Sample records for strong wind events

  1. The Strong Wind event of 24th January 2009 in Catalonia: a social impact analysis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Amaro, J.; Aran, M.; Barberia, L.; Llasat, M. C.

    2009-09-01

    Although strong winds are frequent in Catalonia, one of the events with the strongest impact in recent years was on January 24th 2009. An explosive cyclogenesis process took place in the Atlantic: pressure fell 30 hPa in less than 24 hours. The strong wind storm pounded the northern of Spain and the south of France with some fatalities and important economic losses in these regions. Several automatic weather stations recorded wind gusts higher than 100 km/h in Catalonia. Emergency services received more than 20.000 calls in 24 hours and there were 497 interventions in only 12 hours. As a consequence of fallen and uprooted trees railway and road infrastructures got damages and more than 30.000 customers had no electricity during 24 hours. Unfortunately there were a total of 6 fatalities, two of them because of fallen trees and the other ones when a sports centre collapsed over a group of children. In Spain, insurance policies cover damages due to strong winds when fixed thresholds are overcome and, according to the Royal Decree 300/2004 of 20th February, extraordinary risk are assumed by the Consorcio de Compensación de Seguros. Subsequently, Public Weather Services (PWS) had an increased on the number of requests received from people affected by this event and from insurance companies, for the corresponding indemnity or not. As an example, during the first month after the event, in the Servei Meteorològic de Catalunya (SMC) more than 600 requests were received only related to these damages (as an average PWS of SMC received a total of 400 requests per month). Following the research started by the Social Impact Research Group of MEDEX project, a good vulnerability indicator of a meteorological risk can be the number of requests reported. This study uses the information received in the PWS of the SMC during the six months after the event, according the criteria and methodology established in Gayà et al (2008). The objective is to compare the vulnerability with the

  2. Warm-season severe wind events in Germany

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gatzen, Christoph

    2013-04-01

    A 15-year data set of wind measurements was analyzed with regard to warm season severe wind gusts in Germany. For April to September of the years 1997 to 2011, 1035 wind measurements of 26 m/s or greater were found. These wind reports were associated with 268 wind events. In total, 252 convective wind events contributed to 837 (81%) of the wind reports, 16 non-convective synoptic-scale wind events contributed to 198 reports (19%). Severe wind events were found with synoptic situations characterized by rather strong mid-level flow and advancing mid-level troughs. Severe convective wind events were analyzed using radar images and classified with respect to the observed radar structure. The most important convective mode was squall lines that were associated with one third of all severe wind gusts, followed by groups, bow echo complexes, and bow echoes. Supercells and cells were not associated with many wind reports. The low contribution of isolated cells indicates that rather large-scale forcing by synoptic-scale features like fronts is important for German severe wind events. Bow echoes were found to be present for 58% of all wind reports. The movement speed of bow echoes indicated a large variation with a maximum speed of 33 m/s. Extreme wind events as well as events with more than 15 wind reports were found to be related to higher movement speeds. Concentrating on the most intense events, derechos seem to be very important to the warm season wind threat in Germany. Convective events with a path length of more than 400 km contributed to 36% of all warm-season wind gusts in this data set. Furthermore, eight of nine extreme gusts exceeding 40 m/s were recorded with derecho events.

  3. Strong stellar winds.

    PubMed

    Conti, P S; McCray, R

    1980-04-04

    The hottest and most luminous stars lose a substantial fraction of their mass in strong stellar winds. These winds not only affect the evolution of the star, they also carve huge expanding cavities in the surrounding interstellar medium, possibly affecting star formation. The winds are probably driven by radiation pressure, but uncertainties persist in their theoretical description. Strong x-ray sources associated with a few of these hot stars may be used to probe the stellar winds. The nature of the weak x-ray sources recently observed to be associated with many of these stars is uncertain. It is suggested that roughly 10 percent of the luminous hot stars may have as companions neutron stars or black holes orbiting within the stellar winds.

  4. Examination Of A Strong Downslope Warming Wind Event Over The Larsen Ice Shelf In Antarctica Through Modeling And Aircraft Observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Grosvenor, D. P.; Choularton, T. W.; Gallagher, M. W.; Lachlan-Cope, T. A.; King, J. C.

    2009-12-01

    The high mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) provide a climatic barrier between the west and east. The east side is generally blocked from the warmer oceanic air of the west and is consequently usually under the influence of colder continental air. On occasion, however, air from the west can cross the barrier in the form of strong winds travelling down the eastern slopes, which are also very warm and dry due to adiabatic descent. They penetrate onto the Larsen ice shelves where they lead to above zero surface temperatures and are therefore likely to encourage surface melting. Crevasse propagation due to the weight of accumulated meltwater is currently thought to have been the major factor in causing the near total disintegration of the Larsen B ice shelf in 2002. In January 2006 the British Antarctic Survey performed an aircraft flight over the Larsen C ice shelf on the east side of the AP, which sampled a strong downslope wind event. Surface flux measurements over the ice shelf suggest that the sensible heat provided by the warm jets would be likely to be negated by latent heat losses from ice ablation. The main cause of any ice melting was likely to be due to shortwave radiation input. However, the warming from the jets is still likely to be important by acting as an on/off control for melting by keeping air temperatures above zero. In addition, the dryness of the winds is likely to prevent cloud cover and thus maximize exposure of the ice shelf to solar energy input. This case study has been modeled using the WRF mesoscale model. The model reproduces the strong downslope winds seen by the aircraft with good comparisons of wind speed and temperature profiles through the wind jets. Further comparisons to surface station data have allowed progress towards achieving the best set up of the model for this case. The modeling agrees with the results of the aircraft study in suggesting that solar radiation input is likely to provide the largest amount of energy for

  5. Subtropical Dust Storms and Downslope Wind Events

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pokharel, Ashok Kumar; Kaplan, Michael L.; Fiedler, Stephanie

    2017-10-01

    We performed detailed mesoscale observational analyses and Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations to study the terrain-induced downslope winds that generated dust-emitting winds at the beginning of three strong subtropical dust storms in three distinctly different regions of North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. We revisit the Harmattan dust storm of 2 March 2004, the Saudi dust storm of 9 March 2009, and the Bodélé Depression dust storm of 8 December 2011 and use high-resolution WRF modeling to assess the dynamical processes during the onset of the storms in more depth. Our results highlight the generation of terrain-induced downslope winds in response to the transition of the atmospheric flow from a subcritical to supercritical state in all three cases. These events precede the unbalanced adjustment processes in the lee of the mountain ranges that produced larger-scale dust aerosol mobilization and transport. We see that only the higher-resolution data sets can resolve the mesoscale processes, which are mainly responsible for creating strong low-level terrain-induced downslope winds leading to the initial dust storms.

  6. Morphological response of a large-scale coastal blowout to a strong magnitude transport event

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Delgado-Fernandez, Irene; Jackson, Derek; Smith, Alexander; Smyth, Thomas

    2017-04-01

    Large-scale blowouts are fundamental features of many coastal dune fields in temperate areas around the world. These distinctive erosional (mostly unvegetated) landform features are often characterised by a significant depression area and a connected depositional lobe at their downwind edges. These areas also provide important transport corridors to inland parts of the dune system and can provide ideal habitats for specialist flora and fauna as well as helping to enhance landscape diversity. The actual morphology and shape/size of blowouts can significantly modify the overlying atmospheric boundary layer of the wind, influencing wind flow steering and intensity within the blowout, and ultimately aeolian sediment transport. While investigations of morphological changes within blowouts have largely focused on the medium (months) to long (annual/decadal) temporal scale, studies of aeolian transport dynamics within blowouts have predominantly focused on the short-term (event) scale. Work on wind-transport processes in blowouts is still relatively rare, with ad-hoc studies providing only limited information on airflow and aeolian transport. Large-scale blowouts are characterised by elongated basins that can reach hundreds of meters, potentially resulting in airflow and transport dynamics that are very different from their smaller scale counterparts. This research focuses on a short-term, strong wind event measured at the Devil's Hole blowout (Sefton dunes, NW England), a large-scale blowout feature approximately 300 m in length and 100 m in width. In situ measurements of airflow and aeolian transport were collected during a short-term experiment on the 22nd October 2015. A total of twenty three, 3D ultrasonic anemometers, sand traps, and wenglor sensors were deployed in a spatial grid covering the distal end of the basin, walls, and depositional lobe. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) was used to quantify morphological changes within the blowout before and after the

  7. Effects of Cross-axis Wind Jet Events on the Northern Red Sea Circulation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Menezes, V. V.; Bower, A. S.; Farrar, J. T.

    2016-12-01

    Despite its small size, the Red Sea has a complex circulation. There are boundary currents in both sides of the basin, a meridional overturning circulation, water mass formation in the northern part and an intense eddy activity. This complex pattern is driven by strong air-sea interactions. The Red Sea has one of the largest evaporation rates of the global oceans (2m/yr), an intricate and seasonally varying wind pattern. The winds blowing over the Northern Rea Sea (NRS, north of 20N) are predominantly southeastward along the main axis all year round; in the southern, they reverse seasonally due to the monsoonal regime. Although the winds are mostly along-axis in the NRS, several works have shown that sometimes during the boreal winter, the winds blow in a cross-axis direction. The westward winds from Saudi Arabia bring relatively cold dry air and dust from the desert, enhancing heat loss and evaporation off the Red Sea. These wind-jet events may contribute to increased eddy activity and are a trigger for water mass formation. Despite that, our knowledge about the cross-axis winds and their effect on NRS circulation is still incipient. In the present work we analyze 10-years of Quikscat scatterometer winds and altimetric sea surface height anomalies, together with 2-yrs of mooring data, to characterize the westward wind jet events and their impacts on the circulation. We show that the cross-axis winds are, indeed, an important component of the wind regime, explaining 11% of wind variability of the NRS (well-described by a 2nd EOF mode). The westward events occur predominantly in the winter, preferentially in January (about 15 events in 10-years) and have a mean duration of 4-5 days, with a maximum of 12 days (north of 22N). There are around 6 events per year, but in 2002-2003 and 2007-2008, twice more events were detected. The westward wind events are found to strongly modify the wind stress curl, causing a distinct positive/negative curl pattern along the main axis

  8. Operating wind turbines in strong wind conditions by using feedforward-feedback control

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Feng, Ju; Sheng, Wen Zhong

    2014-12-01

    Due to the increasing penetration of wind energy into power systems, it becomes critical to reduce the impact of wind energy on the stability and reliability of the overall power system. In precedent works, Shen and his co-workers developed a re-designed operation schema to run wind turbines in strong wind conditions based on optimization method and standard PI feedback control, which can prevent the typical shutdowns of wind turbines when reaching the cut-out wind speed. In this paper, a new control strategy combing the standard PI feedback control with feedforward controls using the optimization results is investigated for the operation of variable-speed pitch-regulated wind turbines in strong wind conditions. It is shown that the developed control strategy is capable of smoothening the power output of wind turbine and avoiding its sudden showdown at high wind speeds without worsening the loads on rotor and blades.

  9. Characteristic Paths of Extratropical Cyclones that Cause High Wind Events in the Northeast United States

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Booth, J. F.; Rieder, H. E.; Lee, D.; Kushnir, Y.

    2014-12-01

    This study analyzes the association between wintertime high wind events (HWEs) in the northeast United States US and extratropical cyclones. Sustained wind maxima in the Daily Summary Data from the National Climatic Data Center's Integrated Surface Database are analyzed for 1979-2012. For each station, a Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) is fit to the upper tail of the daily maximum wind speed data, and probabilistic return levels at intervals of 1, 3 and 5-years are derived from the GPD fit. At each interval, wind events meeting the return level criteria are termed HWEs. The HWEs occurring on the same day are grouped into multi-station events allowing the association with extratropical cyclones, which are tracked in the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast ERA-Interim reanalysis. Using hierarchical clustering analysis, this study finds that the HWEs are most often associated with cyclones travelling from southwest to northeast, usually originating west of the Appalachian Mountains. The results show that a storm approaching from the southwest is four times more likely to cause strong surface winds than a Nor'easter. A series of sensitivity analyses confirms the robustness of this result. Next, the relationship between the strength of the wind events and the corresponding storm minimum sea level pressure is analyzed. No robust relationship between these quantities is found for strong wind events. Nevertheless, subsequent analysis shows that a relationship between deeper storms and stronger winds emerges if the analysis is extended to the entire set of wintertime storms.

  10. Strong Winds over the Keel

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    2009-02-01

    unstable, and prone to violent outbursts, most notably the false supernova event in 1842. For just a few years, Eta Carinae became the second brightest star in the night sky and produced almost as much visible light as a supernova explosion (the usual death throes of a massive star), but it survived. Eta Carinae is also thought to have a hot companion that orbits around it in 5.54 years, in an elliptical orbit. Both stars have strong winds, which collide, leading to interesting phenomena. In mid-January 2009, the companion was at its closest distance to Eta Carinae. This event, which may provide a unique insight into the wind structure of the massive stars, has been followed by a flotilla of instruments on several of ESO's telescopes.

  11. Nearshore circulation on a sea breeze dominated beach during intense wind events

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Torres-Freyermuth, Alec; Puleo, Jack A.; DiCosmo, Nick; Allende-Arandía, Ma. Eugenia; Chardón-Maldonado, Patricia; López, José; Figueroa-Espinoza, Bernardo; de Alegria-Arzaburu, Amaia Ruiz; Figlus, Jens; Roberts Briggs, Tiffany M.; de la Roza, Jacobo; Candela, Julio

    2017-12-01

    A field experiment was conducted on the northern Yucatan coast from April 1 to April 12, 2014 to investigate the role of intense wind events on coastal circulation from the inner shelf to the swash zone. The study area is characterized by a micro-tidal environment, low-energy wave conditions, and a wide and shallow continental shelf. Furthermore, easterly trade winds, local breezes, and synoptic-scale events, associated with the passage of cold-fronts known as Nortes, are ubiquitous in this region. Currents were measured concurrently at different cross-shore locations during both local and synoptic-scale intense wind events to investigate the influence of different forcing mechanisms (i.e., large-scale currents, winds, tides, and waves) on the nearshore circulation. Field observations revealed that nearshore circulation across the shelf is predominantly alongshore-directed (westward) during intense winds. However, the mechanisms responsible for driving instantaneous spatial and temporal current variability depend on the weather conditions and the across-shelf location. During local strong sea breeze events (W > 10 m s-1 from the NE) occurring during spring tide, westward circulation is controlled by the tides, wind, and waves at the inner-shelf, shallow waters, and inside the surf/swash zone, respectively. The nearshore circulation is relaxed during intense land breeze events (W ≈ 9 m s-1 from the SE) associated with the low atmospheric pressure system that preceded a Norte event. During the Norte event (Wmax≈ 15 m s-1 from the NNW), westward circulation dominated outside the surf zone and was correlated to the Yucatan Current, whereas wave breaking forces eastward currents inside the surf/swash zone. The latter finding implies the existence of large alongshore velocity shear at the offshore edge of the surf zone during the Norte event, which enhances mixing between the surf zone and the inner shelf. These findings suggest that both sea breezes and Nortes play

  12. Modulation of equatorial Pacific westerly/easterly wind events by the Madden-Julian oscillation and convectively-coupled Rossby waves

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Puy, Martin; Vialard, J.; Lengaigne, M.; Guilyardi, E.

    2016-04-01

    Synoptic wind events in the equatorial Pacific strongly influence the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) evolution. This paper characterizes the spatio-temporal distribution of Easterly (EWEs) and Westerly Wind Events (WWEs) and quantifies their relationship with intraseasonal and interannual large-scale climate variability. We unambiguously demonstrate that the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and Convectively-coupled Rossby Waves (CRW) modulate both WWEs and EWEs occurrence probability. 86 % of WWEs occur within convective MJO and/or CRW phases and 83 % of EWEs occur within the suppressed phase of MJO and/or CRW. 41 % of WWEs and 26 % of EWEs are in particular associated with the combined occurrence of a CRW/MJO, far more than what would be expected from a random distribution (3 %). Wind events embedded within MJO phases also have a stronger impact on the ocean, due to a tendency to have a larger amplitude, zonal extent and longer duration. These findings are robust irrespective of the wind events and MJO/CRW detection methods. While WWEs and EWEs behave rather symmetrically with respect to MJO/CRW activity, the impact of ENSO on wind events is asymmetrical. The WWEs occurrence probability indeed increases when the warm pool is displaced eastward during El Niño events, an increase that can partly be related to interannual modulation of the MJO/CRW activity in the western Pacific. On the other hand, the EWEs modulation by ENSO is less robust, and strongly depends on the wind event detection method. The consequences of these results for ENSO predictability are discussed.

  13. C3Winds: A Novel 3D Wind Observing System to Characterize Severe Weather Events

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kelly, M. A.; Wu, D. L.; Yee, J. H.; Boldt, J.; Demajistre, R.; Reynolds, E.; Tripoli, G. J.; Oman, L.; Prive, N.; Heidinger, A. K.; Wanzong, S.

    2015-12-01

    The CubeSat Constellation Cloud Winds (C3Winds) is a NASA Earth Venture Instrument (EV-I) concept with the primary objective to resolve high-resolution 3D dynamic structures of severe wind events. Rapid evolution of severe weather events highlights the need for high-resolution mesoscale wind observations. Yet mesoscale observations of severe weather dynamics are quite rare, especially over the ocean where extratropical and tropical cyclones (ETCs and TCs) can undergo explosive development. Measuring wind velocity at the mesoscale from space remains a great challenge, but is critically needed to understand and improve prediction of severe weather and tropical cyclones. Based on compact, visible/IR imagers and a mature stereoscopic technique, C3Winds has the capability to measure high-resolution (~2 km) cloud motion vectors and cloud geometric heights accurately by tracking cloud features from two formation-flying CubeSats, separated by 5-15 minutes. Complementary to lidar wind measurements from space, C3Winds will provide high-resolution wind fields needed for detailed investigations of severe wind events in occluded ETCs, rotational structures inside TC eyewalls, and ozone injections associated with tropopause folding events. Built upon mature imaging technologies and long history of stereoscopic remote sensing, C3Winds provides an innovative, cost-effective solution to global wind observations with the potential for increased diurnal sampling via CubeSat constellation.

  14. Ocean-state dependency of the equatorial Pacific response to Westerly Wind Events

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Puy, martin; Lengaigne, matthieu; Madec, gurvan; Vialard, jerome; Guilyardi, eric

    2015-04-01

    Short-lived wind events in the equatorial Pacific strongly influence the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) evolution. In the first part of this study, we found in observations that both westerly wind events (WWEs) and their easterly wind events (EWEs) counterpart are unambiguously associated with increased Madden Julian oscillation and atmospheric equatorial Rossby waves activity, i.e. that the atmospheric state influences the occurrence probability of WWEs. In the second part, we investigate how the oceanic state modulates the response to these WWEs by applying the same WWE forcing over a interannually-varying ocean state in an OGCM simulation. We find that the amplitude of the SST response, both at the warm pool eastern edge and in the eastern Pacific, can vary by a factor of up to two depending on the ocean state. The sea level and current response are also clearly modulated, with varying contributions of the second and third baroclinic modes depending on the oceanic stratification. We will discuss the mechanisms by which the oceanic state modulates the response to the WWE, and how this could contribute to their impact on ENSO

  15. On the analysis of an extreme Bora wind event over the northern Adriatic Sea

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Colucci, R. R.; Pucillo, A.

    2010-09-01

    On 10th March 2010 a severe Bora wind event affected the Friuli Venezia Giulia region, northeastern Italy, in particular the gulf of Trieste area (northern Adriatic Sea). Such event has been driven by a widespread westward moving cold pool aloft, coming from the Western Asia, that brought an intense potential vorticity anomaly over the western Mediterranean Sea. It determined a deep cyclogenesis involving all the troposphere. The pressure gradient force in the lowest layers forced a northeastern wind to blow with noticeable strength over the gulf of Trieste area and the Karstic region. The mean ground wind velocity has reached values above 27 m/s (about 100 km/h) for several hours, and maximum gusts exceeded 42 m/s (about 150 km/h) over Trieste town. The northeastern sector of the Adriatic Sea is frequently affected by strong Bora events in particular during the winter semester. This is a characteristic local wind mostly influenced by the orography of the Karstic relieves to the east of Trieste town. The target of this work is to assess the climatological relevance of such an event by comparing it with the most representative events of the past. It has been possible thanks to the long term archive of meteorological observations in Trieste site (I.R. Accademia di Commercio e Nautica, Regio Comitato Talassografico Italiano, Ministero dell'Agricoltura e Foreste, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche): we have found out that this is one of the ten strongest Bora event along the 1871-2010 period. Considerations about the trend and frequency of severe Bora events have been proposed.

  16. STRONG SOLAR WIND DYNAMIC PRESSURE PULSES: INTERPLANETARY SOURCES AND THEIR IMPACTS ON GEOSYNCHRONOUS MAGNETIC FIELDS

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Zuo, Pingbing; Feng, Xueshang; Wang, Yi

    In this investigation, we first present a statistical result of the interplanetary sources of very strong solar wind dynamic pressure pulses (DPPs) detected by WIND during solar cycle 23. It is found that the vast majority of strong DPPs reside within solar wind disturbances. Although the variabilities of geosynchronous magnetic fields (GMFs) due to the impact of positive DPPs have been well established, there appears to be no systematic investigations on the response of GMFs to negative DPPs. Here, we study both the decompression effects of very strong negative DPPs and the compression from strong positive DPPs on GMFs atmore » different magnetic local time sectors. In response to the decompression of strong negative DPPs, GMFs on the dayside near dawn and near dusk on the nightside, are generally depressed. But near the midnight region, the responses of GMF are very diverse, being either positive or negative. For part of the events when GOES is located at the midnight sector, the GMF is found to abnormally increase as the result of magnetospheric decompression caused by negative DPPs. It is known that under certain conditions magnetic depression of nightside GMFs can be caused by the impact of positive DPPs. Here, we find that a stronger pressure enhancement may have a higher probability of producing the exceptional depression of GMF at the midnight region. Statistically, both the decompression effect of strong negative DPPs and the compression effect of strong positive DPPs depend on the magnetic local time, which are stronger at the noon sector.« less

  17. Analysis of wind and wave events at the MIZ based on TerraSAR-X satellite images

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gebhardt, Claus; Bidlot, Jean-Raymond; Jacobsen, Sven; Lehner, Susanne; Pleskachevsky, Andrey; Singha, Suman

    2017-04-01

    The seasonal opening-up of large expanses of open water in the Beaufort/Chukchi Sea is a phenomenon observed in recent years. The diameter of the open-water area is on the order of 1000 km around the sea ice minimum in summer. Thus, wind events in the area are accompanied by the build-up of sea waves. Significant wave heights of few to several meters may be reached. Under low to moderate winds, the morphology of the MIZ is governed by oceanic forcing. As a result, the MIZ resembles ocean circulation features such as eddies, meanders, etc.. In the case of strong wind events, however, the wind forcing may gain control. We analyse effects related to wind and wave events at the MIZ using TerraSAR-X satellite imagery. Methods such as the retrieval of sea state and wind data by empirical algorithms and automatic sea ice classification are applied. This is facilitated by a series of TerraSAR-X images acquired in support of a cruise of the research vessel R/V Sikuliaq in the Beaufort/Chukchi Sea in autumn 2015. For selected images, the results are presented and compared to numerical model forecasts which were as well part of the cruise support.

  18. The synoptic- and planetary-scale environments associated with significant 1000-hPa geostrophic wind events along the Beaufort Sea coast

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cooke, Melanie

    The substantial interannual variability and the observed warming trend of the Beaufort Sea region are important motivators for the study of regional climate and weather there. In an attempt to further our understanding of strong wind events, which can drive sea ice dynamics and storm surges, their characteristic environments at the synoptic and planetary scales are defined and analysed using global reanalysis data. A dependency on an enhanced or suppressed Aleutian low is found. This produces either a strong southeasterly or north-westerly 1000-hPa geostrophic wind event. The characteristic mid-tropospheric patterns for these two distinct event types show similarities to the positive and negative Pacific/North American teleconnection patterns, but their correlations have yet to be assessed.

  19. On the association between the recent episode of the quasi-biennial oscillation and the strong El Niño event

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Varotsos, Costas A.; Sarlis, Nikos V.; Efstathiou, Maria

    2017-07-01

    Since February 2016, the equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in zonal wind of the lower stratosphere exhibited anomalous behavior. In more detail, it broke down from its typical pattern and the eastward stratospheric winds unexpectedly reversed to a westward direction. We herewith attempt to detect whether this unprecedented event could be considered as a result of plausible long-range correlations in the QBO temporal evolution. The analyses performed using all the available QBO data sets showed that such an interpretation could not be inferred, because the temporal evolution of the equatorial zonal wind in the lower stratosphere does not exhibit power-law behavior. Further, the natural time analysis of the QBO data indicates precursory behavior before the maximization of the zonal wind velocity and that the recent strong El Niño event might be related with the aforementioned unprecedented behavior.

  20. The Seasonal Predictability of Extreme Wind Events in the Southwest United States

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Seastrand, Simona Renee

    Extreme wind events are a common phenomenon in the Southwest United States. Entities such as the United States Air Force (USAF) find the Southwest appealing for many reasons, primarily for the an expansive, unpopulated, and electronically unpolluted space for large-scale training and testing. However, wind events can cause hazards for the USAF including: surface wind gusts can impact the take-off and landing of all aircraft, can tip the airframes of large wing-surface aircraft during the performance of maneuvers close to the ground, and can even impact weapons systems. This dissertation is comprised of three sections intended to further our knowledge and understanding of wind events in the Southwest. The first section builds a climatology of wind events for seven locations in the Southwest during the twelve 3-month seasons of the year. The first section further examines the wind events in relation to terrain and the large-scale flow of the atmosphere. The second section builds upon the first by taking the wind events and generating mid-level composites for each of the twelve 3-month seasons. In the third section, teleconnections identified as consistent with the large-scale circulation in the second paper were used as predictor variables to build a Poisson regression model for each of the twelve 3-month seasons. The purpose of this research is to increase our understanding of the climatology of extreme wind events, increase our understanding of how the large-scale circulation influences extreme wind events, and create a model to enhance predictability of extreme wind events in the Southwest. Knowledge from this paper will help protect personnel and property associated with not only the USAF, but all those in the Southwest.

  1. The Solar Wind Depletion (SWD) event of 26 April 1999: Triggering of an auroral pseudobreakup event

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Zhou, X.; Tsurutani, B.; Gonzalez, W.

    2000-01-01

    The interplanetary solar wind depletion (SWD) event of 26 April 1999 and its magnetospheric consequences are examined. The SWD event is characterized by a solar wind density decrease from [similar to] 3.0 to 0.7 cm(sup -3) leading to a solar wind ram pressure decrease from [similar to] 2.0 to 0.2 nPa. This SWD onset is followed by a dipolarization of nightside magnetospheric fields.

  2. Observation and Simulation of Daytime Strong Winds on Northern Slopes of Himalayas, near Mount Everest

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fanglin, S.; Ma, Y.; Hu, Z.; Tartari, G.; Salerno, F.; Gerken, T.; Bonasoni, P.; Cristofanelli, P.; Vuillermoz, E.

    2017-12-01

    The seasonal variability of strong daytime winds in a northern Himalayan valley, and their relationship with the synoptic circulation was examined using in-situ meteorological data from 2006 and numerical simulations. Meteorological observations were focused on the downwind Rongbuk valley, on the northern side of the Himalayas (4270 m a.s.l.), where a wind profile radar was available. In 2006, strong daytime wind conditions during the non-monsoon and monsoon (May 21 through the earlier October) periods were characterized by strong southwesterly and southeasterly winds, respectively. Numerical simulations were performed to investigate the mechanism causing these daytime strong winds using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model. We found that during the non-monsoon season, the strong winds are produced by downwards momentum transport from the westerly winds aloft, while those during the monsoon season are driven by the inflow into the Arun Valley east of Mt.Everest. The air in the Arun Valley is found colder than the air outside in daytime. This thermal difference between the air in Arun Valley and Repu Valley (including QOMS) can explain the formation of the strong daytime southeasterly wind at QOMS in monsoon season. While in non-monsoon, due to the westerly wind associated with the STJ, the colder air from Arun Valley is confined below the ridge.

  3. Contribution of strong discontinuities to the power spectrum of the solar wind.

    PubMed

    Borovsky, Joseph E

    2010-09-10

    Eight and a half years of magnetic field measurements (2(22) samples) from the ACE spacecraft in the solar wind at 1 A.U. are analyzed. Strong (large-rotation-angle) discontinuities in the solar wind are collected and measured. An artificial time series is created that preserves the timing and amplitudes of the discontinuities. The power spectral density of the discontinuity series is calculated and compared with the power spectral density of the solar-wind magnetic field. The strong discontinuities produce a power-law spectrum in the "inertial subrange" with a spectral index near the Kolmogorov -5/3 index. The discontinuity spectrum contains about half of the power of the full solar-wind magnetic field over this "inertial subrange." Warnings are issued about the significant contribution of discontinuities to the spectrum of the solar wind, complicating interpretation of spectral power and spectral indices.

  4. Coupling between strong warm ENSO events and the phase of the stratospheric QBO.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Christiansen, Bo

    2017-04-01

    Although there in general are no significant long-term correlations between the QBO and the ENSO in observations we find that the QBO and the ENSO were aligned in the 3 to 4 years after the three strong warm ENSO events in 1982, 1997, and 2015. We study this possible connection between the QBO and the ENSO with a new version of the EC-Earth model which includes non-orographic gravity waves and a well modeled QBO. We analyze the modeled QBO in ensembles consisting of 10 AMIP-type experiments with climatological SSTs and 10 experiments with observed daily SSTs. The model experiments cover the period 1982-2013. For the ENSO we use the multivariate index (MEI). As expected the coherence is strong and statistically significant in the equatorial troposphere in the ensemble with observed SSTs. Here the coherence is a measure of the alignment of the ensemble members. In the ensemble with observed SSTs we find a strong and significant alignment of the ensemble members in the equatorial stratospheric winds in the 2 to 4 years after the strong ENSO event in 1997. This alignment also includes the observed QBO. No such alignment is found in the ensemble with climatological SSTs. These results indicate that strong warm ENSO events can directly influence the phase of the QBO. An open and maybe related question is what caused the anomalous QBO in 2016. This behaviour, which is unprecedented in the 50-60 years with data, has been described as a hiccup or a death-spiral. At least it is clear that in the last 18 months the QBO has been stuck in the same corner of the phase-space spanned by its two leading principal components. The possible connection to the ENSO will be investigated.

  5. Strong influence of westerly wind bursts on El Niño diversity

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, Dake; Lian, Tao; Fu, Congbin; Cane, Mark A.; Tang, Youmin; Murtugudde, Raghu; Song, Xunshu; Wu, Qiaoyan; Zhou, Lei

    2015-05-01

    Despite the tremendous progress in the theory, observation and prediction of El Niño over the past three decades, the classification of El Niño diversity and the genesis of such diversity are still debated. This uncertainty renders El Niño prediction a continuously challenging task, as manifested by the absence of the large warm event in 2014 that was expected by many. We propose a unified perspective on El Niño diversity as well as its causes, and support our view with a fuzzy clustering analysis and model experiments. Specifically, the interannual variability of sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific Ocean can generally be classified into three warm patterns and one cold pattern, which together constitute a canonical cycle of El Niño/La Niña and its different flavours. Although the genesis of the canonical cycle can be readily explained by classic theories, we suggest that the asymmetry, irregularity and extremes of El Niño result from westerly wind bursts, a type of state-dependent atmospheric perturbation in the equatorial Pacific. Westerly wind bursts strongly affect El Niño but not La Niña because of their unidirectional nature. We conclude that properly accounting for the interplay between the canonical cycle and westerly wind bursts may improve El Niño prediction.

  6. Wave Tank Studies of Strong Modulation of Wind Ripples Due To Long Waves

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ermakov, S.; Sergievskaya, I.; Shchegolkov, Yu.

    Modulation of wind capillary-gravity ripples due to long waves has been studied in wave tank experiment at low wind speeds using Ka-band radar. The experiments were carried out both for clean water and the water surface covered with surfactant films. It is obtained that the modulation of radar signals is quite strong and can increase with surfactant concentration and fetch. It is shown that the hydrodynamic Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) calculated for free wind ripples and taking into account the kinematic (straining) effect, variations of the wind stress and variations of surfactant concentration strongly underestimates experimental MTF-values. The effect of strong modulation is assumed to be connected with nonlinear harmonics of longer dm-cm- scale waves - bound waves ("parasitic ripples"). The intensity of bound waves depends strongly on the amplitude of decimetre-scale waves, therefore even weak modulation of the dm-scale waves due to long waves results to strong ("cascade") modulation of bound waves. Modulation of the system of "free/bound waves" is estimated using results of wave tank studies of bound waves generation and is shown to be in quali- tative agreement with experiment. This work was supported by MOD, UK via DERA Winfrith (Project ISTC 1774P) and by RFBR (Project 02-05-65102).

  7. Identifying "Carrington Events" in Solar, Solar Wind, and Magnetospheric Data

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Russell, C. T.; Riley, P.; Luhmann, J. G.; Lai, H.

    2016-12-01

    Extreme space weather begins when extraordinary levels of stored magnetic energy in the photosphere rapidly destabilizes. This destabilization generally releases a rapidly expelled plasma and magnetic flux rope. Large fluxes of highly relativistic particles signal the event and at Earth precede the expelled flux rope. The most recent such solar event did not encounter the Earth, but was recorded by STEREO A on July 23, 2012. The energy density in the relativistic particles that preceded the rapidly expanding magnetic cloud was so intense that the compression front expanded with a sub fast mode speed (i.e. `subsonically') and the compression front became a slow mode wave. The peak magnetic field in the rope was 109 nT, larger than any previously reported field at 1 AU in the solar wind. An equally fast disturbance left the Sun on September 1, 1859, and caused intense induced currents when it reached the Earth. It is likely that at least some of the magnetospheric currents were caused by the accompanying magnetic cloud, but magnetospheric diagnostics were scarce during this event. This first space weather event became the defining occurrence of extreme space weather. A second modern event not generally recognized as "Carrington" class, but arguably super-Carrington, arrived on August 4, 1972. Between the Apollo 16 and 17 missions. It was a strong producer of geomagnetic induced currents, but produced only a weak ring current, possibly because the part of the magnetic cloud in contact with the Earth had a polarity that did not couple the solar wind momentum flux to the magnetosphere. The pressure wave reached 1 AU in the shortest time of any recorded solar event and brought an energetic particle flux that would have harmed the astronauts had they been in space. To identify which solar events are capable of producing the most extreme space weather events, we must identify those that are expelled toward the Earth at the highest speeds. How these events manifest their

  8. Strong Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Pulses during Solar Cycle 23 and Their Impacts on Geosynchronous Magnetic Fields

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zuo, P.

    2015-12-01

    Solar wind dynamic pressure pulse (DPP) structures, across which the dynamic pressure abruptly changes over timescales from a few seconds to several minutes, are often observed in the near-Earth space environment. In this investigation, we first present a statistical study on the properties of strong dynamic pressure pulses in the solar wind during solar cycle 23. It is found that overwhelming majority of DPPs are associated with the solar wind disturbances including the CME-related flows, the corotating interaction regions, as well as the complex ejecta. The annual variations of the averaged occurrence rate of DPPs are roughly in phase with the solar activities. Although the variabilities of geosynchronous magnetic fields (GMFs) due to the impact of positive DPPs have been well established, there appears no systematic investigations on the response of GMFs to negative DPPs. Here we also study the decompression/compression effects of very strong negative/positive DPPs on GMFs under northward IMFs. In response to the decompression of strong negative DPPs, GMFs on dayside, near the dawn and dusk on nightside are generally depressed. But near the midnight region, the responses of GMF are very diverse, being either positive or negative. For part of events when GOES is located at the midnight sector, GMF is found to abnormally increase as the result of magnetospheric decompression caused by negative DPPs. It is known that on certain conditions magnetic depression of nightside GMFs can be caused by the impact of positive DPPs. Here we found that, a stronger pressure enhancement may have a higher probability of producing the exceptional depression of GMF at midnight region. Statistically, both the decompression effect of strong negative DPPs and the compression effect of strong positive DPPs depend on the magnetic local time, being stronger at the noon sector.

  9. Counterstreaming solar wind halo electron events on open field lines?

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gosling, J. T.; Mccomas, D. J.; Phillips, J. L.

    1992-01-01

    Counterstreaming solar wind halo electron events have been identified as a common 1 AU signature of coronal mass ejection events, and have generally been interpreted as indicative of closed magnetic field topologies, i.e., magnetic loops or flux ropes rooted at both ends in the Sun, or detached plasmoids. In this paper we examine the possibility that these events may instead occur preferentially on open field lines, and that counterstreaming results from reflection or injection behind interplanetary shocks or from mirroring from regions of compressed magnetic field farther out in the heliosphere. We conclude that neither of these suggested sources of counterstreaming electron beams is viable and that the best interpretation of observed counterstreaming electron events in the solar wind remains that of passage of closed field structures.

  10. Statistical characterization of wind-wave induced sediment resuspension events in shallow tidal basins

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    D'Alpaos, A.; Carniello, L.; Rinaldo, A.

    2013-12-01

    Wind-wave induced erosion processes play a critical role on the morphodynamic evolution of shallow tidal landscapes. Both in the horizontal and in the vertical planes, patterns of wind-induced bottom shear stresses contribute to control the morphological and biological features of the tidal landscape, through the erosion of tidal-flat surfaces and of salt-marsh margins, the disruption of the polymeric microphytobenthic biofilm, and the increase in suspended sediment concentration which affects the stability of intertidal ecosystems. Towards the goal of developing a synthetic theoretical framework to represent wind wave-induced resuspension events and account for their erosional effects on the long-term biomorphodynamic evolution of tidal systems, we have employed a complete, coupled finite element model accounting for the role of wind waves and tidal currents on the hydrodynamic circulation in shallow basins. Our analysis of the characteristics of combined current and wave-induced exceedances in bottom shear stress over a given threshold for erosion, suggest that wind wave-induced resuspension events can be modeled as a marked Poisson process. Moreover, the analysis of wind-wave induced resuspension events for different historical configurations of the Venice Lagoon shows that the interarrival times of erosion events have decreased through the last two centuries, whereas the intensities of erosion events have increased. This allows us to characterize the threatening erosion and degradation processes that the Venice Lagoon has been experiencing since the beginning of the last century.

  11. A Numerical Model Study of Nocturnal Drainage Flows with Strong Wind and Temperature Gradients.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yamada, T.; Bunker, S.

    1989-07-01

    A second-moment turbulence-closure model described in Yamada and Bunker is used to simulate nocturnal drainage flows observed during the 1984 ASCOT field expedition in Brush Creek, Colorado. In order to simulate the observed strong wind directional shear and temperature gradients, two modifications are added to the model. The strong wind directional shear was maintained by introducing a `nudging' term in the equation of motion to guide the modeled winds in the layers above the ridge top toward the observed wind direction. The second modification was accomplished by reformulating the conservation equation for the potential temperature in such a way that only the deviation from the horizontally averaged value was prognostically computed.The vegetation distribution used in this study is undoubtedly crude. Nevertheless, the present simulation suggests that tall tree canopy can play an important role in producing inhomogeneous wind distribution, particularly in the levels below the canopy top.

  12. An extreme wind erosion event of the fresh Eyjafjallajökull 2010 volcanic ash

    PubMed Central

    Arnalds, Olafur; Thorarinsdottir, Elin Fjola; Thorsson, Johann; Waldhauserova, Pavla Dagsson; Agustsdottir, Anna Maria

    2013-01-01

    Volcanic eruptions can generate widespread deposits of ash that are subsequently subjected to erosive forces which causes detrimental effects on ecosystems. We measured wind erosion of the freshly deposited Eyjafjallajökull ash at a field site the first summer after the 2010 eruption. Over 30 wind erosion events occurred (June-October) at wind speeds > 10 m s−1 in each storm with gusts up to 38.7 m s−1. Surface transport over one m wide transect (surface to 150 cm height) reached > 11,800 kg m−1 during the most intense storm event with a rate of 1,440 kg m−1 hr−1 for about 6½ hrs. This storm is among the most extreme wind erosion events recorded on Earth. The Eyjafjallajökull wind erosion storms caused dust emissions extending several hundred km from the volcano affecting both air quality and ecosystems showing how wind erosion of freshly deposited ash prolongs impacts of volcanic eruptions. PMID:23409248

  13. An extreme wind erosion event of the fresh Eyjafjallajökull 2010 volcanic ash.

    PubMed

    Arnalds, Olafur; Thorarinsdottir, Elin Fjola; Thorsson, Johann; Waldhauserova, Pavla Dagsson; Agustsdottir, Anna Maria

    2013-01-01

    Volcanic eruptions can generate widespread deposits of ash that are subsequently subjected to erosive forces which causes detrimental effects on ecosystems. We measured wind erosion of the freshly deposited Eyjafjallajökull ash at a field site the first summer after the 2010 eruption. Over 30 wind erosion events occurred (June-October) at wind speeds > 10 m s(-1) in each storm with gusts up to 38.7 m s(-1). Surface transport over one m wide transect (surface to 150 cm height) reached > 11,800 kg m(-1) during the most intense storm event with a rate of 1,440 kg m(-1) hr(-1) for about 6½ hrs. This storm is among the most extreme wind erosion events recorded on Earth. The Eyjafjallajökull wind erosion storms caused dust emissions extending several hundred km from the volcano affecting both air quality and ecosystems showing how wind erosion of freshly deposited ash prolongs impacts of volcanic eruptions.

  14. Shapes of strong shock fronts in an inhomogeneous solar wind

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Heinemann, M. A.; Siscoe, G. L.

    1974-01-01

    The shapes expected for solar-flare-produced strong shock fronts in the solar wind have been calculated, large-scale variations in the ambient medium being taken into account. It has been shown that for reasonable ambient solar wind conditions the mean and the standard deviation of the east-west shock normal angle are in agreement with experimental observations including shocks of all strengths. The results further suggest that near a high-speed stream it is difficult to distinguish between corotating shocks and flare-associated shocks on the basis of the shock normal alone. Although the calculated shapes are outside the range of validity of the linear approximation, these results indicate that the variations in the ambient solar wind may account for large deviations of shock normals from the radial direction.

  15. Wireless AE Event and Environmental Monitoring for Wind Turbine Blades at Low Sampling Rates

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bouzid, Omar M.; Tian, Gui Y.; Cumanan, K.; Neasham, J.

    Integration of acoustic wireless technology in structural health monitoring (SHM) applications introduces new challenges due to requirements of high sampling rates, additional communication bandwidth, memory space, and power resources. In order to circumvent these challenges, this chapter proposes a novel solution through building a wireless SHM technique in conjunction with acoustic emission (AE) with field deployment on the structure of a wind turbine. This solution requires a low sampling rate which is lower than the Nyquist rate. In addition, features extracted from aliased AE signals instead of reconstructing the original signals on-board the wireless nodes are exploited to monitor AE events, such as wind, rain, strong hail, and bird strike in different environmental conditions in conjunction with artificial AE sources. Time feature extraction algorithm, in addition to the principal component analysis (PCA) method, is used to extract and classify the relevant information, which in turn is used to classify or recognise a testing condition that is represented by the response signals. This proposed novel technique yields a significant data reduction during the monitoring process of wind turbine blades.

  16. Research on Condition Assessment Method of Transmission Tower Under the Action of Strong Wind

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Huang, Ren-mou; An, Li-qiang; Zhang, Rong-lun; Wu, Jiong; Liang, Ya-feng

    2018-03-01

    Transmission towers are often subjected to the external damage of severe weather like strong wind and so on, which may cause the collapse due to the yield and fracture of the tower material. Aiming this issue, an assessment method was proposed in this paper to assess the operation condition of transmission towers under strong wind. With a reasonable assess index system established firstly, then the internal force of the tower material was solved and its stability was determined through the mechanical analysis of the transmission tower finite element model. Meanwhile, the condition risk level of the tower was finally determined by considering the difference among the influences of other factors like corrosion and loose of members, slope on the transmission tower through the analytic hierarchy process. The assessment method was applied to assess the wind-induced collapse of towers in 110kV Bao Yi II line in Wenchang City, Hainan Province, of which the result proves the method can assess the condition of transmission tower under strong wind and of guiding significance for improving the windproof capability of transmission towers.

  17. CubeSat Constellation Cloud Winds(C3Winds) A New Wind Observing System to Study Mesoscale Cloud Dynamics and Processes

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Wu, D. L.; Kelly, M.A.; Yee, J.-H.; Boldt, J.; Demajistre, R.; Reynolds, E. L.; Tripoli, G. J.; Oman, L. D.; Prive, N.; Heidinger, A. K.; hide

    2016-01-01

    The CubeSat Constellation Cloud Winds (C3Winds) is a NASA Earth Venture Instrument (EV-I) concept with the primary objective to better understand mesoscale dynamics and their structures in severe weather systems. With potential catastrophic damage and loss of life, strong extratropical and tropical cyclones (ETCs and TCs) have profound three-dimensional impacts on the atmospheric dynamic and thermodynamic structures, producing complex cloud precipitation patterns, strong low-level winds, extensive tropopause folds, and intense stratosphere-troposphere exchange. Employing a compact, stereo IR-visible imaging technique from two formation-flying CubeSats, C3Winds seeks to measure and map high-resolution (2 km) cloud motion vectors (CMVs) and cloud geometric height (CGH) accurately by tracking cloud features within 5-15 min. Complementary to lidar wind observations from space, the high-resolution wind fields from C3Winds will allow detailed investigations on strong low-level wind formation in an occluded ETC development, structural variations of TC inner-core rotation, and impacts of tropopause folding events on tropospheric ozone and air quality. Together with scatterometer ocean surface winds, C3Winds will provide a more comprehensive depiction of atmosphere-boundary-layer dynamics and interactive processes. Built upon mature imaging technologies and long history of stereoscopic remote sensing, C3Winds provides an innovative, cost-effective solution to global wind observations with potential of increased diurnal sampling via CubeSat constellation.

  18. Added value of non-calibrated and BMA calibrated AEMET-SREPS probabilistic forecasts: the 24 January 2009 extreme wind event over Catalonia

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Escriba, P. A.; Callado, A.; Santos, D.; Santos, C.; Simarro, J.; García-Moya, J. A.

