their transmission between 3 and 4 μm. This aging phenomenon leads to the growth of strong additional losses in this wavelengths range over time. Impact of the transmission degradation on spectral broadening is studied through numerical simulations of SC generation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1818202M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1818202M"><span>Event attribution using data assimilation in an intermediate complexity <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Metref, Sammy; Hannart, Alexis; Ruiz, Juan; Carrassi, Alberto; Bocquet, Marc; Ghil, Michael</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>A new approach, coined DADA (Data Assimilation for Detection and Attribution) has been recently introduced by Hannart et al. 2015, and is potentially useful for near real time, systematic causal attribution of weather and climate-related events The method is purposely designed to allow its operability at meteorological centers by synergizing causal attribution with Data Assimilation (DA) methods usually designed to deal with large nonlinear models. In Hannart et al. 2015, the DADA proposal is illustrated in the context of a low-order nonlinear model (forced three-variable Lorenz model) that is of course not <span class="hlt">realistic</span> to represent the events considered. As a continuation of this stream of work, we therefore propose an implementation of the DADA approach in a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> intermediate complexity <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model (ICTP AGCM, nicknamed SPEEDY). The SPEEDY model is based on a spectral dynamical core developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (see Held and Suarez 1994). It is a hydrostatic, r-coordinate, spectral-transform model in the vorticity-divergence form described by Bourke (1974). A synthetic dataset of observations of an extreme precipitation event over Southeastern South America is extracted from a long SPEEDY simulation under present climatic <span class="hlt">conditions</span> (i.e. factual <span class="hlt">conditions</span>). Then, following the DADA approach, observations of this event are assimilated twice in the SPEEDY model: first in the factual configuration of the model and second under its counterfactual, pre-industrial configuration. We show that attribution can be performed based on the likelihood ratio as in Hannart et al. 2015, but we further extend this result by showing that the likelihood can be split in space, time and variables in order to help identify the specific physical features of the event that bear the causal signature. References: Hannart A., A. Carrassi, M. Bocquet, M. Ghil, P. Naveau, M. Pulido, J. Ruiz, P. Tandeo (2015) DADA: Data assimilation for the detection and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19960041437','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19960041437"><span>Composition and evolution of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> of Venus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Donahue, Thomas (Principal Investigator)</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>The contract year started by analyzing Jovian <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> data acquired by the Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer (GPMS). Two Venus hydrogen projects got underway as well. The first study strives to understand how to reconcile the standard treatment of the evolution of the H2O and HDO resevoirs on Venus over 4.5 Gyr in the presence of H and D escape and injection by comets. The second study is calculating the charge exchange contribution to hydrogen loss rates, using <span class="hlt">realistic</span> models for exospheric H, H(+), D, D(+), and ion temperature from PV data. This report includes the following papers as attachments and supporting data: 'The Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer: Composition of Jupiter's <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span>'; 'Chemical Composition Measurements of the <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> of Jupiter with the Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer'; 'Ion/Neutral Escape of Hydrogen and Deuterium: Evolution of Water'; 'Hydrogen and Deuterium in the Thermosphere of Venus: Solar Cycle Variations and Escape'; and 'Solar Cycle Variations in H(+) and D(+) Densities in the Venus Ionosphere: Implications for Escape'.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..149a2054U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..149a2054U"><span>Response of near-surface currents in the Indian Ocean to the anomalous <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">condition</span> in 2015</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Utari, P. A.; Nurkhakim, M. Y.; Setiabudidaya, D.; Iskandar, I.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Anomalous ocean-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> were detected in the tropical Indian Ocean during boreal spring to boreal winter 2015. It was suggested that the anomalous <span class="hlt">conditions</span> were characteristics of the positive Indian Ocean Dipole (pIOD) event. The purpose of this investigation was to investigate the response of near-surface currents in the tropical Indian Ocean to the anomalous <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">condition</span> in 2015. Near-surface current from OSCAR (Ocean Surface Current Analyses Real Time) reanalysis data combined with the sea surface temperature (SST) data from OISST – NOAA, sea surface height (SSH) and surface winds from the ECMWF were used in this investigation. The analysis showed that the evolution of 2015 pIOD started in June/July, peaked in the September and terminated in late November 2015. Correlated with the evolution of the pIOD, easterly winds anomalies were detected along the equator. As the oceanic response to these easterly wind anomalies, the surface currents anomalously westward during the peak of the pIOD. It was interesting to note that the evolution of 2015 pIOD event was closely related to the ocean wave dynamics as revealed by the SSH data. Downwelling westward propagating Rossby waves were detected in the southwestern tropical Indian Ocean. Once reached the western boundary of the Indian Ocean, they were redirected back into interior Indian Ocean and propagating eastward as the downwelling Kelvin waves.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950012515','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950012515"><span>Acoustic properties and durability of liner materials at non-standard <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ahuja, K. K.; Gaeta, R. J., Jr.; Hsu, J. S.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>This report documents the results of an experimental study on how acoustic properties of certain absorbing liner materials are affected by nonstandard <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. This study was motivated by the need to assess risks associated with incorporating acoustic testing capability in wind tunnels with semicryogenic high Reynolds number aerodynamic and/or low pressure capabilities. The study consisted of three phases: 1) measurement of acoustic properties of selected liner materials at subatmospheric pressure <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, 2) periodic cold soak and high pressure exposure of liner materials for 250 cycles, and 3) determination of the effect of periodic cold soak on the acoustic properties of the liner materials at subatmospheric <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and the effect on mechanical resiliency. The selected liner materials were Pyrell foam, Fiberglass, and Kevlar. A vacuum facility was used to create the subatmospheric environment in which an impedance tube was placed to measure acoustic properties of the test materials. An automated cryogenic cooling system was used to simulate periodic cold soak and high pressure exposure. It was found that lower ambient pressure reduced the absorption effectiveness of the liner materials to varying degrees. Also no significant change in the acoustic properties occurred after the periodic cold soak. Furthermore, mechanical resiliency tests indicated no noticeable change.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140003742','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140003742"><span>Compact Multi-Gas Monitor for Life Support Systems Control in Space: Evaluation Under <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Environmental <span class="hlt">Conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Delgado, Jesus; Chullen, Cinda; Mendoza, Edgar</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Advanced space life support systems require lightweight, low-power, durable sensors for monitoring critical gas components. A luminescence-based optical flow-through cell to monitor carbon dioxide, oxygen, and humidity has been developed and was demonstrated using bench top instrumentation under environmental <span class="hlt">conditions</span> relevant to portable life support systems, including initially pure oxygen <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, pressure range from 3.5 to 14.7 psi, temperature range from 50 F to 150 F, and humidity from dry to 100% RH and under liquid water saturation. This paper presents the first compact readout unit for these optical sensors, designed for the volume, power, and weight restrictions of a spacesuit portable Life support system and the analytical characterization of the optical sensors interrogated by the novel optoelectronic system. Trace gas contaminants in a space suit, originating from hardware and material off-gassing and crew member metabolism, are from many chemical families. The result is a gas mix much more complex than the pure oxygen fed into the spacesuit, which may interfere with gas sensor readings. The paper also presents an evaluation of optical sensor performance when exposed to the most significant trace gases reported to be found in spacesuits. The studies were conducted with the spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations for those trace gases and the calculated 8-hr. concentrations resulting from having no trace contaminant control system in the ventilation loop. Finally, a profile of temperature, pressure, humidity, and gas composition for a typical EVA mission has been defined, and the performance of sensors operated repeatedly under simulated EVA mission <span class="hlt">conditions</span> has been studied.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DFD.L8008H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DFD.L8008H"><span>Mimicking <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Flow <span class="hlt">Conditions</span> to Examine Mosquito Orientation Behavior</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Huang, Yi-Chun; Vickers, Neil; Hultmark, Marcus</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Host-seeking female mosquitoes utilize a variety of sensory cues to locate potential hosts. In addition to visual cues, other signals include CO2 , volatile skin emanations, humidity, and thermal cues, each of which can be considered as passive scalars in the environment, primarily distributed by local flow <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The behavior of host-seeking female mosquito vectors can be more thoroughly understood by simulating the natural features of the environment through which they navigate, namely the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> boundary layer. Thus, an exploration and understanding of the dynamics of a scalar plume will not only establish the effect of fluid environment on scalar coherence and distribution, but also provide a bioassay platform for approaches directed at disrupting or preventing the cycle of mosquito-vectored disease transmission. In order to bridge between laboratory findings and the natural, ecologically relevant setting, a unique active flow modulation system consisting of a grid of 60 independently operated paddles was developed. Unlike static grids that generate turbulence within a predefined range of scales, an active grid imposes variable and controllable turbulent structures onto the moving air by synchronized rotation of the paddles at specified frequencies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Icar..156..107M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Icar..156..107M"><span>Alkali and Chlorine Photochemistry in a Volcanically Driven <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> on Io</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Moses, Julianne I.; Zolotov, Mikhail Yu.; Fegley, Bruce</p> <p>2002-03-01</p> <p>Observations of the Io plasma torus and neutral clouds indicate that the extended ionian <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> must contain sodium, potassium, and chlorine in atomic and/or molecular form. Models that consider sublimation of pure sulfur dioxide frost as the sole mechanism for generating an <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> on Io cannot explain the presence of alkali and halogen species in the atmosphere—active volcanoes or surface sputtering must also be considered, or the alkali and halide species must be discharged along with the SO 2 as the frost sublimates. To determine how volcanic outgassing can affect the chemistry of Io's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, we have developed a one-dimensional photochemical model in which active volcanoes release a rich suite of S-, O-, Na-, K-, and Cl-bearing vapor and in which photolysis, chemical reactions, condensation, and vertical eddy and molecular diffusion affect the subsequent evolution of the volcanic gases. Observations of Pele plume constituents, along with thermochemical equilibrium calculations of the composition of volcanic gases exsolved from high-temperature silicate magmas on Io, are used to constrain the composition of the volcanic vapor. We find that NaCl, Na, Cl, KCl, and K will be the dominant alkali and chlorine gases in <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> generated from Pele-like plume eruptions on Io. Although the relative abundances of these species will depend on uncertain model parameters and initial <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, these five species remain dominant for a wide variety of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Other sodium and chlorine molecules such as NaS, NaO, Na 2, NaS 2, NaO 2, NaOS, NaSO 2, SCl, ClO, Cl 2, S 2Cl, and SO 2Cl 2 will be only minor constituents in the ionian <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> because of their low volcanic emission rates and their efficient photochemical destruction mechanisms. Our modeling has implications for the general appearance, properties, and variability of the neutral sodium clouds and jets observed near Io. The neutral NaCl molecules present at high altitudes in atmosph eres</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy...50.2605H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy...50.2605H"><span>Alleviating tropical Atlantic sector biases in the Kiel climate model by enhancing horizontal and vertical <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> model resolution: climatology and interannual variability</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Harlaß, Jan; Latif, Mojib; Park, Wonsun</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>We investigate the quality of simulating tropical Atlantic (TA) sector climatology and interannual variability in integrations of the Kiel climate model (KCM) with varying <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> model resolution. The ocean model resolution is kept fixed. A reasonable simulation of TA sector annual-mean climate, seasonal cycle and interannual variability can only be achieved at sufficiently high horizontal and vertical <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> resolution. Two major reasons for the improvements are identified. First, the western equatorial Atlantic westerly surface wind bias in spring can be largely eliminated, which is explained by a better representation of meridional and especially vertical zonal momentum transport. The enhanced <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> circulation along the equator in turn greatly improves the thermal structure of the upper equatorial Atlantic with much reduced warm sea surface temperature (SST) biases. Second, the coastline in the southeastern TA and steep orography are better resolved at high resolution, which improves wind structure and in turn reduces warm SST biases in the Benguela upwelling region. The strongly diminished wind and SST biases at high <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> model resolution allow for a more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> latitudinal position of the intertropical convergence zone. Resulting stronger cross-equatorial winds, in conjunction with a shallower thermocline, enable a rapid cold tongue development in the eastern TA in boreal spring. This enables simulation of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> interannual SST variability and its seasonal phase locking in the KCM, which primarily is the result of a stronger thermocline feedback. Our findings suggest that enhanced <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> resolution, both vertical and horizontal, could be a key to achieving more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> simulation of TA climatology and interannual variability in climate models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APh....54...25H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APh....54...25H"><span>Impact of aerosols and adverse <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> on the data quality for spectral analysis of the H.E.S.S. telescopes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hahn, J.; de los Reyes, R.; Bernlöhr, K.; Krüger, P.; Lo, Y. T. E.; Chadwick, P. M.; Daniel, M. K.; Deil, C.; Gast, H.; Kosack, K.; Marandon, V.</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p>The Earth's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> is an integral part of the detector in ground-based imaging <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> Cherenkov telescope (IACT) experiments and has to be taken into account in the calibration. <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> and hardware-related deviations from simulated <span class="hlt">conditions</span> can result in the mis-reconstruction of primary particle energies and therefore of source spectra. During the eight years of observations with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) in Namibia, the overall yield in Cherenkov photons has varied strongly with time due to gradual hardware aging, together with adjustments of the hardware components, and natural, as well as anthropogenic, variations of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transparency. Here we present robust data selection criteria that minimize these effects over the full data set of the H.E.S.S. experiment and introduce the Cherenkov transparency coefficient as a new <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> monitoring quantity. The influence of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transparency, as quantified by this coefficient, on energy reconstruction and spectral parameters is examined and its correlation with the aerosol optical depth (AOD) of independent MISR satellite measurements and local measurements of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> clarity is investigated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24139652','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24139652"><span><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> modeling of neurons and networks: towards brain simulation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>D'Angelo, Egidio; Solinas, Sergio; Garrido, Jesus; Casellato, Claudia; Pedrocchi, Alessandra; Mapelli, Jonathan; Gandolfi, Daniela; Prestori, Francesca</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> modeling is a new advanced methodology for investigating brain functions. <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> modeling is based on a detailed biophysical description of neurons and synapses, which can be integrated into microcircuits. The latter can, in turn, be further integrated to form large-scale brain networks and eventually to reconstruct complex brain systems. Here we provide a review of the <span class="hlt">realistic</span> simulation strategy and use the cerebellar network as an example. This network has been carefully investigated at molecular and cellular level and has been the object of intense theoretical investigation. The cerebellum is thought to lie at the core of the forward controller operations of the brain and to implement timing and sensory prediction functions. The cerebellum is well described and provides a challenging field in which one of the most advanced <span class="hlt">realistic</span> microcircuit models has been generated. We illustrate how these models can be elaborated and embedded into robotic control systems to gain insight into how the cellular properties of cerebellar neurons emerge in integrated behaviors. <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> network modeling opens up new perspectives for the investigation of brain pathologies and for the neurorobotic field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3812748','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3812748"><span><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> modeling of neurons and networks: towards brain simulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>D’Angelo, Egidio; Solinas, Sergio; Garrido, Jesus; Casellato, Claudia; Pedrocchi, Alessandra; Mapelli, Jonathan; Gandolfi, Daniela; Prestori, Francesca</p> <p></p> <p>Summary <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> modeling is a new advanced methodology for investigating brain functions. <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> modeling is based on a detailed biophysical description of neurons and synapses, which can be integrated into microcircuits. The latter can, in turn, be further integrated to form large-scale brain networks and eventually to reconstruct complex brain systems. Here we provide a review of the <span class="hlt">realistic</span> simulation strategy and use the cerebellar network as an example. This network has been carefully investigated at molecular and cellular level and has been the object of intense theoretical investigation. The cerebellum is thought to lie at the core of the forward controller operations of the brain and to implement timing and sensory prediction functions. The cerebellum is well described and provides a challenging field in which one of the most advanced <span class="hlt">realistic</span> microcircuit models has been generated. We illustrate how these models can be elaborated and embedded into robotic control systems to gain insight into how the cellular properties of cerebellar neurons emerge in integrated behaviors. <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> network modeling opens up new perspectives for the investigation of brain pathologies and for the neurorobotic field. PMID:24139652</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28621372','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28621372"><span>Molecular dynamics simulation of the local concentration and structure in multicomponent aerosol nanoparticles under <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Karadima, Katerina S; Mavrantzas, Vlasis G; Pandis, Spyros N</p> <p>2017-06-28</p> <p>Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to investigate the local structure and local concentration in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> nanoparticles consisting of an organic compound (cis-pinonic acid or n-C 30 H 62 ), sulfate and ammonium ions, and water. Simulations in the isothermal-isobaric (NPT) statistical ensemble under <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> with a prespecified number of molecules of the abovementioned compounds led to the formation of a nanoparticle. Calculations of the density profiles of all the chemical species in the nanoparticle, the corresponding radial pair distribution functions, and their mobility inside the nanoparticle revealed strong interactions developing between sulfate and ammonium ions. However, sulfate and ammonium ions prefer to populate the central part of the nanoparticle under the simulated <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, whereas organic molecules like to reside at its outer surface. Sulfate and ammonium ions were practically immobile; in contrast, the organic molecules exhibited appreciable mobility at the outer surface of the nanoparticle. When the organic compound was a normal alkane (e.g. n-C 30 H 62 ), a well-organized (crystalline-like) phase was rapidly formed at the free surface of the nanoparticle and remained separate from the rest of the species.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A51G0140T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A51G0140T"><span>Creating Indices Representing the <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">Conditions</span> throughout Japan by Using Frontal Zone Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Takahashi, N.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The climate of Japan exhibits mid-latitude and east coast <span class="hlt">condition</span> characteristics within the continent, which leads to the large meridional range of the frontal migration and the resultant large annual seasonal change. Therefore, describing the long-term behavior of frontal zones is important for understanding the seasonal, interannual, and long-term variations of the Japanese climate. The purpose of this work is to create indices representing the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> throughout Japan by using frontal zone data created by an objective method at pentad intervals for the period 1948-2013. The indexation was conducted by principal component analyses on the distribution maps of the frontal frequencies near frontal zones, which are defined as the latitude indicating the maximum of the frontal frequencies along each longitude in the climatological mean field. This work focuses on the first four factors, PC1-4, which indicate high contribution rates. The distribution maps of factor loadings were interpreted in the following manner as variations of the frontal zone: PC1, north-south variations in the locations of the frontal zone; PC2, frontal frequencies around the frontal zone; PC3, the running direction of the frontal zone, whether northwest-southeast or southwest-northeast; and PC4, west-east variations of the frontal frequencies. These factors could be regarded as the indices representing the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> throughout Japan. The result of correlation analysis among the indices in this work and those representing global climatic phenomena such as Niño3 sea surface temperature (SST), in addition to Pacific decadal and Arctic oscillations, indicated the comprehensive relationships revealed in previous research. Furthermore, several long-term trend characteristics were exhibited, such as the southward shift of frontal zones in mid- and late spring and the increase of frontal frequencies around frontal zones in mid- and late summer. Thus, the simple indices</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28871027','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28871027"><span>Case management in primary care among frequent users of healthcare services with chronic <span class="hlt">conditions</span>: protocol of a <span class="hlt">realist</span> synthesis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hudon, Catherine; Chouinard, Maud-Christine; Aubrey-Bassler, Kris; Muhajarine, Nazeem; Burge, Fred; Pluye, Pierre; Bush, Paula L; Ramsden, Vivian R; Legare, France; Guenette, Line; Morin, Paul; Lambert, Mireille; Groulx, Antoine; Couture, Martine; Campbell, Cameron; Baker, Margaret; Edwards, Lynn; Sabourin, Véronique; Spence, Claude; Gauthier, Gilles; Warren, Mike; Godbout, Julie; Davis, Breanna; Rabbitskin, Norma</p> <p>2017-09-03</p> <p>A common reason for frequent use of healthcare services is the complex healthcare needs of individuals suffering from multiple chronic <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, especially in combination with mental health comorbidities and/or social vulnerability. Frequent users (FUs) of healthcare services are more at risk for disability, loss of quality of life and mortality. Case management (CM) is a promising intervention to improve care integration for FU and to reduce healthcare costs. This review aims to develop a middle-range theory explaining how CM in primary care improves outcomes among FU with chronic <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, for what types of FU and in what circumstances. A <span class="hlt">realist</span> synthesis (RS) will be conducted between March 2017 and March 2018 to explore the causal mechanisms that underlie CM and how contextual factors influence the link between these causal mechanisms and outcomes. According to RS methodology, five steps will be followed: (1) focusing the scope of the RS; (2) searching for the evidence; (3) appraising the quality of evidence; (4) extracting the data; and (5) synthesising the evidence. Patterns in context-mechanism-outcomes (CMOs) configurations will be identified, within and across identified studies. Analysis of CMO configurations will help confirm, refute, modify or add to the components of our initial rough theory and ultimately produce a refined theory explaining how and why CM interventions in primary care works, in which contexts and for which FU with chronic <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Research ethics is not required for this review, but publication guidelines on RS will be followed. Based on the review findings, we will develop and disseminate messages tailored to various relevant stakeholder groups. These messages will allow the development of material that provides guidance on the design and the implementation of CM in health organisations. Prospero CRD42017057753. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/950157-atmospheric-rivers-induced-heavy-precipitation-flooding-western-simulated-wrf-regional-climate-model','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/950157-atmospheric-rivers-induced-heavy-precipitation-flooding-western-simulated-wrf-regional-climate-model"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Rivers Induced Heavy Precipitation and Flooding in the Western U.S. Simulated by the WRF Regional Climate Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Leung, Lai R.; Qian, Yun</p> <p>2009-02-12</p> <p>Twenty years of regional climate simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting model for North America has been analyzed to study the influence of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> rivers and the role of the land surface on heavy precipitation and flooding in the western U.S. Compared to observations, the simulation <span class="hlt">realistically</span> captured the 95th percentile extreme precipitation, mean precipitation intensity, as well as the mean precipitation and temperature anomalies of all the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> river events between 1980-1999. Contrasting the 1986 President Day and 1997 New Year Day <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> river events, differences in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> stability are found to have an influence on themore » spatial distribution of precipitation in the Coastal Range of northern California. Although both cases yield similar amounts of heavy precipitation, the 1997 case was found to produce more runoff compared to the 1986 case. Antecedent soil moisture, the ratio of snowfall to total precipitation (which depends on temperature), and existing snowpack all seem to play a role, leading to a higher runoff to precipitation ratio simulated for the 1997 case. This study underscores the importance of characterizing or simulating <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> rivers and the land surface <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for predicting floods, and for assessing the potential impacts of climate change on heavy precipitation and flooding in the western U.S.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA259082','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA259082"><span>A Radiosity Approach to <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Image Synthesis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1992-12-01</p> <p>AD-A259 082 AFIT/GCE/ENG/92D-09 A RADIOSITY APPROACH TO <span class="hlt">REALISTIC</span> IMAGE SYNTHESIS THESIS Richard L. Remington Captain, USAF fl ECTE AFIT/GCE/ENG/92D...09 SJANl 1993U 93-00134 Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 93& 1! A -A- AFIT/GCE/ENG/92D-09 A RADIOSITY APPROACH TO <span class="hlt">REALISTIC</span> IMAGE...assistance in creating the input geometry file for the AWACS aircraft interior. Without his assistance, a good model for the diffuse radiosity implementation</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18728320','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18728320"><span>A high-temperature furnace for in situ synchrotron X-ray spectroscopy under controlled <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Eeckhout, Sigrid Griet; Gorges, Bernard; Barthe, Laurent; Pelosi, Orietta; Safonova, Olga; Giuli, Gabriele</p> <p>2008-09-01</p> <p>A high-temperature furnace with an induction heater coil has been designed and constructed for in situ X-ray spectroscopic experiments under controlled <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and temperatures up to 3275 K. The multi-purpose chamber design allows working in backscattering and normal fluorescence mode for synchrotron X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy. The use of the furnace is demonstrated in a study of the in situ formation of Cr oxide between 1823 K and 2023 K at logPO(2) values between -10.0 and -11.3 using X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy. The set-up is of particular interest for studying liquid metals, alloys and other electrically conductive materials under extreme <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20572366','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20572366"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> transformation of diesel emissions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zielinska, Barbara; Samy, Shar; McDonald, Jacob D; Seagrave, JeanClare</p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>The hypothesis of this study was that exposing diesel exhaust (DE*) to the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> transforms its composition and toxicity. Our specific aims were (1) to characterize the gas- and particle-phase products of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transformations of DE under the influence of daylight, ozone (O3), hydroxyl (OH) radicals, and nitrate (NO3) radicals; and (2) to explore the biologic activity of DE before and after the transformations took place. The study was executed with the aid of the EUPHORE (European Photoreactor) outdoor simulation chamber facility in Valencia, Spain. EUPHORE is one of the largest and best-equipped facilities of its kind in the world, allowing investigation of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transformation processes under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> ambient <span class="hlt">conditions</span> (with dilutions in the range of 1:300). DE was generated on-site using a modern light-duty diesel engine and a dynamometer system equipped with a continuous emission-gas analyzer. The engine (a turbocharged, intercooled model with common-rail direct injection) was obtained from the Ford Motor Company. A first series of experiments was carried out in January 2005 (the winter 2005 campaign), a second in May 2005 (the summer 2005 campaign), and a third in May and June 2006 (the summer 2006 campaign). The diesel fuel that was used closely matched the one currently in use in most of the United States (containing 47 ppm sulfur and 15% aromatic compounds). Our experiments examined the effects on the composition of DE aged in the dark with added NO3 radicals and of DE aged in daylight with added OH radicals both with and without added volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In order to remove excess nitrogen oxides (NO(x)), a NO(x) denuder was devised and used to conduct experiments in <span class="hlt">realistic</span> low-NO(x) <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in both summer campaigns. A scanning mobility particle sizer was used to determine the particle size and the number and volume concentrations of particulate matter (PM) in the DE. O3, NO(x), and reactive nitrogen oxides (NO</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130013898','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130013898"><span>Assessment of tbe Performance of Ablative Insulators Under <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Solid Rocket Motor Operating <span class="hlt">Conditions</span> (a Doctoral Dissertation)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Martin, Heath Thomas</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Ablative insulators are used in the interior surfaces of solid rocket motors to prevent the mechanical structure of the rocket from failing due to intense heating by the high-temperature solid-propellant combustion products. The complexity of the ablation process underscores the need for ablative material response data procured from a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> solid rocket motor environment, where all of the potential contributions to material degradation are present and in their appropriate proportions. For this purpose, the present study examines ablative material behavior in a laboratory-scale solid rocket motor. The test apparatus includes a planar, two-dimensional flow channel in which flat ablative material samples are installed downstream of an aluminized solid propellant grain and imaged via real-time X-ray radiography. In this way, the in-situ transient thermal response of an ablator to all of the thermal, chemical, and mechanical erosion mechanisms present in a solid rocket environment can be observed and recorded. The ablative material is instrumented with multiple micro-thermocouples, so that in-depth temperature histories are known. Both total heat flux and thermal radiation flux gauges have been designed, fabricated, and tested to characterize the thermal environment to which the ablative material samples are exposed. These tests not only allow different ablative materials to be compared in a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> solid rocket motor environment but also improve the understanding of the mechanisms that influence the erosion behavior of a given ablative material.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22528201','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22528201"><span>Specific interaction between negative <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> ions and organic compounds in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pressure corona discharge ionization mass spectrometry.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sekimoto, Kanako; Sakai, Mami; Takayama, Mitsuo</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>The interaction between negative <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> ions and various types of organic compounds were investigated using <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pressure corona discharge ionization (APCDI) mass spectrometry. <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> negative ions such as O(2)(-), HCO(3)(-), COO(-)(COOH), NO(2)(-), NO(3)(-), and NO(3)(-)(HNO(3)) having different proton affinities served as the reactant ions for analyte ionization in APCDI in negative-ion mode. The individual <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> ions specifically ionized aliphatic and aromatic compounds with various functional groups as <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> ion adducts and deprotonated analytes. The formation of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> ion adducts under certain discharge <span class="hlt">conditions</span> is most likely attributable to the affinity between the analyte and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> ion and the concentration of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> ion produced under these <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The deprotonated analytes, in contrast, were generated from the adducts of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> ions with higher proton affinity attributable to efficient proton abstraction from the analyte by the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> ion.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060056257&hterms=Aplicaciones&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DAplicaciones','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060056257&hterms=Aplicaciones&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DAplicaciones"><span>Thermal Band <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Correction Using <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Profiles Derived from Global Positioning System Radio Occultation and the <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Infrared Sounder</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pagnutti, Mary; Holekamp, Kara; Stewart, Randy; Vaughan, Ronald D.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p> TRANsmittance) radiative transport software to separate out the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> component of measured top of <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> radiance. Simulated water bodies across a variety of MODTRAN model <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> including desert, mid-latitude, tropical and sub-artic <span class="hlt">conditions</span> provide test bed <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. <span class="hlt">Atmospherically</span> corrected radiance and surface temperature results were compared to those obtained using traditional radiosonde balloon data and models. In general, differences between the different techniques were less than 2 percent indicating the potential value satellite derived <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> profiles have to <span class="hlt">atmospherically</span> correct thermal imagery.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28129004','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28129004"><span>Interprofessional education in a student-led emergency department: A <span class="hlt">realist</span> evaluation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ericson, Anne; Löfgren, Susanne; Bolinder, Gunilla; Reeves, Scott; Kitto, Simon; Masiello, Italo</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>This article reports a <span class="hlt">realist</span> evaluation undertaken to identify factors that facilitated or hindered the successful implementation of interprofessional clinical training for undergraduate students in an emergency department. A <span class="hlt">realist</span> evaluation provides a framework for understanding how the context and underlying mechanisms affect the outcome patterns of an intervention. The researchers gathered both qualitative and quantitative data from internal documents, semi-structured interviews, observations, and questionnaires to study what worked, for whom, and under what circumstances in this specific interprofessional setting. The study participants were medical, nursing, and physiotherapy students, their supervisors, and two members of the emergency department's management staff. The data analysis indicated that the emergency ward provided an excellent environment for interprofessional education (IPE), as attested by the students, supervisors, and the clinical managers. An essential prerequisite is that the students have obtained adequate skills to work independently. Exemplary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for IPE to work well in an emergency department demand the continuity of effective and encouraging supervision throughout the training period and supervisors who are knowledgeable about developing a team.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Chaos..27l6704S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Chaos..27l6704S"><span>Role of <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>-ocean interactions in supermodeling the tropical Pacific climate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shen, Mao-Lin; Keenlyside, Noel; Bhatt, Bhuwan C.; Duane, Gregory S.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The supermodel strategy interactively combines several models to outperform the individual models comprising it. A key advantage of the approach is that nonlinear improvements can be achieved, in contrast to the linear weighted combination of individual unconnected models. This property is found in a climate supermodel constructed by coupling two versions of an <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model differing only in their convection scheme to a single ocean model. The ocean model receives a weighted combination of the momentum and heat fluxes. Optimal weights can produce a supermodel with a basic state similar to observations: a single Intertropical Convergence zone (ITCZ), with a western Pacific warm pool and an equatorial cold tongue. This is in stark contrast to the erroneous double ITCZ pattern simulated by both of the two stand-alone coupled models. By varying weights, we develop a conceptual scheme to explain how combining the momentum fluxes of the two different <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> models affects equatorial upwelling and surface wind feedback so as to give a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> basic state in the tropical Pacific. In particular, we propose a mechanism based on the competing influences of equatorial zonal wind and off-equatorial wind stress curl in driving equatorial upwelling in the coupled models. Our results show how nonlinear ocean-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> interaction is essential in combining these two effects to build different sea surface temperature structures, some of which are <span class="hlt">realistic</span>. They also provide some insight into observed and modelled tropical Pacific climate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29289039','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29289039"><span>Role of <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>-ocean interactions in supermodeling the tropical Pacific climate.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shen, Mao-Lin; Keenlyside, Noel; Bhatt, Bhuwan C; Duane, Gregory S</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The supermodel strategy interactively combines several models to outperform the individual models comprising it. A key advantage of the approach is that nonlinear improvements can be achieved, in contrast to the linear weighted combination of individual unconnected models. This property is found in a climate supermodel constructed by coupling two versions of an <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model differing only in their convection scheme to a single ocean model. The ocean model receives a weighted combination of the momentum and heat fluxes. Optimal weights can produce a supermodel with a basic state similar to observations: a single Intertropical Convergence zone (ITCZ), with a western Pacific warm pool and an equatorial cold tongue. This is in stark contrast to the erroneous double ITCZ pattern simulated by both of the two stand-alone coupled models. By varying weights, we develop a conceptual scheme to explain how combining the momentum fluxes of the two different <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> models affects equatorial upwelling and surface wind feedback so as to give a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> basic state in the tropical Pacific. In particular, we propose a mechanism based on the competing influences of equatorial zonal wind and off-equatorial wind stress curl in driving equatorial upwelling in the coupled models. Our results show how nonlinear ocean-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> interaction is essential in combining these two effects to build different sea surface temperature structures, some of which are <span class="hlt">realistic</span>. They also provide some insight into observed and modelled tropical Pacific climate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JASTP.120..111M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JASTP.120..111M"><span>Influence of hadron and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> models on computation of cosmic ray ionization in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>-Extension to heavy nuclei</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mishev, A. L.; Velinov, P. I. Y.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>In the last few years an essential progress in development of physical models for cosmic ray induced ionization in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> is achieved. The majority of these models are full target, i.e. based on Monte Carlo simulation of an electromagnetic-muon-nucleon cascade in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. Basically, the contribution of proton nuclei is highlighted, i.e. the contribution of primary cosmic ray α-particles and heavy nuclei to the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> ionization is neglected or scaled to protons. The development of cosmic ray induced <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> cascade is sensitive to the energy and mass of the primary cosmic ray particle. The largest uncertainties in Monte Carlo simulations of a cascade in the Earth <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> are due to assumed hadron interaction models, the so-called hadron generators. In the work presented here we compare the ionization yield functions Y for primary cosmic ray nuclei, such as α-particles, Oxygen and Iron nuclei, assuming different hadron interaction models. The computations are fulfilled with the CORSIKA 6.9 code using GHEISHA 2002, FLUKA 2011, UrQMD hadron generators for energy below 80 GeV/nucleon and QGSJET II for energy above 80 GeV/nucleon. The observed difference between hadron generators is widely discussed. The influence of different <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> parametrizations, namely US standard <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, US standard <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> winter and summer profiles on ion production rate is studied. Assuming <span class="hlt">realistic</span> primary cosmic ray mass composition, the ion production rate is obtained at several rigidity cut-offs - from 1 GV (high latitudes) to 15 GV (equatorial latitudes) using various hadron generators. The computations are compared with experimental data. A conclusion concerning the consistency of the hadron generators is stated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27209721','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27209721"><span>[<span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Influences Analysis on the Satellite Passive Microwave Remote Sensing].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Qiu, Yu-bao; Shi, Li-juan; Shi, Jian-cheng; Zhao, Shao-jie</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Passive microwave remote sensing offers its all-weather work capabilities, but <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> influences on satellite microwave brightness temperature were different under different <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and environments. In order to clarify <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> influences on Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E), <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> radiation were simulated based on AMSR-E configuration under clear sky and cloudy <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, by using radiative transfer model and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> data. Results showed that <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> water vapor was the major factor for <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> radiation under clear sky <span class="hlt">condition</span>. <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> transmittances were almost above 0.98 at AMSR-E's low frequencies (< 18.7 GHz) and the microwave brightness temperature changes caused by <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> can be ignored in clear sky <span class="hlt">condition</span>. <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> transmittances at 36.5 and 89 GHz were 0.896 and 0.756 respectively. The effects of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> water vapor needed to be corrected when using microwave high-frequency channels to inverse land surface parameters in clear sky <span class="hlt">condition</span>. But under cloud cover or cloudy <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, cloud liquid water was the key factor to cause <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> radiation. When sky was covered by typical stratus cloud, <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transmittances at 10.7, 18.7 and 36.5 GHz were 0.942, 0.828 and 0.605 respectively. Comparing with the clear sky <span class="hlt">condition</span>, the down-welling <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> radiation caused by cloud liquid water increased up to 75.365 K at 36.5 GHz. It showed that the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> correction under different clouds covered <span class="hlt">condition</span> was the primary work to improve the accuracy of land surface parameters inversion of passive microwave remote sensing. The results also provided the basis for microwave <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> correction algorithm development. Finally, the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> sounding data was utilized to calculate the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transmittance of Hailaer Region, Inner Mongolia province, in July 2013. The results indicated that <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transmittances were close to 1</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.G21C..07K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.G21C..07K"><span>Synergies Between Grace and Regional <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Modeling Efforts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kusche, J.; Springer, A.; Ohlwein, C.; Hartung, K.; Longuevergne, L.; Kollet, S. J.; Keune, J.; Dobslaw, H.; Forootan, E.; Eicker, A.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>In the meteorological community, efforts converge towards implementation of high-resolution (< 12km) data-assimilating regional climate modelling/monitoring systems based on numerical weather prediction (NWP) cores. This is driven by requirements of improving process understanding, better representation of land surface interactions, <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> convection, orographic effects, and better forecasting on shorter timescales. This is relevant for the GRACE community since (1) these models may provide improved <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> mass separation / de-aliasing and smaller topography-induced errors, compared to global (ECMWF-Op, ERA-Interim) data, (2) they inherit high temporal resolution from NWP models, (3) parallel efforts towards improving the land surface component and coupling groundwater models; this may provide <span class="hlt">realistic</span> hydrological mass estimates with sub-diurnal resolution, (4) parallel efforts towards re-analyses, with the aim of providing consistent time series. (5) On the other hand, GRACE can help validating models and aids in the identification of processes needing improvement. A coupled <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> - land surface - groundwater modelling system is currently being implemented for the European CORDEX region at 12.5 km resolution, based on the TerrSysMP platform (COSMO-EU NWP, CLM land surface and ParFlow groundwater models). We report results from Springer et al. (J. Hydromet., accept.) on validating the water cycle in COSMO-EU using GRACE and precipitation, evapotranspiration and runoff data; confirming that the model does favorably at representing observations. We show that after GRACE-derived bias correction, basin-average hydrological <span class="hlt">conditions</span> prior to 2002 can be reconstructed better than before. Next, comparing GRACE with CLM forced by EURO-CORDEX simulations allows identifying processes needing improvement in the model. Finally, we compare COSMO-EU <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pressure, a proxy for mass corrections in satellite gravimetry, with ERA-Interim over Europe at</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004cosp...35.2549B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004cosp...35.2549B"><span><span class="hlt">Condition</span> of the upper <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> of the Earth at the final stage of flight manned orbital facility (MOF) "Mir". The modeling description</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Boyarchuk, K. A.; Ivanov-Kholodny, G. S.; Kolomiitsev, O. P.; Surotkin, V. A.</p> <p></p> <p>At flooding MOF ``Mir'' the information on forecasting a <span class="hlt">condition</span> of the upper <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> was used. The forecast was carried out on the basis of numerical model of an <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, which was developed in IZMIRAN. This model allows reproducing and predicting a situation in an Earth space, in an <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and an ionosphere, along an orbit of flight of a space vehicle in the various periods of solar-geophysical <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Thus preliminary forecasting solar and geomagnetic activity was carried out on the basis of an individual technique. Before the beginning of operation on flooding MOF ``Mir'' it was found out, that solar activity began to accrue catastrophically. The account of the forecast of its development has forced to speed up the moment of flooding to avoid dangerous development of events. It has allowed minimizing a risk factor - ``Mir'' was flooded successful in the commanded area of Pacific Ocean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1339361','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1339361"><span>Survey of Approaches to Generate <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Synthetic Graphs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Lim, Seung-Hwan; Lee, Sangkeun; Powers, Sarah S</p> <p></p> <p>A graph is a flexible data structure that can represent relationships between entities. As with other data analysis tasks, the use of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> graphs is critical to obtaining valid research results. Unfortunately, using the actual ("real-world") graphs for research and new algorithm development is difficult due to the presence of sensitive information in the data or due to the scale of data. This results in practitioners developing algorithms and systems that employ synthetic graphs instead of real-world graphs. Generating <span class="hlt">realistic</span> synthetic graphs that provide reliable statistical confidence to algorithmic analysis and system evaluation involves addressing technical hurdles in a broadmore » set of areas. This report surveys the state of the art in approaches to generate <span class="hlt">realistic</span> graphs that are derived from fitted graph models on real-world graphs.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19720051528&hterms=radiance+rayleigh&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dradiance%2Brayleigh','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19720051528&hterms=radiance+rayleigh&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dradiance%2Brayleigh"><span>Effect of aerosol variation on radiance in the earth's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>-ocean system.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Plass, G. N.; Kattawar, G. W.</p> <p>1972-01-01</p> <p>Calculation of the radiance at the top and bottom of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> with a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> model of both the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and ocean. It is found that the upward flux at the top of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, as well as the angular distribution of the radiation, changes appreciably as the aerosol amount increases from normal to ten times normal. At the same time, the upward and downward radiance just above the ocean surface undergoes important changes. The radiance does not change appreciably with variations in the aerosol distribution with height so long as the total aerosol amount remains constant. Similarly, changes in the ozone amount cause only small changes in the radiance at the wavelengths considered (0.7, 0.9, and 1.67 micron). Very little radiation returns to the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> from the ocean at 0.9 and 1.67 micron because of the high absorption of water at these wavelengths.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22493427-designing-field-controllable-graphene-dot-graphene-single-molecule-switches-quantum-theoretical-proof-concept-under-realistic-operating-conditions','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22493427-designing-field-controllable-graphene-dot-graphene-single-molecule-switches-quantum-theoretical-proof-concept-under-realistic-operating-conditions"><span>Designing field-controllable graphene-dot-graphene single molecule switches: A quantum-theoretical proof-of-concept under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> operating <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Pejov, Ljupčo, E-mail: ljupcop@pmf.ukim.mk; Petreska, Irina; Kocarev, Ljupčo</p> <p>2015-12-28</p> <p>A theoretical proof of the concept that a particularly designed graphene-based moletronics device, constituted by two semi-infinite graphene subunits, acting as source and drain electrodes, and a central benzenoid ring rotator (a “quantum dot”), could act as a field-controllable molecular switch is outlined and analyzed with the density functional theory approach. Besides the ideal (0 K) case, we also consider the operation of such a device under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> operating (i.e., finite-temperature) <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. An in-depth insight into the physics behind device controllability by an external field was gained by thorough analyses of the torsional potential of the dot under various conditionsmore » (absence or presence of an external gating field with varying strength), computing the torsional correlation time and transition probabilities within the Bloembergen-Purcell-Pound formalism. Both classical and quantum mechanical tunneling contributions to the intramolecular rotation were considered in the model. The main idea that we put forward in the present study is that intramolecular rotors can be controlled by the gating field even in cases when these groups do not possess a permanent dipole moment (as in cases considered previously by us [I. Petreska et al., J. Chem. Phys. 134, 014708-1–014708-12 (2011)] and also by other groups [P. E. Kornilovitch et al., Phys. Rev. B 66, 245413-1–245413-7 (2002)]). Consequently, one can control the molecular switching properties by an external electrostatic field utilizing even nonpolar intramolecular rotors (i.e., in a more general case than those considered so far). Molecular admittance of the currently considered graphene-based molecular switch under various <span class="hlt">conditions</span> is analyzed employing non-equilibrium Green’s function formalism, as well as by analysis of frontier molecular orbitals’ behavior.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28898740','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28898740"><span>Transition from children's to adult services for young adults with life-limiting <span class="hlt">conditions</span>: A <span class="hlt">realist</span> review of the literature.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kerr, Helen; Price, Jayne; Nicholl, Honor; O'Halloran, Peter</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Improvements in care and treatment have led to more young adults with life-limiting <span class="hlt">conditions</span> living beyond childhood, which means they must make the transition from children's to adult services. This has proved a challenging process for both young adults and service providers, with complex transition interventions interacting in unpredictable ways with local contexts. To explain how intervention processes interact with contextual factors to help transition from children's to adult services for young adults with life-limiting <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Systematic <span class="hlt">realist</span> review of the literature. Literature was sourced from four electronic databases: Embase, MEDLINE, Science Direct and Cochrane Library from January 1995 to April 2016. This was supplemented with a search in Google Scholar and articles sourced from reference lists of included papers. Data were extracted using an adapted standardised data extraction tool which included identifying information related to interventions, mechanisms, contextual influences and outcomes. Two reviewers assessed the relevance of papers based on the inclusion criteria. Methodological rigor was assessed using the relevant Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tools. 78 articles were included in the review. Six interventions were identified related to an effective transition to adult services. Contextual factors include the need for children's service providers to collaborate with adult service providers to prepare an environment with knowledgeable staff and adequate resources. Mechanisms triggered by the interventions include a sense of empowerment and agency amongst all stakeholders. Early planning, collaboration between children's and adult service providers, and a focus on increasing the young adults' confidence in decision-making and engaging with adult services, are vital to a successful transition. Interventions should be tailored to their context and focused not only on organisational procedures but on equipping young adults, parents</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015TDR.....6...50A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015TDR.....6...50A"><span>A Low-cost System for Generating Near-<span class="hlt">realistic</span> Virtual Actors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Afifi, Mahmoud; Hussain, Khaled F.; Ibrahim, Hosny M.; Omar, Nagwa M.</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>Generating virtual actors is one of the most challenging fields in computer graphics. The reconstruction of a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> virtual actor has been paid attention by the academic research and the film industry to generate human-like virtual actors. Many movies were acted by human-like virtual actors, where the audience cannot distinguish between real and virtual actors. The synthesis of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> virtual actors is considered a complex process. Many techniques are used to generate a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> virtual actor; however they usually require expensive hardware equipment. In this paper, a low-cost system that generates near-<span class="hlt">realistic</span> virtual actors is presented. The facial features of the real actor are blended with a virtual head that is attached to the actor's body. Comparing with other techniques that generate virtual actors, the proposed system is considered a low-cost system that requires only one camera that records the scene without using any expensive hardware equipment. The results of our system show that the system generates good near-<span class="hlt">realistic</span> virtual actors that can be used on many applications.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.895a2046M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.895a2046M"><span>Problem Posing with <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Mathematics Education Approach in Geometry Learning</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mahendra, R.; Slamet, I.; Budiyono</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>One of the difficulties of students in the learning of geometry is on the subject of plane that requires students to understand the abstract matter. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of Problem Posing learning model with <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Mathematics Education Approach in geometry learning. This quasi experimental research was conducted in one of the junior high schools in Karanganyar, Indonesia. The sample was taken using stratified cluster random sampling technique. The results of this research indicate that the model of Problem Posing learning with <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Mathematics Education Approach can improve students’ conceptual understanding significantly in geometry learning especially on plane topics. It is because students on the application of Problem Posing with <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Mathematics Education Approach are become to be active in constructing their knowledge, proposing, and problem solving in <span class="hlt">realistic</span>, so it easier for students to understand concepts and solve the problems. Therefore, the model of Problem Posing learning with <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Mathematics Education Approach is appropriately applied in mathematics learning especially on geometry material. Furthermore, the impact can improve student achievement.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.6760A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.6760A"><span>Modeling large wind farms in conventionally neutral <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> boundary layers under varying initial <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Allaerts, Dries; Meyers, Johan</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> boundary layers (ABL) are frequently capped by an inversion layer limiting the entrainment rate and boundary layer growth. Commonly used analytical models state that the entrainment rate is inversely proportional to the inversion strength. The height of the inversion turns out to be a second important parameter. Conventionally neutral <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> boundary layers (CNBL) are ABLs with zero surface heat flux developing against a stratified free <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. In this regime the inversion-filling process is merely driven by the downward heat flux at the inversion base. As a result, CNBLs are strongly dependent on the heating history of the boundary layer and strong inversions will fail to erode during the course of the day. In case of large wind farms, the power output of the farm inside a CNBL will depend on the height and strength of the inversion above the boundary layer. On the other hand, increased turbulence levels induced by wind farms may partially undermine the rigid lid effect of the capping inversion, enhance vertical entrainment of air into the farm, and increase boundary layer growth. A suite of large eddy simulations (LES) is performed to investigate the effect of the capping inversion on the conventionally neutral <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> boundary layer and on the wind farm performance under varying initial <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. For these simulations our in-house pseudo-spectral LES code SP-Wind is used. The wind turbines are modelled using a non-rotating actuator disk method. In the absence of wind farms, we find that a decrease in inversion strength corresponds to a decrease in the geostrophic angle and an increase in entrainment rate and geostrophic drag. Placing the initial inversion base at higher altitudes further reduces the effect of the capping inversion on the boundary layer. The inversion can be fully neglected once it is situated above the equilibrium height that a truly neutral boundary layer would attain under the same external <span class="hlt">conditions</span> such as</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29171100','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29171100"><span>Impact of age-related macular degeneration on object searches in <span class="hlt">realistic</span> panoramic scenes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Thibaut, Miguel; Tran, Thi-Ha-Chau; Szaffarczyk, Sebastien; Boucart, Muriel</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>This study investigated whether <span class="hlt">realistic</span> immersive <span class="hlt">conditions</span> with dynamic indoor scenes presented on a large, hemispheric panoramic screen covering 180° of the visual field improved the visual search abilities of participants with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Twenty-one participants with AMD, 16 age-matched controls and 16 young observers were included. <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> indoor scenes were presented on a panoramic five metre diameter screen. Twelve different objects were used as targets. The participants were asked to search for a target object, shown on paper before each trial, within a room composed of various objects. A joystick was used for navigation within the scene views. A target object was present in 24 trials and absent in 24 trials. The percentage of correct detection of the target, the percentage of false alarms (that is, the detection of the target when it was absent), the number of scene views explored and the search time were measured. The search time was slower for participants with AMD than for the age-matched controls, who in turn were slower than the young participants. The participants with AMD were able to accomplish the task with a performance of 75 per cent correct detections. This was slightly lower than older controls (79.2 per cent) while young controls were at ceiling (91.7 per cent). Errors were mainly due to false alarms resulting from confusion between the target object and another object present in the scene in the target-absent trials. The outcomes of the present study indicate that, under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, although slower than age-matched, normally sighted controls, participants with AMD were able to accomplish visual searches of objects with high accuracy. © 2017 Optometry Australia.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/grid/smart-ds.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/grid/smart-ds.html"><span>SMART-DS: Synthetic Models for Advanced, <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Testing: Distribution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><em>statistical</em> summary of <em>the</em> U.S. distribution systems World-class, high spatial/temporal resolution of solar Systems and Scenarios | Grid Modernization | NREL</A> SMART-DS: Synthetic Models <em>for</em> Advanced , <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Testing: Distribution Systems and Scenarios SMART-DS: Synthetic Models <em>for</em> Advanced, <span class="hlt">Realistic</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880003070','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880003070"><span>A full potential flow analysis with <span class="hlt">realistic</span> wake influence for helicopter rotor airload prediction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Egolf, T. Alan; Sparks, S. Patrick</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>A 3-D, quasi-steady, full potential flow solver was adapted to include <span class="hlt">realistic</span> wake influence for the aerodynamic analysis of helicopter rotors. The method is based on a finite difference solution of the full potential equation, using an inner and outer domain procedure for the blade flowfield to accommodate wake effects. The nonlinear flow is computed in the inner domain region using a finite difference solution method. The wake is modeled by a vortex lattice using prescribed geometry techniques to allow for the inclusion of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> rotor wakes. The key feature of the analysis is that vortices contained within the finite difference mesh (inner domain) were treated with a vortex embedding technique while the influence of the remaining portion of the wake (in the outer domain) is impressed as a boundary <span class="hlt">condition</span> on the outer surface of the finite difference mesh. The solution procedure couples the wake influence with the inner domain solution in a consistent and efficient solution process. The method has been applied to both hover and forward flight <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Correlation with subsonic and transonic hover airload data is shown which demonstrates the merits of the approach.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Icar..250..516L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Icar..250..516L"><span>GCM simulations of Titan's middle and lower <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and comparison to observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lora, Juan M.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Russell, Joellen L.</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Simulation results are presented from a new general circulation model (GCM) of Titan, the Titan <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Model (TAM), which couples the Flexible Modeling System (FMS) spectral dynamical core to a suite of external/sub-grid-scale physics. These include a new non-gray radiative transfer module that takes advantage of recent data from Cassini-Huygens, large-scale condensation and quasi-equilibrium moist convection schemes, a surface model with "bucket" hydrology, and boundary layer turbulent diffusion. The model produces a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> temperature structure from the surface to the lower mesosphere, including a stratopause, as well as satisfactory superrotation. The latter is shown to depend on the dynamical core's ability to build up angular momentum from surface torques. Simulated latitudinal temperature contrasts are adequate, compared to observations, and polar temperature anomalies agree with observations. In the lower <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, the insolation distribution is shown to strongly impact turbulent fluxes, and surface heating is maximum at mid-latitudes. Surface liquids are unstable at mid- and low-latitudes, and quickly migrate poleward. The simulated humidity profile and distribution of surface temperatures, compared to observations, corroborate the prevalence of dry <span class="hlt">conditions</span> at low latitudes. Polar cloud activity is well represented, though the observed mid-latitude clouds remain somewhat puzzling, and some formation alternatives are suggested.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.A21C0228I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.A21C0228I"><span>Development of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> N2O isotopomers model based on a chemistry-coupled <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> general circulation model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ishijima, K.; Toyoda, S.; Sudo, K.; Yoshikawa, C.; Nanbu, S.; Aoki, S.; Nakazawa, T.; Yoshida, N.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>It is well known that isotopic information is useful to qualitatively understand cycles and constrain sources of some <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> species, but so far there has been no study to model N2O isotopomers throughout the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> from the troposphere to the stratosphere, including <span class="hlt">realistic</span> surface N2O isotopomers emissions. We have started to develop a model to simulate spatiotemporal variations of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> N2O isotopomers in both the troposphere and the stratosphere, based on a chemistry-coupled <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> general circulation model, in order to obtain more accurate quantitative understanding of the global N2O cycle. For surface emissions of the isotopomers, combination of EDGAR-based anthropogenic and soil fluxes and monthly varying GEIA oceanic fluxes are factored, using isotopic values of global total sources estimated from firn-air analyses based long-term trend of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> N2O isotopomers. Isotopic fractionations in chemical reactions are considered for photolysis and photo-oxidation of N2O in the stratosphere. The isotopic fractionation coefficients have been employed from studies based on laboratory experiments, but we also will test the coefficients determined by theoretical calculations. In terms of the global N2O isotopomer budgets, precise quantification of the sources is quite challenging, because even the spatiotemporal variabilities of N2O sources have never been adequately estimated. Therefore, we have firstly started validation of simulated isotopomer results in the stratosphere, by using the isotopomer profiles obtained by balloon observations. N2O concentration profiles are mostly well reproduced, partly because of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> reproduction of dynamical processes by nudging with reanalysis meteorological data. However, the concentration in the polar vortex tends to be overestimated, probably due to relatively coarse wave-length resolution in photolysis calculation. Such model features also appear in the isotopomers results, which are</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1915951K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1915951K"><span>Convective transport in ATM simulations and its relation to the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> stability <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kusmierczyk-Michulec, Jolanta</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The International Monitoring System (IMS) developed by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) is a global system of monitoring stations, using four complementary technologies: seismic, hydroacoustic, infrasound and radionuclide. Data from all stations, belonging to IMS, are collected and transmitted to the International Data Centre (IDC) in Vienna, Austria. The radionuclide network comprises 80 stations, of which more than 60 are certified. The aim of radionuclide stations is a global monitoring of radioactive aerosols and radioactive noble gases, in particular xenon isotopes, supported by the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transport modeling (ATM). One of the important noble gases, monitored on a daily basis, is radioxenon. It can be produced either during a nuclear explosion with a high fission yield, and thus be considered as an important tracer to prove the nuclear character of an explosion, or be emitted from nuclear power plants (NPPs) or from isotope production facilities (IPFs). To investigate the transport of xenon emissions, the Provisional Technical Secretariat (PTS) operates an <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Transport Modelling (ATM) system based on the Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model FLEXPART. To address the question whether including the convective transport in ATM simulations will change the results significantly, the differences between the outputs with the convective transport turned off and turned on, were computed and further investigated taking into account the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> stability <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. For that purpose series of 14 days forward simulations, with convective transport and without it, released daily in the period January 2011 to February 2012, were analysed. The release point was at the ANSTO facility in Australia. The unique opportunity of having access to both daily emission values for ANSTO as well as measured Xe-133 activity concentration (AC) values at the IMS stations, gave a chance to validate the simulations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.449.3074M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.449.3074M"><span>Directional time-distance probing of model sunspot <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Moradi, H.; Cally, P. S.; Przybylski, D.; Shelyag, S.</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>A crucial feature not widely accounted for in local helioseismology is that surface magnetic regions actually open a window from the interior into the solar <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, and that the seismic waves leak through this window, reflect high in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, and then re-enter the interior to rejoin the seismic wave field normally confined there. In a series of recent numerical studies using translation invariant <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>, we utilized a `directional time-distance helioseismology' measurement scheme to study the implications of the returning fast and Alfvén waves higher up in the solar <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> on the seismology at the photosphere (Cally & Moradi 2013; Moradi & Cally 2014). In this study, we extend our directional time-distance analysis to more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> sunspot-like <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> to better understand the direct effects of the magnetic field on helioseismic travel-time measurements in sunspots. In line with our previous findings, we uncover a distinct frequency-dependent directional behaviour in the travel-time measurements, consistent with the signatures of magnetohydrodynamic mode conversion. We found this to be the case regardless of the sunspot field strength or depth of its Wilson depression. We also isolated and analysed the direct contribution from purely thermal perturbations to the measured travel times, finding that waves propagating in the umbra are much more sensitive to the underlying thermal effects of the sunspot.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830012040','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830012040"><span>MRS proof-of-concept on <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> corrections. <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> corrections using an orbital pointable imaging system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Slater, P. N. (Principal Investigator)</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>The feasibility of using a pointable imager to determine <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> parameters was studied. In particular the determination of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> extinction coefficient and the path radiance, the two quantities that have to be known in order to correct spectral signatures for <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> effects, was simulated. The study included the consideration of the geometry of ground irradiance and observation <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for a pointable imager in a LANDSAT orbit as a function of time of year. A simulation study was conducted on the sensitivity of scene classification accuracy to changes in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">condition</span>. A two wavelength and a nonlinear regression method for determining the required <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> parameters were investigated. The results indicate the feasibility of using a pointable imaging system (1) for the determination of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> parameters required to improve classification accuracies in urban-rural transition zones and to apply in studies of bi-directional reflectance distribution function data and polarization effects; and (2) for the determination of the spectral reflectances of ground features.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.P21G..06H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.P21G..06H"><span>Pressure and Humidity Measurements at the MSL Landing Site Supported by Modeling of the <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">Conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Harri, A.; Savijarvi, H. I.; Schmidt, W.; Genzer, M.; Paton, M.; Kauhanen, J.; Atlaskin, E.; Polkko, J.; Kahanpaa, H.; Kemppinen, O.; Haukka, H.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) called Curiosity Rover landed safely on the Martian surface at the Gale crater on 6th August 2012. Among the MSL scientific objectives are investigations of the Martian environment that will be addressed by the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) instrument. It will investigate habitability <span class="hlt">conditions</span> at the Martian surface by performing a versatile set of environmental measurements including accurate observations of pressure and humidity of the Martian <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. This paper describes the instrumental implementation of the MSL pressure and humidity measurement devices and briefly analyzes the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> at the Gale crater by modeling efforts using an <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> modeling tools. MSL humidity and pressure devices are based on proprietary technology of Vaisala, Inc. Humidity observations make use of Vaisala Humicap® relative humidity sensor heads and Vaisala Barocap® sensor heads are used for pressure observations. Vaisala Thermocap® temperature sensors heads are mounted in a close proximity of Humicap® and Barocap® sensor heads to enable accurate temperature measurements needed for interpretation of Humicap® and Barocap® readings. The sensor heads are capacitive. The pressure and humidity devices are lightweight and are based on a low-power transducer controlled by a dedicated ASIC. The transducer is designed to measure small capacitances in order of a few pF with resolution in order of 0.1fF (femtoFarad). The transducer design has a good spaceflight heritage, as it has been used in several previous missions, for example Mars mission Phoenix as well as the Cassini Huygens mission. The humidity device has overall dimensions of 40 x 25 x 55 mm. It weighs18 g, and consumes 15 mW of power. It includes 3 Humicap® sensor heads and 1 Thermocap®. The transducer electronics and the sensor heads are placed on a single multi-layer PCB protected by a metallic Faraday cage. The Humidity device has measurement range</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A23G2449S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A23G2449S"><span>Assessing methane emission estimation methods based on <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> measurements from oil and gas production using LES simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Saide, P. E.; Steinhoff, D.; Kosovic, B.; Weil, J.; Smith, N.; Blewitt, D.; Delle Monache, L.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>There are a wide variety of methods that have been proposed and used to estimate methane emissions from oil and gas production by using air composition and meteorology observations in conjunction with dispersion models. Although there has been some verification of these methodologies using controlled releases and concurrent <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> measurements, it is difficult to assess the accuracy of these methods for more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> scenarios considering factors such as terrain, emissions from multiple components within a well pad, and time-varying emissions representative of typical operations. In this work we use a large-eddy simulation (LES) to generate controlled but <span class="hlt">realistic</span> synthetic observations, which can be used to test multiple source term estimation methods, also known as an Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE). The LES is based on idealized simulations of the Weather Research & Forecasting (WRF) model at 10 m horizontal grid-spacing covering an 8 km by 7 km domain with terrain representative of a region located in the Barnett shale. Well pads are setup in the domain following a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> distribution and emissions are prescribed every second for the components of each well pad (e.g., chemical injection pump, pneumatics, compressor, tanks, and dehydrator) using a simulator driven by oil and gas production volume, composition and <span class="hlt">realistic</span> operational <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The system is setup to allow assessments under different scenarios such as normal operations, during liquids unloading events, or during other prescribed operational upset events. Methane and meteorology model output are sampled following the specifications of the emission estimation methodologies and considering typical instrument uncertainties, resulting in <span class="hlt">realistic</span> observations (see Figure 1). We will show the evaluation of several emission estimation methods including the EPA Other Test Method 33A and estimates using the EPA AERMOD regulatory model. We will also show source estimation</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19467489','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19467489"><span>Time management: a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> approach.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jackson, Valerie P</p> <p>2009-06-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> time management and organization plans can improve productivity and the quality of life. However, these skills can be difficult to develop and maintain. The key elements of time management are goals, organization, delegation, and relaxation. The author addresses each of these components and provides suggestions for successful time management.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JARS....4a3563M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JARS....4a3563M"><span>Hyperspectral material identification on radiance data using single-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> or multiple-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mariano, Adrian V.; Grossmann, John M.</p> <p>2010-11-01</p> <p>Reflectance-domain methods convert hyperspectral data from radiance to reflectance using an <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> compensation model. Material detection and identification are performed by comparing the compensated data to target reflectance spectra. We introduce two radiance-domain approaches, Single <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> Adaptive Cosine Estimator (SACE) and Multiple <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> ACE (MACE) in which the target reflectance spectra are instead converted into sensor-reaching radiance using physics-based models. For SACE, known illumination and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> are incorporated in a single <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model. For MACE the <span class="hlt">conditions</span> are unknown so the algorithm uses many <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> models to cover the range of environmental variability, and it approximates the result using a subspace model. This approach is sometimes called the invariant method, and requires the choice of a subspace dimension for the model. We compare these two radiance-domain approaches to a Reflectance-domain ACE (RACE) approach on a HYDICE image featuring concealed materials. All three algorithms use the ACE detector, and all three techniques are able to detect most of the hidden materials in the imagery. For MACE we observe a strong dependence on the choice of the material subspace dimension. Increasing this value can lead to a decline in performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999AnGeo..17..566J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999AnGeo..17..566J"><span>Intercomparison of oceanic and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> forced and coupled mesoscale simulations. Part I: Surface fluxes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Josse, P.; Caniaux, G.; Giordani, H.; Planton, S.</p> <p>1999-04-01</p> <p>A mesoscale non-hydrostatic <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model has been coupled with a mesoscale oceanic model. The case study is a four-day simulation of a strong storm event observed during the SEMAPHORE experiment over a 500 × 500 km2 domain. This domain encompasses a thermohaline front associated with the Azores current. In order to analyze the effect of mesoscale coupling, three simulations are compared: the first one with the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model forced by <span class="hlt">realistic</span> sea surface temperature analyses; the second one with the ocean model forced by <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> fields, derived from weather forecast re-analyses; the third one with the models being coupled. For these three simulations the surface fluxes were computed with the same bulk parametrization. All three simulations succeed well in representing the main oceanic or <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> features observed during the storm. Comparison of surface fields with in situ observations reveals that the winds of the fine mesh <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model are more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> than those of the weather forecast re-analyses. The low-level winds simulated with the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model in the forced and coupled simulations are appreciably stronger than the re-analyzed winds. They also generate stronger fluxes. The coupled simulation has the strongest surface heat fluxes: the difference in the net heat budget with the oceanic forced simulation reaches on average 50 Wm-2 over the simulation period. Sea surface-temperature cooling is too weak in both simulations, but is improved in the coupled run and matches better the cooling observed with drifters. The spatial distributions of sea surface-temperature cooling and surface fluxes are strongly inhomogeneous over the simulation domain. The amplitude of the flux variation is maximum in the coupled run. Moreover the weak correlation between the cooling and heat flux patterns indicates that the surface fluxes are not responsible for the whole cooling and suggests that the response of the ocean mixed layer to the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> is</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.943a2049R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.943a2049R"><span>Mathematical modeling in <span class="hlt">realistic</span> mathematics education</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Riyanto, B.; Zulkardi; Putri, R. I. I.; Darmawijoyo</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The purpose of this paper is to produce Mathematical modelling in <span class="hlt">Realistics</span> Mathematics Education of Junior High School. This study used development research consisting of 3 stages, namely analysis, design and evaluation. The success criteria of this study were obtained in the form of local instruction theory for school mathematical modelling learning which was valid and practical for students. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis method as follows: (1) walk through, analysis based on the expert comments in the expert review to get Hypothetical Learning Trajectory for valid mathematical modelling learning; (2) analyzing the results of the review in one to one and small group to gain practicality. Based on the expert validation and students’ opinion and answers, the obtained mathematical modeling problem in <span class="hlt">Realistics</span> Mathematics Education was valid and practical.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1913162L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1913162L"><span>Super Clausius-Clapeyron scaling of extreme hourly precipitation and its relation to large-scale <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lenderink, Geert; Barbero, Renaud; Loriaux, Jessica; Fowler, Hayley</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Present-day precipitation-temperature scaling relations indicate that hourly precipitation extremes may have a response to warming exceeding the Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) relation; for The Netherlands the dependency on surface dew point temperature follows two times the CC relation corresponding to 14 % per degree. Our hypothesis - as supported by a simple physical argument presented here - is that this 2CC behaviour arises from the physics of convective clouds. So, we think that this response is due to local feedbacks related to the convective activity, while other large scale <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> forcing <span class="hlt">conditions</span> remain similar except for the higher temperature (approximately uniform warming with height) and absolute humidity (corresponding to the assumption of unchanged relative humidity). To test this hypothesis, we analysed the large-scale <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> accompanying summertime afternoon precipitation events using surface observations combined with a regional re-analysis for the data in The Netherlands. Events are precipitation measurements clustered in time and space derived from approximately 30 automatic weather stations. The hourly peak intensities of these events again reveal a 2CC scaling with the surface dew point temperature. The temperature excess of moist updrafts initialized at the surface and the maximum cloud depth are clear functions of surface dew point temperature, confirming the key role of surface humidity on convective activity. Almost no differences in relative humidity and the dry temperature lapse rate were found across the dew point temperature range, supporting our theory that 2CC scaling is mainly due to the response of convection to increases in near surface humidity, while other <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> remain similar. Additionally, hourly precipitation extremes are on average accompanied by substantial large-scale upward motions and therefore large-scale moisture convergence, which appears to accelerate with surface dew point. This</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMED11D0167G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMED11D0167G"><span>Use of Ensemble Numerical Weather Prediction Data for Inversely Determining <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Refractivity in Surface Ducting <span class="hlt">Conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Greenway, D. P.; Hackett, E.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Under certain <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> refractivity <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, propagated electromagnetic waves (EM) can become trapped between the surface and the bottom of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>'s mixed layer, which is referred to as surface duct propagation. Being able to predict the presence of these surface ducts can reap many benefits to users and developers of sensing technologies and communication systems because they significantly influence the performance of these systems. However, the ability to directly measure or model a surface ducting layer is challenging due to the high spatial resolution and large spatial coverage needed to make accurate refractivity estimates for EM propagation; thus, inverse methods have become an increasingly popular way of determining <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> refractivity. This study uses data from the Coupled Ocean/<span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> Mesoscale Prediction System developed by the Naval Research Laboratory and instrumented helicopter (helo) measurements taken during the Wallops Island Field Experiment to evaluate the use of ensemble forecasts in refractivity inversions. Helo measurements and ensemble forecasts are optimized to a parametric refractivity model, and three experiments are performed to evaluate whether incorporation of ensemble forecast data aids in more timely and accurate inverse solutions using genetic algorithms. The results suggest that using optimized ensemble members as an initial population for the genetic algorithms generally enhances the accuracy and speed of the inverse solution; however, use of the ensemble data to restrict parameter search space yields mixed results. Inaccurate results are related to parameterization of the ensemble members' refractivity profile and the subsequent extraction of the parameter ranges to limit the search space.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24143126','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24143126"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Prebiotic Chemistry and Organic Hazes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Trainer, Melissa G</p> <p>2013-08-01</p> <p>Earth's <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> composition at the time of the origin of life is not known, but it has often been suggested that chemical transformation of reactive species in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> was a significant source of prebiotic organic molecules. Experimental and theoretical studies over the past half century have shown that <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> synthesis can yield molecules such as amino acids and nucleobases, but these processes are very sensitive to gas composition and energy source. Abiotic synthesis of organic molecules is more productive in reduced <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>, yet the primitive Earth may not have been as reducing as earlier workers assumed, and recent research has reflected this shift in thinking. This work provides a survey of the range of chemical products that can be produced given a set of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, with a particular focus on recent reports. Intertwined with the discussion of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> synthesis is the consideration of an organic haze layer, which has been suggested as a possible ultraviolet shield on the anoxic early Earth. Since such a haze layer - if formed - would serve as a reservoir for organic molecules, the chemical composition of the aerosol should be closely examined. The results highlighted here show that a variety of products can be formed in mildly reducing or even neutral <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>, demonstrating that contributions of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> synthesis to the organic inventory on early Earth should not be discounted. This review intends to bridge current knowledge of the range of possible <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in the prebiotic environment and pathways for synthesis under such <span class="hlt">conditions</span> by examining the possible products of organic chemistry in the early <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120017360','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120017360"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Prebiotic Chemistry and Organic Hazes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Trainer, Melissa G.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Earth's <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> composition at the time of the origin of life is not known, but it has often been suggested that chemical transformation of reactive species in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> was a significant source of pre biotic organic molecules. Experimental and theoretical studies over the past half century have shown that <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> synthesis can yield molecules such as amino acids and nucleobases, but these processes are very sensitive to gas composition and energy source. Abiotic synthesis of organic molecules is more productive in reduced <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>, yet the primitive Earth may not have been as reducing as earlier workers assumed, and recent research has reflected this shift in thinking. This work provides a survey of the range of chemical products that can be produced given a set of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, with a particular focus on recent reports. Intertwined with the discussion of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> synthesis is the consideration of an organic haze layer, which has been suggested as a possible ultraviolet shield on the anoxic early Earth. Since such a haze layer - if formed - would serve as a reservoir for organic molecules, the chemical composition of the aerosol should be closely examined. The results highlighted here show that a variety of products can be formed in mildly reducing or even neutral <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>, demonstrating that contributions of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> synthesis to the organic inventory on early Earth should not be discounted. This review intends to bridge current knowledge of the range of possible <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in the prebiotic environment and pathways for synthesis under such <span class="hlt">conditions</span> by examining the possible products of organic chemistry in the early <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987ClDy....1...87B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987ClDy....1...87B"><span>The influence of continental ice, <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> CO2, and land albedo on the climate of the last glacial maximum</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Broccoli, A. J.; Manabe, S.</p> <p>1987-02-01</p> <p>The contributions of expanded continental ice, reduced <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> CO2, and changes in land albedo to the maintenance of the climate of the last glacial maximum (LGM) are examined. A series of experiments is performed using an <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>-mixed layer ocean model in which these changes in boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> are incorporated either singly or in combination. The model used has been shown to produce a reasonably <span class="hlt">realistic</span> simulation of the reduced temperature of the LGM (Manabe and Broccoli 1985b). By comparing the results from pairs of experiments, the effects of each of these environmental changes can be determined. Expanded continental ice and reduced <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> CO2 are found to have a substantial impact on global mean temperature. The ice sheet effect is confined almost exclusively to the Northern Hemisphere, while lowered CO2 cools both hemispheres. Changes in land albedo over ice-free areas have only a minor thermal effect on a global basis. The reduction of CO2 content in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> is the primary contributor to the cooling of the Southern Hemisphere. The model sensitivity to both the ice sheet and CO2 effects is characterized by a high latitude amplification and a late autumn and early winter maximum. Substantial changes in Northern Hemisphere tropospheric circulation are found in response to LGM boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> during winter. An amplified flow pattern and enhanced westerlies occur in the vicinity of the North American and Eurasian ice sheets. These alterations of the tropospheric circulation are primarily the result of the ice sheet effect, with reduced CO2 contributing only a slight amplification of the ice sheet-induced pattern.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25445721','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25445721"><span>Toxicokinetics of perfluorooctane sulfonate in birds under environmentally <span class="hlt">realistic</span> exposure <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and development of a kinetic predictive model.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tarazona, J V; Rodríguez, C; Alonso, E; Sáez, M; González, F; San Andrés, M D; Jiménez, B; San Andrés, M I</p> <p>2015-01-22</p> <p>This article describes the toxicokinetics of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in birds under low repeated dosing, equivalent to 0.085 μg/kg per day, representing environmentally <span class="hlt">realistic</span> exposure <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The best fitting was provided by a simple pseudo monocompartmental first-order kinetics model, regulated by two rates, with a pseudo first-order dissipation half-life of 230 days, accounting for real elimination as well as binding of PFOS to non-exchangeable structures. The calculated assimilation efficiency was 0.66 with confidence intervals of 0.64 and 0.68. The model calculations confirmed that the measured maximum concentrations were still far from the steady state situation, which for this dose regime, was estimated at a value of about 65 μg PFOS/L serum achieved after a theoretical 210 weeks continuous exposure. The results confirm a very different kinetics than that observed in single-dose experiments confirming clear dose-related differences in apparent elimination rates in birds, as described for humans and monkeys; suggesting that a capacity-limited saturable process should also be considered in the kinetic behavior of PFOS in birds. Pseudo first-order kinetic models are highly convenient and frequently used for predicting bioaccumulation of chemicals in livestock and wildlife; the study suggests that previous bioaccumulation models using half-lives obtained at high doses are expected to underestimate the biomagnification potential of PFOS. The toxicokinetic parameters presented here can be used for higher-tier bioaccumulation estimations of PFOS in chickens and as surrogate values for modeling PFOS kinetics in wild bird species. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMGC53A1022S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMGC53A1022S"><span>Studying urban land-<span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> interactions by coupling an urban canopy model with a single column <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Song, J.; Wang, Z.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Studying urban land-<span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> interactions by coupling an urban canopy model with a single column <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> models Jiyun Song and Zhi-Hua Wang School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, PO Box 875306, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306 Landuse landcover changes in urban area will modify surface energy budgets, turbulent fluxes as well as dynamic and thermodynamic structures of the overlying <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> boundary layer (ABL). In order to study urban land-<span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> interactions, we coupled a single column <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model (SCM) to a cutting-edge single layer urban canopy model (SLUCM). Modification of surface parameters such as the fraction of vegetation and engineered pavements, thermal properties of building and pavement materials, and geometrical features of street canyon, etc. in SLUCM dictates the evolution of surface balance of energy, water and momentum. The land surface states then provide lower boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> to the overlying <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, which in turn modulates the modification of ABL structure as well as vertical profiles of temperature, humidity, wind speed and tracer gases. The coupled SLUCM-SCM model is tested against field measurements of surface layer fluxes as well as profiles of temperature and humidity in the mixed layer under convective <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. After model test, SLUCM-SCM is used to simulate the effect of changing urban land surface <span class="hlt">conditions</span> on the evolution of ABL structure and dynamics. Simulation results show that despite the prescribed <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> forcing, land surface states impose significant impact on the physics of the overlying vertical <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> layer. Overall, this numerical framework provides a useful standalone modeling tool to assess the impacts of urban land surface <span class="hlt">conditions</span> on the local hydrometeorology through land-<span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> interactions. It also has potentially far-reaching implications to urban ecohydrological services for cities under future expansion and climate challenges.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://forces.si.edu/atmosphere/index.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="http://forces.si.edu/atmosphere/index.html"><span><span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span>: Change is in the Air</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Forces of <em>Change</em> Main Arctic <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> El Niño Current <span class="hlt">Conditions</span> DIG IT! Share | Smithsonian <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span>: <em>Change</em> is in the Air Explore Earth's changing <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. Discover how our ever-changing everything that breathes. This web site incorporates images and information from the <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span>: <em>Change</em> is in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EPJST.225.2729O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EPJST.225.2729O"><span>Mechanical stabilization of the Levitron's <span class="hlt">realistic</span> model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Olvera, Arturo; De la Rosa, Abraham; Giordano, Claudia M.</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>The stability of the magnetic levitation showed by the Levitron was studied by M.V. Berry as a six degrees of freedom Hamiltonian system using an adiabatic approximation. Further, H.R. Dullin found critical spin rate bounds where the levitation persists and R.F. Gans et al. offered numerical results regarding the initial <span class="hlt">conditions</span>' manifold where this occurs. In the line of this series of works, first, we extend the equations of motion to include dissipation for a more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> model, and then introduce a mechanical forcing to inject energy into the system in order to prevent the Levitron from falling. A systematic study of the flying time as a function of the forcing parameters is carried out which yields detailed bifurcation diagrams showing an Arnold's tongues structure. The stability of these solutions were studied with the help of a novel method to compute the maximum Lyapunov exponent called MEGNO. The bifurcation diagrams for MEGNO reproduce the same Arnold's tongue structure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880020269','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880020269"><span>Laboratory evaluation and application of microwave absorption properties under simulated <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Steffes, Paul G.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>In the first half of this grant year, laboratory measurements were conducted on the millimeter-wave properties of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> gases under simulated <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for the outer planet. Significant improvements in the current system have made it possible to accurately characterize the opacity from gaseous NH3 at longer millimeter wavelengths (7 to 10 mm) under simulated Jovian <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. In the second half of the grant year, it is hoped to extend such measurements to even shorter millimeter-wavelengths. Further analysis and application of the laboratory results to microwave and millimeter-wave absorption data for the outer planets, such as results from Voyager Radio Occultation experiments and earth-based radio astronomical observations will be continued. The analysis of available multispectral microwave opacity data from Venus, including data from the most recent radio astronomical ovservations in the 1.3 to 3.6 cm wavelength range and newly obtained Pioneer-Venus Radio Occulatation measurements at 13 cm, using the laboratory measurements as an interpretative tool will be pursued.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4210346','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4210346"><span>Neutral molecular cluster formation of sulfuric acid–dimethylamine observed in real time under <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kürten, Andreas; Jokinen, Tuija; Simon, Mario; Sipilä, Mikko; Sarnela, Nina; Junninen, Heikki; Adamov, Alexey; Almeida, João; Amorim, Antonio; Bianchi, Federico; Breitenlechner, Martin; Dommen, Josef; Donahue, Neil M.; Duplissy, Jonathan; Ehrhart, Sebastian; Flagan, Richard C.; Franchin, Alessandro; Hakala, Jani; Hansel, Armin; Heinritzi, Martin; Hutterli, Manuel; Kangasluoma, Juha; Kirkby, Jasper; Laaksonen, Ari; Lehtipalo, Katrianne; Leiminger, Markus; Makhmutov, Vladimir; Mathot, Serge; Onnela, Antti; Petäjä, Tuukka; Praplan, Arnaud P.; Riccobono, Francesco; Rissanen, Matti P.; Rondo, Linda; Schobesberger, Siegfried; Seinfeld, John H.; Steiner, Gerhard; Tomé, António; Tröstl, Jasmin; Winkler, Paul M.; Williamson, Christina; Wimmer, Daniela; Ye, Penglin; Baltensperger, Urs; Carslaw, Kenneth S.; Kulmala, Markku; Worsnop, Douglas R.; Curtius, Joachim</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>For <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> sulfuric acid (SA) concentrations the presence of dimethylamine (DMA) at mixing ratios of several parts per trillion by volume can explain observed boundary layer new particle formation rates. However, the concentration and molecular composition of the neutral (uncharged) clusters have not been reported so far due to the lack of suitable instrumentation. Here we report on experiments from the Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets chamber at the European Organization for Nuclear Research revealing the formation of neutral particles containing up to 14 SA and 16 DMA molecules, corresponding to a mobility diameter of about 2 nm, under <span class="hlt">atmospherically</span> relevant <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. These measurements bridge the gap between the molecular and particle perspectives of nucleation, revealing the fundamental processes involved in particle formation and growth. The neutral clusters are found to form at or close to the kinetic limit where particle formation is limited only by the collision rate of SA molecules. Even though the neutral particles are stable against evaporation from the SA dimer onward, the formation rates of particles at 1.7-nm size, which contain about 10 SA molecules, are up to 4 orders of magnitude smaller compared with those of the dimer due to coagulation and wall loss of particles before they reach 1.7 nm in diameter. This demonstrates that neither the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> particle formation rate nor its dependence on SA can simply be interpreted in terms of cluster evaporation or the molecular composition of a critical nucleus. PMID:25288761</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A13A0303O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A13A0303O"><span>Future changes in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">condition</span> for the baiu under RCP scenarios</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Okada, Y.; Takemi, T.; Ishikawa, H.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>This study focuses on <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> circulation fields during the baiu in Japan with global warming projection experimental data conducted using a 20-km mesh global <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model (MRI-AGCM3.2) under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios. This model also used 4 different sea surface temperature (SST) initial <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Support of this dataset is provided by the Meteorological Research Institute (MRI). The baiu front indicated by the north-south gradient of moist static energy moves northward in present-day climate, whereas this northward shift in future climate simulations is very slow during May and June. In future late baiu season, the baiu front stays in the northern part of Japan even in August. As a result, the rich water vapor is transported around western Japan and the daily precipitation amount will increase in August. This northward shift of baiu front is associated with the westward expansion of the enhanced the North Pacific subtropical high (NPSH) into Japan region. However, the convective activity around northwest Pacific Ocean is inactive and is unlikely to occur convective jump (CJ). These models show that the weak trough exists in upper troposphere around Japan. Therefore, the cold advection stays in the northern part of Japan during June. In July, the front due to the strengthening of the NPSH moves northward, and then it stays until August. This feature is often found between the clustered SSTs, Cluster 2 and 3. The mean field of future August also show the inflow of rich water vapor content to Japan islands. In this model, the extreme rainfall suggested tends to almost increase over the Japan islands during future summer. This work was conducted under the Program for Risk Information on Climate Change supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology-Japan (MEXT).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BGeo...14.2675L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BGeo...14.2675L"><span>Technical Note: A minimally invasive experimental system for pCO2 manipulation in plankton cultures using passive gas exchange (<span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> carbon control simulator)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Love, Brooke A.; Olson, M. Brady; Wuori, Tristen</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>As research into the biotic effects of ocean acidification has increased, the methods for simulating these environmental changes in the laboratory have multiplied. Here we describe the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> carbon control simulator (ACCS) for the maintenance of plankton under controlled pCO2 <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, designed for species sensitive to the physical disturbance introduced by the bubbling of cultures and for studies involving trophic interaction. The system consists of gas mixing and equilibration components coupled with large-volume <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> simulation chambers. These chambers allow gas exchange to counteract the changes in carbonate chemistry induced by the metabolic activity of the organisms. The system is relatively low cost, very flexible, and when used in conjunction with semi-continuous culture methods, it increases the density of organisms kept under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, increases the allowable time interval between dilutions, and/or decreases the metabolically driven change in carbonate chemistry during these intervals. It accommodates a large number of culture vessels, which facilitate multi-trophic level studies and allow the tracking of variable responses within and across plankton populations to ocean acidification. It also includes components that increase the reliability of gas mixing systems using mass flow controllers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Icar..101..313K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Icar..101..313K"><span>Photochemistry of the Martian <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> (mean <span class="hlt">conditions</span>)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Krasnopolsky, V. A.</p> <p>1993-02-01</p> <p>An attempt is made to develop the simplest model of the photochemistry to the Martian <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> which fits experimental data without adjustment of the reaction rate coefficients. Based on gas phase models of CO2-H2O chemistry, it is concluded that odd hydrogen reactions are effective enough to provide smaller amounts of CO and O3 than measured. Nitrogen chemistry may be important and should be taken into account. Even the very low sulfur amount of 10 exp -8 can contribute substantially to the Martian photochemistry. Ozone turns out to be the best tracer of the photochemistry.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002DPS....34.3908F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002DPS....34.3908F"><span>Huygens <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Structure Instrument (HASI) test by a stratospheric balloon experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fulchignoni, M.; Gaborit, V.; Aboudam, A.; Angrilli, F.; Antonello, M.; Bastianello, S.; Bettanini, C.; Bianchini, G.; Colombatti, G.; Ferri, F.; Lion Stoppato, P.</p> <p>2002-09-01</p> <p>We developped a series of balloon experiments parachuting a 1:1 scale mock up of the Huygens probe from an altitude larger than 30 km in order to simulate at planetary scale the final part of the descent of the probe in the Titan <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. The Earth <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> represents a natural laboratory where most of the physical parameters meet quite well the bulk <span class="hlt">condition</span> of Titan's environment, with the exception of temperature. A first balloon experiment has been carried out in June 2001 and the results have been reported at the last DPS (V. Gaborit et al., BAAS 33, 38.03) The mock up of the probe descending in the Titan <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> for the Huygens Cassini Mission has been successfully launched with stratospheric balloon from Italian Space Agency Base "Luigi Broglio" in Sicily and recovered on May 30th 2002. The probe has been lifted at 32 km altitude and then released to perform a 45 minutes descent decelerated by parachute, to simulate Huygens mission at Titan. Preliminary aerodynamics study of the probe has focused on the achievement of a descent velocity profile and a spin rate profile, satisfying the Huygens mission to Titan requirements. The descent velocity and spin rate have been calculated by solving a system of ODE describing the translational and rotational motion of the probe trough the earth <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> during parachute aided descent Results of these calculations have driven the choice of an appropriate angle of attack of the blades in the bottom of the probe and ballast weight during flight. The probe is hosting spares of HASI sensors, housekeeping sensors and other dedicated sensors, Beagle II UV Sensors and Huygens SSP Tilt Sensor, for a total of 77 acquired sensor channels, sampled during ascent, drift and descent phase. Main goals are i) to verify sensor performance and perform a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> functional test in dynamical and environmental <span class="hlt">conditions</span> similar to those during the descent in Titan <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>; ii) to investigate impact at ground to check the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3796891','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3796891"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Prebiotic Chemistry and Organic Hazes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Trainer, Melissa G.