    2009-09-01

    At 00 UTC 24 January 2009 an explosive ciclogenesis originated over the Atlantic Ocean reached its maximum intensity with observed surface pressures lower than 970 hPa on its center and placed at Gulf of Vizcaya. During its path through southern France this low caused strong westerly and north-westerly winds over the Iberian Peninsula higher than 150 km/h at some places. These extreme winds leaved 10 casualties in Spain, 8 of them in Catalonia. The aim of this work is to show whether exists an added value in the short range prediction of the 24 January 2009 strong winds when using the Short Range Ensemble Prediction System (SREPS) of the Spanish Meteorological Agency (AEMET), with respect to the operational forecasting tools. This study emphasizes two aspects of probabilistic forecasting: the ability of a 3-day forecast of warn an extreme windy event and the ability of quantifying the predictability of the event so that giving value to deterministic forecast. Two type of probabilistic forecasts of wind are carried out, a non-calibrated and a calibrated one using Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA). AEMET runs daily experimentally SREPS twice a day (00 and 12 UTC). This system consists of 20 members that are constructed by integrating 5 local area models, COSMO (COSMO), HIRLAM (HIRLAM Consortium), HRM (DWD), MM5 (NOAA) and UM (UKMO), at 25 km of horizontal resolution. Each model uses 4 different initial and boundary conditions, the global models GFS (NCEP), GME (DWD), IFS (ECMWF) and UM. By this way it is obtained a probabilistic forecast that takes into account the initial, the contour and the model errors. BMA is a statistical tool for combining predictive probability functions from different sources. The BMA predictive probability density function (PDF) is a weighted average of PDFs centered on the individual bias-corrected forecasts. The weights are equal to posterior probabilities of the models generating the forecasts and reflect the skill of the ensemble members

  19. Relative contributions of synoptic and intraseasonal variations to strong cold events over eastern China

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Song, Lei; Wu, Renguang; Jiao, Yang

    2018-06-01

    The present study investigates the relative roles of intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) and synoptic variations in strong cold events over eastern China during the boreal winter. The ISOs and synoptic variations explain about 55% and 20% of the total area-mean temperature anomaly in eastern China, respectively. The advection of synoptic winds on synoptic temperature gradients has a leading contribution to the temperature decrease before the cold events and thus the synoptic variations are important in determining the time of peak cold anomalies. The ISOs have a larger role in sustaining the cold events. The height anomalies associated with ISOs and synoptic variations are manifested as Rossby wave trains propagating along the polar front jet over the Eurasian continent before the cold events. They both contribute to the deepening of the East Asian trough and the development of cold events. Compared to the ISO wave train, the synoptic wave train has a smaller spatial scale and moves faster. There are obvious intraseasonal signals in the stratosphere about 1 week before the cold events over eastern China. Large negative height anomalies associated with the weakening of the polar vortex are observed over the North Atlantic. These anomalies move eastwards and propagate downwards after reaching the west coast of Europe. The downward moving stratospheric signal triggers height anomalies in the troposphere over the entrance region of the polar front jet. Then the anomalies propagate towards East Asia along the wave train, contributing to the intensification of the Siberian high and the East Asian trough and the occurrence of cold events over eastern China.

  20. Bernoulli-Langevin Wind Speed Model for Simulation of Storm Events

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fürstenau, Norbert; Mittendorf, Monika

    2016-12-01

    We present a simple nonlinear dynamics Langevin model for predicting the instationary wind speed profile during storm events typically accompanying extreme low-pressure situations. It is based on a second-degree Bernoulli equation with δ-correlated Gaussian noise and may complement stationary stochastic wind models. Transition between increasing and decreasing wind speed and (quasi) stationary normal wind and storm states are induced by the sign change of the controlling time-dependent rate parameter k(t). This approach corresponds to the simplified nonlinear laser dynamics for the incoherent to coherent transition of light emission that can be understood by a phase transition analogy within equilibrium thermodynamics [H. Haken, Synergetics, 3rd ed., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1983/2004.]. Evidence for the nonlinear dynamics two-state approach is generated by fitting of two historical wind speed profiles (low-pressure situations "Xaver" and "Christian", 2013) taken from Meteorological Terminal Air Report weather data, with a logistic approximation (i.e. constant rate coefficients k) to the solution of our dynamical model using a sum of sigmoid functions. The analytical solution of our dynamical two-state Bernoulli equation as obtained with a sinusoidal rate ansatz k(t) of period T (=storm duration) exhibits reasonable agreement with the logistic fit to the empirical data. Noise parameter estimates of speed fluctuations are derived from empirical fit residuals and by means of a stationary solution of the corresponding Fokker-Planck equation. Numerical simulations with the Bernoulli-Langevin equation demonstrate the potential for stochastic wind speed profile modeling and predictive filtering under extreme storm events that is suggested for applications in anticipative air traffic management.

  1. Numerical simulation of a mistral wind event occuring

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Guenard, V.; Caccia, J. L.; Tedeschi, G.

    2003-04-01

    The experimental network of the ESCOMPTE field experiment (june-july 2001) is turned into account to investigate the Mistral wind affecting the Marseille area (South of France). Mistral wind is a northerly flow blowing across the Rhône valley and toward the Mediterranean sea resulting from the dynamical low pressure generated in the wake of the Alps ridge. It brings cold, dry air masses and clear sky conditions over the south-eastern part of France. Up to now, few scientific studies have been carried out on the Mistral wind especially the evolution of its 3-D structure so that its mesoscale numerical simulation is still relevant. Non-hydrostatic RAMS model is performed to better investigate this mesoscale phenomena. Simulations at a 12 km horizontal resolution are compared to boundary layer wind profilers and ground measurements. Preliminary results suit quite well with the Mistral statistical studies carried out by the operational service of Météo-France and observed wind profiles are correctly reproduced by the numerical model RAMS which appears to be an efficient tool for its understanding of Mistral. Owing to the absence of diabatic effect in Mistral events which complicates numerical simulations, the present work is the first step for the validation of RAMS model in that area. Further works will consist on the study of the interaction of Mistral wind with land-sea breeze. Also, RAMS simulations will be combined with aerosol production and ocean circulation models to supply chemists and oceanographers with some answers for their studies.

  2. Streamwise Evolution of Statistical Events in a Model Wind-Turbine Array

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Viestenz, Kyle; Cal, Raúl Bayoán

    2016-02-01

    Hot-wire anemometry data, obtained from a wind-tunnel experiment containing a 3 × 3 model wind-turbine array, are used to conditionally average the Reynolds stresses. Nine profiles at the centreline behind the array are analyzed to characterize the turbulent velocity statistics of the wake flow. Quadrant analysis yields statistical events occurring in the wake of the wind farm where quadrants 2 and 4 produce ejections and sweeps, respectively. The scaled difference between these two events is expressed via the Δ R0 parameter and is based on the Δ S0 quantity as introduced by M. R. Raupach (J Fluid Mech 108:363-382, 1981). Δ R0 attains a maximum value at hub height and changes sign near the top of the rotor. The ratio of quadrant events of upward momentum flux to those of the downward flux, known as the exuberance, is examined and reveals the effect of root vortices persisting to eight rotor diameters downstream. These events are then associated with the triple correlation term present in the turbulent kinetic energy equation of the fluctuations where it is found that ejections play the dual role of entraining mean kinetic energy while convecting turbulent kinetic energy out of the turbine canopy. The development of these various quantities possesses significance in closure models, and is assessed in light of wake remediation, energy transport and power fluctuations, where it is found that the maximum fluctuation is about 30% of the mean power produced.

  3. 30 WS North Base Wind Study

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Wheeler, Mark

    2011-01-01

    The 30 Weather Squadron (30 WS) is concerned about strong winds observed at their northern towers without advance warning. They state that terrain influences along the extreme northern fringes of Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB) make it difficult for forecasters to issue timely and accurate high wind warnings for northeasterly wind events. These events tend to occur during the winter or early spring when they are under the influence of the Great Basin high pressure weather regime. The Launch Weather Officers (LWOs) have seen these rapid wind increases in the current northern Towers 60, 70 and 71 in excess of their 35 kt operational warning threshold. For this task, the 30 WS requested the Applied Meteorology Unit (AMU) analyze data from days when these towers reported winds in excess of 35 kt and determine if there were any precursors in the observations that would allow the LWOs to better forecast and warn their operational customers for these wind events. The 30 WS provided wind tower data for the cool season (October - March) from the period January 2004-March 20 IO. The AMU decoded and evaluated the wind tower data for 66 days identified by the 30 WS as having high-wind events. Out of the 66 event days, only 30 had wind speed observations of > or =35 kt from at least one of the three northern towers. The AMU analyzed surface and upper air charts to determine the synoptic conditions for each event day along with tower peak wind speed and direction time series and wind rose charts for all 30 event days. The analysis revealed a trend on all event days in which the tower winds shifted to the northeast for a period of time before the first recorded > or =35 kt wind speed. The time periods for the 30 event days ranged from 20 minutes to several hours, with a median value of 110 minutes. This trend, if monitored, could give the 30 WS forecasters a precursor to assist in issuing an operational warning before a high wind event occurs. The AMU recommends developing a

  4. Wind influence on a coastal buoyant outflow

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Whitney, Michael M.; Garvine, Richard W.

    2005-03-01

    This paper investigates the interplay between river discharge and winds in forcing coastal buoyant outflows. During light winds a plume influenced by the Earth's rotation will flow down shelf (in the direction of Kelvin wave propagation) as a slender buoyancy-driven coastal current. Downwelling favorable winds augment this down-shelf flow, narrow the plume, and mix the water column. Upwelling favorable winds drive currents that counter the buoyancy-driven flow, spread plume waters offshore, and rapidly mix buoyant waters. Two criteria are developed to assess the wind influence on a buoyant outflow. The wind strength index (Ws) determines whether a plume's along-shelf flow is in a wind-driven or buoyancy-driven state. Ws is the ratio of the wind-driven and buoyancy-driven along-shelf velocities. Wind influence on across-shelf plume structure is rated with a timescale (ttilt) for the isopycnal tilting caused by wind-driven Ekman circulation. These criteria are used to characterize wind influence on the Delaware Coastal Current and can be applied to other coastal buoyant outflows. The Delaware buoyant outflow is simulated for springtime high-river discharge conditions. Simulation results and Ws values reveal that the coastal current is buoyancy-driven most of the time (∣Ws∣ < 1 on average). Wind events, however, overwhelm the buoyancy-driven flow (∣Ws∣ > 1) several times during the high-discharge period. Strong upwelling events reverse the buoyant outflow; they constitute an important mechanism for transporting fresh water up shelf. Across-shelf plume structure is more sensitive to wind influence than the along-shelf flow. Values of ttilt indicate that moderate or strong winds persisting throughout a day can modify plume width significantly. Plume widening during upwelling events is accompanied by mixing that can erase the buoyant outflow.

  5. Are Strong Zonal Winds in Giant Planets Caused by Density-Stratification?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Verhoeven, J.; Stellmach, S.

    2012-12-01

    One of the most striking features of giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn are the zonal wind patterns observed on their surfaces. The mechanism that drives this differential rotation is still not clearly identified and is currently strongly debated in the astro- and geophysics community. Different mechanisms have been proposed over the last decades. Here, a recently discovered mechanism based on background density stratification (Glatzmaier et al., 2009) is investigated. This mechanism has the potential to overcome known difficulties of previous explanations and its efficiency has been demonstrated in 2-d simulations covering equatorial planes. By performing highly resolved numerical simulations in a local Cartesian geometry, we are able to test the efficiency and functionality of this mechanism in turbulent, rotating convection in three spatial dimensions. The choice of a Cartesian model geometry naturally excludes other known mechanisms capable of producing differential rotation, thus allowing us to investigate the role of density stratification in isolation. Typically, the dynamics can be classified into two main regimes: A regime exhibiting strong zonal winds for weak to moderate thermal driving and a regime where zonal winds are largely absent in the case of a strong thermal forcing. Our results indicate that previous 2-d results must be handled with care and can only explain parts of the full 3-d behavior. We show that the density-stratification mechanism tends to operate in a more narrow parameter range in 3-d as compared to 2-d simulations. The dynamics of the regime transition is shown to differ in both cases, which renders scaling laws derived from two-dimensional studies questionable. Based on our results, we provide estimates for the importance of the density-stratification mechanism for giant planets like Jupiter (strong density stratification), for systems like the Earth's core (weak density stratification) and compare its efficiency with other

  6. Vertical wind shear characteristics that promote supercell-to-MCS transitions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Peters, J. M.

    2017-12-01

    What causes supercells to transition into MCSs in some situations, but not others? To explore this question, I first examined observed environmental characteristics of supercell events when MCSs formed, and compared them to the analogous environmental characteristics of supercell events when MCSs did not form. During events when MCS growth occurred, 0-1 km (low-level) vertical wind shear was stronger and 0-10 km (deep-layer) vertical wind shear was weaker than the wind shear during events when MCS growth did not occur. Next, I used idealized simulations of supercell thunderstorms to understand the connections between low-level and deep-layer shear and MCS growth. Compared to simulations with strong deep-layer shear, the simulations with weak deep-layer shear had rain in the storm's forward-flank downdraft (FFD) that fell closer to the updraft, fell through storm-moistened air and evaporated less, and produced a more intense FFD. Compared to simulations with weak low-level shear, the simulations with stronger low-level shear showed enhanced northward low-level hydrometeor transport into the FFD. Environments with strong low-level shear and weak deep-layer shear therefore conspired to produce a storm with a more intense FFD cold pool, when compared to environments with weak low-level shear and/or strong deep-layer shear. This strong FFD periodically disrupted the supercells' mesocyclones, and favorably interacted with westerly wind shear to produce widespread linear convection initiation, which drove MCS growth. These results suggest that increasing low-level wind shear after dark - while commonly assumed to enhance tornado potential - may in fact drive MCS growth and reduce tornado potential, unless it is combined with sufficiently strong deep layer shear.

  7. Distribution and solar wind control of compressional solar wind-magnetic anomaly interactions observed at the Moon by ARTEMIS

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Halekas, J. S.; Poppe, A. R.; Lue, C.; Farrell, W. M.; McFadden, J. P.