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Earth’s <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> composition at the time of the origin of life is not known, but it has often been suggested that chemical transformation of reactive species in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> was a significant source of prebiotic organic molecules. Experimental and theoretical studies over the past half century have shown that <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> synthesis can yield molecules such as amino acids and nucleobases, but these processes are very sensitive to gas composition and energy source. Abiotic synthesis of organic molecules is more productive in reduced <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>, yet the primitive Earth may not have been as reducing as earlier workers assumed, and recent research has reflected this shift in thinking. This work provides a survey of the range of chemical products that can be produced given a set of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, with a particular focus on recent reports. Intertwined with the discussion of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> synthesis is the consideration of an organic haze layer, which has been suggested as a possible ultraviolet shield on the anoxic early Earth. Since such a haze layer – if formed – would serve as a reservoir for organic molecules, the chemical composition of the aerosol should be closely examined. The results highlighted here show that a variety of products can be formed in mildly reducing or even neutral <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>, demonstrating that contributions of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> synthesis to the organic inventory on early Earth should not be discounted. This review intends to bridge current knowledge of the range of possible <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in the prebiotic environment and pathways for synthesis under such <span class="hlt">conditions</span> by examining the possible products of organic chemistry in the early <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. PMID:24143126</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998SPIE.3494..227R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998SPIE.3494..227R"><span>Inversion of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> optical parameters from elastic-backscatter lidar returns using a Kalman filter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rocadenbosch, Francesc; Comeron, Adolfo; Vazquez, Gregori; Rodriguez-Gomez, Alejandro; Soriano, Cecilia; Baldasano, Jose M.</p> <p>1998-12-01</p> <p>Up to now, retrieval of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> extinction and backscatter has mainly relied on standard straightforward non-memory procedures such as slope-method, exponential- curve fitting and Klett's method. Yet, their performance becomes ultimately limited by the inherent lack of adaptability as they only work with present returns and neither past estimations, nor the statistics of the signals or a prior uncertainties are taken into account. In this work, a first inversion of the backscatter and extinction- to-backscatter ratio from pulsed elastic-backscatter lidar returns is tackled by means of an extended Kalman filter (EKF), which overcomes these limitations. Thus, as long as different return signals income,the filter updates itself weighted by the unbalance between the a priori estimates of the optical parameters and the new ones based on a minimum variance criterion. Calibration errors or initialization uncertainties can be assimilated also. The study begins with the formulation of the inversion problem and an appropriate stochastic model. Based on extensive simulation and <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, it is shown that the EKF approach enables to retrieve the sought-after optical parameters as time-range-dependent functions and hence, to track the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> evolution, its performance being only limited by the quality and availability of the 'a priori' information and the accuracy of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model assumed. The study ends with an encouraging practical inversion of a live-scene measured with the Nd:YAG elastic-backscatter lidar station at our premises in Barcelona.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3703945','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3703945"><span>Toxicological Evaluation of <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Emission Source Aerosols (TERESA): Introduction and overview</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Godleski, John J.; Rohr, Annette C.; Kang, Choong M.; Diaz, Edgar A.; Ruiz, Pablo A.; Koutrakis, Petros</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Determining the health impacts of sources and components of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is an important scientific goal. PM2.5 is a complex mixture of inorganic and organic constituents that are likely to differ in their potential to cause adverse health outcomes. The Toxicological Evaluation of <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Emissions of Source Aerosols (TERESA) study focused on two PM sources—coal-fired power plants and mobile sources—and sought to investigate the toxicological effects of exposure to emissions from these sources. The set of papers published here document the power plant experiments. TERESA attempted to delineate health effects of primary particles, secondary (aged) particles, and mixtures of these with common <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> constituents. TERESA involved withdrawal of emissions from the stacks of three coal-fired power plants in the United States. The emissions were aged and <span class="hlt">atmospherically</span> transformed in a mobile laboratory simulating downwind power plant plume processing. Toxicological evaluations were carried out in laboratory rats exposed to different emission scenarios with extensive exposure characterization. The approach employed in TERESA was ambitious and innovative. Technical challenges included the development of stack sampling technology that prevented condensation of water vapor from the power plant exhaust during sampling and transfer, while minimizing losses of primary particles; development and optimization of a photochemical chamber to provide an aged aerosol for animal exposures; development and evaluation of a denuder system to remove excess gaseous components; and development of a mobile toxicology laboratory. This paper provides an overview of the conceptual framework, design, and methods employed in the study. PMID:21639692</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23713840','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23713840"><span><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> nurse-led policy implementation, optimization and evaluation: novel methodological exemplar.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Noyes, Jane; Lewis, Mary; Bennett, Virginia; Widdas, David; Brombley, Karen</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>To report the first large-scale <span class="hlt">realistic</span> nurse-led implementation, optimization and evaluation of a complex children's continuing-care policy. Health policies are increasingly complex, involve multiple Government departments and frequently fail to translate into better patient outcomes. <span class="hlt">Realist</span> methods have not yet been adapted for policy implementation. Research methodology - Evaluation using theory-based <span class="hlt">realist</span> methods for policy implementation. An expert group developed the policy and supporting tools. Implementation and evaluation design integrated diffusion of innovation theory with multiple case study and adapted <span class="hlt">realist</span> principles. Practitioners in 12 English sites worked with Consultant Nurse implementers to manipulate the programme theory and logic of new decision-support tools and care pathway to optimize local implementation. Methods included key-stakeholder interviews, developing practical diffusion of innovation processes using key-opinion leaders and active facilitation strategies and a mini-community of practice. New and existing processes and outcomes were compared for 137 children during 2007-2008. <span class="hlt">Realist</span> principles were successfully adapted to a shorter policy implementation and evaluation time frame. Important new implementation success factors included facilitated implementation that enabled 'real-time' manipulation of programme logic and local context to best-fit evolving theories of what worked; using local experiential opinion to change supporting tools to more <span class="hlt">realistically</span> align with local context and what worked; and having sufficient existing local infrastructure to support implementation. Ten mechanisms explained implementation success and differences in outcomes between new and existing processes. <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> policy implementation methods have advantages over top-down approaches, especially where clinical expertise is low and unlikely to diffuse innovations 'naturally' without facilitated implementation and local optimization. © 2013</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25d2903N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25d2903N"><span>Magnetic reconnection in the low solar chromosphere with a more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> radiative cooling model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ni, Lei; Lukin, Vyacheslav S.; Murphy, Nicholas A.; Lin, Jun</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Magnetic reconnection is the most likely mechanism responsible for the high temperature events that are observed in strongly magnetized locations around the temperature minimum in the low solar chromosphere. This work improves upon our previous work [Ni et al., Astrophys. J. 852, 95 (2018)] by using a more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> radiative cooling model computed from the OPACITY project and the CHIANTI database. We find that the rate of ionization of the neutral component of the plasma is still faster than recombination within the current sheet region. For low β plasmas, the ionized and neutral fluid flows are well-coupled throughout the reconnection region resembling the single-fluid Sweet-Parker model dynamics. Decoupling of the ion and neutral inflows appears in the higher β case with β0=1.46 , which leads to a reconnection rate about three times faster than the rate predicted by the Sweet-Parker model. In all cases, the plasma temperature increases with time inside the current sheet, and the maximum value is above 2 ×104 K when the reconnection magnetic field strength is greater than 500 G. While the more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> radiative cooling model does not result in qualitative changes of the characteristics of magnetic reconnection, it is necessary for studying the variations of the plasma temperature and ionization fraction inside current sheets in strongly magnetized regions of the low solar <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. It is also important for studying energy conversion during the magnetic reconnection process when the hydrogen-dominated plasma approaches full ionization.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.467..971B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.467..971B"><span>ZASPE: A Code to Measure Stellar <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Parameters and their Covariance from Spectra</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brahm, Rafael; Jordán, Andrés; Hartman, Joel; Bakos, Gáspár</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>We describe the Zonal <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Stellar Parameters Estimator (zaspe), a new algorithm, and its associated code, for determining precise stellar <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> parameters and their uncertainties from high-resolution echelle spectra of FGK-type stars. zaspe estimates stellar <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> parameters by comparing the observed spectrum against a grid of synthetic spectra only in the most sensitive spectral zones to changes in the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> parameters. <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> uncertainties in the parameters are computed from the data itself, by taking into account the systematic mismatches between the observed spectrum and the best-fitting synthetic one. The covariances between the parameters are also estimated in the process. zaspe can in principle use any pre-calculated grid of synthetic spectra, but unbiased grids are required to obtain accurate parameters. We tested the performance of two existing libraries, and we concluded that neither is suitable for computing precise <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> parameters. We describe a process to synthesize a new library of synthetic spectra that was found to generate consistent results when compared with parameters obtained with different methods (interferometry, asteroseismology, equivalent widths).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA513852','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA513852"><span>Local-Rapid Evaluation of <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">Conditions</span> (L-REAC)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2009-01-15</p> <p>installation available 24/7 to all forms of browser-based access such as mobile blackberry browser. In 2006, the ARL presented data at an International...Oceanic and <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Administration (NOAA)/Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Wind Tunnel study with tens-of-meter-scaled measurements sampled around...urban flow in wind tunnels , as well as articles from professional urban meteorological journals. The need to maintain a visual sensor for persons who</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989FoPh...19.1397D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989FoPh...19.1397D"><span>Quantum mechanics without the projection postulate and its <span class="hlt">realistic</span> interpretation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dieks, D.</p> <p>1989-11-01</p> <p>It is widely held that quantum mechanics is the first scientific theory to present scientifically internal, fundamental difficulties for a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> interpretation (in the philosophical sense). The standard (Copenhagen) interpretation of the quantum theory is often described as the inevitable instrumentalistic response. It is the purpose of the present article to argue that quantum theory does not present fundamental new problems to a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> interpretation. The formalism of quantum theory has the same states—it will be argued—as the formalisms of older physical theories and is capable of the same kinds of philosophical interpretation. This result is reached via an analysis of what it means to give a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> interpretation to a theory. The main point of difference between quantum mechanics and other theories—as far as the possibilities of interpretation are concerned—is the special treatment given to measurement by the “projection postulate.” But it is possible to do without this postulate. Moreover, rejection of the projection postulate does not, in spite of what is often maintained in the literature, automatically lead to the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. A <span class="hlt">realistic</span> interpretation is possible in which only the reality of one (our) world is recognized. It is argued that the Copenhagen interpretation as expounded by Bohr is not in conflict with the here proposed <span class="hlt">realistic</span> interpretation of quantum theory.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3297758','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3297758"><span>Novel Micropatterned Cardiac Cell Cultures with <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Ventricular Microstructure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Badie, Nima; Bursac, Nenad</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Systematic studies of cardiac structure-function relationships to date have been hindered by the intrinsic complexity and variability of in vivo and ex vivo model systems. Thus, we set out to develop a reproducible cell culture system that can accurately replicate the <span class="hlt">realistic</span> microstructure of native cardiac tissues. Using cell micropatterning techniques, we aligned cultured cardiomyocytes at micro- and macroscopic spatial scales to follow local directions of cardiac fibers in murine ventricular cross sections, as measured by high-resolution diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. To elucidate the roles of ventricular tissue microstructure in macroscopic impulse conduction, we optically mapped membrane potentials in micropatterned cardiac cultures with <span class="hlt">realistic</span> tissue boundaries and natural cell orientation, cardiac cultures with <span class="hlt">realistic</span> tissue boundaries but random cell orientation, and standard isotropic monolayers. At 2 Hz pacing, both microscopic changes in cell orientation and ventricular tissue boundaries independently and synergistically increased the spatial dispersion of conduction velocity, but not the action potential duration. The <span class="hlt">realistic</span> variations in intramural microstructure created unique spatial signatures in micro- and macroscopic impulse propagation within ventricular cross-section cultures. This novel in vitro model system is expected to help bridge the existing gap between experimental structure-function studies in standard cardiac monolayers and intact heart tissues. PMID:19413993</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950056374&hterms=balance+general&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dbalance%2Bgeneral','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950056374&hterms=balance+general&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dbalance%2Bgeneral"><span>Cloud-radiative effects on implied oceanic energy transport as simulated by <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> general circulation models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Gleckler, P. J.; Randall, D. A.; Boer, G.; Colman, R.; Dix, M.; Galin, V.; Helfand, M.; Kiehl, J.; Kitoh, A.; Lau, W.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>This paper summarizes the ocean surface net energy flux simulated by fifteen <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> general circulation models constrained by <span class="hlt">realistically</span>-varying sea surface temperatures and sea ice as part of the <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Model Intercomparison Project. In general, the simulated energy fluxes are within the very large observational uncertainties. However, the annual mean oceanic meridional heat transport that would be required to balance the simulated surface fluxes is shown to be critically sensitive to the radiative effects of clouds, to the extent that even the sign of the Southern Hemisphere ocean heat transport can be affected by the errors in simulated cloud-radiation interactions. It is suggested that improved treatment of cloud radiative effects should help in the development of coupled <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>-ocean general circulation models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27639783','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27639783"><span>Nitration of pollen aeroallergens by nitrate ion in <span class="hlt">conditions</span> simulating the liquid water phase of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> particles.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ghiani, Alessandra; Bruschi, Maurizio; Citterio, Sandra; Bolzacchini, Ezio; Ferrero, Luca; Sangiorgi, Giorgia; Asero, Riccardo; Perrone, Maria Grazia</p> <p>2016-12-15</p> <p>Pollen aeroallergens are present in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> particulate matter (PM) where they can be found in coarse biological particles such as pollen grains (aerodynamic diameter d ae >10μm), as well as fragments in the finest respirable particles (PM2.5; d ae <2.5μm). Nitration of tyrosine residues in pollen allergenic proteins can occur in polluted air, and inhalation and deposition of these nitrated proteins in the human respiratory tract may lead to adverse health effects by enhancing the allergic response in population. Previous studies investigated protein nitration by <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide and ozone. In this work we report, for the first time, a study on protein nitration by nitrate ion in aqueous solution, at nitrate concentrations and pH <span class="hlt">conditions</span> simulating those occurring in the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> aerosol liquid water phase. Experiments have been carried out on the Bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein and the recombinant Phleum pratense allergen (Phl p 2) both in the dark and under UV-A irradiation (range 4-90Wm -2 ) to take into account thermal and/or photochemical nitration processes. For the latter protein, modifications in the allergic response after treatment with nitrate solutions have been evaluated by immunoblot analyses using sera from grass-allergic patients. Experimental results in bulk solutions showed that protein nitration in the dark occurs only in dilute nitrate solutions and under very acidic <span class="hlt">conditions</span> (pH<3 for BSA; pH<2.2 for Phl p 2), while nitration is always observed (at pH0.5-5) under UV-A irradiation, both in dilute and concentrated nitrate solutions, being significantly enhanced at the lowest pH values. In some cases, protein nitration resulted in an increase of the allergic response. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11710248','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11710248"><span>Presence for design: conveying <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> through video collages.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Keller, I; Stappers, P J</p> <p>2001-04-01</p> <p>Product designers use imagery for inspiration in their creative design process. To support creativity, designers apply many tools and techniques, which often rely on their ability to be inspired by found and previously made visual material and to experience the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> of the user environment. Computer tools and developments in VR offer perspectives to support this kind of imagery and presence in the design process. But currently these possibilities come at too high a technological overhead and price to be usable in the design practice. This article proposes an expressive and technically lightweight approach using the possibilities of VR and computer tools, by creating a sketchy environment using video collages. Instead of relying on highly <span class="hlt">realistic</span> or even "hyperreal" graphics, these video collages use lessons learned from theater and cinema to get a sense of <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> across. Product designers can use these video collages to reexperience their observations in the environment in which a product is to be used, and to communicate this <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> to their colleagues and clients. For user-centered design, video collages can also provide an environmental context for concept testing with prospective user groups.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA407156','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA407156"><span>Implementing <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Helicopter Physics in 3D Game Environments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2002-09-01</p> <p>developed a highly <span class="hlt">realistic</span> and innovative PC video game that puts you inside an Army unit. You’ll face your first tour of duty along with your fellow...helicopter physics. Many other video games include helicopters but omit <span class="hlt">realistic</span> third person helicopter behaviors in their applications. Of the 48...to be too computationally expensive for a PC based video game . Generally, some basic parts of blade element theory are present in any attempt to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED352061.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED352061.pdf"><span>Family Relationships in <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Young Adult Fiction, 1987 to 1991.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Sampson, Cathie</p> <p></p> <p>The purpose of this study was to determine how parents and family relationships are characterized in <span class="hlt">realistic</span> young adult fiction. A random sample of 20 <span class="hlt">realistic</span> young adult novels was selected from the American Library Association's Best Lists for the years 1987-1991. A content analysis of the novels focused on the following: (1) whether…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015TDR.....6...38A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015TDR.....6...38A"><span>Blend Shape Interpolation and FACS for <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Avatar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Alkawaz, Mohammed Hazim; Mohamad, Dzulkifli; Basori, Ahmad Hoirul; Saba, Tanzila</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>The quest of developing <span class="hlt">realistic</span> facial animation is ever-growing. The emergence of sophisticated algorithms, new graphical user interfaces, laser scans and advanced 3D tools imparted further impetus towards the rapid advancement of complex virtual human facial model. Face-to-face communication being the most natural way of human interaction, the facial animation systems became more attractive in the information technology era for sundry applications. The production of computer-animated movies using synthetic actors are still challenging issues. Proposed facial expression carries the signature of happiness, sadness, angry or cheerful, etc. The mood of a particular person in the midst of a large group can immediately be identified via very subtle changes in facial expressions. Facial expressions being very complex as well as important nonverbal communication channel are tricky to synthesize <span class="hlt">realistically</span> using computer graphics. Computer synthesis of practical facial expressions must deal with the geometric representation of the human face and the control of the facial animation. We developed a new approach by integrating blend shape interpolation (BSI) and facial action coding system (FACS) to create a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> and expressive computer facial animation design. The BSI is used to generate the natural face while the FACS is employed to reflect the exact facial muscle movements for four basic natural emotional expressions such as angry, happy, sad and fear with high fidelity. The results in perceiving the <span class="hlt">realistic</span> facial expression for virtual human emotions based on facial skin color and texture may contribute towards the development of virtual reality and game environment of computer aided graphics animation systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy..tmp.2428R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy..tmp.2428R"><span>Sensitivity of idealised baroclinic waves to mean <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> temperature and meridional temperature gradient changes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rantanen, Mika; Räisänen, Jouni; Sinclair, Victoria A.; Järvinen, Heikki</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>The sensitivity of idealised baroclinic waves to different <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> temperature changes is studied. The temperature changes are based on those which are expected to occur in the Northern Hemisphere with climate change: (1) uniform temperature increase, (2) decrease of the lower level meridional temperature gradient, and (3) increase of the upper level temperature gradient. Three sets of experiments are performed, first without <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> moisture, thus seeking to identify the underlying adiabatic mechanisms which drive the response of extra-tropical storms to changes in the environmental temperature. Then, similar experiments are performed in a more <span class="hlt">realistic</span>, moist environment, using fixed initial relative humidity distribution. Warming the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> uniformly tends to decrease the kinetic energy of the cyclone, which is linked both to a weaker capability of the storm to exploit the available potential energy of the zonal mean flow, and less efficient production of eddy kinetic energy in the wave. Unsurprisingly, the decrease of the lower level temperature gradient weakens the resulting cyclone regardless of the presence of moisture. The increase of the temperature gradient in the upper troposphere has a more complicated influence on the storm dynamics: in the dry <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> the maximum eddy kinetic energy decreases, whereas in the moist case it increases. Our analysis suggests that the slightly unexpected decrease of eddy kinetic energy in the dry case with an increased upper tropospheric temperature gradient originates from the weakening of the meridional heat flux by the eddy. However, in the more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> moist case, the diabatic heating enhances the interaction between upper- and low-level potential vorticity anomalies and hence helps the surface cyclone to exploit the increased upper level baroclinicity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AdWR...92..271D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AdWR...92..271D"><span>Predicting field-scale dispersion under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> with the polar Markovian velocity process model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dünser, Simon; Meyer, Daniel W.</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>In most groundwater aquifers, dispersion of tracers is dominated by flow-field inhomogeneities resulting from the underlying heterogeneous conductivity or transmissivity field. This effect is referred to as macrodispersion. Since in practice, besides a few point measurements the complete conductivity field is virtually never available, a probabilistic treatment is needed. To quantify the uncertainty in tracer concentrations from a given geostatistical model for the conductivity, Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is typically used. To avoid the excessive computational costs of MC, the polar Markovian velocity process (PMVP) model was recently introduced delivering predictions at about three orders of magnitude smaller computing times. In artificial test cases, the PMVP model has provided good results in comparison with MC. In this study, we further validate the model in a more challenging and <span class="hlt">realistic</span> setup. The setup considered is derived from the well-known benchmark macrodispersion experiment (MADE), which is highly heterogeneous and non-stationary with a large number of unevenly scattered conductivity measurements. Validations were done against reference MC and good overall agreement was found. Moreover, simulations of a simplified setup with a single measurement were conducted in order to reassess the model's most fundamental assumptions and to provide guidance for model improvements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760011527','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760011527"><span>The Skylab concentrated <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> radiation project</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kuhn, P. M.; Marlatt, W. E.; Whitehead, V. S. (Principal Investigator)</p> <p>1975-01-01</p> <p>The author has identified the following significant results. Comparison of several existing infrared radiative transfer models under somewhat controlled <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and with <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> observations of Skylab's S191 and S192 radiometers illustrated that the models tend to over-compute <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> attenuation in the window region of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> infrared spectra.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvD..93e2006C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvD..93e2006C"><span>Mount Aragats as a stable electron accelerator for <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> high-energy physics research</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chilingarian, Ashot; Hovsepyan, Gagik; Mnatsakanyan, Eduard</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>Observation of the numerous thunderstorm ground enhancements (TGEs), i.e., enhanced fluxes of electrons, gamma rays, and neutrons detected by particle detectors located on the Earth's surface and related to the strong thunderstorms above it, helped to establish a new scientific topic—high-energy physics in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. Relativistic runaway electron avalanches (RREAs) are believed to be a central engine initiating high-energy processes in thunderstorm <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>. RREAs observed on Mount Aragats in Armenia during the strongest thunderstorms and simultaneous measurements of TGE electron and gamma-ray energy spectra proved that RREAs are a robust and <span class="hlt">realistic</span> mechanism for electron acceleration. TGE research facilitates investigations of the long-standing lightning initiation problem. For the last 5 years we were experimenting with the "beams" of "electron accelerators" operating in the thunderclouds above the Aragats research station. Thunderstorms are very frequent above Aragats, peaking in May-June, and almost all of them are accompanied with enhanced particle fluxes. The station is located on a plateau at an altitude 3200 asl near a large lake. Numerous particle detectors and field meters are located in three experimental halls as well as outdoors; the facilities are operated all year round. All relevant information is being gathered, including data on particle fluxes, fields, lightning occurrences, and meteorological <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. By the example of the huge thunderstorm that took place at Mount Aragats on August 28, 2015, we show that simultaneous detection of all the relevant data allowed us to reveal the temporal pattern of the storm development and to investigate the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> discharges and particle fluxes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014cosp...40E1012G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014cosp...40E1012G"><span>Instrumentation for surveying the lower part of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> in extremes <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gobinddass, Marie-Line; Molinie, Jack; Richard, Sandrine; Jean-Louis, Sabrina</p> <p></p> <p>To observe <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> phenomena such as clouds, precipitation and wind in order to understand how they form and evolve meteorologists use few instruments which allows to measure parameters as temperature, pressure and humidity. In the specific case of Kourou region where the French Space Agency is located the environment and safeguard group works on protecting biodiversity in and around the center. By considering a few scientific challenges in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> science one of the main topics of this work consists on the understanding of the fluctuation of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> due to natural or industrials perturbations. We have considered a few experiences with many instruments in a large space of more than 1200 km per square. To differentiate and try to quantify industrial cloud from natural cloud or from natural <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, the idea of using a drone has been experimented. The ratio of the cost of such experimentation with the relevance of the results which can be obtained will be discussed here. It is necessary to take into account the turbulence in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> due to industrial acid cloud or hot cloud. Finally, instead of taking the risk of having airbone measurements with a pilot we have thought of the tetherball due to it lower cost and for security reason. The technical experiment and few type of results will be presented here.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H43N..06I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H43N..06I"><span>Evidence of weak land-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> coupling under varying bare soil <span class="hlt">conditions</span>: Are fully coupled Darcy/Navier-Stokes models necessary for simulating soil moisture dynamics?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Illangasekare, T. H.; Trautz, A. C.; Howington, S. E.; Cihan, A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>It is a well-established fact that the land and <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> form a continuum in which the individual domains are coupled by heat and mass transfer processes such as bare-soil evaporation. Soil moisture dynamics can be simulated at the representative elementary volume (REV) scale using decoupled and fully coupled Darcy/Navier-Stokes models. Decoupled modeling is an asynchronous approach in which flow and transport in the soil and <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> is simulated independently; the two domains are coupled out of time-step via prescribed flux parameterizations. Fully coupled modeling in contrast, solves the governing equations for flow and transport in both domains simultaneously with the use of coupling interface boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. This latter approach, while being able to provide real-time two-dimensional feedbacks, is considerably more complex and computationally intensive. In this study, we investigate whether fully coupled models are necessary, or if the simpler decoupled models can sufficiently capture soil moisture dynamics under varying land preparations. A series of intermediate-scale physical and numerical experiments were conducted in which soil moisture distributions and evaporation estimates were monitored at high spatiotemporal resolutions for different heterogeneous packing and soil roughness scenarios. All experimentation was conducted at the newly developed Center for Experimental Study of Subsurface Environmental Processes (CESEP) wind tunnel-porous media user test-facility at the Colorado School of. Near-surface <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> measurements made during the experiments demonstrate that the land-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> coupling was relatively weak and insensitive to the applied edaphic and surface <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Simulations with a decoupled multiphase heat and mass transfer model similarly show little sensitivity to local variations in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> forcing; a single, simple flux parameterization can sufficiently capture the soil moisture dynamics (evaporation and redistribution</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.C12B..06H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.C12B..06H"><span>Reducing the biases in simulated polar climate by incorporating <span class="hlt">realistic</span> surface spectral emissivity into the global climate model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Huang, X.; Chen, X.; Flanner, M.; Yang, P.; Feldman, D.; Kuo, C.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Surface longwave emissivity can be less than unity and vary significantly with frequency. The emissivities of water, ice, and bare land all exhibit different spectral dependence, for both the far-IR and mid-IR bands. However, most climate models still assume blackbody surface in the longwave (LW) radiation scheme of their <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> modules. This study incorporates <span class="hlt">realistic</span> surface spectral emissivity into the RRTMG_LW, the LW radiation scheme in CAM, which is the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> component of the NCAR Community Earth System Model (CESM) version 1.1.1. Then we evaluate its impact on simulated climatology, especially for the polar regions. By ensuring the consistency of the broadband longwave flux across different modules of the CESM, the TOA energy balance in the simulation can be attained without additional tuning of the model. While the impact on global mean surface temperature is small, the surface temperature differences in Polar Regions are statistically significant. The mean surface temperature in Arctic in the modified CESM is 1.5K warmer than that in the standard CESM, reducing the cold bias that the standard CESM has with respect to observations. Accordingly the sea ice fraction in the modified CESM simulation is less than that in the standard CESM simulation by as much as 0.1, which significantly reduces the positive biases in the simulated sea ice coverage by the CESM. The largest sea-ice coverage difference happens in August and September, when new sea ice starts to form. The similar changes can be seen for the simulated Antarctic surface climate as well. In a nutshell, incorporating <span class="hlt">realistic</span> surface spectral emissivity helps improving the fidelity of simulated surface energy budget in the polar region, which leads to a better simulation of the surface temperature and sea ice coverage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatMa..15..576B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatMa..15..576B"><span><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> molecular model of kerogen's nanostructure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bousige, Colin; Ghimbeu, Camélia Matei; Vix-Guterl, Cathie; Pomerantz, Andrew E.; Suleimenova, Assiya; Vaughan, Gavin; Garbarino, Gaston; Feygenson, Mikhail; Wildgruber, Christoph; Ulm, Franz-Josef; Pellenq, Roland J.-M.; Coasne, Benoit</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Despite kerogen's importance as the organic backbone for hydrocarbon production from source rocks such as gas shale, the interplay between kerogen's chemistry, morphology and mechanics remains unexplored. As the environmental impact of shale gas rises, identifying functional relations between its geochemical, transport, elastic and fracture properties from <span class="hlt">realistic</span> molecular models of kerogens becomes all the more important. Here, by using a hybrid experimental-simulation method, we propose a panel of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> molecular models of mature and immature kerogens that provide a detailed picture of kerogen's nanostructure without considering the presence of clays and other minerals in shales. We probe the models' strengths and limitations, and show that they predict essential features amenable to experimental validation, including pore distribution, vibrational density of states and stiffness. We also show that kerogen's maturation, which manifests itself as an increase in the sp2/sp3 hybridization ratio, entails a crossover from plastic-to-brittle rupture mechanisms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26828313','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26828313"><span><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> molecular model of kerogen's nanostructure.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bousige, Colin; Ghimbeu, Camélia Matei; Vix-Guterl, Cathie; Pomerantz, Andrew E; Suleimenova, Assiya; Vaughan, Gavin; Garbarino, Gaston; Feygenson, Mikhail; Wildgruber, Christoph; Ulm, Franz-Josef; Pellenq, Roland J-M; Coasne, Benoit</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Despite kerogen's importance as the organic backbone for hydrocarbon production from source rocks such as gas shale, the interplay between kerogen's chemistry, morphology and mechanics remains unexplored. As the environmental impact of shale gas rises, identifying functional relations between its geochemical, transport, elastic and fracture properties from <span class="hlt">realistic</span> molecular models of kerogens becomes all the more important. Here, by using a hybrid experimental-simulation method, we propose a panel of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> molecular models of mature and immature kerogens that provide a detailed picture of kerogen's nanostructure without considering the presence of clays and other minerals in shales. We probe the models' strengths and limitations, and show that they predict essential features amenable to experimental validation, including pore distribution, vibrational density of states and stiffness. We also show that kerogen's maturation, which manifests itself as an increase in the sp(2)/sp(3) hybridization ratio, entails a crossover from plastic-to-brittle rupture mechanisms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BoLMe.165...87X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BoLMe.165...87X"><span>A Numerical Study of Wind-Turbine Wakes for Three <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Stability <span class="hlt">Conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xie, Shengbai; Archer, Cristina L.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The effects of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> stability on wind-turbine wakes are studied via large-eddy simulations. Three stability <span class="hlt">conditions</span> are considered: stable, neutral, and unstable, with the same geostrophic wind speed aloft and the same Coriolis frequency. Both a single 5-MW turbine and a wind farm of five turbines are studied. The single-turbine wake is strongly correlated with stability, in terms of velocity deficit, turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and temperature distribution. Because of the Coriolis effect, the wake shape deviates from a Gaussian distribution. For the wind-farm simulations, the separation of the core region and outer region is clear for the stable and neutral cases, but less distinct for the unstable case. The unstable case exhibits strong horizontal variations in wind speed. Local accelerations such as related to aisle jets are also observed, whose features depend on stability. The added TKE in the wind farm increases with stability. The highest power extraction and lowest power deficit are observed for the unstable case.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A44F..06G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A44F..06G"><span>Development of Rotary-Wing UAS for Use in <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Sensing of Near-Storm Environments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Greene, B. R.; Chilson, P. B.; Salazar-Cerreno, J.; Duthoit, S.; Doyle, B.; Wolf, B.; Segales, A.; Fiebrich, C. A.; Waugh, S.; Fredrickson, S.; Oncley, S.; Tudor, L.; Semmer, S.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The capabilities of small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) to make <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> observations is rapidly being realized as a means to collect previously unobtainable observations in the lowest part of Earth's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. However, in order for these systems to provide meaningful kinematic and thermodynamic data, it is imperative to establish an understanding of the strengths and limitations of the sensors and retrieval algorithms implemented in both controlled and <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. This initial objective is comprised of two experimental stages, the first of which is calibration of thermodynamic sensors against references from the Oklahoma Mesonet and the National Center for <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Research in order to understand their quasi-ideal response characteristics. Furthermore, efforts have been made to calculate horizontal wind fields using Euler angles derived from the sUAS's autopilot. The second stage is validation of these sensor performances once mounted onto a rotary-wing sUAS by comparing measurements with instrumented towers, radiosondes, and other sUAS. It appears that these measurements are robust provided that instrument packages are mounted such that they receive adequate air flow and proper solar shielding. Moreover, experiments to locate this optimal location have been performed, and involved systematically displacing the sensors and wind probe underneath the rotor wash in an isolated chamber using a linear actuator. Once a platform's <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> sensing capabilities are optimized, its utility has been proven in applications from turbulence to providing forecasters with quasi-real time profiles in convective environments deemed by the Storm Prediction Center to be of highest risk for severe thunderstorms. After addressing the development of platforms operated by the University of Oklahoma, results from recent field campaigns, Collaboration Leading Operational UAS Development for Meteorology and <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Physics (CLOUD-MAP) and Environmental Profiling</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1786s0006F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1786s0006F"><span>Impact of Martian <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> parameter uncertainties on entry vehicles aerodynamic for hypersonic rarefied <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fei, Huang; Xu-hong, Jin; Jun-ming, Lv; Xiao-li, Cheng</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>An attempt has been made to analyze impact of Martian <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> parameter uncertainties on entry vehicle aerodynamics for hypersonic rarefied <span class="hlt">conditions</span> with a DSMC code. The code has been validated by comparing Viking vehicle flight data with present computational results. Then, by simulating flows around the Mars Science Laboratory, the impact of errors of free stream parameter uncertainties on aerodynamics is investigated. The validation results show that the present numerical approach can show good agreement with the Viking flight data. The physical and chemical properties of CO2 has strong impact on aerodynamics of Mars entry vehicles, so it is necessary to make proper corrections to the data obtained with air model in hypersonic rarefied <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, which is consistent with the conclusions drawn in continuum regime. Uncertainties of free stream density and velocity weakly influence aerodynamics and pitching moment. However, aerodynamics appears to be little influenced by free stream temperature, the maximum error of what is below 0.5%. Center of pressure position is not sensitive to free stream parameters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=atmospheric+AND+pressure&pg=6&id=ED227810','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=atmospheric+AND+pressure&pg=6&id=ED227810"><span>Reliability of Undergraduate Student in a Research on the Relations between Behavior and Days of the Week or <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">Conditions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Vachon, Jean</p> <p></p> <p>The influence of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and the day of the week on school children's behavior was investigated by undergraduates. The college students were told either that their participation in the research was compulsory and would be graded, or that their participation was voluntary and ungraded. Fifty teachers observed their pupils' behavior…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28103925','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28103925"><span>Protocol for a <span class="hlt">realist</span> review of workplace learning in postgraduate medical education and training.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wiese, Anel; Kilty, Caroline; Bergin, Colm; Flood, Patrick; Fu, Na; Horgan, Mary; Higgins, Agnes; Maher, Bridget; O'Kane, Grainne; Prihodova, Lucia; Slattery, Dubhfeasa; Bennett, Deirdre</p> <p>2017-01-19</p> <p>Postgraduate medical education and training (PGMET) is a complex social process which happens predominantly during the delivery of patient care. The clinical learning environment (CLE), the context for PGMET, shapes the development of the doctors who learn and work within it, ultimately impacting the quality and safety of patient care. Clinical workplaces are complex, dynamic systems in which learning emerges from non-linear interactions within a network of related factors and activities. Those tasked with the design and delivery of postgraduate medical education and training need to understand the relationship between the processes of medical workplace learning and these contextual elements in order to optimise <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for learning. We propose to conduct a <span class="hlt">realist</span> synthesis of the literature to address the overarching questions; how, why and in what circumstances do doctors learn in clinical environments? This review is part of a funded projected with the overall aim of producing guidelines and recommendations for the design of high quality clinical learning environments for postgraduate medical education and training. We have chosen <span class="hlt">realist</span> synthesis as a methodology because of its suitability for researching complexity and producing answers useful to policymakers and practitioners. This <span class="hlt">realist</span> synthesis will follow the steps and procedures outlined by Wong et al. in the RAMESES Publication Standards for <span class="hlt">Realist</span> Synthesis and the <span class="hlt">Realist</span> Synthesis RAMESES Training Materials. The core research team is a multi-disciplinary group of researchers, clinicians and health professions educators. The wider research group includes experts in organisational behaviour and human resources management as well as the key stakeholders; doctors in training, patient representatives and providers of PGMET. This study will draw from the published literature and programme, and substantive, theories of workplace learning, to describe context, mechanism and outcome configurations for</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19789922','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19789922"><span>Do absorption and <span class="hlt">realistic</span> distraction influence performance of component task surgical procedure?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pluyter, Jon R; Buzink, Sonja N; Rutkowski, Anne-F; Jakimowicz, Jack J</p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>Surgeons perform complex tasks while exposed to multiple distracting sources that may increase stress in the operating room (e.g., music, conversation, and unadapted use of sophisticated technologies). This study aimed to examine whether such <span class="hlt">realistic</span> social and technological distracting <span class="hlt">conditions</span> may influence surgical performance. Twelve medical interns performed a laparoscopic cholecystectomy task with the Xitact LC 3.0 virtual reality simulator under distracting <span class="hlt">conditions</span> (exposure to music, conversation, and nonoptimal handling of the laparoscope) versus nondistracting <span class="hlt">conditions</span> (control <span class="hlt">condition</span>) as part of a 2 x 2 within-subject experimental design. Under distracting <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, the medical interns showed a significant decline in task performance (overall task score, task errors, and operating time) and significantly increased levels of irritation toward both the assistant handling the laparoscope in a nonoptimal way and the sources of social distraction. Furthermore, individual differences in cognitive style (i.e., cognitive absorption and need for cognition) significantly influenced the levels of irritation experienced by the medical interns. The results suggest careful evaluation of the social and technological sources of distraction in the operation room to reduce irritation for the surgeon and provision of proper preclinical laparoscope navigation training to increase security for the patient.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1237403','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1237403"><span>SWiFT site <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> characterization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kelley, Christopher Lee; Ennis, Brandon Lee</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Historical meteorological tall tower data are analyzed from the Texas Tech University 200 m tower to characterize the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> trends of the Scaled Wind Farm Technologies (SWiFT) site. In this report the data are analyzed to reveal bulk <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> trends, temporal trends and correlations of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> variables. Through this analysis for the SWiFT turbines the site International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) classification is determined to be class III-C. Averages and distributions of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> variables are shown, revealing large fluctuations and the importance of understanding the actual site trends as opposed to simply using averages. The site is significantly directional with themore » average wind speed from the south, and particularly so in summer and fall. Site temporal trends are analyzed from both seasonal (time of the year) to daily (hour of the day) perspectives. <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> stability is seen to vary most with time of day and less with time of year. Turbulence intensity is highly correlated with stability, and typical daytime unstable <span class="hlt">conditions</span> see double the level of turbulence intensity versus that experienced during the average stable night. Shear, veer and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> stability correlations are shown, where shear and veer are both highest for stable <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. An analysis of the Texas Tech University tower anemometer measurements is performed which reveals the extent of the tower shadow effects and sonic tilt misalignment.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRD..120.4551R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRD..120.4551R"><span>Influence of preonset land <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> on the Indian summer monsoon rainfall variability</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rai, Archana; Saha, Subodh K.; Pokhrel, Samir; Sujith, K.; Halder, Subhadeep</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>A possible link between preonset land <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and the Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) is explored. It is shown that, the preonset positive (negative) rainfall anomaly over northwest India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran is associated with decrease (increase) in ISMR, primarily in the months of June and July, which in turn affects the seasonal mean. ISMR in the months of June and July is also strongly linked with the preonset 2 m air temperature over the same regions. The preonset rainfall/2 m air temperature variability is linked with stationary Rossby wave response, which is clearly evident in the wave activity flux diagnostics. As the predictability of Indian summer monsoon relies mainly on the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the found link may further enhance our ability to predict the monsoon, particularly during a non-ENSO year.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930034922&hterms=nolan&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dnolan','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930034922&hterms=nolan&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dnolan"><span>A massive early <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> on Triton</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lunine, Jonathan I.; Nolan, Michael C.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>The idea of an early greenhouse <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> for Triton is presented and the <span class="hlt">conditions</span> under which it may have been sustained are quantified. The volatile content of primordial Triton is modeled, and tidal heating rates are assessed to set bounds on the available energy. The <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model formalism is presented, and it is shown how a massive <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> could have been raised by modest tidal heating fluxes. The implications of the model <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> for the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> escape rates, the chemical evolution, and the cratering record are addressed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EPJC...78..209F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EPJC...78..209F"><span><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> simplified gaugino-higgsino models in the MSSM</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fuks, Benjamin; Klasen, Michael; Schmiemann, Saskia; Sunder, Marthijn</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>We present simplified MSSM models for light neutralinos and charginos with <span class="hlt">realistic</span> mass spectra and <span class="hlt">realistic</span> gaugino-higgsino mixing, that can be used in experimental searches at the LHC. The formerly used naive approach of defining mass spectra and mixing matrix elements manually and independently of each other does not yield genuine MSSM benchmarks. We suggest the use of less simplified, but <span class="hlt">realistic</span> MSSM models, whose mass spectra and mixing matrix elements are the result of a proper matrix diagonalisation. We propose a novel strategy targeting the design of such benchmark scenarios, accounting for user-defined constraints in terms of masses and particle mixing. We apply it to the higgsino case and implement a scan in the four relevant underlying parameters {μ , tan β , M1, M2} for a given set of light neutralino and chargino masses. We define a measure for the quality of the obtained benchmarks, that also includes criteria to assess the higgsino content of the resulting charginos and neutralinos. We finally discuss the distribution of the resulting models in the MSSM parameter space as well as their implications for supersymmetric dark matter phenomenology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9224E..0WN','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9224E..0WN"><span>Impact of large-scale <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> refractive structures on optical wave propagation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nunalee, Christopher G.; He, Ping; Basu, Sukanta; Vorontsov, Mikhail A.; Fiorino, Steven T.</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>Conventional techniques used to model optical wave propagation through the Earth's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> typically as- sume flow fields based on various empirical relationships. Unfortunately, these synthetic refractive index fields do not take into account the influence of transient macroscale and mesoscale (i.e. larger than turbulent microscale) <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> phenomena. Nevertheless, a number of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> structures that are characterized by various spatial and temporal scales exist which have the potential to significantly impact refractive index fields, thereby resulting dramatic impacts on optical wave propagation characteristics. In this paper, we analyze a subset of spatio-temporal dynamics found to strongly affect optical waves propagating through these <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> struc- tures. Analysis of wave propagation was performed in the geometrical optics approximation using a standard ray tracing technique. Using a numerical weather prediction (NWP) approach, we simulate multiple <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> events (e.g., island wakes, low-level jets, etc.), and estimate the associated refractivity fields prior to performing ray tracing simulations. By coupling NWP model output with ray tracing simulations, we demon- strate the ability to quantitatively assess the potential impacts of coherent <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> phenomena on optical ray propagation. Our results show a strong impact of spatio-temporal characteristics of the refractive index field on optical ray trajectories. Such correlations validate the effectiveness of NWP models as they offer a more comprehensive representation of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> refractivity fields compared to conventional methods based on the assumption of horizontal homogeneity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012IJBm...56..661O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012IJBm...56..661O"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, lunar phases, and childbirth: a multivariate analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ochiai, Angela Megumi; Gonçalves, Fabio Luiz Teixeira; Ambrizzi, Tercio; Florentino, Lucia Cristina; Wei, Chang Yi; Soares, Alda Valeria Neves; De Araujo, Natalucia Matos; Gualda, Dulce Maria Rosa</p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>Our objective was to assess extrinsic influences upon childbirth. In a cohort of 1,826 days containing 17,417 childbirths among them 13,252 spontaneous labor admissions, we studied the influence of environment upon the high incidence of labor (defined by 75th percentile or higher), analyzed by logistic regression. The predictors of high labor admission included increases in outdoor temperature (odds ratio: 1.742, P = 0.045, 95%CI: 1.011 to 3.001), and decreases in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pressure (odds ratio: 1.269, P = 0.029, 95%CI: 1.055 to 1.483). In contrast, increases in tidal range were associated with a lower probability of high admission (odds ratio: 0.762, P = 0.030, 95%CI: 0.515 to 0.999). Lunar phase was not a predictor of high labor admission ( P = 0.339). Using multivariate analysis, increases in temperature and decreases in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pressure predicted high labor admission, and increases of tidal range, as a measurement of the lunar gravitational force, predicted a lower probability of high admission.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRD..121.6284L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRD..121.6284L"><span>Land surface and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> associated with heat waves over the Chickasaw Nation in the South Central United States</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lee, Eungul; Bieda, Rahama; Shanmugasundaram, Jothiganesh; Basara Richter, Heather</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>Exposure to extreme heat was reconstructed based on regional land-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> processes from 1979 to 2010 in the South Central U.S. The study region surrounds the Chickasaw Nation (CN), a predominantly Native American population with a highly prevalent burden of climate-sensitive chronic diseases. Land surface and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for summer heat waves were analyzed during spring (March-April-May, MAM) and summer (June-July-August, JJA) based on the Climate and Ocean: Variability, Predictability, and Change maximum temperature definition for heat wave frequency (HWF). The spatial-temporal pattern of HWF was determined using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis and the corresponding principle component time series of the first EOF of HWF. Statistically significant analyses of observed <span class="hlt">conditions</span> indicated that sensible heat increased and latent heat fluxes decreased with high HWF in the South Central U.S. The largest positive correlations of sensible heat flux to HWF and the largest negative correlations of latent heat flux to HWF were specifically observed over the CN. This is a significantly different energy transfer regime due to less available soil moisture during the antecedent MAM and JJA. The higher sensible heat from dry soil could cause significant warming from the near surface (>2.0°C) to the lower troposphere (>1.5°C), and accumulated boundary layer heat could induce the significant patterns of higher geopotential height and enhance anticyclonic circulations (negative vorticity anomaly) at the midtroposphere. Results suggested a positive land-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> feedback associated with heat waves and called attention to the need for region-specific climate adaptation planning.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhRvD..91d4017C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhRvD..91d4017C"><span>I-Love relations for incompressible stars and <span class="hlt">realistic</span> stars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chan, T. K.; Chan, AtMa P. O.; Leung, P. T.</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>In spite of the diversity in the equations of state of nuclear matter, the recently discovered I-Love-Q relations [Yagi and Yunes, Science 341, 365 (2013), 10.1126/science.1236462], which relate the moment of inertia, tidal Love number (deformability), and the spin-induced quadrupole moment of compact stars, hold for various kinds of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> neutron stars and quark stars. While the physical origin of such universality is still a current issue, the observation that the I-Love-Q relations of incompressible stars can well approximate those of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> compact stars hints at a new direction to approach the problem. In this paper, by establishing recursive post-Minkowskian expansion for the moment of inertia and the tidal deformability of incompressible stars, we analytically derive the I-Love relation for incompressible stars and show that the so-obtained formula can be used to accurately predict the behavior of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> compact stars from the Newtonian limit to the maximum mass limit.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20076337','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20076337"><span>Polarization of the Radiation Reflected and Transmitted by the Earth's <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Plass, G N; Kattawar, G W</p> <p>1970-05-01</p> <p>The polarization of the reflected and transmitted radiation is calculated for a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> model of the earth's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> at five wavelengths ranging from 0.27 micro to 1.67 micro. The single scattering matrix is calculated from the Mie theory for an aerosol size distribution appropriate for our <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. The solar photons are followed through multiple collisions with the aerosols and the Rayleigh scattering centers in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> by a Monte Carlo method. The aerosol number density as well as the ratio of aerosol to Rayleigh scattering varies with height. The proportion of aerosol to Rayleigh scattering is adjusted for each wavelength; ozone absorption is included where appropriate. The polarization is presented as a function of the zenith and azimuthal angle for six values of the earth's albedo, two values of the solar zenith angle, and four values of the total aerosol concentration. In general the polarization decreases as the wavelength increases and as the total aerosol concentration increases (because of the increasing importance of aerosol scattering). In most situations the polarization is much more sensitive than the radiance to changes in the parameters which specify the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016IJAsB..15...35C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016IJAsB..15...35C"><span>Simulating super earth <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> in the laboratory</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Claudi, R.; Erculiani, M. S.; Galletta, G.; Billi, D.; Pace, E.; Schierano, D.; Giro, E.; D'Alessandro, M.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Several space missions, such as JWST, TESS and the very recently proposed ARIEL, or ground-based experiments, as SPHERE and GPI, have been proposed to measure the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transmission, reflection and emission spectra of extrasolar planets. The planet <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> characteristics and possible biosignatures will be inferred by studying planetary spectra in order to identify the emission/absorption lines/bands from <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> molecules such as water (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), etc. In particular, it is important to know in detail the optical characteristics of gases in the typical physical <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of the planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> and how these characteristics could be affected by radiation driven photochemical and biochemical reaction. The main aim of the project `<span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> in a Test Tube' is to provide insights on exoplanet <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> modification due to biological intervention. This can be achieved simulating planetary <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> at different pressure and temperature <span class="hlt">conditions</span> under the effects of radiation sources, used as proxies of different bands of the stellar emission. We are tackling the characterization of extrasolar planet <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> by mean of innovative laboratory experiments described in this paper. The experiments are intended to reproduce the <span class="hlt">conditions</span> on warm earths and super earths hosted by low-mass M dwarfs primaries with the aim to understand if a cyanobacteria population hosted on a Earth-like planet orbiting an M0 star is able to maintain its photosynthetic activity and produce traceable signatures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=341185&Lab=NHEERL&keyword=test&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=341185&Lab=NHEERL&keyword=test&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>Understanding Air-Liquid Interface Cell Exposure Systems: A Comprehensive Assessment of Various Systems Under Identical <span class="hlt">Conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Exposure of cells to <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pollutants at the air-liquid interface (ALI) is a more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> approach than exposures of attached cells submerged in liquid medium. However, there is still limited understanding of the ideal ALI system design features that permit reproducible a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.H21A0699C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.H21A0699C"><span>Interaction Between CO2-Rich Sulfate Solutions and Carbonate Reservoir Rocks from <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> to Supercritical CO2 <span class="hlt">Conditions</span>: Experiments and Modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cama, J.; Garcia-Rios, M.; Luquot, L.; Soler Matamala, J. M.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>A test site for CO2 geological storage is situated in Hontomín (Spain) with a reservoir rock that is mainly composed of limestone. During and after CO2 injection, the resulting CO2-rich acid brine gives rise to the dissolution of carbonate minerals (calcite and dolomite) and gypsum (or anhydrite at depth) may precipitate since the reservoir brine contains sulfate. Experiments using columns filled with crushed limestone or dolostone were conducted under different P-pCO2 <span class="hlt">conditions</span> (<span class="hlt">atmospheric</span>: 1-10-3.5 bar; subcritical: 10-10 bar; and supercritical: 150-34 bar), T (25, 40 and 60 ºC) and input solution compositions (gypsum-undersaturated and gypsum-equilibrated solutions). We evaluated the effect of these parameters on the coupled reactions of calcite/dolomite dissolution and gypsum/anhydrite precipitation. The CrunchFlow and PhreeqC (v.3) numerical codes were used to perform reactive transport simulations of the experiments. Under the P-pCO2-T <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, the volume of precipitated gypsum was smaller than the volume of dissolved carbonate minerals, yielding an increase in porosity (Δporosity up to ≈ 4%). A decrease in T favored limestone dissolution regardless of pCO2 owing to increasing undersaturation with decreasing temperature. However, gypsum precipitation was favored at high T and under <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pCO2 <span class="hlt">conditions</span> but not at high T and under 10 bar of pCO2 <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The increase in limestone dissolution with pCO2 was directly attributed to pH, which was more acidic at higher pCO2. Increasing pCO2, carbonate dissolution occurred along the column whereas it was localized in the very inlet under <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. This was due to the buffer capacity of the carbonic acid, which maintains pH at around 5 and keeps the solution undersaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite along the column. 1D reactive transport simulations reproduced the experimental data (carbonate dissolution and gypsum precipitation for different P-pCO2-T <span class="hlt">conditions</span>). Drawing</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015A%26A...573A..72G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015A%26A...573A..72G"><span>Pre-<span class="hlt">conditioned</span> backward Monte Carlo solutions to radiative transport in planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>. Fundamentals: Sampling of propagation directions in polarising media</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>García Muñoz, A.; Mills, F. P.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Context. The interpretation of polarised radiation emerging from a planetary <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> must rely on solutions to the vector radiative transport equation (VRTE). Monte Carlo integration of the VRTE is a valuable approach for its flexible treatment of complex viewing and/or illumination geometries, and it can intuitively incorporate elaborate physics. Aims: We present a novel pre-<span class="hlt">conditioned</span> backward Monte Carlo (PBMC) algorithm for solving the VRTE and apply it to planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> irradiated from above. As classical BMC methods, our PBMC algorithm builds the solution by simulating the photon trajectories from the detector towards the radiation source, i.e. in the reverse order of the actual photon displacements. Methods: We show that the neglect of polarisation in the sampling of photon propagation directions in classical BMC algorithms leads to unstable and biased solutions for conservative, optically-thick, strongly polarising media such as Rayleigh <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>. The numerical difficulty is avoided by pre-<span class="hlt">conditioning</span> the scattering matrix with information from the scattering matrices of prior (in the BMC integration order) photon collisions. Pre-<span class="hlt">conditioning</span> introduces a sense of history in the photon polarisation states through the simulated trajectories. Results: The PBMC algorithm is robust, and its accuracy is extensively demonstrated via comparisons with examples drawn from the literature for scattering in diverse media. Since the convergence rate for MC integration is independent of the integral's dimension, the scheme is a valuable option for estimating the disk-integrated signal of stellar radiation reflected from planets. Such a tool is relevant in the prospective investigation of exoplanetary phase curves. We lay out two frameworks for disk integration and, as an application, explore the impact of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> stratification on planetary phase curves for large star-planet-observer phase angles. By construction, backward integration provides a better</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018DyAtO..81....1S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018DyAtO..81....1S"><span>Oceanic and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> associated with the pentad rainfall over the southeastern peninsular India during the North-East Indian Monsoon season</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shanmugasundaram, Jothiganesh; Lee, Eungul</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The association of North-East Indian Monsoon rainfall (NEIMR) over the southeastern peninsular India with the oceanic and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> over the adjacent ocean regions at pentad time step (five days period) was investigated during the months of October to December for the period 1985-2014. The non-parametric correlation and composite analyses were carried out for the simultaneous and lagged time steps (up to four lags) of oceanic and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> variables with pentad NEIMR. The results indicated that NEIMR was significantly correlated: 1) positively with both sea surface temperature (SST) led by 1-4 pentads (lag 1-4 time steps) and latent heat flux (LHF) during the simultaneous, lag 1 and 2 time steps over the equatorial western Indian Ocean, 2) positively with SST but negatively with LHF (less heat flux from ocean to <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>) during the same and all the lagged time steps over the Bay of Bengal. Consistently, during the wet NEIMR pentads over the southeastern peninsular India, SST significantly increased over the Bay of Bengal during all the time steps and the equatorial western Indian Ocean during the lag 2-4 time steps, while the LHF decreased over the Bay of Bengal (all time steps) and increased over the Indian Ocean (same, lag 1 and 2). The investigation on ocean-<span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> interaction revealed that the enhanced LHF over the equatorial western Indian Ocean was related to increased <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> moisture demand and increased wind speed, whereas the reduced LHF over the Bay of Bengal was associated with decreased <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> moisture demand and decreased wind speed. The vertically integrated moisture flux and moisture transport vectors from 1000 to 850 hPa exhibited that the moisture was carried away from the equatorial western Indian Ocean to the strong moisture convergence regions of the Bay of Bengal during the same and lag 1 time steps of wet NEIMR pentads. Further, the moisture over the Bay of Bengal was transported to the southeastern peninsular</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4837112','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4837112"><span><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Analytical Polyhedral MRI Phantoms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ngo, Tri M.; Fung, George S. K.; Han, Shuo; Chen, Min; Prince, Jerry L.; Tsui, Benjamin M. W.; McVeigh, Elliot R.; Herzka, Daniel A.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Purpose Analytical phantoms have closed form Fourier transform expressions and are used to simulate MRI acquisitions. Existing 3D analytical phantoms are unable to accurately model shapes of biomedical interest. It is demonstrated that polyhedral analytical phantoms have closed form Fourier transform expressions and can accurately represent 3D biomedical shapes. Theory The derivations of the Fourier transform of a polygon and polyhedron are presented. Methods The Fourier transform of a polyhedron was implemented and its accuracy in representing faceted and smooth surfaces was characterized. <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> anthropomorphic polyhedral brain and torso phantoms were constructed and their use in simulated 3D/2D MRI acquisitions was described. Results Using polyhedra, the Fourier transform of faceted shapes can be computed to within machine precision. Smooth surfaces can be approximated with increasing accuracy by increasing the number of facets in the polyhedron; the additional accumulated numerical imprecision of the Fourier transform of polyhedra with many faces remained small. Simulations of 3D/2D brain and 2D torso cine acquisitions produced <span class="hlt">realistic</span> reconstructions free of high frequency edge aliasing as compared to equivalent voxelized/rasterized phantoms. Conclusion Analytical polyhedral phantoms are easy to construct and can accurately simulate shapes of biomedical interest. PMID:26479724</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22661163-bombs-flares-surface-lower-atmosphere-sun','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22661163-bombs-flares-surface-lower-atmosphere-sun"><span>Bombs and Flares at the Surface and Lower <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> of the Sun</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hansteen, V. H.; Pereira, T. M. D.; Carlsson, M.</p> <p></p> <p>A spectacular manifestation of solar activity is the appearance of transient brightenings in the far wings of the H α line, known as Ellerman bombs (EBs). Recent observations obtained by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph have revealed another type of plasma “bombs” (UV bursts) with high temperatures of perhaps up to 8 × 10{sup 4} K within the cooler lower solar <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> numerical modeling showing such events is needed to explain their nature. Here, we report on 3D radiative magnetohydrodynamic simulations of magnetic flux emergence in the solar <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. We find that ubiquitous reconnection between emerging bipolar magnetic fieldsmore » can trigger EBs in the photosphere, UV bursts in the mid/low chromosphere and small (nano-/micro-) flares (10{sup 6} K) in the upper chromosphere. These results provide new insights into the emergence and build up of the coronal magnetic field and the dynamics and heating of the solar surface and lower <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24869480','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24869480"><span>Analysis of plant Pb tolerance at <span class="hlt">realistic</span> submicromolar concentrations demonstrates the role of phytochelatin synthesis for Pb detoxification.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fischer, Sina; Kühnlenz, Tanja; Thieme, Michael; Schmidt, Holger; Clemens, Stephan</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>Lead (Pb) ranks first among metals with respect to tonnage produced and released into the environment. It is highly toxic and therefore an important pollutant of worldwide concern. Plant Pb uptake, accumulation, and detoxification mobilize Pb into food webs. Still, knowledge about the underlying mechanisms is very limited. This is largely due to serious experimental challenges with respect to Pb availability. In most studies, Pb(II) concentrations in the millimolar range have been used even though the toxicity threshold is in the nanomolar range. We therefore developed a low-phosphate, low-pH assay system that is more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> with respect to soil solution <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. In this system the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings was significantly affected by the addition of only 0.1 μM Pb(NO3)2. Involvement of phytochelatins in the detoxification of Pb(II) could be demonstrated by investigating phytochelatin synthase mutants. They showed a stronger inhibition of root growth and a lack of Pb-activated phytochelatin synthesis. In contrast, other putative Pb hypersensitive mutants were unaffected under these <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, further supporting the essential role of phytochelatins for Pb detoxification. Our findings demonstrate the need to monitor plant Pb responses at <span class="hlt">realistic</span> concentrations under controlled <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and provide a strategy to achieve this.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=The+AND+zodiac&pg=2&id=ED248518','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=The+AND+zodiac&pg=2&id=ED248518"><span>Making a Literature Methods Course "<span class="hlt">Realistic</span>."</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Lewis, William J.</p> <p></p> <p>Recognizing that it can be a challenge to make an undergraduate literature methods course <span class="hlt">realistic</span>, a methods instructor at a Michigan university has developed three major and several minor activities that have proven effective in preparing pre-student teachers for the "real world" of teaching and, at the same time, have been challenging and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EL....11424005S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EL....11424005S"><span>Greenhouse effect in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Smirnov, B. M.</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Average optical <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> parameters for the infrared spectrum range are evaluated on the basis of the Earth energetic balance and parameters of the standard <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. The average optical thickness of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> is u ≈ 2.5 and this <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> emission is originated at altitudes below 10 km. Variations of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> radiative fluxes towards the Earth and outward are calculated as a function of the concentration of \\text{CO}2 molecules for the regular model of molecular spectrum. As a result of doubling of the \\text{CO}2 concentration the change of the global Earth temperature is (0.4 +/- 0.2) \\text{K} if other <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> parameters are conserved compared to the value (3.0 +/- 1.5) \\text{K} under real <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> with the variation of the amount of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> water. An observed variation of the global Earth temperature during the last century (0.8 ^\\circ \\text{C}) follows from an increase of the mass of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> water by 7% or by conversion of 1% of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> water in aerosols.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880047026&hterms=solar+cell&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DTitle%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Bcell','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880047026&hterms=solar+cell&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DTitle%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Bcell"><span>The calculated influence of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> on solar cell ISC under direct and global solar irradiances</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mueller, Robert L.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>Calculations of the influence of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> on solar cell short-circuit current (Isc) are made using a recently developed computer model for solar spectral irradiance distribution. The results isolate the dependence of Isc on changes in the spectral irradiance distribution without the direct influence of the total irradiance level. The calculated direct normal irradiance and percent diffuse irradiance are given as a reference to indicate the expected irradiance levels. This method can be applied to the calibration of photovoltaic reference cells. Graphic examples are provided for amorphous silicon and monocrystalline silicon solar cells under direct normal and global normal solar irradiances.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhB...49c5502D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhB...49c5502D"><span>Spontaneous emission in the presence of a <span class="hlt">realistically</span> sized cylindrical waveguide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dung, Ho Trung</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Various quantities characterizing the spontaneous emission process of a dipole emitter including the emission rate and the emission pattern can be expressed in terms of the Green tensor of the surrounding environment. By expanding the Green tensor around some analytically known background one as a Born series, and truncating it under appropriate <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, complicated boundaries can be tackled with ease. However, when the emitter is embedded in the medium, even the calculation of the first-order term in the Born series is problematic because of the presence of a singularity. We show how to eliminate this singularity for a medium of arbitrary size and shape by expanding around the bulk medium rather than vacuum. In the highly symmetric configuration of an emitter located on the axis of a <span class="hlt">realistically</span> sized cylinder, it is shown that the singularity can be removed by changing the integral variables and then the order of integration. Using both methods, we investigate the spontaneous emission rate of an initially excited two-level dipole emitter, embedded in a <span class="hlt">realistically</span> sized cylinder, which can be a common optical fiber in the long-length limit and a disk in the short-length limit. The spatial distribution of the emitted light is calculated using the Born-expansion approach, and local-field corrections to the spontaneous emission rate are briefly discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110012416','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110012416"><span>How Well Can Infrared Sounders Observe the <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> and Surface Through Clouds?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Zhou, Daniel K.; Larar, Allen M.; Liu, Xu; Smith, William L.; Strow, L. Larrabee; Yang, Ping</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Infrared sounders, such as the <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Infrared Sounder (AIRS), the Infrared <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Sounding Interferometer (IASI), and the Cross-track Infrared sounder (CrIS), have a cloud-impenetrable disadvantage in observing the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and surface under opaque cloudy <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. However, recent studies indicate that hyperspectral, infrared sounders have the ability to detect cloud effective-optical and microphysical properties and to penetrate optically thin clouds in observing the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and surface to a certain degree. We have developed a retrieval scheme dealing with <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> with cloud presence. This scheme can be used to analyze the retrieval accuracy of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> and surface parameters under clear and cloudy <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. In this paper, we present the surface emissivity results derived from IASI global measurements under both clear and cloudy <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The accuracy of surface emissivity derived under cloudy <span class="hlt">conditions</span> is statistically estimated in comparison with those derived under clear sky <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The retrieval error caused by the clouds is shown as a function of cloud optical depth, which helps us to understand how well infrared sounders can observe the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and surface through clouds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008cosp...37.2249N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008cosp...37.2249N"><span>The Titan Sky Simulator ™ - Testing Prototype Balloons in <span class="hlt">Conditions</span> Approximating those in Titan's <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nott, Julian</p> <p></p> <p>This paper will describe practical work flying prototype balloons in the "The Titan Sky Simulator TM " in <span class="hlt">conditions</span> approximating those found in Titan's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. Saturn's moon, Titan, is attracting intense scientific interest. This has led to wide interest in exploring it with Aerobots, balloons or airships. Their function would be similar to the Rovers exploring Mars, but instead of moving laboriously across the rough terrain on wheels, they would float freely from location to location. To design any balloon or airship it is essential to know the temperature of the lifting gas as this influences the volume of the gas, which in turn influences the lift. To determine this temperature it is necessary to know how heat is transferred between the craft and its surroundings. Heat transfer for existing balloons is well understood. However, Titan <span class="hlt">conditions</span> are utterly different from those in which balloons have ever been flown, so heat transfer rates cannot currently be calculated. In particular, thermal radiation accounts for most heat transfer for existing balloons but over Titan heat transfer will be dominated by convection. To be able to make these fundamental calculations, it is necessary to get fundamental experimental data. This is being obtained by flying balloons in a Simulator filled with nitrogen gas at very low temperature, about 95° K / minus 180° C, typical of Titan's temperatures. Because the gas in the Simulator is so cold, operating at <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pressure the density is close to that of Titan's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. "The Titan Sky Simulator TM " has an open interior approximately 4.5 meter tall and 2.5 meters square. It has already been operated at 95° K/-180° C. By the time of the Conference it is fully expected to have data to present from actual balloons flying at this temperature. Perhaps the most important purpose of this testing is to validate numerical [computational fluid dynamics] models being developed by Tim Colonius of Caltech. These numerical</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665017','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665017"><span>Lipid oxidation and color changes of goose meat stored under vacuum and modified <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Orkusz, A; Haraf, G; Okruszek, A; Werenska-Sudnik, M</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>The objective of the work was to investigate the color and lipid oxidation changes of goose breast meat packaged in vacuum and modified <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> (MA) <span class="hlt">conditions</span> consisting of 80% O2, 20% CO2, and stored in refrigerated <span class="hlt">conditions</span> at 4°C. Color stability was monitored by determining total heme pigments concentration; relative concentration of myoglobin, oxymyoglobin, and metmyoglobin; parameters of color L*, a*, b*, and sensory evaluation of the surface color. Lipid stability was measured by determining thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The samples were examined in 24 h after slaughter (unpacked muscles) and on d 4, 7, 9, 11 of storage (muscles packed in vacuum and in MA). Through the time of storage, samples packed in MA had higher TBARS values in comparison to the meat packed in vacuum. For samples packed in two types of <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>, the total pigments concentration decreased gradually within 11 d of storage. It was observed that relative metmyoglobin concentration increased whereas relative oxymyoglobin concentration decreased in total heme pigments in the MA stored muscle. The relative concentration of all three myoglobin forms sample packed in vacuum remained unchanged. The color parameters (L*, a*, b*) did not change for 11 d of storage for the vacuum packed meat. The value of the color parameter a* decreased and the value of the color parameters L* and b* increased in the samples packaged in MA. The data prove that if you store goose meat in MA (consisting of 80% O2, 20% CO2) or vacuum, the unchanged surface color is preserved for 9 and 11 day, respectively.Vacuum appears to be a better method as regards the maintaining of lipid stability in goose meat. © 2016 Poultry Science Association Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H23F1751R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H23F1751R"><span>Precipitation Phase Partitioning during Inland Penetrating <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> River events: Role of Initial Land Surface <span class="hlt">Conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rudisill, W. J.; Flores, A. N.; FitzGerald, K.; Masarik, M. T.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>In the Western US, the occurrence (or lack thereof) of a handful of cool-season <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> River (AR) events exerts significant controls on the seasonal water budget in many watersheds. The occurrence of these ARs can serve to alleviate drought and can also lead to significant flooding. In winter seasons, ARs typically bring warmer than average <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and both rain and snow. To date, there has been little effort to understand how the land surface hydrological states prior to and during the arrival of ARs, acting on the surface water and energy balance, impact the onset, extent, and evolution of precipitation intensity and phase during AR events. While precipitation arriving as snow can contribute to seasonal snowpacks that lead to runoff later in hot/dry seasons, liquid precipitation can contribute to more rapid runoff or deplete existing snowpacks. The latter case, in which latent and advected heat from fallen rain causes snowmelt, is a key mechanism of flood and landslide-producing runoff in the Western United States. Motivated by an extensive, flood producing AR in 2010, we examine the sensitivity of hydrometeor phase to land surface forcings (sensible/latent heating, short/longwave radiation) using the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model in Central Idaho. Specifically, we evaluate whether pre-existing snow covered area extent, snow water equivalent (SWE), and cold-content influence the partitioning of precipitation into solid and liquid phases during inland AR events. Our experimental design leverages a long-term coupled land-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> simulation with WRF over the study domain in order to evaluate how a set of particular AR events evolve when exposed to initial land surface states capturing a broad range of climatological <span class="hlt">conditions</span> during the past 30 years.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18851456','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18851456"><span>Dimits shift in <span class="hlt">realistic</span> gyrokinetic plasma-turbulence simulations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mikkelsen, D R; Dorland, W</p> <p>2008-09-26</p> <p>In simulations of turbulent plasma transport due to long wavelength (k perpendicular rhoi < or = 1) electrostatic drift-type instabilities, we find a persistent nonlinear up-shift of the effective threshold. Next-generation tokamaks will likely benefit from the higher effective threshold for turbulent transport, and transport models should incorporate suitable corrections to linear thresholds. The gyrokinetic simulations reported here are more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> than previous reports of a Dimits shift because they include nonadiabatic electron dynamics, strong collisional damping of zonal flows, and finite electron and ion collisionality together with <span class="hlt">realistic</span> shaped magnetic geometry. Reversing previously reported results based on idealized adiabatic electrons, we find that increasing collisionality reduces the heat flux because collisionality reduces the nonadiabatic electron microinstability drive.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150018555','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150018555"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Photochemistry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Massey, Harrie; Potter, A. E.</p> <p>1961-01-01</p> <p>The upper <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> offers a vast photochemical laboratory free from solid surfaces, so all reactions take place in the gaseous phase. At 30 km altitude the pressure has fallen to about one-hundredth of that at ground level, and we shall, rather arbitrarily, regard the upper <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> as beginning at that height. By a little less than 100 km the pressure has fallen to 10(exp -3) mm Hg and is decreasing by a power of ten for every 15 km increase in altitude. Essentially we are concerned then with the photochemistry of a nitrogen-oxygen mixture under low-pressure <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in which photo-ionization, as well as photodissociation, plays an important part. Account must also be taken of the presence of rare constituents, such as water vapour and its decomposition products, including particularly hydroxyl, oxides of carbon, methane and, strangely enough, sodium, lithium and calcium. Many curious and unfamiliar reactions occur in the upper <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. Some of them are luminescent, causing the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> to emit a dim light called the airglow. Others, between gaseous ions and neutral molecules, are almost a complete mystery at this time. Similar interesting phenomena must occur in other planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>, and they might be predicted if sufficient chemical information were available.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=capacitors&pg=4&id=EJ203688','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=capacitors&pg=4&id=EJ203688"><span>Two-Capacitor Problem: A More <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> View.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Powell, R. A.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>Discusses the two-capacitor problem by considering the self-inductance of the circuit used and by determining how well the usual series RC circuit approximates the two-capacitor problem when <span class="hlt">realistic</span> values of L, C, and R are chosen. (GA)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.H51N1587T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.H51N1587T"><span>Synoptic-scale <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> associated with flash flooding in watersheds of the Catskill Mountains, New York, USA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Teale, N. G.; Quiring, S. M.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Understanding flash flooding is important in unfiltered watersheds, such as portions of the New York City water supply system (NYCWSS), as water quality is degraded by turbidity associated with flooding. To further understand flash flooding in watersheds of the NYCWSS, synoptic-scale <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> most frequently associated with flash flooding between 1987 and 2013 were examined. Flash floods were identified during this time period using USGS 15-minute discharge data at the Esopus Creek near Allaben, NY and Neversink River at Claryville, NY gauges. Overall, 25 flash floods were detected, occurring over 17 separate flash flood days. These flash flood days were compared to the days on which flash flood warnings encompassing the study area was issued by the National Weather Service. The success rate for which the flash flood warnings for Ulster County coincided with flash flood in the study watershed was 0.09, demonstrating the highly localized nature of flash flooding in the Catskill Mountain region. The synoptic-scale <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> patterns influencing the study area were characterized by a principal component analysis and k-means clustering of NCEP/NCAR 500 mb geopotential height reanalysis data. This procedure was executed in Spatial Synoptic Typer Tools 4.0. While 17 unique synoptic patterns were identified, only 3 types were strongly associated with flash flooding events. A strong southwesterly flow suggesting advection of moisture from the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico is shown in composites of these 3 types. This multiscalar study thereby links flash flooding in the NYCWSS with synoptic-scale <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> circulation.Understanding flash flooding is important in unfiltered watersheds, such as portions of the New York City water supply system (NYCWSS), as water quality is degraded by turbidity associated with flooding. To further understand flash flooding in watersheds of the NYCWSS, synoptic-scale <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> most frequently associated with</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A41D2306C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A41D2306C"><span>Relationship between Air Pollution and Weather <span class="hlt">Conditions</span> under Complicated Geographical <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cheng, Q.; Jiang, P.; Li, M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Air pollution is one of the most serious issues all over the world, especially in megacities with constrained geographical <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for air pollution diffusion. However, the dynamic mechanism of air pollution diffusion under complicated geographical <span class="hlt">conditions</span> is still be confused. Researches to explore relationship between air pollution and weather <span class="hlt">conditions</span> from the perspective of local <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> circulations can contribute more to solve such problem. We selected three megacities (Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou) under different geographical <span class="hlt">condition</span> (mountain-plain transition region, coastal alluvial plain and coastal hilly terrain) to explore the relationship between air pollution and weather <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. RDA (Redundancy analysis) model was used to analyze how the local <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> circulation acts on the air pollutant diffusion. The results show that there was a positive correlation between the concentration of air pollutants and air pressure, while temperature, precipitation and wind speed have negative correlations with the concentration of air pollutants. Furthermore, geographical <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, such as topographic relief, have significant effects on the direction, path and intensity of local <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> circulation. As a consequence, air pollutants diffusion modes in different cities under various geographical <span class="hlt">conditions</span> are diverse from each other.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830012241','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830012241"><span>Numerical simulation of large-scale ocean-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> coupling and the ocean's role in climate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Gates, W. L.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>The problem of reducing model generated sigma coordinate data to pressure levels is considered. A mass consistent scheme for performing budget analyses is proposed, wherein variables interpolated to a given pressure level are weighted according to the mass between a nominal pressure level above and either a nominal pressure level below or the Earth's surface, whichever is closer. The method is applied to the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> energy cycle as simulated by the OSU two level <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> general circulation model. The results are more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> than sigma coordinate analyses with respect to eddy decomposition, and are in agreement with the sigma coordinate evaluation of the numerical energy sink. Comparison with less sophisticated budget schemes indicates superiority locally, but not globally.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130009018','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130009018"><span>Satellite Maps Deliver More <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Gaming</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>When Redwood City, California-based Electronic Arts (EA) decided to make SSX, its latest snowboarding video game, it faced challenges in creating <span class="hlt">realistic</span>-looking mountains. The solution was NASA's ASTER Global Digital Elevation Map, made available by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which EA used to create 28 real-life mountains from 9 different ranges for its award-winning game.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4422262','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4422262"><span>MRXCAT: <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> numerical phantoms for cardiovascular magnetic resonance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Background Computer simulations are important for validating novel image acquisition and reconstruction strategies. In cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), numerical simulations need to combine anatomical information and the effects of cardiac and/or respiratory motion. To this end, a framework for <span class="hlt">realistic</span> CMR simulations is proposed and its use for image reconstruction from undersampled data is demonstrated. Methods The extended Cardiac-Torso (XCAT) anatomical phantom framework with various motion options was used as a basis for the numerical phantoms. Different tissue, dynamic contrast and signal models, multiple receiver coils and noise are simulated. Arbitrary trajectories and undersampled acquisition can be selected. The utility of the framework is demonstrated for accelerated cine and first-pass myocardial perfusion imaging using k-t PCA and k-t SPARSE. Results MRXCAT phantoms allow for <span class="hlt">realistic</span> simulation of CMR including optional cardiac and respiratory motion. Example reconstructions from simulated undersampled k-t parallel imaging demonstrate the feasibility of simulated acquisition and reconstruction using the presented framework. Myocardial blood flow assessment from simulated myocardial perfusion images highlights the suitability of MRXCAT for quantitative post-processing simulation. Conclusion The proposed MRXCAT phantom framework enables versatile and <span class="hlt">realistic</span> simulations of CMR including breathhold and free-breathing acquisitions. PMID:25204441</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.H31D1136S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.H31D1136S"><span>Study of the Effect of Wind Speed on Evaporation from Soil Through Integrated Modeling of <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Smits, K. M.; Davarzani, H.; Illangasekare, T. H.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>The study of the interaction between the land and <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> is paramount to our understanding of many emerging problems to include climate change and the movement of green house gases such as possible leaking of sequestered CO2. Soil moisture distribution in the shallow subsurface becomes a critical factor in these problems. The heat and mass flux in the form of soil evaporation across the land surface couples the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> boundary layer to the shallow subsurface. The coupling between land and the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> leads to highly dynamic interactions between the porous media properties, transport processes and boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, resulting in dynamic evaporative behavior. However, the coupling at the land-<span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> interface is rarely considered in most current models and their validation for practical applications. This is due to the complexity of the problem in field scenarios and the scarcity of field or laboratory data capable of testing and refining coupled energy and mass transfer theories. In most efforts to compute evaporation from soil, only indirect coupling is provided to characterize the interaction between non-isothermal multiphase flows under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> even though heat and mass flux are controlled by the coupled dynamics of the land and the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> boundary layer. In earlier drying modeling concepts, imposing evaporation flux (kinetic of relative humidity) and temperature as surface boundary <span class="hlt">condition</span> is often needed. With the goal of improving our understanding of the land/<span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> coupling, we developed a model based on the coupling of Navier-Stokes free flow and Darcy flow in porous medium. The model consists of the coupled equations of mass conservation for the liquid phase (water) and gas phase (water vapor and air) in porous medium with gas phase (water vapor and air) in free flow domain under non-isothermal, non-equilibrium <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> at the porous medium-free flow medium interface include</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38.1377R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38.1377R"><span>Modelling exoplanet <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rauer, Heike</p> <p></p> <p>While the number of known extrasolar planets is steadily increasing recent years have shown the beginning of a new phase of our understanding of exoplanets due to the spectroscopic determi-nation of their <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> composition. <span class="hlt">Atmospheres</span> of hot extrasolar giant gas planets have already been investigated by UV, optical and IR spectroscopy today. In future, spectroscopy of large, terrestrial planets ("super-Earth"), in particular planets in the habitable zone of their parent star, will be a major goal of investigation. Planning future space satellite observations of super-Earths requires modelling of <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> of terrestrial planets in different environments, such as e.g. central star type, orbital distance, as well as different <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> compositions. Whether planets able to support life "as we know it" exist outside our solar system is one of the most profound questions today. It can be addressed by characterizing the <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> of ter-restrial extrasolar planets searching for spectroscopic absorption bands of biomarker molecules. An overview of expected planetary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in terms of their habitability will be presented for several model scenarios of terrestrial extrasolar planets.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26034222','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26034222"><span>Do <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> influence the first episode of primary spontaneous pneumothorax?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Heyndrickx, Maxime; Le Rochais, Jean-Philippe; Icard, Philippe; Cantat, Olivier; Zalcman, Gérard</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>Several studies suggest that changes in airway pressure may influence the onset of primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP). The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> changes on the onset of the first episode of PSP. We retrospectively analysed cases of pneumothorax admitted to our department between 1 January 2009 and 31 October 2013. Patients with recurrent pneumothorax, traumatic pneumothorax, older than 35 years or presenting history of underlying pulmonary disease were excluded. Meteorological data were collected from the Météo-France archives. Variation (Δ) of mean <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pressure, and relative humidity, were calculated for each day between the day at which symptoms began (D-day), the day before first symptoms (D-1), 2 days before the first symptoms (D-2) and 3 days before the first symptoms (D-3). Six hundred and thirty-eight cases of pneumothorax were observed during the period of this study; 106 of them (16.6%) were a first episode of PSP. We did not observe any significant differences between days with or without PSP admission for any of the weather parameters that we tested. We could not find any thresholds in the variation of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pressure that could be used to determine the probability of PSP occurrence. Variation of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pressure, relative humidity, rainfall, wind speed and temperature were not significantly related to the onset of the first episode of PSP in healthy patients. These results suggest that the scientific community should focus on other possible aetiological factors than airway pressure modifications. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16329984','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16329984"><span>The differential effect of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> and unrealistic counterfactual thinking on regret.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sevdalis, Nick; Kokkinaki, Flora</p> <p>2006-06-01</p> <p>Research has established that <span class="hlt">realistic</span> counterfactual thinking can determine the intensity and the content of people's affective reactions to decision outcomes and events. Not much is known, however, about the affective consequences of counterfactual thinking that is unrealistic (i.e., that does not correspond to the main causes of a negative outcome). In three experiments, we investigate the influence of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> and unrealistic counterfactuals on experienced regret after negative outcomes. In Experiment 1, we found that participants who thought unrealistically about a poor outcome reported less regret than those who thought <span class="hlt">realistically</span> about it. In Experiments 2a and 2b, we replicated this finding and we showed that the decrease in regret was associated with a shift in the causal attributions of the poor outcome. Participants who thought unrealistically attributed it more to external circumstances and less to their own behaviours than those who thought <span class="hlt">realistically</span> about it. We discuss the implications of these findings for the role of counterfactuals as self-serving biases and the functionality of regret as a counterfactual emotion.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020087565','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020087565"><span>Small Impacts on Mars: <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Effects</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Greeley, Ronald; Nemtchinov, Ivan V.</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>The objectives of this investigation were to study the interaction of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> with the surface of Mars through the impact of small objects that would generate dust and set the dust into motion in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. The approach involved numerical simulations of impacts and experiments under controlled <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Attachment: <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> disturbances and radiation impulses caused by large-meteoroid impact in the surface of Mars.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28569874','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28569874"><span>Demonstration of intradyne BPSK optical free-space transmission in representative <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> turbulence <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for geostationary uplink channel.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Surof, Janis; Poliak, Juraj; Calvo, Ramon Mata</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>Binary phase-shift keying optical transmission in the C-band with coherent intradyne reception is demonstrated over a long-range (10.45 km) link through the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. The link emulates representative channel <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for geostationary optical feeder uplinks in satellite communications. The digital signal processing used in recovering the transmitted data and the performed measurements are described. Finally, the bit error rate results for 10 Gbit/s, 20 Gbit/s, and 30 Gbit/s of the outdoor experiments are presented and compared with back-to-back measurements and theory.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AdAtS..23..207M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AdAtS..23..207M"><span>Dependence of upper <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> photochemistry on the shape of the diurnal cycle of the photolysis rates</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Montecinos, S.; Barrientos, P.</p> <p>2006-03-01</p> <p>A photochemical model of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> constitutes a non-linear, non-autonomous dynamical system, enforced by the Earth's rotation. Some studies have shown that the region of the mesopause tends towards non-linear responses such as period-doubling cascades and chaos. In these studies, simple go approximations for the diurnal variations of the photolysis rates are assumed. The goal of this article is to investigate what happens if the more <span class="hlt">realistic</span>, calculated photolysis rates are introduced. It is found that, if the usual approximations-sinusoidal and step functions-are assumed, the responses of the system are similar: it converges to a 2-day periodic solution. If the more <span class="hlt">realistic</span>, calculated diurnal cycle is introduced, a new 4-day subharmonic appear.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/109925-comparative-study-atmospheric-corrosion-caribbean-area','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/109925-comparative-study-atmospheric-corrosion-caribbean-area"><span>A comparative study of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> corrosion in the Caribbean area</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Maldonado, L.; Castro, P.; Echeverria, M.</p> <p>1995-10-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> corrosion is a phenomenon of such a magnitude that has been cause of study in several countries for decades. Nevertheless, in Mexico, it became of recent interest due to new economic factors that have involved the Peninsula of Yucatan too. The Yucatan Peninsula is limited to the North and West by the Gulf of Mexico and to the East by the Caribbean Sea. This is a non industrialized region so that in the past very little importance was given to the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> corrosion damage or to the quantification of the high corrosion rates, empirically observed. However, in recent timesmore » increased tourism, industrial growth and petroleum extraction have exhibited the need for a better understanding of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> corrosion processes, as well as a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> correlation to parameters such as time-of-wetness, levels of pollution by airborne salinity, <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> S0{sub 2} and corrosivity categories for the metals. To evaluate these parameters, five tests sites were selected following ISO recommendations. Three sites are marines <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>, one urban and one rural. Corrosion rates for commercial laminated Cu and carbon steel, as well as deposition rates of pollutants, were determined after one year exposure in the test sites. Applying the standard practice ISO 9223 a categorization of the corrosivity and of the level of pollutants was carried out. The marine environments were classified as of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> corrosivity C{sub 5}, while the urban and the rural could be classified as C{sub 3}, respectively. The pollution values showed that the exposure sites were essentially contaminated with chloride with classification S{sub 1} for the rural site and S{sub 3} for the marine <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002cosp...34E.599R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002cosp...34E.599R"><span>Endogeneous sources: <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> organic syntheses, tholins and ground trust</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Raulin, F.; Bernard, J.; Coll, P.; Nna Mvondo, D.; Ramirez, S.; Navarro-Gonzalez, R.