    2017-06-01

    A statistical investigation of 5 years of observations from the two-probe Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) mission reveals that strong compressional interactions occur infrequently at high altitudes near the ecliptic but can form in a wide range of solar wind conditions and can occur up to two lunar radii downstream from the lunar limb. The compressional events, some of which may represent small-scale collisionless shocks ("limb shocks"), occur in both steady and variable interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions, with those forming in steady IMF well organized by the location of lunar remanent crustal magnetization. The events observed by ARTEMIS have similarities to ion foreshock phenomena, and those observed in variable IMF conditions may result from either local lunar interactions or distant terrestrial foreshock interactions. Observed velocity deflections associated with compressional events are always outward from the lunar wake, regardless of location and solar wind conditions. However, events for which the observed velocity deflection is parallel to the upstream motional electric field form in distinctly different solar wind conditions and locations than events with antiparallel deflections. Consideration of the momentum transfer between incoming and reflected solar wind populations helps explain the observed characteristics of the different groups of events.Plain Language SummaryWe survey the environment around the Moon to determine when and where <span class="hlt">strong</span> amplifications in the charged particle density and magnetic field strength occur. These structures may be some of the smallest shock waves in the solar system, and learning about their formation informs us about the interaction of charged particles with small-scale magnetic fields throughout the solar system and beyond. We find that these compressions occur in an extended region</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120006652','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120006652"><span>Probabilistic Path Planning of Montgolfier Balloons in <span class="hlt">Strong</span>, Uncertain <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Fields</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wolf, Michael; Blackmore, James C.; Kuwata, Yoshiaki</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Lighter-than-air vehicles such as hot-air balloons have been proposed for exploring Saturn s moon Titan, as well as other bodies with significant atmospheres. For these vehicles to navigate effectively, it is critical to incorporate the effects of surrounding <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields, especially as these <span class="hlt">winds</span> will likely be <span class="hlt">strong</span> relative to the control authority of the vehicle. Predictive models of these <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields are available, and previous research has considered problems of planning paths subject to these predicted forces. However, such previous work has considered the <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields as known a priori, whereas in practical applications, the actual <span class="hlt">wind</span> vector field is not known exactly and may deviate significantly from the <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocities estimated by the model. A probabilistic 3D path-planning algorithm was developed for balloons to use uncertain <span class="hlt">wind</span> models to generate time-efficient paths. The nominal goal of the algorithm is to determine what altitude and what horizontal actuation, if any is available on the vehicle, to use to reach a particular goal location in the least expected time, utilizing advantageous <span class="hlt">winds</span>. The solution also enables one to quickly evaluate the expected time-to-goal from any other location and to avoid regions of large uncertainty. This method is designed for balloons in <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields but may be generalized for any buoyant vehicle operating in a vector field. To prepare the planning problem, the uncertainty in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> field is modeled. Then, the problem of reaching a particular goal location is formulated as a Markov decision process (MDP) using a discretized space approach. Solving the MDP provides a policy of what actuation option (how much buoyancy change and, if applicable, horizontal actuation) should be selected at any given location to minimize the expected time-to-goal. The results provide expected time-to-goal values from any given location on the globe in addition to the action policy. This stochastic approach can also provide</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS1011a2030I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS1011a2030I"><span>How <span class="hlt">strong</span> was the 2015/2016 El Niño <span class="hlt">event</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Iskandar, Iskhaq; Lestari, DeniOkta; Utari, PutriAdia; Sari, QurniaWulan; Setiabudidaya, Dedi; Mardiansyah, Wijaya; Supardi; Rozirwan</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>On the interannual timescale, the Indonesian climate is <span class="hlt">strongly</span> influenced by a coupled ocean-atmosphere modes in the tropical Pacific Ocean. During a warm phase (El Niño <span class="hlt">event</span>), negative sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) in the western tropical Pacific lead to suppress convection activities causing reduce precipitation over the maritime continent. The situation is reverse during the cold season(La Niña <span class="hlt">event</span>). In this study, the evolution of 2015/2016 El Niño <span class="hlt">event</span> is evaluated based on the collected data by the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean/Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network (TAO/TRITON) buoys. The results show that the evolution of the <span class="hlt">event</span> has started in boreal spring (April – May 2015). It came to thepeak in boreal fall/winter (October – December 2015). The <span class="hlt">event</span> lasted until boreal spring before it terminated in April/May 2016. In addition, the intensity of the <span class="hlt">event</span> is classified as a <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">event</span>, and it is one of the strongest El Niño <span class="hlt">events</span> during the last three decades.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmRe.191...57C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmRe.191...57C"><span>WRF simulation of downslope <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> in coastal Santa Barbara County</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cannon, Forest; Carvalho, Leila M. V.; Jones, Charles; Hall, Todd; Gomberg, David; Dumas, John; Jackson, Mark</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>The National Weather Service (NWS) considers frequent gusty downslope <span class="hlt">winds</span>, accompanied by rapid warming and decreased relative humidity, among the most significant weather <span class="hlt">events</span> affecting southern California coastal areas in the vicinity of Santa Barbara (SB). These extreme conditions, commonly known as "sundowners", have affected the evolution of all major wildfires that impacted SB in recent years. Sundowners greatly increase fire, aviation and maritime navigation hazards and are thus a priority for regional forecasting. Currently, the NWS employs the Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model at 2 km resolution to complement forecasts at regional-to-local scales. However, no systematic study has been performed to evaluate the skill of WRF in simulating sundowners. This research presents a case study of an 11-day period in spring 2004 during which sundowner <span class="hlt">events</span> were observed on multiple nights. We perform sensitivity experiments for WRF using available observations for validation and demonstrate that WRF is skillful in representing the general mesoscale structure of these <span class="hlt">events</span>, though important shortcomings exist. Furthermore, we discuss the generation and evolution of sundowners during the case study using the best performing configuration, and compare these results to hindcasts for two major SB fires. Unique, but similar, profiles of <span class="hlt">wind</span> and stability are observed over SB between case studies despite considerable differences in large-scale circulation, indicating that common conditions may exist across all <span class="hlt">events</span>. These findings aid in understanding the evolution of sundowner <span class="hlt">events</span> and are potentially valuable for <span class="hlt">event</span> prediction.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhDT.......122L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhDT.......122L"><span>Climatology and Predictability of Cool-Season High <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Events</span> in the New York City Metropolitan and Surrounding Area</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Layer, Michael</p> <p></p> <p>Damaging <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> not associated with severe convective storms or tropical cyclones can occur over the Northeast U.S. during the cool season and can cause significant problems with transportation, infrastructure, and public safety. These non-convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> (NCWEs) <span class="hlt">events</span> are difficult for operational forecasters to predict in the NYC region as revealed by relatively poor verification statistics in recent years. This study investigates the climatology of NCWEs occurring between 15 September and 15 May over 13 seasons from 2000-2001 through 2012-2013. The <span class="hlt">events</span> are broken down into three distinct types commonly observed in the region: pre-cold frontal (PRF), post-cold frontal (POF), and nor'easter/coastal storm (NEC) cases. Relationships between observed <span class="hlt">winds</span> and some atmospheric parameters such as 900 hPa height gradient, 3-hour MSLP tendency, low-level <span class="hlt">wind</span> profile, and stability are also studied. Overall, PRF and NEC <span class="hlt">events</span> exhibit stronger height gradients, stronger low-level <span class="hlt">winds</span>, and stronger low-level stability than POF <span class="hlt">events</span>. Model verification is also conducted over the 2009-2014 time period using the Short Range Ensemble Forecast system (SREF) from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). Both deterministic and probabilistic verification metrics are used to evaluate the performance of the ensemble during NCWEs. Although the SREF has better forecast skill than most of the deterministic SREF control members, it is rather poorly calibrated, and exhibits a significant overforecasting, or positive <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed bias in the lower atmosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1910978R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1910978R"><span>Determining hydroclimatic extreme <span class="hlt">events</span> over the south-central Andes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>RamezaniZiarani, Maryam; Bookhagen, Bodo; Schmidt, Torsten; Wickert, Jens; de la Torre, Alejandro; Volkholz, Jan</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The south-central Andes in NW Argentina are characterized by a <span class="hlt">strong</span> rainfall asymmetry. In the east-west direction exists one of the steepest rainfall gradients on Earth, resulting from the large topographic differences in this region. In addition, in the north-south direction the rainfall intensity varies as the climatic regime shifts from the tropical central Andes to the subtropical south-central Andes. In this study, we investigate hydroclimatic extreme <span class="hlt">events</span> over the south-central Andes using ERA-Interim reanalysis data of the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts), the high resolution regional climate model (COSMO-CLM) data and TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) data. We divide the area in three different study regions based on elevation: The high-elevation Altiplano-Puna plateau, an intermediate area characterized by intramontane basins, and the foreland area. We analyze the correlations between climatic variables, such as specific humidity, zonal <span class="hlt">wind</span> component, meridional <span class="hlt">wind</span> component and extreme rainfall <span class="hlt">events</span> in all three domains. The results show that there is a high positive temporal correlation between extreme rainfall <span class="hlt">events</span> (90th and 99th percentile rainfall) and extreme specific humidity <span class="hlt">events</span> (90th and 99th percentile specific humidity). In addition, the temporal variations analysis represents a trend of increasing specific humidity with time during time period (1994-2013) over the Altiplano-Puna plateau which is in agreement with rainfall trend. Regarding zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span>, our results indicate that 99th percentile rainfall <span class="hlt">events</span> over the Altiplano-Puna plateau coincide temporally with <span class="hlt">strong</span> easterly <span class="hlt">winds</span> from intermountain and foreland regions in the east. In addition, the results regarding the meridional <span class="hlt">wind</span> component represent <span class="hlt">strong</span> northerly <span class="hlt">winds</span> in the foreland region coincide temporally with 99th percentile rainfall over the Altiplano-Puna plateau.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19960021493&hterms=lazarus&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAuthor-Name%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dlazarus','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19960021493&hterms=lazarus&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAuthor-Name%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dlazarus"><span>Catalog of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> identified from observations by ISTP spacecraft</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Peredo, M.; Berdichevsky, D.; Byrnes, J.; Lepping, R. P.; Ogilvie, K.; Lazarus, A. J.; Paularena, K. I.; Steinberg, J. T.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>The ISTP Science Planning and Operations Facility (SPOF), in collaboration with ISTP investigators, is developing a catalog of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> and features. The catalog is primarily based on plasma and magnetic field observations from the <span class="hlt">WIND</span> and IMP-8 spacecraft. Interplanetary <span class="hlt">events</span> that may trigger magnetospheric activity are included as well as features of interest for using the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> as a plasma laboratory. Catalog coverage begins on September 8, 1992, the start of ISTP science data collection. The catalog is based on Key Parameter data sets (preliminary summary data at approximately 1 min time resolution produced quickly for survey purposes) and as such has limited citability in formal scientific work. Its primary intent is to serve as a reference for identifying candidate periods for further study, such as may be the focus of coordinated data analysis efforts during ISTP and/or IACG Science Campaigns. To facilitate access by members of the ISTP and wider space physics communities, the catalog will be available on the World Wide Web. The contents of the catalog will be described, and samples of catalog information will be presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ChA%26A..41..517S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ChA%26A..41..517S"><span>Influence of Convective Effect of Solar <span class="hlt">Winds</span> on the CME Transit Time</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sun, Lu-yuan</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Based on an empirical model for predicting the transit time of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) proposed by Gopalswamy, 52 CME <span class="hlt">events</span> which are related to the geomagnetic storms of Dst < -50 nT, and 10 CME <span class="hlt">events</span> which caused extremely <span class="hlt">strong</span> geomagnetic storms (Dst < -200 nT) in 1996- 2007 are selected, and combined with the observational data of the interplanetary solar <span class="hlt">winds</span> that collected by the ACE satellite at 1AU, to analyze the influence of convective effect of ambient solar <span class="hlt">winds</span> on the prediction of the CME transit time when it arrives at a place of 1 AU. After taking the convective effect of ambient solar <span class="hlt">winds</span> into account, the standard deviation of predictions is reduced from 16.5 to 11.4 hours for the 52 CME <span class="hlt">events</span>, and the prediction error is less than 15 hours for 68% of these <span class="hlt">events</span>; while the standard deviation of predictions is reduced from 10.6 to 6.5 hours for the 10 CME <span class="hlt">events</span> that caused extremely <span class="hlt">strong</span> geomagnetic storms, and the prediction error is less than 5 hours for 6 of the 10 <span class="hlt">events</span>. These results show that taking the convective effect of ambient solar <span class="hlt">winds</span> into account can reduce the standard deviation of the predicted CME transit time, hence the convective effect of solar <span class="hlt">winds</span> plays an important role for predicting the transit times of CME <span class="hlt">events</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28964199','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28964199"><span>Quality controls for <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurement of a 1290-MHz boundary layer profiler under <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Liu, Zhao; Zheng, Chaorong; Wu, Yue</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> profilers have been widely adopted to observe the <span class="hlt">wind</span> field information in the atmosphere for different purposes. But accuracy of its observation has limitations due to various noises or disturbances and hence need to be further improved. In this paper, the data measured under <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions, using a 1290-MHz boundary layer profiler (BLP), are quality controlled via a composite quality control (QC) procedure proposed by the authors. Then, through the comparison with the data measured by radiosonde flights (balloon observations), the critical thresholds in the composite QC procedure, including consensus average threshold T 1 and vertical shear threshold T 3 , are systematically discussed. And the performance of the BLP operated under precipitation is also evaluated. It is found that to ensure the high accuracy and high data collectable rate, the optimal range of subsets is determined to be 4 m/s. Although the number of data rejected by the combined algorithm of vertical shear examination and small median test is quite limited, it is proved that the algorithm is quite useful to recognize the outlier with a large discrepancy. And the optimal <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear threshold T 3 can be recommended as 5 ms -1 /100m. During patchy precipitation, the quality of data measured by the four oblique beams (using the DBS measuring technique) can still be ensured. After the BLP data are quality controlled by the composite QC procedure, the output can show good agreement with the balloon observation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT.......160S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT.......160S"><span>The Impact of Coastal Terrain on Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> and Implications for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Strobach, Edward Justin</p> <p></p> <p>The development of offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy is moving forward as one of several options for carbon-free energy generation along the populous US east coast. Accurate assessments of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource are essential and can significantly lower financing costs that have been a barrier to development. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> resource assessment in the Mid-Atlantic region is challenging since there are no long-term measurements of <span class="hlt">winds</span> across the rotor span. Features of the coastal and inland terrain, such as such as the Appalachian mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, are known to lead to complex mesoscale <span class="hlt">wind</span> regimes onshore, including low-level jets (LLJs), downslope <span class="hlt">winds</span> and sea breezes. Little is known, however, about whether or how the inland physiography impacts the <span class="hlt">winds</span> offshore. This research is based on the first comprehensive set of offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> observations in the Maryland <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Area gathered during a UMBC measurement campaign. The presentation will include a case study of a <span class="hlt">strong</span> nocturnal LLJ that persisted for several hours before undergoing a rapid breakdown and loss of energy to smaller scales. Measurements from an onshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> profiler and radiosondes, together with North American Regional Analysis (NARR) and a high resolution Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model simulation, are used to untangle the forcing mechanisms on synoptic, regional and local scales that led to the jet and its collapse. The results suggest that the evolution of LLJs were impacted by a downslope <span class="hlt">wind</span> from the Appalachians that propagated offshore riding atop a shallow near-surface boundary layer across the coastal plain. Baroclinic forcing from low sea surface temperatures (SSTs) due to coastal upwelling is also discussed. Smaller scale details of the LLJ breakdown are analyzed using a wave/mean flow/turbulence interaction approach. The case study illustrates several characteristics of low-level <span class="hlt">winds</span> offshore that are important for <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy, including LLJs, <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear, turbulence</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy..tmp..804P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy..tmp..804P"><span>Influence of Westerly <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Events</span> stochasticity on El Niño amplitude: the case of 2014 vs. 2015</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Puy, Martin; Vialard, Jérôme; Lengaigne, Matthieu; Guilyardi, Eric; DiNezio, Pedro N.; Voldoire, Aurore; Balmaseda, Magdalena; Madec, Gurvan; Menkes, Christophe; Mcphaden, Michael J.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The weak El Niño of 2014 was preceded by anomalously high equatorial Pacific Warm Water Volume (WWV) and <span class="hlt">strong</span> Westerly <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Events</span> (WWEs), which typically lead to record breaking El Nino, like in 1997 and 2015. Here, we use the CNRM-CM5 coupled model to investigate the causes for the stalled El Niño in 2014 and the necessary conditions for extreme El Niños. This model is ideally suited to study this problem because it simulates all the processes thought to be critical for the onset and development of El Niño. It captures El Niño preconditioning by WWV, the WWEs characteristics and their deterministic behaviour in response to warm pool displacements. Our main finding is, that despite their deterministic control, WWEs display a sufficiently <span class="hlt">strong</span> stochastic component to explain the distinct evolutions of El Niño in 2014 and 2015. A 100-member ensemble simulation initialized with early-spring equatorial conditions analogous to those observed in 2014 and 2015 demonstrates that early-year elevated WWV and <span class="hlt">strong</span> WWEs preclude the occurrence of a La Niña but lead to El Niños that span the weak (with few WWEs) to extreme (with many WWEs) range. Sensitivity experiments confirm that numerous/<span class="hlt">strong</span> WWEs shift the El Niño distribution toward larger amplitudes, with a particular emphasis on summer/fall WWEs occurrence which result in a five-fold increase of the odds for an extreme El Niño. A long simulation further demonstrates that sustained WWEs throughout the year and anomalously high WWV are necessary conditions for extreme El Niño to develop. In contrast, we find no systematic influence of easterly <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> (EWEs) on the El Niño amplitude in our model. Our results demonstrate that the weak amplitude of El Niño in 2014 can be explained by WWEs stochastic variations without invoking EWEs or remote influences from outside the tropical Pacific and therefore its peak amplitude was inherently unpredictable at long lead-time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1710877K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1710877K"><span>Laboratory investigation of spray generation mechanism in <span class="hlt">wind</span>-wave interaction under <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kandaurov, Alexander; Troitskaya, Yuliya; Sergeev, Daniil; Ermakova, Olga; Kazakov, Vassily</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>The sea spray is considered as a possible mechanism of the reduction of sea surface aerodynamic drag coefficient at hurricane conditions [1]. In this paper the mechanism of generation of spray in the near-surface layer of the atmosphere in a <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> through the mechanism of «bag-breakup instability» was investigated in laboratory conditions with the help of high-speed video shooting. The laboratory experiments were performed on the Thermostratified <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-Wave Channel of the IAP RAS (length 10 m, cross section of air channel 0.4 x 0.4 m, <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity up to 24 m/s) [2]. Experiments were carried out for the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds from 14 to 22 m/s. In this range spray generation characteristics change dramatically from almost no spray generation to so called catastrophic regime with multiple cascade breakups on each crest. Shooting was performed with High-speed digital camera NAC Memrecam HX-3 in two different setups to obtain both statistical data and detailed spray generation mechanism overview. In first setup bright LED spotlight with mate screen the side of a channel was used for horizontal shadow-method shooting. Camera was placed in semi-submerged box on the opposite side of the channel. Shooting was performed at the distance of 7.5 m from the beginning of the working section. Series of short records of the surface evolution were made at 10 000 fps with 55 to 119 µm/px scale revealed the dominant mechanism of spray generation - bag-breakup instability. Sequences of high resolution images allowed investigating the details of this "bags" evolution. Shadow method provided better image quality for such conditions than side illumination and fluorescence methods. To obtain statistical data on "bags" sizes and densities vertical shadow method was used. Submerged light box was created with two 300 W underwater lamps and mate screen places at the fetch of 6.5 m. Long records (up to 8 seconds) were made with 4500 fps at 124-256 µm/px scales. Specially developed software</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Icar..300...47R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Icar..300...47R"><span>Solar Energetic Particles (SEP) and Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) as tracers of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions near Saturn: <span class="hlt">Event</span> lists and applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Roussos, E.; Jackman, C. M.; Thomsen, M. F.; Kurth, W. S.; Badman, S. V.; Paranicas, C.; Kollmann, P.; Krupp, N.; Bučík, R.; Mitchell, D. G.; Krimigis, S. M.; Hamilton, D. C.; Radioti, A.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The lack of an upstream solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> monitor poses a major challenge to any study that investigates the influence of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> on the configuration and the dynamics of Saturn's magnetosphere. Here we show how Cassini MIMI/LEMMS observations of Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) and Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) transients, that are both linked to energetic processes in the heliosphere such us Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections (ICMEs) and Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs), can be used to trace enhanced solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions at Saturn's distance. SEP protons can be easily distinguished from magnetospheric ions, particularly at the MeV energy range. Many SEPs are also accompanied by <span class="hlt">strong</span> GCR Forbush Decreases. GCRs are detectable as a low count-rate noise signal in a large number of LEMMS channels. As SEPs and GCRs can easily penetrate into the outer and middle magnetosphere, they can be monitored continuously, even when Cassini is not situated in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. A survey of the MIMI/LEMMS dataset between 2004 and 2016 resulted in the identification of 46 SEP <span class="hlt">events</span>. Most <span class="hlt">events</span> last more than two weeks and have their lowest occurrence rate around the extended solar minimum between 2008 and 2010, suggesting that they are associated to ICMEs rather than CIRs, which are the main source of activity during the declining phase and the minimum of the solar cycle. We also list of 17 time periods ( > 50 days each) where GCRs show a clear solar periodicity ( ∼ 13 or 26 days). The 13-day period that derives from two CIRs per solar rotation dominates over the 26-day period in only one of the 17 cases catalogued. This interval belongs to the second half of 2008 when expansions of Saturn's electron radiation belts were previously reported to show a similar periodicity. That observation not only links the variability of Saturn's electron belts to solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> processes, but also indicates that the source of the observed periodicity in GCRs may be local. In this case GCR</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A51H2179Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A51H2179Z"><span>Distinctive Features of Surface <span class="hlt">Winds</span> over Indian Ocean Between <span class="hlt">Strong</span> and Weak Indian Summer Monsoons: Implications With Respect To Regional Rainfall Change in India</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zheng, Y.; Bourassa, M. A.; Ali, M. M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>This observational study focuses on characterizing the surface <span class="hlt">winds</span> in the Arabian Sea (AS), the Bay of Bengal (BoB), and the southern Indian Ocean (SIO) with special reference to the <span class="hlt">strong</span> and weak Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) using the latest daily gridded rainfall dataset provided by the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and the Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform (CCMP) gridded <span class="hlt">wind</span> product version 2.0 produced by Remote Sensing System (RSS) over the overlapped period 1991-2014. The potential links between surface <span class="hlt">winds</span> and Indian regional rainfall are also examined. Results indicate that the surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds in AS and BoB during June-August are almost similar during <span class="hlt">strong</span> ISMRs and weak ISMRs, whereas significant discrepancies are observed during September. By contrast, the surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds in SIO during June-August are found to be significantly different between <span class="hlt">strong</span> and weak ISMRs, where they are similar during September. The significant differences in monthly mean surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> convergence between <span class="hlt">strong</span> and weak ISMRs are not coherent in space in the three regions. However, the probability density function (PDF) distributions of daily mean area-averaged values are distinctive between <span class="hlt">strong</span> and weak ISMRs in the three regions. The correlation analysis indicates the area-averaged surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds in AS and the area-averaged <span class="hlt">wind</span> convergence in BoB are highly correlated with regional rainfall for both <span class="hlt">strong</span> and weak ISMRs. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> convergence in BoB during <span class="hlt">strong</span> ISMRs is relatively better correlated with regional rainfall than during weak ISMRs. The surface <span class="hlt">winds</span> in SIO do not greatly affect Indian rainfall in short timescales, however, they will ultimately affect the strength of monsoon circulation by modulating Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) mode via atmosphere-ocean interactions.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_3 --> <div id="page_4" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="61"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1812371V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1812371V"><span>Regional transportation network blocked by snowdrifts: assessment of risk reduction strategies by the example of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">event</span> of February 2015 in the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Voumard, Jérémie; Jaboyedoff, Michel; Derron, Marc-Henri</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The 5-8th February, a meteorological situation characterized by a <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> coming from the North generated many snowdrifts on roads and railways in the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The affected region, about 900 km2, is located on the Swiss Plateau. More than thirty roads and few railways were blocked during the <span class="hlt">event</span>. On some areas, too many roads and railways tracks were closed to assure the school transports making obligatory the total closure of seven schools and the partial closure of three schools affecting 8'000 students, which is almost 10% of students of the Canton of Vaud. Over hundred vehicles blocked in the snowdrifts had to be unobstructed. Over 150 snowplows drivers were requisitioned but the <span class="hlt">wind</span> with gusts of over 80 km/h was too <span class="hlt">strong</span> to release the roads from the snow accumulation. The boat transport on the Lake Geneva was interrupted during three days because of the danger generated by the <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> during the berths. This interruption generated up to 100 km deviation for commuting traffic. The county police recommended to the population to limit their travels on the road. The last roads closures due to snowdrifts in the Canton of Vaud occurred ten years ago, in 2005. This particular <span class="hlt">event</span> that affected considerably the accessibility of a large area of the Canton of Vaud is interesting because results of a "simple" meteorological situation that <span class="hlt">strongly</span> reduced the accessibility during four days of an area with a population of about 340'000. It raises several questions as for examples: how the emergency services accessibility is assured; what are the tools that can reduce the roads closures; what is the best road management to follow during such an <span class="hlt">event</span> (which roads must be priority cleaned, which roads can be left covered by snow); how to prevent such an <span class="hlt">event</span>, are snow fences enough to avoid snowdrifts or is there another way to limit their creation? To try obtaining answers to those questions, we assess the most critical infrastructures</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016DSRII.132...54L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016DSRII.132...54L"><span>Gap <span class="hlt">winds</span> and their effects on regional oceanography Part II: Kodiak Island, Alaska</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ladd, Carol; Cheng, Wei; Salo, Sigrid</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>Frequent gap <span class="hlt">winds</span>, defined here as offshore-directed flow channeled through mountain gaps, have been observed near Kodiak Island in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA). Gap <span class="hlt">winds</span> from the Iliamna Lake gap were investigated using QuikSCAT <span class="hlt">wind</span> data. The influence of these <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> on the regional ocean was examined using satellite and in situ data combined with Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) model runs. Gap <span class="hlt">winds</span> influence the entire shelf width (> 200 km) northeast of Kodiak Island and extend an additional 150 km off-shelf. Due to <span class="hlt">strong</span> gradients in the along-shelf direction, they can result in vertical velocities in the ocean of over 20 m d-1 due to Ekman pumping. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> also disrupt flow of the Alaska Coastal Current (ACC), resulting in decreased flow down Shelikof Strait and increased velocities on the outer shelf. This disruption of the ACC has implications for freshwater transport into the Bering Sea. The oceanographic response to gap <span class="hlt">winds</span> may influence the survival of larval fishes as Arrowtooth Flounder recruitment is negatively correlated with the interannual frequency of gap-<span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span>, and Pacific Cod recruitment is positively correlated. The frequency of offshore directed <span class="hlt">winds</span> exhibits a <span class="hlt">strong</span> seasonal cycle averaging 7 days per month during winter and 2 days per month during summer. Interannual variability is correlated with the Pacific North America Index and shows a linear trend, increasing by 1.35 days per year. An accompanying paper discusses part I of our study (Ladd and Cheng, 2016) focusing on gap-<span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> flowing out of Cross Sound in the eastern GOA.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A41L..05G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A41L..05G"><span>The contrasting role of Westerly <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Events</span> in the evolution of El Niño during 2014 and 2015</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Guilyardi, E.; Puy, M.; Vialard, J.; Lengaigne, M.; Voldoire, A.; Balmaseda, M.; Menkes, C.; Madec, G.; McPhaden, M. J.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Short-lived <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> in the equatorial Pacific <span class="hlt">strongly</span> influence the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Contrasting the tropical Pacific evolution in 2014 against that of 2015 (or 1997) provides a compelling illustration of the key role of westerly <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> (WWEs) on ENSO. In late march, the years of 1997, 2014 and 2015 displayed relatively similar oceanic conditions in the tropical Pacific. Those three years were characterized by higher than normal (>1 std) equatorial Pacific heat content, and an abnormal extension of the warm pool towards the central Pacific following the occurrence of one or several <span class="hlt">strong</span> WWEs during winter. Yet, 1997 and 2015 developed into some of the strongest observed El Niño <span class="hlt">events</span> on record while only a weak warming occurred in 2014. One major difference between 2014 and 1997/2015 was however a series of <span class="hlt">strong</span> WWEs during the summer of the two later years while almost none occurred in 2014. In this study, we investigate the role of summer WWEs in the El Niño development using the CNRM-CM5 coupled model. We find analogs to the state of the Pacific in 1997, 2014 and 2015 in a 200-years control simulation of the model, and perform series of ensemble experiments starting from those initial states with added infinitesimal perturbations. While the recharged equatorial Pacific Ocean heat content excluded the occurrence of a La Niña in any of those years, the intrinsic atmospheric stochasticity leads to a Pacific state that ranges from almost neutral to an extreme El Niño at the end of the year. The amplitude of the El Niño at the end of the year is <span class="hlt">strongly</span> associated with the number of WWEs that occur during summer. An ensemble sensitivity experiment in which WWEs are artificially removed displays a clear reduction in the number of extreme El Niños and a more peaked density probability toward "typical" El Niño <span class="hlt">events</span>, confirming the important role of WWEs for the occurrence of extreme El Niños. The observed 2014 evolution is</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1327219-characterization-high-speed-stage-bearing-skidding-wind-turbine-gearboxes-induced-dynamic-electricity-grid-events','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1327219-characterization-high-speed-stage-bearing-skidding-wind-turbine-gearboxes-induced-dynamic-electricity-grid-events"><span>Characterization of the High-Speed-Stage Bearing Skidding of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine Gearboxes Induced by Dynamic Electricity Grid <span class="hlt">Events</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Helsen, Jan; Guillaume, Patrick; Guo, Yi</p> <p></p> <p>Bearing behavior is an important factor for <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine drivetrain reliability. Extreme loads and dynamic excitations pose challenges to the bearing design and therefore its performance. Excessive skidding of the bearing rollers should be avoided because it can cause scuffing failures. Excitations coming from <span class="hlt">wind</span> and the electricity grid can subject the drivetrain to fluctuating torque and nontorque loads. <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-induced excitations have been investigated predominantly in literature. However, modern <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines are subjected more and more to grid-induced loads because of stricter electricity grid regulations. For example, during fault-ride-through <span class="hlt">events</span>, turbines are required to stay connected for a longer periodmore » of time during the grid failure. This work investigates the influence of electrically induced excitations on the skidding behaviour of the tapered roller bearings on the high-speed stage of a <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine gearbox. This skidding behaviour during dynamic <span class="hlt">events</span> is described as a potential bearing failure initiator by many researchers; however, only limited full-scale dynamic testing is documented. Therefore, a dedicated gridloss-type <span class="hlt">event</span> is defined in the paper and conducted in a dynamometer test on a full-scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine nacelle. During the <span class="hlt">event</span>, a complete electricity grid failure is simulated while the turbine is at rated speed and predefined torque levels. Particular focus is on the characterization of the high-speed shaft tapered roller bearing slip behavior. Strain-gauge bridges in grooves along the circumference of the outer ring are used to characterize the bearing load zone in detail. It is shown that during the torque reversals of the transient <span class="hlt">event</span>, roller slip can be induced. This indicates the potential of the applied load case to go beyond the preload of the tapered roller bearing. Furthermore, the relation between the applied torque and skidding level is studied.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000110132&hterms=May+9th&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DMay%2B9th','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000110132&hterms=May+9th&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DMay%2B9th"><span>Electrons In The Low Density Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ogilvie, Keith W.; Desch, Michael; Fitzenreiter, Richard; Vondrak, Richard R. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>The recent occurrence of an interval (May 9th to May 12th, 1999) of abnormally low density solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> has drawn attention to such <span class="hlt">events</span>. The SWE instrument on the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> spacecraft observed nine similar <span class="hlt">events</span> between launch (November 1994) and August 1999: one in 1997, three in 1998, and five in January-August 1999. No such <span class="hlt">events</span> were observed in 1996, the year of solar minimum. This already suggests a <span class="hlt">strong</span> dependence upon solar activity. In this paper we discuss observations of the electron strahl, a <span class="hlt">strong</span> anisotropy in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> electrons above 60 eV directed along the magnetic field and observed continuously during the periods of low density in 1998 and 1999. When the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> density was less than 2/cc, the angular width of the strahl was below 3.5 degrees and the temperature deduced from the slope of the electron strahl phase density (as a function of energy in the energy range 200 to 800 eV) was 100 to 150 eV, equivalent to a typical coronal electron temperature. Three examples of this phenomenon, observed on Feb. 20- 22, April 26-27 and May 9-12, 1999, are discussed to show their similarity to one another. These electron observations are interpreted to show that the strahl occurs as a result of the conservation of the first adiabatic invariant, combined with the lack of coulomb collisions as suggested by Fairfield and Scudder, 1985.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930054264&hterms=impulse&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dimpulse','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930054264&hterms=impulse&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dimpulse"><span>Interaction of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> with the magnetopause-boundary layer and generation of magnetic impulse <span class="hlt">events</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lee, L. C.; Wei, C. Q.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>The transport of mass, momentum, energy and waves from the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> to the Earth's magnetosphere takes place in the magnetopause-boundary layer region. Various plasma processes that may occur in this region have been proposed and studied. In this paper, we present a brief review of the plasma processes in the dayside magnetopause-boundary layer. These processes include (1) flux transfer <span class="hlt">events</span> at the dayside magnetopause, (2) formation of plasma vortices in the low-latitude boundary layer by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and coupling to the polar ionosphere, (3) the response of the magnetopause to the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamic pressure pulses, and (4) the impulsive penetration of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> plasma filaments through the dayside magnetopause into the magnetospheric boundary layer. Through the coupling of the magnetopause-boundary layer to the polar ionosphere, those above processes may lead to occurrence of magnetic impulse <span class="hlt">events</span> observed in the high-latitude stations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140006454','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140006454"><span>Impact of the Assimilation of Hyperspectral Infrared Profiles on Advanced Weather and Research Model Simulations of a Non-Convective <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Event</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Berndt, Emily B.; Zavodsky, Bradley T; Jedlovec, Gary J.; Elmer, Nicholas J.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Non-convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> commonly occur with passing extratropical cyclones and have significant societal and economic impacts. Since non-convective <span class="hlt">winds</span> often occur in the absence of specific phenomena such as a thunderstorm, tornado, or hurricane, the public are less likely to heed high <span class="hlt">wind</span> warnings and continue daily activities. Thus non-convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> result in as many fatalities as straight line thunderstorm <span class="hlt">winds</span>. One physical explanation for non-convective <span class="hlt">winds</span> includes tropopause folds. Improved model representation of stratospheric air and associated non-convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> could improve non-convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> forecasts and associated warnings. In recent years, satellite data assimilation has improved skill in forecasting extratropical cyclones; however errors still remain in forecasting the position and strength of extratropical cyclones as well as the tropopause folding process. The goal of this study is to determine the impact of assimilating satellite temperature and moisture retrieved profiles from hyperspectral infrared (IR) sounders (i.e. Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), Cross-track Infrared and Microwave Sounding Suite (CrIMSS), and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI)) on the model representation of the tropopause fold and an associated high <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">event</span> that impacted the Northeast United States on 09 February 2013. Model simulations using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW) were conducted on a 12-km grid with cycled data assimilation mimicking the operational North American Model (NAM). The results from the satellite assimilation run are compared to a control experiment (without hyperspectral IR retrievals), North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) reanalysis, and Rapid Refresh analyses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1254238','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1254238"><span>Characterization of the High-Speed-Stage Bearing Skidding of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine Gearboxes Induced by Dynamic Electricity Grid <span class="hlt">Events</span>: Preprint</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Helsen, Jan; Guillaume, Patrick; Guo, Yi</p> <p></p> <p>Bearing behavior is an important factor for <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine drivetrain reliability. Extreme loads and dynamic excitations pose challenges to the bearing design and therefore its performance. Excessive skidding of the bearing rollers should be avoided because it can cause scuffing failures. Excitations coming from <span class="hlt">wind</span> and the electricity grid can subject the drivetrain to fluctuating torque and nontorque loads. <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-induced excitations have been investigated predominantly in literature. However, modern <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines are subjected more and more to grid-induced loads because of stricter electricity grid regulations. For example, during fault-ride-through <span class="hlt">events</span>, turbines are required to stay connected for a longer periodmore » of time during the grid failure. This work investigates the influence of electrically induced excitations on the skidding behaviour of the tapered roller bearings on the high-speed stage of a <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine gearbox. This skidding behaviour during dynamic <span class="hlt">events</span> is described as a potential bearing failure initiator by many researchers; however, only limited full-scale dynamic testing is documented. Therefore, a dedicated gridloss-type <span class="hlt">event</span> is defined in the paper and conducted in a dynamometer test on a full-scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine nacelle. During the <span class="hlt">event</span>, a complete electricity grid failure is simulated while the turbine is at rated speed and predefined torque levels. Particular focus is on the characterization of the high-speed shaft tapered roller bearing slip behavior. Strain-gauge bridges in grooves along the circumference of the outer ring are used to characterize the bearing load zone in detail. It is shown that during the torque reversals of the transient <span class="hlt">event</span>, roller slip can be induced. This indicates the potential of the applied load case to go beyond the preload of the tapered roller bearing. Furthermore, the relation between the applied torque and skidding level is studied.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MAP...130...81K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MAP...130...81K"><span>Impact of active and break <span class="hlt">wind</span> spells on the demand-supply balance in <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy in India</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kulkarni, Sumeet; Deo, M. C.; Ghosh, Subimal</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>With an installed capacity of over 19,000 MW, the <span class="hlt">wind</span> power currently accounts for almost 70% of the total installed capacity among the renewable energy sector in India. The extraction of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power mainly depends on prevailing meteorology which is <span class="hlt">strongly</span> influenced by monsoon variability. The monsoon season is characterized by significant fluctuations in between periods of wet and dry spells. During the dry spells, the demand for power from agriculture and cooling equipment increases, whereas during the wet periods, such demand reduces, although, at the same time, the power supply increases because of <span class="hlt">strong</span> westerly <span class="hlt">winds</span> contributing to an enhanced production of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy. At this backdrop, we aim to assess the impact of intra-seasonal <span class="hlt">wind</span> variability on the balance of energy supply and demand during monsoon seasons in India. Further, we explore the probable cause of <span class="hlt">wind</span> variability by relating it to El Nino <span class="hlt">events</span>. It is observed that the active and break phases in <span class="hlt">wind</span> significantly impact the overall <span class="hlt">wind</span> potential output. Although the dry spells are generally found to reduce the overall <span class="hlt">wind</span> potential, their impact on the potential seems to have declined after the year 2000. The impact of meteorological changes on variations in <span class="hlt">wind</span> power studied in this work should find applications typically in taking investment decisions on conventional generation facilities, like thermal, which are currently used to maintain the balance of power supply and demand.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22106009-safety-design-approach-external-events-japan-sodium-cooled-fast-reactor','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22106009-safety-design-approach-external-events-japan-sodium-cooled-fast-reactor"><span>Safety design approach for external <span class="hlt">events</span> in Japan sodium-cooled fast reactor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Yamano, H.; Kubo, S.; Tani, A.</p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>This paper describes a safety design approach for external <span class="hlt">events</span> in the design study of Japan sodium-cooled fast reactor. An emphasis is introduction of a design extension external condition (DEEC). In addition to seismic design, other external <span class="hlt">events</span> such as tsunami, <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span>, abnormal temperature, etc. were addressed in this study. From a wide variety of external <span class="hlt">events</span> consisting of natural hazards and human-induced ones, a screening method was developed in terms of siting, consequence, frequency to select representative <span class="hlt">events</span>. Design approaches for these <span class="hlt">events</span> were categorized on the probabilistic, statistical and deterministic basis. External hazard conditions were considered mainlymore » for DEECs. In the probabilistic approach, the DEECs of earthquake, tsunami and <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> were defined as 1/10 of exceedance probability of the external design bases. The other representative DEECs were also defined based on statistical or deterministic approaches. (authors)« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A11J2010W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A11J2010W"><span>Observations and predictability of gap <span class="hlt">winds</span> in a steep, narrow, fire-prone canyon in central Idaho, USA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wagenbrenner, N. S.; Forthofer, J.; Gibson, C.; Lamb, B. K.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Frequent <span class="hlt">strong</span> gap <span class="hlt">winds</span> were measured in a deep, steep, wildfire-prone river canyon of central Idaho, USA during July-September 2013. Analysis of archived surface pressure data indicate that the gap <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> were driven by regional scale surface pressure gradients. The <span class="hlt">events</span> always occurred between 0400 and 1200 LT and typically lasted 3-4 hours. The timing makes these <span class="hlt">events</span> particularly hazardous for wildland firefighting applications since the morning is typically a period of reduced fire activity and unsuspecting firefighters could be easily endangered by the onset of <span class="hlt">strong</span> downcanyon <span class="hlt">winds</span>. The gap <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> were not explicitly forecast by operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) models due to the small spatial scale of the canyon ( 1-2 km wide) compared to the horizontal resolution of operational NWP models (3 km or greater). Custom WRF simulations initialized with NARR data were run at 1 km horizontal resolution to assess whether higher resolution NWP could accurately simulate the observed gap <span class="hlt">winds</span>. Here, we show that the 1 km WRF simulations captured many of the observed gap <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span>, although the strength of the <span class="hlt">events</span> was underpredicted. We also present evidence from these WRF simulations which suggests that the Salmon River Canyon is near the threshold of WRF-resolvable terrain features when the standard WRF coordinate system and discretization schemes are used. Finally, we show that the strength of the gap <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> can be predicted reasonably well as a function of the surface pressure gradient across the gap, which could be useful in the absence of high-resolution NWP. These are important findings for wildland firefighting applications in narrow gaps where routine forecasts may not provide warning for <span class="hlt">wind</span> effects induced by high-resolution terrain features.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140005778','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140005778"><span>The Use of Red Green Blue Air Mass Imagery to Investigate the Role of Stratospheric Air in a Non-convective <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Event</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Berndt, E. B.; Zavodsky, B. T.; Jedlovec, G. J.; Molthan, A. L.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Non-convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> commonly occur with passing extratropical cyclones and have significant societal and economic impacts. Since non-convective <span class="hlt">winds</span> often occur in the absence of specific phenomena such as a thunderstorm, tornado, or hurricane, the public are less likely to heed high <span class="hlt">wind</span> warnings and continue daily activities. Thus non-convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> result in as many fatalities as straight line thunderstorm <span class="hlt">winds</span>. One physical explanation for non-convective <span class="hlt">winds</span> includes tropopause folds. Improved model representation of stratospheric air and associated non-convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> could improve non-convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> forecasts and associated warnings. In recent years, satellite data assimilation has improved skill in forecasting extratropical cyclones; however errors still remain in forecasting the position and strength of extratropical cyclones as well as the tropopause folding process. The goal of this study is to determine the impact of assimilating satellite temperature and moisture retrieved profiles from hyperspectral infrared (IR) sounders (i.e. Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), Cross-track Infrared and Microwave Sounding Suite (CrIMSS), and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI)) on the model representation of the tropopause fold and an associated high <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">event</span> that impacted the Northeast United States on 09 February 2013. Model simulations using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW) were conducted on a 12-km grid with cycled data assimilation mimicking the operational North American Model (NAM). The results from the satellite assimilation run are compared to a control experiment (without hyperspectral IR retrievals), Modern Era-Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis, and Rapid Refresh analyses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140016491','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140016491"><span>Impact of the Assimilation of Hyperspectral Infrared Retrieved Profiles on Advanced Weather and Research Model Simulations of a Non-Convective <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Event</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Berndt, E. B.; Zavodsky, B. T.; Folmer, M. J.; Jedlovec, G. J.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Non-convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> commonly occur with passing extratropical cyclones and have significant societal and economic impacts. Since non-convective <span class="hlt">winds</span> often occur in the absence of specific phenomena such as a thunderstorm, tornado, or hurricane, the public are less likely to heed high <span class="hlt">wind</span> warnings and continue daily activities. Thus non-convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> result in as many fatalities as straight line thunderstorm <span class="hlt">winds</span>. One physical explanation for non-convective <span class="hlt">winds</span> includes tropopause folds. Improved model representation of stratospheric air and associated non-convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> could improve non-convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> forecasts and associated warnings. In recent years, satellite data assimilation has improved skill in forecasting extratropical cyclones; however errors still remain in forecasting the position and strength of extratropical cyclones as well as the tropopause folding process. The goal of this study is to determine the impact of assimilating satellite temperature and moisture retrieved profiles from hyperspectral infrared (IR) sounders (i.e. Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), Cross-track Infrared and Microwave Sounding Suite (CrIMSS), and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI)) on the model representation of the tropopause fold and an associated high <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">event</span> that impacted the Northeast United States on 09 February 2013. Model simulations using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW) were conducted on a 12-km grid with cycled data assimilation mimicking the operational North American Model (NAM). The results from the satellite assimilation run are compared to a control experiment (without hyperspectral IR retrievals), 32-km North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) interpolated to a 12-km grid, and 13-km Rapid Refresh analyses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140006919','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140006919"><span>Impact of the Assimilation of Hyperspectral Infrared Retrieved Profiles on Advanced Weather and Research Model Simulations of a Non-Convective <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Event</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Berndt, E. B.; Zavodsky, B. T.; Jedlovec, G. J.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Non-convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> commonly occur with passing extratropical cyclones and have significant societal and economic impacts. Since non-convective <span class="hlt">winds</span> often occur in the absence of specific phenomena such as a thunderstorm, tornado, or hurricane, the public are less likely to heed high <span class="hlt">wind</span> warnings and continue daily activities. Thus non-convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> result in as many fatalities as straight line thunderstorm <span class="hlt">winds</span>. One physical explanation for non-convective <span class="hlt">winds</span> includes tropopause folds. Improved model representation of stratospheric air and associated non-convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> could improve non-convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> forecasts and associated warnings. In recent years, satellite data assimilation has improved skill in forecasting extratropical cyclones; however errors still remain in forecasting the position and strength of extratropical cyclones as well as the tropopause folding process. The goal of this study is to determine the impact of assimilating satellite temperature and moisture retrieved profiles from hyperspectral infrared (IR) sounders (i.e. Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), Cross-track Infrared and Microwave Sounding Suite (CrIMSS), and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI)) on the model representation of the tropopause fold and an associated high <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">event</span> that impacted the Northeast United States on 09 February 2013. Model simulations using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW) were conducted on a 12-km grid with cycled data assimilation mimicking the operational North American Model (NAM). The results from the satellite assimilation run are compared to a control experiment (without hyperspectral IR retrievals), Modern Era-Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis, and Rapid Refresh analyses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810040177&hterms=WIND+STORMS&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DWIND%2BSTORMS','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810040177&hterms=WIND+STORMS&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DWIND%2BSTORMS"><span>Interplanetary ions during an energetic storm particle <span class="hlt">event</span> - The distribution function from solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> thermal energies to 1.6 MeV</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Gosling, J. T.; Asbridge, J. R.; Bame, S. J.; Feldman, W. C.; Zwickl, R. D.; Paschmann, G.; Sckopke, N.; Hynds, R. J.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>An ion velocity distribution function of the postshock phase of an energetic storm particle (ESP) <span class="hlt">event</span> is obtained from data from the ISEE 2 and ISEE 3 experiments. The distribution function is roughly isotropic in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> frame from solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> thermal energies to 1.6 MeV. The ESP <span class="hlt">event</span> studied (8/27/78) is superposed upon a more energetic particle <span class="hlt">event</span> which was predominantly field-aligned and which was probably of solar origin. The observations suggest that the ESP population is accelerated directly out of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> thermal population or its quiescent suprathermal tail by a stochastic process associated with shock wave disturbance. The acceleration mechanism is sufficiently efficient so that approximately 1% of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> population is accelerated to suprathermal energies. These suprathermal particles have an energy density of approximately 290 eV cubic centimeters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22580490','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22580490"><span>Lightning and severe thunderstorms in <span class="hlt">event</span> management.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Walsh, Katie M</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>There are a few national position stands/guidelines that address environmental conditions in athletics, yet they do not govern all outdoor sports. Extreme heat and cold, lightning, and severe <span class="hlt">wind</span> can all be fatal, yet the majority of outdoor sports have no published guidelines addressing these conditions in relation to activity. Available research on extreme heat and cold conditions in athletics provides prevention strategies, to include acclimatization. Lightning and severe <span class="hlt">wind</span> are two environmental conditions to which humans cannot accommodate, and they both can be deadly. There are <span class="hlt">strong</span> positions on extreme heat/cold and lightning safety in athletics, but none affiliated with severe <span class="hlt">winds</span>. Medical personnel involved in planning large outdoor sporting <span class="hlt">events</span> must know of the presence of nationally published weather-related documents and apply them to their <span class="hlt">event</span>. In addition, research needs to be expanded in the realm of establishing guidelines for safety to participants and spectators in severe <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJBm..tmp...52O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJBm..tmp...52O"><span>Human cold stress of <span class="hlt">strong</span> local-<span class="hlt">wind</span> "Hijikawa-arashi" in Japan, based on the UTCI index and thermo-physiological responses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ohashi, Yukitaka; Katsuta, Takumi; Tani, Haruka; Okabayashi, Taiki; Miyahara, Satoshi; Miyashita, Ryoji</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>We investigated the cold stress caused by a <span class="hlt">strong</span> local <span class="hlt">wind</span> called "Hijikawa-arashi," through in situ vital measurements and the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). This <span class="hlt">wind</span> is a very interesting winter phenomenon, localized in an area within 1 km of the seashore in Ozu City, Ehime Prefecture in Japan. When a <span class="hlt">strong</span> Hijikawa-arashi (HA) occurred at 14-15 m s-1, the UTCI decreased to - 30 °C along the bridge where commuting residents are the most exposed to <span class="hlt">strong</span> and cold <span class="hlt">winds</span>. On the bridge, most participants in our experiment felt "very cold" or "extremely cold." The UTCI of HA can be predicted from a multiple regression equation using <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and air temperature. The cold HA <span class="hlt">wind</span> is also harmful to human thermo-physiological responses. It leads to higher blood pressure and increased heart rate, both of which act as cardiovascular stress triggers. Increases of 6-10 mmHg and 3-6 bpm for every 10 °C reduction in UTCI were seen on all observational days, including HA and non-HA days. In fact, the participants' body skin temperatures decreased by approximately 1.2 to 1.7 °C for every 10 °C reduction in UTCI. Thus, the UTCI variation due to the HA outbreak corresponded well with the cold sensation and thermo-physiological responses in humans. This result suggests that daily UTCI monitoring enables the prediction of thermo-physiological responses to the HA cold stress.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMEP21A0561C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMEP21A0561C"><span>Influence of Complex Terrain on <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Fields in the Mojave Desert, Southwestern US</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Clow, G. D.; Reynolds, R. L.; Urban, F. E.; Bogle, R.; Vogel, J. M.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>The complex terrain of southern California has important effects on the <span class="hlt">winds</span> in this dust-producing region. We use the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) to investigate the influences of rugged topography on the <span class="hlt">wind</span> field in the Mojave Desert at a variety of scales. For this study, the WRF model was used in a retrospective mode over the time period 2000-to-present, with horizontal resolutions as fine as 1-km in specific areas of interest (i.e., known dust-source areas). At a regional scale, the juxtaposition of California's Central Valley with the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range often generates a band of <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> extending eastward from the southern end of the Sierra Nevada and Tehachapi Mountains across the Mojave Desert and into Arizona. At finer scales, WRF-derived <span class="hlt">winds</span> within this band reveal terrain deflection, focusing, channeling, and rapid direction change over short distances. These effects are important for assessing the capacity of <span class="hlt">wind</span> to produce dust at potential dust-source areas during specific <span class="hlt">events</span>, and for determining dust-transport pathways. Comparison of the WRF results during <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> with data from meteorological stations having dust emission instruments (saltation sensors and/or <span class="hlt">wind</span>-triggered time-lapse cameras) help elucidate landscape conditions that influence dust emission and patterns of dust transport.