</p> <p></p> <p>From the many simulation experiments which have been carried out for the last 50 years on gas phase organic synthesis but also from several theoretical modeling works, it is clear today that in situ production of organic molecules in planetary <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> is efficient only if the starting <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> is chemically reduced. In that case many simple organics can be produced like formaldehyde, (HCHO), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), cyanoacetylene (HC3N) and other nitriles, but also more complex refractory organics - usually named "tholins" - are obtained. Those tholins are still of very poorly known composition, but are of great exobiological interest since they are the precursors of many compounds of biological interest, in particular amino acids, purines and pyrimidines bases. How <span class="hlt">realistic</span> are those experimental as well as theoretical simulations? The many planetary data which have been obtained until now on the so diversified planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> of the solar system provide a fantastic opportunity to answer such question and validate the laboratory data with "ground trust". Indeed, at the exception of the Earth <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> (in which Life is the essential source of organics), any organic compound has been detected in the inner planets. On the contrary, all the outer planets, from Jupiter to Neptune (and even Pluto) involve organic chemical processes, through the chemistry of their <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, and methane photochemistry. They are also present in the dense <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> of Titan, the largest satellite of Saturn, (in the gas and aerosol phases), in the much thinner <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> of Triton, the largest satellite of Neptune (mainly in the solid phase, on its surface), and on the surface of many of the other satellites of the outer planets. Thus, although we have so far no real direct evidence for this assumption, laboratory data strongly suggest that extraterrestrial organic chemistry systematically involves tholins-like matter. The different aspects of extraterrestrial <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/documents/fullText/ACC0250.pdf','DOE-RDACC'); return false;" href="http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/documents/fullText/ACC0250.pdf"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Carbon Dioxide and the Global Carbon Cycle: The Key Uncertainties</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/fieldedsearch.html">DOE R&D Accomplishments Database</a></p> <p>Peng, T. H.; Post, W. M.; DeAngelis, D. L.; Dale, V. H.; Farrell, M. P.</p> <p>1987-12-01</p> <p>The biogeochemical cycling of carbon between its sources and sinks determines the rate of increase in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> CO{sub 2} concentrations. The observed increase in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> CO{sub 2} content is less than the estimated release from fossil fuel consumption and deforestation. This discrepancy can be explained by interactions between the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and other global carbon reservoirs such as the oceans, and the terrestrial biosphere including soils. Undoubtedly, the oceans have been the most important sinks for CO{sub 2} produced by man. But, the physical, chemical, and biological processes of oceans are complex and, therefore, credible estimates of CO{sub 2} uptake can probably only come from mathematical models. Unfortunately, one- and two-dimensional ocean models do not allow for enough CO{sub 2} uptake to accurately account for known releases. Thus, they produce higher concentrations of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> CO{sub 2} than was historically the case. More complex three-dimensional models, while currently being developed, may make better use of existing tracer data than do one- and two-dimensional models and will also incorporate climate feedback effects to provide a more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> view of ocean dynamics and CO{sub 2} fluxes. The instability of current models to estimate accurately oceanic uptake of CO{sub 2} creates one of the key uncertainties in predictions of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> CO{sub 2} increases and climate responses over the next 100 to 200 years.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DPS....4950705L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DPS....4950705L"><span><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> dust and water cycles in the MarsWRF GCM using coupled two-moment microphysics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lee, Christopher; Richardson, Mark Ian; Mischna, Michael A.; Newman, Claire E.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Dust and water ice aerosols significantly complicate the Martian climate system because the evolution of the two aerosol fields is coupled through microphysics and because both aerosols strongly interact with visible and thermal radiation. The combination of strong forcing feedback and coupling has led to various problems in understanding and modeling of the Martian climate: in reconciling cloud abundances at different locations in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, in generating a stable dust cycle, and in preventing numerical instability within models.Using a new microphysics model inside the MarsWRF GCM we show that fully coupled simulations produce more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> simulation of the Martian climate system compared to a dry, dust only simulations. In the coupled simulations, interannual variability and intra-annual variability are increased, strong 'solstitial pause' features are produced in both winter high latitude regions, and dust storm seasons are more varied, with early southern summer (Ls 180) dust storms and/or more than one storm occurring in some seasons.A new microphysics scheme was developed as a part of this work and has been included in the MarsWRF model. The scheme uses split spectral/spatial size distribution numerics with adaptive bin sizes to track particle size evolution. Significantly, this scheme is highly accurate, numerically stable, and is capable of running with time steps commensurate with those of the parent <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JGR...100.5541R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JGR...100.5541R"><span>A reexamination of the relationship between eddy mixing and O2 in the Martian middle <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rosenqvist, Jan; Chassefiere, E.</p> <p>1995-03-01</p> <p>A value of the eddy diffusion coefficient K of approximately equals 1.5 x 106 sq cm/s in the middle <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> of Mars was obtained from Phobos 2 solar occultation measurements of dust, ozone, and clouds at low latitude. The aim of the present study is to complete this picture by using a steady photochemical one-dimensional model. The main regulation mechanism of O2 is the reaction of O with itself, whose rate depends on the value of K in the middle <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. By comparing calculated and observed values of the O2 abundance, an upper limit of approximately equals 2 x 107/sq cm/s on K is inferred. By including an additional constraint provided by H2 balance, a lower limit of approximately equals 4 x 106/sq cm/s may be placed. It results from the present analysis that the most <span class="hlt">realistic</span> value of K to be used in works resorting to one-dimensional modeling (long-term evolution, escape, surface/<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> exchanges) is approximately equals 107 sq cm/s rather than approximately equals 106 sq cm/s. The difference between theoretical and observational values might be due to the regular occurence of global dust storms, whose effect should be to increase the yearly average value of K. The present study suggests less than 3 precipitable micrometer (pr-micrometer) of the yearly averaged water vapor column, unless H2O is confined in a layer near the ground. Although the first possibility seems far more probable, the second hypothesis cannot be ruled out. It could reflect a continuous supply of H2O from the regolith to the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> on a seasonal scale. The loss to production ratio of CO, which has a lifetime of approximately equals 5 years, is shown to depart from unity by no more than approximately equal to 10% over a wide range of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The stability of the Martian <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> is therefore realized in the classical frame of homogeneous chemistry.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25966935','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25966935"><span>Kinetics of the heterogeneous photo oxidation of the pesticide bupirimate by OH-radicals and ozone under <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bouya, H; Errami, M; Chakir, A; Roth, E</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>This article is concerned with the study of the photochemical degradation of bupirimate adsorbed on a quartz surface by <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> oxidants, namely ozone and OH radicals. OH oxidation experiments were conducted relative to two reference compounds, terbuthylazine and (4-chlorophenyl)(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) methanone. Meanwhile, ozone oxidation experiments were performed in the absolute mode and were interpreted by both, the Surface Layer Reaction and the Gas Surface Reaction models of heterogeneous reactions. The obtained results show that the rate constants for the reactions between bupirimate and OH radicals and ozone are (cm(3)molecule(-1)s(-1)): (1.06 ± 0.87) × 10(-12) and (5.4 ± 0.3) × 10(-20), respectively. As a consequence, for the experimental <span class="hlt">conditions</span> used in this study, the lifetime of bupirimate at quartz like surface/<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> interfaces is several months against ozone and a tenth of days against OH-radical. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy...50.4437R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy...50.4437R"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and weather regimes associated with extreme winter dry spells over the Mediterranean basin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Raymond, Florian; Ullmann, Albin; Camberlin, Pierre; Oueslati, Boutheina; Drobinski, Philippe</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Very long dry spell events occurring during winter are natural hazards to which the Mediterranean region is extremely vulnerable, because they can lead numerous impacts for environment and society. Four dry spell patterns have been identified in a previous work. Identifying the main associated <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> controlling the dry spell patterns is key to better understand their dynamics and their evolution in a changing climate. Except for the Levant region, the dry spells are generally associated with anticyclonic blocking <span class="hlt">conditions</span> located about 1000 km to the Northwest of the affected area. These anticyclonic <span class="hlt">conditions</span> are favourable to dry spell occurrence as they are associated with subsidence of cold and dry air coming from boreal latitudes which bring low amount of water vapour and non saturated air masses, leading to clear sky and absence of precipitation. These extreme dry spells are also partly related to the classical four Euro-Atlantic weather regimes are: the two phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation, the Scandinavian "blocking" or "East-Atlantic", and the "Atlantic ridge". Only the The "East-Atlantic", "Atlantic ridge" and the positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation are frequently associated with extremes dry spells over the Mediterranean basin but they do not impact the four dry spell patterns equally. Finally long sequences of those weather regimes are more favourable to extreme dry spells than short sequences. These long sequences are associated with the favourable prolonged and reinforced anticyclonic <span class="hlt">conditions</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.P12A..01M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.P12A..01M"><span>Time-varying <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Circulation Patterns Caused by N2 Condensation Flows on a Simulated Triton <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Miller, C.; Chanover, N.; Murphy, J. R.; Zalucha, A. M.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>Triton and Pluto are two members of a possible class of bodies with an N2 frost covered surface in vapor-pressure equilibrium with a predominately N2 <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. Modeling the dynamics of such an <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> is useful for several reasons. First, winds on Triton were inferred from images of surface streaks and active plumes visible at the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in August 1989. Dynamic <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> simulations can reveal the seasonal <span class="hlt">conditions</span> under which such winds would arise and therefore how long before the Voyager 2 encounter the ground streaks may have been deposited. Second, <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> on Pluto at the time of the New Horizons flyby are expected to be similar to those on Triton. Therefore, a dynamical model of a cold, thin N2 <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> can be used to predict wind speed and direction on Pluto during the New Horizons encounter with the Pluto/Charon system in July 2015. We used a modified version of the NASA Ames Mars General Circulation Model, version 2.0, to model an N2 <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> in contact with N2 surface frosts. We altered the Ames GCM to simulate <span class="hlt">conditions</span> found on Triton. These alterations included changing the size, rotation rate, orbital inclination, surface gravity, and distance to the Sun of the parent body to model the proper time-varying insolation. We defined the gas properties for an N2 <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, including values for latent heat, specific heat, and the vapor pressure-temperature relationship for N2 frosts. Our simulations assumed an N2 <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> with an initial average surface pressure of 18 microbars and we chose N2 frost albedo and emissivity values that resulted in a stable surface pressure over time. We incorporated a 190-meter deep ten-layer water-ice subsurface layer covered with a 20-centimeter global layer of N2 frost. Our simulations did not include <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> radiative heat transfer, but did include conduction, convection, and surface-boundary layer heating. We ran simulations of 100 Triton days at 10 points along</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H21K..08S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H21K..08S"><span>Understanding Natural Gas Methane Leakage from Buried Pipelines as Affected by Soil and <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">Conditions</span> - Field Scale Experimental and Modeling Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Smits, K. M.; Mitton, M.; Moradi, A.; Chamindu, D. K.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Reducing the amount of leaked natural gas (NG) from pipelines from production to use has become a high priority in efforts to cut anthropogenic emissions of methane. In addition to environmental impacts, NG leakage can cause significant economic losses and safety failures such as fires and explosions. However, tracking and evaluating NG pipeline leaks requires a better understanding of the leak from the source to the detector as well as more robust quantification methods. Although recent measurement-based approaches continue to make progress towards this end, efforts are hampered due to the complexity of leakage scenarios. Sub- surface transport of leaked NG from pipelines occurs through complex transport pathways due to soil heterogeneities and changes in soil moisture. Furthermore, it is affected by variable <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> such as winds, frontal passages and rain. To better understand fugitive emissions from NG pipelines, we developed a field scale testbed that simulates low pressure gas leaks from pipe buried in soil. The system is equipped with subsurface and surface sensors to continuously monitor changes in soil and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> (e.g. moisture, pressure, temperature) and methane concentrations. Using this testbed, we are currently conducting a series of gas leakage experiments to study of the impact of subsurface (e.g. soil moisture, heterogeneity) and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> (near-surface wind and temperature) on the detected gas signals and establish the relative importance of the many pathways for methane migration between the source and the sensor location. Accompanying numerical modeling of the system using the multiphase transport simulator TOUGH2-EOS7CA demonstrates the influence of leak location and direction on gas migration. These findings will better inform leak detectors of the leak severity before excavation, aiding with safety precautions and work order categorization for improved efficiency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12188345','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12188345"><span>Transboundary <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> lead pollution.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Erel, Yigal; Axelrod, Tamar; Veron, Alain; Mahrer, Yitzak; Katsafados, Petros; Dayan, Uri</p> <p>2002-08-01</p> <p>A high-temporal resolution collection technique was applied to refine aerosol sampling in Jerusalem, Israel. Using stable lead isotopes, lead concentrations, synoptic data, and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> modeling, we demonstrate that lead detected in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> of Jerusalem is not only anthropogenic lead of local origin but also lead emitted in other countries. Fifty-seven percent of the collected samples contained a nontrivial fraction of foreign <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> lead and had 206Pb/207Pb values which deviated from the local petrol-lead value (206Pb/207Pb = 1.113) by more than two standard deviations (0.016). Foreign 206Pb/207Pb values were recorded in Jerusalem on several occasions. The synoptic <span class="hlt">conditions</span> on these dates and reported values of the isotopic composition of lead emitted in various countries around Israel suggest that the foreign lead was transported to Jerusalem from Egypt, Turkey, and East Europe. The average concentration of foreign <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> lead in Jerusalem was 23 +/- 17 ng/m3, similar to the average concentration of local <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> lead, 21 +/- 18 ng/ m3. Hence, the load of foreign <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> lead is similar to the load of local <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> lead in Jerusalem.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4721693','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4721693"><span>Improved PPP Ambiguity Resolution Considering the Stochastic Characteristics of <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Corrections from Regional Networks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Li, Yihe; Li, Bofeng; Gao, Yang</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>With the increased availability of regional reference networks, Precise Point Positioning (PPP) can achieve fast ambiguity resolution (AR) and precise positioning by assimilating the satellite fractional cycle biases (FCBs) and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> corrections derived from these networks. In such processing, the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> corrections are usually treated as deterministic quantities. This is however unrealistic since the estimated <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> corrections obtained from the network data are random and furthermore the interpolated corrections diverge from the <span class="hlt">realistic</span> corrections. This paper is dedicated to the stochastic modelling of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> corrections and analyzing their effects on the PPP AR efficiency. The random errors of the interpolated corrections are processed as two components: one is from the random errors of estimated corrections at reference stations, while the other arises from the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> delay discrepancies between reference stations and users. The interpolated <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> corrections are then applied by users as pseudo-observations with the estimated stochastic model. Two data sets are processed to assess the performance of interpolated corrections with the estimated stochastic models. The results show that when the stochastic characteristics of interpolated corrections are properly taken into account, the successful fix rate reaches 93.3% within 5 min for a medium inter-station distance network and 80.6% within 10 min for a long inter-station distance network. PMID:26633400</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890012027','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890012027"><span>Acute effects of a large bolide impact simulated by a global <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> circulation model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Thompson, Starley L.; Crutzen, P. J.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>The goal is to use a global three-dimensional <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> circulation model developed for studies of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> effects of nuclear war to examine the time evolution of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> effects from a large bolide impact. The model allows for dust and NOx injection, <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transport by winds, removal by precipitation, radiative transfer effects, stratospheric ozone chemistry, and nitric acid formation and deposition on a simulated Earth having <span class="hlt">realistic</span> geography. Researchers assume a modest 2 km-diameter impactor of the type that could have formed the 32 km-diameter impact structure found near Manson, Iowa and dated at roughly 66 Ma. Such an impact would have created on the order of 5 x 10 to the 10th power metric tons of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> dust (about 0.01 g cm(-2) if spread globally) and 1 x 10 to the 37th power molecules of NO, or two orders of magnitude more stratospheric NO than might be produced in a large nuclear war. Researchers ignore potential injections of CO2 and wildfire smoke, and assume the direct heating of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> by impact ejecta on a regional scale is not large compared to absorption of solar energy by dust. Researchers assume an impact site at 45 N in the interior of present day North America.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26633400','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26633400"><span>Improved PPP Ambiguity Resolution Considering the Stochastic Characteristics of <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Corrections from Regional Networks.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Yihe; Li, Bofeng; Gao, Yang</p> <p>2015-11-30</p> <p>With the increased availability of regional reference networks, Precise Point Positioning (PPP) can achieve fast ambiguity resolution (AR) and precise positioning by assimilating the satellite fractional cycle biases (FCBs) and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> corrections derived from these networks. In such processing, the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> corrections are usually treated as deterministic quantities. This is however unrealistic since the estimated <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> corrections obtained from the network data are random and furthermore the interpolated corrections diverge from the <span class="hlt">realistic</span> corrections. This paper is dedicated to the stochastic modelling of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> corrections and analyzing their effects on the PPP AR efficiency. The random errors of the interpolated corrections are processed as two components: one is from the random errors of estimated corrections at reference stations, while the other arises from the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> delay discrepancies between reference stations and users. The interpolated <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> corrections are then applied by users as pseudo-observations with the estimated stochastic model. Two data sets are processed to assess the performance of interpolated corrections with the estimated stochastic models. The results show that when the stochastic characteristics of interpolated corrections are properly taken into account, the successful fix rate reaches 93.3% within 5 min for a medium inter-station distance network and 80.6% within 10 min for a long inter-station distance network.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.1193B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.1193B"><span>Impact of local environmental <span class="hlt">conditions</span> on <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> electrical potential gradient measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Buzás, Attila; Barta, Veronika; Steinbach, Péter; Bór, József</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> electrical potential gradient (PG) is a fundamental parameter of the global electric circuit (GEC) which comprises all large scale quasi-static electrical processes occurring in between the surface of the Earth and the lower ionosphere. The observation of PG near the Earth's surface plays a pivotal role in surveying our <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> electrical environment. The PG shows high variability in different temporal and spatial scales and it is especially sensitive to local effects. Therefore, obtaining a PG value which represents the general state of the GEC over a larger area rather than various effects due to measuring site-specific local factors is a challenging task. PG measurements are going on in the Széchenyi István Geophysical Observatory (NCK, 47°38' N, 16°43' E) of the Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences near Nagycenk, Hungary since 1961. PG sensors are set up in NCK in an open area surrounded by buildings and trees within 20 m distance. The effect of the changing vegetation on the long-term trend observed in the PG variation at NCK has been subject of debates [1,2,3]. In order to examine the possible bias in the measured PG values due to the relatively close buildings and trees at NCK, two sets of simultaneous PG measurements from two EFM-100 field mills were compared. One field mill was kept at a fixed location while the other was moved to grid points covering the open area around the fixed field mill. The measurement was done in fair weather <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in summer and was repeated during the winter. The poster demonstrates the performance of this method in surveying the effect of various objects and the state of vegetation on the measured PG values by comparing the measured PG differences to those obtained from electrostatic models calculated by the finite element method using the FEMM 4.2 software package. [1] F. Märcz and R. G. Harrison, 2003, Annales Gephysicae, 21: 2193-2200 [2] F. Märcz and R</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25723339','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25723339"><span>Influence of a compost layer on the attenuation of 28 selected organic micropollutants under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> soil aquifer treatment <span class="hlt">conditions</span>: insights from a large scale column experiment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schaffer, Mario; Kröger, Kerrin Franziska; Nödler, Karsten; Ayora, Carlos; Carrera, Jesús; Hernández, Marta; Licha, Tobias</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>Soil aquifer treatment is widely applied to improve the quality of treated wastewater in its reuse as alternative source of water. To gain a deeper understanding of the fate of thereby introduced organic micropollutants, the attenuation of 28 compounds was investigated in column experiments using two large scale column systems in duplicate. The influence of increasing proportions of solid organic matter (0.04% vs. 0.17%) and decreasing redox potentials (denitrification vs. iron reduction) was studied by introducing a layer of compost. Secondary effluent from a wastewater treatment plant was used as water matrix for simulating soil aquifer treatment. For neutral and anionic compounds, sorption generally increases with the compound hydrophobicity and the solid organic matter in the column system. Organic cations showed the highest attenuation. Among them, breakthroughs were only registered for the cationic beta-blockers atenolol and metoprolol. An enhanced degradation in the columns with organic infiltration layer was observed for the majority of the compounds, suggesting an improved degradation for higher levels of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon. Solely the degradation of sulfamethoxazole could clearly be attributed to redox effects (when reaching iron reducing <span class="hlt">conditions</span>). The study provides valuable insights into the attenuation potential for a wide spectrum of organic micropollutants under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> soil aquifer treatment <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Furthermore, the introduction of the compost layer generally showed positive effects on the removal of compounds preferentially degraded under reducing <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and also increases the residence times in the soil aquifer treatment system via sorption. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26374459','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26374459"><span>Volatilisation of pesticides under field <span class="hlt">conditions</span>: inverse modelling and pesticide fate models.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Houbraken, Michael; van den Berg, Frederik; Butler Ellis, Clare M; Dekeyser, Donald; Nuyttens, David; De Schampheleire, Mieke; Spanoghe, Pieter</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>A substantial fraction of the applied crop protection products on crops is lost to the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. Models describing the prediction of volatility and potential fate of these substances in the environment have become an important tool in the pesticide authorisation procedure at the EU level. The main topic of this research is to assess the rate and extent of volatilisation of ten pesticides after application on field crops. For eight of the ten pesticides, the volatilisation rates modelled with PEARL (Pesticide Emission Assessment at Regional and Local scales) corresponded well to the calculated rates modelled with ADMS (<span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Dispersion Modelling System). For the other pesticides, large differences were found between the models. Formulation might affect the volatilisation potential of pesticides. Increased leaf wetness increased the volatilisation of propyzamide and trifloxystrobin at the end of the field trial. The reliability of pesticide input parameters, in particular the vapour pressure, is discussed. Volatilisation of propyzamide, pyrimethanil, chlorothalonil, diflufenican, tolylfluanid, cyprodinil and E- and Z-dimethomorph from crops under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> environmental <span class="hlt">conditions</span> can be modelled with the PEARL model, as corroborated against field observations. Suggested improvements to the volatilisation component in PEARL should include formulation attributes and leaf wetness at the time of pesticide application. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JGRC..11512041B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JGRC..11512041B"><span>Impact of the spatial distribution of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> forcing on water mass formation in the Mediterranean Sea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>BéRanger, Karine; Drillet, Yann; Houssais, Marie-NoëLle; Testor, Pierre; Bourdallé-Badie, Romain; Alhammoud, Bahjat; Bozec, Alexandra; Mortier, Laurent; Bouruet-Aubertot, Pascale; CréPon, Michel</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>The impact of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> forcing on the winter ocean convection in the Mediterranean Sea was studied with a high-resolution ocean general circulation model. The major areas of focus are the Levantine basin, the Aegean-Cretan Sea, the Adriatic Sea, and the Gulf of Lion. Two companion simulations differing by the horizontal resolution of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> forcing were compared. The first simulation (MED16-ERA40) was forced by air-sea fields from ERA40, which is the ECMWF reanalysis. The second simulation (MED16-ECMWF) was forced by the ECMWF-analyzed surface fields that have a horizontal resolution twice as high as those of ERA40. The analysis of the standard deviations of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> fields shows that increasing the resolution of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> forcing leads in all regions to a better channeling of the winds by mountains and to the generation of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> mesoscale patterns. Comparing the companion ocean simulation results with available observations in the Adriatic Sea and in the Gulf of Lion shows that MED16-ECMWF is more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> than MED16-ERA40. In the eastern Mediterranean, although deep water formation occurs in the two experiments, the depth reached by the convection is deeper in MED16-ECMWF. In the Gulf of Lion, deep water formation occurs only in MED16-ECMWF. This larger sensitivity of the western Mediterranean convection to the forcing resolution is investigated by running a set of sensitivity experiments to analyze the impact of different time-space resolutions of the forcing on the intense winter convection event in winter 1998-1999. The sensitivity to the forcing appears to be mainly related to the effect of wind channeling by the land orography, which can only be reproduced in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> models of sufficient resolution. Thus, well-positioned patterns of enhanced wind stress and ocean surface heat loss are able to maintain a vigorous gyre circulation favoring efficient preconditioning of the area at the beginning of winter and to drive</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=deep+AND+processing+AND+psychology&pg=4&id=EJ764170','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=deep+AND+processing+AND+psychology&pg=4&id=EJ764170"><span>The Performance of Chinese Primary School Students on <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Arithmetic Word Problems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Xin, Ziqiang; Lin, Chongde; Zhang, Li; Yan, Rong</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Compared with standard arithmetic word problems demanding only the direct use of number operations and computations, <span class="hlt">realistic</span> problems are harder to solve because children need to incorporate "real-world" knowledge into their solutions. Using the <span class="hlt">realistic</span> word problem testing materials developed by Verschaffel, De Corte, and Lasure…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1059899','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1059899"><span>Epidemiology and causation: a <span class="hlt">realist</span> view.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Renton, A</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>In this paper the controversy over how to decide whether associations between factors and diseases are causal is placed within a description of the public health and scientific relevance of epidemiology. It is argued that the rise in popularity of the Popperian view of science, together with a perception of the aims of epidemiology as being to identify appropriate public health interventions, have focussed this debate on unresolved questions of inferential logic, leaving largely unanalysed the notions of causation and of disease at the ontological level. A <span class="hlt">realist</span> ontology of causation of disease and pathogenesis is constructed within the framework of "scientific materialism", and is shown to provide a coherent basis from which to decide causes and to deal with problems of confounding and interaction in epidemiological research. It is argued that a <span class="hlt">realist</span> analysis identifies a richer role for epidemiology as an integral part of an ontologically unified medical science. It is this unified medical science as a whole rather than epidemiological observation or experiment which decides causes and, in turn, provides a key element to the foundations of rational public health decision making. PMID:8138775</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JSEdT..25..806C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JSEdT..25..806C"><span>Order Matters: Sequencing Scale-<span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Versus Simplified Models to Improve Science Learning</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chen, Chen; Schneps, Matthew H.; Sonnert, Gerhard</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>Teachers choosing between different models to facilitate students' understanding of an abstract system must decide whether to adopt a model that is simplified and striking or one that is <span class="hlt">realistic</span> and complex. Only recently have instructional technologies enabled teachers and learners to change presentations swiftly and to provide for learning based on multiple models, thus giving rise to questions about the order of presentation. Using disjoint individual growth modeling to examine the learning of astronomical concepts using a simulation of the solar system on tablets for 152 high school students (age 15), the authors detect both a model effect and an order effect in the use of the Orrery, a simplified model that exaggerates the scale relationships, and the True-to-scale, a proportional model that more accurately represents the <span class="hlt">realistic</span> scale relationships. Specifically, earlier exposure to the simplified model resulted in diminution of the conceptual gain from the subsequent <span class="hlt">realistic</span> model, but the <span class="hlt">realistic</span> model did not impede learning from the following simplified model.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780057540&hterms=current+situation&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dcurrent%2Bsituation','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780057540&hterms=current+situation&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dcurrent%2Bsituation"><span>Direct measurements of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> conduction current</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Burke, H. K.; Few, A. A.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>A method of measuring the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> conduction current above the ground has been employed to obtain data for 12 weeks during the first half of 1974. The instrument consists of a split aluminum sphere suspended by insulated wires to a wooden frame. The measuring electronics and the transmitter are enclosed within the spherical structure. The interaction of the instrument with its <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> electrical environment is analyzed, and it is shown that in steady state <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, predictable differences in the instrumentally measured currents and the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> conduction current will be less than 5% and in the nonsteady state situations the difference is less than 20%. Diurnal variations, a probable winter-summer variation, sunrise, and fog effects were observed for the data obtained during fair-weather <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Disturbed weather data are interpreted for the effects of low clouds on the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> current. The charge concentrations within overcast clouds sufficient to produce the observed reversed <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> currents are estimated to be small in relation to values in thunderclouds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.7305M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.7305M"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> aerosol and gas sensing using Scheimpflug lidar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mei, Liang; Brydegaard, Mikkel</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>This work presents a new lidar technique for <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> remote sensing based on Scheimpflug principle, which describes the relationship between nonparallel image- and object-planes[1]. When a laser beam is transmitted into the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, the implication is that the backscattering echo of the entire illuminated probe volume can be in focus simultaneously without diminishing the aperture. The range-resolved backscattering echo can be retrieved by using a tilted line scan or two-dimensional CCD/CMOS camera. Rather than employing nanosecond-pulsed lasers, cascade detectors, and MHz signal sampling, all of high cost and complexity, we have developed a robust and inexpensive <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> lidar system based on compact laser diodes and array detectors. We present initial applications of the Scheimpflug lidar for <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> aerosol monitoring in bright sunlight, with a 3 W, 808 nm CW laser diode. Kilohertz sampling rates are also achieved with applications for wind speed and entomology [2]. Further, a proof-of-principle demonstration of differential absorption lidar (DIAL) based on the Scheimpflug lidar technique is presented [3]. By utilizing a 30 mW narrow band CW laser diode emitting at around 760 nm, the detailed shape of an oxygen absorption line can be resolved remotely with an integration time of 6 s and measurement cycle of 1 minute during night time. The promising results demonstrated in this work show potential for the Scheimpflug lidar technique for remote <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> aerosol and gas sensing, and renews hope for robust and <span class="hlt">realistic</span> instrumentation for <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> lidar sensing. [1] F. Blais, "Review of 20 years of range sensor development," Journal of Electronic Imaging, vol. 13, pp. 231-243, Jan 2004. [2] M. Brydegaard, A. Gebru, and S. Svanberg, "Super resolution laser radar with blinking <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> particles - application to interacting flying insects " Progress In Electromagnetics Research, vol. 147, pp. 141-151, 2014. [3] L. Mei and M. Brydegaard</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9526972','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9526972"><span><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> weight perception and body size assessment in a racially diverse community sample of dieters.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cachelin, F M; Striegel-Moore, R H; Elder, K A</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>Recently, a shift in obesity treatment away from emphasizing ideal weight loss goals to establishing <span class="hlt">realistic</span> weight loss goals has been proposed; yet, what constitutes "<span class="hlt">realistic</span>" weight loss for different populations is not clear. This study examined notions of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> shape and weight as well as body size assessment in a large community-based sample of African-American, Asian, Hispanic, and white men and women. Participants were 1893 survey respondents who were all dieters and primarily overweight. Groups were compared on various variables of body image assessment using silhouette ratings. No significant race differences were found in silhouette ratings, nor in perceptions of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> shape or reasonable weight loss. <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> shape and weight ratings by both women and men were smaller than current shape and weight but larger than ideal shape and weight ratings. Compared with male dieters, female dieters considered greater weight loss to be <span class="hlt">realistic</span>. Implications of the findings for the treatment of obesity are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SPIE.7705E..0IY','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SPIE.7705E..0IY"><span><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> and efficient 2D crack simulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yadegar, Jacob; Liu, Xiaoqing; Singh, Abhishek</p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>Although numerical algorithms for 2D crack simulation have been studied in Modeling and Simulation (M&S) and computer graphics for decades, realism and computational efficiency are still major challenges. In this paper, we introduce a high-fidelity, scalable, adaptive and efficient/runtime 2D crack/fracture simulation system by applying the mathematically elegant Peano-Cesaro triangular meshing/remeshing technique to model the generation of shards/fragments. The recursive fractal sweep associated with the Peano-Cesaro triangulation provides efficient local multi-resolution refinement to any level-of-detail. The generated binary decomposition tree also provides efficient neighbor retrieval mechanism used for mesh element splitting and merging with minimal memory requirements essential for <span class="hlt">realistic</span> 2D fragment formation. Upon load impact/contact/penetration, a number of factors including impact angle, impact energy, and material properties are all taken into account to produce the criteria of crack initialization, propagation, and termination leading to <span class="hlt">realistic</span> fractal-like rubble/fragments formation. The aforementioned parameters are used as variables of probabilistic models of cracks/shards formation, making the proposed solution highly adaptive by allowing machine learning mechanisms learn the optimal values for the variables/parameters based on prior benchmark data generated by off-line physics based simulation solutions that produce accurate fractures/shards though at highly non-real time paste. Crack/fracture simulation has been conducted on various load impacts with different initial locations at various impulse scales. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed system has the capability to <span class="hlt">realistically</span> and efficiently simulate 2D crack phenomena (such as window shattering and shards generation) with diverse potentials in military and civil M&S applications such as training and mission planning.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BoLMe.166..367N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BoLMe.166..367N"><span>Impacts of <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Urban Heating, Part I: Spatial Variability of Mean Flow, Turbulent Exchange and Pollutant Dispersion</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nazarian, Negin; Martilli, Alberto; Kleissl, Jan</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>As urbanization progresses, more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> methods are required to analyze the urban microclimate. However, given the complexity and computational cost of numerical models, the effects of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> representations should be evaluated to identify the level of detail required for an accurate analysis. We consider the <span class="hlt">realistic</span> representation of surface heating in an idealized three-dimensional urban configuration, and evaluate the spatial variability of flow statistics (mean flow and turbulent fluxes) in urban streets. Large-eddy simulations coupled with an urban energy balance model are employed, and the heating distribution of urban surfaces is parametrized using sets of horizontal and vertical Richardson numbers, characterizing thermal stratification and heating orientation with respect to the wind direction. For all studied <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, the thermal field is strongly affected by the orientation of heating with respect to the airflow. The modification of airflow by the horizontal heating is also pronounced for strongly unstable <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The formation of the canyon vortices is affected by the three-dimensional heating distribution in both spanwise and streamwise street canyons, such that the secondary vortex is seen adjacent to the windward wall. For the dispersion field, however, the overall heating of urban surfaces, and more importantly, the vertical temperature gradient, dominate the distribution of concentration and the removal of pollutants from the building canyon. Accordingly, the spatial variability of concentration is not significantly affected by the detailed heating distribution. The analysis is extended to assess the effects of three-dimensional surface heating on turbulent transfer. Quadrant analysis reveals that the differential heating also affects the dominance of ejection and sweep events and the efficiency of turbulent transfer (exuberance) within the street canyon and at the roof level, while the vertical variation of these parameters is less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000024869&hterms=biodiversity&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dbiodiversity','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000024869&hterms=biodiversity&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dbiodiversity"><span>Land-<span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> Interactions: Successes, Problems and Prospects</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sud, Y. C.; Mocko, D. M.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>After two decades of active research, a much better understanding of the broader role of biospheric processes on the local climate has emerged. A surface-albedo increase, particularly in desert border regions of the subtropics (as well as the deforested tropical regions), leads to a net surface energy deficit, which in turn leads to a relative sinking and reduced rainfall. On the other hand, studies of the influence of altered ratios of evapotranspiration and sensible fluxes, in situations where the net solar income is unchanged, show that evapotranspiration is a more desirable flux for increased precipitation and vitality of the biosphere. Besides providing water vapor and convective available potential energy (CAPE) to the lower troposphere, evapotranspiration helps in building larger CAPE before "turning on" the moist-convection. Larger CAPE in the lower troposphere enables convection to reach into the deeper <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> thereby heating the upper troposphere; indeed, moist-convection is also accompanied by the evaporation of falling precipitation that cools and moistens the lower <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. While convective, as opposed to stratiform, precipitation reduces the fractional cloud cover; it also allows more solar radiation to reach the surface thereby invigorating surface fluxes. These, together with moist convection and associated downdrafts help to maintain the characteristic upper temperature limit(s) of the moist-land as well as oceanic regions. Regardless of the above understanding, several important problems continue to hinder the accurate simulation of a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> land <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> interaction in a numerical model (both GCM and/or Meso-scale models). Among the unsolved problems are parameterization of sub-grid scale land processes that include small-scale variability of soil moisture, snow-cover and snow-physics, the biodiversity of the biosphere, orography, local drainage characteristics under natural <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, and surface flow over the natural terrain. A</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JHEP...04..001C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JHEP...04..001C"><span><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> anomaly-mediated supersymmetry breaking</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chacko, Zacharia; Luty, Markus A.; Maksymyk, Ivan; Pontón, Eduardo</p> <p>2000-03-01</p> <p>We consider supersymmetry breaking communicated entirely by the superconformal anomaly in supergravity. This scenario is naturally realized if supersymmetry is broken in a hidden sector whose couplings to the observable sector are suppressed by more than powers of the Planck scale, as occurs if supersymmetry is broken in a parallel universe living in extra dimensions. This scenario is extremely predictive: soft supersymmetry breaking couplings are completely determined by anomalous dimensions in the effective theory at the weak scale. Gaugino and scalar masses are naturally of the same order, and flavor-changing neutral currents are automatically suppressed. The most glaring problem with this scenario is that slepton masses are negative in the minimal supersymmetric standard model. We point out that this problem can be simply solved by coupling extra Higgs doublets to the leptons. Lepton flavor-changing neutral currents can be naturally avoided by approximate symmetries. We also describe more speculative solutions involving compositeness near the weak scale. We then turn to electroweak symmetry breaking. Adding an explicit μ term gives a value for Bμ that is too large by a factor of ~ 100. We construct a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> model in which the μ term arises from the vacuum expectation value of a singlet field, so all weak-scale masses are directly related to m3/2. We show that fully <span class="hlt">realistic</span> electroweak symmetry breaking can occur in this model with moderate fine-tuning.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.4938H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.4938H"><span>Convective aggregation in idealised models and <span class="hlt">realistic</span> equatorial cases</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Holloway, Chris</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Idealised explicit convection simulations of the Met Office Unified Model are shown to exhibit spontaneous self-aggregation in radiative-convective equilibrium, as seen previously in other models in several recent studies. This self-aggregation is linked to feedbacks between radiation, surface fluxes, and convection, and the organization is intimately related to the evolution of the column water vapour (CWV) field. To investigate the relevance of this behaviour to the real world, these idealized simulations are compared with five 15-day cases of real organized convection in the tropics, including multiple simulations of each case testing sensitivities of the convective organization and mean states to interactive radiation, interactive surface fluxes, and evaporation of rain. Despite similar large-scale forcing via lateral boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, systematic differences in mean CWV, CWV distribution shape, and the length scale of CWV features are found between the different sensitivity runs, showing that there are at least some similarities in sensitivities to these feedbacks in both idealized and <span class="hlt">realistic</span> simulations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.A54D..02H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.A54D..02H"><span>Convective aggregation in idealised models and <span class="hlt">realistic</span> equatorial cases</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Holloway, C. E.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Idealised explicit convection simulations of the Met Office Unified Model are shown to exhibit spontaneous self-aggregation in radiative-convective equilibrium, as seen previously in other models in several recent studies. This self-aggregation is linked to feedbacks between radiation, surface fluxes, and convection, and the organization is intimately related to the evolution of the column water vapor (CWV) field. To investigate the relevance of this behavior to the real world, these idealized simulations are compared with five 15-day cases of real organized convection in the tropics, including multiple simulations of each case testing sensitivities of the convective organization and mean states to interactive radiation, interactive surface fluxes, and evaporation of rain. Despite similar large-scale forcing via lateral boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, systematic differences in mean CWV, CWV distribution shape, and the length scale of CWV features are found between the different sensitivity runs, showing that there are at least some similarities in sensitivities to these feedbacks in both idealized and <span class="hlt">realistic</span> simulations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1127267','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1127267"><span>Using Mesoscale Weather Model Output as Boundary <span class="hlt">Conditions</span> for <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Large-Eddy Simulations and Wind-Plant Aerodynamic Simulations (Presentation)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Churchfield, M. J.; Michalakes, J.; Vanderwende, B.</p> <p></p> <p>Wind plant aerodynamics are directly affected by the microscale weather, which is directly influenced by the mesoscale weather. Microscale weather refers to processes that occur within the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> boundary layer with the largest scales being a few hundred meters to a few kilometers depending on the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> stability of the boundary layer. Mesoscale weather refers to large weather patterns, such as weather fronts, with the largest scales being hundreds of kilometers wide. Sometimes microscale simulations that capture mesoscale-driven variations (changes in wind speed and direction over time or across the spatial extent of a wind plant) are important in windmore » plant analysis. In this paper, we present our preliminary work in coupling a mesoscale weather model with a microscale <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> large-eddy simulation model. The coupling is one-way beginning with the weather model and ending with a computational fluid dynamics solver using the weather model in coarse large-eddy simulation mode as an intermediary. We simulate one hour of daytime moderately convective microscale development driven by the mesoscale data, which are applied as initial and boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> to the microscale domain, at a site in Iowa. We analyze the time and distance necessary for the smallest resolvable microscales to develop.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740014855','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740014855"><span>Effects of a transient sea surface temperature anomaly on the energetics of the Mintz-Arakawa model <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Chow, S. H.</p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>The possible response of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, as simulated by the two level Mintz-Arakawa global general circulation model, to a transient North Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly is investigated in terms of the energetics both in the spatial and wave number domains. Results indicate that the transient SST variations of reasonable magnitude in the North Pacific Ocean can induce a disturbing effect on the global energetics both in the spatial and wave number domains. The ability of the two level Mintz-Arakawa model to simulate the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> energetics is also examined. Except in the tropics, the model exhibits a reasonable and <span class="hlt">realistic</span> energy budget.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18319906','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18319906"><span>Lidar inversion of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> backscatter and extinction-to-backscatter ratios by use of a Kalman filter.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rocadenbosch, F; Soriano, C; Comerón, A; Baldasano, J M</p> <p>1999-05-20</p> <p>A first inversion of the backscatter profile and extinction-to-backscatter ratio from pulsed elastic-backscatter lidar returns is treated by means of an extended Kalman filter (EKF). The EKF approach enables one to overcome the intrinsic limitations of standard straightforward nonmemory procedures such as the slope method, exponential curve fitting, and the backward inversion algorithm. Whereas those procedures are inherently not adaptable because independent inversions are performed for each return signal and neither the statistics of the signals nor a priori uncertainties (e.g., boundary calibrations) are taken into account, in the case of the Kalman filter the filter updates itself because it is weighted by the imbalance between the a priori estimates of the optical parameters (i.e., past inversions) and the new estimates based on a minimum-variance criterion, as long as there are different lidar returns. Calibration errors and initialization uncertainties can be assimilated also. The study begins with the formulation of the inversion problem and an appropriate <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> stochastic model. Based on extensive simulation and <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, it is shown that the EKF approach enables one to retrieve the optical parameters as time-range-dependent functions and hence to track the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> evolution; the performance of this approach is limited only by the quality and availability of the a priori information and the accuracy of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model used. The study ends with an encouraging practical inversion of a live scene measured at the Nd:YAG elastic-backscatter lidar station at our premises at the Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23085683','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23085683"><span>Texture and savoury taste influences on food intake in a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> hot lunch time meal.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Forde, C G; van Kuijk, N; Thaler, T; de Graaf, C; Martin, N</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Previous studies with model foods have shown that softer textures lead to higher eating rates and higher ad libitum food intake and higher intensity of salt taste has been shown to result in a lower ad libitum food intake. These observations have yet to be replicated in the context of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> solid hot meal components. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of texture and taste on the ad libitum intake of a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> hot lunchtime meal. The meals consisted of potatoes, carrots, steak and gravy varied according to a 2 (texture: mashed vs. whole) × 2 (taste: standard taste vs. strong taste) design. The texture dimension referred to mashed potatoes, mashed carrots and pieces of steak vs. whole boiled potatoes, whole boiled carrots and whole steak. The taste was varied by manipulating the taste intensity of the gravy to be either standard or high intensity savoury taste. The current study used a between groups, single course ad libitum design whereby subjects were recruited for a one off meal study, during which their food intake was measured. The four groups consisted of about 40 subjects (mashed, standard, n=37; mashed, savoury n=39; whole, standard n=40; and whole, savoury n=41) matched for age (average age=44.8 ± 5.3), gender (on average 19 males and 20 females), normal BMI (average 22.6 ± 1.7) and dietary restraint score (DEBQ score=1.74 ± 0.6). The results showed that the estimated means of the intake of the two mashed <span class="hlt">conditions</span> was 563.2 ± 20.3g and intake of whole meal was 527.5 ± 20.0 g (p=0.23). The texture effect was significant in the higher savoury <span class="hlt">condition</span> with an average of 91 g less food consumed in the solid-savoury meal than in the mashed-savoury meal. This effect was not replicated in the standard gravy <span class="hlt">condition</span>, with no significant difference between solid and mashed textures. This was reflected in an interaction effect that was approaching significance (p=0.051). The estimated mean eating rate in the two mashed</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760019896','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760019896"><span>Infrared band absorptance correlations and applications to nongray radiation. [mathematical models of absorption spectra for nongray <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> in order to study air pollution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Tiwari, S. N.; Manian, S. V. S.</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>Various mathematical models for infrared radiation absorption spectra for <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> gases are reviewed, and continuous correlations for the total absorptance of a wide band are presented. Different band absorptance correlations were employed in two physically <span class="hlt">realistic</span> problems (radiative transfer in gases with internal heat source, and heat transfer in laminar flow of absorbing-emitting gases between parallel plates) to study their influence on final radiative transfer results. This information will be applied to the study of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pollutants by infrared radiation measurement.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JQSRT.175...76H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JQSRT.175...76H"><span>Polarization-resolved simulations of multiple-order rainbows using <span class="hlt">realistic</span> raindrop shapes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Haußmann, Alexander</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>This paper presents selected results of a simulation study of the first five (primary-quinary) rainbow orders based on a <span class="hlt">realistic</span>, size-dependent shape model for falling raindrops, taking into account that the drops' bottom part is flattened to higher degree than the dome-like top part. Moreover, broad drop size distributions are included in the simulations, as it is one goal of this paper to analyze, whether the predicted amplification and attenuation patterns for higher-order rainbows, as derived from previous simulations with monodisperse drop sizes, will still be pronounced under the <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of natural rainfall. Secondly, deviations of the multiple rainbow orders' polarization state from the reference case of spherical drops are discussed. It is shown that each rainbow order may contain a small amount of circularly polarized light due to total internal reflections. Thirdly, it is investigated, how the <span class="hlt">conditions</span> that generate twinned primary rainbows will affect the higher orders. For the simulations, geometric-optic ray tracing of the full Stokes vector as well as an approximate approach using appropriately shifted Debye series data is applied.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=behavioural+AND+change&id=EJ1058269','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=behavioural+AND+change&id=EJ1058269"><span>Faculty Development for Educators: A <span class="hlt">Realist</span> Evaluation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Sorinola, Olanrewaju O.; Thistlethwaite, Jill; Davies, David; Peile, Ed</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The effectiveness of faculty development (FD) activities for educators in UK medical schools remains underexplored. This study used a <span class="hlt">realist</span> approach to evaluate FD and to test the hypothesis that motivation, engagement and perception are key mechanisms of effective FD activities. The authors observed and interviewed 33 course participants at one…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110014389','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110014389"><span>Timescale Correlation between Marine <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Exposure and Accelerated Corrosion Testing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Montgomery, Eliza L.; Calle, Luz Marina; Curran, Jerone C.; Kolody, Mark R.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Evaluation of metal-based structures has long relied on <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> exposure test sites to determine corrosion resistance in marine environments. Traditional accelerated corrosion testing relies on mimicking the exposure <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, often incorporating salt spray and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and exposing the metal to continuous or cyclic <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of the corrosive environment. Their success for correlation to <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> exposure is often a concern when determining the timescale to which the accelerated tests can be related. Accelerated laboratory testing, which often focuses on the electrochemical reactions that occur during corrosion <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, has yet to be universally accepted as a useful tool in predicting the long term service life of a metal despite its ability to rapidly induce corrosion. Although visual and mass loss methods of evaluating corrosion are the standard and their use is imperative, a method that correlates timescales from <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> exposure to accelerated testing would be very valuable. This work uses surface chemistry to interpret the chemical changes occurring on low carbon steel during <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> and accelerated corrosion <span class="hlt">conditions</span> with the objective of finding a correlation between its accelerated and long-term corrosion performance. The current results of correlating data from marine <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> exposure <span class="hlt">conditions</span> at the Kennedy Space Center beachside corrosion test site, alternating seawater spray, and immersion in typical electrochemical laboratory <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, will be presented. Key words: <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> exposure, accelerated corrosion testing, alternating seawater spray, marine, correlation, seawater, carbon steel, long-term corrosion performance prediction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770007354','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770007354"><span>Laser Doppler systems in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> turbulence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Murty, S. S. R.</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>The loss of heterodyne signal power for the Marshall Space Flight Center laser Doppler system due to the random changes in the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> index of refraction is investigated. The current status in the physics of low energy laser propagation through turbulent <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> is presented. The analysis and approximate evaluation of the loss of the heterodyne signal power due to the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> absorption, scattering, and turbulence are estimated for the <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of the January 1973 flight tests. Theoretical and experimental signal to noise values are compared. Maximum and minimum values of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> attenuation over a two way path of 20 km range are calculated as a function of altitude using models of <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, aerosol concentration, and turbulence.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.P33D4052M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.P33D4052M"><span>Upper limits to the fractionation of isotopes due to <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> escape: Implications for potential 14N/15N in Pluto's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mandt, K.; Mousis, O.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Formation and evolution of the solar system is studied in part using stable isotope ratios that are presumed to be primordial, or representative of <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in the protosolar Nebula. Comets, meteorites and giant planet <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> provide measurements that can reasonably be presumed to represent primordial <span class="hlt">conditions</span> while the terrestrial planets, Pluto and Saturn's moon Titan have <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> that have evolved over the history of the solar system. The stable isotope ratios measured in these <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> are, therefore, first a valuable tool for evaluating the history of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> escape and once escape is constrained can provide indications of <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of formation. D/H ratios in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> of Venus provide indications of the amount of water lost from Venus over the history of the solar system, while several isotope ratios in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> of Mars provide evidence for long-term erosion of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. We have recently demonstrated that the nitrogen ratios, 14N/15N, in Titan's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> cannot evolve significantly over the history of the solar system and that the primordial ratio for Titan must have been similar to the value recently measured for NH3 in comets. This implies that the building blocks for Titan formed in the protosolar nebula rather than in the warmer subnebula surrounding Saturn at the end of its formation. Our result strongly contrasts with works showing that 14N/15N in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> of Mars can easily fractionate from the terrestrial value to its current value due to escape processes within the lifetime of the solar system. The difference between how nitrogen fractionates in Mars and Titan's <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> presents a puzzle for the fractionation of isotopes in an <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> due to <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> escape. Here, we present a method aiming at determining an upper limit to the amount of fractionation allowed to occur due to escape, which is a function of the escape flux and the column density of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> constituent. Through this</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980001057','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980001057"><span>Electromagnetic Scattering from <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Targets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lee, Shung- Wu; Jin, Jian-Ming</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>The general goal of the project is to develop computational tools for calculating radar signature of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> targets. A hybrid technique that combines the shooting-and-bouncing-ray (SBR) method and the finite-element method (FEM) for the radiation characterization of microstrip patch antennas in a complex geometry was developed. In addition, a hybridization procedure to combine moment method (MoM) solution and the SBR method to treat the scattering of waveguide slot arrays on an aircraft was developed. A list of journal articles and conference papers is included.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5179958','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5179958"><span>Temperature dependence of ice-on-rock friction at <span class="hlt">realistic</span> glacier <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Savage, H.; Nettles, M.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Using a new biaxial friction apparatus, we conducted experiments of ice-on-rock friction in order to better understand basal sliding of glaciers and ice streams. A series of velocity-stepping and slide–hold–slide tests were conducted to measure friction and healing at temperatures between −20°C and melting. Experimental <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in this study are comparable to subglacial temperatures, sliding rates and effective pressures of Antarctic ice streams and other glaciers, with load-point velocities ranging from 0.5 to 100 µm s−1 and normal stress σn = 100 kPa. In this range of <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, temperature dependences of both steady-state friction and frictional healing are considerable. The friction increases linearly with decreasing temperature (temperature weakening) from μ = 0.52 at −20°C to μ = 0.02 at melting. Frictional healing increases and velocity dependence shifts from velocity-strengthening to velocity-weakening behaviour with decreasing temperature. Our results indicate that the strength and stability of glaciers and ice streams may change considerably over the range of temperatures typically found at the ice–bed interface. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Microdynamics of ice’. PMID:28025297</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22196070','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22196070"><span>Inhibitory effect of high-strength ammonia nitrogen on bio-treatment of landfill leachate using EGSB reactor under mesophilic and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Liu, Jianyong; Luo, Jinghuan; Zhou, Jizhi; Liu, Qiang; Qian, Guangren; Xu, Zhi Ping</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>The inhibitory effect of high-strength NH(3)-N on anaerobic biodegradation of landfill leachates in an EGSB bioreactor has been investigated. The research compared start-up performance of the reactor treating the landfill leachate with NH(3)-N in 242-1200 mg/l to that treating the compost leachate with NH(3)-N in 38-410 mg/l. The observations showed that the performance of the reactor treating the landfill leachate was only marginally worse than that treating the compost leachate at the mesophilic temperature when NH(3)-N concentration was under 1500 mg/l. We also noted that NH(3)-N at the concentration of 1500-3000 mg/l inhibited the biodegradation. The comparative biodegradation performance at the mesophilic and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> temperature demonstrated that the maximal OLR of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> digestion was only reduced to 44 kg COD/m(3)d. These findings indicate that landfill leachates with NH(3)-N less than 1500 mg/l could be efficiently treated in the EGSB bioreactor even under the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">condition</span> with methane generated. Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20140004444&hterms=radiation+ionizing&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dradiation%2Bionizing','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20140004444&hterms=radiation+ionizing&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dradiation%2Bionizing"><span>Influence of Dust Loading on <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Ionizing Radiation on Mars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Norman, Ryan B.; Gronoff, Guillaume; Mertens, Christopher J.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Measuring the radiation environment at the surface of Mars is the primary goal of the Radiation Assessment Detector on the NASA Mars Science Laboratory's Curiosity rover. One of the <span class="hlt">conditions</span> that Curiosity will likely encounter is a dust storm. The objective of this paper is to compute the cosmic ray ionization in different <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, including dust storms, as these various <span class="hlt">conditions</span> are likely to be encountered by Curiosity at some point. In the present work, the Nowcast of <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Ionizing Radiation for Aviation Safety model, recently modified for Mars, was used along with the Badhwar & O'Neill 2010 galactic cosmic ray model. In addition to galactic cosmic rays, five different solar energetic particle event spectra were considered. For all input radiation environments, radiation dose throughout the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and at the surface was investigated as a function of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> dust loading. It is demonstrated that for galactic cosmic rays, the ionization depends strongly on the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> profile. Moreover, it is shown that solar energetic particle events strongly increase the ionization throughout the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, including ground level, and can account for the radio blackout <span class="hlt">conditions</span> observed by the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding instrument on the Mars Express spacecraft. These results demonstrate that the cosmic rays' influence on the Martian surface chemistry is strongly dependent on solar and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> that should be taken into account for future studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1511431D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1511431D"><span>Study of the effect of wind speed on evaporation from soil through integrated modeling of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> boundary layer and shallow subsurface</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Davarzani, Hossein; Smits, Kathleen; Tolene, Ryan; Illangasekare, Tissa</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>The study of the interaction between the land and <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> is paramount to our understanding of many emerging problems to include climate change, the movement of green house gases such as possible leaking of sequestered CO2 and the accurate detection of buried objects such as landmines. Soil moisture distribution in the shallow subsurface becomes a critical factor in all these problems. The heat and mass flux in the form of soil evaporation across the land surface couples the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> boundary layer to the shallow subsurface. The coupling between land and the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> leads to highly dynamic interactions between the porous media properties, transport processes and boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, resulting in dynamic evaporative behavior. However, the coupling at the land-<span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> interface is rarely considered in most current models and their validation for practical applications. This is due to the complexity of the problem in field scenarios and the scarcity of field or laboratory data capable of testing and refining coupled energy and mass transfer theories. In most efforts to compute evaporation from soil, only indirect coupling is provided to characterize the interaction between non-isothermal multiphase flows under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> even though heat and mass flux are controlled by the coupled dynamics of the land and the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> boundary layer. In earlier drying modeling concepts, imposing evaporation flux (kinetic of relative humidity) and temperature as surface boundary <span class="hlt">condition</span> is often needed. With the goal of improving our understanding of the land/<span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> coupling, we developed a model based on the coupling of Navier-Stokes free flow and Darcy flow in porous medium. The model consists of the coupled equations of mass conservation for the liquid phase (water) and gas phase (water vapor and air) in porous medium with gas phase (water vapor and air) in free flow domain under non-isothermal, non-equilibrium <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The boundary</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25844148','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25844148"><span>Predicting electromyographic signals under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> using a multiscale chemo-electro-mechanical finite element model.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mordhorst, Mylena; Heidlauf, Thomas; Röhrle, Oliver</p> <p>2015-04-06</p> <p>This paper presents a novel multiscale finite element-based framework for modelling electromyographic (EMG) signals. The framework combines (i) a biophysical description of the excitation-contraction coupling at the half-sarcomere level, (ii) a model of the action potential (AP) propagation along muscle fibres, (iii) a continuum-mechanical formulation of force generation and deformation of the muscle, and (iv) a model for predicting the intramuscular and surface EMG. Owing to the biophysical description of the half-sarcomere, the model inherently accounts for physiological properties of skeletal muscle. To demonstrate this, the influence of membrane fatigue on the EMG signal during sustained contractions is investigated. During a stimulation period of 500 ms at 100 Hz, the predicted EMG amplitude decreases by 40% and the AP propagation velocity decreases by 15%. Further, the model can take into account contraction-induced deformations of the muscle. This is demonstrated by simulating fixed-length contractions of an idealized geometry and a model of the human tibialis anterior muscle (TA). The model of the TA furthermore demonstrates that the proposed finite element model is capable of simulating <span class="hlt">realistic</span> geometries, complex fibre architectures, and can include different types of heterogeneities. In addition, the TA model accounts for a distributed innervation zone, different fibre types and appeals to motor unit discharge times that are based on a biophysical description of the α motor neurons.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4342944','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4342944"><span>Predicting electromyographic signals under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> using a multiscale chemo–electro–mechanical finite element model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Mordhorst, Mylena; Heidlauf, Thomas; Röhrle, Oliver</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>This paper presents a novel multiscale finite element-based framework for modelling electromyographic (EMG) signals. The framework combines (i) a biophysical description of the excitation–contraction coupling at the half-sarcomere level, (ii) a model of the action potential (AP) propagation along muscle fibres, (iii) a continuum-mechanical formulation of force generation and deformation of the muscle, and (iv) a model for predicting the intramuscular and surface EMG. Owing to the biophysical description of the half-sarcomere, the model inherently accounts for physiological properties of skeletal muscle. To demonstrate this, the influence of membrane fatigue on the EMG signal during sustained contractions is investigated. During a stimulation period of 500 ms at 100 Hz, the predicted EMG amplitude decreases by 40% and the AP propagation velocity decreases by 15%. Further, the model can take into account contraction-induced deformations of the muscle. This is demonstrated by simulating fixed-length contractions of an idealized geometry and a model of the human tibialis anterior muscle (TA). The model of the TA furthermore demonstrates that the proposed finite element model is capable of simulating <span class="hlt">realistic</span> geometries, complex fibre architectures, and can include different types of heterogeneities. In addition, the TA model accounts for a distributed innervation zone, different fibre types and appeals to motor unit discharge times that are based on a biophysical description of the α motor neurons. PMID:25844148</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED043374.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED043374.pdf"><span><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Planning for the Day Care Consumer.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Emlen, Arthur C.</p> <p></p> <p>This paper questions public attitudes of disparagement toward child care that is privately arranged in neighborhood homes, and cites research to show that the widespread non-use of organized facilities is based on <span class="hlt">realistic</span> alternative patterns of day care behavior. Some determinants of day care use are discussed, and an understanding of…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1079612.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1079612.pdf"><span>Improving Intuition Skills with <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Mathematics Education</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Hirza, Bonita; Kusumah, Yaya S.; Darhim; Zulkardi</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The intention of the present study was to see the improvement of students' intuitive skills. This improvement was seen by comparing the <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Mathematics Education (RME)-based instruction with the conventional mathematics instruction. The subject of this study was 164 fifth graders of elementary school in Palembang. The design of this study…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.9810A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.9810A"><span>Using an <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> boundary layer model to force global ocean models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Abel, Rafael; Böning, Claus</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>Current practices in the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> forcing of ocean model simulations can lead to unphysical behaviours. The problem lies in the bulk formulation of the turbulent air-sea fluxes in the conjunction with a prescribed, and unresponsive, <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> state (as given by reanalysis products). This can have impacts both on mesoscale processes as well as on the dynamics of the large-scale circulation. First, a possible local mismatch between the given <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> state and evolving sea surface temperature (SST) signatures can occur, especially for mesoscale features such as frontal areas, eddies, or near the sea ice edge. Any ocean front shift or evolution of mesoscale anomalies results in excessive, unrealistic surface fluxes due to the lack of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> adaptation. Second, a subtle distortion in the sensitive balance of feedback processes being critical for the thermohaline circulation. Since the bulk formulations assume an infinite <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> heat capacity, resulting SST anomalies are strongly damped even on basin-scales (e.g. from trends in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation). In consequence, an important negative feedback is eliminated, rendering the system excessively susceptible to small anomalies (or errors) in the freshwater fluxes. Previous studies (Seager et al., 1995, J. Clim.) have suggested a partial forcing issue remedy that aimed for a physically more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> determination of air-sea fluxes by allowing some (thermodynamic) adaptation of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> boundary layer to SST changes. In this study a modernized formulation of this approach (Deremble et al., 2013, Mon. Weather Rev.; 'CheapAML') is implemented in a global ocean-ice model with moderate resolution (0.5°; ORCA05). In a set of experiments we explore the solution behaviour of this forcing approach (where only the winds are prescribed, while <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> temperature and humidity are computed), contrasting it with the solution obtained from the classical bulk formulation with a non</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeoRL..4312363S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeoRL..4312363S"><span>Mass wasting triggered by seasonal CO2 sublimation under Martian <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>: Laboratory experiments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sylvest, Matthew E.; Conway, Susan J.; Patel, Manish R.; Dixon, John C.; Barnes, Adam</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Sublimation is a recognized process by which planetary landscapes can be modified. However, interpretation of whether sublimation is involved in downslope movements on Mars and other bodies is restricted by a lack of empirical data to constrain this mechanism of sediment transport and its influence on landform morphology. Here we present the first set of laboratory experiments under Martian <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> which demonstrate that the sublimation of CO2 ice from within the sediment body can trigger failure of unconsolidated, regolith slopes and can measurably alter the landscape. Previous theoretical studies required CO2 slab ice for movements, but we find that only frost is required. Hence, sediment transport by CO2 sublimation could be more widely applicable (in space and time) on Mars than previously thought. This supports recent work suggesting CO2 sublimation could be responsible for recent modification in Martian gullies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890006472','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890006472"><span>Laboratory evaluation and application of microwave absorption properties under simulated <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Steffes, Paul G.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>Radio absorptivity data for planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> obtained from spacecraft radio occultation experiments and earth-based radio astronomical observations can be used to infer abundances of microwave absorbing <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> constituents in those <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>, as long as reliable information regarding the microwave absorbing properties of potential constituents is available. The key activity for this grant year has continued to be laboratory measurements of the microwave and millimeter-wave properties of the simulated <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> of the outer planets and their satellites. A Fabry-Perot spectrometer system capable of operation from 32 to 41 GHz was developed. Initially this spectrometer was used to complete laboratory measurements of the 7.5 to 9.3 mm absorption spectrum of ammonia. Laboratory measurements were begun at wavelengths near 3.2 mm, where a large number of observations of the emission from the outer planets were made. A description of this system is presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JApMe..40..586A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JApMe..40..586A"><span>Numerical Modeling of the Propagation Environment in the <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Boundary Layer over the Persian Gulf.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Atkinson, B. W.; Li, J.-G.; Plant, R. S.</p> <p>2001-03-01</p> <p>Strong vertical gradients at the top of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> boundary layer affect the propagation of electromagnetic waves and can produce radar ducts. A three-dimensional, time-dependent, nonhydrostatic numerical model was used to simulate the propagation environment in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> over the Persian Gulf when aircraft observations of ducting had been made. A division of the observations into high- and low-wind cases was used as a framework for the simulations. Three sets of simulations were conducted with initial <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of varying degrees of idealization and were compared with the observations taken in the Ship Antisubmarine Warfare Readiness/Effectiveness Measuring (SHAREM-115) program. The best results occurred with the initialization based on a sounding taken over the coast modified by the inclusion of data on low-level <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> over the Gulf waters. The development of moist, cool, stable marine internal boundary layers (MIBL) in air flowing from land over the waters of the Gulf was simulated. The MIBLs were capped by temperature inversions and associated lapses of humidity and refractivity. The low-wind MIBL was shallower and the gradients at its top were sharper than in the high-wind case, in agreement with the observations. Because it is also forced by land-sea contrasts, a sea-breeze circulation frequently occurs in association with the MIBL. The size, location, and internal structure of the sea-breeze circulation were <span class="hlt">realistically</span> simulated. The gradients of temperature and humidity that bound the MIBL cause perturbations in the refractivity distribution that, in turn, lead to trapping layers and ducts. The existence, location, and surface character of the ducts were well captured. Horizontal variations in duct characteristics due to the sea-breeze circulation were also evident. The simulations successfully distinguished between high- and low-wind occasions, a notable feature of the SHAREM-115 observations. The modeled magnitudes of duct</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011DyAtO..52..192R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011DyAtO..52..192R"><span>Oceanographic and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> on the continental shelf north of the Monterey Bay during August 2006</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ramp, Steven R.; Lermusiaux, Pierre F. J.; Shulman, Igor; Chao, Yi; Wolf, Rebecca E.; Bahr, Frederick L.</p> <p>2011-09-01</p> <p>A comprehensive data set from the ocean and <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> was obtained just north of the Monterey Bay as part of the Monterey Bay 2006 (MB06) field experiment. The wind stress, heat fluxes, and sea surface temperature were sampled by the Naval Postgraduate School's TWIN OTTER research aircraft. In situ data were collected using ships, moorings, gliders and AUVs. Four data-assimilating numerical models were additionally run, including the Coupled Ocean/<span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS ®) model for the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and the Harvard Ocean Prediction System (HOPS), the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), and the Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) for the ocean. The scientific focus of the Adaptive Sampling and Prediction Experiment (ASAP) was on the upwelling/relaxation cycle and the resulting three-dimensional coastal circulation near a coastal promontory, in this case Point Año Nuevo, CA. The emphasis of this study is on the circulation over the continental shelf as estimated from the wind forcing, two ADCP moorings, and model outputs. The wind stress during August 2006 consisted of 3-10 day upwelling favorable events separated by brief 1-3 day relaxations. During the first two weeks there was some correlation between local winds and currents and the three models' capability to reproduce the events. During the last two weeks, largely equatorward surface wind stress forced the sea surface and barotropic poleward flow occurred over the shelf, reducing model skill at predicting the circulation. The poleward flow was apparently remotely forced by mesoscale eddies and alongshore pressure gradients, which were not well simulated by the models. The small, high-resolution model domains were highly reliant on correct open boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> to drive these larger-scale poleward flows. Multiply-nested models were no more effective than well-initialized local models in this respect.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16834483','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16834483"><span>Information quantity and quality affect the <span class="hlt">realistic</span> accuracy of personality judgment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Letzring, Tera D; Wells, Shannon M; Funder, David C</p> <p>2006-07-01</p> <p>Triads of unacquainted college students interacted in 1 of 5 experimental <span class="hlt">conditions</span> that manipulated information quantity (amount of information) and information quality (relevance of information to personality), and they then made judgments of each others' personalities. To determine accuracy, the authors compared the ratings of each judge to a broad-based accuracy criterion composed of personality ratings from 3 types of knowledgeable informants (the self, real-life acquaintances, and clinician-interviewers). Results supported the hypothesis that information quantity and quality would be positively related to objective knowledge about the targets and <span class="hlt">realistic</span> accuracy. Interjudge consensus and self-other agreement followed a similar pattern. These findings are consistent with expectations based on models of the process of accurate judgment (D. C. Funder, 1995, 1999) and consensus (D. A. Kenny, 1994). Copyright 2006 APA, all rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1515842','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1515842"><span>Surprise <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Mock Disasters—The Most Effective Means of Disaster Training</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Campanale, Ralph P.</p> <p>1964-01-01</p> <p>Realism introduced in several large scale surprise mock-disaster tests proved to be a real challenge to a disaster-conscious hospital staff that had previously undergone fairly extensive disaster training and testing, utilizing conventional methods. Serious weaknesses, flaws, omissions and deficiencies in disaster capability were dramatically and conclusively revealed by use of what appeared to be a “live” disaster setting with smoke, fire, explosions; adverse weather and light <span class="hlt">conditions</span>; <span class="hlt">realistically</span>-simulated “casualites” especially prepared not only to look but to act the part; selected harassment incidents from well-documented disasters, such as utility failures, automobile accident on the main access route, overload of telephone switchboard, and invasion of hospital and disaster site by distraught relatives and the morbidly curious. Imagesp436-ap436-bp436-c PMID:14232161</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900005709','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900005709"><span>Laboratory evaluation and application of microwave absorption properties under simulated <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Steffes, Paul G.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>Radio absorptivity data for planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> obtained from spacecraft radio occultation experiments and earth-based radio astronomical observations can be used to infer abundances of microwave absorbing <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> constituents in those <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>, as long as reliable information regarding the microwave absorbing properties of potential constituents is available. Work performed has shown that laboratory measurements of the millimeter-wave opacity of ammonia between 7.5 mm and 9.3 mm and also at the 3.2 mm wavelength require a different lineshape to be used in the theoretical prediction for millimeter-wave ammonia opacity than was previously used. The recognition of the need to make such laboratory measurements of simulated planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> over a range of temperatures and pressures which correspond to the altitudes probed by both radio occultation experiments and radio astronomical observations, and over a range of frequencies which correspond to those used in both radio occultation experiments and radio astronomical observations, has led to the development of a facility at Georgia Tech which is capable of making such measurements. It has been the goal of this investigation to conduct such measurements and to apply the results to a wide range of planetary observations, both spacecraft and earth-based, in order to determine the identity and abundance profiles of constituents in those planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7840E..1BH','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7840E..1BH"><span><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> terrain visualization based on 3D virtual world technology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Huang, Fengru; Lin, Hui; Chen, Bin; Xiao, Cai</p> <p>2009-09-01</p> <p>The rapid advances in information technologies, e.g., network, graphics processing, and virtual world, have provided challenges and opportunities for new capabilities in information systems, Internet applications, and virtual geographic environments, especially geographic visualization and collaboration. In order to achieve meaningful geographic capabilities, we need to explore and understand how these technologies can be used to construct virtual geographic environments to help to engage geographic research. The generation of three-dimensional (3D) terrain plays an important part in geographical visualization, computer simulation, and virtual geographic environment applications. The paper introduces concepts and technologies of virtual worlds and virtual geographic environments, explores integration of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> terrain and other geographic objects and phenomena of natural geographic environment based on SL/OpenSim virtual world technologies. <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> 3D terrain visualization is a foundation of construction of a mirror world or a sand box model of the earth landscape and geographic environment. The capabilities of interaction and collaboration on geographic information are discussed as well. Further virtual geographic applications can be developed based on the foundation work of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> terrain visualization in virtual environments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SPIE.7840E..1BH','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SPIE.7840E..1BH"><span><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> terrain visualization based on 3D virtual world technology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Huang, Fengru; Lin, Hui; Chen, Bin; Xiao, Cai</p> <p>2010-11-01</p> <p>The rapid advances in information technologies, e.g., network, graphics processing, and virtual world, have provided challenges and opportunities for new capabilities in information systems, Internet applications, and virtual geographic environments, especially geographic visualization and collaboration. In order to achieve meaningful geographic capabilities, we need to explore and understand how these technologies can be used to construct virtual geographic environments to help to engage geographic research. The generation of three-dimensional (3D) terrain plays an important part in geographical visualization, computer simulation, and virtual geographic environment applications. The paper introduces concepts and technologies of virtual worlds and virtual geographic environments, explores integration of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> terrain and other geographic objects and phenomena of natural geographic environment based on SL/OpenSim virtual world technologies. <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> 3D terrain visualization is a foundation of construction of a mirror world or a sand box model of the earth landscape and geographic environment. The capabilities of interaction and collaboration on geographic information are discussed as well. Further virtual geographic applications can be developed based on the foundation work of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> terrain visualization in virtual environments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H23F1746C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H23F1746C"><span>The role of hydrological initial <span class="hlt">conditions</span> on <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> River floods in the Russian River basin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cao, Q.; Mehran, A.; Ralph, M.; Cannon, F.; Lettenmaier, D. P.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>A body of work over the last decade or so has demonstrated that most major floods along the U.S. West Coast are attributable to <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Rivers (ARs). Antecedent hydrological <span class="hlt">conditions</span> play an important part in the natural links between precipitation and floods, and this is especially the case in the Pacific Coastal region where precipitation is strongly winter-dominant, and many potentially flood-inducing events occur relatively early in the wet season. The Russian River Basin has these characteristics, the result of which is mostly dry soils at the onset of the fall precipitation season. There is therefore a tradeoff in terms of flood potential between the strength of AR events, and the time history of previous precipitation that has begun to wet soils and raise local water tables. In order to examine flood responses associated with varying precursor hydrological <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, we first constructed a data set of AR events that were coincident with Peaks Over Threshold (POT) extreme discharge events at selected USGS stream gauges throughout the Russian River basin. We investigated the role of antecedent soil moisture and water table <span class="hlt">conditions</span> on historical AR flooding, initially using an exploratory data analysis approach. We then implemented the Distributed Hydrology-Soil-Vegetation Model (DHSVM) over the entire basin and conducted modeling experiments for each of the POT events under climatological and extreme antecedent <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. We reconstructed climatological soil moisture by assimilating in situ observations into long-term soil moisture simulations from the UCLA Western U.S. Drought Monitoring System. We explore an envelope of frequency distributions of floods given a range of AR-related extreme precipitation and various initial hydrologic <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, which eventually should have implications for flood management decision-making.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5223734','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5223734"><span><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Affective Forecasting: The Role of Personality</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hoerger, Michael; Chapman, Ben; Duberstein, Paul</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Affective forecasting often drives decision making. Although affective forecasting research has often focused on identifying sources of error at the event level, the present investigation draws upon the ‘<span class="hlt">realistic</span> paradigm’ in seeking to identify factors that similarly influence predicted and actual emotions, explaining their concordance across individuals. We hypothesized that the personality traits neuroticism and extraversion would account for variation in both predicted and actual emotional reactions to a wide array of stimuli and events (football games, an election, Valentine’s Day, birthdays, happy/sad film clips, and an intrusive interview). As hypothesized, individuals who were more introverted and neurotic anticipated, correctly, that they would experience relatively more unpleasant emotional reactions, and those who were more extraverted and less neurotic anticipated, correctly, that they would experience relatively more pleasant emotional reactions. Personality explained 30% of the concordance between predicted and actual emotional reactions. Findings suggest three purported personality processes implicated in affective forecasting, highlight the importance of individual-differences research in this domain, and call for more research on <span class="hlt">realistic</span> affective forecasts. PMID:26212463</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26212463','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26212463"><span><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> affective forecasting: The role of personality.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hoerger, Michael; Chapman, Ben; Duberstein, Paul</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>Affective forecasting often drives decision-making. Although affective forecasting research has often focused on identifying sources of error at the event level, the present investigation draws upon the "<span class="hlt">realistic</span> paradigm" in seeking to identify factors that similarly influence predicted and actual emotions, explaining their concordance across individuals. We hypothesised that the personality traits neuroticism and extraversion would account for variation in both predicted and actual emotional reactions to a wide array of stimuli and events (football games, an election, Valentine's Day, birthdays, happy/sad film clips, and an intrusive interview). As hypothesised, individuals who were more introverted and neurotic anticipated, correctly, that they would experience relatively more unpleasant emotional reactions, and those who were more extraverted and less neurotic anticipated, correctly, that they would experience relatively more pleasant emotional reactions. Personality explained 30% of the concordance between predicted and actual emotional reactions. Findings suggest three purported personality processes implicated in affective forecasting, highlight the importance of individual-differences research in this domain, and call for more research on <span class="hlt">realistic</span> affective forecasts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ACP....15.1707B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ACP....15.1707B"><span>An attempt at estimating Paris area CO2 emissions from <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> concentration measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bréon, F. M.; Broquet, G.; Puygrenier, V.; Chevallier, F.; Xueref-Remy, I.; Ramonet, M.; Dieudonné, E.; Lopez, M.; Schmidt, M.; Perrussel, O.; Ciais, P.</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> concentration measurements are used to adjust the daily to monthly budget of fossil fuel CO2 emissions of the Paris urban area from the prior estimates established by the Airparif local air quality agency. Five <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> monitoring sites are available, including one at the top of the Eiffel Tower. The <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> inversion is based on a Bayesian approach, and relies on an <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transport model with a spatial resolution of 2 km with boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> from a global coarse grid transport model. The inversion adjusts prior knowledge about the anthropogenic and biogenic CO2 fluxes from the Airparif inventory and an ecosystem model, respectively, with corrections at a temporal resolution of 6 h, while keeping the spatial distribution from the emission inventory. These corrections are based on assumptions regarding the temporal autocorrelation of prior emissions uncertainties within the daily cycle, and from day to day. The comparison of the measurements against the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transport simulation driven by the a priori CO2 surface fluxes shows significant differences upwind of the Paris urban area, which suggests a large and uncertain contribution from distant sources and sinks to the CO2 concentration variability. This contribution advocates that the inversion should aim at minimising model-data misfits in upwind-downwind gradients rather than misfits in mole fractions at individual sites. Another conclusion of the direct model-measurement comparison is that the CO2 variability at the top of the Eiffel Tower is large and poorly represented by the model for most wind speeds and directions. The model's inability to reproduce the CO2 variability at the heart of the city makes such measurements ill-suited for the inversion. This and the need to constrain the budgets for the whole city suggests the assimilation of upwind-downwind mole fraction gradients between sites at the edge of the urban area only. The inversion significantly improves the agreement</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JAP...115b3301L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JAP...115b3301L"><span>Analysis and experimental study on formation <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of large-scale barrier-free diffuse <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pressure air plasmas in repetitive pulse mode</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Lee; Liu, Lun; Liu, Yun-Long; Bin, Yu; Ge, Ya-Feng; Lin, Fo-Chang</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> air diffuse plasmas have enormous application potential in various fields of science and technology. Without dielectric barrier, generating large-scale air diffuse plasmas is always a challenging issue. This paper discusses and analyses the formation mechanism of cold homogenous plasma. It is proposed that generating stable diffuse <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> plasmas in open air should meet the three <span class="hlt">conditions</span>: high transient power with low average power, excitation in low average E-field with locally high E-field region, and multiple overlapping electron avalanches. Accordingly, an experimental configuration of generating large-scale barrier-free diffuse air plasmas is designed. Based on runaway electron theory, a low duty-ratio, high voltage repetitive nanosecond pulse generator is chosen as a discharge excitation source. Using the wire-electrodes with small curvature radius, the gaps with highly non-uniform E-field are structured. Experimental results show that the volume-scaleable, barrier-free, homogeneous air non-thermal plasmas have been obtained between the gap spacing with the copper-wire electrodes. The area of air cold plasmas has been up to hundreds of square centimeters. The proposed formation <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of large-scale barrier-free diffuse air plasmas are proved to be reasonable and feasible.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29349880','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29349880"><span>Beyond the <span class="hlt">realist</span> turn: a socio-material analysis of heart failure self-care.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>McDougall, Allan; Kinsella, Elizabeth Anne; Goldszmidt, Mark; Harkness, Karen; Strachan, Patricia; Lingard, Lorelei</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>For patients living with chronic illnesses, self-care has been linked with positive outcomes such as decreased hospitalisation, longer lifespan, and improved quality of life. However, despite calls for more and better self-care interventions, behaviour change trials have repeatedly fallen short on demonstrating effectiveness. The literature on heart failure (HF) stands as a case in point, and a growing body of HF studies advocate <span class="hlt">realist</span> approaches to self-care research and policymaking. We label this trend the '<span class="hlt">realist</span> turn' in HF self-care. <span class="hlt">Realist</span> evaluation and <span class="hlt">realist</span> interventions emphasise that the relationship between self-care interventions and positive health outcomes is not fixed, but contingent on social context. This paper argues socio-materiality offers a productive framework to expand on the idea of social context in <span class="hlt">realist</span> accounts of HF self-care. This study draws on 10 interviews as well as researcher reflections from a larger study exploring health care teams for patients with advanced HF. Leveraging insights from actor-network theory (ANT), this study provides two rich narratives about the contextual factors that influence HF self-care. These descriptions portray not self-care contexts but self-care assemblages, which we discuss in light of socio-materiality. © 2018 Foundation for the Sociology of Health & Illness.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JApMe..34..626F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JApMe..34..626F"><span>Advanced <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Modeling for Emergency Response.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fast, Jerome D.; O'Steen, B. Lance; Addis, Robert P.</p> <p>1995-03-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> transport and diffusion models are an important part of emergency response systems for industrial facilities that have the potential to release significant quantities of toxic or radioactive material into the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. An advanced <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transport and diffusion modeling system for emergency response and environmental applications, based upon a three-dimensional mesoscale model, has been developed for the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River Site so that complex, time-dependent flow fields not explicitly measured can be routinely simulated. To overcome some of the current computational demands of mesoscale models, two operational procedures for the advanced <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transport and diffusion modeling system are described including 1) a semiprognostic calculation to produce high-resolution wind fields for local pollutant transport in the vicinity of the Savannah River Site and 2) a fully prognostic calculation to produce a regional wind field encompassing the southeastern United States for larger-scale pollutant problems. Local and regional observations and large-scale model output are used by the mesoscale model for the initial <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, lateral boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, and four-dimensional data assimilation procedure. This paper describes the current status of the modeling system and presents two case studies demonstrating the capabilities of both modes of operation. While the results from the case studies shown in this paper are preliminary and certainly not definitive, they do suggest that the mesoscale model has the potential for improving the prognostic capabilities of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> modeling for emergency response at the Savannah River Site. Long-term model evaluation will be required to determine under what <span class="hlt">conditions</span> significant forecast errors exist.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000APS..MAR.Y2004S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000APS..MAR.Y2004S"><span>Water Dimer Concentrations in The <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Saykally, R. J.</p> <p>2000-03-01</p> <p>The water dimer concentration present in water vapor under equilibrium <span class="hlt">conditions</span> is rigorously determined as a function of temperature, pressure, and relative humidity via explicit calculations of partition functions on the VRT (ASP-W) potential surface using the SWPS method. Dimer vapor fractions as large as 4.6x10*3 are calculated under tropospheric <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, and should have observable consequences on chemistry and physical properties of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. There has been much recent interest and speculation regarding possible effects of water clusters on the chemistry and radiation balance of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. For example, it has been proposed that vibrational overtones of the water dimer absorb solar radiation and account for a significant part of the *anomalous absorption* of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, although recent measurements do not support this claim. Similarly, the presence of water dimers has been predicted to accelerate the formation of acid rain, and homogeneous nucleation of raindrops. In all of these contexts, the crucial unknown is the concentration of water dimers present under the specified <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of temperature, pressure, and relative humidity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=first+AND+programs+AND+design+AND+graphic&pg=2&id=EJ854212','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=first+AND+programs+AND+design+AND+graphic&pg=2&id=EJ854212"><span>Spatial Visualization by <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> 3D Views</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Yue, Jianping</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>In this study, the popular Purdue Spatial Visualization Test-Visualization by Rotations (PSVT-R) in isometric drawings was recreated with CAD software that allows 3D solid modeling and rendering to provide more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> pictorial views. Both the original and the modified PSVT-R tests were given to students and their scores on the two tests were…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ThApC.101..121L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ThApC.101..121L"><span>Large-scale <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> associated with heavy rainfall episodes in Southeast Brazil</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lima, Kellen Carla; Satyamurty, Prakki; Fernández, Júlio Pablo Reyes</p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>Heavy rainfall events in austral summer are responsible for almost all the natural disasters in Southeast Brazil. They are mostly associated with two types of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> perturbations: Cold Front (53%) and the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (47%). The important question of what synoptic characteristics distinguish a heavy rainfall event (HRE) from a normal rainfall event (NRE) is addressed in this study. Here, the evolutions of such characteristics are identified through the anomalies with respect to climatology of the composite fields of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> variables. The anomalies associated with HRE are significantly more intense than those associated with NRE in all fundamental <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> variables such as outgoing long-wave radiation, sea-level pressure, 500-hPa geopotential, lower and upper tropospheric winds. The moisture flux convergence over Southeast Brazil in the HRE composites is 60% larger than in the NRE composites. The energetics calculations for the HRE that occurred in the beginning of February 1988 strongly suggest that the barotropic instability played an important role in the intensification of the perturbation. These results, especially the intensities of the wind, pressure anomalies, and the moisture convergence are useful for the meteorologists of the Southeast Brazil for forecasting heavy precipitation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820060025&hterms=Environmental+Chemistry&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DEnvironmental%2BChemistry','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820060025&hterms=Environmental+Chemistry&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DEnvironmental%2BChemistry"><span>Chemistry and evolution of Titan's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Strobel, D. F.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>The chemistry and evolution of Titan's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> are reviewed, in light of the scientific findings from the Voyager mission. It is argued that the present N2 <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> may be Titan's initial <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, rather than one photochemically derived from an original NH3 <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. The escape rate of hydrogen from Titan is controlled by photochemical production from hydrocarbons. CH4 is irreversibly converted to less hydrogen-rich hydrocarbons, which over geologic time accumulate on the surface to a layer thickness of about 0.5 km. Magnetospheric electrons interacting with Titan's exosphere may dissociate enough N2 into hot, escaping N atoms to remove about 0.2 of Titan's present <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> over geologic time. The energy dissipation of magnetospheric electrons exceeds solar EUV energy deposition in Titan's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> by an order of magnitude, and is the principal driver of nitrogen photochemistry. The environmental <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in Titan's upper <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> are favorable to building up complex molecules, particularly in the north polar cap region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120011952','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120011952"><span>Lidar and Electro-Optics for <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Hazard Sensing and Mitigation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Clark, Ivan O.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>This paper provides an overview of the research and development efforts of the Lidar and Electro-Optics element of NASA's Aviation Safety Program. This element is seeking to improve the understanding of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> environments encountered by aviation and to provide enhanced situation awareness for <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> hazards. The improved understanding of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> is specifically to develop sensor signatures for <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> hazards. The current emphasis is on kinetic air hazards such as turbulence, aircraft wake vortices, mountain rotors, and windshear. Additional efforts are underway to identify and quantify the hazards arising from multi-phase <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> including liquid and solid hydrometeors and volcanic ash. When the multi-phase <span class="hlt">conditions</span> act as obscurants that result in reduced visual awareness, the element seeks to mitigate the hazards associated with these diminished visual environments. The overall purpose of these efforts is to enable safety improvements for air transport class and business jet class aircraft as the transition to the Next Generation Air Transportation System occurs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16019330','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16019330"><span>Role-playing for more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> technical skills training.