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EPJWC.17606013Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EPJWC.17606013Z"><span>Airport low-level <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear lidar observation at beijing capital international airport</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Hongwei; Wu, Songhua; Wang, Qichao; Liu, Bingyi; Zhai, Xiaochun</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Ocean University of China lidar team operated a pulse coherent Doppler lidar (PCDL) for the low level <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear monitoring at the Beijing Capital International Airport (BCIA) in 2015. The experiment configuration, observation modes is presented. A case study shows that the low level <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear <span class="hlt">events</span> at the southern end of 18R/36L runway were mainly caused by the trees and buildings along the glide path under <span class="hlt">strong</span> northwest <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1918058B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1918058B"><span>Development and Application of an Objective Tracking Algorithm for Tropical Cyclones over the North-West Pacific purely based on <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Speeds</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Befort, Daniel J.; Kruschke, Tim; Leckebusch, Gregor C.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Tropical Cyclones over East Asia have huge socio-economic impacts due to their <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields and large rainfall amounts. Especially, the most severe <span class="hlt">events</span> are associated with huge economic losses, e.g. Typhoon Herb in 1996 is related to overall losses exceeding 5 billion US (Munich Re, 2016). In this study, an objective tracking algorithm is applied to JRA55 reanalysis data from 1979 to 2014 over the Western North Pacific. For this purpose, a purely <span class="hlt">wind</span> based algorithm, formerly used to identify extra-tropical <span class="hlt">wind</span> storms, has been further developed. The algorithm is based on the exceedance of the local 98th percentile to define <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields in gridded climate data. To be detected as a tropical cyclone candidate, the following criteria must be fulfilled: 1) the <span class="hlt">wind</span> storm must exist for at least eight 6-hourly time steps and 2) the <span class="hlt">wind</span> field must exceed a minimum size of 130.000km2 for each time step. The usage of <span class="hlt">wind</span> information is motivated to focus on damage related <span class="hlt">events</span>, however, a pre-selection based on the affected region is necessary to remove <span class="hlt">events</span> of extra-tropical nature. Using IBTrACS Best Tracks for validation, it is found that about 62% of all detected tropical cyclone <span class="hlt">events</span> in JRA55 reanalysis can be matched to an observed best track. As expected the relative amount of matched tracks increases with the <span class="hlt">wind</span> intensity of the <span class="hlt">event</span>, with a hit rate of about 98% for Violent Typhoons, above 90% for Very <span class="hlt">Strong</span> Typhoons and about 75% for Typhoons. Overall these results are encouraging as the parameters used to detect tropical cyclones in JRA55, e.g. minimum area, are also suitable to detect TCs in most CMIP5 simulations and will thus allow estimates of potential future changes.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_4 --> <div id="page_5" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="81"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140005794','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140005794"><span>The Impact of the Assimilation of Hyperspectral Infrared Retrieved Profiles on Advanced Weather and Research Model Simulations of a Non-Convective <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Event</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Berndt, Emily; Zavodsky, Bradley; Jedlovec, Gary; Elmer, Nicholas</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Non-convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> commonly occur with passing extratropical cyclones and have significant societal and economic impacts. Since non-convective <span class="hlt">winds</span> often occur in the absence of specific phenomena such as a thunderstorm, tornado, or hurricane, the public are less likely to heed high <span class="hlt">wind</span> warnings and continue daily activities. Thus non-convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> result in as many fatalities as straight line thunderstorm <span class="hlt">winds</span>. One physical explanation for non-convective <span class="hlt">winds</span> includes tropopause folds. Improved model representation of stratospheric air and associated non-convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> could improve non-convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> forecasts and associated warnings. In recent years, satellite data assimilation has improved skill in forecasting extratropical cyclones; however errors still remain in forecasting the position and strength of extratropical cyclones as well as the tropopause folding process. The goal of this study is to determine the impact of assimilating satellite temperature and moisture retrieved profiles from hyperspectral infrared (IR) sounders (i.e. Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), Cross-track Infrared and Microwave Sounding Suite (CrIMSS), and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI)) on the model representation of the tropopause fold and an associated high <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">event</span> that impacted the Northeast United States on 09 February 2013. Model simulations using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW) were conducted on a 12-km grid with cycled data assimilation mimicking the operational North American Model (NAM). The results from the satellite assimilation run are compared to a control experiment (without hyperspectral IR retrievals), Modern Era-Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis, and Rapid Refresh analyses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22365426-solar-energetic-particle-events-different-types-solar-wind','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22365426-solar-energetic-particle-events-different-types-solar-wind"><span>Solar energetic particle <span class="hlt">events</span> in different types of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kahler, S. W.; Vourlidas, A., E-mail: stephen.kahler@kirtland.af.mil</p> <p>2014-08-10</p> <p>We examine statistically some properties of 96 20 MeV gradual solar energetic proton (SEP) <span class="hlt">events</span> as a function of three different types of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> (SW) as classified by Richardson and Cane. Gradual SEP (E > 10 MeV) <span class="hlt">events</span> are produced in shocks driven by fast (V ≳ 900 km s{sup –1}) and wide (W > 60°) coronal mass ejections (CMEs). We find no differences among the transient, fast, and slow SW streams for SEP 20 MeV proton <span class="hlt">event</span> timescales. It has recently been found that the peak intensities Ip of these SEP <span class="hlt">events</span> scale with the ∼2 MeV protonmore » background intensities, which may be a proxy for the near-Sun shock seed particles. Both the intensities Ip and their 2 MeV backgrounds are significantly enhanced in transient SW compared to those of fast and slow SW streams, and the values of Ip normalized to the 2 MeV backgrounds only weakly correlate with CME V for all SW types. This result implies that forecasts of SEP <span class="hlt">events</span> could be improved by monitoring both the Sun and the local SW stream properties and that the well known power-law size distributions of Ip may differ between transient and long-lived SW streams. We interpret an observed correlation between CME V and the 2 MeV background for SEP <span class="hlt">events</span> in transient SW as a manifestation of enhanced solar activity.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28715447','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28715447"><span>Short-term alteration of biotic and abiotic components of the pelagic system in a shallow bay produced by a <span class="hlt">strong</span> natural hypoxia <span class="hlt">event</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hernández-Miranda, Eduardo; Veas, Rodrigo; Anabalón, Valeria; Quiñones, Renato A</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>In January 2008 there was an intensive and extensive upwelling <span class="hlt">event</span> in the southern Humboldt Current System. This <span class="hlt">event</span> produced an intrusion of water with low dissolved oxygen into Coliumo Bay, which caused massive mortality and the beaching of pelagic and benthic organisms, including zooplankton. During this <span class="hlt">event</span>, which lasted 3 to 5 days, we studied and evaluated the effect of the hypoxic water in the bay on the abundance of macrozooplankton, nanoplankton and microphytoplankton, the concentration of several nutrients and hydrographic conditions. At the beginning of the hypoxia <span class="hlt">event</span> the water column had very low dissolved oxygen concentrations (<0.5 mL O2 L-1), low temperatures and high salinity which are characteristics of the oxygen minimum zone from the Humboldt Current System. Redox, pH, nitrate, phosphate, silicate and chlorophyll-a values were the lowest, while nitrate and the phaeopigment values were the highest. The N:P ratio was below 16, and the abundance of nano- and microphytoplankton were at their lowest, the latter also with the lowest proportion of live organisms. Macrozooplankton had the greatest abundance during hypoxia, dominated mainly by crustacean, fish eggs and amphipods. The hypoxia <span class="hlt">event</span> generated a <span class="hlt">strong</span> short-term alteration of all biotic and abiotic components of the pelagic system in Coliumo Bay and the neighboring coastal zone. These negative effects associated with <span class="hlt">strong</span> natural hypoxia <span class="hlt">events</span> could have important consequences for the productivity and ecosystem functioning of the coastal zone of the Humboldt Current System if, as suggested by several models, <span class="hlt">winds</span> favorable to upwelling should increase due to climate change. The effects of natural hypoxia in this coastal zone can be dramatic especially for pelagic and benthic species not adapted to endure conditions of low dissolved oxygen.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5513412','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5513412"><span>Short-term alteration of biotic and abiotic components of the pelagic system in a shallow bay produced by a <span class="hlt">strong</span> natural hypoxia <span class="hlt">event</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Veas, Rodrigo; Anabalón, Valeria; Quiñones, Renato A.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>In January 2008 there was an intensive and extensive upwelling <span class="hlt">event</span> in the southern Humboldt Current System. This <span class="hlt">event</span> produced an intrusion of water with low dissolved oxygen into Coliumo Bay, which caused massive mortality and the beaching of pelagic and benthic organisms, including zooplankton. During this <span class="hlt">event</span>, which lasted 3 to 5 days, we studied and evaluated the effect of the hypoxic water in the bay on the abundance of macrozooplankton, nanoplankton and microphytoplankton, the concentration of several nutrients and hydrographic conditions. At the beginning of the hypoxia <span class="hlt">event</span> the water column had very low dissolved oxygen concentrations (<0.5 mL O2 L-1), low temperatures and high salinity which are characteristics of the oxygen minimum zone from the Humboldt Current System. Redox, pH, nitrate, phosphate, silicate and chlorophyll-a values were the lowest, while nitrate and the phaeopigment values were the highest. The N:P ratio was below 16, and the abundance of nano- and microphytoplankton were at their lowest, the latter also with the lowest proportion of live organisms. Macrozooplankton had the greatest abundance during hypoxia, dominated mainly by crustacean, fish eggs and amphipods. The hypoxia <span class="hlt">event</span> generated a <span class="hlt">strong</span> short-term alteration of all biotic and abiotic components of the pelagic system in Coliumo Bay and the neighboring coastal zone. These negative effects associated with <span class="hlt">strong</span> natural hypoxia <span class="hlt">events</span> could have important consequences for the productivity and ecosystem functioning of the coastal zone of the Humboldt Current System if, as suggested by several models, <span class="hlt">winds</span> favorable to upwelling should increase due to climate change. The effects of natural hypoxia in this coastal zone can be dramatic especially for pelagic and benthic species not adapted to endure conditions of low dissolved oxygen. PMID:28715447</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29602964','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29602964"><span>Human cold stress of <span class="hlt">strong</span> local-<span class="hlt">wind</span> "Hijikawa-arashi" in Japan, based on the UTCI index and thermo-physiological responses.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ohashi, Yukitaka; Katsuta, Takumi; Tani, Haruka; Okabayashi, Taiki; Miyahara, Satoshi; Miyashita, Ryoji</p> <p>2018-03-30</p> <p>We investigated the cold stress caused by a <span class="hlt">strong</span> local <span class="hlt">wind</span> called "Hijikawa-arashi," through in situ vital measurements and the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). This <span class="hlt">wind</span> is a very interesting winter phenomenon, localized in an area within 1 km of the seashore in Ozu City, Ehime Prefecture in Japan. When a <span class="hlt">strong</span> Hijikawa-arashi (HA) occurred at 14-15 m s -1 , the UTCI decreased to - 30 °C along the bridge where commuting residents are the most exposed to <span class="hlt">strong</span> and cold <span class="hlt">winds</span>. On the bridge, most participants in our experiment felt "very cold" or "extremely cold." The UTCI of HA can be predicted from a multiple regression equation using <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and air temperature. The cold HA <span class="hlt">wind</span> is also harmful to human thermo-physiological responses. It leads to higher blood pressure and increased heart rate, both of which act as cardiovascular stress triggers. Increases of 6-10 mmHg and 3-6 bpm for every 10 °C reduction in UTCI were seen on all observational days, including HA and non-HA days. In fact, the participants' body skin temperatures decreased by approximately 1.2 to 1.7 °C for every 10 °C reduction in UTCI. Thus, the UTCI variation due to the HA outbreak corresponded well with the cold sensation and thermo-physiological responses in humans. This result suggests that daily UTCI monitoring enables the prediction of thermo-physiological responses to the HA cold stress.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21782162','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21782162"><span>Hospital admissions for asthma and acute bronchitis in El Paso, Texas: do age, sex, and insurance status modify the effects of dust and low <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Grineski, Sara E; Staniswalis, Joan G; Bulathsinhala, Priyangi; Peng, Yanlei; Gill, Thomas E</p> <p>2011-11-01</p> <p>El Paso County (Texas) is prone to still air inversions and is one of the dust "hot spots" in North America. In this context, we examined the sub-lethal effects of airborne dust and low <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> on human respiratory health (i.e., asthma and acute bronchitis) between 2000 and 2003, when 110 dust and 157 low <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> occurred. Because environmental conditions may not affect everyone the same, we explored the effects of dust and low <span class="hlt">wind</span> within three age groups (children, adults, and the elderly), testing for effect modifications by sex and insurance status, while controlling for weather and air pollutants. We used a case-crossover design using <span class="hlt">events</span> matched with referent days on the same day-of-the-week, month, and year with conditional logistic regression to estimate the probability of hospital admission, while controlling for apparent temperature (lag 1), nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter of 2.5μm or less. Children (aged 1-17) were 1.19 (95% confidence interval: 1.00-1.41) times more likely to be hospitalized for asthma three days after a low <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">event</span>, and 1.33 (95% CI: 1.01-1.75) times more likely to be hospitalized for acute bronchitis one day after a dust <span class="hlt">event</span> than on a clear day. Girls were more sensitive to acute bronchitis hospitalizations after dust <span class="hlt">events</span> (1.83, 95% CI: 1.09-3.08) than boys, but less sensitive than boys to acute bronchitis hospitalizations after low <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> (0.68, 95% CI: 0.46-1.00). We found general trends with regard to dust and low <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> being associated with increased odds of hospitalization for asthma and bronchitis amongst all ages and adults (aged 18-64). Adults covered by Medicaid and adults without health insurance had higher risks of hospitalization for asthma and acute bronchitis after both low <span class="hlt">wind</span> and dust <span class="hlt">events</span>. Results suggest that there were respiratory health effects associated with dust and low <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> in El Paso, with stronger impacts among children and poor adults. Girls and boys with</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3572938','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3572938"><span>Hospital admissions for asthma and acute bronchitis in El Paso, Texas: Do age, sex, and insurance status modify the effects of dust and low <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Staniswalis, Joan G.; Bulathsinhala, Priyangi; Peng, Yanlei; Gill, Thomas E.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Background El Paso County (Texas) is prone to still air inversions and is one of the dust “hot spots” in North America. In this context, we examined the sub-lethal effects of airborne dust and low <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> on human respiratory health (i.e., asthma and acute bronchitis) between 2000 and 2003, when 110 dust and 157 low <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> occurred. Because environmental conditions may not affect everyone the same, we explored the effects of dust and low <span class="hlt">wind</span> within three age groups (children, adults, and the elderly), testing for effect modifications by sex and insurance status, while controlling for weather and air pollutants. Methods We used a case-crossover design using <span class="hlt">events</span> matched with referent days on the same day-of-the-week, month, and year with conditional logistic regression to estimate the probability of hospital admission, while controlling for apparent temperature (lag 1), nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter of 2.5 micrometers or less. Results Children (aged 1–17) were 1.19 (95% confidence interval: 1.00–1.41) times more likely to be hospitalized for asthma three days after a low <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">event</span>, and 1.33 (95% CI: 1.01–1.75) times more likely to be hospitalized for acute bronchitis one day after a dust <span class="hlt">event</span> than on a clear day. Girls were more sensitive to acute bronchitis hospitalizations after dust <span class="hlt">events</span> (1.83, 95% CI: 1.09–3.08) than boys, but less sensitive than boys to acute bronchitis hospitalizations after low <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> (0.68, 95% CI: 0.46–1.00). We found general trends with regard to dust and low <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> being associated with increased odds of hospitalization for asthma and bronchitis amongst all ages and adults (aged 18–64). Adults covered by Medicaid and adults without health insurance had higher risks of hospitalization for asthma and acute bronchitis after both low <span class="hlt">wind</span> and dust <span class="hlt">event</span> Conclusions Results suggest that there were respiratory health effects associated with dust and low <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> in El Paso, with stronger</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA51B2386X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA51B2386X"><span>Multi-<span class="hlt">event</span> study of high-latitude thermospheric <span class="hlt">wind</span> variations at substorm onset with a Fabry-Perot interferometer at Tromsoe, Norway</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xu, H.; Shiokawa, K.; Oyama, S. I.; Otsuka, Y.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>We studied the high-latitude thermospheric <span class="hlt">wind</span> variations near the onset time of isolated substorms. Substorm-related energy input from the magnetosphere to the polar ionosphere modifies the high-latitude ionosphere and thermosphere. For the first time, this study showed the characteristics of high-latitude thermospheric <span class="hlt">wind</span> variations at the substorm onset. We also investigated the possibility of these <span class="hlt">wind</span> variations as a potential trigger of substorm onset by modifying the ionospheric current system (Kan, 1993). A Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) at Tromsoe, Norway provided <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements estimated from Doppler shift of both red-line (630.0 nm for the F region) and green-line (557.7 nm for the E region) emissions of aurora and airglow. We used seven-year data sets obtained from 2009 to 2015 with a time resolution of 13 min. We first identified the onset times of local isolated substorms using ground-based magnetometer data obtained at the Tromsoe and Bear Island stations, which belongs to the IMAGE magnetometer chain. We obtained 4 red-line <span class="hlt">events</span> and 5 green-line <span class="hlt">events</span> taken place at different local times. For all these <span class="hlt">events</span>, the peak locations of westward ionospheric currents identified by the ground-based magnetometer chain were located at the poleward side of Tromsoe. Then, we calculated two weighted averages of <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocities for 30 min around the onset time and 30 min after the onset time of substorms. We evaluated differences between these two weighted averages to estimate the strength of <span class="hlt">wind</span> changes. The observed <span class="hlt">wind</span> changes at these substorm onsets were less than 49 m/s (26 m/s) for red-line (green-line) <span class="hlt">events</span>, which are much smaller than the typical plasma convection speed. This indicates that the plasma motion caused by substorm-induced thermospheric <span class="hlt">winds</span> through ion-neutral collisions is a minor effect as the driver of high-latitude plasma convection, as well as the triggering of substorm onset. We discuss possible causes of these</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1332907-experimental-investigation-bearing-slip-wind-turbine-gearbox-during-transient-grid-loss-event','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1332907-experimental-investigation-bearing-slip-wind-turbine-gearbox-during-transient-grid-loss-event"><span>Experimental Investigation of Bearing Slip in a <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine Gearbox During a Transient Grid Loss <span class="hlt">Event</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Helsen, Jan; Guo, Yi; Keller, Jonathan</p> <p></p> <p>This work investigates the behaviour of the high speed stage of a <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine gearbox during a transient grid loss <span class="hlt">event</span>. Dynamometer testing on a full scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine nacelle is used. A combination of external and internal gearbox measurements is analysed. Particular focus is on the characterization of the high speed shaft tapered roller bearing slip behaviour. This slipping behaviour is linked to dynamic <span class="hlt">events</span> by many researchers and described as potential bearing failure initiator. However only limited full scale dynamic testing is documented. Strain gauge bridges in grooves along the circumference of the outer ring are used tomore » characterize the bearing behaviour in detail. It is shown that during the transient <span class="hlt">event</span> the high speed shaft experiences a combined torsional and bending deformation. These unfavourable loading conditions induce roller slip in the bearings during the torque reversals indicating the potential of the applied load case to go beyond the preload of the tapered roller bearing.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17..621R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17..621R"><span>The importance of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-flux feedbacks during the November CINDY-DYNAMO MJO <span class="hlt">event</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Riley Dellaripa, Emily; Maloney, Eric; van den Heever, Susan</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>High-resolution, large-domain cloud resolving model (CRM) simulations probing the importance of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-flux feedbacks to Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) convection are performed for the November 2011 CINDY-DYNAMO MJO <span class="hlt">event</span>. The work is motivated by observational analysis from RAMA buoys in the Indian Ocean and TRMM precipitation retrievals that show a positive correlation between MJO precipitation and <span class="hlt">wind</span>-induced surface fluxes, especially latent heat fluxes, during and beyond the CINDY-DYNAMO time period. Simulations are done using Colorado State University's Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). The domain setup is oceanic and spans 1000 km x 1000 km with 1.5 km horizontal resolution and 65 stretched vertical levels centered on the location of Gan Island - one of the major CINDY-DYNAMO observation points. The model is initialized with ECMWF reanalysis and Aqua MODIS sea surface temperatures. Nudging from ECMWF reanalysis is applied at the domain periphery to encourage realistic evolution of MJO convection. The control experiment is run for the entire month of November so both suppressed and active, as well as, transitional phases of the MJO are modeled. In the control experiment, <span class="hlt">wind</span>-induced surface fluxes are activated through the surface bulk aerodynamic formula and allowed to evolve organically. Sensitivity experiments are done by restarting the control run one week into the simulation and controlling the <span class="hlt">wind</span>-induced flux feedbacks. In one sensitivity experiment, <span class="hlt">wind</span>-induced surface flux feedbacks are completely denied, while in another experiment the <span class="hlt">winds</span> are kept constant at the control simulations mean surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. The evolution of convection, especially on the mesoscale, is compared between the control and sensitivity simulations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..1413060V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..1413060V"><span>Joint probabilities of extreme precipitation and <span class="hlt">wind</span> gusts in Germany</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>von Waldow, H.; Martius, O.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>Extreme meteorological <span class="hlt">events</span> such as storms, heavy rain, floods, droughts and heat waves can have devastating consequences for human health, infrastructure and ecosystems. Concomitantly occurring extreme <span class="hlt">events</span> might interact synergistically to produce a particularly hazardous impact. The joint occurrence of droughts and heat waves, for example, can have a very different impact on human health and ecosystems both in quantity and quality, than just one of the two extreme <span class="hlt">events</span>. The co-occurrence of certain types of extreme <span class="hlt">events</span> is plausible from physical and dynamical considerations, for example heavy precipitation and high <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds in the pathway of <span class="hlt">strong</span> extratropical cyclones. The winter storm Kyrill not only caused <span class="hlt">wind</span> gust speeds well in excess of 30 m/s across Europe, but also brought 24 h precipitation sums greater than the mean January accumulations in some regions. However, the existence of such compound risks is currently not accounted for by insurance companies, who assume independence of extreme weather <span class="hlt">events</span> to calculate their premiums. While there are established statistical methods to model the extremes of univariate meteorological variables, the modelling of multidimensional extremes calls for an approach that is tailored to the specific problem at hand. A first step involves defining extreme bivariate <span class="hlt">wind</span>/precipitation <span class="hlt">events</span>. Because precipitation and <span class="hlt">wind</span> gusts caused by the same cyclone or convective cell do not occur at exactly the same location and at the same time, it is necessary to find a sound definition of "extreme compound <span class="hlt">event</span>" for this case. We present a data driven method to choose appropriate time and space intervals that define "concomitance" for <span class="hlt">wind</span> and precipitation extremes. Based on station data of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and gridded precipitation data, we arrive at time and space intervals that compare well with the typical time and space scales of extratropical cyclones, i.e. a maximum time lag of 1 day and a maximum distance</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29505969','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29505969"><span>Short-term nighttime <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine noise and cardiovascular <span class="hlt">events</span>: A nationwide case-crossover study from Denmark.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Poulsen, Aslak Harbo; Raaschou-Nielsen, Ole; Peña, Alfredo; Hahmann, Andrea N; Nordsborg, Rikke Baastrup; Ketzel, Matthias; Brandt, Jørgen; Sørensen, Mette</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The number of people exposed to <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine noise (WTN) is increasing. WTN is reported as more annoying than traffic noise at similar levels. Long-term exposure to traffic noise has consistently been associated with cardiovascular disease, whereas effects of short-term exposure are much less investigated due to little day-to-day variation of e.g. road traffic noise. WTN varies considerably due to changing weather conditions allowing investigation of short-term effects of WTN on cardiovascular <span class="hlt">events</span>. We identified all hospitalisations and deaths from stroke (16,913 cases) and myocardial infarction (MI) (17,559 cases) among Danes exposed to WTN between 1982 and 2013. We applied a time-stratified, case-crossover design. Using detailed data on <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine type and hourly <span class="hlt">wind</span> data at each <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine, we simulated mean nighttime outdoor (10-10,000 Hz) and nighttime low frequency (LF) indoor WTN (10-160 Hz) over the 4 days preceding diagnosis and reference days. For indoor LF WTN between 10 and 15 dB(A) and above 15 dB(A), odds ratios (ORs) for MI were 1.27 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.97-1.67; cases = 198) and 1.62 (95% CI: 0.76-3.45; cases = 21), respectively, when compared to indoor LF WTN below 5 dB(A). For stroke, corresponding ORs were 1.17 (95% CI: 0.95-1.69; cases = 166) and 2.30 (95% CI: 0.96-5.50; cases = 15). The elevated ORs above 15 dB(A) persisted across sensitivity analyses. When looking at specific lag times, noise exposure one day before MI <span class="hlt">events</span> and three days before stroke <span class="hlt">events</span> were associated with the highest ORs. For outdoor WTN at night, we observed both increased and decreased risk estimates. This study did not provide conclusive evidence of an association between WTN and MI or stroke. It does however suggest that indoor LF WTN at night may trigger cardiovascular <span class="hlt">events</span>, whereas these <span class="hlt">events</span> seemed largely unaffected by nighttime outdoor WTN. These findings need reproduction, as they were based on few cases</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1613044P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1613044P"><span>Easterly and westerly <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> in the equatorial Pacific ocean and their oceanic response</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Puy, martin; Lengaigne, matthieu; Vialard, jerome; Guilyardi, eric</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>Intraseasonal <span class="hlt">wind</span> variability is known to influence the onset and evolution of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), in particular through the occurrence of Westerly <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Events</span> (WWEs) in the western Equatorial Pacific. For predictability purposes, it is important to identify the large scale atmospheric controls of the occurrences of those WWEs. We hence carefully assess the link between equatorial WWEs and large-scale atmospheric waves. We find that WWEs preferably occur during convectively active phases associated to equatorial atmospheric Rossby waves (74% against 15% if the distribution was random) and to the MJO (60% against 15%). We also find that WWEs that occur in relation with those atmospheric waves tend to be stronger. The results also show that WWEs that occur in relation with the MJO tend to be longer than others, and tend to have a larger impact on SST, both on the eastern edge of the warm pool and in the eastern Pacific. We further show that the central and eastern equatorial Pacific is home to frequent easterly <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> (EWEs). These EWEs are further shown to be influenced by atmospheric Rossby waves and the MJO, but to a lesser extent than WWEs. We will discuss the potential influence of EWEs on the ENSO cycle, and propose a modeling strategy to test the influence of these EWEs / WWEs on the ENSO evolution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMSM13E4214E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMSM13E4214E"><span>Ulysses Observations of Tripolar Guide-Magnetic Field Perturbations Across Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Reconnection Exhausts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Eriksson, S.; Peng, B.; Markidis, S.; Gosling, J. T.; McComas, D. J.; Lapenta, G.; Newman, D. L.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>We report observations from 15 solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> reconnection exhausts encountered along the Ulysses orbit beyond 4 AU in 1996-1999 and 2002-2005. The <span class="hlt">events</span>, which lasted between 17 and 45 min, were found at heliospheric latitudes between -36o and 21o with one <span class="hlt">event</span> detected as high as 58o. All <span class="hlt">events</span> shared a common characteristic of a tripolar guide-magnetic field perturbation being detected across the observed exhausts. The signature consists of an enhanced guide field magnitude within the exhaust center and two regions of significantly depressed guide-fields adjacent to the center region. The <span class="hlt">events</span> displayed magnetic field shear angles as low as 37o with a mean of 89o. This corresponds to a <span class="hlt">strong</span> external guide field relative to the anti-parallel reconnecting component of the magnetic field with a mean ratio of 1.3 and a maximum ratio of 3.1. A 2-D kinetic reconnection simulation for realistic solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions reveals that tripolar guide fields form at current sheets in the presence of multiple X-lines as two magnetic islands interact with one another for such <span class="hlt">strong</span> guide fields. The Ulysses observations are also compared with the results of a 3-D kinetic simulation of multiple flux ropes in a <span class="hlt">strong</span> guide field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.6620F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.6620F"><span>Analysis of <span class="hlt">strong</span> scintillation <span class="hlt">events</span> by using GPS data at low latitudes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Forte, Biagio; Jakowski, Norbert; Wilken, Volker</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>Drifting structures charaterised by inhomogeneities in the spatial electron density distribution at ionospheric heights originate scintillation of radio waves propagating through. The fractional electron density fluctuations and the corresponding scintillation levels may reach extreme values at low latitudes during high solar activity. <span class="hlt">Strong</span> scintillation <span class="hlt">events</span> have disruptive effects on a number of technological applications. In particular, operations and services based on GPS signals and receivers may experience severe disruption due to a significant degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio, eventually leading to signal loss of lock. Experimental scintillation data collected in the Asian sector at low latitudes by means of a GPS dual frequency receiver under moderate solar activity (2006) have been analysed. The GPS receiver is particularly modified in firmware in order to record power estimates on the C/A code as well as on the carriers L1 and L2. <span class="hlt">Strong</span> scintillation activity is recorded in the post-sunset period (saturating S4 and SI as high as 20 dB). An overview of these <span class="hlt">events</span> is presented, by taking into account scintillation impact on the signal intensity, phase, and dynamics. In particular, the interpretation of these <span class="hlt">events</span> based on a refined scattering theory is provided with possible consequences for standard scintillation models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRD..122.2115B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRD..122.2115B"><span>The marine atmospheric boundary layer under <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions: Organized turbulence structure and flux estimates by airborne measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brilouet, Pierre-Etienne; Durand, Pierre; Canut, Guylaine</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>During winter, cold air outbreaks take place in the northwestern Mediterranean sea. They are characterized by local <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> (Mistral and Tramontane) which transport cold and dry continental air across a warmer sea. In such conditions, high values of surface sensible and latent heat flux are observed, which favor deep oceanic convection. The HyMeX/ASICS-MED field campaign was devoted to the study of these processes. Airborne measurements, gathered in the Gulf of Lion during the winter of 2013, allowed for the exploration of the mean and turbulent structure of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL). A spectral analysis based on an analytical model was conducted on 181 straight and level runs. Profiles of characteristic length scales and sharpness parameter of the vertical <span class="hlt">wind</span> spectrum revealed larger eddies along the mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction associated with an organization of the turbulence field into longitudinal rolls. These were highlighted by boundary layer cloud bands on high-resolution satellite images. A one-dimensional description of the vertical exchanges is then a tricky issue. Since the knowledge of the flux profile throughout the entire MABL is essential for the estimation of air-sea exchanges, a correction of eddy covariance turbulent fluxes was developed taking into account the systematic and random errors due to sampling and data processing. This allowed the improvement of surface fluxes estimates, computed from the extrapolation of the stacked levels. A comparison between those surface fluxes and bulk fluxes computed at a moored buoy revealed considerable differences, mainly regarding the latent heat flux under <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22520130-optical-wind-line-variability-carinae-during-event','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22520130-optical-wind-line-variability-carinae-during-event"><span>THE OPTICAL <span class="hlt">WIND</span> LINE VARIABILITY OF η CARINAE DURING THE 2009.0 <span class="hlt">EVENT</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Richardson, N. D.; Moffat, A. F. J.; St-Jean, L.</p> <p>2015-10-15</p> <p>We report on high-resolution spectroscopy of the 2009.0 spectroscopic <span class="hlt">event</span> of η Carinae collected via SMARTS observations using the CTIO 1.5 m telescope and echelle spectrograph. Our observations were made almost every night over a two-month interval around the photometric minimum of η Car associated with the periastron passage of a hot companion. The photoionizing flux of the companion and heating related to colliding <span class="hlt">winds</span> causes large changes in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> properties of the massive primary star. Here we present an analysis of temporal variations in a sample of spectral lines that are clearly formed in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> of themore » primary star. These lines are affected by a changing illumination of the flux of the secondary star during the periastron passage. We document the sudden onset of blueshifted absorption that occurred in most of the lines near or slightly after periastron, and we argue that these absorption components are seen when we view the relatively undisturbed <span class="hlt">wind</span> of the foreground primary star. We present time series measurements of the net equivalent width of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> lines and of the radial velocities of the absorption trough minima and the emission peak midpoints. Most lines decrease in emission strength around periastron, and those high excitation lines formed close to the primary exhibit a red-ward velocity excursion. We show how these trends can be explained using an illuminated hemisphere model that is based on the idea that the emission originates primarily from the side of the primary facing the hot companion.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH23B1621A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH23B1621A"><span>Detection and Modeling of a Meteotsunami in Lake Erie During a High <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Event</span> on May 27, 2012</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Anderson, E. J.; Schwab, D. J.; Lombardy, K. A.; LaPlante, R. E.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>On May 27, 2012, a mesoscale convective system moved southeast across the central basin of Lake Erie (the shallowest of the Great Lakes) causing an increase in surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed from 3 to 15 m/s over a few minutes. Although no significant pressure change was observed during this period (+1 mbar), the storm resulted in 3 reported edge waves on the southern shore (5 minutes apart), with wave heights up to 7 feet (2.13 m). Witnesses along the coast reported that the water receded before the waves hit, the only warning of the impending danger. After impact on the southern shore, several individuals were stranded in the water near Cleveland, Ohio. Fortunately, there were no fatalities or serious injury as a result of the edge waves. The storm <span class="hlt">event</span> yielded two separate but similar squall line <span class="hlt">events</span> that impacted the southern shore of Lake Erie several hours apart. The first <span class="hlt">event</span> had little impact on nearshore conditions, however, the second <span class="hlt">event</span> (moving south-eastward at 21.1 m/s or 41 knots), resulted in 7 ft waves near Cleveland as reported above. The thunderstorms generated three closely packed outflow boundaries that intersected the southern shore of Lake Erie between 1700 and 1730 UTC. The outflow boundaries were followed by a stronger outflow at 1800 UTC. Radial velocities on the WSR-88D in Cleveland, Ohio indicated the <span class="hlt">winds</span> were stronger in the second outflow boundary. The radar indicated <span class="hlt">winds</span> between 20.6 and 24.7 m/s (40 and 48 knots) within 240 meters (800 feet) above ground level. In order to better understand the storm <span class="hlt">event</span> and the cause of the waves that impacted the southern shore, a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of Lake Erie has been developed using the Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM). The model is being developed as part of the Great Lakes Coastal Forecasting (GLCFS), a set of experimental real-time pre-operational hydrodynamic models run at the NOAA Great Lakes Research Laboratory that forecast currents, waves, temperature, and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA51B2398S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA51B2398S"><span>SAPS effects on thermospheric <span class="hlt">winds</span> during the 17 March 2013 storm</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sheng, C.; Lu, G.; Wang, W.; Doornbos, E.; Talaat, E. R.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Strong</span> subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) were observed by DMSP satellites during the main phase of the 17 March 2013 geomagnetic storm. Both DMSP F18 and GOCE satellites sampled at 19 MLT during this period, providing near-simultaneous measurements of ion drifts and neutral <span class="hlt">winds</span> near dusk. The fortuitous satellite conjunction allows us to directly examine the SAPS effects on thermospheric <span class="hlt">winds</span>. In addition, two sets of model runs were carried out for this <span class="hlt">event</span>: (1) the standard TIEGCM run with high-latitude forcing; (2) the SAPS-TIEGCM run by incoporating an empirical model of SAPS in the subauroral zone. The difference between these two runs represents the influence of SAPS forcing. In particular, we examine ion-neutral coupling at subauroral latitudes through detailed forcing term analysis to determine how the SAPS-related <span class="hlt">strong</span> westward ion drifts alter thermospheric <span class="hlt">winds</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APS..DFDM19002V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APS..DFDM19002V"><span>Streamwise evolution of statistical <span class="hlt">events</span> and the triple correlation in a model <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine array</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Viestenz, Kyle; Cal, Raúl Bayoán</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>Hot-wire anemometry data, obtained from a <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel experiment containing a 3 × 3 <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine array, are used to conditionally average the Reynolds stresses. Nine profiles at the centerline behind the array are analyzed to characterize the turbulent velocity statistics of the wake flow. Quadrant analysis yields statistical <span class="hlt">events</span> occurring in the wake of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm, where quadrants 2 and 4 produce ejections and sweeps, respectively. A balance between these quadrants is expressed via the ΔSo parameter, which attains a maximum value at the bottom tip and changes sign near the top tip of the rotor. These are then associated to the triple correlation term present in the turbulent kinetic energy equation of the fluctuations. The development of these various quantities is assessed in light of wake remediation, energy transport and possess significance in closure models. National Science Foundation: ECCS-1032647.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_5 --> <div id="page_6" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="101"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170000762','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170000762"><span>Identifying Stratospheric Air Intrusions and Associated Hurricane-Force <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Events</span> over the North Pacific Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Malloy, Kelsey; Folmer, Michael J.; Phillips, Joseph; Sienkiewicz, Joseph M.; Berndt, Emily</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Motivation: Ocean data is sparse: reliance on satellite imagery for marine forecasting; Ocean Prediction Center (OPC) –“mariner’s weather lifeline”. Responsible for: Pacific, Atlantic, Pacific Alaska surface analyses –24, 48, 96 hrs.; <span class="hlt">Wind</span> & wave analyses –24, 48, 96 hrs.; Issue warnings, make decisions, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite –R Series (now GOES-16), Compared to the old GOES: 3 times spectral resolution, 4 times spatial resolution, 5 times faster coverage; Comparable to Japanese Meteorological Agency’s Himawari-8, used a lot throughout this research. Research Question: How can integrating satellite data imagery and derived products help forecasters improve prognosis of rapid cyclogenesis and hurricane-force <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span>? Phase I –Identifying stratospheric air intrusions: Water Vapor –6.2, 6.9, 7.3 micron channels; Airmass RGB Product; AIRS, IASI, NUCAPS total column ozone and ozone anomaly; ASCAT (A/B) and AMSR-2 <span class="hlt">wind</span> data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790009952&hterms=history+gold&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dhistory%2Bgold','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790009952&hterms=history+gold&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dhistory%2Bgold"><span>Prediction of solar energetic particle <span class="hlt">event</span> histories using real-time particle and solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Roelof, E. C.; Gold, R. E.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>The comparatively well-ordered magnetic structure in the solar corona during the decline of Solar Cycle 20 revealed a characteristic dependence of solar energetic particle injection upon heliographic longitude. When analyzed using solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> mapping of the large scale interplanetary magnetic field line connection from the corona to the Earth, particle fluxes display an approximately exponential dependence on heliographic longitude. Since variations in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity (and hence the coronal connection longitude) can severely distort the simple coronal injection profile, the use of real-time solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity measurements can be of great aid in predicting the decay of solar particle <span class="hlt">events</span>. Although such exponential injection profiles are commonplace during 1973-1975, they have also been identified earlier in Solar Cycle 20, and hence this structure may be present during the rise and maximum of the cycle, but somewhat obscured by greater temporal variations in particle injection.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1812217O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1812217O"><span>Climatological attribution of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power ramp <span class="hlt">events</span> in East Japan and their probabilistic forecast based on multi-model ensembles downscaled by analog ensemble using self-organizing maps</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ohba, Masamichi; Nohara, Daisuke; Kadokura, Shinji</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Severe storms or other extreme weather <span class="hlt">events</span> can interrupt the spin of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines in large scale that cause unexpected "<span class="hlt">wind</span> ramp <span class="hlt">events</span>". In this study, we present an application of self-organizing maps (SOMs) for climatological attribution of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> ramp <span class="hlt">events</span> and their probabilistic prediction. The SOM is an automatic data-mining clustering technique, which allows us to summarize a high-dimensional data space in terms of a set of reference vectors. The SOM is applied to analyze and connect the relationship between atmospheric patterns over Japan and <span class="hlt">wind</span> power generation. SOM is employed on sea level pressure derived from the JRA55 reanalysis over the target area (Tohoku region in Japan), whereby a two-dimensional lattice of weather patterns (WPs) classified during the 1977-2013 period is obtained. To compare with the atmospheric data, the long-term <span class="hlt">wind</span> power generation is reconstructed by using a high-resolution surface observation network AMeDAS (Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System) in Japan. Our analysis extracts seven typical WPs, which are linked to frequent occurrences of <span class="hlt">wind</span> ramp <span class="hlt">events</span>. Probabilistic forecasts to <span class="hlt">wind</span> power generation and ramps are conducted by using the obtained SOM. The probability are derived from the multiple SOM lattices based on the matching of output from TIGGE multi-model global forecast to the WPs on the lattices. Since this method effectively takes care of the empirical uncertainties from the historical data, <span class="hlt">wind</span> power generation and ramp is probabilistically forecasted from the forecasts of global models. The predictability skill of the forecasts for the <span class="hlt">wind</span> power generation and ramp <span class="hlt">events</span> show the relatively good skill score under the downscaling technique. It is expected that the results of this study provides better guidance to the user community and contribute to future development of system operation model for the transmission grid operator.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003EAEJA....11248L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003EAEJA....11248L"><span>Cyclones and extreme windstorm <span class="hlt">events</span> over Europe under climate change: Global and regional climate model diagnostics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Leckebusch, G. C.; Ulbrich, U.</p> <p>2003-04-01</p> <p>More than any changes of the climate system mean state conditions, the development of extreme <span class="hlt">events</span> may influence social, economic and legal aspects of our society. This linkage results from the impact of extreme climate <span class="hlt">events</span> (natural hazards) on environmental systems which again are directly linked to human activities. Prominent examples from the recent past are the record breaking rainfall amounts of August 2002 in central Europe which produced widespread floodings or the <span class="hlt">wind</span> storm Lothar of December 1999. Within the MICE (Modelling the Impact of Climate Extremes) project framework an assessment of the impact of changes in extremes will be done. The investigation is carried out for several different impact categories as agriculture, energy use and property damage. Focus is laid on the diagnostics of GCM and RCM simulations under different climate change scenarios. In this study we concentrate on extreme windstorms and their relationship to cyclone activity in the global HADCM3 as well as in the regional HADRM3 model under two climate change scenarios (SRESA2a, B2a). In order to identify cyclones we used an objective algorithm from Murry and Simmonds which was widely tested under several different conditions. A slight increase in the occurrence of systems is identified above northern parts of central Europe for both scenarios. For more severe systems (core pressure < 990 hPa) we find an increase for western Europe. <span class="hlt">Strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> can be defined via different percentile values of the windspeed (e.g. above the 95 percentile). By this means the relationship between <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> and cyclones is also investigated. For several regions (e.g. Germany, France, Spain) a shift to more deep cyclones connected with an increasing number of <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> is found.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.7018E..1NB','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.7018E..1NB"><span>Large fully retractable telescope enclosures still closable in <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bettonvil, Felix C. M.; Hammerschlag, Robert H.; Jägers, Aswin P. L.; Sliepen, Guus</p> <p>2008-07-01</p> <p>Two prototypes of fully retractable enclosures with diameters of 7 and 9 m have been built for the high-resolution solar telescopes DOT (Dutch Open Telescope) and GREGOR, both located at the Canary Islands. These enclosures protect the instruments for bad weather and are fully open when the telescopes are in operation. The telescopes and enclosures also operate in hard <span class="hlt">wind</span>. The prototypes are based on tensioned membrane between movable but stiff bows, which fold together to a ring when opened. The height of the ring is small. The prototypes already survived several storms, with often snow and ice, without any damage, including hurricane Delta with <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds up to 68 m/s. The enclosures can still be closed and opened with <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds of 20 m/s without any problems or restrictions. The DOT successfully demonstrated the open, <span class="hlt">wind</span>-flushing concept for astronomical telescopes. It is now widely recognized that also large future telescopes benefit from <span class="hlt">wind</span>-flushing and retractable enclosures. These telescopes require enclosures with diameters of 30 m until roughly 100 m, the largest sizes for the ELTs (Extreme Large Telescopes), which will be built in the near future. We discuss developments and required technology for the realization of these large sizes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.4718T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.4718T"><span>Experimental investigation of effect of surface gravity waves and spray on heat and momentum flux at <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Troitskaya, Yuliya; Sergeev, Daniil; Vdovin, Maxim; Kandaurov, Alexander; Ermakova, Olga; Kazakov, Vassily</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>The most important characteristics that determine the interaction between atmosphere and ocean are fluxes of momentum, heat and moisture. For their parameterization the dimensionless exchange coefficients (the surface drag coefficient CD and the heat transfer coefficient or the Stanton number CT) are used. Numerous field and laboratory experiments show that CD increases with increasing <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed at moderate and <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span>, and as it was shows recently CD decreases at hurricane <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. Waves are known to increase the sea surface resistance due to enhanced form drag, the sea spray is considered as a possible mechanism of the 'drag reduction' at hurricane conditions. The dependence of heat transfer coefficient CD on the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed is not so certain and the role of the mechanism associated with the wave disturbances in the mass transfer is not completely understood. Observations and laboratory data show that this dependence is weaker than for the CD, and there are differences in the character of the dependence in different data sets. The purpose of this paper is investigation of the effect of surface waves on the turbulent exchange of momentum and heat within the laboratory experiment, when <span class="hlt">wind</span> and wave parameters are maintained and controlled. The effect of spray on turbulent exchange at <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> is also estimated. A series of experiments to study the processes of turbulent exchange of momentum and heat in a stably stratified temperature turbulent boundary layer air flow over waved water surface were carried out at the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> - wave stratified flume of IAP RAS, the peculiarity of this experiment was the option to change the surface wave parameters regardless of the speed of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> flow in the channel. For this purpose a polyethylene net with the variable depth (0.25 mm thick and a cell of 1.6 mm × 1.6mm) has been stretched along the channel. The waves were absent when the net was located at the level of the undisturbed water surface, and had maximum</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H51I1387F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H51I1387F"><span>Zonal <span class="hlt">wind</span> indices to reconstruct United States winter precipitation during El Niño</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Farnham, D. J.; Steinschneider, S.; Lall, U.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The highly discussed 2015/16 El Niño <span class="hlt">event</span>, which many likened to the similarly <span class="hlt">strong</span> 1997/98 El Niño <span class="hlt">event</span>, led to precipitation impacts over the continental United States (CONUS) inconsistent with general expectations given past <span class="hlt">events</span> and model-based forecasts. This presents a challenge for regional water managers and others who use seasonal precipitation forecasts who previously viewed El Niño <span class="hlt">events</span> as times of enhanced confidence in seasonal water availability and flood risk forecasts. It is therefore useful to understand the extent to which wintertime CONUS precipitation during El Niño <span class="hlt">events</span> can be explained by seasonal sea surface temperature heating patterns and the extent to which the precipitation is a product of natural variability. In this work, we define two seasonal indices based on the zonal <span class="hlt">wind</span> field spanning from the eastern Pacific to the western Atlantic over CONUS that can explain El Niño precipitation variation spatially throughout CONUS over 11 historic El Niño <span class="hlt">events</span> from 1950 to 2016. The indices reconstruct El Niño <span class="hlt">event</span> wintertime (Jan-Mar) gridded precipitation over CONUS through cross-validated regression much better than the traditional ENSO sea surface temperature indices or other known modes of variability. Lastly, we show <span class="hlt">strong</span> relationships between sea surface temperature patterns and the phases of the zonal <span class="hlt">wind</span> indices, which in turn suggests that some of the disparate CONUS precipitation during El Niño <span class="hlt">events</span> can be explained by different heating patterns. The primary contribution of this work is the identification of intermediate variables (in the form of zonal <span class="hlt">wind</span> indices) that can facilitate further studies into the distinct hydroclimatic response to specific El Niño <span class="hlt">events</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3907538','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3907538"><span>Analysis of the Contribution of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Drift Factor to Oil Slick Movement under <span class="hlt">Strong</span> Tidal Condition: Hebei Spirit Oil Spill Case</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kim, Tae-Ho; Yang, Chan-Su; Oh, Jeong-Hwan; Ouchi, Kazuo</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> drift factor under <span class="hlt">strong</span> tidal conditions in the western coastal area of Korea on the movement of oil slicks caused by the Hebei Spirit oil spill accident in 2007. The movement of oil slicks was computed using a simple simulation model based on the empirical formula as a function of surface current, <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed, and the <span class="hlt">wind</span> drift factor. For the simulation, the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) model and Automatic Weather System (AWS) were used to generate tidal and <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields respectively. Simulation results were then compared with 5 sets of spaceborne optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. From the present study, it was found that highest matching rate between the simulation results and satellite imagery was obtained with different values of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> drift factor, and to first order, this factor was linearly proportional to the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. Based on the results, a new modified empirical formula was proposed for forecasting the movement of oil slicks on the coastal area. PMID:24498094</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.9378P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.9378P"><span>Trends in the components of extreme water levels signal a rotation of <span class="hlt">winds</span> in <span class="hlt">strong</span> storms in the eastern Baltic Sea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pindsoo, Katri; Soomere, Tarmo</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The water level time series and particularly temporal variations in water level extremes usually do not follow any simple rule. Still, the analysis of linear trends in extreme values of surge levels is a convenient tool to obtain a first approximation of the future projections of the risks associated with coastal floodings. We demonstrate how this tool can be used to extract essential information about concealed changes in the forcing factors of seas and oceans. A specific feature of the Baltic Sea is that sequences of even moderate storms may raise the average sea level by almost 1 m for a few weeks. Such <span class="hlt">events</span> occur once in a few years. They substantially contribute to the extreme water levels in the eastern Baltic Sea: the most devastating coastal floodings occur when a <span class="hlt">strong</span> storm from unfortunate direction arrives during such an <span class="hlt">event</span>. We focus on the separation of subtidal (weekly-scale) processes from those which are caused by a single storm and on establishing how much these two kinds of <span class="hlt">events</span> have contributed to the increase in the extreme water levels in the eastern Baltic Sea. The analysis relies on numerically reconstructed sea levels produced by the RCO (Rossby Center, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute) ocean model for 1961-2005. The reaction of sea surface to single storm <span class="hlt">events</span> is isolated from the local water level time series using a running average over a fixed interval. The distribution of average water levels has an almost Gaussian shape for averaging lengths from a few days to a few months. The residual (total water level minus the average) can be interpreted as a proxy of the local storm surges. Interestingly, for the 8-day average this residual almost exactly follows the exponential distribution. Therefore, for this averaging length the heights of local storm surges reflect an underlying Poisson process. This feature is universal for the entire eastern Baltic Sea coast. The slopes of the exponential distribution for low and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860022049','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860022049"><span>Elemental abundances in corotating <span class="hlt">events</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Vonrosenvinge, T. T.; Mcguire, R. E.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>Large, persistent solar-<span class="hlt">wind</span> streams in 1973 and 1974 produced corotating interaction regions which accelerated particles to energies of a few MeV/nucleon. The proton to helium ratio (H/He) reported was remarkably constant at a value (22 + or - 5) equal to that in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> (32 + or - 3), suggesting that particles were being accelerated directly out of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. Preliminary results from a similar study approximately 11 years (i.e., one solar cycle) later are reported. Corotating <span class="hlt">events</span> were identified by surveying the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> data, energetic particle time-histories and anisotropies. This data was all obtained from the ISEE-3/ICE spacecraft. These <span class="hlt">events</span> also show H/He ratios similar to that in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. In addition, other corotating <span class="hlt">events</span> were examined at times when solar flare <span class="hlt">events</span> could have injected particles into the corresponding corotating interaction regions. It was found that in these cases there is evidence for H/He ratios which are significantly different from that of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> but which are consistent with the range of values found in solar flare <span class="hlt">events</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1971d0003W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1971d0003W"><span>A summary of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power prediction methods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Yuqi</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>The deterministic prediction of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power, the probability prediction and the prediction of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power ramp <span class="hlt">events</span> are introduced in this paper. Deterministic prediction includes the prediction of statistical learning based on histor ical data and the prediction of physical models based on NWP data. Due to the great impact of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power ramp <span class="hlt">events</span> on the power system, this paper also introduces the prediction of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power ramp <span class="hlt">events</span>. At last, the evaluation indicators of all kinds of prediction are given. The prediction of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power can be a good solution to the adverse effects of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power on the power system due to the abrupt, intermittent and undulation of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSM33B2510S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSM33B2510S"><span>X-ray Magnetosheath Emission from Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Charge Exchange During Two CME <span class="hlt">Events</span> in 2001</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sembay, S.; Whittaker, I. C.; Read, A.; Carter, J. A.; Milan, S. E.; Palmroth, M.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Using a combination of the GUMICS-4 MHD model and observed solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> heavy ion abundances from ACE, we produce case studies looking at X-ray emission from charge exchange in the Earth's magnetosheath. We specifically look in the 0.5-0.7 keV range, which is dominated by highly ionised oxygen emission. Previous studies looking at solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> charge exchange (SWCX) emission have verified our modelling process via comparison to the XMM-Newton X-ray observatory, and we use the same simulation process here. This study investigates the emission magnitude changes that occur during two coronal mass ejection (CME) <span class="hlt">events</span> (31 March 2001 and 21 October 2001). As part of this work we also provide a novel masking technique to exclude the plasma of terrestrial origin in the MHD model. As expected the two CME cases examined provide an increased dynamic pressure which pushes the magnetopause closer to the Earth, with a high temporal variation. We show how these changes cause an increase in the peak SWCX emission signature by over an order of magnitude from the quiescent solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> case. Imaging of this SWCX emission allows a global view of the magnetopause shape and position, a technique planned for future missions such as SMILE (Solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030032993','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030032993"><span>Latitude-Dependent Effects in the Stellar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> of Eta Carinae</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Smith, Nathan; Davidson, Kris; Gull, Theodore R.; Ishibashi, Kazunori; Hillier, D. John</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>The Homunculus reflection nebula around eta Carinae provides the rare opportunity to observe the spectrum of a star from more than one direction. In the case of eta Car, the nebula's geometry is known well enough to infer how <span class="hlt">wind</span> profiles vary with latitude. We present STIS spectra of several positions in the Homunculus, showing directly that eta Car has an aspherical and axisymmetric stellar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. P Cygni absorption in Balmer lines depends on latitude, with relatively high velocities and <span class="hlt">strong</span> absorption near the polar axis. Stronger absorption at high latitudes is surprising, and it suggests higher mass flux toward the poles, perhaps resulting from equatorial gravity darkening on a rotating star. Reflected profiles of He I lines are more puzzling, and offer clues to eta Car's <span class="hlt">wind</span> geometry and ionization structure. During eta Car's high-excitation state in March 2000, the <span class="hlt">wind</span> had a fast, dense polar <span class="hlt">wind</span>, with higher ionization at low latitudes. Older STIS data obtained since 1998 reveal that this global stellar-<span class="hlt">wind</span> geometry changes during eta Car's 5.5 year cycle, and may suggest that this star s spectroscopic <span class="hlt">events</span> are shell ejections. Whether or not a companion star triggers these outbursts remains ambiguous. The most dramatic changes in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> occur at low latitudes, while the dense polar <span class="hlt">wind</span> remains relatively undisturbed during an <span class="hlt">event</span>. The apparent stability of the polar <span class="hlt">wind</span> also supports the inferred bipolar geometry. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> geometry and its variability have critical implications for understanding the 5.5 year cycle and long-term variability, but do not provide a clear alternative to the binary hypothesis for generating eta Car s X-rays.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.753e2011S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.753e2011S"><span>Turbulent Extreme <span class="hlt">Event</span> Simulations for Lidar-Assisted <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine Control</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schlipf, David; Raach, Steffen</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>This work presents a <span class="hlt">wind</span> field generator which allows to shape <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields in the time domain while maintaining the spectral properties. This is done by an iterative generation of <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields and by minimizing the error between <span class="hlt">wind</span> characteristics of the generated <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields and desired values. The method leads towards realistic ultimate load calculations for lidar-assisted control. This is demonstrated by fitting a turbulent <span class="hlt">wind</span> field to an Extreme Operating Gust. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> field is then used to compare a baseline feedback controller alone against a combined feedback and feedforward controller using simulated lidar measurements. The comparison confirms that the lidar-assisted controller is still able to significantly reduce the ultimate loads on the tower base under this more realistic conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040012996','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040012996"><span>Westerly <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Events</span> in the Eastern Indian Ocean as a Precursor to El Nino: A Case Study for the 2002-03 El Nino</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Curtis, Scott; Adler, Robert F.; Huffman, George J.; Gu, Guojun</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>This paper extends the work of our previous study, which showed the potential of using precipitation in the eastern Indian Ocean to predict when an El Nino would begin. The paper begins by showing the successful prediction of the 2002-03 El Nino. However, precipitation is really used as a substitute for <span class="hlt">wind</span> (storms are usually accompanied by heavy <span class="hlt">wind</span>), because a popular hypothesis is that <span class="hlt">winds</span> (especially % <span class="hlt">winds</span> out of the West) stir up the ocean surface in the western Pacific sending currents of warm waters to the east Pacific where El Ninos form. This paper shows that it is typical for storms that produce <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> in the western Pacific to have traveled from the Indian Ocean. We begin in the Indian Ocean looking at <span class="hlt">strong</span> bursts of <span class="hlt">wind</span> over several days. The number of windy days seems to increase in the months prior to El Nino. We examined these relationships in detail for November 2001 to April 2002, before the recent El Nino, using NASA's TRMM and QuikSCAT data. We found in one case that a warming of the eastern Indian Ocean occurred about 25 days before heavy rainfall formed. As the stormed moved eastward it was followed (6 days later) by <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> out of the West. The entire storm system (and warming of the sea) moved eastward through a small strip of water between Indonesia and Australia, before reaching the western Pacific. Thus, this paper increases our understanding of the physical processes leading to the formation of El Nino.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ems..confE.650V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ems..confE.650V"><span>Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Power Integration in severely fluctuating <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>von Bremen, L.</p> <p>2010-09-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Strong</span> power fluctuations from offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms that are induced by <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed fluctuations pose a severe problem to the save integration of offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> power into the power supply system. Experience at the first large-scale offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm Horns Rev showed that spatial smoothing of power fluctuations within a single <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm is significantly smaller than onshore results suggest when distributed <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms of 160 MW altogether are connected to a single point of common-coupling. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> power gradients larger than 10% of the rated capacity within 5 minutes require large amount of regulation power that is very expensive for the grid operator. It must be noted that a <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed change of only 0.5m/s result in a <span class="hlt">wind</span> power change of 10% (within the range of 9-11 m/s where the <span class="hlt">wind</span> power curve is steepest). Hence, it is very important for the grid operator to know if <span class="hlt">strong</span> fluctuations are likely or not. Observed weather conditions at the German <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy research platform FINO1 in the German bight are used to quantify <span class="hlt">wind</span> fluctuations. With a standard power curve these <span class="hlt">wind</span> fluctuations are transfered to <span class="hlt">wind</span> power. The aim is to predict the probability of exceedence of certain <span class="hlt">wind</span> power gradients that occur in a time interval of e.g. 12 hours. During 2006 and 2009 the distribution of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power fluctuations looks very similar giving hope that distinct atmospheric processes can be determined that act as a trigger. Most often high <span class="hlt">wind</span> power fluctuations occur in a range of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds between 9-12 m/s as can be expected from the shape of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> power curve. A cluster analysis of the 500 hPa geopotential height to detect predominant weather regimes shows that high fluctuations are more likely in north-western flow. It is shown that most often high fluctuations occur in non-stable atmospheric stratification. The description of stratification by means of the vertical gradient of the virtual potential temperature is chosen to be indicative for convection, i</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeoRL..3319102D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeoRL..3319102D"><span>Detection of oppositely directed reconnection jets in a solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> current sheet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Davis, M. S.; Phan, T. D.; Gosling, J. T.; Skoug, R. M.</p> <p>2006-10-01</p> <p>We report the first two-spacecraft (<span class="hlt">Wind</span> and ACE) detection of oppositely directed plasma jets within a bifurcated current sheet in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. The <span class="hlt">event</span> occurred on January 3, 2003 and provides further direct evidence that such jets result from reconnection. The magnetic shear across the bifurcated current sheet at both <span class="hlt">Wind</span> and ACE was ~150°, indicating that the magnetic shear must have been the same at the reconnection site located between the two spacecraft. These observations thus provide <span class="hlt">strong</span> evidence for component merging with a guide field ~ 30% of the antiparallel field. The dimensionless reconnection rate based on the measured inflow was 0.03, implying fast reconnection.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPSC...11..899A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPSC...11..899A"><span>Modelling Magnetodisc Response to Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Events</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Achilleos, N.; Guio, P.; Arridge, C. S.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>The Sun's influence is felt by planets in the solar system in many different ways. In this work, we use theoretical models of the magnetic fields of the Gas Giants (Jupiter and Saturn) to predict how they would change in response to compressions and expansions in the flow of charged particles ('solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>') which continually emanates from the Sun. This in an example of 'Space Weather' - the interaction between the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> and magnetized planets, such as Jupiter, Saturn and even the Earth.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110023464','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110023464"><span>Concerning the Motion and Orientation of Flux Transfer <span class="hlt">Events</span> Produced by Component and Antiparallel Reconnection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sibeck, D. G.; Lin, R.-Q.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>We employ the Cooling et al. (2001) model to predict the location, orientation, motion, and signatures of flux transfer <span class="hlt">events</span> (FTEs) generated at the solstices and equinoxes along extended subsolar component and high ]latitude antiparallel reconnection curves for typical solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> plasma conditions and various interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) strengths and directions. In general, <span class="hlt">events</span> generated by the two mechanisms maintain the strikingly different orientations they begin with as they move toward the terminator in opposite pairs of magnetopause quadrants. The curves along which <span class="hlt">events</span> generated by component reconnection form bow toward the winter cusp. <span class="hlt">Events</span> generated by antiparallel reconnection form on the equatorial magnetopause during intervals of <span class="hlt">strongly</span> southward IMF orientation during the equinoxes, form in the winter hemisphere and only reach the dayside equatorial magnetopause during the solstices when the IMF strength is very large and the IMF points <span class="hlt">strongly</span> southward, never reach the equatorial dayside magnetopause when the IMF has a substantial dawnward or duskward component, and never reach the equatorial flank magnetopause during intervals of northward and dawnward or duskward IMF orientation. Magnetosheath magnetic fields typically have <span class="hlt">strong</span> components transverse to <span class="hlt">events</span> generated by component reconnection but only weak components transverse to the axes of <span class="hlt">events</span> generated by antiparallel reconnection. As a result, much stronger bipolar magnetic field signatures normal to the nominal magnetopause should accompany <span class="hlt">events</span> generated by component reconnection. The results presented in this paper suggest that <span class="hlt">events</span> generated by component reconnection predominate on the dayside equatorial and flank magnetopause for most solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140016490','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140016490"><span>The Use of Red Green Blue Air Mass Imagery to Investigate the Role of Stratospheric Air in a Non-Convective <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Event</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Berndt, E. B.; Zavodsky, B. T.; Moltham, A. L.; Folmer, M. J.; Jedlovec, G. J.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The investigation of non-convective <span class="hlt">winds</span> associated with passing extratropical cyclones and the formation of the sting jet in North Atlantic cyclones that impact Europe has been gaining interest. Sting jet research has been limited to North Atlantic cyclones that impact Europe because it is known to occur in Shapiro-Keyser cyclones and theory suggests it does not occur in Norwegian type cyclones. The global distribution of sting jet cyclones is unknown and questions remain as to whether cyclones with Shapiro-Keyser characteristics that impact the United States develop features similar to the sting jet. Therefore unique National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) products were used to analyze an <span class="hlt">event</span> that impacted the Northeast United States on 09 February 2013. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Red Green Blue (RGB) Air Mass imagery and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) ozone data were used in conjunction with NASA's global Modern Era-Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis and higher-resolution regional 13-km Rapid Refresh (RAP) data to analyze the role of stratospheric air in producing high <span class="hlt">winds</span>. The RGB Air Mass imagery and a new AIRS ozone anomaly product were used to confirm the presence of stratospheric air. Plan view and cross sectional plots of <span class="hlt">wind</span>, potential vorticity, relative humidity, omega, and frontogenesis were used to analyze the relationship between stratospheric air and high surface <span class="hlt">winds</span> during the <span class="hlt">event</span>. Additionally, the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model was used to plot trajectories to determine the role of the conveyor belts in producing the high <span class="hlt">winds</span>. Analyses of new satellite products, such as the RGB Air Mass imagery, show the utility of future GOES-R products in forecasting non-convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span>.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_6 --> <div id="page_7" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="121"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSA31C..03K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSA31C..03K"><span>Stratospheric mountain wave attenuation in positive and negative ambient <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kruse, C. G.; Smith, R. B.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Recently, much has been learned about the vertical propagation and attenuation of mountain waves launched by the Southern Alps of New Zealand (NZ) from the Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE) field campaign. Over NZ, approximately half of mountain wave <span class="hlt">events</span> are <span class="hlt">strongly</span> attenuated in a lower-stratospheric "valve layer," defined as a layer of reduced <span class="hlt">wind</span> with no critical levels. Within a valve layer, negative <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear causes mountain waves steepen and attenuate, with the amount of transmitted momentum flux controlled by the minimum <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed within the layer. The other half of wave <span class="hlt">events</span> are deep (propagating to 35+ km), usually with positive <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear. Within these deep <span class="hlt">events</span>, increasing amplitude with decreasing density causes mountain waves to attenuate gradually (after spatial/temporal averaging). Global reanalyses indicate that this valve layer is a climatological feature in the wintertime mid-latitudes above the subtropical jet, while deep <span class="hlt">events</span> and gradual attenuation occur over higher latitudes below the polar stratospheric jet. The local physics of mountain wave attenuation in positive and negative ambient <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear are investigated using realistic winter-long (JJA) 6-km resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations over the Andes. Attention is given to the spatiotemporal variability of wave attenuation and the various factors driving this variability (e.g. variability in wave generation, ambient conditions at attenuation level, inherent wave-induced instabilities). Mesoscale potential vorticity generation is used as an indicator of wave attenuation. Additionally, regionally integrated wave momentum flux and gravity wave drag (GWD) within WRF are quantified and compared with parameterized quantities in the MERRA1 and 2 reanalyses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140008762','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140008762"><span>The Impact of the Assimilation of Hyperspectral Infrared Retrieved Profiles on Advanced Weather and Research Model Simulations of a Non-Convective <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Event</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Brendt. Emily; Zavodsky, Bradley; Jedlovec, Gary; Elmer, Nicholas</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Tropopause folds are identified by warm, dry, high-potential vorticity, ozone-rich air and are one explanation for damaging non-convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span>. Could improved model representation of stratospheric air and associated tropopause folding improve non-convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> forecasts and high <span class="hlt">wind</span> warnings? The goal of this study is to assess the impact of assimilating Hyperspectral Infrared (IR) profiles on forecasting stratospheric air, tropopause folds, and associated non-convective <span class="hlt">winds</span>: (1) AIRS: Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (2) IASI: Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (3) CrIMSS: Cross-track Infrared and Microwave Sounding Suite</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1255080-ion-driven-instabilities-solar-wind-wind-observations-march','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1255080-ion-driven-instabilities-solar-wind-wind-observations-march"><span>Ion-driven instabilities in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>: <span class="hlt">Wind</span> observations of 19 March 2005</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Gary, S. Peter; Jian, Lan K.; Broiles, Thomas W.; ...</p> <p>2016-01-16</p> <p>Intervals of enhanced magnetic fluctuations have been frequently observed in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. However, it remains an open question as to whether these waves are generated at the Sun and then transported outward by the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> or generated locally in the interplanetary medium. Magnetic field and plasma measurements from the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> spacecraft under slow solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions on 19 March 2005 demonstrate seven <span class="hlt">events</span> of enhanced magnetic fluctuations at spacecraft-frame frequencies somewhat above the proton cyclotron frequency and propagation approximately parallel or antiparallel to the background magnetic field B o. The proton velocity distributions during these <span class="hlt">events</span> are characterizedmore » by two components: a more dense, slower core and a less dense, faster beam. In conclusion, observed plasma parameters are used in a kinetic linear dispersion equation analysis for electromagnetic fluctuations at k x B o = 0; for two <span class="hlt">events</span> the most unstable mode is the Alfvén-cyclotron instability driven by a proton component temperature anisotropy T ⊥/T || > 1 (where the subscripts denote directions relative to B o), and for three <span class="hlt">events</span> the most unstable mode is the right-hand polarized magnetosonic instability driven primarily by ion component relative flows. Thus, both types of ion anisotropies and both types of instabilities are likely to be local sources of these enhanced fluctuation <span class="hlt">events</span> in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1255080','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1255080"><span>Ion-driven instabilities in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>: <span class="hlt">Wind</span> observations of 19 March 2005</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Gary, S. Peter; Jian, Lan K.; Broiles, Thomas W.</p> <p></p> <p>Intervals of enhanced magnetic fluctuations have been frequently observed in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. However, it remains an open question as to whether these waves are generated at the Sun and then transported outward by the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> or generated locally in the interplanetary medium. Magnetic field and plasma measurements from the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> spacecraft under slow solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions on 19 March 2005 demonstrate seven <span class="hlt">events</span> of enhanced magnetic fluctuations at spacecraft-frame frequencies somewhat above the proton cyclotron frequency and propagation approximately parallel or antiparallel to the background magnetic field B o. The proton velocity distributions during these <span class="hlt">events</span> are characterizedmore » by two components: a more dense, slower core and a less dense, faster beam. In conclusion, observed plasma parameters are used in a kinetic linear dispersion equation analysis for electromagnetic fluctuations at k x B o = 0; for two <span class="hlt">events</span> the most unstable mode is the Alfvén-cyclotron instability driven by a proton component temperature anisotropy T ⊥/T || > 1 (where the subscripts denote directions relative to B o), and for three <span class="hlt">events</span> the most unstable mode is the right-hand polarized magnetosonic instability driven primarily by ion component relative flows. Thus, both types of ion anisotropies and both types of instabilities are likely to be local sources of these enhanced fluctuation <span class="hlt">events</span> in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27818854','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27818854"><span>Ion-driven instabilities in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>: <span class="hlt">Wind</span> observations of 19 March 2005.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gary, S Peter; Jian, Lan K; Broiles, Thomas W; Stevens, Michael L; Podesta, John J; Kasper, Justin C</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Intervals of enhanced magnetic fluctuations have been frequently observed in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. But it remains an open question as to whether these waves are generated at the Sun and then transported outward by the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> or generated locally in the interplanetary medium. Magnetic field and plasma measurements from the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> spacecraft under slow solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions on 19 March 2005 demonstrate seven <span class="hlt">events</span> of enhanced magnetic fluctuations at spacecraft-frame frequencies somewhat above the proton cyclotron frequency and propagation approximately parallel or antiparallel to the background magnetic field B o . The proton velocity distributions during these <span class="hlt">events</span> are characterized by two components: a more dense, slower core and a less dense, faster beam. Observed plasma parameters are used in a kinetic linear dispersion equation analysis for electromagnetic fluctuations at k x B o  = 0; for two <span class="hlt">events</span> the most unstable mode is the Alfvén-cyclotron instability driven by a proton component temperature anisotropy T ⊥ /T ||  > 1 (where the subscripts denote directions relative to B o ), and for three <span class="hlt">events</span> the most unstable mode is the right-hand polarized magnetosonic instability driven primarily by ion component relative flows. Thus, both types of ion anisotropies and both types of instabilities are likely to be local sources of these enhanced fluctuation <span class="hlt">events</span> in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5070513','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5070513"><span>Ion‐driven instabilities in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>: <span class="hlt">Wind</span> observations of 19 March 2005</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Jian, Lan K.; Broiles, Thomas W.; Stevens, Michael L.; Podesta, John J.; Kasper, Justin C.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Abstract Intervals of enhanced magnetic fluctuations have been frequently observed in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. But it remains an open question as to whether these waves are generated at the Sun and then transported outward by the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> or generated locally in the interplanetary medium. Magnetic field and plasma measurements from the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> spacecraft under slow solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions on 19 March 2005 demonstrate seven <span class="hlt">events</span> of enhanced magnetic fluctuations at spacecraft‐frame frequencies somewhat above the proton cyclotron frequency and propagation approximately parallel or antiparallel to the background magnetic field B o. The proton velocity distributions during these <span class="hlt">events</span> are characterized by two components: a more dense, slower core and a less dense, faster beam. Observed plasma parameters are used in a kinetic linear dispersion equation analysis for electromagnetic fluctuations at k x B o = 0; for two <span class="hlt">events</span> the most unstable mode is the Alfvén‐cyclotron instability driven by a proton component temperature anisotropy T⊥/T|| > 1 (where the subscripts denote directions relative to B o), and for three <span class="hlt">events</span> the most unstable mode is the right‐hand polarized magnetosonic instability driven primarily by ion component relative flows. Thus, both types of ion anisotropies and both types of instabilities are likely to be local sources of these enhanced fluctuation <span class="hlt">events</span> in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. PMID:27818854</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.466.2458C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.466.2458C"><span>Hot planetary <span class="hlt">winds</span> near a star: dynamics, <span class="hlt">wind-wind</span> interactions, and observational signatures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Carroll-Nellenback, Jonathan; Frank, Adam; Liu, Baowei; Quillen, Alice C.; Blackman, Eric G.; Dobbs-Dixon, Ian</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Signatures of 'evaporative' <span class="hlt">winds</span> from exoplanets on short (hot) orbits around their host star have been observed in a number of systems. In this paper, we present global adaptive mesh refinement simulations that track the launching of the <span class="hlt">winds</span>, their expansion through the circumstellar environment, and their interaction with a stellar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. We focus on purely hydrodynamic flows including the anisotropy of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> launching and explore the orbital/fluid dynamics of the resulting flows in detail. In particular, we find that a combination of the tidal and Coriolis forces <span class="hlt">strongly</span> distorts the planetary 'Parker' <span class="hlt">wind</span> creating 'up-orbit' and 'down-orbit' streams. We characterize the flows in terms of their orbital elements that change depending on their launch position on the planet. We find that the anisotropy in the atmospheric temperature leads to significant backflow on to the planet. The planetary <span class="hlt">wind</span> interacts <span class="hlt">strongly</span> with the stellar <span class="hlt">wind</span> creating instabilities that may cause eventual deposition of planetary gas on to the star. We present synthetic observations of both transit and absorption line-structure for our simulations. For our initial conditions, we find that the orbiting <span class="hlt">wind</span> material produces absorption signatures at significant distances from the planet and substantial orbit-to-orbit variability. Lyα absorption shows red- and blueshifted features out to 70 km s-1. Finally, using semi-analytic models we constrain the effect of radiation pressure, given the approximation of uniform stellar absorption.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy...49.2789K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy...49.2789K"><span>What is the variability in US west coast winter precipitation during <span class="hlt">strong</span> El Niño <span class="hlt">events</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kumar, Arun; Chen, Mingyue</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Motivated by the fact that the spatial pattern of the observed precipitation anomalies during 2015/16 winter (a year of <span class="hlt">strong</span> El Niño) over the west coast of the US and that of the El Niño composite precipitation pattern had considerable differences, the variability in the winter precipitation during <span class="hlt">strong</span> El Niño <span class="hlt">events</span> is assessed. The analysis is based on a set of hindcasts (1982-2011) and real-time forecasts (2012-2015) from NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2), and the following aspects for seasonal mean precipitation variability were examined: (1) the mean signal during <span class="hlt">strong</span> El Niño based on the composite analysis, and further, the variability from the composite on an <span class="hlt">event-to-event</span> basis; (2) probability of occurrence for precipitation anomalies to be opposite to the signal (inferred as the composite mean); (3) the probability to have precipitation anomaly in different categories varying from wet to dry; and (4) variations in the characteristics of precipitation from OND, NDJ, to DJF (early to late boreal winter). The results show that the model forecasted seasonal mean precipitation composite for <span class="hlt">strong</span> El Niño was similar to the linear regression signal with the Niño 3.4 index in observations, with negative anomalies over the Pacific Northwest and positive anomalies over California. However, although in response to an El Niño <span class="hlt">event</span>, the California precipitation PDF was shifted towards positive values relative to the climatological PDF, the overlap between climatological PDF and the PDF for El Niño <span class="hlt">events</span> was considerable. This is because of the large variability in seasonal mean outcomes of precipitation from one forecast to another, and therefore, chances to have precipitation anomalies with their sign opposite to the composite El Niño signal remain appreciable. In this paradigm, although the seasonal mean precipitation during 2015/16 winter over the west coast of the US differed from the mean signal for a <span class="hlt">strong</span> El Niño <span class="hlt">event</span>, the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20827299','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20827299"><span>Dynamics of <span class="hlt">wind</span> setdown at Suez and the Eastern Nile Delta.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Drews, Carl; Han, Weiqing</p> <p>2010-08-30</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> setdown is the drop in water level caused by <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress acting on the surface of a body of water for an extended period of time. As the <span class="hlt">wind</span> blows, water recedes from the upwind shore and exposes terrain that was formerly underwater. Previous researchers have suggested <span class="hlt">wind</span> setdown as a possible hydrodynamic explanation for Moses crossing the Red Sea, as described in Exodus 14. This study analyzes the hydrodynamic mechanism proposed by earlier studies, focusing on the time needed to reach a steady-state solution. In addition, the authors investigate a site in the eastern Nile delta, where the ancient Pelusiac branch of the Nile once flowed into a coastal lagoon then known as the Lake of Tanis. We conduct a satellite and modeling survey to analyze this location, using geological evidence of the ancient bathymetry and a historical description of a <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">event</span> in 1882. A suite of model experiments are performed to demonstrate a new hydrodynamic mechanism that can cause an angular body of water to divide under <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress, and to test the behavior of our study location and reconstructed topography. Under a uniform 28 m/s easterly <span class="hlt">wind</span> forcing in the reconstructed model basin, the ocean model produces an area of exposed mud flats where the river mouth opens into the lake. This land bridge is 3-4 km long and 5 km wide, and it remains open for 4 hours. Model results indicate that navigation in shallow-water harbors can be significantly curtailed by <span class="hlt">wind</span> setdown when <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> blow offshore.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=wind+AND+turbine+AND+problems&id=EJ714410','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=wind+AND+turbine+AND+problems&id=EJ714410"><span>Global <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Map</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Journal of College Science Teaching, 2005</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>This brief article describes a new global <span class="hlt">wind</span>-power map that has quantified global <span class="hlt">wind</span> power and may help planners place turbines in locations that can maximize power from the <span class="hlt">winds</span> and provide widely available low-cost energy. The researchers report that their study can assist in locating <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms in regions known for <span class="hlt">strong</span> and consistent…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1361234-characterizing-analyzing-ramping-events-wind-power-solar-power-load-netload','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1361234-characterizing-analyzing-ramping-events-wind-power-solar-power-load-netload"><span>Characterizing and analyzing ramping <span class="hlt">events</span> in <span class="hlt">wind</span> power, solar power, load, and netload</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Cui, Mingjian; Zhang, Jie; Feng, Cong; ...</p> <p>2017-04-07</p> <p>Here, one of the biggest concerns associated with integrating a large amount of renewable energy into the power grid is the ability to handle large ramps in the renewable power output. For the sake of system reliability and economics, it is essential for power system operators to better understand the ramping features of renewable, load, and netload. An optimized swinging door algorithm (OpSDA) is used and extended to accurately and efficiently detect ramping <span class="hlt">events</span>. For <span class="hlt">wind</span> power ramps detection, a process of merging 'bumps' (that have a different changing direction) into adjacent ramping segments is included to improve the performancemore » of the OpSDA method. For solar ramps detection, ramping <span class="hlt">events</span> that occur in both clear-sky and measured (or forecasted) solar power are removed to account for the diurnal pattern of solar generation. Ramping features are extracted and extensively compared between load and netload under different renewable penetration levels (9.77%, 15.85%, and 51.38%). Comparison results show that (i) netload ramp <span class="hlt">events</span> with shorter durations and smaller magnitudes occur more frequently when renewable penetration level increases, and the total number of ramping <span class="hlt">events</span> also increases; and (ii) different ramping characteristics are observed in load and netload even with a low renewable penetration level.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFMSM43C..02D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFMSM43C..02D"><span>Detection of oppositely directed reconnection jets in a solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> current sheet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Davis, M. S.; Phan, T. D.; Gosling, J. T.; Skoug, R. M.</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>We report the first two-spacecraft (<span class="hlt">Wind</span> and ACE) detection of oppositely directed plasma jets within a bifurcated current sheet in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. The <span class="hlt">event</span> occurred on January 3, 2003 and provides further direct evidence that such jets result from reconnection. The magnetic shear across the bifurcated current sheet at both <span class="hlt">Wind</span> and ACE was approximately 150 degrees, indicating that the magnetic shear must have been the same at the reconnection site located between the two spacecraft. These observations thus provide <span class="hlt">strong</span> evidence for component merging with a guide field approximately 30% of the antiparallel field. The dimensionless reconnection rate based on the measured inflow was 0.03, implying fast reconnection.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950016981','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950016981"><span>Long term variability of B supergiant <span class="hlt">winds</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Massa, Derck L.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>The object of this observing proposal was to sample <span class="hlt">wind</span> variability in B supergiants on a daily basis over a period of several days in order to determine the time scale with which density variability occurs in their <span class="hlt">winds</span>. Three stars were selected for this project: 69 Cyg (B0 Ib), HD 164402 (B0 Ib), and HD 47240 (B1 Ib). Three grey scale representations of the Si IV lambda lambda 1400 doublet in each star are attached. In these figures, time (in days) increases upward, and the wavelength (in terms of velocity relative to the rest wavelength of the violet component of the doublet) is the abscissa. The spectra are normalized by a minimum absorption (maximum flux) template, so that all changes appear as absorptions. As a result of these observations, we can now state with some certainty that typical B supergiants develop significant <span class="hlt">wind</span> inhomogeneities with recurrence times of a few days, and that some of these <span class="hlt">events</span> show signs of <span class="hlt">strong</span> temporal coherence.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850026465','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850026465"><span>Elemental abundances in corotating <span class="hlt">events</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Vonrosenvinge, T. T.; Mcguire, R. E.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>Large, persistent solar-<span class="hlt">wind</span> streams in 1973 and 1974 produced corotating interaction regions which accelerated particles to energies of a few MeV/nucleon. The proton to helium ratio (H/He) was remarkably constant at a value (22 + or 5) equal to that in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> (21 + or - 3), suggesting that particles were being accelerated directly out of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. Preliminary results were presented from a similar study approximately 11 years (i.e., one solar cycle) later. Corotating <span class="hlt">events</span> have been identified by surveying the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> data, energetic particle time-histories and anisotropies. This data was all obtained from the ISEE-3/ICE spacecraft. These <span class="hlt">events</span> also show H/He ratios similar to that in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. It is flund that in these cases there is evidence for H/He ratios which are significantly different from that of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> but which are consistent with the range of values found in solar flare <span class="hlt">events</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMSH41F..05W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMSH41F..05W"><span>Interpretation of the 12 May 2012 ground level enhancement <span class="hlt">event</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wu, C. C.; Dryer, Ph D., M.; Liou, K.; Wu, S. T.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The 12 May 2012 solar <span class="hlt">event</span> is associated with a moderate flare (M5.1) and, surprisingly, a ground level enhancement (GLE) <span class="hlt">event</span>. It is the first GLE of the solar cycle 24 (or since December 2006). Because GLEs are considered as the highest energy tail in the solar energetic particle (SEP) spectrum, it is generally believed that GLEs must be generated at very <span class="hlt">strong</span> shocks. Here, we conduct a simulation study of a number of major (> M5.0) flare <span class="hlt">events</span> that occurred in the current solar cycle up to 2013, using the H3DMHD simulation code. The H3DMHD (Wu et al. 2007, JGR) combines the kinematic solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> model (HAF) for regions near the solar surface (2.5-18 Rs) and a three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics model (Han et al. 1988), which takes output from HAF at 18 Rs and propagates outward up to 1.7 AU. The H3DMHD code has been fully tested and is suitable for simulating not only the quiet solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>, but also disturbances propagating in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. Our preliminary study result suggests that the 12 May 2012 was magnetically well connected, whereas others were not. We will present the detailed result, including the shock structure and intensity driven by the 12 May 2012 CME <span class="hlt">event</span>, and discuss the result implication.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2932978','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2932978"><span>Dynamics of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Setdown at Suez and the Eastern Nile Delta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Drews, Carl; Han, Weiqing</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Background <span class="hlt">Wind</span> setdown is the drop in water level caused by <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress acting on the surface of a body of water for an extended period of time. As the <span class="hlt">wind</span> blows, water recedes from the upwind shore and exposes terrain that was formerly underwater. Previous researchers have suggested <span class="hlt">wind</span> setdown as a possible hydrodynamic explanation for Moses crossing the Red Sea, as described in Exodus 14. Methodology/Principal Findings This study analyzes the hydrodynamic mechanism proposed by earlier studies, focusing on the time needed to reach a steady-state solution. In addition, the authors investigate a site in the eastern Nile delta, where the ancient Pelusiac branch of the Nile once flowed into a coastal lagoon then known as the Lake of Tanis. We conduct a satellite and modeling survey to analyze this location, using geological evidence of the ancient bathymetry and a historical description of a <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">event</span> in 1882. A suite of model experiments are performed to demonstrate a new hydrodynamic mechanism that can cause an angular body of water to divide under <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress, and to test the behavior of our study location and reconstructed topography. Conclusions/Significance Under a uniform 28 m/s easterly <span class="hlt">wind</span> forcing in the reconstructed model basin, the ocean model produces an area of exposed mud flats where the river mouth opens into the lake. This land bridge is 3–4 km long and 5 km wide, and it remains open for 4 hours. Model results indicate that navigation in shallow-water harbors can be significantly curtailed by <span class="hlt">wind</span> setdown when <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> blow offshore. PMID:20827299</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26331429','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26331429"><span>Why Seemingly Trivial <span class="hlt">Events</span> Sometimes Evoke <span class="hlt">Strong</span> Emotional Reactions: The Role of Social Exchange Rule Violations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Leary, Mark R; Diebels, Kate J; Jongman-Sereno, Katrina P; Fernandez, Xuan Duong</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>People sometimes display <span class="hlt">strong</span> emotional reactions to <span class="hlt">events</span> that appear disproportionate to the tangible magnitude of the <span class="hlt">event</span>. Although previous work has addressed the role that perceived disrespect and unfairness have on such reactions, this study examined the role of perceived social exchange rule violations more broadly. Participants (N = 179) rated the effects of another person's behavior on important personal outcomes, the degree to which the other person had violated fundamental rules of social exchange, and their reactions to the <span class="hlt">event</span>. Results showed that perceptions of social exchange rule violations accounted for more variance in participants' reactions than the tangible consequences of the <span class="hlt">event</span>. The findings support the hypothesis that responses that appear disproportionate to the seriousness of the eliciting <span class="hlt">event</span> are often fueled by perceived rule violations that may not be obvious to others.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..122.4500A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..122.4500A"><span><span class="hlt">Strong</span> temperature gradients and vertical <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear on MLT region associated to instability source at 23°S</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Andrioli, V. F.; Batista, P. P.; Xu, Jiyao; Yang, Guotao; Chi, Wang; Zhengkuan, Liu</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Na lidar temperature measurements were taken successfully from 2007 to 2009 in the mesopause region over São José dos Campos (23.1°S, 45.9°W). <span class="hlt">Strong</span> gradients on these vertical temperature profiles are often observed. A simple theoretical study has shown that temperature gradient of at least -8 K/km is required concurrently with the typical tidal <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear in order to generate dynamical instability in the MLT region. We have studied vertical shear in horizontal <span class="hlt">wind</span> related to atmospheric tides, inferred by meteor radar, with the aim of analyzing instability occurrence. These <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements were taken from an all-sky meteor radar at Cachoeira Paulista (22.7°S, 45°W). Two years of simultaneous data, <span class="hlt">wind</span> and temperature, were used in this analysis which represent 79 days, totalizing 589 h of simultaneous observations. We realize that the condition for the local Richardson number (Ri) dropping below the critical value of instability (Ri < 0.25) is often reached in 98% of the analyzed cases. The mean probabilities for occurrence of convective and dynamical instabilities, in the altitude region between 82 and 98 km, were observed to be about 3% and 17.5%, respectively. Additionally, vertical distribution of these probabilities has revealed a weak occurrence of dynamical instability around 90 km, and this fact can be related to the double mesopause typically observed in this site.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20723944','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20723944"><span>Observed impact of upwelling <span class="hlt">events</span> on water properties and biological activity off the southwest coast of New Caledonia.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ganachaud, Alexandre; Vega, Andrés; Rodier, Martine; Dupouy, Cécile; Maes, Christophe; Marchesiello, Patrick; Eldin, Gerard; Ridgway, Ken; Le Borgne, Robert</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The upwelling <span class="hlt">events</span> that follow <span class="hlt">strong</span> trade <span class="hlt">wind</span> episodes have been described in terms of their remarkable signature in the sea surface temperature southwest off New Caledonia. Upwelling brings deeper, and colder waters to the surface, causing 2-4 degrees C drops in temperature in a few hours, followed by a slower relaxation over several days. Upwelling may sporadically bring nutrients to the surface under certain conditions, and increase the biological productivity. Two multidisciplinary hydrographic cruises allow the impact of upwelling on the chemical and biological properties of the water to be documented. Both cruises took place in austral summer (December 2004 and December 2005), but the first cruise occurred during a <span class="hlt">strong</span> upwelling <span class="hlt">event</span>, while the second cruise occurred in calm conditions. The water properties and planktonic composition show important contrasts, with a <span class="hlt">strong</span> southeastward current (the "ALIS current of New Caledonia") competing with the upwelling system. Our analysis suggests that, while observed productivities are far less than those of typical upwelling systems, some <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> in New Caledonia may contribute to biological activity. A currentmeter mooring, deployed during the second cruise, documents the ocean response to a changing <span class="hlt">wind</span> field and the local impact of upwelling on currents and temperatures on the water column. The results are discussed, with the help of climatology, Argo float profiler data, satellite data and of a high-resolution numerical simulation. Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1714122A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1714122A"><span>Infrasound ray tracing models for real <span class="hlt">events</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Averbuch, Gil; Applbaum, David; Price, Colin; Ben Horin, Yochai</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Infrasound ray tracing models for real <span class="hlt">events</span> C. Price1, G. Averbuch1, D. Applbaum1, Y. Ben Horin2 (1) Department of Geosciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel (2) Soreq Nuclear Research Center, Yavne, Israel Ray tracing models for infrasound propagation require two atmospheric parameters: the speed of sound profile and the <span class="hlt">wind</span> profile. The usage of global atmospheric models for the speed of sound and <span class="hlt">wind</span> profiles raises a fundamental question: can these models provide accurate results for modeling real <span class="hlt">events</span> that have been detected by the infrasound arrays? Moreover, can these models provide accurate results for <span class="hlt">events</span> that occurred during extreme weather conditions? We use 2D and 3D ray tracing models based on a modified Hamiltonian for a moving medium. Radiosonde measurements enable us to update the first 20 km of both speed of sound and <span class="hlt">wind</span> profiles. The 2009 and 2011 Sayarim calibration experiments in Israel served us as a test for the models. In order to answer the question regarding the accuracy of the model during extreme weather conditions, we simulate infrasound sprite signals that were detected by the infrasound array in Mt. Meron, Israel. The results from modeling the Sayarim experiment provided us sufficient insight to conclude that ray tracing modeling can provide accurate results for real <span class="hlt">events</span> that occurred during fair weather conditions. We conclude that the time delay in the model of the 2009 experiment is due to lack of accuracy in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> and speed of sound profiles. Perturbed profiles provide accurate results. Earlier arrivals in 2011 are a result of the assumption that the earth is flat (no topography) and the use of local radiosonde measurements for the entire model. Using local radiosonde measurements only for part of the model and neglecting them on other parts prevents the early arrivals. We were able to determine which sprite is the one that got detected in the infrasound array as well as providing a height range for the sprite</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_7 --> <div id="page_8" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="141"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..1410656L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..1410656L"><span>Coastal flooding <span class="hlt">events</span> on the French coast of the eastern English Channel: the result of a combination of meteorological, marine, and morphological factors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Letortu, P.; Costa, S.; Cantat, O.; Levoy, F.; Dauvin, J. C.; De Saint-Léger, E.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>On account of increasing inhabitation and development of coastal areas, the economical stakes are high for forecasting and prevention of coastal flooding risk. Because of its exposure to prevailing Westerlies, morphological, and topographic features, low coastal areas on the French coast of the eastern English Channel are particularly sensitive to this natural risk. This sensitivity, that has always characterized this study area, is becoming worrying to politicians and inhabitants. The study aim is to identify, from 1949 to 2010, the possible increase of frequency and intensity of these meteorological and marine <span class="hlt">events</span>, and their characteristics for forecasting objectives. The chosen approach is made up of three elements: 1) An analysis of <span class="hlt">strong</span> west <span class="hlt">wind</span> over the last decades has been implemented from Meteo-France data of Dieppe, reliable regional meteorological station. Beyond multi-annual random fluctuations, we have noticed a decrease in frequency and intensity of <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> traditionally involved in flooding <span class="hlt">events</span>. 2) An analysis of past <span class="hlt">events</span> has been carried out from many information sources to warrant the accuracy of statements and their exhaustiveness. Thanks to this database, the main results are: i) the absence of increasing trend about frequency and intensity of coastal flooding <span class="hlt">events</span>; ii) the cartography of coastal flooding risk for each urbanized area; iii) the definition of <span class="hlt">wind</span> and tide level thresholds (7 m/s and 8.49 m at Dieppe) above which there is flooding. 3) A characterization, on the synoptic scale, of meteorological conditions ending in flooding has been performed. In matching this piece of information with the past <span class="hlt">events</span> inventory, we have identified: firstly the two major types of low pressure trajectories that generated overflowing, so the two main atmospheric circulations prone to flooding, and secondly the fundamental meteorological aspect of the high north-west pressure gradient (≥ 20 hPa from "Pointe du Raz" (France) to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6070193','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6070193"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> direction change criteria for <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine design</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Cliff, W.C.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>A method is presented for estimating the root mean square (rms) value of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction change, ..delta..theta(tau) = theta(tau + tau) - theta(tau), that occurs over the swept area of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine rotor systems. An equation is also given for the rms value of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction change that occurs at a single point in space, i.e., a direcion change that a <span class="hlt">wind</span> vane would measure. Assuming a normal probability density function for the lateral <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity change and relating this to angular changes, equations are given for calculating the expected number of <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction changes, larger than anmore » arbitrary value, that will occur in 1 hr as well as the expected number that will occur during the design life of a <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine. The equations presented are developed using a small angle approximation and are, therefore, considered appropriate for <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction changes of less than 30/sup 0/. The equations presented are based upon neutral atmospheric boundary-layer conditions and do not include information regarding <span class="hlt">events</span> such as tornados, hurricanes, etc.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29776042','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29776042"><span>Modeling long correlation times using additive binary Markov chains: Applications to <span class="hlt">wind</span> generation time series.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Weber, Juliane; Zachow, Christopher; Witthaut, Dirk</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> power generation exhibits a <span class="hlt">strong</span> temporal variability, which is crucial for system integration in highly renewable power systems. Different methods exist to simulate <span class="hlt">wind</span> power generation but they often cannot represent the crucial temporal fluctuations properly. We apply the concept of additive binary Markov chains to model a <span class="hlt">wind</span> generation time series consisting of two states: periods of high and low <span class="hlt">wind</span> generation. The only input parameter for this model is the empirical autocorrelation function. The two-state model is readily extended to stochastically reproduce the actual generation per period. To evaluate the additive binary Markov chain method, we introduce a coarse model of the electric power system to derive backup and storage needs. We find that the temporal correlations of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power generation, the backup need as a function of the storage capacity, and the resting time distribution of high and low <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> for different shares of <span class="hlt">wind</span> generation can be reconstructed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvE..97c2138W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvE..97c2138W"><span>Modeling long correlation times using additive binary Markov chains: Applications to <span class="hlt">wind</span> generation time series</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Weber, Juliane; Zachow, Christopher; Witthaut, Dirk</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> power generation exhibits a <span class="hlt">strong</span> temporal variability, which is crucial for system integration in highly renewable power systems. Different methods exist to simulate <span class="hlt">wind</span> power generation but they often cannot represent the crucial temporal fluctuations properly. We apply the concept of additive binary Markov chains to model a <span class="hlt">wind</span> generation time series consisting of two states: periods of high and low <span class="hlt">wind</span> generation. The only input parameter for this model is the empirical autocorrelation function. The two-state model is readily extended to stochastically reproduce the actual generation per period. To evaluate the additive binary Markov chain method, we introduce a coarse model of the electric power system to derive backup and storage needs. We find that the temporal correlations of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power generation, the backup need as a function of the storage capacity, and the resting time distribution of high and low <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> for different shares of <span class="hlt">wind</span> generation can be reconstructed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4673594','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4673594"><span>Why Seemingly Trivial <span class="hlt">Events</span> Sometimes Evoke <span class="hlt">Strong</span> Emotional Reactions: The Role of Social Exchange Rule Violations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Leary, Mark R.; Diebels, Kate J.; Jongman-Sereno, Katrina P.; Fernandez, Xuan Duong</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>ABSTRACT People sometimes display <span class="hlt">strong</span> emotional reactions to <span class="hlt">events</span> that appear disproportionate to the tangible magnitude of the <span class="hlt">event</span>. Although previous work has addressed the role that perceived disrespect and unfairness have on such reactions, this study examined the role of perceived social exchange rule violations more broadly. Participants (N = 179) rated the effects of another person’s behavior on important personal outcomes, the degree to which the other person had violated fundamental rules of social exchange, and their reactions to the <span class="hlt">event</span>. Results showed that perceptions of social exchange rule violations accounted for more variance in participants’ reactions than the tangible consequences of the <span class="hlt">event</span>. The findings support the hypothesis that responses that appear disproportionate to the seriousness of the eliciting <span class="hlt">event</span> are often fueled by perceived rule violations that may not be obvious to others. PMID:26331429</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRA..121..949E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRA..121..949E"><span>Solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> interaction with comet 67P: Impacts of corotating interaction regions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Edberg, N. J. T.; Eriksson, A. I.; Odelstad, E.; Vigren, E.; Andrews, D. J.; Johansson, F.; Burch, J. L.; Carr, C. M.; Cupido, E.; Glassmeier, K.-H.; Goldstein, R.; Halekas, J. S.; Henri, P.; Koenders, C.; Mandt, K.; Mokashi, P.; Nemeth, Z.; Nilsson, H.; Ramstad, R.; Richter, I.; Wieser, G. Stenberg</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>We present observations from the Rosetta Plasma Consortium of the effects of stormy solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Four corotating interaction regions (CIRs), where the first <span class="hlt">event</span> has possibly merged with a coronal mass ejection, are traced from Earth via Mars (using Mars Express and Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN mission) to comet 67P from October to December 2014. When the comet is 3.1-2.7 AU from the Sun and the neutral outgassing rate ˜1025-1026 s-1, the CIRs significantly influence the cometary plasma environment at altitudes down to 10-30 km. The ionospheric low-energy (˜5 eV) plasma density increases significantly in all <span class="hlt">events</span>, by a factor of >2 in <span class="hlt">events</span> 1 and 2 but less in <span class="hlt">events</span> 3 and 4. The spacecraft potential drops below -20 V upon impact when the flux of electrons increases. The increased density is likely caused by compression of the plasma environment, increased particle impact ionization, and possibly charge exchange processes and acceleration of mass-loaded plasma back to the comet ionosphere. During all <span class="hlt">events</span>, the fluxes of suprathermal (˜10-100 eV) electrons increase significantly, suggesting that the heating mechanism of these electrons is coupled to the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy input. At impact the magnetic field strength in the coma increases by a factor of 2-5 as more interplanetary magnetic field piles up around the comet. During two CIR impact <span class="hlt">events</span>, we observe possible plasma boundaries forming, or moving past Rosetta, as the <span class="hlt">strong</span> solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> compresses the cometary plasma environment. We also discuss the possibility of seeing some signatures of the ionospheric response to tail disconnection <span class="hlt">events</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015APS..DFDL12009G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015APS..DFDL12009G"><span>Assessing the Impacts of Low Level Jets over <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gutierrez Rodriguez, Walter; Araya, Guillermo; Ruiz-Columbie, Arquimedes; Tutkun, Murat; Castillo, Luciano</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>Low Level Jets (LLJs) are defined as regions of relatively <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> in the lower part of the atmosphere. They are a common feature over the Great Plains in the United States. This paper is focused on the determination of the static/dynamic impacts that real LLJs in West Texas have over <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines and <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms. High-frequency (50Hz) observational data from the 200-m meteorological tower (Reese, Texas) have been input as inflow conditions into the NREL FAST code in order to evaluate the LLJ's structural impacts on a typical <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine. Then, the effect of the LLJ on the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine's wake is considered to evaluate the overall impact on the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm. It has been observed that during a LLJ <span class="hlt">event</span> the levels of turbulence intensity and turbulence kinetic energy are significantly much lower than those during unstable conditions. Also, low-frequency oscillations prevail during stable conditions when LLJs are present, as opposed to high-frequency oscillations which are more prevalent during unstable conditions. Additionally, in LLJs the energy concentrates in particular frequencies that stress the turbine whereas turbine signals show frequencies that are also present in the incoming <span class="hlt">wind</span>. Grants: NSF-CBET #1157246, NSF-CMMI #1100948, NSF-PIRE # NSF-OISE-1243482.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.1156V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.1156V"><span>Solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> influence on Jupiter's magnetosphere and aurora</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vogt, Marissa; Gyalay, Szilard; Withers, Paul</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Jupiter's magnetosphere is often said to be rotationally driven, with <span class="hlt">strong</span> centrifugal stresses due to large spatial scales and a rapid planetary rotation period. For example, the main auroral emission at Jupiter is not due to the magnetosphere-solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> interaction but is driven by a system of corotation enforcement currents that arises to speed up outflowing Iogenic plasma. Additionally, processes like tail reconnection are also thought to be driven, at least in part, by processes internal to the magnetosphere. While the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> is generally expected to have only a small influence on Jupiter's magnetosphere and aurora, there is considerable observational evidence that the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> does affect the magnetopause standoff distance, auroral radio emissions, and the position and brightness of the UV auroral emissions. We will report on the results of a comprehensive, quantitative study of the influence of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> on various magnetospheric data sets measured by the Galileo mission from 1996 to 2003. Using the Michigan Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Model (mSWiM) to predict the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions upstream of Jupiter, we have identified intervals of high and low solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamic pressure. We can use this information to quantify how a magnetospheric compression affects the magnetospheric field configuration, which in turn will affect the ionospheric mapping of the main auroral emission. We also consider whether there is evidence that reconnection <span class="hlt">events</span> occur preferentially during certain solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions or that the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> modulates the quasi-periodicity seen in the magnetic field dipolarizations and flow bursts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AnGeo..22.3927C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AnGeo..22.3927C"><span>Vertical velocity and turbulence aspects during Mistral <span class="hlt">events</span> as observed by UHF <span class="hlt">wind</span> profilers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Caccia, J.; Guénard, V.; Benech, B.; Campistron, B.; Drobinski, P.</p> <p>2004-11-01</p> <p>The general purpose of this paper is to experimentally study mesoscale dynamical aspects of the Mistral in the coastal area located at the exit of the Rhône-valley. The Mistral is a northerly low-level flow blowing in southern France along the Rhône-valley axis, located between the French Alps and the Massif Central, towards the Mediterranean Sea. The experimental data are obtained by UHF <span class="hlt">wind</span> profilers deployed during two major field campaigns, MAP (Mesoscale Alpine Program) in autumn 1999, and ESCOMPTE (Expérience sur Site pour COntraindre les Modèles de Pollution atmosphériques et de Transports d'Emission) in summer 2001. Thanks to the use of the time evolution of the vertical profile of the horizontal <span class="hlt">wind</span> vector, recent works have shown that the dynamics of the Mistral is highly dependent on the season because of the occurrence of specific synoptic patterns. In addition, during summer, thermal forcing leads to a combination of sea breeze with Mistral and weaker Mistral due to the enhanced friction while, during autumn, absence of convective turbulence leads to substantial acceleration as low-level jets are generated in the stably stratified planetary boundary layer. At the exit of the Rhône valley, the gap flow dynamics dominates, whereas at the lee of the Alps, the dynamics is driven by the relative contribution of "flow around" and "flow over" mechanisms, upstream of the Alps. This paper analyses vertical velocity and turbulence, i.e. turbulent dissipation rate, with data obtained by the same UHF <span class="hlt">wind</span> profilers during the same Mistral <span class="hlt">events</span>. In autumn, the motions are found to be globally and significantly subsident, which is coherent for a dry, cold and stable flow approaching the sea, and the turbulence is found to be of pure dynamical origin (<span class="hlt">wind</span> shears and mountain/lee wave breaking), which is coherent with non-convective situations. In summer, due to the ground heating and to the interactions with thermal circulation, the vertical motions are</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016cosp...41E2197Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016cosp...41E2197Z"><span>Statistical Investigations on Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Dynamic Pressure Pulses:Basic features and Their Impacts on Geosynchronous Magnetic Fields</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zuo, Pingbing; Feng, Xueshang</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>Solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamic pressure pulse (DPP) structures, across which the dynamic pressure abruptly changes over timescales from a few seconds to several minutes, are often observed in the near-Earth space environment. Recently we have developed a novel procedure that is able to rapidly identify the DPPs from the plasma data stream, and simultaneously define the transition region and smartly select the upstream and downstream region for analysis. The plasma data with high time-resolution from 3DP instrument on board the <span class="hlt">WIND</span> spacecraft are inspected with this automatic DPP-searching code, and a complete list of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> DPPs of historic <span class="hlt">WIND</span> observations are built up. We perform a statistical survey on the properties of DPPs near 1 AU based on this <span class="hlt">event</span> list. It is found that overwhelming majority of DPPs are associated with the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> disturbances including the CME-related flows, the corotating interaction regions, as well as the complex ejecta. The annual variations of the averaged occurrence rate of DPPs are roughly in phase with the solar activities. Although the variabilities of geosynchronous magnetic fields (GMFs) due to the impact of positive DPPs have been well established, there appears no systematic investigations on the response of GMFs to negative DPPs. Here we also study the decompression/compression effects of very <span class="hlt">strong</span> negative/positive DPPs on GMFs under northward IMFs. In response to the decompression of <span class="hlt">strong</span> negative DPPs, GMFs on dayside, near the dawn and dusk on nightside are generally depressed. But near the midnight region, the responses of GMF are very diverse, being either positive or negative. For part of <span class="hlt">events</span> when GOES is located at the midnight sector, GMF is found to abnormally increase as the result of magnetospheric decompression caused by negative DPPs. It is known that on certain conditions magnetic depression of nightside GMFs can be caused by the impact of positive DPPs. Statistically, both the decompression effect of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1610745C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1610745C"><span>A climatology of weather-driven mixing <span class="hlt">events</span> in a dimictic Arctic lake</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cooke, Melanie; MacIntyre, Sally; Kushner, Paul</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>For dimictic and polymictic Arctic lakes, mixing during the ice-free season is primarily controlled by the passage of cold fronts and their associated <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span>. At Toolik Lake, a Long Term Ecological Research site in Alaska, year-to-year variability in lake stability and mixing frequency has been considerable over the past 14 summers. Mixing is important for lake productivity, distributing dissolved gases and nutrients through the water column. Summertime Arctic warming might be expected to stabilize Arctic lakes such as Toolik, but the control of individual weather <span class="hlt">events</span> on a season's mixing characteristics complicates the ability to predict trends in stability and mixing. With this motivation, this work aims to characterize weather systems that are conducive to mixing at Toolik. High resolution lake and meteorological data from the site were used to characterize mixing while atmospheric reanalysis data were used to describe the weather systems. Mixing <span class="hlt">events</span> were first identified using an automated algorithm based on Lake Number and lake thermal structure. The algorithm identified mixing <span class="hlt">events</span> that are separated by at least the timescale of weather systems, so that any given weather <span class="hlt">event</span> should cause at most one mixing <span class="hlt">event</span>. Because low Lake Number conditions typically highlight <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span>, temperature profile data over time were used to identify thermocline deepening as a complementary indicator for mixing. Mixing <span class="hlt">events</span> were found to be most often characterized by simultaneous occurrence of a low Lake Number condition and thermocline deepening. Once mixing <span class="hlt">events</span> were identified, they were classified according to their corresponding atmospheric structures. Two primary weather system types with distinct characteristics were determined to be associated with mixing. The analysis suggests that changing the occurrence of these weather system types might change the summertime thermal structure of Toolik Lake, and by extension other lakes in the region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B13E1809D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B13E1809D"><span>Disentangling factors that control the vulnerability of forests to catastrophic <span class="hlt">wind</span> damage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dracup, E.; Taylor, A.; MacLean, D.; Boulanger, Y.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> is an important driver of forest dynamics along North America's north-eastern coastal forests, but also damages many commercially managed forests which society relies as an important source of wood fiber. Although the influence of <span class="hlt">wind</span> on north-eastern forests is well recognized, knowledge of factors predisposing trees to <span class="hlt">wind</span> damage is less known, especially in the context of large, powerful <span class="hlt">wind</span> storm <span class="hlt">events</span>. This is of particular concern as climate change is expected to alter the frequency and severity of <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> storms affecting this region. On 29 September 2003, Hurricane Juan made landfall over Nova Scotia, Canada as a Category 2 hurricane with sustained <span class="hlt">winds</span> of 158 km/h, and gusts of up to 185 km/h. Hurricane Juan variously damaged a swath of over 600,000 ha of forest. The damaged forest area was surveyed using aerial photography and LandSAT imagery and categorized according to level of <span class="hlt">wind</span> damage sustained (none, low, moderate, severe) at a resolution of 15 x 15 m square cells. We used Random Forest to analyze and compare level of <span class="hlt">wind</span> damage in each cell with a myriad of abiotic (exposure, depth to water table, soil composition, etc.) and biotic (tree species composition, canopy closure, canopy height, etc.) factors known or expected to predispose trees to windthrow. From our analysis, we identified topographic exposure, precipitation, and maximum gust speed as the top predictors of windthrow during Hurricane Juan. To our surprise, forest stand factors, such as tree species composition and height, had minimal effects on level of windthrow. These results can be used to construct predictive risk maps which can help society to assess the vulnerability of forests to future <span class="hlt">wind</span> storm <span class="hlt">events</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhyA..422..113P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhyA..422..113P"><span>Tsallis non-extensive statistics and solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> plasma complexity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pavlos, G. P.; Iliopoulos, A. C.; Zastenker, G. N.; Zelenyi, L. M.; Karakatsanis, L. P.; Riazantseva, M. O.; Xenakis, M. N.; Pavlos, E. G.</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>This article presents novel results revealing non-equilibrium phase transition processes in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> plasma during a <span class="hlt">strong</span> shock <span class="hlt">event</span>, which took place on 26th September 2011. Solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> plasma is a typical case of stochastic spatiotemporal distribution of physical state variables such as force fields (B → , E →) and matter fields (particle and current densities or bulk plasma distributions). This study shows clearly the non-extensive and non-Gaussian character of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> plasma and the existence of multi-scale <span class="hlt">strong</span> correlations from the microscopic to the macroscopic level. It also underlines the inefficiency of classical magneto-hydro-dynamic (MHD) or plasma statistical theories, based on the classical central limit theorem (CLT), to explain the complexity of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamics, since these theories include smooth and differentiable spatial-temporal functions (MHD theory) or Gaussian statistics (Boltzmann-Maxwell statistical mechanics). On the contrary, the results of this study indicate the presence of non-Gaussian non-extensive statistics with heavy tails probability distribution functions, which are related to the q-extension of CLT. Finally, the results of this study can be understood in the framework of modern theoretical concepts such as non-extensive statistical mechanics (Tsallis, 2009), fractal topology (Zelenyi and Milovanov, 2004), turbulence theory (Frisch, 1996), strange dynamics (Zaslavsky, 2002), percolation theory (Milovanov, 1997), anomalous diffusion theory and anomalous transport theory (Milovanov, 2001), fractional dynamics (Tarasov, 2013) and non-equilibrium phase transition theory (Chang, 1992).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70174883','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70174883"><span><span class="hlt">Strongly</span>-sheared <span class="hlt">wind</span>-forced currents in the nearshore regions of the central Southern California Bight</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Noble, Marlene A.; Rosenberger, Kurt; Robertson, George L.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Contrary to many previous reports, <span class="hlt">winds</span> do drive currents along the shelf in the central portion of the Southern California Bight (SCB). <span class="hlt">Winds</span> off Huntington Beach CA are the dominant forcing for currents over the nearshore region of the shelf (water depths less than 20 m). <span class="hlt">Winds</span> control about 50–70% of the energy in nearshore alongshelf surface currents. The <span class="hlt">wind</span>-driven current amplitudes are also anomalously high. For a relatively weak 1 dyne/cm2 <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress, the alongshelf surface current amplitudes in this region can reach 80 cm/s or more. Mid-depth current amplitudes for the same <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress are around 30–40 cm/s. These <span class="hlt">wind</span>-driven surface current amplitudes are much larger than previously measured over other nearshore shelf regions, perhaps because this program is one of the few that measured currents within a meter of the surface. The near-bed cross-shelf currents over the nearshore region of the Huntington Beach shelf have an Ekman response to <span class="hlt">winds</span> in that they upwell (downwell) for down (up) coast <span class="hlt">winds</span>. This response disappears further offshore. Hence, there is upwelling in the SCB, but it does not occur across the entire shelf. Subthermocline water in the nearshore region that may contain nutrients and plankton move onshore when <span class="hlt">winds</span> are southeastward, but subthermocline water over the shelf break is not transported to the beach. The currents over the outer shelf are not predominately controlled by <span class="hlt">winds</span>, consistent with previous reports. Instead, they are mainly driven by cross-shelf pressure gradients that are independent of local <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A43D0271K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A43D0271K"><span>Spatiotemporal Variance of Global Horizontal Moisture Transport and the Influence of <span class="hlt">Strong</span> ENSO <span class="hlt">Events</span> Using ERA-Interim Reanalysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kutta, E. J.; Hubbart, J. A.; Svoma, B. M.; Eichler, T. P.; Lupo, A. R.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is well documented as a leading source of seasonal to inter-annual variations in global weather and climate. <span class="hlt">Strong</span> ENSO <span class="hlt">events</span> have been shown to alter the location and magnitude of Hadley and Walker circulations that maintain equilibrium at tropical latitudes and regulate moisture transport into mid-latitude storm tracks. Broad impacts associated with ENSO <span class="hlt">events</span> include anomalous regional precipitation (ARP) and temperature patterns and subsequent impacts to socioeconomic and human health systems. Potential socioeconomic and human health impacts range from regional changes in water resources and agricultural productivity to local storm water management, particularly in rapidly urbanizing watersheds. Evidence is mounting to suggest that anthropogenic climate change will increase the frequency of heavy precipitation <span class="hlt">events</span>, which compounds impacts of ARP patterns associated with <span class="hlt">strong</span> El Nino <span class="hlt">events</span>. Therefore, the need exists to identify common regional patterns of spatiotemporal variance of horizontal moisture flux (HMF) during months (Oct-Feb) associated with the peak intensity (Oceanic Nino Index [ONI]) of the three strongest El Nino (ONI > µ + 2σ) and La Nina (ONI < µ - σ) <span class="hlt">events</span> occurring between January 1979 and June 2016. ERA-Interim reanalysis output on model levels was used to quantify spatial and temporal covariance of HMF at 6-hourly resolution before taking the density weighted vertical average. Long term means (LTM; 1979-2015) were quantified and the influence of <span class="hlt">strong</span> ENSO <span class="hlt">events</span> was assessed by quantifying deviations from the LTM for each respective covariance property during months associated with the selected ENSO <span class="hlt">events</span>. Results reveal regions of statistically significant (CI = 0.05) differences from the LTM for the vertically integrated HMF and each covariance quantity. Broader implications of this work include potential for improved seasonal precipitation forecasts at regional scales and subsequent</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27263862','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27263862"><span>Range expansion of the Bluetongue vector, Culicoides imicola, in continental France likely due to rare <span class="hlt">wind</span>-transport <span class="hlt">events</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jacquet, Stéphanie; Huber, Karine; Pagès, Nonito; Talavera, Sandra; Burgin, Laura E; Carpenter, Simon; Sanders, Christopher; Dicko, Ahmadou H; Djerbal, Mouloud; Goffredo, Maria; Lhor, Youssef; Lucientes, Javier; Miranda-Chueca, Miguel A; Pereira Da Fonseca, Isabel; Ramilo, David W; Setier-Rio, Marie-Laure; Bouyer, Jérémy; Chevillon, Christine; Balenghien, Thomas; Guis, Hélène; Garros, Claire</p> <p>2016-06-06</p> <p>The role of the northward expansion of Culicoides imicola Kieffer in recent and unprecedented outbreaks of Culicoides-borne arboviruses in southern Europe has been a significant point of contention. We combined entomological surveys, movement simulations of air-borne particles, and population genetics to reconstruct the chain of <span class="hlt">events</span> that led to a newly colonized French area nestled at the northern foot of the Pyrenees. Simulating the movement of air-borne particles evidenced frequent <span class="hlt">wind</span>-transport <span class="hlt">events</span> allowing, within at most 36 hours, the immigration of midges from north-eastern Spain and Balearic Islands, and, as rare <span class="hlt">events</span>, their immigration from Corsica. Completing the puzzle, population genetic analyses discriminated Corsica as the origin of the new population and identified two successive colonization <span class="hlt">events</span> within west-Mediterranean basin. Our findings are of considerable importance when trying to understand the invasion of new territories by expanding species.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006DPS....38.4903H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006DPS....38.4903H"><span>Lunar Surface Charging during Solar Energetic Particle <span class="hlt">Events</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Halekas, Jasper S.; Delory, G. T.; Mewaldt, R. A.; Lin, R. P.; Fillingim, M. O.; Brain, D. A.; Lee, C. O.; Stubbs, T. J.; Farrell, W. M.; Hudson, M. K.</p> <p>2006-09-01</p> <p>The surface of the Moon, not protected by any substantial atmosphere, is directly exposed to the impact of both solar UV and solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> plasma and energetic particles. This creates a complex lunar electrostatic environment, with the surface typically charging slightly positive in sunlight, and negative in shadow. Observations from the Apollo era and theoretical considerations <span class="hlt">strongly</span> suggest that surface charging leads to dust electrification and transport, posing a potentially significant hazard for exploration. The most significant charging effects should occur when the Moon is exposed to high-temperature plasmas like those encountered in the terrestrial plasmasheet or in solar storms. We now present evidence for kilovolt-scale negative charging of the shadowed lunar surface during solar energetic particle (SEP) <span class="hlt">events</span>, utilizing data from the Lunar Prospector Electron Reflectometer (LP ER). We find that SEP <span class="hlt">events</span> are associated with the most extreme lunar surface charging observed during the LP mission - rivaled only by previously reported charging during traversals of the terrestrial plasmasheet. The largest charging <span class="hlt">event</span> observed by LP is a 4 kV negative surface potential (as compared to typical values of V) during a SEP <span class="hlt">event</span> in May 1998. We characterize lunar surface charging during several SEP <span class="hlt">events</span>, and compare to energetic particle measurements from ACE, <span class="hlt">Wind</span>, and SOHO in order to determine the relationship between SEP <span class="hlt">events</span> and extreme lunar surface charging. Space weather <span class="hlt">events</span> are already considered by NASA to be a significant hazard to lunar exploration, due to high-energy ionizing radiation. Our observations demonstrate that plasma interactions with the lunar surface during SEP <span class="hlt">events</span>, causing extreme surface charging and potentially significant dust electrification and transport, represent an additional hazard associated with space weather.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC33A1216B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC33A1216B"><span><span class="hlt">WIND</span> SPEED Monitoring in Northern Eurasia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bulygina, O.; Korshunova, N. N.; Razuvaev, V. N.; Groisman, P. Y.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">wind</span> regime of Russia varies a great deal due to the large size of the country's territory and variety of climate and terrain conditions. Changes in the regime of surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> are of great practical importance. They can affect heat and water balance. <span class="hlt">Strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> is one of the most hazardous meteorological <span class="hlt">event</span> for various sectors of economy and for infrastructure. The main objective of this research is to monitoring <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed change in Northern Eurasia At meteorological stations <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction are measured at the height of 10-12 meters over the land surface with the help of <span class="hlt">wind</span> meters or <span class="hlt">wind</span> wanes. Calculations were made on the basis of data for the period of 1980-2015. It allowed the massive scale disruption of homogeneity to be eliminated and sufficient period needed to obtain sustainable statistic characteristics to be retained. Data on average and maximum <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed measured at 1457 stations of Russia were used. The analysis of changes in <span class="hlt">wind</span> characteristics was made on the basis of point data and series of average characteristics obtained for 18 quasi-homogeneous climatic regions. Statistical characteristics (average and maximum values of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed, prevailing <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction, values of the boundary of the 90%, 95% and 99%-confidence interval in the distribution of maximum <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed) were obtained for all seasons and for the year as a whole. Values of boundaries of the 95% and 99%-confidence interval in the distribution of maximum <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed were considered as indicators of extremeness of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> regime. The trend of changes in average and maximum <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed was assessed with a linear trend coefficient. A special attention was paid to <span class="hlt">wind</span> changes in the Arctic where dramatic changes in surface air temperature and sea ice extent and density have been observed during the past decade. The analysis of the results allowed seasonal and regional features of changes in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> regime on the territory of the northern part of Eurasia to be</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24919920','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24919920"><span>Increased frequency of extreme Indian Ocean Dipole <span class="hlt">events</span> due to greenhouse warming.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cai, Wenju; Santoso, Agus; Wang, Guojian; Weller, Evan; Wu, Lixin; Ashok, Karumuri; Masumoto, Yukio; Yamagata, Toshio</p> <p>2014-06-12</p> <p>The Indian Ocean dipole is a prominent mode of coupled ocean-atmosphere variability, affecting the lives of millions of people in Indian Ocean rim countries. In its positive phase, sea surface temperatures are lower than normal off the Sumatra-Java coast, but higher in the western tropical Indian Ocean. During the extreme positive-IOD (pIOD) <span class="hlt">events</span> of 1961, 1994 and 1997, the eastern cooling strengthened and extended westward along the equatorial Indian Ocean through <span class="hlt">strong</span> reversal of both the mean westerly <span class="hlt">winds</span> and the associated eastward-flowing upper ocean currents. This created anomalously dry conditions from the eastern to the central Indian Ocean along the Equator and atmospheric convergence farther west, leading to catastrophic floods in eastern tropical African countries but devastating droughts in eastern Indian Ocean rim countries. Despite these serious consequences, the response of pIOD <span class="hlt">events</span> to greenhouse warming is unknown. Here, using an ensemble of climate models forced by a scenario of high greenhouse gas emissions (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5), we project that the frequency of extreme pIOD <span class="hlt">events</span> will increase by almost a factor of three, from one <span class="hlt">event</span> every 17.3 years over the twentieth century to one <span class="hlt">event</span> every 6.3 years over the twenty-first century. We find that a mean state change--with weakening of both equatorial westerly <span class="hlt">winds</span> and eastward oceanic currents in association with a faster warming in the western than the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean--facilitates more frequent occurrences of <span class="hlt">wind</span> and oceanic current reversal. This leads to more frequent extreme pIOD <span class="hlt">events</span>, suggesting an increasing frequency of extreme climate and weather <span class="hlt">events</span> in regions affected by the pIOD.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MsT..........2M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MsT..........2M"><span>Statistical Study of Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections with <span class="hlt">Strong</span> Magnetic Fields</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Murphy, Matthew E.</p> <p></p> <p>Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) with <span class="hlt">strong</span> magnetic fields (B ) are typically associated with significant Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) <span class="hlt">events</span>, high solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and solar flare <span class="hlt">events</span>. Successful prediction of the arrival time of a CME at Earth is required to maximize the time available for satellite, infrastructure, and space travel programs to take protective action against the coming flux of high-energy particles. It is known that the magnetic field strength of a CME is linked to the strength of a geomagnetic storm on Earth. Unfortunately, the correlations between <span class="hlt">strong</span> magnetic field CMEs from the entire sun (especially from the far side or non-Earth facing side of the sun) to SEP and flare <span class="hlt">events</span>, solar source regions and other relevant solar variables are not well known. New correlation studies using an artificial intelligence engine (Eureqa) were performed to study CME <span class="hlt">events</span> with magnetic field strength readings over 30 nanoteslas (nT) from January 2010 to October 17, 2014. This thesis presents the results of this study, validates Eureqa to obtain previously published results, and presents previously unknown functional relationships between solar source magnetic field data, CME initial speed and the CME magnetic field. These new results enable the development of more accurate CME magnetic field predictions and should help scientists develop better forecasts thereby helping to prevent damage to humanity's space and Earth assets.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_8 --> <div id="page_9" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="161"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23677755','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23677755"><span>Dynamics of cyanobacterial bloom formation during short-term hydrodynamic fluctuation in a large shallow, eutrophic, and <span class="hlt">wind</span>-exposed Lake Taihu, China.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wu, Tingfeng; Qin, Boqiang; Zhu, Guangwei; Luo, Liancong; Ding, Yanqing; Bian, Geya</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Short-term hydrodynamic fluctuations caused by extreme weather <span class="hlt">events</span> are expected to increase worldwide because of global climate change, and such fluctuations can <span class="hlt">strongly</span> influence cyanobacterial blooms. In this study, the cyanobacterial bloom disappearance and reappearance in Lake Taihu, China, in response to short-term hydrodynamic fluctuations, was investigated by field sampling, long-term ecological records, high-frequency sensors and MODIS satellite images. The horizontal drift caused by the dominant easterly <span class="hlt">wind</span> during the phytoplankton growth season was mainly responsible for cyanobacterial biomass accumulation in the western and northern regions of the lake and subsequent bloom formation over relatively long time scales. The cyanobacterial bloom changed slowly under calm or gentle <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions. In contrast, the short-term bloom <span class="hlt">events</span> within a day were mainly caused by entrainment and disentrainment of cyanobacterial colonies by <span class="hlt">wind</span>-induced hydrodynamics. Observation of a westerly <span class="hlt">event</span> in Lake Taihu revealed that when the 30 min mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed (flow speed) exceeded the threshold value of 6 m/s (5.7 cm/s), cyanobacteria in colonies were entrained by the <span class="hlt">wind</span>-induced hydrodynamics. Subsequently, the vertical migration of cyanobacterial colonies was controlled by hydrodynamics, resulting in thorough mixing of algal biomass throughout the water depth and the eventual disappearance of surface blooms. Moreover, the intense mixing can also increase the chance for forming larger and more cyanobacterial colonies, namely, aggregation. Subsequently, when the hydrodynamics became weak, the cyanobacterial colonies continuously float upward without effective buoyancy regulation, and cause cyanobacterial bloom explosive expansion after the westerly. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that the <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> happening frequently during April and October can be an important cause of the formation and expansion of cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Taihu.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014OcMod..84...84L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014OcMod..84...84L"><span>Ocean Mixed Layer responses to intense meteorological <span class="hlt">events</span> during HyMeX-SOP1 from a high-resolution ocean simulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lebeaupin Brossier, Cindy; Arsouze, Thomas; Béranger, Karine; Bouin, Marie-Noëlle; Bresson, Emilie; Ducrocq, Véronique; Giordani, Hervé; Nuret, Mathieu; Rainaud, Romain; Taupier-Letage, Isabelle</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The western Mediterranean Sea is a source of heat and humidity for the atmospheric low-levels in autumn. Large exchanges take place at the air-sea interface, especially during intense meteorological <span class="hlt">events</span>, such as heavy precipitation and/or <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span>. The Ocean Mixed Layer (OML), which is quite thin at this time of year (∼ 20 m-depth), evolves rapidly under such intense fluxes. This study investigates the ocean responses under intense meteorological <span class="hlt">events</span> that occurred during HyMeX SOP1 (5 September-6 November 2012). The OML conditions and tendencies are derived from a high-resolution ocean simulation using the sub-regional eddy-resolving NEMO-WMED36 model (1/36°-resolution), driven at the surface by hourly air-sea fluxes from the AROME-WMED forecasts (2.5 km-resolution). The high space-time resolution of the atmospheric forcing allows the highly variable surface fluxes, which induce rapid changes in the OML, to be well represented and linked to small-scale atmospheric processes. First, the simulation results are compared to ocean profiles from several platforms obtained during the campaign. Then, this study focuses on the short-term OML evolution during three <span class="hlt">events</span>. In particular, we examine the OML cooling and mixing under <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span>, potentially associated with upwelling, as well as the surface freshening under heavy precipitation <span class="hlt">events</span>, producing low-salinity lenses. Tendencies demonstrate the major role of the surface forcing in the temperature and/or salinity anomaly formation. At the same time, mixing [restratification] rapidly occurs. As expected, the sign of this tendency term is very dependent on the local vertical stratification which varies at fine scale in the Mediterranean. It also controls [disables] the vertical propagation. In the Alboran Sea, the <span class="hlt">strong</span> dynamics redistribute the OML anomalies, sometimes up to 7 days after their formation. Elsewhere, despite local amplitude modulations due to internal wave excitation by <span class="hlt">strong</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6919433-preliminary-investigation-exceptionally-strong-winds-mountainous-areas-new-mexico','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6919433-preliminary-investigation-exceptionally-strong-winds-mountainous-areas-new-mexico"><span>Preliminary investigation of exceptionally <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> in mountainous areas of New Mexico</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Reynolds, R.D.; Barnett, K.M.</p> <p>1980-10-01</p> <p>The mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed in four mountainous areas in New Mexico were sampled for one year using <span class="hlt">wind</span> data accumulators. The sites studied were: (1) San Augustin Pass, 15 miles northeast of Las Cruces; (2) Sierra Grande, an isolated peak midway between Raton and Clayton; (3) Buck Mountain, 10 miles northeast of Sierra Blanca Peak near Ruidoso, and (4) Palomas Mesa, 20 miles west-southwest of Tucumcari.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970011926','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970011926"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> Variability of B Supergiants. No. 1; The Rapid Rotator HD 64760 (B0.5 Ib)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Massa, Derck; Prinja, Raman K.; Fullerton, Alexander W.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>We present the results of a 6 day time series of observations of the rapidly rotating B0.5 Ib star HD 64760. We point out several reasons why such intermediate luminosity B supergiants are ideal targets for <span class="hlt">wind</span> variability studies and then present our results that show the following: continuous <span class="hlt">wind</span> activity throughout the 6 day run with the <span class="hlt">wind</span> never in steady state for more than a few hr; <span class="hlt">wind</span> variability very near nu = 0 km sec(exp -1) in the resonance lines from the lower ionization stages (Al III and C II); a distinct correlation between variability in the Si III ; lambda(lambda)1300 triplets, the <span class="hlt">strong</span> C III (lambda)1247 singlet, and the onset of extremely <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> activity, suggesting a connection between photospheric and <span class="hlt">wind</span> activity; long temporal coherence in the behavior of the <span class="hlt">strong</span> absorption <span class="hlt">events</span>; evidence for large-scale spatial coherence, implied by a whole scale, simultaneous weakening in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> absorption over a wide range in velocities; and ionization variability in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> accompanying the largest changes in the absorption strengths of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> lines. In addition, modeling of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> lines provides the following information about the state the <span class="hlt">wind</span> in HD 64760. The number of structures on the portion of a constant velocity surface occulting the stellar disk at a particular time must be quite small, while the number on the entire constant velocity surface throughout the <span class="hlt">wind</span> must be large. The escape probability at low velocity is overestimated by a normal beta approx. 1 velocity law, perhaps due to the presence of low-velocity shocks deep in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> or a shallow velocity gradient at low velocity. Estimates of the ionization structure in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> indicate that the ionization ratios are not those expected from thermal equilibrium <span class="hlt">wind</span> models or from an extrapolation of previous O star results. The large observed q(N V)/q(Si IV) ratio is almost certainly due to distributed X-rays, but the level of ionization predicted by distributed</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1513638S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1513638S"><span>Aquatic carbon export from peatland catchments recently undergone <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm development</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Smith, Ben; Waldron, Susan; Henderson, Andrew; Flowers, Hugh; Gilvear, David</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p> construction of the 35-turbine <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm, with a <span class="hlt">strong</span> focus on <span class="hlt">event</span> sampling. Fieldwork and sample collection is due to continue until at least September 2013 but data collated so far shows seasonal differences of carbon export from similar sized hydrological <span class="hlt">events</span>. In addition, <span class="hlt">event</span> sampling has highlighted the different characteristics between DOC and POC export as well as their contribution to the overall aquatic carbon flux. Phosphorous and nitrate concentrations have also been analysed and their export regimes and interactions with carbon export will also be discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22661418-evidence-quasi-adiabatic-motion-charged-particles-strong-current-sheets-solar-wind','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22661418-evidence-quasi-adiabatic-motion-charged-particles-strong-current-sheets-solar-wind"><span>EVIDENCE FOR QUASI-ADIABATIC MOTION OF CHARGED PARTICLES IN <span class="hlt">STRONG</span> CURRENT SHEETS IN THE SOLAR <span class="hlt">WIND</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Malova, H. V.; Popov, V. Yu.; Grigorenko, E. E.</p> <p></p> <p>We investigate quasi-adiabatic dynamics of charged particles in <span class="hlt">strong</span> current sheets (SCSs) in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>, including the heliospheric current sheet (HCS), both theoretically and observationally. A self-consistent hybrid model of an SCS is developed in which ion dynamics is described at the quasi-adiabatic approximation, while the electrons are assumed to be magnetized, and their motion is described in the guiding center approximation. The model shows that the SCS profile is determined by the relative contribution of two currents: (i) the current supported by demagnetized protons that move along open quasi-adiabatic orbits, and (ii) the electron drift current. The simplestmore » modeled SCS is found to be a multi-layered structure that consists of a thin current sheet embedded into a much thicker analog of a plasma sheet. This result is in good agreement with observations of SCSs at ∼1 au. The analysis of fine structure of different SCSs, including the HCS, shows that an SCS represents a narrow current layer (with a thickness of ∼10{sup 4} km) embedded into a wider region of about 10{sup 5} km, independently of the SCS origin. Therefore, multi-scale structuring is very likely an intrinsic feature of SCSs in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70019770','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70019770"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> assistance: A requirement for migration of shorebirds?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Butler, Robert W.; Williams, Tony D.; Warnock, Nils; Bishop, Mary Anne</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>We investigated the importance of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-assisted flight for northward (spring) migration by Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) along the Pacific Coast of North America. Using current models of energy costs of flight and recent data on the phenology of migration, we estimated the energy (fat) requirements for migration in calm <span class="hlt">winds</span> and with <span class="hlt">wind</span>-assisted flight for different rates of fat deposition: (1) a variable rate, assuming that birds deposit the minimum amount of fat required to reach the next stopover site; (2) a constant maximum rate of 1.0 g/day; and (3) a lower constant rate of 0.4 g/day. We tested these models by comparing conservative estimates of predicted body mass along the migration route with empirical data on body mass of Western Sandpipers at different stopover sites and upon arrival at the breeding grounds. In calm conditions, birds would have to deposit unrealistically high amounts of fat (up to 330% of observed values) to maintain body mass above absolute lean mass values. Fat-deposition rates of 1.0 g/day and 0.4 g/day, in calm conditions, resulted in a steady decline in body mass along the migration route, with predicted body masses on arrival in Alaska of only 60% (13.6 g) and 26% (5.9 g) of average lean mass (22.7 g). Conversely, birds migrating with <span class="hlt">wind</span> assistance would be able to complete migration with fat-deposition rates as low as 0.4 g/day, similar to values reported for this size bird from field studies. Our results extend the conclusion of the importance of <span class="hlt">winds</span> for large, long-distance migrants to a small, short-distance migrant. We suggest that the migratory decisions of birds are more <span class="hlt">strongly</span> influenced by the frequency and duration of <span class="hlt">winds</span> aloft, i.e. by <span class="hlt">events</span> during the flight phase, than by <span class="hlt">events</span> during the stopover phase of migration, such as fat-deposition rate, that have been the focus of much recent migration theory.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH51C1902L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH51C1902L"><span>3D Numerical Simulation of the Wave and Current Loads on a Truss Foundation of the Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine During the Extreme Typhoon <span class="hlt">Event</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lin, C. W.; Wu, T. R.; Chuang, M. H.; Tsai, Y. L.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">wind</span> in Taiwan Strait is <span class="hlt">strong</span> and stable which offers an opportunity to build offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms. However, frequently visited typhoons and <span class="hlt">strong</span> ocean current require more attentions on the wave force and local scour around the foundation of the turbine piles. In this paper, we introduce an in-house, multi-phase CFD model, Splash3D, for solving the flow field with breaking wave, <span class="hlt">strong</span> turbulent, and scour phenomena. Splash3D solves Navier-Stokes Equation with Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) for the fluid domain, and uses volume of fluid (VOF) with piecewise linear interface reconstruction (PLIC) method to describe the break free-surface. The waves were generated inside the computational domain by internal wave maker with a mass-source function. This function is designed to adequately simulate the wave condition under observed extreme <span class="hlt">events</span> based on JONSWAP spectrum and dispersion relationship. Dirichlet velocity boundary condition is assigned at the upper stream boundary to induce the ocean current. At the downstream face, the sponge-layer method combined with pressure Dirichlet boundary condition is specified for dissipating waves and conducting current out of the domain. Numerical pressure gauges are uniformly set on the structure surface to obtain the force distribution on the structure. As for the local scour around the foundation, we developed Discontinuous Bi-viscous Model (DBM) for the development of the scour hole. Model validations were presented as well. The force distribution under observed irregular wave condition was extracted by the irregular-surface force extraction (ISFE) method, which provides a fast and elegant way to integrate the force acting on the surface of irregular structure. From the Simulation results, we found that the total force is mainly induced by the impinging waves, and the force from the ocean current is about 2 order of magnitude smaller than the wave force. We also found the dynamic pressure, wave height, and the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23977309','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23977309"><span>Using <span class="hlt">wind</span> setdown and storm surge on Lake Erie to calibrate the air-sea drag coefficient.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Drews, Carl</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The air-sea drag coefficient controls the transfer of momentum from <span class="hlt">wind</span> to water. In modeling storm surge, this coefficient is a crucial parameter for estimating the surge height. This study uses two <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> on Lake Erie to calibrate the drag coefficient using the Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Wave Sediment Transport (COAWST) modeling system and the the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). Simulated waves are generated on the lake with Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN). <span class="hlt">Wind</span> setdown provides the opportunity to eliminate wave setup as a contributing factor, since waves are minimal at the upwind shore. The study finds that model results significantly underestimate <span class="hlt">wind</span> setdown and storm surge when a typical open-ocean formulation without waves is used for the drag coefficient. The contribution of waves to <span class="hlt">wind</span> setdown and storm surge is 34.7%. Scattered lake ice also increases the effective drag coefficient by a factor of 1.1.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRC..121.5711F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRC..121.5711F"><span>Synoptic forcing of <span class="hlt">wind</span> relaxations at Pt. Conception, California</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fewings, Melanie R.; Washburn, Libe; Dorman, Clive E.; Gotschalk, Christopher; Lombardo, Kelly</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>Over the California Current upwelling system in summer, the prevailing upwelling-favorable <span class="hlt">winds</span> episodically weaken (relax) or reverse direction for a few days. Near Pt. Conception, California, the <span class="hlt">wind</span> usually does not reverse, but <span class="hlt">wind</span> relaxation allows poleward oceanic coastal flow with ecological consequences. To determine the offshore extent and synoptic forcing of these <span class="hlt">wind</span> relaxations, we formed composite averages of <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress from the QuikSCAT satellite and atmospheric pressure from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) using 67 <span class="hlt">wind</span> relaxations during summer 2000-2009. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> relaxations at Pt. Conception are the third stage of an <span class="hlt">event</span> sequence that repeatedly affects the west coast of North America in summer. First, 5-7 days before the <span class="hlt">wind</span> weakens near Pt. Conception, the <span class="hlt">wind</span> weakens or reverses off Oregon and northern California. Second, the upwelling-favorable <span class="hlt">wind</span> intensifies along central California. Third, the <span class="hlt">wind</span> relaxes at Pt. Conception, and the area of weakened <span class="hlt">winds</span> extends poleward to northern California over 3-5 days. The NARR underestimates the <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress within ˜200 km of coastal capes by a factor of 2. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> relaxations at Pt. Conception are caused by offshore extension of the desert heat low. This synoptic forcing is related to <span class="hlt">event</span> cycles that cause <span class="hlt">wind</span> reversal as in Halliwell and Allen (1987) and Mass and Bond (1996), but includes weaker <span class="hlt">events</span>. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> relaxations extend ˜600 km offshore, similarly to the California-scale hydraulic expansion fan shaping the prevailing <span class="hlt">winds</span>, and ˜1000 km alongshore, limited by an opposing pressure gradient force at Cape Mendocino.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991PhDT.......227S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991PhDT.......227S"><span>Numerical and Observational Investigations of Long-Lived Mcs-Induced Severe Surface <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">Events</span>: the Derecho</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schmidt, Jerome Michael</p> <p></p> <p>This study addresses the production of sustained, straight-line, severe surface <span class="hlt">winds</span> associated with mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) of extratropical origin otherwise known as derechos. The physical processes which govern the observed derecho characteristics are identified and their possible forcing mechanisms are determined. Detailed observations of two derechos are presented along with simulations using the Colorado State University Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (CSU-RAMS). The observations revealed a derecho environment characterized by <span class="hlt">strong</span> vertical <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear through the depth of the troposphere and large values of convective available potential energy (CAPE). The thermodynamic environment of the troposphere in each case had a distinct three-layer structure consisting of: (i) a surface-based stable layer of 1-to-2 km in depth, (ii) an elevated well -mixed layer of 2-4 km in depth, and (iii) an upper tropospheric layer of intermediate stability that extended to the tropopause. Two primary sets of simulations were performed to assess the impact of the observed environmental profiles on the derecho structure, propagation, and longevity. The first set consisted of nested-grid regional-scale simulations initialized from the standard NMC analyses on a domain having relatively coarse horizontal resolution (75 km). The second set of simulations consisted of two and three-dimensional experiments initialized in a horizontally homogeneous environment having a relatively fine horizontal resolution (2 km) and explicit microphysics. The results from these experiments indicate the importance of convectively -induced gravity waves on the MCS structure, propagation, longevity, and severe surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> development. The sensitivity of the simulated convection and gravity waves to variations in the vertical <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear and moisture profiles are described. Detailed Doppler radar analyses and 3-D simulations of a severe, bow echo squall line are presented which reveal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.5547K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.5547K"><span>Dust emission and transport over Iraq associated with the summer Shamal <span class="hlt">winds</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Karam Francis, Diana Bou; Flamant, Cyrille; Chaboureau, Jean-Pierre; Banks, Jamie</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>In this study, we investigate the diurnal evolution of the summer Shamal <span class="hlt">wind</span> (a quasi-permanent low-level northwesterly <span class="hlt">wind</span> feature) and its role in dust emission and transport over Iraq, using ground-based and space-borne observations together with a numerical simulation performed with the mesoscale model Meso-NH. A 6-year dataset from the synoptic stations over Iraq allows establishing the prominence of the link between <span class="hlt">strong</span> near surface <span class="hlt">winds</span> and reduced visibility in the summer. The detailed processes at play during Shamal <span class="hlt">events</span> are explored on the basis of a Meso-NH simulation for a given, representative case study (25 June-3 July 2010). The Shamal exhibits an out-of-phase relationship between the surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> and <span class="hlt">winds</span> in the lower troposphere (typically 500 m above ground level), the maximum surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds being observed during the day while in altitude the maximum <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds are observed at night. The daytime near surface <span class="hlt">winds</span>, at the origin of dust emission, are associated with the downward transfer of momentum from the nocturnal low-level jet to the surface due to turbulent mixing after solar heating commences each day. For the first time, an estimate of the dust load associated with summer Shamal <span class="hlt">events</span> over Iraq has been made using aerosol optical depths derived from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, and the simulation. The dust load exhibits a large diurnal variability, with a daily minimum value of 1 Tg around 0600 UTC and a daily peak of 2.5 Tg or more around 1500 UTC, and is driven by the diurnal cycle of the near surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. The daily dust load peak associated with the summer Shamal over Iraq is in the same order of magnitude as those derived from simulations downstream of the Bodélé depression in Chad, known to be the world's largest dust source. Keywords: Dust, Low Level Jet, Shamal <span class="hlt">winds</span>, Middle East, dust sources.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JASTP..71..575S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JASTP..71..575S"><span>Observations of peculiar sporadic sodium structures and their relation with <span class="hlt">wind</span> variations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sridharan, S.; Prasanth, P. Vishnu; Kumar, Y. Bhavani; Ramkumar, Geetha; Sathishkumar, S.; Raghunath, K.</p> <p>2009-04-01</p> <p>Resonance lidar observations of sodium density in the upper mesosphere region over Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E) rarely show complex structures with rapid enhancements of sodium density, completely different from normal sporadic sodium structures. The hourly averaged meteor radar zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> over Trivandrum (8.5°N, 76.5°E) show an eastward shear with altitude during the nights, when these <span class="hlt">events</span> are formed. As suggested by Kane et al. [2001. Joint observations of sodium enhancements and field-aligned ionospheric irregularities. Geophysical Research Letters 28, 1375-1378], our observations show that the complex structures may be formed due to Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, which can occur in the region of <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1911619L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1911619L"><span>Numerical simulation of wave-current interaction under <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Larrañaga, Marco; Osuna, Pedro; Ocampo-Torres, Francisco Javier</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Although ocean surface waves are known to play an important role in the momentum and other scalar transfer between the atmosphere and the ocean, most operational numerical models do not explicitly include the terms of wave-current interaction. In this work, a numerical analysis about the relative importance of the processes associated with the wave-current interaction under <span class="hlt">strong</span> off-shore <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions in Gulf of Tehuantepec (the southern Mexican Pacific) was carried out. The numerical system includes the spectral wave model WAM and the 3D hydrodynamic model POLCOMS, with the vertical turbulent mixing parametrized by the kappa-epsilon closure model. The coupling methodology is based on the vortex-force formalism. The hydrodynamic model was forced at the open boundaries using the HYCOM database and the wave model was forced at the open boundaries by remote waves from the southern Pacific. The atmospheric forcing for both models was provided by a local implementation of the WRF model, forced at the open boundaries using the CFSR database. The preliminary analysis of the model results indicates an effect of currents on the propagation of the swell throughout the study area. The Stokes-Coriolis term have an impact on the transient Ekman transport by modifying the Ekman spiral, while the Stokes drift has an effect on the momentum advection and the production of TKE, where the later induces a deepening of the mixing layer. This study is carried out in the framework of the project CONACYT CB-2015-01 255377 and RugDiSMar Project (CONACYT 155793).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22086330-ace-swics-observations-heavy-ion-dropouts-within-solar-wind','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22086330-ace-swics-observations-heavy-ion-dropouts-within-solar-wind"><span>ACE/SWICS OBSERVATIONS OF HEAVY ION DROPOUTS WITHIN THE SOLAR <span class="hlt">WIND</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Weberg, Micah J.; Zurbuchen, Thomas H.; Lepri, Susan T., E-mail: mjweberg@umich.edu, E-mail: thomasz@umich.edu, E-mail: slepri@umich.edu</p> <p>2012-11-20</p> <p>We present the first in situ observations of heavy ion dropouts within the slow solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>, observed for select elements ranging from helium to iron. For iron, these dropouts manifest themselves as depletions of the Fe/H ratio by factors up to {approx}25. The <span class="hlt">events</span> often exhibit mass-dependent fractionation and are contained in slow, unsteady <span class="hlt">wind</span> found within a few days from known stream interfaces. We propose that such dropouts are evidence of gravitational settling within large coronal loops, which later undergo interchange reconnection and become source regions of slow, unsteady <span class="hlt">wind</span>. Previously, spectroscopic studies by Raymond et al. in 1997more » (and later Feldman et al. in 1999) have yielded <span class="hlt">strong</span> evidence for gravitational settling within these loops. However, their expected in situ signature plasma with heavy elements fractionated by mass was not observed prior to this study. Using data from the SWICS instrument on board the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE), we investigate the composition of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> within these dropouts and explore long term trends over most of a solar cycle.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..11.5941M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..11.5941M"><span>The Río de la Plata estuary response to <span class="hlt">wind</span> variability in synoptic time scale: Salinity fields and salt wedge structure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Meccia, V. L.; Simionato, C. G.; Guerrero, R. A.</p> <p>2009-04-01</p> <p> downwelling motion in that region. In both cases, upwelling or downwelling result of the perpendicular to the coast Ekman transport in that region. Northwesterly <span class="hlt">winds</span> produce net outflow of surface continental waters and inflow of bottom shelf waters resulting in an intensification of the vertical stratification along the salinity front. Finally, southeasterly <span class="hlt">winds</span> produce a net inflow of surface continental waters and outflow of bottom shelf waters and, therefore, a weakening of the stratification along the salinity front. Salinity data available in the estuary have the limitations of their low spatial and temporal resolution, which limit the possibility of extracting the same patters found in the numerical simulations. Nevertheless an attempt to validate the former conclusions from historic CTD observations was done with successful results. A similar response to upstream/downstream <span class="hlt">winds</span> has been observed in other estuaries. But, the enormous breadth of the Río de la Plata allows for the occurrence of another <span class="hlt">wind</span>-forced mode of circulation related to cross-river <span class="hlt">winds</span> in which lateral currents dominate. In fact, in what concerns circulation, the Río de la Plata behaves more as a semienclosed basin than as a typical estuary. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> conditions necessary to break down the salt wedge structure and the persistence of the signal after a disruptive <span class="hlt">event</span> were also studied. Stratification is completely destroyed by <span class="hlt">strong</span> -approximately 13 m s-1- or persistent -around 3 days for 10 m s-1 intensity- southeasterly <span class="hlt">winds</span>. Nevertheless this kind of <span class="hlt">events</span> is not frequent in the region. Moreover, stratification completely recovers in a relatively short period of time -between 10 and 15 days- after the <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> relaxation. Consequently, even though the salt wedge structure is a consequence of the large discharge and the bathymetry, its existence is favored by prevailing <span class="hlt">winds</span>. Results presented in this work have important implications in biology. The <span class="hlt">strong</span> picnocline of the R</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120015065','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120015065"><span>He II lambda-4686 in Eta Carinae: Collapse of the <span class="hlt">Wind-Wind</span> Collision Region During Periastron Passage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Teodoro, M.; Damineli, A.; Arias, J. I.; DeAraujo, F. X.; Barba, R. H.; Corcoran, M. F.; Fernandes, M. Borges; Fernandez-Lajus, E.; Fraga, L.; Gamen, R. C.; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20120015065'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20120015065_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20120015065_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20120015065_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20120015065_hide"></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The periodic spectroscopic <span class="hlt">events</span> in Eta Carinae are now well established and occur near the periastron passage of two massive stars in a very eccentric orbit. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the variations of different spectral features, such as an eclipse by the <span class="hlt">wind-wind</span> collision boundary, a shell ejection from the primary star or accretion of its <span class="hlt">wind</span> onto the secondary. All of them have problems explaining all the observed phenomena. To better understand the nature of the cyclic <span class="hlt">events</span> we performed a dense monitoring of Eta Carinae with 5 Southern telescopes during the 2009 low excitation <span class="hlt">event</span>, resulting in a set of data of unprecedented quality and sampling. The intrinsic luminosity of the He II lambda-4686 emission line (L approx 310 solar L) just before periastron reveals the presence of a very luminous transient source of extreme UV radiation emitted in the <span class="hlt">wind-wind</span> collision (WWC) region. Clumps in the primary's <span class="hlt">wind</span> probably explain the flare-like behavior of both the X-ray and He II lambda-4686 light-curves. After a short-lived minimum, He II lambda-4686 emission rises again to a new maximum, when X-rays are still absent or very weak. We interpret this as a collapse of the WWC onto the "surface" of the secondary star, switching off the hard X-ray source and diminishing the WWC shock cone. The recovery from this state is controlled by the momentum balance between the secondary's <span class="hlt">wind</span> and the clumps in the primary's <span class="hlt">wind</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1918988K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1918988K"><span>Short-term <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Forecasting at <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Farms using WRF-LES and Actuator Disk Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kirkil, Gokhan</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Short-term <span class="hlt">wind</span> forecasts are obtained for a <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm on a mountainous terrain using WRF-LES. Multi-scale simulations are also performed using different PBL parameterizations. Turbines are parameterized using Actuator Disc Model. LES models improved the forecasts. Statistical error analysis is performed and ramp <span class="hlt">events</span> are analyzed. Complex topography of the study area affects model performance, especially the accuracy of <span class="hlt">wind</span> forecasts were poor for cross valley-mountain flows. By means of LES, we gain new knowledge about the sources of spatial and temporal variability of <span class="hlt">wind</span> fluctuations such as the configuration of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70033389','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70033389"><span>Northerly surface <span class="hlt">winds</span> over the eastern North Pacific Ocean in spring and summer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Taylor, S.V.; Cayan, D.R.; Graham, N.E.; Georgakakos, K.P.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Persistent spring and summer northerly surface <span class="hlt">winds</span> are the defining climatological feature of the western coast of North America, especially south of the Oregon coast. Northerly surface <span class="hlt">winds</span> are important for upwelling and a vast array of other biological, oceanic, and atmospheric processes. Intermittence in northerly coastal surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> is characterized and <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> are quantitatively defined using coastal buoy data south of Cape Mendocino on the northern California coast. The defined <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> are then used as a basis for composites in order to explain the spatial evolution of various atmospheric and oceanic processes. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> involve large-scale changes in the three-dimensional atmospheric circulation including the eastern North Pacific subtropical anticyclone and southeast trade <span class="hlt">winds</span>. Composites of QSCAT satellite scatterometer <span class="hlt">wind</span> estimates from 1999 to 2005 based on a single coastal buoy indicate that <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> typically last 72-96 h and result in anomalies in surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> and Ekman pumping that extend over 1000 kin from the west coast of North America. It may be useful to consider ocean circulation and dependent ecosystem dynamics and the distribution of temperature, moisture, and aerosols in the atmospheric boundary layer in the context of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> defined herein. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSM41A2685O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSM41A2685O"><span>Response of the coupled M-I-T system to the March 17, 2015 solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamic pressure enhancement <span class="hlt">event</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ozturk, D. S.; Zou, S.; Slavin, J. A.; Ridley, A. J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>When the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamic pressure is enhanced, it could perturb the global magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere (M-I-T) system. The most notable indicators of such disruptions are changes in Field-Aligned Currents (FACs), ionospheric convection patterns and magnetic perturbations observed by ground magnetometers. The link between dynamic pressure enhancements and FACs has been well established, but studies on how these FACs affect the ionosphere-thermosphere system are very limited. In order to understand the large-scale dynamic processes in the M-I-T system due to the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamic pressure enhancement, we study the 17 March 2015 <span class="hlt">event</span> in detail. This is one of the most geoeffective <span class="hlt">events</span> of the solar cycle 24 with Dst minimum of -222 nT. The <span class="hlt">Wind</span> spacecraft recorded a two-step increment in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamic pressure, from 2 nPa to 12 nPa within 3 minutes, while the IMF Bz stayed northward. We used the University of Michigan Block Adaptive Tree Solarwind Roe Upwind Scheme (BATS'R'US), global MHD code to study the generation and propagation of perturbations associated with the compression of the magnetosphere. To effectively represent the coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere system, we included the Global Magnetosphere (GM), Inner Magnetosphere (IM) and Ionospheric electrodynamic (IE) modules. 600 uniformly distributed virtual magnetometers are included in the simulation to identify the magnetic perturbations associated with the FAC pairs as well as their temporal and spatial variations. In addition, we used the IE module output to drive the University of Michigan Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model (GITM) to study how the I-T system responds to dynamic pressure enhancement. We show that as a result of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamic pressure enhancement, two pair of perturbation FACs develop in addition to the NBZ current system. These FACs significantly alter the ionospheric convection profile and create elongated vortices that propagate from dayside to</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRA..123.1134P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRA..123.1134P"><span>Interplanetary Parameters Leading to Relativistic Electron Enhancement and Persistent Depletion <span class="hlt">Events</span> at Geosynchronous Orbit and Potential for Prediction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pinto, Victor A.; Kim, Hee-Jeong; Lyons, Larry R.; Bortnik, Jacob</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>We have identified 61 relativistic electron enhancement <span class="hlt">events</span> and 21 relativistic electron persistent depletion <span class="hlt">events</span> during 1996 to 2006 from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) 8 and 10 using data from the Energetic Particle Sensor (EPS) >2 MeV fluxes. We then performed a superposed epoch time analysis of the <span class="hlt">events</span> to find the characteristic solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> parameters that determine the occurrence of such <span class="hlt">events</span>, using the OMNI database. We found that there are clear differences between the enhancement <span class="hlt">events</span> and the persistent depletion <span class="hlt">events</span>, and we used these to establish a set of threshold values in solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed, proton density and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz that can potentially be useful to predict sudden increases in flux. Persistent depletion <span class="hlt">events</span> are characterized by a low solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed, a sudden increase in proton density that remains elevated for a few days, and a northward turning of IMF Bz shortly after the depletion starts. We have also found that all relativistic electron enhancement or persistent depletion <span class="hlt">events</span> occur when some geomagnetic disturbance is present, either a coronal mass ejection or a corotational interaction region; however, the storm index, SYM-H, does not show a <span class="hlt">strong</span> connection with relativistic electron enhancement <span class="hlt">events</span> or persistent depletion <span class="hlt">events</span>. We have tested a simple threshold method for predictability of relativistic electron enhancement <span class="hlt">events</span> using data from GOES 11 for the years 2007-2010 and found that around 90% of large increases in electron fluxes can be identified with this method.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25709818','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25709818"><span>Flying with the <span class="hlt">wind</span>: scale dependency of speed and direction measurements in modelling <span class="hlt">wind</span> support in avian flight.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Safi, Kamran; Kranstauber, Bart; Weinzierl, Rolf; Griffin, Larry; Rees, Eileen C; Cabot, David; Cruz, Sebastian; Proaño, Carolina; Takekawa, John Y; Newman, Scott H; Waldenström, Jonas; Bengtsson, Daniel; Kays, Roland; Wikelski, Martin; Bohrer, Gil</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Understanding how environmental conditions, especially <span class="hlt">wind</span>, influence birds' flight speeds is a prerequisite for understanding many important aspects of bird flight, including optimal migration strategies, navigation, and compensation for <span class="hlt">wind</span> drift. Recent developments in tracking technology and the increased availability of data on large-scale weather patterns have made it possible to use path annotation to link the location of animals to environmental conditions such as <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and direction. However, there are various measures available for describing not only <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions but also the bird's flight direction and ground speed, and it is unclear which is best for determining the amount of <span class="hlt">wind</span> support (the length of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> vector in a bird's flight direction) and the influence of cross-<span class="hlt">winds</span> (the length of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> vector perpendicular to a bird's direction) throughout a bird's journey. We compared relationships between cross-<span class="hlt">wind</span>, <span class="hlt">wind</span> support and bird movements, using path annotation derived from two different global weather reanalysis datasets and three different measures of direction and speed calculation for 288 individuals of nine bird species. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> was a <span class="hlt">strong</span> predictor of bird ground speed, explaining 10-66% of the variance, depending on species. Models using data from different weather sources gave qualitatively similar results; however, determining flight direction and speed from successive locations, even at short (15 min intervals), was inferior to using instantaneous GPS-based measures of speed and direction. Use of successive location data significantly underestimated the birds' ground and airspeed, and also resulted in mistaken associations between cross-<span class="hlt">winds</span>, <span class="hlt">wind</span> support, and their interactive effects, in relation to the birds' onward flight. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> has <span class="hlt">strong</span> effects on bird flight, and combining GPS technology with path annotation of weather variables allows us to quantify these effects for understanding flight behaviour. The</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1916951B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1916951B"><span>Dynamics of pollutant indicators during flood <span class="hlt">events</span> in a small river under <span class="hlt">strong</span> anthropogenic pressures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brion, Natacha; Carbonnel, Vincent; Elskens, Marc; Claeys, Philippe; Verbanck, Michel A.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>In densely populated regions, human activities profoundly modify natural water circulation as well as water quality, with increased hydrological risks (floods, droughts,…) and chemical hazards (untreated sewage releases, industrial pollution,…) as consequence. In order to assess water and pollutants dynamics and their mass-balance in <span class="hlt">strongly</span> modified river system, it is important to take into account high flow <span class="hlt">events</span> as a significant fraction of water and pollutants loads may occur during these short <span class="hlt">events</span> which are generally underrepresented in classical mass balance studies. A good example of <span class="hlt">strongly</span> modified river systems is the Zenne river in and around the city of Brussels (Belgium).The Zenne River (Belgium) is a rather small but dynamic rain fed river (about 10 m3/s in average) that is under the influence of <span class="hlt">strong</span> contrasting anthropogenic pressures along its stretch. While the upstream part of its basin is rather characterized by agricultural land-use, urban and industrial areas dominate the downstream part. In particular, the city of Brussels (1.1M inhabitants) discharges in the Zenne River amounts of wastewater that are large compared to the natural riverine flow. In order to assess water and pollutants dynamics and their mass-balance in the Zenne hydrographic network, we followed water flows and concentrations of several water quality tracers during several flood episodes with an hourly frequency and at different locations along the stretch of the River. These parameters were chosen as indicators of a whole range of pollutions and anthropogenic activities. Knowledge of the high-frequency pollutants dynamics during floods is required for establishing accurate mass-balances of these elements. We thus report here the dynamics of selected parameters during entire flood <span class="hlt">events</span>, from the baseline to the decreasing phase and at hourly frequency. Dynamics at contrasting locations, in agricultural or urban environments are compared. In particular, the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22624358','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22624358"><span>[Atmospheric particle formation <span class="hlt">events</span> in Nanjing during summer 2010].