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nikendei, C; Zeuch, A; Dieckmann, P; Roth, C; Schäfer, S; Völkl, M; Schellberg, D; Herzog, W; Jünger, J</p> <p>2005-03-01</p> <p>Clinical skills are an important and necessary part of clinical competence. Simulation plays an important role in many fields of medical education. Although role-playing is common in communication training, there are no reports about the use of student role-plays in the training of technical clinical skills. This article describes an educational intervention with analysis of pre- and post-intervention self-selected student survey evaluations. After one term of skills training, a thorough evaluation showed that the skills-lab training did not seem very <span class="hlt">realistic</span> nor was it very demanding for trainees. To create a more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> training situation and to enhance students' involvement, case studies and role-plays with defined roles for students (i.e. intern, senior consultant) were introduced into half of the sessions. Results of the evaluation in the second term showed that sessions with role-playing were rated significantly higher than sessions without role-playing.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JCli...18.1482Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JCli...18.1482Z"><span>Explicit Convection over the Western Pacific Warm Pool in the Community <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Model.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ziemiaski, Micha Z.; Grabowski, Wojciech W.; Moncrieff, Mitchell W.</p> <p>2005-05-01</p> <p>This paper reports on the application of the cloud-resolving convection parameterization (CRCP) to the Community <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Model (CAM), the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> component of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM). The cornerstone of CRCP is the use of a two-dimensional zonally oriented cloud-system-resolving model to represent processes on mesoscales at the subgrid scale of a climate model. Herein, CRCP is applied at each climate model column over the tropical western Pacific warm pool, in a domain spanning 10°S-10°N, 150°-170°E. Results from the CRCP simulation are compared with CAM in its standard configuration.The CRCP simulation shows significant improvements of the warm pool climate. The cloud condensate distribution is much improved as well as the bias of the tropopause height. More <span class="hlt">realistic</span> structure of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) during the boreal winter and better representation of the variability of convection are evident. In particular, the diurnal cycle of precipitation has phase and amplitude in good agreement with observations. Also improved is the large-scale organization of the tropical convection, especially superclusters associated with Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO)-like systems. Location and propagation characteristics, as well as lower-tropospheric cyclonic and upper-tropospheric anticyclonic gyres, are more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> than in the standard CAM. Finally, the simulations support an analytic theory of dynamical coupling between organized convection and equatorial beta-plane vorticity dynamics associated with MJO-like systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2651027','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2651027"><span>Automatic Perceptual Color Map Generation for <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Volume Visualization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Silverstein, Jonathan C.; Parsad, Nigel M.; Tsirline, Victor</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Advances in computed tomography imaging technology and inexpensive high performance computer graphics hardware are making high-resolution, full color (24-bit) volume visualizations commonplace. However, many of the color maps used in volume rendering provide questionable value in knowledge representation and are non-perceptual thus biasing data analysis or even obscuring information. These drawbacks, coupled with our need for <span class="hlt">realistic</span> anatomical volume rendering for teaching and surgical planning, has motivated us to explore the auto-generation of color maps that combine natural colorization with the perceptual discriminating capacity of grayscale. As evidenced by the examples shown that have been created by the algorithm described, the merging of perceptually accurate and <span class="hlt">realistically</span> colorized virtual anatomy appears to insightfully interpret and impartially enhance volume rendered patient data. PMID:18430609</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28160698','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28160698"><span>How do operating <span class="hlt">conditions</span> affect As(III) removal by iron electrocoagulation?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Delaire, Caroline; Amrose, Susan; Zhang, Minghui; Hake, James; Gadgil, Ashok</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Iron electrocoagulation (Fe-EC) has been shown to effectively remove arsenic from contaminated groundwater at low cost and has the potential to improve access to safe drinking water for millions of people. Understanding how operating <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, such as the Fe dosage rate and the O 2 recharge rate, affect arsenic removal at different pH values is crucial to maximize the performance of Fe-EC under economic constraints. In this work, we improved upon an existing computational model to investigate the combined effects of pH, Fe dosage rate, and O 2 recharge rate on arsenic removal in Fe-EC. We showed that the impact of the Fe dosage rate strongly depends on pH and on the O 2 recharge rate, which has important practical implications. We identified the process limiting arsenic removal (As(III) oxidation versus As(V) adsorption) at different pH values, which allowed us to interpret the effect of operating <span class="hlt">conditions</span> on Fe-EC performance. Finally, we assessed the robustness of the trends predicted by the model, which assumes a constant pH, against lab experiments reproducing more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> where pH is allowed to drift during treatment as a result of equilibration with <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> CO 2 . Our results provide a nuanced understanding of how operating <span class="hlt">conditions</span> impact arsenic removal by Fe-EC and can inform decisions regarding the operation of this technology in a range of groundwaters. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A51P0317K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A51P0317K"><span>An ensemble Kalman filter with a high-resolution <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>-ocean coupled model for tropical cyclone forecasts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kunii, M.; Ito, K.; Wada, A.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>An ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) using a regional mesoscale <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>-ocean coupled model was developed to represent the uncertainties of sea surface temperature (SST) in ensemble data assimilation strategies. The system was evaluated through data assimilation cycle experiments over a one-month period from July to August 2014, during which a tropical cyclone as well as severe rainfall events occurred. The results showed that the data assimilation cycle with the coupled model could reproduce SST distributions <span class="hlt">realistically</span> even without updating SST and salinity during the data assimilation cycle. Therefore, <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> variables and radiation applied as a forcing to ocean models can control oceanic variables to some extent in the current data assimilation configuration. However, investigations of the forecast error covariance estimated in EnKF revealed that the correlation between <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> and oceanic variables could possibly lead to less flow-dependent error covariance for <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> variables owing to the difference in the time scales between <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> and oceanic variables. A verification of the analyses showed positive impacts of applying the ocean model to EnKF on precipitation forecasts. The use of EnKF with the coupled model system captured intensity changes of a tropical cyclone better than it did with an uncoupled <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> model, even though the impact on the track forecast was negligibly small.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..12212476P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..12212476P"><span>Thermal Conductivity of the Multicomponent Neutral <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pavlov, A. V.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Approximate expressions for the thermal conductivity coefficient of the multicomponent neutral <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> consisting of N2, O2, O, He, and H are analyzed and evaluated for the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> by comparing them with that given by the rigorous hydrodynamic theory. The new approximations of the thermal conductivity coefficients of simple gases N2, O2, O, He, and H are derived and used. It is proved that the modified Mason and Saxena approximation of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> thermal conductivity coefficient is more accurate in reproducing the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> values of the rigorous hydrodynamic thermal conductivity coefficient in comparison with those that are generally accepted in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> studies. This approximation of the thermal conductivity coefficient is recommended to use in calculations of the neutral temperature of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22894187','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22894187"><span>Nonlinear synthesis of infrasound propagation through an inhomogeneous, absorbing <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>de Groot-Hedlin, C D</p> <p>2012-08-01</p> <p>An accurate and efficient method to predict infrasound amplitudes from large explosions in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> is required for diverse source types, including bolides, volcanic eruptions, and nuclear and chemical explosions. A finite-difference, time-domain approach is developed to solve a set of nonlinear fluid dynamic equations for total pressure, temperature, and density fields rather than acoustic perturbations. Three key features for the purpose of synthesizing nonlinear infrasound propagation in <span class="hlt">realistic</span> media are that it includes gravitational terms, it allows for acoustic absorption, including molecular vibration losses at frequencies well below the molecular vibration frequencies, and the environmental models are constrained to have axial symmetry, allowing a three-dimensional simulation to be reduced to two dimensions. Numerical experiments are performed to assess the algorithm's accuracy and the effect of source amplitudes and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> variability on infrasound waveforms and shock formation. Results show that infrasound waveforms steepen and their associated spectra are shifted to higher frequencies for nonlinear sources, leading to enhanced infrasound attenuation. Results also indicate that nonlinear infrasound amplitudes depend strongly on <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> temperature and pressure variations. The solution for total field variables and insertion of gravitational terms also allows for the computation of other disturbances generated by explosions, including gravity waves.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110008217','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110008217"><span>Toward GEOS-6, A Global Cloud System Resolving <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Putman, William M.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>NASA is committed to observing and understanding the weather and climate of our home planet through the use of multi-scale modeling systems and space-based observations. Global climate models have evolved to take advantage of the influx of multi- and many-core computing technologies and the availability of large clusters of multi-core microprocessors. GEOS-6 is a next-generation cloud system resolving <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> model that will place NASA at the forefront of scientific exploration of our <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and climate. Model simulations with GEOS-6 will produce a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> representation of our <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> on the scale of typical satellite observations, bringing a visual comprehension of model results to a new level among the climate enthusiasts. In preparation for GEOS-6, the agency's flagship Earth System Modeling Framework [JDl] has been enhanced to support cutting-edge high-resolution global climate and weather simulations. Improvements include a cubed-sphere grid that exposes parallelism; a non-hydrostatic finite volume dynamical core, and algorithm designed for co-processor technologies, among others. GEOS-6 represents a fundamental advancement in the capability of global Earth system models. The ability to directly compare global simulations at the resolution of spaceborne satellite images will lead to algorithm improvements and better utilization of space-based observations within the GOES data assimilation system</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017LPICo2042.4097R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017LPICo2042.4097R"><span><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Simulations of Coronagraphic Observations with Future Space Telescopes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rizzo, M. J.; Roberge, A.; Lincowski, A. P.; Zimmerman, N. T.; Juanola-Parramon, R.; Pueyo, L.; Hu, M.; Harness, A.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>We present a framework to simulate <span class="hlt">realistic</span> observations of future space-based coronagraphic instruments. This gathers state-of-the-art scientific and instrumental expertise allowing robust characterization of future instrument concepts.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810015230','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810015230"><span>The effect of surface boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> on the climate generated by a coarse-mesh general circulation model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Cohen, C.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>A hierarchy of experiments was run, starting with an all water planet with zonally symmetric sea surface temperatures, then adding, one at a time, flat continents, mountains, surface physics, and <span class="hlt">realistic</span> sea surface temperatures. The model was run with the sun fixed at a perpetual January. Ensemble means and standard deviations were computed and the t-test was used to determine the statistical significance of the results. The addition of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> surface physics does not affect the model climatology to as large as extent as does the addition of mountains. Departures from zonal symmetry of the SST field result in a better simulation of the real <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040085393','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040085393"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Trace Gas Abundances and Stable Isotope Ratios via IR-LIF</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Blake, Geoffrey A.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>We propose to develop new technologies with support provided by PIDDP that will enable the in situ measurements of abundances and stable isotope ratios in important radiatively and biogenically active gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water, methane, nitrous oxide, and hydrogen sulfide to very high precision (0.1 per mil or better for the isotopic ratios, for example). Such measurements, impossible at present, could provide pivotal new constraints on the global (bio)geochemical budgets of these critical species, and could also be used to examine the dynamics of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transport on Mars, Titan, and other solar system bodies. We believe the combination of solid state light sources with imaging of the IR laser induced fluorescence (IR-LIF) via newly available detector arrays will make such in situ measurements possible for the first time. Even under ambient terrestrial <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, the LIF yield from vibrational excitation of species such as water and carbon dioxide should produce emission measures well in excess of ten billion photons/sec from samples volumes of order 1 c.c. These count rates can, in principle, yield detection limits into the sub-ppt range that are required for the in situ isotopic study of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> trace gases. While promising, such technologies are relatively immature, but developing rapidly, and there are a great many uncertainties regarding their applicability to in situ IR-LIF planetary studies. We therefore feel PIDDP support will be critical to developing these new tools, and propose a three-year program to combine microchip near-IR lasers with low background detection axes and state-of-the-art HgCdTe detectors developed for astronomical spectroscopy to investigate the sensitivity of IR-LIF under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> planetary <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, to optimize the optical pumping and filtering schemes for important species, and to apply the spectrometer to the non-destructive measurement of stable isotopes in a variety of test samples. These</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1044149','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1044149"><span>Remote Raman - laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) geochemical investigation under Venus <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Clegg, Sanuel M; Barefield, James E; Humphries, Seth D</p> <p>2010-12-13</p> <p>The extreme Venus surface temperatures ({approx}740 K) and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pressures ({approx}93 atm) create a challenging environment for surface missions. Scientific investigations capable of Venus geochemical observations must be completed within hours of landing before the lander will be overcome by the harsh <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. A combined remote Raman - LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) instrument is capable of accomplishing the geochemical science goals without the risks associated with collecting samples and bringing them into the lander. Wiens et al. and Sharma et al. demonstrated that both analytical techniques can be integrated into a single instrument capable of planetary missions. The focusmore » of this paper is to explore the capability to probe geologic samples with Raman - LIBS and demonstrate quantitative analysis under Venus surface <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Raman and LIBS are highly complementary analytical techniques capable of detecting both the mineralogical and geochemical composition of Venus surface materials. These techniques have the potential to profoundly increase our knowledge of the Venus surface composition, which is currently limited to geochemical data from Soviet Venera and VEGA landers that collectively suggest a surface composition that is primarily tholeiitic basaltic with some potentially more evolved compositions and, in some locations, K-rich trachyandesite. These landers were not equipped to probe the surface mineralogy as can be accomplished with Raman spectroscopy. Based on the observed compositional differences and recognizing the imprecise nature of the existing data, 15 samples were chosen to constitute a Venus-analog suite for this study, including five basalts, two each of andesites, dacites, and sulfates, and single samples of a foidite, trachyandesite, rhyolite, and basaltic trachyandesite under Venus <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. LIBS data reduction involved generating a partial least squares (PLS) model with a subset of the rock powder</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6619612-midlatitude-atmosphere-ocean-interaction-during-el-nino-part-ii-northern-hemisphere-atmosphere','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6619612-midlatitude-atmosphere-ocean-interaction-during-el-nino-part-ii-northern-hemisphere-atmosphere"><span>Midlatitude <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>-ocean interaction during El Nino. Part II. The northern hemisphere <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Alexander, M.A.</p> <p></p> <p>The influence of midlatitude air-sea interaction on the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> anomalies associated with El Nino is investigated by coupling the Community Climate Model to a mixed-layer ocean model in the North Pacific. Prescribed El Nino <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, warm sea surface temperatures (SST) in the tropical Pacific, cause a southward displacement and strengthening of the Aleutian Low. This results in enhanced (reduced) advection of cold Asian air over the west-central (northwest) Pacific and northward advection of warm air over the eastern Pacific. Allowing air-sea feedback in the North Pacific slightly modified the El Nino-induced near-surface wind, air temperature, and precipitation anomalies. The anomalousmore » cyclonic circulation over the North Pacific is more concentric and shifted slightly to the east in the coupled simulations. Air-sea feedback also damped the air temperature anomalies over most of the North Pacific and reduced the precipitation rate above the cold SST anomaly that develops in the central Pacific. The simulated North Pacific SST anomalies and the resulting Northern Hemisphere <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> anomalies are roughly one-third as large as those related to the prescribed El Nino <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in a composite of five cases. The composite geopotential height anomalies associated with changes in the North Pacific SSTs have an equivalent barotropic structure and range from -65 m to 50 m at the 200-mb level. Including air-sea feedback in the North Pacific tended to damp the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> anomalies caused by the prescribed El Nino <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in the tropical Pacific. As a result, the zonally elongated geopotential height anomalies over the West Pacific are reduced and shifted to the east. However, the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> changes associated with the North Pacific SST anomalies vary widely among the five cases.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015IAUGA..2256852W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015IAUGA..2256852W"><span>The statistical properties of vortex flows in the solar <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wedemeyer, Sven; Kato, Yoshiaki; Steiner, Oskar</p> <p>2015-08-01</p> <p>Rotating magnetic field structures associated with vortex flows on the Sun, also known as “magnetic tornadoes”, may serve as waveguides for MHD waves and transport mass and energy upwards through the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. Magnetic tornadoes may therefore potentially contribute to the heating of the upper <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> layers in quiet Sun regions.Magnetic tornadoes are observed over a large range of spatial and temporal scales in different layers in quiet Sun regions. However, their statistical properties such as size, lifetime, and rotation speed are not well understood yet because observations of these small-scale events are technically challenging and limited by the spatial and temporal resolution of current instruments. Better statistics based on a combination of high-resolution observations and state-of-the-art numerical simulations is the key to a reliable estimate of the energy input in the lower layers and of the energy deposition in the upper layers. For this purpose, we have developed a fast and reliable tool for the determination and visualization of the flow field in (observed) image sequences. This technique, which combines local correlation tracking (LCT) and line integral convolution (LIC), facilitates the detection and study of dynamic events on small scales, such as propagating waves. Here, we present statistical properties of vortex flows in different layers of the solar <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and try to give <span class="hlt">realistic</span> estimates of the energy flux which is potentially available for heating of the upper solar <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=women+AND+success+AND+business&pg=4&id=EJ397480','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=women+AND+success+AND+business&pg=4&id=EJ397480"><span>Entrepreneurial Education: A <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Alternative for Women and Minorities.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Steward, James F.; Boyd, Daniel R.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>Entrepreneurial education is a valid, <span class="hlt">realistic</span> occupational training alternative for minorities and women in business. Entrepreneurship requires that one become involved with those educational programs that contribute significantly to one's success. (Author)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70169969','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70169969"><span><span class="hlt">Conditional</span> vulnerability of plant diversity to <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> nitrogen deposition across the United States</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Simkin, Samuel M.; Allen, Edith B.; Bowman, William D.; Clark, Christopher M.; Belnap, Jayne; Brooks, Matthew L.; Cade, Brian S.; Collins, Scott L.; Geiser, Linda H.; Gilliam, Frank S.; Jovan, Sarah E.; Pardo, Linda H.; Schulz, Bethany K.; Stevens, Carly J.; Suding, Katharine N.; Throop, Heather L.; Waller, Donald M.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> nitrogen (N) deposition has been shown to decrease plant species richness along regional deposition gradients in Europe and in experimental manipulations. However, the general response of species richness to N deposition across different vegetation types, soil <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, and climates remains largely unknown even though responses may be contingent on these environmental factors. We assessed the effect of N deposition on herbaceous richness for 15,136 forest, woodland, shrubland, and grassland sites across the continental United States, to address how edaphic and climatic <span class="hlt">conditions</span> altered vulnerability to this stressor. In our dataset, with N deposition ranging from 1 to 19 kg N⋅ha−1⋅y−1, we found a unimodal relationship; richness increased at low deposition levels and decreased above 8.7 and 13.4 kg N⋅ha−1⋅y−1 in open and closed-canopy vegetation, respectively. N deposition exceeded critical loads for loss of plant species richness in 24% of 15,136 sites examined nationwide. There were negative relationships between species richness and N deposition in 36% of 44 community gradients. Vulnerability to N deposition was consistently higher in more acidic soils whereas the moderating roles of temperature and precipitation varied across scales. We demonstrate here that negative relationships between N deposition and species richness are common, albeit not universal, and that fine-scale processes can moderate vegetation responses to N deposition. Our results highlight the importance of contingent factors when estimating ecosystem vulnerability to N deposition and suggest that N deposition is affecting species richness in forested and nonforested systems across much of the continental United States.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8415996','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8415996"><span>[Investigation into the formation of proportions of "<span class="hlt">realistic</span> thinking vs magical thinking" in paranoid schizophrenia].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jarosz, M; Pankiewicz, Z; Buczek, I; Poprawska, I; Rojek, J; Zaborowski, A</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>Both magical thinking among healthy persons and magical and symbolic thinking in schizophrenia were discussed. The investigation covered 100 paranoid schizophrenics. They also underwent an examination in connection with the formation of the remaining 3 proportions. Both "<span class="hlt">realistic</span> thinking and magical thinking" scales were used. An ability to think <span class="hlt">realistically</span> was preserved, to a varying degree, in all patients, with 50% of those examined having shown an explicit or very explicit ability to follow <span class="hlt">realistic</span> thinking. The above findings deviate from a simplified cognitive model within the discussed range. It was further confirmed that <span class="hlt">realistic</span> thinking may coexist with magical thinking, and, in some cases, it concerns the same events. That type of disorders of the content of thinking are referred to as magical-<span class="hlt">realistic</span> interpenetration. The results, and particularly high coefficient of negative correlation within the scales of the examined proportions, confirm the correctness of the assumption that the investigated modes of thinking form an antithetic bipolarity of proportions, aggregating antithetic values, therefore being also complementary.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhDT.......220L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhDT.......220L"><span>Changes in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> circulation between solar maximum and minimum <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in winter and summer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lee, Jae Nyung</p> <p>2008-10-01</p> <p>Statistically significant climate responses to the solar variability are found in Northern Annular Mode (NAM) and in the tropical circulation. This study is based on the statistical analysis of numerical simulations with ModelE version of the chemistry coupled Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) general circulation model (GCM) and National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis. The low frequency large scale variability of the winter and summer circulation is described by the NAM, the leading Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) of geopotential heights. The newly defined seasonal annular modes and its dynamical significance in the stratosphere and troposphere in the GISS ModelE is shown and compared with those in the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. In the stratosphere, the summer NAM obtained from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis as well as from the ModelE simulations has the same sign throughout the northern hemisphere, but shows greater variability at low latitudes. The patterns in both analyses are consistent with the interpretation that low NAM <span class="hlt">conditions</span> represent an enhancement of the seasonal difference between the summer and the annual averages of geopotential height, temperature and velocity distributions, while the reverse holds for high NAM <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Composite analysis of high and low NAM cases in both the model and observation suggests that the summer stratosphere is more "summer-like" when the solar activity is near a maximum. This means that the zonal easterly wind flow is stronger and the temperature is higher than normal. Thus increased irradiance favors a low summer NAM. A quantitative comparison of the anti-correlation between the NAM and the solar forcing is presented in the model and in the observation, both of which show lower/higher NAM index in solar maximum/minimum <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The summer NAM in the troposphere obtained from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis has a dipolar zonal structure with maximum</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3173389','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3173389"><span>Protocol - <span class="hlt">realist</span> and meta-narrative evidence synthesis: Evolving Standards (RAMESES)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Background There is growing interest in theory-driven, qualitative and mixed-method approaches to systematic review as an alternative to (or to extend and supplement) conventional Cochrane-style reviews. These approaches offer the potential to expand the knowledge base in policy-relevant areas - for example by explaining the success, failure or mixed fortunes of complex interventions. However, the quality of such reviews can be difficult to assess. This study aims to produce methodological guidance, publication standards and training resources for those seeking to use the <span class="hlt">realist</span> and/or meta-narrative approach to systematic review. Methods/design We will: [a] collate and summarise existing literature on the principles of good practice in <span class="hlt">realist</span> and meta-narrative systematic review; [b] consider the extent to which these principles have been followed by published and in-progress reviews, thereby identifying how rigour may be lost and how existing methods could be improved; [c] using an online Delphi method with an interdisciplinary panel of experts from academia and policy, produce a draft set of methodological steps and publication standards; [d] produce training materials with learning outcomes linked to these steps; [e] pilot these standards and training materials prospectively on real reviews-in-progress, capturing methodological and other challenges as they arise; [f] synthesise expert input, evidence review and real-time problem analysis into more definitive guidance and standards; [g] disseminate outputs to audiences in academia and policy. The outputs of the study will be threefold: 1. Quality standards and methodological guidance for <span class="hlt">realist</span> and meta-narrative reviews for use by researchers, research sponsors, students and supervisors 2. A 'RAMESES' (<span class="hlt">Realist</span> and Meta-review Evidence Synthesis: Evolving Standards) statement (comparable to CONSORT or PRISMA) of publication standards for such reviews, published in an open-access academic journal. 3. A</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhDT.......232S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhDT.......232S"><span><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> micromechanical modeling and simulation of two-phase heterogeneous materials</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sreeranganathan, Arun</p> <p></p> <p>This dissertation research focuses on micromechanical modeling and simulations of two-phase heterogeneous materials exhibiting anisotropic and non-uniform microstructures with long-range spatial correlations. Completed work involves development of methodologies for <span class="hlt">realistic</span> micromechanical analyses of materials using a combination of stereological techniques, two- and three-dimensional digital image processing, and finite element based modeling tools. The methodologies are developed via its applications to two technologically important material systems, namely, discontinuously reinforced aluminum composites containing silicon carbide particles as reinforcement, and boron modified titanium alloys containing in situ formed titanium boride whiskers. Microstructural attributes such as the shape, size, volume fraction, and spatial distribution of the reinforcement phase in these materials were incorporated in the models without any simplifying assumptions. Instrumented indentation was used to determine the constitutive properties of individual microstructural phases. Micromechanical analyses were performed using <span class="hlt">realistic</span> 2D and 3D models and the results were compared with experimental data. Results indicated that 2D models fail to capture the deformation behavior of these materials and 3D analyses are required for <span class="hlt">realistic</span> simulations. The effect of clustering of silicon carbide particles and associated porosity on the mechanical response of discontinuously reinforced aluminum composites was investigated using 3D models. Parametric studies were carried out using computer simulated microstructures incorporating <span class="hlt">realistic</span> microstructural attributes. The intrinsic merit of this research is the development and integration of the required enabling techniques and methodologies for representation, modeling, and simulations of complex geometry of microstructures in two- and three-dimensional space facilitating better understanding of the effects of microstructural geometry</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1610182U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1610182U"><span>Developing a new parameterization framework for the heterogeneous ice nucleation of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> aerosol particles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ullrich, Romy; Hiranuma, Naruki; Hoose, Corinna; Möhler, Ottmar; Niemand, Monika; Steinke, Isabelle; Wagner, Robert</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>Developing a new parameterization framework for the heterogeneous ice nucleation of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> aerosol particles Ullrich, R., Hiranuma, N., Hoose, C., Möhler, O., Niemand, M., Steinke, I., Wagner, R. Aerosols of different nature induce microphysical processes of importance for the Earth's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. They affect not only directly the radiative budget, more importantly they essentially influence the formation and life cycles of clouds. Hence, aerosols and their ice nucleating ability are a fundamental input parameter for weather and climate models. During the previous years, the AIDA (Aerosol Interactions and Dynamics in the <span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span>) cloud chamber was used to extensively measure, under nearly <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, the ice nucleating properties of different aerosols. Numerous experiments were performed with a broad variety of aerosol types and under different freezing <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. A reanalysis of these experiments offers the opportunity to develop a uniform parameterization framework of ice formation for many <span class="hlt">atmospherically</span> relevant aerosols in a broad temperature and humidity range. The analysis includes both deposition nucleation and immersion freezing. The aim of this study is to develop this comprehensive parameterization for heterogeneous ice formation mainly by using the ice nucleation active site (INAS) approach. Niemand et al. (2012) already developed a temperature dependent parameterization for the INAS- density for immersion freezing on desert dust particles. In addition to a reanalysis of the ice nucleation behaviour of desert dust (Niemand et al. (2012)), volcanic ash (Steinke et al. (2010)) and organic particles (Wagner et al. (2010,2011)) this contribution will also show new results for the immersion freezing and deposition nucleation of soot aerosols. The next step will be the implementation of the parameterizations into the COSMO- ART model in order to test and demonstrate the usability of the framework. Hoose, C. and Möhler, O. (2012) Atmos</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28789081','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28789081"><span>Effect of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> anisoplanatism on earth-to-satellite time transfer over laser communication links.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Belmonte, Aniceto; Taylor, Michael T; Hollberg, Leo; Kahn, Joseph M</p> <p>2017-07-10</p> <p>The need for an accurate time reference on orbiting platforms motivates study of time transfer via free-space optical communication links. The impact of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> turbulence on earth-to-satellite optical time transfer has not been fully characterized, however. We analyze limits to two-way laser time transfer accuracy posed by anisoplanatic non-reciprocity between uplink and downlink. We show that despite limited reciprocity, two-way time transfer can still achieve sub-picosecond accuracy in <span class="hlt">realistic</span> propagation scenarios over a single satellite visibility period.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070017944','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070017944"><span><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Covariance Prediction for the Earth Science Constellation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Duncan, Matthew; Long, Anne</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>Routine satellite operations for the Earth Science Constellation (ESC) include collision risk assessment between members of the constellation and other orbiting space objects. One component of the risk assessment process is computing the collision probability between two space objects. The collision probability is computed using Monte Carlo techniques as well as by numerically integrating relative state probability density functions. Each algorithm takes as inputs state vector and state vector uncertainty information for both objects. The state vector uncertainty information is expressed in terms of a covariance matrix. The collision probability computation is only as good as the inputs. Therefore, to obtain a collision calculation that is a useful decision-making metric, <span class="hlt">realistic</span> covariance matrices must be used as inputs to the calculation. This paper describes the process used by the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center's Earth Science Mission Operations Project to generate <span class="hlt">realistic</span> covariance predictions for three of the Earth Science Constellation satellites: Aqua, Aura and Terra.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.441.1270L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.441.1270L"><span>Towards a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> population of simulated galaxy groups and clusters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Le Brun, Amandine M. C.; McCarthy, Ian G.; Schaye, Joop; Ponman, Trevor J.</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>We present a new suite of large-volume cosmological hydrodynamical simulations called cosmo-OWLS. They form an extension to the OverWhelmingly Large Simulations (OWLS) project, and have been designed to help improve our understanding of cluster astrophysics and non-linear structure formation, which are now the limiting systematic errors when using clusters as cosmological probes. Starting from identical initial <span class="hlt">conditions</span> in either the Planck or WMAP7 cosmologies, we systematically vary the most important `sub-grid' physics, including feedback from supernovae and active galactic nuclei (AGN). We compare the properties of the simulated galaxy groups and clusters to a wide range of observational data, such as X-ray luminosity and temperature, gas mass fractions, entropy and density profiles, Sunyaev-Zel'dovich flux, I-band mass-to-light ratio, dominance of the brightest cluster galaxy and central massive black hole (BH) masses, by producing synthetic observations and mimicking observational analysis techniques. These comparisons demonstrate that some AGN feedback models can produce a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> population of galaxy groups and clusters, broadly reproducing both the median trend and, for the first time, the scatter in physical properties over approximately two decades in mass (1013 M⊙ ≲ M500 ≲ 1015 M⊙) and 1.5 decades in radius (0.05 ≲ r/r500 ≲ 1.5). However, in other models, the AGN feedback is too violent (even though they reproduce the observed BH scaling relations), implying that calibration of the models is required. The production of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> populations of simulated groups and clusters, as well as models that bracket the observations, opens the door to the creation of synthetic surveys for assisting the astrophysical and cosmological interpretation of cluster surveys, as well as quantifying the impact of selection effects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015A%26A...574A..35P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015A%26A...574A..35P"><span>A non-grey analytical model for irradiated <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>. II. Analytical vs. numerical solutions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Parmentier, Vivien; Guillot, Tristan; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Marley, Mark S.</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>Context. The recent discovery and characterization of the diversity of the <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> of exoplanets and brown dwarfs calls for the development of fast and accurate analytical models. Aims: We wish to assess the goodness of the different approximations used to solve the radiative transfer problem in irradiated <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> analytically, and we aim to provide a useful tool for a fast computation of analytical temperature profiles that remains correct over a wide range of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> characteristics. Methods: We quantify the accuracy of the analytical solution derived in paper I for an irradiated, non-grey <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> by comparing it to a state-of-the-art radiative transfer model. Then, using a grid of numerical models, we calibrate the different coefficients of our analytical model for irradiated solar-composition <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> of giant exoplanets and brown dwarfs. Results: We show that the so-called Eddington approximation used to solve the angular dependency of the radiation field leads to relative errors of up to ~5% on the temperature profile. For grey or semi-grey <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> (i.e., when the visible and thermal opacities, respectively, can be considered independent of wavelength), we show that the presence of a convective zone has a limited effect on the radiative <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> above it and leads to modifications of the radiative temperature profile of approximately ~2%. However, for <span class="hlt">realistic</span> non-grey planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>, the presence of a convective zone that extends to optical depths smaller than unity can lead to changes in the radiative temperature profile on the order of 20% or more. When the convective zone is located at deeper levels (such as for strongly irradiated hot Jupiters), its effect on the radiative <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> is again on the same order (~2%) as in the semi-grey case. We show that the temperature inversion induced by a strong absorber in the optical, such as TiO or VO is mainly due to non-grey thermal effects reducing the ability of the upper</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999SPIE.3644..106B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999SPIE.3644..106B"><span>Visual difference metric for <span class="hlt">realistic</span> image synthesis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bolin, Mark R.; Meyer, Gary W.</p> <p>1999-05-01</p> <p>An accurate and efficient model of human perception has been developed to control the placement of sample in a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> image synthesis algorithm. Previous sampling techniques have sought to spread the error equally across the image plane. However, this approach neglects the fact that the renderings are intended to be displayed for a human observer. The human visual system has a varying sensitivity to error that is based upon the viewing context. This means that equivalent optical discrepancies can be very obvious in one situation and imperceptible in another. It is ultimately the perceptibility of this error that governs image quality and should be used as the basis of a sampling algorithm. This paper focuses on a simplified version of the Lubin Visual Discrimination Metric (VDM) that was developed for insertion into an image synthesis algorithm. The sampling VDM makes use of a Haar wavelet basis for the cortical transform and a less severe spatial pooling operation. The model was extended for color including the effects of chromatic aberration. Comparisons are made between the execution time and visual difference map for the original Lubin and simplified visual difference metrics. Results for the <span class="hlt">realistic</span> image synthesis algorithm are also presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110020835','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110020835"><span>Radiation-Spray Coupling for <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Flow Configurations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>El-Asrag, Hossam; Iannetti, Anthony C.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Three Large Eddy Simulations (LES) for a lean-direct injection (LDI) combustor are performed and compared. In addition to the cold flow simulation, the effect of radiation coupling with the multi-physics reactive flow is analyzed. The flame let progress variable approach is used as a subgrid combustion model combined with a stochastic subgrid model for spray atomization and an optically thin radiation model. For accurate chemistry modeling, a detailed Jet-A surrogate mechanism is utilized. To achieve <span class="hlt">realistic</span> inflow, a simple recycling technique is performed at the inflow section upstream of the swirler. Good comparison is shown with the experimental data mean and root mean square profiles. The effect of combustion is found to change the shape and size of the central recirculation zone. Radiation is found to change the spray dynamics and atomization by changing the heat release distribution and the local temperature values impacting the evaporation process. The simulation with radiation modeling shows wider range of droplet size distribution by altering the evaporation rate. The current study proves the importance of radiation modeling for accurate prediction in <span class="hlt">realistic</span> spray combustion configurations, even for low pressure systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApSS..378..540M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApSS..378..540M"><span>3-D laser confocal microscopy study of the oxidation of NdFeB magnets in <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Meakin, J. P.; Speight, J. D.; Sheridan, R. S.; Bradshaw, A.; Harris, I. R.; Williams, A. J.; Walton, A.</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>Neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) magnets are used in a number of important applications, such as generators in gearless wind turbines, motors in electric vehicles and electronic goods (e.g.- computer hard disk drives, HDD). Hydrogen can be used as a processing gas to separate and recycle scrap sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets from end-of-life products to form a powder suitable for recycling. However, the magnets are likely to have been exposed to <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> prior to processing, and any oxidation could lead to activation problems for the hydrogen decrepitation reaction. Many previous studies on the oxidation of NdFeB magnets have been performed at elevated temperatures; however, few studies have been formed under <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. In this paper a combination of 3-D laser confocal microscopy and Raman spectroscopy have been used to assess the composition, morphology and rate of oxidation/corrosion on scrap sintered NdFeB magnets. Confocal microscopy has been employed to measure the growth of surface reaction products at room temperature, immediately after exposure to air. The results showed that there was a significant height increase at the triple junctions of the Nd-rich grain boundaries. Using Raman spectroscopy, the product was shown to consist of Nd2O3 and formed only on the Nd-rich triple junctions. The diffusion coefficient of the triple junction reaction product growth at 20 °C was determined to be approximately 4 × 10-13 cm2/sec. This value is several orders of magnitude larger than values derived from the diffusion controlled oxide growth observations at elevated temperatures in the literature. This indicates that the growth of the room temperature oxidation products are likely defect enhanced processes at the NdFeB triple junctions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4823459','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4823459"><span>Searching for the mechanisms of change: a protocol for a <span class="hlt">realist</span> review of batterer treatment programmes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cheff, Rebecca; Finn, Debbie; Davloor, Whitney; O'Campo, Patricia</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Introduction Conflicting results reported by evaluations of typical batterer intervention programmes leave many judicial officials and policymakers uncertain about the best way to respond to domestic violence, and whether to recommend and fund these programmes. Traditional evaluations and systematic reviews tend to focus predominantly on whether the programmes ‘worked’ (eg, reduced recidivism) often at the exclusion of understanding for whom they may or may not have worked, under what circumstances, and why. Methods and analysis We are undertaking a <span class="hlt">realist</span> review of the batterer treatment programme literature with the aim of addressing this gap. Keeping with the goals of <span class="hlt">realist</span> review, our primary aims are to identify the theory that underlies these programmes, highlight the mechanisms that trigger changes in participant behaviour and finally explain why these programmes help some individuals reduce their use of violence and under what <span class="hlt">conditions</span> they are effective or not effective. We begin by describing the process of perpetrator treatment, and by proposing an initial theoretical model of behaviour change that will be tested by our review. We then describe the criteria for inclusion of an evaluation into the review, the search strategy we will use to identify the studies, and the plan for data extraction and analysis. Ethics and dissemination The results of this review will be written up using the RAMESES Guidelines for <span class="hlt">Realist</span> Synthesis, and disseminated through peer-reviewed publications aimed at the practitioner community as well as presented at community forums, and at violence against women conferences. Ethics approval was not needed. PMID:27053268</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1917206A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1917206A"><span>Fully kinetic 3D simulations of the Hermean magnetosphere under <span class="hlt">realistic</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>: a new approach</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Amaya, Jorge; Gonzalez-Herrero, Diego; Lembège, Bertrand; Lapenta, Giovanni</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Simulations of the magnetosphere of planets are usually performed using the MHD and the hybrid approaches. However, these two methods still rely on approximations for the computation of the pressure tensor, and require the neutrality of the plasma at every point of the domain by construction. These approximations undermine the role of electrons on the emergence of plasma features in the magnetosphere of planets. The high mobility of electrons, their characteristic time and space scales, and the lack of perfect neutrality, are the source of many observed phenomena in the magnetospheres, including the turbulence energy cascade, the magnetic reconnection, the particle acceleration in the shock front and the formation of current systems around the magnetosphere. Fully kinetic codes are extremely demanding of computing time, and have been unable to perform simulations of the full magnetosphere at the real scales of a planet with <span class="hlt">realistic</span> plasma <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. This is caused by two main reasons: 1) explicit codes must resolve the electron scales limiting the time and space discretisation, and 2) current versions of semi-implicit codes are unstable for cell sizes larger than a few Debye lengths. In this work we present new simulations performed with ECsim, an Energy Conserving semi-implicit method [1], that can overcome these two barriers. We compare the solutions obtained with ECsim with the solutions obtained by the classic semi-implicit code iPic3D [2]. The new simulations with ECsim demand a larger computational effort, but the time and space discretisations are larger than those in iPic3D allowing for a faster simulation time of the full planetary environment. The new code, ECsim, can reach a resolution allowing the capture of significant large scale physics without loosing kinetic electron information, such as wave-electron interaction and non-Maxwellian electron velocity distributions [3]. The code is able to better capture the thickness of the different boundary</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24007206','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24007206"><span>A time-responsive tool for informing policy making: rapid <span class="hlt">realist</span> review.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Saul, Jessie E; Willis, Cameron D; Bitz, Jennifer; Best, Allan</p> <p>2013-09-05</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">realist</span> synthesis attempts to provide policy makers with a transferable theory that suggests a certain program is more or less likely to work in certain respects, for particular subjects, in specific kinds of situations. Yet <span class="hlt">realist</span> reviews can require considerable and sustained investment over time, which does not always suit the time-sensitive demands of many policy decisions. 'Rapid <span class="hlt">Realist</span> Review' methodology (RRR) has been developed as a tool for applying a <span class="hlt">realist</span> approach to a knowledge synthesis process in order to produce a product that is useful to policy makers in responding to time-sensitive and/or emerging issues, while preserving the core elements of <span class="hlt">realist</span> methodology. Using examples from completed RRRs, we describe key features of the RRR methodology, the resources required, and the strengths and limitations of the process. All aspects of an RRR are guided by both a local reference group, and a group of content experts. Involvement of knowledge users and external experts ensures both the usability of the review products, as well as their links to current practice. RRRs have proven useful in providing evidence for and making explicit what is known on a given topic, as well as articulating where knowledge gaps may exist. From the RRRs completed to date, findings broadly adhere to four (often overlapping) classifications: guiding rules for policy-making; knowledge quantification (i.e., the amount of literature available that identifies context, mechanisms, and outcomes for a given topic); understanding tensions/paradoxes in the evidence base; and, reinforcing or refuting beliefs and decisions taken. 'Traditional' <span class="hlt">realist</span> reviews and RRRs have some key differences, which allow policy makers to apply each type of methodology strategically to maximize its utility within a particular local constellation of history, goals, resources, politics and environment. In particular, the RRR methodology is explicitly designed to engage knowledge users and review</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19750059055&hterms=microwaves+water+structure&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dmicrowaves%2Bwater%2Bstructure','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19750059055&hterms=microwaves+water+structure&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dmicrowaves%2Bwater%2Bstructure"><span>Microwave boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> on the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and clouds of Venus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Rossow, W. B.; Sagan, C.</p> <p>1975-01-01</p> <p>The dielectric properties of H2O/H2SO4 mixtures are deduced from the Debye equations and, for a well-mixed <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, the structure of H2O and H2O/H2SO4 clouds is calculated. Various data on the planet together set an upper limit on the mixing ratio by number for H2O of about 0.001 in the lower Venus <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, and for H2SO4 of about 0.00001. The polarization value of the real part of the refractive index of the clouds, the spectroscopic limits on the abundance of water vapor above the clouds, and the microwave data together set corresponding upper limits on H2O of approximately 0.0002 and on H2SO4 of approximately 0.000009. Upper limits on the surface density of total cloud constituents and of cloud liquid water are, respectively, about 0.1 g/sq cm and about 0.01 g/sq cm. The infrared opacities of 90 bars of CO2, together with the derived upper limits to the amounts of water vapor and liquid H2O/H2SO4, may be sufficient to explain the high surface temperatures through the greenhouse effect.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930043044&hterms=Communication+Based+Projects&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3DCommunication%2BBased%2BProjects','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930043044&hterms=Communication+Based+Projects&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3DCommunication%2BBased%2BProjects"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Visibility Monitoring for planetary optical communications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Cowles, Kelly</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Visibility Monitoring project endeavors to improve current <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> models and generate visibility statistics relevant to prospective earth-satellite optical communications systems. Three autonomous observatories are being used to measure <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> on the basis of observed starlight; these data will yield clear-sky and transmission statistics for three sites with high clear-sky probabilities. Ground-based data will be compared with satellite imagery to determine the correlation between satellite data and ground-based observations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7300E..0KC','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7300E..0KC"><span>The coupling of MATISSE and the SE-WORKBENCH: a new solution for simulating efficiently the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> radiative transfer and the sea surface radiation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cathala, Thierry; Douchin, Nicolas; Latger, Jean; Caillault, Karine; Fauqueux, Sandrine; Huet, Thierry; Lubarre, Luc; Malherbe, Claire; Rosier, Bernard; Simoneau, Pierre</p> <p>2009-05-01</p> <p>The SE-WORKBENCH workshop, also called CHORALE (French acceptation for "simulated Optronic Acoustic Radar battlefield") is used by the French DGA (MoD) and several other Defense organizations and companies all around the World to perform multi-sensors simulations. CHORALE enables the user to create virtual and <span class="hlt">realistic</span> multi spectral 3D scenes that may contain several types of target, and then generate the physical signal received by a sensor, typically an IR sensor. The SE-WORKBENCH can be used either as a collection of software modules through dedicated GUIs or as an API made of a large number of specialized toolkits. The SE-WORKBENCH is made of several functional block: one for geometrically and physically modeling the terrain and the targets, one for building the simulation scenario and one for rendering the synthetic environment, both in real and non real time. Among the modules that the modeling block is composed of, SE-<span class="hlt">ATMOSPHERE</span> is used to simulate the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of a Synthetic Environment and then to integrate the impact of these <span class="hlt">conditions</span> on a scene. This software product generates an exploitable physical <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> by the SE WORKBENCH tools generating spectral images. It relies on several external radiative transfer models such as MODTRAN V4.2 in the current version. MATISSE [4,5] is a background scene generator developed for the computation of natural background spectral radiance images and useful <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> radiative quantities (radiance and transmission along a line of sight, local illumination, solar irradiance ...). Backgrounds include <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, low and high altitude clouds, sea and land. A particular characteristic of the code is its ability to take into account <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> spatial variability (temperatures, mixing ratio, etc) along each line of sight. An Application Programming Interface (API) is included to facilitate its use in conjunction with external codes. MATISSE is currently considered as a new external radiative transfer</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016cosp...41E1090K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016cosp...41E1090K"><span>Martian <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> gravity waves simulated by a high-resolution general circulation model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kuroda, Takeshi; Yiǧit, Erdal; Medvedev, Alexander S.; Hartogh, Paul</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>Gravity waves (GWs) significantly affect temperature and wind fields in the Martian middle and upper <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. They are also one of the observational targets of the MAVEN mission. We report on the first simulations with a high-resolution general circulation model (GCM) and present a global distributions of small-scale GWs in the Martian <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. The simulated GW-induced temperature variances are in a good agreement with available radio occultation data in the lower <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> between 10 and 30 km. For the northern winter solstice, the model reveals a latitudinal asymmetry with stronger wave generation in the winter hemisphere and two distinctive sources of GWs: mountainous regions and the meandering winter polar jet. Orographic GWs are filtered upon propagating upward, and the mesosphere is primarily dominated by harmonics with faster horizontal phase velocities. Wave fluxes are directed mainly against the local wind. GW dissipation in the upper mesosphere generates a body force per unit mass of tens of m s^{-1} per Martian solar day (sol^{-1}), which tends to close the simulated jets. The results represent a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> surrogate for missing observations, which can be used for constraining GW parameterizations and validating GCMs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050111511','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050111511"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Correction of High-Spatial-Resolution Commercial Satellite Imagery Products Using MODIS <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Products</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pagnutti, Mary; Holekamp, Kara; Ryan, Robert E.; Vaughan, Ronand; Russell, Jeff; Prados, Don; Stanley, Thomas</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Remotely sensed ground reflectance is the foundation of any interoperability or change detection technique. Satellite intercomparisons and accurate vegetation indices, such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), require the generation of accurate reflectance maps (NDVI is used to describe or infer a wide variety of biophysical parameters and is defined in terms of near-infrared (NIR) and red band reflectances). Accurate reflectance-map generation from satellite imagery relies on the removal of solar and satellite geometry and of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> effects and is generally referred to as <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> correction. <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> correction of remotely sensed imagery to ground reflectance has been widely applied to a few systems only. The ability to obtain <span class="hlt">atmospherically</span> corrected imagery and products from various satellites is essential to enable widescale use of remotely sensed, multitemporal imagery for a variety of applications. An <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> correction approach derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) that can be applied to high-spatial-resolution satellite imagery under many <span class="hlt">conditions</span> was evaluated to demonstrate a reliable, effective reflectance map generation method. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29314172','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29314172"><span>Shifting mindsets: a <span class="hlt">realist</span> synthesis of evidence from self-management support training.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Davies, Freya; Wood, Fiona; Bullock, Alison; Wallace, Carolyn; Edwards, Adrian</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Accompanying the growing expectation of patient self-management is the need to ensure health care professionals (HCPs) have the required attitudes and skills to provide effective self-management support (SMS). Results from existing training interventions for HCPs in SMS have been mixed and the evidence base is weaker for certain settings, including supporting people with progressive neurological <span class="hlt">conditions</span> (PNCs). We set out to understand how training operates, and to identify barriers and facilitators to training designed to support shifts in attitudes amongst HCPs. We undertook a <span class="hlt">realist</span> literature synthesis focused on: (i) the influence of how HCPs, teams and organisations view and adopt self-management; and (ii) how SMS needs to be tailored for people with PNCs. A traditional database search strategy was used alongside citation tracking, grey literature searching and stakeholder recommendations. We supplemented PNC-specific literature with data from other long-term <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Key informant interviews and stakeholder advisory group meetings informed the synthesis process. <span class="hlt">Realist</span> context-mechanism-outcome configurations were generated and mapped onto the stages described in Mezirow's Transformative Learning Theory. Forty-four original articles were included (19 relating to PNCs), from which seven refined theories were developed. The theories identified important training elements (evidence provision, building skills and confidence, facilitating reflection and generating empathy). The significant influence of workplace factors as possible barriers or facilitators was highlighted. Embracing SMS often required challenging traditional professional role boundaries. The integration of SMS into routine care is not an automatic outcome from training. A transformative learning process is often required to trigger the necessary mindset shift. Training should focus on how individual HCPs define and value SMS and how their work context (patient group and organisational</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.B51C0574S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.B51C0574S"><span>The Significance of Land-<span class="hlt">Atmosphere</span> Processes in the Earth System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Suni, T.; Kulmala, M. T.; Guenther, A. B.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>The land-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> interface is where humans primarily operate. Humans modify the land surface in many ways that influence the fluxes of energy and trace gases between land and <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. Their emissions change the chemical composition of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and anthropogenic aerosols change the radiative balance of the globe directly by scattering sunlight back to space and indirectly by changing the properties of clouds. Feedback loops among all these processes, land, the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, and biogeochemical cycles of nutrients and trace gases extend the human influence even further. Over the last decade, the importance of land-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> processes and feedbacks in the Earth System has been shown on many levels and with multiple approaches, and a number of publications have shown the crucial role of the terrestrial ecosystems as regulators of climate [1-6]. Modellers have clearly shown the effect of missing land cover changes and other feedback processes and regional characteristics in current climate models and recommended actions to improve them [7-11]. Unprecedented insights of the long-term net impacts of aerosols on clouds and precipitation have also been provided [12-14]. Land-cover change has been emphasized with model intercomparison projects that showed that <span class="hlt">realistic</span> land-use representation was essential in land surface modelling [11, 15]. Crucially important tools in this research have been the networks of long-term flux stations and large-scale land-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> observation platforms that are also beginning to combine remote sensing techniques with ground observations [16-20]. Human influence has always been an important part of land-<span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> science but in order to respond to the new challenges of global sustainability, closer ties with social science and economics groups will be necessary to produce <span class="hlt">realistic</span> estimates of land use and anthropogenic emissions by analysing future population increase, migration patterns, food production allocation, land</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7304E..0HH','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7304E..0HH"><span>Modeling the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> chemistry of TICs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Henley, Michael V.; Burns, Douglas S.; Chynwat, Veeradej; Moore, William; Plitz, Angela; Rottmann, Shawn; Hearn, John</p> <p>2009-05-01</p> <p>An <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> chemistry model that describes the behavior and disposition of environmentally hazardous compounds discharged into the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> was coupled with the transport and diffusion model, SCIPUFF. The <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> chemistry model was developed by reducing a detailed <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> chemistry mechanism to a simple empirical effective degradation rate term (keff) that is a function of important meteorological parameters such as solar flux, temperature, and cloud cover. Empirically derived keff functions that describe the degradation of target toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) were derived by statistically analyzing data generated from the detailed chemistry mechanism run over a wide range of (typical) <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. To assess and identify areas to improve the developed <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> chemistry model, sensitivity and uncertainty analyses were performed to (1) quantify the sensitivity of the model output (TIC concentrations) with respect to changes in the input parameters and (2) improve, where necessary, the quality of the input data based on sensitivity results. The model predictions were evaluated against experimental data. Chamber data were used to remove the complexities of dispersion in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH31B2737W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH31B2737W"><span><p>Modelling Solar Energetic Particle Propagation in <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Heliospheric Solar Wind <span class="hlt">Conditions</span> Using a Combined MHD and Stochastic Differential Equation Approach</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wijsen, N.; Poedts, S.; Pomoell, J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Solar energetic particles (SEPs) are high energy particles originating from solar eruptive events. These particles can be energised at solar flare sites during magnetic reconnection events, or in shock waves propagating in front of coronal mass ejections (CMEs). These CME-driven shocks are in particular believed to act as powerful accelerators of charged particles throughout their propagation in the solar corona. After escaping from their acceleration site, SEPs propagate through the heliosphere and may eventually reach our planet where they can disrupt the microelectronics on satellites in orbit and endanger astronauts among other effects. Therefore it is of vital importance to understand and thereby build models capable of predicting the characteristics of SEP events. The propagation of SEPs in the heliosphere can be described by the time-dependent focused transport equation. This five-dimensional parabolic partial differential equation can be solved using e.g., a finite difference method or by integrating a set of corresponding first order stochastic differential equations. In this work we take the latter approach to model SEP events under different solar wind and scattering <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. The background solar wind in which the energetic particles propagate is computed using a magnetohydrodynamic model. This allows us to study the influence of different <span class="hlt">realistic</span> heliospheric configurations on SEP transport. In particular, in this study we focus on exploring the influence of high speed solar wind streams originating from coronal holes that are located close to the eruption source region on the resulting particle characteristics at Earth. Finally, we discuss our upcoming efforts towards integrating our particle propagation model with time-dependent heliospheric MHD space weather modelling.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H21A1419V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H21A1419V"><span>Toward developing more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> groundwater models using big data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vahdat Aboueshagh, H.; Tsai, F. T. C.; Bhatta, D.; Paudel, K.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Rich geological data is the backbone of developing <span class="hlt">realistic</span> groundwater models for groundwater resources management. However, constructing <span class="hlt">realistic</span> groundwater models can be challenging due to inconsistency between different sources of geological, hydrogeological and geophysical data and difficulty in processing big data to characterize the subsurface environment. This study develops a framework to utilize a big geological dataset to create a groundwater model for the Chicot Aquifer in the southwestern Louisiana, which borders on the Gulf of Mexico at south. The Chicot Aquifer is the principal source of fresh water in southwest Louisiana, underlying an area of about 9,000 square miles. Agriculture is the largest groundwater consumer in this region and overpumping has caused significant groundwater head decline and saltwater intrusion from the Gulf and deep formations. A hydrostratigraphy model was constructed using around 29,000 electrical logs and drillers' logs as well as screen lengths of pumping wells through a natural neighbor interpolation method. These sources of information have different weights in terms of accuracy and trustworthy. A data prioritization procedure was developed to filter untrustworthy log information, eliminate redundant data, and establish consensus of various lithological information. The constructed hydrostratigraphy model shows 40% sand facies, which is consistent with the well log data. The hydrostratigraphy model confirms outcrop areas of the Chicot Aquifer in the north of the study region. The aquifer sand formation is thinning eastward to merge into Atchafalaya River alluvial aquifer and coalesces to the underlying Evangeline aquifer. A grid generator was used to convert the hydrostratigraphy model into a MODFLOW grid with 57 layers. A Chicot groundwater model was constructed using the available hydrologic and hydrogeological data for 2004-2015. Pumping rates for irrigation wells were estimated using the crop type and acreage</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AmJPh..80..306W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AmJPh..80..306W"><span>Simple model to estimate the contribution of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> CO2 to the Earth's greenhouse effect</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wilson, Derrek J.; Gea-Banacloche, Julio</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>We show how the CO2 contribution to the Earth's greenhouse effect can be estimated from relatively simple physical considerations and readily available spectroscopic data. In particular, we present a calculation of the "climate sensitivity" (that is, the increase in temperature caused by a doubling of the concentration of CO2) in the absence of feedbacks. Our treatment highlights the important role played by the frequency dependence of the CO2 absorption spectrum. For pedagogical purposes, we provide two simple models to visualize different ways in which the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> might return infrared radiation back to the Earth. The more physically <span class="hlt">realistic</span> model, based on the Schwarzschild radiative transfer equations, uses as input an approximate form of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>'s temperature profile, and thus includes implicitly the effect of heat transfer mechanisms other than radiation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A13C2083V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A13C2083V"><span>Clouds and the extratropical circulation response to global warming in a hierarchy of global <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Voigt, A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Climate models project that global warming will lead to substantial changes in extratropical jet streams. Yet, many quantitative aspects of warming-induced jet stream changes remain uncertain, and recent work has indicated an important role of clouds and their radiative interactions. Here, I will investigate how cloud-radiative changes impact the zonal-mean extratropical circulation response under global warming using a hierarchy of global <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> models. I will first focus on aquaplanet setups with prescribed sea-surface temperatures (SSTs), which reproduce the model spread found in <span class="hlt">realistic</span> simulations with interactive SSTs. Simulations with two CMIP5 models MPI-ESM and IPSL-CM5A and prescribed clouds show that half of the circulation response can be attributed to cloud changes. The rise of tropical high-level clouds and the upward and poleward movement of midlatitude high-level clouds lead to poleward jet shifts. High-latitude low-level cloud changes shift the jet poleward in one model but not in the other. The impact of clouds on the jet operates via the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> radiative forcing that is created by the cloud changes and is qualitatively reproduced in a dry Held-Suarez model, although the latter is too sensitive because of its simplified treatment of diabatic processes. I will then show that the aquaplanet results also hold when the models are used in a <span class="hlt">realistic</span> setup that includes continents and seasonality. I will further juxtapose these prescribed-SST simulations with interactive-SST simulations and show that <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> and surface cloud-radiative interactions impact the jet poleward jet shifts in about equal measure. Finally, I will discuss the cloud impact on regional and seasonal circulation changes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992SurSc.266..197L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992SurSc.266..197L"><span>Field induced disintegration of glycerol solutions under vacuum and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pressure <span class="hlt">conditions</span> studied by optical microscopy and mass spectrometry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lüttgens, U.; Dülcks, Th.; Röllgen, F. W.</p> <p>1992-04-01</p> <p>The ion formation in both electrohydrodynamic (EH) and electrospray (ES) mass spectrometry (MS) is based on the electrohydrodynamic disintegration of sample solutions which are passed through a capillary biased at high potential. Vacuum is applied in EH and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pressure in ES MS. For glycerol applied as solvent in EH MS optical studies of its disintegration behavior revealed a change from axial spray modes to a rim emission mode in vacuum and a change from axial spray modes to a droplet ejection mode at <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pressure <span class="hlt">conditions</span> with increasing potential. EH MS investigations of the ion emission from only one or a few emission sites at the rim of the capillary showed a pulsed ion emission whose frequency increased with applied potential. The pulsed ion emission is attributed to an imbalance between the supply and loss of liquid at an emission site. By lowering the surface tension of glycerol with dodecyl sulfate sodium salt an increase of mass spectral ion intensity by more than one order of magnitude could be observed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EPJWC..8902001K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EPJWC..8902001K"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> monitoring and model applications at the Pierre Auger Observatory</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Keilhauer, Bianca</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>The Pierre Auger Observatory detects high-energy cosmic rays with energies above ˜1017 eV. It is built as a multi-hybrid detector measuring extensive air showers with different techniques. For the reconstruction of extensive air showers, the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> at the site of the Observatory have to be known quite well. This is particularly true for reconstructions based on data obtained by the fluorescence technique. For these data, not only the weather <span class="hlt">conditions</span> near ground are relevant, most important are altitude-dependent <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> profiles. The Pierre Auger Observatory has set up a dedicated <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> monitoring programme at the site in the Mendoza province, Argentina. Beyond this, exploratory studies were performed in Colorado, USA, for possible installations in the northern hemisphere. In recent years, the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> monitoring programme at the Pierre Auger Observatory was supplemented by applying data from <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> models. Both GDAS and HYSPLIT are developments by the US weather department NOAA and the data are freely available. GDAS is a global model of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> state parameters on a 1 degree geographical grid, based on real-time measurements and numeric weather predictions, providing a full altitude-dependent data set every 3 hours. HYSPLIT is a powerful tool to track the movement of air masses at various heights, and with it the aerosols. Combining local measurements of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> state variables and aerosol scattering with the given model data, advanced studies about <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> can be performed and high precision air shower reconstructions are achieved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010114472&hterms=by-product&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dby-product','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010114472&hterms=by-product&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dby-product"><span>Separation and <span class="hlt">Conditioning</span> of Mars <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Gases via TSA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Finn, John E.; Luna, Bernadette (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>Space and planetary exploration almost always presents interesting and unusual engineering challenges. Separations engineering for chemical processes that are critical to humans working in space is no exception. The challenges are becoming clearer as we make the transition from concepts and planning to hardware development, and as we understand better the constraints and environments in which the processes must perform. The coming decade will see a robotic Mars exploration program that has recovered from recent setbacks and is building a knowledge and technology base for human exploration. One of the missions will carry a small chemical pilot plant for demonstrating the manufacture of rocket propellants and life support consumables from the low-pressure (0.01 atm) Martian <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. By manufacturing and storing the fuel and consumables needed for human-return missions in situ, launch mass and landed mass are reduced by tons and missions become far less expensive. The front-end to the pilot plant is a solid-state <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> acquisition and separation unit based on temperature-swing adsorption (TSA). The unit produces purified and pressurized (to 1.0 atm) carbon dioxide to downstream reactors that will make methane and oxygen. The unit also produces a nitrogen-argon mixture as a valuable by-product for life support, inflatable structures, and propellant pressurization. With nighttime temperatures falling to -100 degrees C, power availability restricted to a few watts, and flawless operation critical to success, the dusty Martian surface is a difficult place to operate a remote plant. This talk will focus on how this TSA separation process is designed and implemented for this application, and how it might be used in the more distant future for human exploration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA534905','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA534905"><span><span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Fireteam Movement in Urban Environments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>00-2010 4 . TITLE AND SUBTITLE <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Fireteam Movement in Urban Environments 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER...is largely consumed by the data transfer from the GPU to the CPU of the color and stencil buffers. Since this operation would only need to be...cost is given in table 4 . Waypoints Mean Std Dev 1112 1.25ms 0.09ms 3785 4.07ms 0.20ms Table 4 : Threat Probability Model update cost (Intel Q6600</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740011321','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740011321"><span>Study of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> affecting infrared astronomical measurements at White Mountain, California</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Field, G. B.</p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>Measurements are described of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> affecting astronomical observations at White Mountain, California. Measurements were made at more than 1400 times spaced over more than 170 days at the Summit Laboratory and a small number of days at the Barcroft Laboratory. The recorded quantities were ten micron sky noise and precipitable water vapor, plus wet and dry bulb temperatures, wind speed and direction, brightness of the sky near the sun, fisheye lens photographs of the sky, description of cloud cover and other observable parameters, color photographs of air pollution astronomical seeing, and occasional determinations of the visible light brightness of the night sky. Measurements of some of these parameters have been made for over twenty years at the Barcroft and Crooked Creek Laboratories, and statistical analyses were made of them. These results and interpretations are given. The bulk of the collected data are statistically analyzed, and disposition of the detailed data is described. Most of the data are available in machine readable form. A detailed discussion of the techniques proposed for operation at White Mountain is given, showing how to cope with the mountain and climatic problems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A11C0087P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A11C0087P"><span>Perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCA) <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> formation and transport to the Arctic.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pike-thackray, C.; Selin, N. E.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) are highly persistent and toxic environmental contaminants that have been found in remote locations such as the Arctic, far from emission sources. These persistent organic pollutants are emitted directly to the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> as well as being produced by the degradation of precursor compounds in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, but recent trends towards increasing precursor emissions and decreasing direct emissions raise the importance of production in the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. Our work aims to improve understanding of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> degradation of fluorotelomer precursor compounds to form the long-chain PFCAs PFOA (C8) and PFNA (C9).Using the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> chemical transport model GEOS-Chem, which uses assimilated meteorology to simulate the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transport of trace gas species, we investigate the interaction of the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> formation of PFCAs and the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> transport of their precursor species. Our simulations are a first application of the GEOS-Chem framework to PFCA chemistry. We highlight the importance of the spatial and temporal variability of background <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> chemical <span class="hlt">conditions</span> experienced during transport. We find that yields and formation times of PFOA and PFNA respond differently and strongly to the photochemical <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, such as the abundance of NO, HO2, and other photochemical species.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=dangerous&pg=2&id=EJ1144509','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=dangerous&pg=2&id=EJ1144509"><span>Hope in Janusz Korczak's Pedagogy of <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Idealism</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Silverman, Marc</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>This article explores the approach of "<span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Idealism" to moral education developed by the humanist-progressive moral educator Janusz Korczak, and the role hope plays in it. This pair of terms seems to be an oxymoron. However, their employment is intentional and the article will demonstrate their dialectical interdependence:…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=methodological&pg=6&id=EJ1126215','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=methodological&pg=6&id=EJ1126215"><span>Using a <span class="hlt">Realist</span> Research Methodology in Policy Analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Lourie, Megan; Rata, Elizabeth</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The article describes the usefulness of a <span class="hlt">realist</span> methodology in linking sociological theory to empirically obtained data through the development of a methodological device. Three layers of analysis were integrated: 1. the findings from a case study about Maori language education in New Zealand; 2. the identification and analysis of contradictions…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20573713','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20573713"><span>Earth's earliest <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zahnle, Kevin; Schaefer, Laura; Fegley, Bruce</p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>Earth is the one known example of an inhabited planet and to current knowledge the likeliest site of the one known origin of life. Here we discuss the origin of Earth's <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and ocean and some of the environmental <span class="hlt">conditions</span> of the early Earth as they may relate to the origin of life. A key punctuating event in the narrative is the Moon-forming impact, partly because it made Earth for a short time absolutely uninhabitable, and partly because it sets the boundary <span class="hlt">conditions</span> for Earth's subsequent evolution. If life began on Earth, as opposed to having migrated here, it would have done so after the Moon-forming impact. What took place before the Moon formed determined the bulk properties of the Earth and probably determined the overall compositions and sizes of its <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> and oceans. What took place afterward animated these materials. One interesting consequence of the Moon-forming impact is that the mantle is devolatized, so that the volatiles subsequently fell out in a kind of condensation sequence. This ensures that the volatiles were concentrated toward the surface so that, for example, the oceans were likely salty from the start. We also point out that an <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> generated by impact degassing would tend to have a composition reflective of the impacting bodies (rather than the mantle), and these are almost without exception strongly reducing and volatile-rich. A consequence is that, although CO- or methane-rich <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> are not necessarily stable as steady states, they are quite likely to have existed as long-lived transients, many times. With CO comes abundant chemical energy in a metastable package, and with methane comes hydrogen cyanide and ammonia as important albeit less abundant gases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060038152&hterms=ammonia&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dammonia','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060038152&hterms=ammonia&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dammonia"><span>(abstract) Line Mixing Behavior of Hydrogen-Broadened Ammonia Under Jovian <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">Conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Spilker, Thomas R.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Laboratory spectral data reported last year have been used to investigate the line mixing behavior of hydrogen-broadened ammonia inversion lines. The data show that broadening parameters appearing in the modified Ben-Reuven opacity formalism of Berge and Gulkis (1976) cannot maintain constant values over pressure ranges that include low to moderate pressures and high pressures. Also, they cannot change drastically in value, as in the Spilker (1990) revision of the Berge and Gulkis formalism. It has long been recognized that at low pressures, less than about 1 bar of a Jovian <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> mixture, a VVW formalism yields more accurate predictions of ammonia opacity than Ben-Reuven formalisms. At higher pressures the Ben-Reuven formalisms are more accurate. Since the Ben-Reuven lineshape collapses to a VVW lineshape in the low pressure limit, this low pressure inaccuracy of the Ben-Reuven formalisms is surprising. By incorporating various behavior, a new formalism is produced that is more accurate than previous formalisms, particularly in the critical 'transition region' from 0.5 to 2 bars, and that can be used without discontinuity from pressures of zero to hundreds of bars. The new formalism will be useful in such applications as interpretation of radio astronomical and radio occultation data on giant planet <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>, and radiative transfer modeling of those <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920019261&hterms=greenhouse+effect&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dgreenhouse%2Beffect','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920019261&hterms=greenhouse+effect&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dgreenhouse%2Beffect"><span>Regional climatic effects of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> SO2 on Mars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Postawko, S. E.; Fanale, F. P.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">conditions</span> under which the valley networks on Mars may have formed remains controversial. The magnitude of an <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> greenhouse effect by an early massive CO2 <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> has recently been questioned by Kasting. Recent calculations indicate that if solar luminosity were less than about 86 percent of its current value, formation of CO2 clouds in the Martian <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> would depress the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> lapse rate and reduce the magnitude of surface warming. In light of recent revisions of magma generation on Mars during each Martian epoch, and the suggestions by Wanke et al. that the role of liquid SO2 should be more carefully explored, we have recalculated the potential greenhouse warming by <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> SO2 on Mars, with an emphasis on more localized effects. In the vicinity of an active eruption, the concentration of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> SO2 will be higher than if it is assumed that the erupted SO2 is instantaneously globally distributed. The local steady-state concentration of SO2 is a function of the rate at which it is released, its <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> lifetime, and the rate at which local winds act to disperse the SO2. We have made estimates of eruption rates, length of eruption, and dispersion rates of volcanically released SO2, for a variety of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> lifetimes of SO2 to explore the maximum regional climatic effect of SO2.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.7945D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.7945D"><span>The relative contributions of tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures and <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> internal variability to the recent global warming hiatus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Deser, Clara; Guo, Ruixia; Lehner, Flavio</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The recent slowdown in global mean surface temperature (GMST) warming during boreal winter is examined from a regional perspective using 10-member initial-<span class="hlt">condition</span> ensembles with two global coupled climate models in which observed tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies (TPAC SSTAs) and radiative forcings are specified. Both models show considerable diversity in their surface air temperature (SAT) trend patterns across the members, attesting to the importance of internal variability beyond the tropical Pacific that is superimposed upon the response to TPAC SSTA and radiative forcing. Only one model shows a close relationship between the realism of its simulated GMST trends and SAT trend patterns. In this model, Eurasian cooling plays a dominant role in determining the GMST trend amplitude, just as in nature. In the most <span class="hlt">realistic</span> member, intrinsic <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> dynamics and teleconnections forced by TPAC SSTA cause cooling over Eurasia (and North America), and contribute equally to its GMST trend.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006RScI...77a4502H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006RScI...77a4502H"><span>Lightweight dew-/frost-point hygrometer based on a surface-acoustic-wave sensor for balloon-borne <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> water vapor profile sounding</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hansford, Graeme M.; Freshwater, Ray A.; Eden, Louise; Turnbull, Katharine F. V.; Hadaway, David E.; Ostanin, Victor P.; Jones, Roderic L.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>The design of a very lightweight dew-/frost-point hygrometer for balloon-borne <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> water vapor profiling is described. The instrument is based on a surface-acoustic-wave sensor. The low instrument weight is a key feature, allowing flights on meteorological balloons which brings many more flight opportunities. The hygrometer shows consistently good performance in the troposphere and while water vapor measurements near the tropopause and in the stratosphere are possible with the current instrument, the long-time response in these regions hampers <span class="hlt">realistic</span> measurements. The excellent intrinsic sensitivity of the surface-acoustic-wave sensor should permit considerable improvement in the hygrometer performance in the very dry regions of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23750920','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23750920"><span>Depigmented skin and phantom color measurements for <span class="hlt">realistic</span> prostheses.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tanner, Paul; Leachman, Sancy; Boucher, Kenneth; Ozçelik, Tunçer Burak</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that regardless of human skin phototype, areas of depigmented skin, as seen in vitiligo, are optically indistinguishable among skin phototypes. The average of the depigmented skin measurements can be used to develop the base color of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> prostheses. Data was analyzed from 20 of 32 recruited vitiligo study participants. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurements were made from depigmented skin and adjacent pigmented skin, then compared with 66 pigmented polydimethylsiloxane phantoms to determine pigment concentrations in turbid media for making <span class="hlt">realistic</span> facial prostheses. The Area Under spectral intensity Curve (AUC) was calculated for average spectroscopy measurements of pigmented sites in relation to skin phototype (P = 0.0505) and depigmented skin in relation to skin phototype (P = 0.59). No significant relationship exists between skin phototypes and depigmented skin spectroscopy measurements. The average of the depigmented skin measurements (AUC 19,129) was the closest match to phantom 6.4 (AUC 19,162). Areas of depigmented skin are visibly indistinguishable per skin phototype, yet spectrometry shows that depigmented skin measurements varied and were unrelated to skin phototype. Possible sources of optical variation of depigmented skin include age, body site, blood flow, quantity/quality of collagen, and other chromophores. The average of all depigmented skin measurements can be used to derive the pigment composition and concentration for <span class="hlt">realistic</span> facial prostheses. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3388083','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3388083"><span>Exposure Render: An Interactive Photo-<span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Volume Rendering Framework</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kroes, Thomas; Post, Frits H.; Botha, Charl P.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The field of volume visualization has undergone rapid development during the past years, both due to advances in suitable computing hardware and due to the increasing availability of large volume datasets. Recent work has focused on increasing the visual realism in Direct Volume Rendering (DVR) by integrating a number of visually plausible but often effect-specific rendering techniques, for instance modeling of light occlusion and depth of field. Besides yielding more attractive renderings, especially the more <span class="hlt">realistic</span> lighting has a positive effect on perceptual tasks. Although these new rendering techniques yield impressive results, they exhibit limitations in terms of their exibility and their performance. Monte Carlo ray tracing (MCRT), coupled with physically based light transport, is the de-facto standard for synthesizing highly <span class="hlt">realistic</span> images in the graphics domain, although usually not from volumetric data. Due to the stochastic sampling of MCRT algorithms, numerous effects can be achieved in a relatively straight-forward fashion. For this reason, we have developed a practical framework that applies MCRT techniques also to direct volume rendering (DVR). With this work, we demonstrate that a host of <span class="hlt">realistic</span> effects, including physically based lighting, can be simulated in a generic and flexible fashion, leading to interactive DVR with improved realism. In the hope that this improved approach to DVR will see more use in practice, we have made available our framework under a permissive open source license. PMID:22768292</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28587640','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28587640"><span>Using technology to engage hospitalised patients in their care: a <span class="hlt">realist</span> review.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Roberts, Shelley; Chaboyer, Wendy; Gonzalez, Ruben; Marshall, Andrea</p> <p>2017-06-06</p> <p>Patient participation in health care is associated with improved outcomes for patients and hospitals. New technologies are creating vast potential for patients to participate in care at the bedside. Several studies have explored patient use, satisfaction and perceptions of health information technology (HIT) interventions in hospital. Understanding what works for whom, under what <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, is important when considering interventions successfully engaging patients in care. This <span class="hlt">realist</span> review aimed to determine key features of interventions using bedside technology to engage hospital patients in their care and analyse these in terms of context, mechanisms and outcomes. A <span class="hlt">realist</span> review was chosen to explain how and why complex HIT interventions work or fail within certain contexts. The review was guided by Pawson's <span class="hlt">realist</span> review methodology, involving: clarifying review scope; searching for evidence; data extraction and evidence appraisal; synthesising evidence and drawing conclusions. Author experience and an initial literature scope provided insight and review questions and theories (propositions) around why interventions worked were developed and iteratively refined. A purposive search was conducted to find evidence to support, refute or identify further propositions, which formed an explanatory model. Each study was 'mined' for evidence to further develop the propositions and model. Interactive learning was the overarching theme of studies using technology to engage patients in their care. Several propositions underpinned this, which were labelled: information sharing; self-assessment and feedback; tailored education; user-centred design; and support in use of HIT. As studies were mostly feasibility or usability studies, they reported patient-centred outcomes including patient acceptability, satisfaction and actual use of HIT interventions. For each proposition, outcomes were proposed to come about by mechanisms including improved communication, shared</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040105598','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040105598"><span>Extension of a Kolmogorov <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Turbulence Model for Time-Based Simulation Implementation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>McMinn, John D.</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>The development of any super/hypersonic aircraft requires the interaction of a wide variety of technical disciplines to maximize vehicle performance. For flight and engine control system design and development on this class of vehicle, <span class="hlt">realistic</span> mathematical simulation models of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> turbulence, including winds and the varying thermodynamic properties of the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>, are needed. A model which has been tentatively selected by a government/industry group of flight and engine/inlet controls representatives working on the High Speed Civil Transport is one based on the Kolmogorov spectrum function. This report compares the Dryden and Kolmogorov turbulence forms, and describes enhancements that add functionality to the selected Kolmogorov model. These added features are: an altitude variation of the eddy dissipation rate based on Dryden data, the mapping of the eddy dissipation rate database onto a regular latitude and longitude grid, a method to account for flight at large vehicle attitude angles, and a procedure for transitioning smoothly across turbulence segments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740012372','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740012372"><span>Interior and its implications for the <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span>. [effects of Titan interior structure on its <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> composition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lewis, J. S.</p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>The bulk composition and interior structure of Titan required to explain the presence of a substantial methane <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> are shown to imply the presence of solid CH4 - 7H2O in Titan's primitive material. Consideration of the possible composition and structure of the present <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> shows plausible grounds for considering models with total <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> pressures ranging from approximately 20 mb up to approximately 1 kb. Expectations regarding the physical state of the surface and its chemical composition are strongly <span class="hlt">conditioned</span> by the mass of <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> believed to be present. A surface of solid CH4, liquid CH4 solid, CH4 hydrate, H2O ice, aqueous NH3 solution, or even a non-surface of supercritical H2O-NH3-CH4 fluid could be rationalized.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/45778','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/45778"><span><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span> related to blowup fires</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>George M. Byram</p> <p>1954-01-01</p> <p>Occasionally a forest fire burns with an intensity that seems far out of proportion to apparent burning <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Sometimes it multiplies its rate of energy output many times in a short space of time. Although infrequent, these unusual fires have over a long period of time been responsible for the major loss of life in forest fires and a large part of the losses in...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=%22applied+engineering%22&pg=2&id=EJ829437','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=%22applied+engineering%22&pg=2&id=EJ829437"><span>A <span class="hlt">Realistic</span> Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis Project</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Muske, Kenneth R.; Myers, John A.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">realistic</span> applied chemical engineering experimental design and statistical analysis project is documented in this article. This project has been implemented as part of the professional development and applied statistics courses at Villanova University over the past five years. The novel aspects of this project are that the students are given a…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H23F1752G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H23F1752G"><span>Synoptic evolution of <span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> River landfalls in Northern California and the pre-<span class="hlt">conditioning</span> of their characteristics by the climate state</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gershunov, A.; Guirguis, K.; Shulgina, T.; Clemesha, R.; Ralph, M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Atmospheric</span> Rivers (ARs) contribute the lion's share of water resources for California, but can also cause flooding and draw heavily on emergency resources of state and local governments. Comprehensive probabilistic tools relating landfalling ARs to pre-existing weather/climate <span class="hlt">conditions</span> could be useful for subseasonal forecasting, emergency preparedness and water resource management. We examine ARs targeting the Northern California coast using long-term observations of synoptic-scale circulation, high-resolution precipitation, and a seven-decade-long catalog of AR landfalls to quantify distinct orientations of landfalling ARs. Using a probabilistic approach to relate these historic events to precursor weather patterns, we identify synoptic circulation patterns that precede AR landfalls at various lead times in the range of 0-30 days. Examination of the evolution of these precursor patterns reveals subtle but important differences in the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> states that lead to AR landfalls versus those that don't. Synoptic precursors can also differentiate between orientations of ARs at landfall, which produce rather different precipitation patterns over the region's complex topography. Moreover, low-frequency climate forcing appears to modulate the likelihood of AR landfalls, as well as their preferred orientations. These results provide a link between seasonal and subseasonal timescales and suggest a new approach toward extended-range prediction of land-falling <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> rivers and their related precipitation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AMTD....812475F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AMTD....812475F"><span>Investigation of potential interferences in the detection of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> ROx radicals by laser-induced fluorescence under dark <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fuchs, H.; Tan, Z.; Hofzumahaus, A.; Broch, S.; Dorn, H.-P.; Holland, F.; Künstler, C.; Gomm, S.; Rohrer, F.; Schrade, S.; Tillmann, R.; Wahner, A.</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>Direct detection of highly reactive, <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> hydroxyl radicals (OH) is widely accomplished by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) instruments. The technique is also suitable for the indirect measurement of HO2 and RO2 peroxy radicals by chemical conversion to OH. It requires sampling of ambient air into a low pressure cell, where OH fluorescence is detected after excitation by 308 nm laser radiation. Although the residence time of air inside the fluorescence cell is typically only on the order of milliseconds, there is potential that additional OH is internally produced, which would artificially increase the measured OH concentration. Here, we present experimental studies investigating potential interferences in the detection of OH and peroxy radicals for the LIF instruments of Forschungszentrum Jülich for nighttime <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. For laboratory experiments, the inlet of the instrument was overflown by excess synthetic air containing one or more reactants. In order to distinguish between OH produced by reactions upstream of the inlet and artificial signals produced inside the instrument, a chemical titration for OH was applied. Additional experiments were performed in the simulation chamber SAPHIR where simultaneous measurements by an open-path differential optical absorption spectrometer (DOAS) served as reference for OH to quantify potential artifacts in the LIF instrument. Experiments included the investigation of potential interferences related to the nitrate radical (NO3, N2O5), related to the ozonolysis of alkenes (ethene, propene, 1-butene, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene, α-pinene, limonene, isoprene), and the laser photolysis of acetone. Experiments studying the laser photolysis of acetone yield OH signals in the fluorescence cell, which are equivalent to 0.05 × 106 cm-3 OH for a mixing ratio of 5 ppbv acetone. Under most <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, this interference is negligible. No significant interferences were found for <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> concentrations of reactants</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AMT.....9.1431F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AMT.....9.1431F"><span>Investigation of potential interferences in the detection of <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> ROx radicals by laser-induced fluorescence under dark <span class="hlt">conditions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fuchs, Hendrik; Tan, Zhaofeng; Hofzumahaus, Andreas; Broch, Sebastian; Dorn, Hans-Peter; Holland, Frank; Künstler, Christopher; Gomm, Sebastian; Rohrer, Franz; Schrade, Stephanie; Tillmann, Ralf; Wahner, Andreas</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Direct detection of highly reactive, <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> hydroxyl radicals (OH) is widely accomplished by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) instruments. The technique is also suitable for the indirect measurement of HO2 and RO2 peroxy radicals by chemical conversion to OH. It requires sampling of ambient air into a low-pressure cell, where OH fluorescence is detected after excitation by 308 nm laser radiation. Although the residence time of air inside the fluorescence cell is typically only on the order of milliseconds, there is potential that additional OH is internally produced, which would artificially increase the measured OH concentration. Here, we present experimental studies investigating potential interferences in the detection of OH and peroxy radicals for the LIF instruments of Forschungszentrum Jülich for nighttime <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. For laboratory experiments, the inlet of the instrument was over flowed by excess synthetic air containing one or more reactants. In order to distinguish between OH produced by reactions upstream of the inlet and artificial signals produced inside the instrument, a chemical titration for OH was applied. Additional experiments were performed in the simulation chamber SAPHIR where simultaneous measurements by an open-path differential optical absorption spectrometer (DOAS) served as reference for OH to quantify potential artifacts in the LIF instrument. Experiments included the investigation of potential interferences related to the nitrate radical (NO3, N2O5), related to the ozonolysis of alkenes (ethene, propene, 1-butene, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene, α-pinene, limonene, isoprene), and the laser photolysis of acetone. Experiments studying the laser photolysis of acetone yield OH signals in the fluorescence cell, which are equivalent to 0.05 × 106 cm-3 OH for a mixing ratio of 5 ppbv acetone. Under most <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> <span class="hlt">conditions</span>, this interference is negligible. No significant interferences were found for <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> concentrations of reactants</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SPIE.8874E..0FR','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SPIE.8874E..0FR"><span>Extracting <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> turbulence and aerosol characteristics from passive imagery</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Reinhardt, Colin N.; Wayne, D.; McBryde, K.; Cauble, G.</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>Obtaining accurate, precise and timely information about the local <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> turbulence and extinction <span class="hlt">conditions</span> and aerosol/particulate content remains a difficult problem with incomplete solutions. It has important applications in areas such as optical and IR free-space communications, imaging systems performance, and the propagation of directed energy. The capability to utilize passive imaging data to extract parameters characterizing <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> turbulence and aerosol/particulate <span class="hlt">conditions</span> would represent a valuable addition to the current piecemeal toolset for <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> sensing. Our research investigates an application of fundamental results from optical turbulence theory and aerosol extinction theory combined with recent advances in image-quality-metrics (IQM) and image-quality-assessment (IQA) methods. We have developed an algorithm which extracts important parameters used for characterizing <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> turbulence and extinction along the propagation channel, such as the refractive-index structure parameter C2n , the Fried <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> coherence width r0 , and the <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> extinction coefficient βext , from passive image data. We will analyze the algorithm performance using simulations based on modeling with turbulence modulation transfer functions. An experimental field campaign was organized and data were collected from passive imaging through turbulence of Siemens star resolution targets over several short littoral paths in Point Loma, San Diego, under <span class="hlt">conditions</span> various turbulence intensities. We present initial results of the algorithm's effectiveness using this field data and compare against measurements taken concurrently with other standard <span class="hlt">atmospheric</span> characterization equipment. We also discuss some of the challenges encountered with the algorithm, tasks currently in progress, and approaches planned for improving the performance in the near future.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=customization&pg=4&id=EJ1108940','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=customization&pg=4&id=EJ1108940"><span>Critical Reflections on <span class="hlt">Realist</span> Review: Insights from Customizing the Methodology to the Needs of Participatory Research Assessment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Jagosh, Justin; Pluye, Pierre; Wong, Geoff; Cargo, Margaret; Salsberg, Jon; Bush, Paula L.; Herbert, Carol P.; Green, Lawrence W.; Greenhalgh, Trish; Macaulay, Ann C.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Realist</span> review has increased in popularity as a methodology for complex intervention assessment. Our experience suggests that the process of designing a <span class="hlt">realist</span> review requires its customization to areas under investigation. To elaborate on this idea, we first describe the logic underpinning <span class="hlt">realist</span> review and then present critical reflections on…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740019227','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740019227"><span>Detection techniques for tenuous planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hoenig, S. A.; Summerton, J. E.; Kirchner, J. D.; Allred, J. B.</p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>The development of new types of detectors for analysis of planetary <span class="hlt">atmospheres</span> is discussed. Initially, the interest was in detectors for use under partial vacuum <span class="hlt">conditions</span>; recently, the program has been extended to include detectors for use at one <span class="hlt">atmosphere</span> and adsorption systems for control and separation of gases. Results to date have included detector for O2 and H2 under partial vacuum <span class="hlt">conditions</span>. Experiments on detectors for use at high pressures began in 1966; and systems for CO, H2, and O2 were reported in 1967 and 1968. In 1968 studies began on an electrically controlled adsorbent. It was demonstrated that under proper <span class="hlt">conditions</span> a thin film of semiconductor material could be electrically cycled to absorb and desorb a specific gas. This work was extended to obtain quantitative data on the use of semiconductors as controllable adsorbents.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. Their policies may differ from this site.</div> </div><!-- container --> <footer><a id="backToTop" href="#top"> </a><nav><a id="backToTop" href="#top"> </a><ul class="links"><a id="backToTop" href="#top"> </a><li><a id="backToTop" href="#top"></a><a href="/sitemap.html">Site Map</a></li> <li><a href="/members/index.html">Members Only</a></li> <li><a href="/website-policies.html">Website Policies</a></li> <li><a href="https://doe.responsibledisclosure.com/hc/en-us" target="_blank">Vulnerability Disclosure Program</a></li> <li><a href="/contact.html">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> <div class="small">Science.gov is maintained by the U.S. Department of Energy's <a href="https://www.osti.gov/" target="_blank">Office of Scientific and Technical Information</a>, in partnership with <a href="https://www.cendi.gov/" target="_blank">CENDI</a>.</div> </nav> </footer> <script type="text/javascript"><!-- // var lastDiv = ""; function showDiv(divName) { // hide last div if (lastDiv) { document.getElementById(lastDiv).className = "hiddenDiv"; } //if value of the box is not nothing and an object with that name exists, then change the class if (divName && document.getElementById(divName)) { document.getElementById(divName).className = "visibleDiv"; lastDiv = divName; } } //--> </script> <script> /** * Function that tracks a click on an outbound link in Google Analytics. * This function takes a valid URL string as an argument, and uses that URL string * as the event label. */ var trackOutboundLink = function(url,collectionCode) { try { h = window.open(url); setTimeout(function() { ga('send', 'event', 'topic-page-click-through', collectionCode, url); }, 1000); } catch(err){} }; </script> <!-- Google Analytics --> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-1122789-34', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <!-- End Google Analytics --> <script> showDiv('page_1') </script> </body> </html>