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Hong-Lei; Zhu, Bin; Shen, Li-Juan; Kang, Han-Qing; Diao, Yi-Wei</p> <p>2012-03-01</p> <p>Feature of aerosol particle number concentration, condition and impact factor of new particle formation (NPF) were investigated in Nanjing during summer. In this study, aerosol particle number concentration and gaseous pollutants (O3, SO2 and NO2) measurements were carried out by Wide-Range Particle Spectrometer (WPS) and Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) in July 2010. Combining with observations from Automatic Weather Station and Backward Trajectory Simulation, the condition and impact factor of NPF were discussed. Results showed that the averaged 10-500 nm particle number concentration was 1.7 x 10(4) cm(-3), similar to some typical observation values in North American and Europe; the 10-25 nm particle number concentration accounted for 25% of the total number concentration. Six NPF <span class="hlt">events</span> occurred during observation. We analyzed that stable <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and direction, <span class="hlt">strong</span> solar radiation promoted the NPF. The humidity during NPF <span class="hlt">event</span> varied from 50% to 70%. Results indicated that clean ocean air mass brought from easterly and southerly <span class="hlt">wind</span> promoted the NPF by Backward Trajectory Model Simulation. During the NPF <span class="hlt">event</span>, the 10 - 25 nm particle number concentration positively correlated with the concentration of SO2, and negatively correlated with O3, whereas poorly correlated with NO2.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhDT........34B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhDT........34B"><span>The structure and strength of public attitudes towards <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm development</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bidwell, David Charles</p> <p></p> <p>A growing social science literature seeks to understand why, despite broad public support for <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy, proposals for specific projects are often met with <span class="hlt">strong</span> local opposition. This gap between general and specific attitudes is viewed as a significant obstacle to the deployment of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy technologies. This dissertation applies theoretical perspectives and methodological tools from social psychology to provide insights on the structure and strength of attitudes towards the potential development of commercial <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm in three coastal areas of Michigan. A survey of attitudes was completed by 375 residents in these communities and structural equation modeling was used to explore the relationship among variables. The analysis found that attitudes towards <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm development are shaped by anticipated economic benefits to the community, but expectations of economic benefit are driven by personal values. Social psychology has long recognized that all attitudes are not created equal. Weak attitudes are fleeting and prone to change, while <span class="hlt">strong</span> attitudes are stable over time and resistant to change. There are two fundamental paths to <span class="hlt">strong</span> attitudes: repeated experience with an attitude object or the application of deeply held principles or values to that object. Structural equation models were also used to understand the strength of attitudes among the survey respondents. Both the anticipated effects of <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm development and personal values were found to influence the strength of attitudes towards <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms. However, while expectations that <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm development will have positive effects on the economy bolster two measures of attitude strength (collective identity and importance), these expectations are associated with a decline in a third measure (confidence). A follow-up survey asking identical questions was completed by completed by 187 respondents to the initial survey. Linear regressions models were used to determine the effects of attitude</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3776385','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3776385"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> Tunnel Tests for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Pressure Distribution on Gable Roof Buildings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Gable roof buildings are widely used in industrial buildings. Based on <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel tests with rigid models, <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure distributions on gable roof buildings with different aspect ratios were measured simultaneously. Some characteristics of the measured <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure field on the surfaces of the models were analyzed, including mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure, fluctuating <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure, peak negative <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure, and characteristics of proper orthogonal decomposition results of the measured <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure field. The results show that extremely high local suctions often occur in the leading edges of longitudinal wall and windward roof, roof corner, and roof ridge which are the severe damaged locations under <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span>. The aspect ratio of building has a certain effect on the mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure coefficients, and the effect relates to <span class="hlt">wind</span> attack angle. Compared with experimental results, the region division of roof corner and roof ridge from AIJ2004 is more reasonable than those from CECS102:2002 and MBMA2006.The contributions of the first several eigenvectors to the overall <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure distributions become much bigger. The investigation can offer some basic understanding for estimating <span class="hlt">wind</span> load distribution on gable roof buildings and facilitate <span class="hlt">wind</span>-resistant design of cladding components and their connections considering <span class="hlt">wind</span> load path. PMID:24082851</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24082851','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24082851"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> tunnel tests for <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure distribution on gable roof buildings.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jing, Xiao-kun; Li, Yuan-qi</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Gable roof buildings are widely used in industrial buildings. Based on <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel tests with rigid models, <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure distributions on gable roof buildings with different aspect ratios were measured simultaneously. Some characteristics of the measured <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure field on the surfaces of the models were analyzed, including mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure, fluctuating <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure, peak negative <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure, and characteristics of proper orthogonal decomposition results of the measured <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure field. The results show that extremely high local suctions often occur in the leading edges of longitudinal wall and windward roof, roof corner, and roof ridge which are the severe damaged locations under <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span>. The aspect ratio of building has a certain effect on the mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure coefficients, and the effect relates to <span class="hlt">wind</span> attack angle. Compared with experimental results, the region division of roof corner and roof ridge from AIJ2004 is more reasonable than those from CECS102:2002 and MBMA2006.The contributions of the first several eigenvectors to the overall <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure distributions become much bigger. The investigation can offer some basic understanding for estimating <span class="hlt">wind</span> load distribution on gable roof buildings and facilitate <span class="hlt">wind</span>-resistant design of cladding components and their connections considering <span class="hlt">wind</span> load path.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AeoRe..24...15B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AeoRe..24...15B"><span>Dust emission and transport over Iraq associated with the summer Shamal <span class="hlt">winds</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bou Karam Francis, D.; Flamant, C.; Chaboureau, J.-P.; Banks, J.; Cuesta, J.; Brindley, H.; Oolman, L.</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>In this study, we investigate the diurnal evolution of the summer Shamal <span class="hlt">wind</span> (a quasi-permanent low-level northwesterly <span class="hlt">wind</span> feature) and its role in dust emission and transport over Iraq, using ground-based and space-borne observations together with a numerical simulation performed with the mesoscale model meso-NH. A 6-year dataset from the synoptic stations over Iraq allows establishing the prominence of the link between <span class="hlt">strong</span> near surface <span class="hlt">winds</span> and reduced visibility in the summer. The detailed processes at play during Shamal <span class="hlt">events</span> are explored on the basis of a meso-NH simulation for a given, representative case study (25 June-3 July 2010). The Shamal exhibits an out-of-phase relationship between the surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> and <span class="hlt">winds</span> in the lower troposphere (typically 500 m above ground level), the maximum surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds being observed during the day while in altitude the maximum <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds are observed at night. The daytime near surface <span class="hlt">winds</span>, at the origin of dust emission, are associated with the downward transfer of momentum from the nocturnal low-level jet to the surface due to turbulent mixing after solar heating commences each day. For the first time, an estimate of the dust load associated with summer Shamal <span class="hlt">events</span> over Iraq has been made using aerosol optical depths derived from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, and the simulation. The dust load exhibits a large diurnal variability, with a daily minimum value of 1 Tg around 0600 UTC and a daily peak of 2.5 Tg or more around 1500 UTC, and is driven by the diurnal cycle of the near surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. The daily dust load peak associated with the summer Shamal over Iraq is in the same order of magnitude as those derived from simulations downstream of the Bodélé depression in Chad, known to be the world's largest dust source.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3747107','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3747107"><span>Using <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Setdown and Storm Surge on Lake Erie to Calibrate the Air-Sea Drag Coefficient</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Drews, Carl</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The air-sea drag coefficient controls the transfer of momentum from <span class="hlt">wind</span> to water. In modeling storm surge, this coefficient is a crucial parameter for estimating the surge height. This study uses two <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> on Lake Erie to calibrate the drag coefficient using the Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Wave Sediment Transport (COAWST) modeling system and the the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). Simulated waves are generated on the lake with Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN). <span class="hlt">Wind</span> setdown provides the opportunity to eliminate wave setup as a contributing factor, since waves are minimal at the upwind shore. The study finds that model results significantly underestimate <span class="hlt">wind</span> setdown and storm surge when a typical open-ocean formulation without waves is used for the drag coefficient. The contribution of waves to <span class="hlt">wind</span> setdown and storm surge is 34.7%. Scattered lake ice also increases the effective drag coefficient by a factor of 1.1. PMID:23977309</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009QuRes..71..409M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009QuRes..71..409M"><span>Late Pleistocene eolian features in southeastern Maryland and Chesapeake Bay region indicate <span class="hlt">strong</span> WNW-NW <span class="hlt">winds</span> accompanied growth of the Laurentide Ice Sheet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Markewich, Helaine W.; Litwin, Ronald J.; Pavich, Milan J.; Brook, George A.</p> <p>2009-05-01</p> <p>Inactive parabolic dunes are present in southeastern Maryland, USA, along the east bank of the Potomac River. More elongate and finer-grained eolian deposits and paha-like ridges characterize the Potomac River-Patuxent River upland and the west side of Chesapeake Bay. These ridges are streamlined erosional features, veneered with eolian sediment and interspersed with dunes in the low-relief headwaters of Potomac- and Patuxent-river tributaries. Axis data for the dunes and ridges indicate formation by WNW-NW <span class="hlt">winds</span>. Optically stimulated luminescence and radiocarbon age data suggest dune formation from ˜ 33-15 ka, agreeing with the 30-13 ka ages Denny, C.S., Owens, J.P., Sirkin, L., Rubin, M., 1979. The Parsonburg Sand in the central Delmarva Peninsula, Maryland and Delaware. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1067-B, 16 pp. suggested for eolian deposits east of Chesapeake Bay. Age range and paleowind direction(s) for eolian features in the Bay region approximate those for late Wisconsin loess in the North American midcontinent. Formation of midcontinent loess and Bay-region eolian features was coeval with rapid growth of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and <span class="hlt">strong</span> cooling episodes (δ 18O minima) evident in Greenland ice cores. Age and paleowind-direction coincidence, for eolian features in the midcontinent and Bay region, indicates <span class="hlt">strong</span> mid-latitude WNW-NW <span class="hlt">winds</span> for several hundred kilometers south of the Laurentide glacial terminus that were oblique to previously simulated anticyclonic <span class="hlt">winds</span> for the last glacial maximum.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70035033','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70035033"><span>Late Pleistocene eolian features in southeastern Maryland and Chesapeake Bay region indicate <span class="hlt">strong</span> WNW-NW <span class="hlt">winds</span> accompanied growth of the Laurentide Ice Sheet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Markewich, H.W.; Litwin, R.J.; Pavich, M.J.; Brook, G.A.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Inactive parabolic dunes are present in southeastern Maryland, USA, along the east bank of the Potomac River. More elongate and finer-grained eolian deposits and paha-like ridges characterize the Potomac River-Patuxent River upland and the west side of Chesapeake Bay. These ridges are streamlined erosional features, veneered with eolian sediment and interspersed with dunes in the low-relief headwaters of Potomac- and Patuxent-river tributaries. Axis data for the dunes and ridges indicate formation by WNW-NW <span class="hlt">winds</span>. Optically stimulated luminescence and radiocarbon age data suggest dune formation from ??? 33-15??ka, agreeing with the 30-13??ka ages Denny, C.S., Owens, J.P., Sirkin, L., Rubin, M., 1979. The Parsonburg Sand in the central Delmarva Peninsula, Maryland and Delaware. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1067-B, 16??pp. suggested for eolian deposits east of Chesapeake Bay. Age range and paleowind direction(s) for eolian features in the Bay region approximate those for late Wisconsin loess in the North American midcontinent. Formation of midcontinent loess and Bay-region eolian features was coeval with rapid growth of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and <span class="hlt">strong</span> cooling episodes (??18O minima) evident in Greenland ice cores. Age and paleowind-direction coincidence, for eolian features in the midcontinent and Bay region, indicates <span class="hlt">strong</span> mid-latitude WNW-NW <span class="hlt">winds</span> for several hundred kilometers south of the Laurentide glacial terminus that were oblique to previously simulated anticyclonic <span class="hlt">winds</span> for the last glacial maximum.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSA51C..07Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSA51C..07Z"><span>Unusual subauroral neutral <span class="hlt">wind</span> disturbances during geomagnetic storms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, S.; Erickson, P. J.; Holt, J. M.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Under the influence of geomagnetic storms, general circulation of the global thermosphere undergoes substantial changes that vary with latitudes. High latitude heating processes establish pressure gradients both vertically and horizontally. The equatorward <span class="hlt">wind</span> surge and the associated westward <span class="hlt">wind</span> enhancement are a typical disturbance <span class="hlt">wind</span> characteristic that affacts ionosphere and thermosphere dynamics at mid-, low, and equatorial latitudes. At subauroral latitudes, however, new observations of neutral <span class="hlt">wind</span> disturbances show some "abnormal" (unusual) behaviors in responding to complicated ion-neutral coupling processes. During the 2015 St. Patrick's Day great geomagnetic storm, incoherent scatter radar measurements at Millstone Hill show the following salient variations: (1) oscillating meridional <span class="hlt">wind</span> disturbances with the Traveling Atmosphere Disturbance (TAD) feature; (2) vertical <span class="hlt">wind</span> signature; (3) pre-mindnight poleward <span class="hlt">wind</span> surges. The latter two variations appear to be associated with <span class="hlt">strong</span> ion-neutral interaction developed during the subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) presence. <span class="hlt">Strong</span> frictional heating caused by the relative velocity between the ions with SAPS speed and the neutrals leads to appreciable thermospheric upperwelling. <span class="hlt">Strong</span> westward ion drifts shown as SAPS also enhance the wseward neutral flow, which subsequently causes a poleward component of the meridional <span class="hlt">wind</span> due to the Coriolis force. This paper will present these observations of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> and discuss ion-neutral coupling effects associated with SAPS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005GeoRL..3221603I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005GeoRL..3221603I"><span>El Niño-related offshore phytoplankton bloom <span class="hlt">events</span> around the Spratley Islands in the South China Sea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Isoguchi, Osamu; Kawamura, Hiroshi; Ku-Kassim, Ku-Yaacob</p> <p>2005-11-01</p> <p>Satellite chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) observations reveal offshore phytoplankton bloom <span class="hlt">events</span> with high Chl-a (>1 mg m-3) spreading over 300 km off the coasts around the Spratley Islands in the South China Sea (SCS) during the spring of 1998. The bloom entails anomalous <span class="hlt">wind</span> jet and sea surface temperature (SST) cooling, suggesting that the <span class="hlt">wind</span> jet-induced mixing and/or offshore upwelling bring about the cooling and the bloom through the supply of nutrient-rich waters into the euphotic zone. The <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> jet is orographically formed responding to shifts in <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction over the eastern SCS. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> shift is connected with the Philippine Sea anomalous anticyclone that is established during El Niño, indicating the El Niño-related offshore bloom. The long-term reanalysis <span class="hlt">winds</span> over the eastern SCS demonstrates that <span class="hlt">wind</span> jet formation and associated offshore cooling/bloom are expected to occur in most cases of the subsequent El Niño years.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.448.1628S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.448.1628S"><span>Stellar <span class="hlt">wind</span> erosion of protoplanetary discs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schnepf, N. R.; Lovelace, R. V. E.; Romanova, M. M.; Airapetian, V. S.</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>An analytic model is developed for the erosion of protoplanetary gas discs by high-velocity magnetized stellar <span class="hlt">winds</span>. The <span class="hlt">winds</span> are centrifugally driven from the surface of rapidly rotating, <span class="hlt">strongly</span> magnetized young stars. The presence of the magnetic field in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> leads to Reynolds numbers sufficiently large to cause a <span class="hlt">strongly</span> turbulent <span class="hlt">wind</span>/disc boundary layer which entrains and carries away the disc gas. The model uses the conservation of mass and momentum in the turbulent boundary layer. The time-scale for significant erosion depends on the disc accretion speed, disc accretion rate, the <span class="hlt">wind</span> mass-loss rate, and the <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity. The time-scale is estimated to be ˜2 × 106 yr. The analytic model assumes a steady stellar <span class="hlt">wind</span> with mass- loss rate dot {M}}_w ˜ 10^{-10} M_{⊙} yr-1 and velocity vw ˜ 103 km s-1. A significant contribution to the disc erosion can come from frequent powerful coronal mass ejections (CMEs) where the average mass-loss rate in CMEs, dot{M}_CME, and velocities, vCME, have values comparable to those for the steady <span class="hlt">wind</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...634275C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...634275C"><span>Impact of the 2015 El Nino <span class="hlt">event</span> on winter air quality in China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chang, Luyu; Xu, Jianming; Tie, Xuexi; Wu, Jianbin</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>During the winter of 2015, there was a <span class="hlt">strong</span> El Nino (ENSO) <span class="hlt">event</span>, resulting in significant anomalies for meteorological conditions in China. Analysis shows that the meteorological conditions in December 2015 (compared to December 2014) had several important anomalies, including the following: (1) the surface southeasterly <span class="hlt">winds</span> were significantly enhanced in the North China Plain (NCP); (2) the precipitation was increased in the south of eastern China; and (3) the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds were decreased in the middle-north of eastern China, while slightly increased in the south of eastern China. These meteorological anomalies produced important impacts on the aerosol pollution in eastern China. In the NCP region, the PM2.5 concentrations were significantly increased, with a maximum increase of 80-100 μg m-3. A global chemical/transport model (MOZART-4) was applied to study the individual contribution of the changes in <span class="hlt">winds</span> and precipitation to PM2.5 concentrations. This study suggests that the 2015El Nino <span class="hlt">event</span> had significant effects on air pollution in eastern China, especially in the NCP region, including the capital city of Beijing, in which aerosol pollution was significantly enhanced in the already heavily polluted capital city of China.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21587360-critical-differences-clues-eta-car-event','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21587360-critical-differences-clues-eta-car-event"><span>CRITICAL DIFFERENCES AND CLUES IN ETA CAR'S 2009 <span class="hlt">EVENT</span> ,</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Mehner, Andrea; Davidson, Kris; Humphreys, Roberta M.</p> <p>2011-10-20</p> <p>We monitored Eta Carinae with the Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 and Gemini GMOS throughout the 2009 spectroscopic <span class="hlt">event</span>, which was expected to differ from its predecessor in 2003. Here we report major observed differences between <span class="hlt">events</span> and their implications. Some of these results were quite unexpected. (1) The UV brightness minimum was much deeper in 2009. This suggests that physical conditions in the early stages of an <span class="hlt">event</span> depend on different parameters than the 'normal' inter-<span class="hlt">event</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span>. Extra mass ejection from the primary star is one possible cause. (2) The expected He II {lambda}4687 brightness maximum was followed several weeksmore » later by another. We explain why this fact and the timing of the {lambda}4687 maxima <span class="hlt">strongly</span> support a 'shock breakup' hypothesis for X-ray and {lambda}4687 behavior as proposed 5-10 years ago. (3) We observed a polar view of the star via light reflected by dust in the Homunculus nebula. Surprisingly, at that location, the variations of emission-line brightness and Doppler velocities closely resembled a direct view of the star, which should not have been true for any phenomena related to the orbit. This result casts very serious doubt on all the proposed velocity interpretations that depend on the secondary star's orbital motion. (4) Latitude-dependent variations of H I, He I, and Fe II features reveal aspects of <span class="hlt">wind</span> behavior during the <span class="hlt">event</span>. In addition, we discuss implications of the observations for several crucial unsolved problems.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70124603','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70124603"><span>Flying with the <span class="hlt">wind</span>: Scale dependency of speed and direction measurements in modelling <span class="hlt">wind</span> support in avian flight</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Safi, Kamran; Kranstauber, Bart; Weinzierl, Rolf P.; Griffin, Larry; Reese, Eileen C.; Cabot, David; Cruz, Sebastian; Proaño, Carolina; Takekawa, John Y.; Newman, Scott H.; Waldenström, Jonas; Bengtsson, Daniel; Kays, Roland; Wikelski, Martin; Bohrer, Gil</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Background: Understanding how environmental conditions, especially <span class="hlt">wind</span>, influence birds' flight speeds is a prerequisite for understanding many important aspects of bird flight, including optimal migration strategies, navigation, and compensation for <span class="hlt">wind</span> drift. Recent developments in tracking technology and the increased availability of data on large-scale weather patterns have made it possible to use path annotation to link the location of animals to environmental conditions such as <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and direction. However, there are various measures available for describing not only <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions but also the bird's flight direction and ground speed, and it is unclear which is best for determining the amount of <span class="hlt">wind</span> support (the length of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> vector in a bird’s flight direction) and the influence of cross-<span class="hlt">winds</span> (the length of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> vector perpendicular to a bird’s direction) throughout a bird's journey.Results: We compared relationships between cross-<span class="hlt">wind</span>, <span class="hlt">wind</span> support and bird movements, using path annotation derived from two different global weather reanalysis datasets and three different measures of direction and speed calculation for 288 individuals of nine bird species. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> was a <span class="hlt">strong</span> predictor of bird ground speed, explaining 10-66% of the variance, depending on species. Models using data from different weather sources gave qualitatively similar results; however, determining flight direction and speed from successive locations, even at short (15 min intervals), was inferior to using instantaneous GPS-based measures of speed and direction. Use of successive location data significantly underestimated the birds' ground and airspeed, and also resulted in mistaken associations between cross-<span class="hlt">winds</span>, <span class="hlt">wind</span> support, and their interactive effects, in relation to the birds' onward flight.Conclusions: <span class="hlt">Wind</span> has <span class="hlt">strong</span> effects on bird flight, and combining GPS technology with path annotation of weather variables allows us to quantify these effects for</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26790391','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26790391"><span>Forest trees filter chronic <span class="hlt">wind</span>-signals to acclimate to high <span class="hlt">winds</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bonnesoeur, Vivien; Constant, Thiéry; Moulia, Bruno; Fournier, Meriem</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Controlled experiments have shown that trees acclimate thigmomorphogenetically to <span class="hlt">wind</span>-loads by sensing their deformation (strain). However, the strain regime in nature is exposed to a full spectrum of <span class="hlt">winds</span>. We hypothesized that trees avoid overreacting by responding only to <span class="hlt">winds</span> which bring information on local climate and/or <span class="hlt">wind</span> exposure. Additionally, competition for light dependent on tree social status also likely affects thigmomorphogenesis. We monitored and manipulated quantitatively the strain regimes of 15 pairs of beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees of contrasting social status in an acclimated stand, and quantified the effects of these regimes on the radial growth over a vegetative season. Trees exposed to artificial bending, the intensity of which corresponds to the strongest <span class="hlt">wind</span>-induced strains, enhanced their secondary growth by at least 80%. Surprisingly, this reaction was even greater - relatively - for suppressed trees than for dominant ones. Acclimated trees did not sense the different types of <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> in the same way. Daily <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed peaks due to thermal <span class="hlt">winds</span> were filtered out. Thigmomorphogenesis was therefore driven by intense storms. Thigmomorphogenesis is also likely to be involved in determining social status. © 2016 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2016 New Phytologist Trust.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AtmRe.158..254G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AtmRe.158..254G"><span>Derecho-like <span class="hlt">event</span> in Bulgaria on 20 July 2011</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gospodinov, Ilian; Dimitrova, Tsvetelina; Bocheva, Lilia; Simeonov, Petio; Dimitrov, Rumen</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>In this work we analyze the development of a severe-convective-storm system in northwestern Bulgaria on 20 July 2011 which exhibited derecho-like characteristics. Prior to this <span class="hlt">event</span>, a derecho had never been documented in Bulgaria. The convective system was associated with a cold front. We present a synoptic-scale analysis of the evolution of the cold front and an overview of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> and the damage that has occurred in the region with the strongest impact. The convective system consisted of two multi-cell thunderstorms that are analyzed in some detail, based on radar data. The two storms merged and the convective system evolved into a bow-shape reflectivity structure with two rear inflow notches. The analysis of the radar data revealed cloud top heights of 17 km, with the formation of а bounded weak echo region, a maximum radar reflectivity factor of 63 dBZ, and <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds above 30 m/s. The field investigation revealed patterns in the damaged crops typical of <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> gusts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29079749','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29079749"><span>Swainson's Thrushes do not show <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> selectivity prior to crossing the Gulf of Mexico.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bolus, Rachel T; Diehl, Robert H; Moore, Frank R; Deppe, Jill L; Ward, Michael P; Smolinsky, Jaclyn; Zenzal, Theodore J</p> <p>2017-10-27</p> <p>During long-distance fall migrations, nocturnally migrating Swainson's Thrushes often stop on the northern Gulf of Mexico coast before flying across the Gulf. To minimize energetic costs, trans-Gulf migrants should stop over when they encounter crosswinds or headwinds, and depart with supportive tailwinds. However, time constrained migrants should be less selective, balancing costs of headwinds with benefits of continuing their migrations. To test the hypotheses that birds select supportive <span class="hlt">winds</span> and that selectivity is mediated by seasonal time constraints, we examined whether local <span class="hlt">winds</span> affected Swainson's Thrushes' arrival and departure at Ft. Morgan, Alabama, USA at annual, seasonal, and nightly time scales. Additionally, migrants could benefit from forecasting future <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions, crossing on nights when <span class="hlt">winds</span> are consistently supportive across the Gulf, thereby avoiding the potentially lethal consequences of depleting their energetic reserves over water. To test whether birds forecast, we developed a movement model, calculated to what extent departure <span class="hlt">winds</span> were predictive of future Gulf <span class="hlt">winds</span>, and tested whether birds responded to predictability. Swainson's Thrushes were only slightly selective and did not appear to forecast. By following the simple rule of avoiding only the strongest headwinds at departure, Swainson's Thrushes could survive the 1500 km flight between Alabama and Veracruz, Mexico.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Geomo.151....1C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Geomo.151....1C"><span>Turbulent Reynolds stress and quadrant <span class="hlt">event</span> activity in <span class="hlt">wind</span> flow over a coastal foredune</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chapman, Connie A.; Walker, Ian J.; Hesp, Patrick A.; Bauer, Bernard O.; Davidson-Arnott, Robin G. D.</p> <p>2012-05-01</p> <p>Recent research on quasi-instantaneous turbulent kinematic Reynolds stresses (RS, - u'w') and decomposed quadrant <span class="hlt">event</span> activity (e.g., ejections and sweeps) over dunes in fluvial settings and in <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnels has shown that turbulent stresses at the toe of a dune often exceed time-averaged, streamwise shear stress (ρ u * 2) estimates. It is believed that semi-coherent turbulent structures are conveyed toward the bed along concave streamlines in this region and that impact of these structures cause fluctuations in local surface stresses that assist in grain entrainment. This has been hypothesized to explain how sand is supplied to the windward slope through a region of flow stagnation. Toward the crest, surface stress increases and becomes dominated by streamwise accelerations resulting from streamline compression and convexity that suppress vertical motions. High-frequency (32 Hz) measurements of turbulent <span class="hlt">wind</span> flow from 3-D ultrasonic anemometers are analyzed for oblique onshore flow over a vegetated coastal foredune in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Reynolds stress and quadrant activity distributions varied with height (0.60 m and 1.66 m) and location over the dune. In general, quadrant 2 ejection (u' < 0, w' > 0) and quadrant 4 sweep activity (u' > 0, w' < 0) dominated momentum transfer and RS generation over quadrant 1 outward interaction (u' > 0, w' > 0) and quadrant 3 inward interaction (u' < 0, w' < 0) activity. On the lower stoss slope, significant ejection and sweep <span class="hlt">event</span> activity was most frequent (85 to 92%, ejections plus sweeps), whereas, at the upper crest, significant ejection and sweep activity became less frequent while significant outward and inward interactions increased in frequency (25 to 36%). An 'exuberance effect' (i.e., changing shape of quadrant frequency distribution skewed toward ejection and sweep activity) is observed whereby streamline compression and convexity effects inhibit vertical fluctuations in flow and, thus, reduce the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=255467','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=255467"><span>Evaluation of Interrill Erosion Under <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-Driven Rain <span class="hlt">Events</span> in Northern Burkina Faso</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> changes the velocity, frequency and angle of raindrop impact and hence affects rain splash detachment rates. Many soil erosion models underpredict interrill erosion because the contribution of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> to raindrop detachment and <span class="hlt">wind</span>-driven transport processes are not taken into account. In thi...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011APS..DFDA27007I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011APS..DFDA27007I"><span>Investigation on <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine wakes: <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel tests and field experiments with LIDARs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Iungo, Giacomo; Wu, Ting; Cöeffé, Juliette; Porté-Agel, Fernando; WIRE Team</p> <p>2011-11-01</p> <p>An investigation on the interaction between atmospheric boundary layer flow and <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines is carried out with <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel and LIDAR measurements. The former were carried out using hot-wire anemometry and multi-hole pressure probes in the wake of a three-bladed miniature <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine wake is characterized by a <span class="hlt">strong</span> velocity defect in the proximity of the rotor, and its recovery is found to depend on the characteristics of the incoming atmospheric boundary layer (mean velocity and turbulence intensity profiles). Field experiments were performed using three <span class="hlt">wind</span> LIDARs. Bi-dimensional scans are performed in order to analyse the wake <span class="hlt">wind</span> field with different atmospheric boundary layer conditions. Furthermore, simultaneous measurements with two or three LIDARs allow the reconstruction of multi-component velocity fields. Both LIDAR and <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel measurements highlight an increased turbulence level at the wake boundary for heights comparable to the top-tip of the blades; this flow feature can produce dangerous fatigue loads on following <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.9963R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.9963R"><span><span class="hlt">Event</span> Study of a Persistent Coronal Hole, its Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Signatures at L1, and Recurrent Relativistic Electron Enhancements at Geostationary Orbit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rodriguez, Juan; Krista, Larisza</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Enhancements of relativistic electrons in Earth's radiation belts statistically exhibit a 27-day periodicity that is attributable to the interaction of corotating interaction regions (CIRs) with the Earth's magnetosphere. These CIRs are the interfaces between tenuous, high-speed solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> streams (HSS) emitted by coronal holes (CH) and the denser, slower solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> emitted from the quiet Sun (QS). At these stream interfaces (SI), the plasma is compressed, resulting in increased number density and magnetic field. Subsequent relativistic electron enhancements have been attributed to southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF Bz). This includes southward Bz intensified within the CIR as well as southward Bz associated with Alfvenic turbulence in the following HSS. Although this chain of <span class="hlt">events</span> is broadly accepted, few studies have studied in depth the evolution of a single persistent CH, its solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> signatures at L1, and associated recurrent relativistic electron enhancements in the radiation belts. During the second half of 2003, a persistent CH was observed in the northern hemisphere of the Sun. The resulting CIR caused recurrent enhancements in the relativistic electron fluxes observed by the GOES satellites. During these enhancements, the >2 MeV electrons increased from dropout (instrument background) levels to hazardous levels more than an order-of-magnitude greater than the NOAA SWPC alert level. Moreover, for the first time in Solar Cycle 23 (SC23) the >4 MeV electron fluxes exceeded 100 electrons/(cm**2 s sr). This happened in five recurrent extended relativistic electron enhancement <span class="hlt">events</span> during this period. In context, only five such <span class="hlt">events</span> with >4 MeV electron fluxes exceeding 100 electrons/(cm**2 s sr) occurred during the rest of SC23, and not in a recurrent fashion. Using this as a geoeffectiveness criterion, neither other CHs during this period, nor the coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in later October and November were as geoeffective as this</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhDT.......125T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhDT.......125T"><span>Effect of coherent structures on energetic particle intensity in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tessein, Jeffrey A.</p> <p></p> <p>Solar energetic particles in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> are accelerated in both solar flares and shocks assocated with fast coronal mass ejections. They follow the interplanetary magnetic field and, upon reaching Earth, have implications for space weather. Space weather affects astronaut health and orbiting equipment through radiation hazard and electrical infrastructure on the ground with ground induced currents. Economic im- pacts include disruption of GPS and redirection of commercial polar flights due to a dangerous radiation environment over the poles. By studying how these particles interact with the magnetic fields we can better predict onset times and diffusion of these <span class="hlt">events</span>. We find, using superposed epoch analysis and conditional statisitics from spacecraft observations that there is a <span class="hlt">strong</span> association between energetic particles in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> and magnetic discontinuities. This may be related to turbulent dissipa- tion mechanisms in which coherent structures in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> seem to be preferred sites of heating, plasma instabilites and dissipation. In the case of energetic particles, magnetic reconnection and transport in flux tubes are likely to play a role. Though we focus on data away from large shocks, trapping can occur in the downstream region of shocks due to the preponderance of compressive turbulence in these areas. This thesis lays the ground work for the results described above with an intro- duction to solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> and heliospheric physics in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 is an intro- duction to the acceleration mechanisms that give rise to observed energetic particle <span class="hlt">events</span>. Chapter 3 describes various data analysis techniques and statistics that are bread and butter when analyzing spacecraft data for turbulence and energetic particle studies. Chapter 4 is a digression that covers preliminary studies that were done on the side; scale dependent kurtosis, ergodic studies and initial conditions for simulations. Chapter 5 contains that central published</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AdSR...15....1B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AdSR...15....1B"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> regimes and their relation to synoptic variables using self-organizing maps</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Berkovic, Sigalit</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>This study exemplifies the ability of the self-organizing maps (SOM) method to directly define well known <span class="hlt">wind</span> regimes over Israel during the entire year, except summer period, at 12:00 UTC. This procedure may be applied at other hours and is highly relevant to future automatic climatological analysis and applications. The investigation is performed by analysing surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements from 53 Israel Meteorological Service stations. The relation between the synoptic variables and the <span class="hlt">wind</span> regimes is revealed from the averages of ECMWF ERA-INTERIM reanalysis variables for each SOM <span class="hlt">wind</span> regime. The inspection of <span class="hlt">wind</span> regimes and their average geopotential anomalies has shown that <span class="hlt">wind</span> regimes relate to the gradient of the pressure anomalies, rather than to the specific isobars pattern. Two main <span class="hlt">wind</span> regimes - <span class="hlt">strong</span> western and the <span class="hlt">strong</span> eastern or northern - are well known over this region. The frequencies of the regimes according to seasons is verified. <span class="hlt">Strong</span> eastern regimes are dominant during winter, while <span class="hlt">strong</span> western regimes are frequent in all seasons.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080013565','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080013565"><span>Simulation of the Impact of New Aircraft and Satellite-Based Ocean Surface <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Measurements on H*<span class="hlt">Wind</span> Analyses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Miller, TImothy L.; Atlas, R. M.; Black, P. G.; Case, J. L.; Chen, S. S.; Hood, R. E.; Johnson, J. W.; Jones, L.; Ruf, C. S.; Uhlborn, E. W.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Accurate observations of surface ocean vector <span class="hlt">winds</span> (OVW) with high spatial and temporal resolution are required for understanding and predicting tropical cyclones. As NASA's QuikSCAT and Navy's <span class="hlt">Wind</span>Sat operate beyond their design life, many members of the weather and climate science communities recognize the importance of developing new observational technologies and strategies to meet the essential need for OVW information to improve hurricane intensity and location forecasts. The Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) is an innovative technology development which offers new and unique remotely sensed satellite observations of both extreme oceanic <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> and <span class="hlt">strong</span> precipitation. It is based on the airborne Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR), which is the only proven remote sensing technique for observing tropical cyclone (TC) ocean surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds and rain rates. The proposed HIRAD instrument advances beyond the current nadir viewing SFMR to an equivalent wide-swath SFMR imager using passive microwave synthetic thinned aperture radiometer (STAR) technology. This sensor will operate over 4-7 GHz (C-band frequencies) where the required TC remote sensing physics has been validated by both SFMR and <span class="hlt">Wind</span>Sat radiometers. The instrument is described in more detail in a paper by Jones et al. presented to the Tropical Meteorology Special Symposium at this AMS Annual Meeting. Simulated HIRAD passes through a simulation of hurricane Frances are being developed to demonstrate HIRAD estimation of surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed over a wide swath in the presence of heavy rain. These are currently being used in "quick" OSSEs (Observing System Simulation Experiments) with H'<span class="hlt">Wind</span> analyses as the discriminating tool. The H'<span class="hlt">Wind</span> analysis, a product of the Hurricane Research Division of NOAA's Atlantic , Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, brings together <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements from a variety of observation platforms into an objective analysis of the distribution of <span class="hlt">wind</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFMSH31A0388B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFMSH31A0388B"><span>Following the geomagnetic activity: <span class="hlt">events</span> on September and October (1999)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Blanco, J. J.; Hidalgo, M. A.; Rodríguez-Pacheco, J.; Medina, J.; Sequeiros, J.; Nieves-Chinchilla, T.</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>On 21-22 October 1999 a very intense geomagnetic storm (DST index: -237 nT) was detected. This <span class="hlt">event</span> was associated with a High Speed Stream (HSS) and an interplanetary coronal mass ejection. Before and after this <span class="hlt">event</span>, the interplanetary magnetic field showed an inversion probably associated with Heliospheric Current Sheet (HCS) crossings. One month before (21-22 September) a <span class="hlt">strong</span> geomagnetic storm (DST index: -164 nT) was detected and the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions were similar to those observed in October, i. e. magnetic cloud, HSS and HCS crossings. Nevertheless, the October <span class="hlt">event</span> was stronger than the September one. We have compared both <span class="hlt">events</span> trying to clarify what caused the difference between them. This work has been supported by the Spanish Comisión Internacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CICYT), grant ESP2005-07290-C02-01 and ESP2006-08459 and Madrid Autonomous Community / University of Alcala grant CAM-UAH 2005/007.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRA..123.2745B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRA..123.2745B"><span>ULF Wave Activity in the Magnetosphere: Resolving Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Interdependencies to Identify Driving Mechanisms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bentley, S. N.; Watt, C. E. J.; Owens, M. J.; Rae, I. J.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Ultralow frequency (ULF) waves in the magnetosphere are involved in the energization and transport of radiation belt particles and are <span class="hlt">strongly</span> driven by the external solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. However, the interdependency of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> parameters and the variety of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>-magnetosphere coupling processes make it difficult to distinguish the effect of individual processes and to predict magnetospheric wave power using solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> properties. We examine 15 years of dayside ground-based measurements at a single representative frequency (2.5 mHz) and a single magnetic latitude (corresponding to L ˜ 6.6RE). We determine the relative contribution to ULF wave power from instantaneous nonderived solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> parameters, accounting for their interdependencies. The most influential parameters for ground-based ULF wave power are solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed vsw, southward interplanetary magnetic field component Bz<0, and summed power in number density perturbations δNp. Together, the subordinate parameters Bz and δNp still account for significant amounts of power. We suggest that these three parameters correspond to driving by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, formation, and/or propagation of flux transfer <span class="hlt">events</span> and density perturbations from solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> structures sweeping past the Earth. We anticipate that this new parameter reduction will aid comparisons of ULF generation mechanisms between magnetospheric sectors and will enable more sophisticated empirical models predicting magnetospheric ULF power using external solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> driving parameters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APS..MAR.V1189B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APS..MAR.V1189B"><span>A ``Cyber <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Facility'' for HPC <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine Field Experiments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brasseur, James; Paterson, Eric; Schmitz, Sven; Campbell, Robert; Vijayakumar, Ganesh; Lavely, Adam; Jayaraman, Balaji; Nandi, Tarak; Jha, Pankaj; Dunbar, Alex; Motta-Mena, Javier; Craven, Brent; Haupt, Sue</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>The Penn State ``Cyber <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Facility'' (CWF) is a high-fidelity multi-scale high performance computing (HPC) environment in which ``cyber field experiments'' are designed and ``cyber data'' collected from <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines operating within the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) environment. Conceptually the ``facility'' is akin to a high-tech <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel with controlled physical environment, but unlike a <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel it replicates commercial-scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines operating in the field and forced by true atmospheric turbulence with controlled stability state. The CWF is created from state-of-the-art high-accuracy technology geometry and grid design and numerical methods, and with high-resolution simulation strategies that blend unsteady RANS near the surface with high fidelity large-eddy simulation (LES) in separated boundary layer, blade and rotor wake regions, embedded within high-resolution LES of the ABL. CWF experiments complement physical field facility experiments that can capture wider ranges of meteorological <span class="hlt">events</span>, but with minimal control over the environment and with very small numbers of sensors at low spatial resolution. I shall report on the first CWF experiments aimed at dynamical interactions between ABL turbulence and space-time <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine loadings. Supported by DOE and NSF.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ThApC.tmp..193G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ThApC.tmp..193G"><span>A climatology of extreme wave height <span class="hlt">events</span> impacting eastern Lake Ontario shorelines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grieco, Matthew B.; DeGaetano, Arthur T.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Model-derived wave height data for points along the eastern Lake Ontario shoreline provide the basis for a 36-year climatology of extreme wave heights. The most extreme wave heights exceed 6 m at all locations, except for those along the extreme northeastern shoreline of the Lake. Typically extreme wave <span class="hlt">events</span> are a regional phenomenon, affecting multiple locations along the eastern and southeastern shoreline. A pronounced seasonal cycle in wave <span class="hlt">event</span> occurrence is characterized by peaks in autumn and spring, with an absence of 99.9th percentile wave heights during summer. Less extreme (90th percentile heights) occur in all months with a peak in winter. Extreme wave <span class="hlt">events</span> are most often associated with a low pressure center tracking to the north of Lake Ontario from the Ohio Valley. This track produces the <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> > 10 ms-1 and predominantly west-to-east <span class="hlt">wind</span> fetch that characterize high wave height <span class="hlt">events</span>. The seasonal frequency of the wave <span class="hlt">events</span> exceeding the historical 95th percentile has shown a statistically significant increase at most locations since 1979. This has been partially offset by declines in the frequency of <span class="hlt">events</span> with wave heights between the 90 and 95th percentile. Seasonal extreme wave height frequency is also found to be related to the occurrence of El Niño. During El Niño winters, there are significantly fewer <span class="hlt">events</span> with wave heights exceeding 2.5 m than would be expected by chance. A corresponding relationship to La Niña occurrence is not evident.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1355906','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1355906"><span>A HPC “Cyber <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Facility” Incorporating Fully-Coupled CFD/CSD for Turbine-Platform-Wake Interactions with the Atmosphere and Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Brasseur, James G.</p> <p></p> <p>The central aims of the DOE-supported “Cyber <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Facility” project center on the recognition that <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines over land and ocean generate power from atmospheric <span class="hlt">winds</span> that are inherently turbulent and <span class="hlt">strongly</span> varying, both spatially over the rotor disk and in temporally as the rotating blades pass through atmospheric eddies embedded within the mean <span class="hlt">wind</span>. The daytime unstable atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is particularly variable in space time as solar heating generates buoyancy-driven motions that interact with <span class="hlt">strong</span> mean shear in the ABL “surface layer,” the lowest 200 - 300 m where <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines reside in farms. With the “Cybermore » <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Facility” (CWF) program we initiate a research and technology direction in which “cyber data” are generated from “computational experiments” within a “facility” akin to a <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel, but with true space-time atmospheric turbulence that drive utility-scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines at full-scale Reynolds numbers. With DOE support we generated the key “modules” within a computational framework to create a first generation Cyber <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Facility (CWF) for single <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines in the daytime ABL---both over land where the ABL globally unstable and over water with closer-to-neutral atmospheric conditions but with time response <span class="hlt">strongly</span> affected by wave-induced forcing of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine platform (here a buoy configuration). The CWF program has significantly improved the accuracy of actuator line models, evaluated with the Cyber <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Facility in full blade-boundary-layer-resolved mode. The application of the CWF made in this program showed the existence of important ramp-like response <span class="hlt">events</span> that likely contribute to bearing fatigue failure on the main shaft and that the advanced ALM method developed here captures the primary nonsteady response characteristics. Long-time analysis uncovered distinctive key dynamics that explain primary mechanisms that underlie potentially deleterious load transients. We also</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JAESc..64..125Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JAESc..64..125Y"><span>Nonlinear dynamic failure process of tunnel-fault system in response to <span class="hlt">strong</span> seismic <span class="hlt">event</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yang, Zhihua; Lan, Hengxing; Zhang, Yongshuang; Gao, Xing; Li, Langping</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Strong</span> earthquakes and faults have significant effect on the stability capability of underground tunnel structures. This study used a 3-Dimensional Discrete Element model and the real records of ground motion in the Wenchuan earthquake to investigate the dynamic response of tunnel-fault system. The typical tunnel-fault system was composed of one planned railway tunnel and one seismically active fault. The discrete numerical model was prudentially calibrated by means of the comparison between the field survey and numerical results of ground motion. It was then used to examine the detailed quantitative information on the dynamic response characteristics of tunnel-fault system, including stress distribution, strain, vibration velocity and tunnel failure process. The intensive tunnel-fault interaction during seismic loading induces the dramatic stress redistribution and stress concentration in the intersection of tunnel and fault. The tunnel-fault system behavior is characterized by the complicated nonlinear dynamic failure process in response to a real <span class="hlt">strong</span> seismic <span class="hlt">event</span>. It can be qualitatively divided into 5 main stages in terms of its stress, strain and rupturing behaviors: (1) strain localization, (2) rupture initiation, (3) rupture acceleration, (4) spontaneous rupture growth and (5) stabilization. This study provides the insight into the further stability estimation of underground tunnel structures under the combined effect of <span class="hlt">strong</span> earthquakes and faults.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.1611G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.1611G"><span>U.S. Hail Frequency and the Global <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Oscillation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gensini, Vittorio A.; Allen, John T.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Changes in Earth relative atmospheric angular momentum can be described by an index known as the Global <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Oscillation. This global index accounts for changes in Earth's atmospheric budget of relative angular momentum through interactions of tropical convection anomalies, extratropical dynamics, and engagement of surface torques (e.g., friction and mountain). It is shown herein that U.S. hail <span class="hlt">events</span> are more (less) likely to occur in low (high) atmospheric angular momentum base states when excluding weak Global <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Oscillation days, with the strongest relationships found in the boreal spring and fall. Severe, significant severe, and giant hail <span class="hlt">events</span> are more likely to occur during Global <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Oscillation phases 8, 1, 2, and 3 during the peak of U.S. severe weather season. Lower frequencies of hail <span class="hlt">events</span> are generally found in Global <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Oscillation phases 4-7 but vary based on Global <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Oscillation amplitude and month. In addition, probabilistic anomalies of atmospheric ingredients supportive of hail producing supercell thunderstorms closely mimic locations of reported hail frequency, helping to corroborate report results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140006625','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140006625"><span>Eclipse and Collapse of the Colliding <span class="hlt">Wind</span> X-ray Emission from Eta Carinae</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hamaguchi, Kenji; Corcoran, Michael F.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>X-ray emission from the massive stellar binary system, Eta Carinae, drops <span class="hlt">strongly</span> around periastron passage; the <span class="hlt">event</span> is called the X-ray minimum. We launched a focused observing campaign in early 2009 to understand the mechanism of causing the X-ray minimum. During the campaign, hard X-ray emission (<10 keV) from Eta Carinae declined as in the previous minimum, though it recovered a month earlier. Extremely hard X-ray emission between 15-25 keV, closely monitored for the first time with the Suzaku HXD/PIN, decreased similarly to the hard X-rays, but it reached minimum only after hard X-ray emission from the star had already began to recover. This indicates that the X-ray minimum is produced by two composite mechanisms: the thick primary <span class="hlt">wind</span> first obscured the hard, 2-10 keV thermal X-ray emission from the <span class="hlt">wind-wind</span> collision (WWC) plasma; the WWC activity then decays as the two stars reach periastron.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140002234','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140002234"><span>Electrostatic Solitary Waves in the Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span>: Evidence for Instability at Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Current Sheets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Malaspina, David M.; Newman, David L.; Wilson, Lynn Bruce; Goetz, Keith; Kellogg, Paul J.; Kerstin, Kris</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">strong</span> spatial association between bipolar electrostatic solitary waves (ESWs) and magnetic current sheets (CSs) in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> is reported here for the first time. This association requires that the plasma instabilities (e.g., Buneman, electron two stream) which generate ESWs are preferentially localized to solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> CSs. Distributions of CS properties (including shear angle, thickness, solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed, and vector magnetic field change) are examined for differences between CSs associated with ESWs and randomly chosen CSs. Possible mechanisms for producing ESW-generating instabilities at solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> CSs are considered, including magnetic reconnection.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018VSD....56..173L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018VSD....56..173L"><span>Measurements of car-body lateral vibration induced by high-speed trains negotiating complex terrain sections under <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Dongrun; Lu, Zhaijun; Zhong, Mu; Cao, Tianpei; Chen, Dong; Xiong, Yupu</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Assessment of the vibration of high-speed trains negotiating complex sections of terrain under <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions is very important for research into the operation safety and comfort of passengers on high-speed trains. To assess the vibration of high-speed trains negotiating complex sections of terrain under <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions, we performed a field measurement when the train passes through typical sections of complex terrain along the Lanzhou-Xinjiang high-speed railway in China. We selected the lateral vibration conditions, including the roll angle and lateral displacement of car-body gravity centre through two typical representative sections (embankment-tunnel-embankment and embankment-rectangular transition-cutting) for analysis. The results show that the severe car-swaying phenomenon occurs when the high-speed train moves through the test section, and the car-body lateral vibration characteristic is related significantly to the state of the terrain and topography along the railway. The main causes for this car-swaying phenomenon may be the transitions between different windproof structures, and the greater the scale of the transition region between different windproof structures or landform changes, the more obvious the car-swaying phenomenon becomes. The lateral vibration of the car-body is relatively steady when the train is running through terrain with minor changes in topography, such as the windbreak installed on the bridge and embankment, but the tail car sways more violently than the head car. When the vehicle runs from the windbreak installed on the embankment into the tunnel (or in the opposite direction), the tail car sways more intensely than the head car, and the head car runs relatively stable in the tunnel.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ACP....1413411D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ACP....1413411D"><span>Long-term variability of dust <span class="hlt">events</span> in Iceland (1949-2011)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dagsson-Waldhauserova, P.; Arnalds, O.; Olafsson, H.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The long-term frequency of atmospheric dust observations was investigated for the southern part of Iceland and interpreted together with earlier results obtained from northeastern (NE) Iceland (Dagsson-Waldhauserova et al., 2013). In total, over 34 dust days per year on average occurred in Iceland based on conventionally used synoptic codes for dust observations. However, frequent volcanic eruptions, with the re-suspension of volcanic materials and dust haze, increased the number of dust <span class="hlt">events</span> fourfold (135 dust days annually). The position of the Icelandic Low determined whether dust <span class="hlt">events</span> occurred in the NE (16.4 dust days annually) or in the southern (S) part of Iceland (about 18 dust days annually). The decade with the most frequent dust days in S Iceland was the 1960s, but the 2000s in NE Iceland. A total of 32 severe dust storms (visibility < 500 m) were observed in Iceland with the highest frequency of <span class="hlt">events</span> during the 2000s in S Iceland. The Arctic dust <span class="hlt">events</span> (NE Iceland) were typically warm, occurring during summer/autumn (May-September) and during mild southwesterly <span class="hlt">winds</span>, while the subarctic dust <span class="hlt">events</span> (S Iceland) were mainly cold, occurring during winter/spring (March-May) and during <span class="hlt">strong</span> northeasterly <span class="hlt">winds</span>. About half of the dust <span class="hlt">events</span> in S Iceland occurred in winter or at sub-zero temperatures. A good correlation was found between particulate matter (PM10) concentrations and visibility during dust observations at the stations Vík and Stórhöfði. This study shows that Iceland is among the dustiest areas of the world and that dust is emitted year-round.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.A11H..01S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.A11H..01S"><span>Research Needs for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Resource Characterization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schreck, S. J.; Lundquist, J. K.; Shaw, W. J.</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>Currently, <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy provides about 1 percent of U.S. electricity generation. A recent analysis by DOE, NREL, and AWEA showed the feasibility of expanding U.S. <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy capacity to 20 percent, comprising approximately 300 gigawatts. Though not a prediction of the future, this represents a plausible scenario for U.S. <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy. To exploit these opportunities, a workshop on Research Needs for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Resource Characterization was held during January 2008. This <span class="hlt">event</span> was organized on behalf of two DOE organizations; the Office of Biological and Environmental Research and the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Over 120 atmospheric science and <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy researchers attended the workshop from industry, academia, and federal laboratories in North America and Europe. Attendees identified problems that could impede achieving the 20 percent <span class="hlt">wind</span> scenario and formulated research recommendations to attack these problems. Findings were structured into four focus areas: 1) Turbine Dynamics, 2) Micrositing and Array Effects, 3) Mesoscale Processes, and 4) Climate Effects. In the Turbine Dynamics area, detailed characterizations of inflows and turbine flow fields were deemed crucial to attaining accuracy levels in aerodynamics loads required for future designs. To address the complexities inherent in this area, an incremental approach involving hierarchical computational modeling and detailed measurements was recommended. Also recommended was work to model extreme and anomalous atmospheric inflow <span class="hlt">events</span> and aerostructural responses of turbines to these <span class="hlt">events</span>. The Micrositing and Array Effects area considered improved wake models important for large, multiple row <span class="hlt">wind</span> plants. Planetary boundary layer research was deemed necessary to accurately determine inflow characteristics in the presence of atmospheric stability effects and complex surface characteristics. Finally, a need was identified to acquire and exploit large <span class="hlt">wind</span> inflow data sets, covering heights</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMOS23A1380W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMOS23A1380W"><span>Local diurnal <span class="hlt">wind</span>-driven variabiity and upwelling in a small coastal embayment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Walter, R. K.; Reid, E. C.; Davis, K. A.; Armenta, K. J.; Merhoff, K.; Nidzieko, N.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The oceanic response to high-frequency local diurnal <span class="hlt">wind</span> forcing is examined in a small coastal embayment located along an understudied stretch of the central California coast. We show that local diurnal <span class="hlt">wind</span> forcing is the dominant control on nearshore temperature variability and circulation patterns. A complex empirical orthogonal function (CEOF) analysis of velocities in San Luis Obispo Bay reveals that the first-mode CEOF amplitude time series, which accounts for 47.9% of the variance, is significantly coherent with the local <span class="hlt">wind</span> signal at the diurnal frequency and aligns with periods of weak and <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> forcing. The diurnal evolution of the hydrographic structure and circulation in the bay is examined using both individual <span class="hlt">events</span> and composite-day averages. During the late afternoon, the local <span class="hlt">wind</span> strengthens and results in a sheared flow with near-surface warm waters directed out of the bay and a compensating flow of colder waters into the bay over the bottom portion of the water column. This cold water intrusion into the bay causes isotherms to shoal toward the surface and delivers subthermocline waters to shallow reaches of the bay, representing a mechanism for small-scale upwelling. When the local <span class="hlt">winds</span> relax, the warm water mass advects back into the bay in the form of a buoyant plume front. Local diurnal <span class="hlt">winds</span> are expected to play an important role in nearshore dynamics and local upwelling in other small coastal embayments with important implications for various biological and ecological processes.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122..955W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122..955W"><span>Local diurnal <span class="hlt">wind</span>-driven variability and upwelling in a small coastal embayment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Walter, Ryan K.; Reid, Emma C.; Davis, Kristen A.; Armenta, Kevin J.; Merhoff, Kevin; Nidzieko, Nicholas J.</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>The oceanic response to high-frequency local diurnal <span class="hlt">wind</span> forcing is examined in a small coastal embayment located along an understudied stretch of the central California coast. We show that local diurnal <span class="hlt">wind</span> forcing is the dominant control on nearshore temperature variability and circulation patterns. A complex empirical orthogonal function (CEOF) analysis of velocities in San Luis Obispo Bay reveals that the first-mode CEOF amplitude time series, which accounts for 47.9% of the variance, is significantly coherent with the local <span class="hlt">wind</span> signal at the diurnal frequency and aligns with periods of weak and <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> forcing. The diurnal evolution of the hydrographic structure and circulation in the bay is examined using both individual <span class="hlt">events</span> and composite-day averages. During the late afternoon, the local <span class="hlt">wind</span> strengthens and results in a sheared flow with near-surface warm waters directed out of the bay and a compensating flow of colder waters into the bay over the bottom portion of the water column. This cold water intrusion into the bay causes isotherms to shoal toward the surface and delivers subthermocline waters to shallow reaches of the bay, representing a mechanism for small-scale upwelling. When the local <span class="hlt">winds</span> relax, the warm water mass advects back into the bay in the form of a buoyant plume front. Local diurnal <span class="hlt">winds</span> are expected to play an important role in nearshore dynamics and local upwelling in other small coastal embayments with important implications for various biological and ecological processes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120015522','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120015522"><span>An Update to the Warm-Season Convective <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Climatology of KSC/CCAFS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lupo, Kevin</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Total of 1100 convective <span class="hlt">events</span> in the 17-year warm-season climatology at KSC/CCAFS. July and August typically are the peak of convective <span class="hlt">events</span>, May being the minimum. Warning and non-warning level convective <span class="hlt">winds</span> are more likely to occur in the late afternoon (1900-2000Z). Southwesterly flow regimes and <span class="hlt">wind</span> directions produce the strongest <span class="hlt">winds</span>. Storms moving from southwesterly direction tend to produce more warning level <span class="hlt">winds</span> than those moving from the northerly and easterly directions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740008686','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740008686"><span>NASA presentation. [<span class="hlt">wind</span> energy conversion systems planning</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Thomas, R. L.</p> <p>1973-01-01</p> <p>The development of a <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy system is outlined that supplies reliable energy at a cost competitive with other energy systems. A government directed industry program with <span class="hlt">strong</span> university support is recommended that includes meteorological studies to estimate <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy potentials and determines favorable regions and sites for <span class="hlt">wind</span> power installations. Key phases of the overall program are <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy conversion systems, meteorological <span class="hlt">wind</span> studies, energy storage systems, and environmental impact studies. Performance testing with a prototype <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy conversion and storage system is projected for Fiscal 1977.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1913259W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1913259W"><span>Synoptic versus regional causes of icing on <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines at an exposed <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm site in Germany</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Weissinger, Maximilian; Strauss, Lukas; Serafin, Stefano; Dorninger, Manfred; Burchhart, Thomas; Fink, Martin</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Ice accretion on <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine blades can lead to significant power production loss or even permanent structural damage on the turbine. With the ongoing construction of <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms at sites with increased icing potential in cold climates, accurate icing predictions are needed to optimise power plant operation. To this end, the frequency of occurrence and the causes of meteorological icing need to be better understood. The project ICE CONTROL, an Austrian research initiative, aims to improve icing forecasts through measurements, probabilistic forecasting, and verification of icing on <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine blades. The project focuses on a <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm site near Ellern, Germany, located on the Hunsrück, a hilly terrain rising above the surrounding plain by 200-300 metres. Production data from the last three winters show that icing <span class="hlt">events</span> tend to occur more often at the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines on top of the highest hills. The present study aims to investigate historical cases of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine icing and their meteorological causes at the Ellern <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm. The data available consists of a three-year period (2013-2016) of operational data from the Ellern <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm as well as meteorological measurements at nearby stations operated by the German Weather Service (DWD). In addition, radiosondes and weather charts are taken into account. The main objective of this work is, first, to link the local and regional weather conditions to larger-scale weather patterns and prevailing air masses, and second, to determine the types of icing (in-cloud vs. freezing precipation). Results show that in most icing cases the cloud base height was below the hub height while the temperature was just below the freezing point. Precipitation was absent in most cases. This suggests that most of the observed icing <span class="hlt">events</span> were due to in-cloud icing. Icing conditions occurred often (but not exclusively) under specific synoptic-scale weather conditions, such as north-westerly flow advecting maritime polar air masses to Central</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980213327','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980213327"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> Streaks on Venus: Clues to Atmospheric Circulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Greeley, Ronald; Schubert, Gerald; Limonadi, Daniel; Bender, Kelly C.; Newman, William I.; Thomas, Peggy E.; Weitz, Catherine M.; Wall, Stephen D.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Magellan images reveal surface features on Venus attributed to <span class="hlt">wind</span> processes. Sand dunes, <span class="hlt">wind</span>-sculpted hills, and more than 5830 <span class="hlt">wind</span> streaks have been identified. The streaks serve as local "<span class="hlt">wind</span> vanes," representing <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction at the time of streak formation and allowing the first global mapping of near-surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> patterns on Venus. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> streaks are oriented both toward the equator and toward the west. When streaks associated with local transient <span class="hlt">events</span>, such as impact cratering, are deleted, the westward component is mostly lost but the equatorward component remains. This pattern is consistent with a Hadley circulation of the lower atmosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1253855-investigation-boundary-layer-wind-predictions-during-nocturnal-low-level-jet-events-using-weather-research-forecasting-model','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1253855-investigation-boundary-layer-wind-predictions-during-nocturnal-low-level-jet-events-using-weather-research-forecasting-model"><span>Investigation of boundary-layer <span class="hlt">wind</span> predictions during nocturnal low-level jet <span class="hlt">events</span> using the Weather Research and Forecasting model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Mirocha, Jeff D.; Simpson, Matthew D.; Fast, Jerome D.</p> <p></p> <p>Simulations of two periods featuring three consecutive low level jet (LLJ) <span class="hlt">events</span> in the US Upper Great Plains during the autumn of 2011 were conducted to explore the impacts of various setup configurations and physical process models on simulated flow parameters within the lowest 200 m above the surface, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Sensitivities of simulated flow parameters to the horizontal and vertical grid spacing, planetary boundary layer (PBL) and land surface model (LSM) physics options, were assessed. Data from a Light Detection and Ranging (lidar) system, deployed to the Weather Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP; Finleymore » et al. 2013) were used to evaluate the accuracy of simulated <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and direction at 80 m above the surface, as well as their vertical distributions between 120 and 40 m, covering the typical span of contemporary tall <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines. All of the simulations qualitatively captured the overall diurnal cycle of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and stratification, producing LLJs during each overnight period, however large discrepancies occurred at certain times for each simulation in relation to the observations. 54-member ensembles encompassing changes of the above discussed configuration parameters displayed a wide range of simulated vertical distributions of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and direction, and potential temperature, reflecting highly variable representations of stratification during the weakly stable overnight conditions. Root mean square error (RMSE) statistics show that different ensemble members performed better and worse in various simulated parameters at different times, with no clearly superior configuration . Simulations using a PBL parameterization designed specifically for the stable conditions investigated herein provided superior overall simulations of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed at 80 m, demonstrating the efficacy of targeting improvements of physical process models in areas of known deficiencies. However, the considerable magnitudes</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018A%26A...614A..61K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018A%26A...614A..61K"><span><span class="hlt">Strong</span> non-radial propagation of energetic electrons in solar corona</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Klassen, A.; Dresing, N.; Gómez-Herrero, R.; Heber, B.; Veronig, A.</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Analyzing the sequence of solar energetic electron <span class="hlt">events</span> measured at both STEREO-A (STA) and STEREO-B (STB) spacecraft during 17-21 July 2014, when their orbital separation was 34°, we found evidence of a <span class="hlt">strong</span> non-radial electron propagation in the solar corona below the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> source surface. The impulsive electron <span class="hlt">events</span> were associated with recurrent flare and jet (hereafter flare/jet) activity at the border of an isolated coronal hole situated close to the solar equator. We have focused our study on the solar energetic particle (SEP) <span class="hlt">event</span> on 17 July 2014, during which both spacecraft detected a similar impulsive and anisotropic energetic electron <span class="hlt">event</span> suggesting optimal connection of both spacecraft to the parent particle source, despite the large angular separation between the parent flare and the nominal magnetic footpoints on the source surface of STA and STB of 68° and 90°, respectively. Combining the remote-sensing extreme ultraviolet (EUV) observations, in-situ plasma, magnetic field, and energetic particle data we investigated and discuss here the origin and the propagation trajectory of energetic electrons in the solar corona. We find that the energetic electrons in the energy range of 55-195 keV together with the associated EUV jet were injected from the flare site toward the spacecraft's magnetic footpoints and propagate along a <span class="hlt">strongly</span> non-radial and inclined magnetic field below the source surface. From stereoscopic (EUV) observations we estimated the inclination angle of the jet trajectory and the respective magnetic field of 63° ± 11° relative to the radial direction. We show how the flare accelerated electrons reach very distant longitudes in the heliosphere, when the spacecraft are nominally not connected to the particle source. This example illustrates how ballistic backmapping can occasionally fail to characterize the magnetic connectivity during SEP <span class="hlt">events</span>. This finding also provides an additional mechanism (one among others</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003EAEJA.....5636D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003EAEJA.....5636D"><span>Observation of <span class="hlt">wind</span> field over heterogeneous terrain by the French-German airborne Doppler lidar <span class="hlt">WIND</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dabas, A.; Werner, C.; Delville, P.; Reitebuch, O.; Drobinski, P.; Cousin, F.</p> <p>2003-04-01</p> <p>In summer 2001, the French-German airborne Doppler lidar <span class="hlt">WIND</span> participated to field campaign ESCOMPTE. ESCOMPTE was carried out in the region of Marseille along the Mediterranean coast of France. It was dedicated to the observation of heavy pollution <span class="hlt">events</span> in this industrialized, densely populated region of nearly 4 million inhabitants. The aim was to gather a data base as comprehensive as possible on several pollution <span class="hlt">events</span> and use them to check the ability of several regional forecast models to predict such <span class="hlt">events</span>. The specific mission devoted to <span class="hlt">WIND</span> was the characterization at mesoscale of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> field and the topography of the planetary boundary layer. Both are complex around Marseille due the heterogeneity of the surface with a transition sea/land to the south, the fore-Alps to the North, the Rhône valley to the North-West etc... Seven, 3-hr flights were carried out and gave excellent results. In 2002, first comparisons were made with mesoscale models. They will be shown during the presentation. They are good examples of the usefulness of airborne Doppler lidar for validating and improving atmospheric model simulations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DFDD19010S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DFDD19010S"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span>-waves interactions in the Gulf of Eilat</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shani-Zerbib, Almog; Liberzon, Dan; T-SAIL Team</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The Gulf of Eilat, at the southern tip of Israel, with its elongated rectangular shape and unique diurnal <span class="hlt">wind</span> pattern is an appealing location for <span class="hlt">wind</span>-waves interactions research. Results of experimental work will be reported analyzing a continuous, 50 hour long, data. Using a combined array of <span class="hlt">wind</span> and waves sensing instruments, the wave field statistics and its response to variations of <span class="hlt">wind</span> forcing were investigated. Correlations between diurnal fluctuations in <span class="hlt">wind</span> magnitude and direction and the wave field response will be discussed. The directional spread of waves' energy, as estimated by the Wavelet Directional Method, showed a <span class="hlt">strong</span> response to small variations in <span class="hlt">wind</span> flow direction attributed to the unique topography of the gulf surroundings and its bathymetry. Influenced by relatively <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> during the light hours, the wave field was dominated by a significant amount of breakings that are well pronounced in the saturation range of waves spectra. Temporal growth and decay behavior of the waves during the morning and evening <span class="hlt">wind</span> transition periods was examined. Sea state induced roughness, as experienced by the <span class="hlt">wind</span> flow turbulent boundary layer, is examined in view of the critical layer theory. Israel Science Foundation Grant # 1521/15.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015A%26A...578A.122M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015A%26A...578A.122M"><span>Eta Carinae's 2014.6 spectroscopic <span class="hlt">event</span>: Clues to the long-term recovery from its Great Eruption</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mehner, A.; Davidson, K.; Humphreys, R. M.; Walter, F. M.; Baade, D.; de Wit, W. J.; Martin, J.; Ishibashi, K.; Rivinius, T.; Martayan, C.; Ruiz, M. T.; Weis, K.</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p> the past two to three cycles. The ionizing UV radiation dramatically weakened during each pre-2014 <span class="hlt">event</span> but not in 2014. The strengthening of He i and N ii emission and the weakening of the lower-excitation Hα and Fe ii <span class="hlt">wind</span> featuresin our direct line of sight implies a substantial change in the physical parameters of the emitting regions. The polar spectrum at FOS4 shows fewer changes in the broad <span class="hlt">wind</span> emission lines, which may be explained by the latitude-dependent <span class="hlt">wind</span> structure of η Car. The quick and <span class="hlt">strong</span> recovery of the He ii emission in 2014 supports a scenario, in which the <span class="hlt">wind-wind</span> shock may not have completely collapsed as was proposed for previous <span class="hlt">events</span>. As a result, the companion did not accrete as much material as in previous <span class="hlt">events</span>. All this may be the consequence of just one elementary change, namely a <span class="hlt">strong</span> decrease in the primary's mass-loss rate. This would mark the beginning of a new phase, in which the spectroscopic <span class="hlt">events</span> can be described as an occultation by the primary's <span class="hlt">wind</span>. Based on observations with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, obtained (from the Data Archive) at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. These observations are associated with programmes #7302, 8036, 8327, 8483, 8619, 9083, 9242, 9337, 9420, 9973, 11506, 11612, 12013, 12508, 12750, 13377, and 13789. Based on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory, Chile under Prog-IDs: 60.A-9022(A), 70.D-0607(A), 71.D-0168(A), 072.D-0524(A), 074.D-0141(A), 077.D-0618(A), 380.D-0036(A), 381.D-0004(A), 282.D-5073(A,B,C,D,E), 089.D-0024(A), 592.D-0047(A,B,C). Based in part on data obtained with the SMARTS/CTIO 1.5 m, operated by the SMARTS Consortium.Tables 1-3 are available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910063769&hterms=Ocean+Stratification&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DOcean%2BStratification','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910063769&hterms=Ocean+Stratification&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DOcean%2BStratification"><span>Surface heating and patchiness in the coastal ocean off central California during a <span class="hlt">wind</span> relaxation <span class="hlt">event</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ramp, Steven R.; Garwood, Roland W.; Snow, Richard L.; Davis, Curtiss O.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>The difference between the temperature of the ocean at 4-cm and 2-m depth was continuously monitored during a cruise to the coastal transition zone off Point Arena, California, during June 1987. The two temperatures were coincident most of the time but diverged during one nearshore leg of the cruise where large temperature differences of up to 4.7 C were observed between the 4-cm and 2-m sensors, in areas which were separated by regions where the two temperatures were coincident as usual. The spatial scale of this 'patchy' thermal structure was about 5-10 km. A mixed layer model (Garwood, 1977) was used to simulate the near surface stratification when forced by the observed <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress, surface heating, and optical clarity of the water. The model produced a thin <span class="hlt">strongly</span> stratified surface layer at stations where exceptionally high turbidity was observed but did not produce such features otherwise. This simple model could not explain the horizontal patchiness in the thermal structure, which was likely due to patchiness in the near-surface chlorophyll distributions or to submesoscale variability of the surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820039134&hterms=post+event&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dpost%2Bevent','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820039134&hterms=post+event&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dpost%2Bevent"><span>Energetic storm particle <span class="hlt">events</span> in the outer heliosphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mcdonald, F.; Trainor, J.; Mihalov, J.; Wolfe, J.; Webber, W.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>The evolution of energetic particle <span class="hlt">events</span> with increasing heliocentric distance is studied through <span class="hlt">events</span> of Pioneers 10 and 11. Beyond 12 AU the <span class="hlt">events</span> become the dominant type of solar particle <span class="hlt">event</span> at 1 AU, and the combined effects of adiabatic cooling and volume expansion rule out the possibility that the particles represent the confinement of the original particle population behind the shock. It is not established whether the particles originate from the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> by injection via post-shock enhancements or are energetic solar particles further energized by the shock, although their very long lifetime favors the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> origin.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRC..121..980H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRC..121..980H"><span>A <span class="hlt">wind</span>-driven, hybrid latent and sensible heat coastal polynya off Barrow, Alaska</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hirano, Daisuke; Fukamachi, Yasushi; Watanabe, Eiji; Ohshima, Kay I.; Iwamoto, Katsushi; Mahoney, Andrew R.; Eicken, Hajo; Simizu, Daisuke; Tamura, Takeshi</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The nature of the Barrow Coastal Polynya (BCP), which forms episodically off the Alaska coast in winter, is examined using mooring data, atmospheric reanalysis data, and satellite-derived sea-ice concentration and production data. We focus on oceanographic conditions such as water mass distribution and ocean current structure beneath the BCP. Two moorings were deployed off Barrow, Alaska in the northeastern Chukchi Sea from August 2009 to July 2010. For sea-ice season from December to May, a characteristic sequence of five <span class="hlt">events</span> associated with the BCP has been identified; (1) dominant northeasterly <span class="hlt">wind</span> parallel to the Barrow Canyon, with an offshore component off Barrow, (2) high sea-ice production, (3) upwelling of warm and saline Atlantic Water beneath the BCP, (4) <span class="hlt">strong</span> up-canyon shear flow associated with displaced density surfaces due to the upwelling, and (5) sudden suppression of ice growth. A baroclinic current structure, established after the upwelling, caused enhanced vertical shear and corresponding vertical mixing. The mixing <span class="hlt">event</span> and open water formation occurred simultaneously, once sea-ice production had stopped. Thus, mixing <span class="hlt">events</span> accompanied by ocean heat flux from the upwelled warm water into the surface layer played an important role in formation/maintenance of the open water area (i.e., sensible heat polynya). The transition from a latent to a sensible heat polynya is well reproduced by a high-resolution pan-Arctic ice-ocean model. We propose that the BCP, previously considered to be a latent heat polynya, is a <span class="hlt">wind</span>-driven hybrid latent and sensible heat polynya, with both features caused by the same northeasterly <span class="hlt">wind</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950057064&hterms=recurrence+sequences&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Drecurrence%2Bsequences','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950057064&hterms=recurrence+sequences&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Drecurrence%2Bsequences"><span>Cusp/cleft auroral activity in relation to solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamic pressure, interplanetary magnetic field B(sub z) and B(sub y)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sandholt, P. E.; Farrugia, C. J.; Burlaga, L. F.; Holtet, J. A.; Moen, J.; Lybekk, B.; Jacobsen, B.; Opsvik, D.; Egeland, A.; Lepping, R.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Continuous optical observations of cusp/cleft auroral activities within approximately equal to 09-15 MLT and 70-76 deg magnetic latitude are studied in relation to changes in solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamic pressure and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) variability. The observed latitudinal movements of the cusp/cleft aurora in response to IMF B(sub z) changes may be explained as an effect of a variable magnetic field intensity in the outer dayside magnetosphere associated with the changing intensity of region 1 field-aligned currents and associated closure currents. Ground magnetic signatures related to such currents were observed in the present case (January 10, 1993). <span class="hlt">Strong</span>, isolated enhancements in solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamic pressure (Delta p/p is greater than or equal to 0.5) gave rise to equatorward shifts of the cusp/cleft aurora, characteristic auroral transients, and distinct ground magnetic signatures of enhanced convection at cleft latitudes. A sequence of auroral <span class="hlt">events</span> of approximately equal to 5-10 min recurrence time, moving eastward along the poleward boundary of the persistent cusp/cleft aurora in the approximately equal to 10-14 MLT sector, during negative IMF B(sub z) and B(sub y) conditions, were found to be correlated with brief pulses in solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamic pressure (0.1 is less than Delta p/p is less than 0.5). Simultaneous photometer observations from Ny Alesund, Svalbard, and Danmarkshavn, Greenland, show that the <span class="hlt">events</span> often appeared on the prenoon side (approximately equal to 10-12 MLT), before moving into the postnoon sector in the case we study here, when IMF B(sub y) is less than 0. In other cases, similar auroral <span class="hlt">event</span> sequences have been observed to move westward in the prenoon sector, during intervals of positive B(sub y). Thus a <span class="hlt">strong</span> prenoon/postnoon asymmetry of <span class="hlt">event</span> occurence and motion pattern related to the IMF B(sub y) polarity is observed. We find that this category of auroral <span class="hlt">event</span> sequence is stimulated bursts of electron precipitation</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.1654M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.1654M"><span>Multi-Instrument Observations of Prolonged Stratified <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Layers at Iqaluit, Nunavut</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mariani, Zen; Dehghan, Armin; Gascon, Gabrielle; Joe, Paul; Hudak, David; Strawbridge, Kevin; Corriveau, Julien</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Data collected between October 2015 and May 2016 at Environment and Climate Change Canada's Iqaluit research site (64°N, 69°W) have revealed a high frequency (40% of all days for which observations were available) of stratified <span class="hlt">wind</span> layer <span class="hlt">events</span> that occur from near the surface up to about 7.2 km above sea level. These stratified <span class="hlt">wind</span> layers are clearly visible as <span class="hlt">wind</span> shifts (90 to 180°) with height in range-height indicator scans from the Doppler lidar and Ka-band radar and in <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction profiles from the Doppler lidar and radiosonde. During these <span class="hlt">events</span>, the vertical structure of the flow appears to be a stack of 4 to 10 layers ranging in vertical width from 0.1 to 4.4 km. The stratification <span class="hlt">events</span> that were observed occurred predominantly (81%) during light precipitation and lasted up to 27.5 h. The integrated measurement platforms at Iqaluit permitted continuous observations of the evolution of stratification <span class="hlt">events</span> in different meteorological conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JGRD..11423302F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JGRD..11423302F"><span>Estimating the contribution of <span class="hlt">strong</span> daily export <span class="hlt">events</span> to total pollutant export from the United States in summer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fang, Yuanyuan; Fiore, Arlene M.; Horowitz, Larry W.; Gnanadesikan, Anand; Levy, Hiram; Hu, Yongtao; Russell, Armistead G.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>While the export of pollutants from the United States exhibits notable variability from day to day and is often considered to be "episodic," the contribution of <span class="hlt">strong</span> daily export <span class="hlt">events</span> to total export has not been quantified. We use carbon monoxide (CO) as a tracer of anthropogenic pollutants in the Model of OZone And Related Tracers (MOZART) to estimate this contribution. We first identify the major export pathway from the United States to be through the northeast boundary (24-48°N along 67.5°W and 80-67.5°W along 48°N), and then analyze 15 summers of daily CO export fluxes through this boundary. These daily CO export fluxes have a nearly Gaussian distribution with a mean of 1100 Gg CO day-1 and a standard deviation of 490 Gg CO day-1. To focus on the synoptic variability, we define a "synoptic background" export flux equal to the 15 day moving average export flux and classify <span class="hlt">strong</span> export days according to their fluxes relative to this background. As expected from Gaussian statistics, 16% of summer days are "<span class="hlt">strong</span> export days," classified as those days when the CO export flux exceeds the synoptic background by one standard deviation or more. <span class="hlt">Strong</span> export days contributes 25% to the total export, a value determined by the relative standard deviation of the CO flux distribution. Regressing the anomalies of the CO export flux through the northeast U.S. boundary relative to the synoptic background on the daily anomalies in the surface pressure field (also relative to a 15 day running mean) suggests that <span class="hlt">strong</span> daily export fluxes are correlated with passages of midlatitude cyclones over the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The associated cyclonic circulation and Warm Conveyor Belts (WCBs) that lift surface pollutants over the northeastern United States have been shown previously to be associated with long-range transport <span class="hlt">events</span>. Comparison with observations from the 2004 INTEX-NA field campaign confirms that our model captures the observed enhancements in CO outflow</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7359998-copernicus-ultraviolet-spectra-ob-supergiants-strong-stellar-winds','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7359998-copernicus-ultraviolet-spectra-ob-supergiants-strong-stellar-winds"><span>Copernicus ultraviolet spectra of OB supergiants with <span class="hlt">strong</span> stellar <span class="hlt">winds</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hutchings, J.B.</p> <p>1976-03-01</p> <p>Spectral scans at approximately 0.2 A resolution have been obtained in the far-ultraviolet of eight stars which have high mass-loss rates from stellar <span class="hlt">winds</span>. The P Cygni characteristics of the line profiles appear to vary inversely as the mass flow rate, and in P Cygni itself the C III lambda 1175 line shows no velocity shift, or emission. It is suggested that higher mass flow rates occur through a denser, slower moving envelope in which collisional interactions are important. (auth)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JAtS...61.2846G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JAtS...61.2846G"><span>Gap Flows through Idealized Topography. Part I: Forcing by Large-Scale <span class="hlt">Winds</span> in the Nonrotating Limit.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gabersek, Sasa.; Durran, Dale R.</p> <p>2004-12-01</p> <p>Gap <span class="hlt">winds</span> produced by a uniform airstream flowing over an isolated flat-top ridge cut by a straight narrow gap are investigated by numerical simulation. On the scale of the entire barrier, the proportion of the oncoming flow that passes through the gap is relatively independent of the nondimensional mountain height , even over that range of for which there is the previously documented transition from a “flow over the ridge” regime to a “flow around” regime.The kinematics and dynamics of the gap flow itself were investigated by examining mass and momentum budgets for control volumes at the entrance, central, and exit regions of the gap. These analyses suggest three basic behaviors: the linear regime (small ) in which there is essentially no enhancement of the gap flow; the mountain wave regime ( 1.5) in which vertical mass and momentum fluxes play a crucial role in creating very <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> near the exit of the gap; and the upstream-blocking regime ( 5) in which lateral convergence generates the strongest <span class="hlt">winds</span> near the entrance of the gap.Trajectory analysis of the flow in the strongest <span class="hlt">events</span>, the mountain wave <span class="hlt">events</span>, confirms the importance of net subsidence in creating high <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds. Neglect of vertical motion in applications of Bernoulli's equation to gap flows is shown to lead to unreasonable <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed predictions whenever the temperature at the gap exit exceeds that at the gap entrance. The distribution of the Bernoulli function on an isentropic surface shows a correspondence between regions of high Bernoulli function and high <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds in the gap-exit jet similar to that previously documented for shallow-water flow.<HR ALIGN="center" WIDTH="30%"></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1049313','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1049313"><span>Appendix I1-2 to <span class="hlt">Wind</span> HUI Initiative 1: Field Campaign Report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>John Zack; Deborah Hanley; Dora Nakafuji</p> <p></p> <p>This report is an appendix to the Hawaii <span class="hlt">Wind</span>HUI efforts to dev elop and operationalize short-term <span class="hlt">wind</span> forecasting and <span class="hlt">wind</span> ramp <span class="hlt">event</span> forecasting capabilities. The report summarizes the <span class="hlt">Wind</span>NET field campaign deployment experiences and challenges. As part of the <span class="hlt">Wind</span>NET project on the Big Island of Hawaii, AWS Truepower (AWST) conducted a field campaign to assess the viability of deploying a network of monitoring systems to aid in local <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy forecasting. The data provided at these monitoring locations, which were strategically placed around the Big Island of Hawaii based upon results from the Oahu <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Integration and Transmission Studymore » (OWITS) observational targeting study (Figure 1), provided predictive indicators for improving <span class="hlt">wind</span> forecasts and developing responsive strategies for managing real-time, <span class="hlt">wind</span>-related system <span class="hlt">events</span>. The goal of the field campaign was to make measurements from a network of remote monitoring devices to improve 1- to 3-hour look ahead forecasts for <span class="hlt">wind</span> facilities.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780068570&hterms=Particles&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DZ%2BParticles','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780068570&hterms=Particles&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DZ%2BParticles"><span>Z-rich solar particle <span class="hlt">event</span> characteristics 1972-1976</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Zwickl, R. D.; Roelof, E. C.; Gold, R. E.; Krimigis, S. M.; Armstrong, T. P.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>It is found in the reported investigation that Z-rich solar particle <span class="hlt">events</span> usually have large and prolonged anisotropies in addition to an extremely variable charge composition that varies not only from <span class="hlt">event</span> to <span class="hlt">event</span> but also throughout the <span class="hlt">event</span>. These observations suggest that one can no longer regard the <span class="hlt">event</span>-averaged composition of solar particle <span class="hlt">events</span> at low energies as providing an unbiased global sample of the solar atmospheric composition. The variability from <span class="hlt">event</span> to <span class="hlt">event</span> and among classes of <span class="hlt">events</span> is just too great. However, the tendency for the Z-rich <span class="hlt">events</span> to be associated with both the low-speed solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> at or just before the onset of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> streams and with active regions located in the western hemisphere, indicates that charge composition studies of solar particle <span class="hlt">events</span> can yield a better knowledge of the flare acceleration process as well as the inhomogeneous nature of magnetic field structure and particle composition in the solar atmosphere.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1814547D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1814547D"><span>Improvement of background solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> predictions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dálya, Zsuzsanna; Opitz, Andrea</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>In order to estimate the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> properties at any heliospheric positions propagation tools use solar measurements as input data. The ballistic method extrapolates in-situ solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> observations to the target position. This works well for undisturbed solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>, while solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> disturbances such as Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs) and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) need more consideration. We are working on dedicated ICME lists to clean these signatures from the input data in order to improve our prediction accuracy. These ICME lists are created from several heliospheric spacecraft measurements: ACE, <span class="hlt">WIND</span>, STEREO, SOHO, MEX and VEX. As a result, we are able to filter out these <span class="hlt">events</span> from the time series. Our corrected predictions contribute to the investigation of the quiet solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> and space weather studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRE..122.2111S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRE..122.2111S"><span>Aeolian saltation on Mars at low <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sullivan, R.; Kok, J. F.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Laboratory experiments indicate that the fluid threshold friction speed, <fi>u</fi>*tf, required to initiate fully developed aeolian saltation is much higher on Mars than on Earth. A discrepancy exists between Mars climate models that do not predict <span class="hlt">winds</span> this <span class="hlt">strong</span> and observations that sand-sized particles are indeed moving. This paper describes how <span class="hlt">wind</span> friction speeds well below <fi>u</fi>*tf, but above the impact threshold, <fi>u</fi>*ti, required to sustain saltation, can initiate sustained saltation on Mars, but at relatively low flux. Numerical experiments indicate that a sand grain on Mars mobilized sporadically between <fi>u</fi>*ti and <fi>u</fi>*tf will develop, over fetch lengths longer than generally available within low-pressure <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnels, trajectories capable of splashing grains that propagate saltation and collectively form a cluster of saltating grains that migrate downwind together. The passage of a saltation cluster should leave behind a narrow zone of affected surface grains. The cumulative effect of many clusters represents a low-flux phenomenon that should produce slow changes to aeolian bedforms over periods in which <span class="hlt">winds</span> remain close to <fi>u</fi>*ti and never or rarely reach <fi>u</fi>*tf. Field evidence from small impact ripples along rover traverses is consistent with effects of saltation at these low friction speeds, without obvious evidence for <span class="hlt">events</span> ≥<fi>u</fi>*tf. The potential utility of this grain mobility process is that it can operate entirely at more common <span class="hlt">winds</span> well below <fi>u</fi>*tf and so help explain widespread sand movements observed on Mars wherever evidence might be mostly absent for <fi>u</fi>*tf being exceeded.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1290783-variability-large-scale-wind-power-generation-variability-large-scale-wind-power-generation','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1290783-variability-large-scale-wind-power-generation-variability-large-scale-wind-power-generation"><span>Variability in large-scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> power generation: Variability in large-scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> power generation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kiviluoma, Juha; Holttinen, Hannele; Weir, David</p> <p>2015-10-25</p> <p>The paper demonstrates the characteristics of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power variability and net load variability in multiple power systems based on real data from multiple years. Demonstrated characteristics include probability distribution for different ramp durations, seasonal and diurnal variability and low net load <span class="hlt">events</span>. The comparison shows regions with low variability (Sweden, Spain and Germany), medium variability (Portugal, Ireland, Finland and Denmark) and regions with higher variability (Quebec, Bonneville Power Administration and Electric Reliability Council of Texas in North America; Gansu, Jilin and Liaoning in China; and Norway and offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> power in Denmark). For regions with low variability, the maximum 1more » h <span class="hlt">wind</span> ramps are below 10% of nominal capacity, and for regions with high variability, they may be close to 30%. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> power variability is mainly explained by the extent of geographical spread, but also higher capacity factor causes higher variability. It was also shown how <span class="hlt">wind</span> power ramps are autocorrelated and dependent on the operating output level. When <span class="hlt">wind</span> power was concentrated in smaller area, there were outliers with high changes in <span class="hlt">wind</span> output, which were not present in large areas with well-dispersed <span class="hlt">wind</span> power.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/55934','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/55934"><span>Paleo-<span class="hlt">event</span> data standards for dendrochronology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Elaine Kennedy Sutherland; P. Brewer; W. Gross</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Extreme environmental <span class="hlt">events</span>, such as storm <span class="hlt">winds</span>, landslides, insect infestations, and wildfire, cause loss of life, resources, and human infrastructure. Disaster riskreduction analysis can be improved with information about past frequency, intensity, and spatial patterns of extreme <span class="hlt">events</span>. Tree-ring analyses can provide such information: tree rings reflect <span class="hlt">events</span> as...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1712846P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1712846P"><span>Quantifying uncertainties in <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy assessment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Patlakas, Platon; Galanis, George; Kallos, George</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>The constant rise of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy production and the subsequent penetration in global energy markets during the last decades resulted in new sites selection with various types of problems. Such problems arise due to the variability and the uncertainty of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. The study of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed distribution lower and upper tail may support the quantification of these uncertainties. Such approaches focused on extreme <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions or periods below the energy production threshold are necessary for a better management of operations. Towards this direction, different methodologies are presented for the credible evaluation of potential non-frequent/extreme values for these environmental conditions. The approaches used, take into consideration the structural design of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines according to their lifespan, the turbine failures, the time needed for repairing as well as the energy production distribution. In this work, a multi-parametric approach for studying extreme <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed values will be discussed based on tools of Extreme Value Theory. In particular, the study is focused on extreme <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed return periods and the persistence of no energy production based on a weather modeling system/hind cast/10-year dataset. More specifically, two methods (Annual Maxima and Peaks Over Threshold) were used for the estimation of extreme <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds and their recurrence intervals. Additionally, two different methodologies (intensity given duration and duration given intensity, both based on Annual Maxima method) were implied to calculate the extreme <span class="hlt">events</span> duration, combined with their intensity as well as the <span class="hlt">event</span> frequency. The obtained results prove that the proposed approaches converge, at least on the main findings, for each case. It is also remarkable that, despite the moderate <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed climate of the area, several consequent days of no energy production are observed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.7172S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.7172S"><span>Post-processing method for <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed ensemble forecast using <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and direction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sofie Eide, Siri; Bjørnar Bremnes, John; Steinsland, Ingelin</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Statistical methods are widely applied to enhance the quality of both deterministic and ensemble NWP forecasts. In many situations, like <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed forecasting, most of the predictive information is contained in one variable in the NWP models. However, in statistical calibration of deterministic forecasts it is often seen that including more variables can further improve forecast skill. For ensembles this is rarely taken advantage of, mainly due to that it is generally not straightforward how to include multiple variables. In this study, it is demonstrated how multiple variables can be included in Bayesian model averaging (BMA) by using a flexible regression method for estimating the conditional means. The method is applied to <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed forecasting at 204 Norwegian stations based on <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and direction forecasts from the ECMWF ensemble system. At about 85 % of the sites the ensemble forecasts were improved in terms of CRPS by adding <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction as predictor compared to only using <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. On average the improvements were about 5 %, but mainly for moderate to <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> situations. For weak <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds adding <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction had more or less neutral impact.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1913063H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1913063H"><span>Solar causes of <span class="hlt">strong</span> geomagnetic disturbances during the period 1996—2013</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hejda, Pavel; Bochníček, Josef; Valach, Fridrich; Revallo, Miloš</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The purpose of this research is to assess the contribution of CMEs and CIRs to geomagnetic activity during the period 1996—2013, covering the 23rd solar cycle, the solar minimum between the 23rd and the 24th solar cycles as well as the ascending part of the current 24th solar cycle. Both CMEs and CIRs are capable of driving significant space weather effects on the Earth. Current study is not primarily aimed at construction of prediction models but can contribute to this topic by answering two principal questions: (1) what is the contribution of CME and CIR type solar <span class="hlt">events</span> to various levels of geomagnetic disturbances and how it varies during the solar cycle (2) how does the successive emergence of CME and CIR <span class="hlt">events</span> influence the geomagnetic response. Sometimes it can be difficult to assign the response to a particular <span class="hlt">event</span> properly, especially in the case of several successive <span class="hlt">events</span>. We noticed that the CIRs appeared to play important role also in years when <span class="hlt">strongly</span> geoeffective CMEs occurred. An interesting finding, which we have revealed on this subject, concerned the year 2009; then the extremely low geomagnetic activity was probably caused by very slow solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> from coronal holes along with the rare occurrences of CIRs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29890896','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29890896"><span>Data-driven quantification of the effect of <span class="hlt">wind</span> on athletics performance.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Moinat, M; Fabius, O; Emanuel, K S</p> <p>2018-06-11</p> <p>So far, the relationship between <span class="hlt">wind</span> and athletics performance has been studied mainly for 100 m sprint, based on simulation of biomechanical models, requiring several assumptions. In this study, this relationship is quantified empirically for all five horizontal jump and sprint <span class="hlt">events</span> where <span class="hlt">wind</span> is measured, with freely available competition results. After systematic scraping several elite and sub-elite results sites, the obtained results (n = 150,169) were filtered and matched to athletes. A quadratic mixed effects model with athlete and season as random effects was applied to express the influence of <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity on performance in each <span class="hlt">event</span>. Whether this effect differs with performance level was investigated by applying the model on subgroups based on performance level. In the fitted quadratic model, the linear coefficients were significant (p < .001) for all <span class="hlt">events</span>; the quadratic coefficients were significant for all <span class="hlt">events</span> (p < .001) except long jump (p = .138). A 2.0 m s -1 tail <span class="hlt">wind</span> provides an average advantage of 0.125, 0.140 and 0.146-s for the 100, 200 and 100/110 m hurdles, respectively, and an advantage of 0.058 and 0.102 m for long jump and triple jump, respectively. Performance level had a significant effect on the <span class="hlt">wind</span> influence only for 100 m (p < .001). Amateur athletes (∼13 s) benefit 69% more from a 2.0 m s -1 tail <span class="hlt">wind</span> than elite athletes (∼10 s). Practical formulas are presented for each <span class="hlt">event</span>. These can easily be used correct results for <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed, allowing better talent scouting and championship selection. This study demonstrates the efficacy of answering scientific questions empirically, through freely available data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A41G0130M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A41G0130M"><span>Sundowner <span class="hlt">Winds</span> Contributing to Intensifying Dry Conditions in Santa Barbara, California</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Macarewich, S. I.; Carvalho, L. V.; Hall, T.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Extreme downslope <span class="hlt">wind</span> and warming <span class="hlt">events</span>, locally termed as "sundowners," are notorious for accelerating the spread of wildfires in the vicinity of Santa Barbara, California. Unique topographic features characterize the terrain of this region: about 100 km of narrow coastal plains run approximately east-west, and are bordered by a steep mountain range (exceeding elevations of 1200 m), which runs parallel to the coastline. Named for their typical onset during the early to late afternoon, Sundowners are foehn <span class="hlt">winds</span> associated with gusty <span class="hlt">winds</span> down the lee slope of the mountains and canyons, abnormal rapid drop in relative humidity and rise in temperature. Some Sundowner <span class="hlt">events</span> can exceed <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds of gale force and temperatures of 40°C (~100°F). Not only do these <span class="hlt">events</span> disrupt the marine-influenced weather regime, they also cause significant damage to agriculture, threaten urban landscapes, and coincide with nearly every major wildfire. Sundowners are mesoscale phenomena that develop as a result of a north to south pressure gradient at the Santa Ynez Mountains. Here, Sundowners are identified using the Montecito remote operated weather station (MTIC1) from December 1999 to February 2014. The MTIC1 is located within a mountain pass where Sundowner <span class="hlt">winds</span> are most significant. A Sundowner database, provided by the National Weather Service, is used to identify the <span class="hlt">events</span>. We show that recordings of maximum temperatures, sustained <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds, <span class="hlt">wind</span> gusts, and minimum relative humidity indicate that Sundowner <span class="hlt">events</span> are increasing in frequency and intensity, particularly in spring. When compared to normal conditions, Sundowner conditions produce a significant increase in evapotranspiration and net radiation that can increase drought conditions in the region. This study examines environmental impacts and discusses potential drivers of Sundowner behavior.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005IJCli..25.1203S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005IJCli..25.1203S"><span>Extreme pressure differences at 0900 NZST and <span class="hlt">winds</span> across New Zealand</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Salinger, M. James; Griffiths, Georgina M.; Gosai, Ashmita</p> <p>2005-07-01</p> <p>Trends in extremes in station daily sea-level pressure differences at 0900 NZST are examined, and extreme daily <span class="hlt">wind</span> gusts, across New Zealand, since the 1960s. Annual time series were examined (with indices of magnitude and frequency over threshold percentiles) from the daily indices selected. These follow from earlier indices of normalized monthly mean sea-level pressure differences between station pairs, except the daily indices are not normalized. The frequency statistics quantify the number of extreme zonal (westerly and easterly), or extreme meridional (southerly or northerly), pressure gradient <span class="hlt">events</span>. The frequency and magnitude of extreme westerly episodes has increased slightly over New Zealand, with a significant increase in the westerly extremes to the south of New Zealand. In contrast, the magnitude and frequency of easterly extremes has decreased over New Zealand, but increased to the south, with some trends weakly significant. The frequency and magnitude of daily southerly extremes has decreased significantly in the region.Extreme daily <span class="hlt">wind</span> gust <span class="hlt">events</span> at key climate stations in New Zealand and at Hobart, Australia, are highly likely to be associated with an extreme daily pressure difference. The converse was less likely to hold: extreme <span class="hlt">wind</span> gusts were not always observed on days with extreme daily pressure difference, probably due to the <span class="hlt">strong</span> influence that topography has on localized station <span class="hlt">winds</span>. Significant correlations exist between the frequency indices and both annual-average mean sea-level pressures around the Australasian region and annual-average sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Southern Hemisphere. These correlations are generally stronger for indices of extreme westerly or extreme southerly airflows. Annual-average pressures in the Tasman Sea or Southern Ocean are highly correlated to zonal indices (frequency of extreme westerlies). SST anomalies in the NINO3 region or on either side of the South Island are</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4203794','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4203794"><span>Rice Chalky Ring Formation Caused by Temporal Reduction in Starch Biosynthesis during Osmotic Adjustment under Foehn-Induced Dry <span class="hlt">Wind</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wada, Hiroshi; Masumoto-Kubo, Chisato; Gholipour, Yousef; Nonami, Hiroshi; Tanaka, Fukuyo; Erra-Balsells, Rosa; Tsutsumi, Koichi; Hiraoka, Kenzo; Morita, Satoshi</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Foehn-like extreme hot and dry <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions (34°C, >2.5 kPa vapor pressure deficit, and 7 m s−1) <span class="hlt">strongly</span> affect grain quality in rice (Oryza sativa L.). This is a current concern because of the increasing frequency and intensity of combined heat and water-deficit stress under climate change. Foehn-induced dry <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions during the grain-filling stage increase ring-shaped chalkiness as a result of spatiotemporal reduction in starch accumulation in the endosperm, but kernel growth is sometimes maintained by osmotic adjustment. Here, we assess the effects of dry <span class="hlt">wind</span> on chalky ring formation in environmentally controlled growth chambers. Our results showed that hot and dry <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions that lasted for >24 h dramatically increased chalky ring formation. Hot and dry <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions temporarily reduced panicle water potential to –0.65 MPa; however, kernel growth was maintained by osmotic adjustment at control levels with increased transport of assimilate to the growing kernels. Dynamic tracer analysis with a nano-electrospray-ionization Orbitrap mass spectrometer and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that starch degradation was negligible in the short-term treatment. Overall expression of starch synthesis-related genes was found to be down-regulated at moderately low water potential. Because the <span class="hlt">events</span> observed at low water potential preceded the packing of starch granules in cells, we concluded that reduced rates of starch biosynthesis play a central role in the <span class="hlt">events</span> of cellular metabolism that are altered at osmotic adjustment, which leads to chalky ring formation under short-term hot and dry <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions. PMID:25330305</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25330305','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25330305"><span>Rice chalky ring formation caused by temporal reduction in starch biosynthesis during osmotic adjustment under foehn-induced dry <span class="hlt">wind</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wada, Hiroshi; Masumoto-Kubo, Chisato; Gholipour, Yousef; Nonami, Hiroshi; Tanaka, Fukuyo; Erra-Balsells, Rosa; Tsutsumi, Koichi; Hiraoka, Kenzo; Morita, Satoshi</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Foehn-like extreme hot and dry <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions (34°C, >2.5 kPa vapor pressure deficit, and 7 m s(-1)) <span class="hlt">strongly</span> affect grain quality in rice (Oryza sativa L.). This is a current concern because of the increasing frequency and intensity of combined heat and water-deficit stress under climate change. Foehn-induced dry <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions during the grain-filling stage increase ring-shaped chalkiness as a result of spatiotemporal reduction in starch accumulation in the endosperm, but kernel growth is sometimes maintained by osmotic adjustment. Here, we assess the effects of dry <span class="hlt">wind</span> on chalky ring formation in environmentally controlled growth chambers. Our results showed that hot and dry <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions that lasted for >24 h dramatically increased chalky ring formation. Hot and dry <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions temporarily reduced panicle water potential to -0.65 MPa; however, kernel growth was maintained by osmotic adjustment at control levels with increased transport of assimilate to the growing kernels. Dynamic tracer analysis with a nano-electrospray-ionization Orbitrap mass spectrometer and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that starch degradation was negligible in the short-term treatment. Overall expression of starch synthesis-related genes was found to be down-regulated at moderately low water potential. Because the <span class="hlt">events</span> observed at low water potential preceded the packing of starch granules in cells, we concluded that reduced rates of starch biosynthesis play a central role in the <span class="hlt">events</span> of cellular metabolism that are altered at osmotic adjustment, which leads to chalky ring formation under short-term hot and dry <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005BoLMe.114..573B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005BoLMe.114..573B"><span>Temperature And <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Velocity Oscillations Along a Gentle Slope During Sea-Breeze <span class="hlt">Events</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bastin, Sophie; Drobinski, Philippe</p> <p>2005-03-01</p> <p>The flow structure on a gentle slope at Vallon d’Ol in the northern suburbs of Marseille in southern France has been documented by means of surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> and temperature measurements collected from 7 June to 14 July 2001 during the ESCOMPTE experiment. The analysis of the time series reveals temperature and <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed oscillations during several nights (about 60--90 min oscillation period) and several days (about 120-180 min oscillation period) during the whole observing period. Oscillating katabatic <span class="hlt">winds</span> have been reported in the literature from theoretical, experimental and numerical studies. In the present study, the dynamics of the observed oscillating katabatic <span class="hlt">winds</span> are in good agreement with the theory.In contrast to katabatic <span class="hlt">winds</span>, no daytime observations of oscillating anabatic upslope flows have ever been published to our knowledge, probably because of temperature inversion break-up that inhibits upslope <span class="hlt">winds</span>. The present paper shows that cold air advection by a sea breeze generates a mesoscale horizontal temperature gradient, and hence baroclinicity in the atmosphere, which then allows low-frequency oscillations, similar to a katabatic flow. An expression for the oscillation period is derived that accounts for the contribution of the sea-breeze induced mesoscale horizontal temperature gradient. The theoretical prediction of the oscillation period is compared to the measurements, and good agreement is found. The statistical analysis of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> flow at Vallon d’Ol shows a dominant north-easterly to easterly flow pattern for nighttime oscillations and a dominant south-westerly flow pattern for daytime oscillations. These results are consistent with published numerical simulation results that show that the air drains off the mountain along the maximum slope direction, which in the studied case is oriented south-west to north-east.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19960021396&hterms=dropout&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Ddropout','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19960021396&hterms=dropout&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Ddropout"><span>Suprathermal electron loss cone distributions in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>: Ulysses observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Phillips, J. L.; Feldman, W. C.; Gosling, J. T.; Hammond, C. M.; Forsyth, R. J.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>Solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> suprathermal electron distributions in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> generally carry a field-aligned antisunward heat flux. Within coronal mass ejections and upstream of <span class="hlt">strong</span> shocks driven by corotating interaction regions (CIRs), counterstreaming electron beams are observed. We present observations by the Ulysses solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> plasma experiment of a new class of suprathermal electron signatures. At low solar latitudes and heliocentric distances beyond 3.5 AU Ulysses encountered several intervals, ranging in duration from 1 hour to 22 hours, in which the suprathermal distributions included an antisunward field-aligned beam and a return population with a flux dropout typically spanning +/- 60 deg from the sunward field-aligned direction. All <span class="hlt">events</span> occurred within CIRs, downstream of the forward and reverse shocks or waves bounding the interaction regions. We evaluate the hypothesis that the sunward-moving electrons result from reflection of the antisunward beams at magnetic field compressions downstream from the observations, with wide loss cones caused by the relatively weak compression ratio. This hypothesis requires that field magnitude within the CIRs actually increase with increasing field-aligned distance from the Sun. Details of the electron distributions and ramifications for CIR and shock geometry will be presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25617767','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25617767"><span>A nonlinear dynamics approach for incorporating <span class="hlt">wind</span>-speed patterns into <span class="hlt">wind</span>-power project evaluation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Huffaker, Ray; Bittelli, Marco</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span>-energy production may be expanded beyond regions with high-average <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds (such as the Midwest U.S.A.) to sites with lower-average speeds (such as the Southeast U.S.A.) by locating favorable regional matches between natural <span class="hlt">wind</span>-speed and energy-demand patterns. A critical component of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-power evaluation is to incorporate <span class="hlt">wind</span>-speed dynamics reflecting documented diurnal and seasonal behavioral patterns. Conventional probabilistic approaches remove patterns from <span class="hlt">wind</span>-speed data. These patterns must be restored synthetically before they can be matched with energy-demand patterns. How to accurately restore <span class="hlt">wind</span>-speed patterns is a vexing problem spurring an expanding line of papers. We propose a paradigm shift in <span class="hlt">wind</span> power evaluation that employs signal-detection and nonlinear-dynamics techniques to empirically diagnose whether synthetic pattern restoration can be avoided altogether. If the complex behavior of observed <span class="hlt">wind</span>-speed records is due to nonlinear, low-dimensional, and deterministic system dynamics, then nonlinear dynamics techniques can reconstruct <span class="hlt">wind</span>-speed dynamics from observed <span class="hlt">wind</span>-speed data without recourse to conventional probabilistic approaches. In the first study of its kind, we test a nonlinear dynamics approach in an application to Sugarland <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-the first utility-scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> project proposed in Florida, USA. We find empirical evidence of a low-dimensional and nonlinear <span class="hlt">wind</span>-speed attractor characterized by <span class="hlt">strong</span> temporal patterns that match up well with regular daily and seasonal electricity demand patterns.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.1693L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.1693L"><span>Transient galactic cosmic ray modulation during solar cycle 24: A comparative study of two prominent Forbush decrease <span class="hlt">events</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lingling, Zhao; Huai, Zhang; Hongqing, He</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Forbush decrease (FD) <span class="hlt">events</span> are of great interest for transient galactic cosmic ray modulation study. In this study, we perform statistical analysis of two prominent Forbush <span class="hlt">events</span> during cycle 24, occurred on 8 March 2012 (<span class="hlt">Event</span> 1) and 22 June 2015 (<span class="hlt">Event</span> 2), respectively, utilizing the measurements from the worldwide neutron monitor (NM) network. Despite of their comparable magnitudes, the two Forbush <span class="hlt">events</span> are distinctly different in terms of evolving GCR energy spectrum and energy dependence of the recovery time. The recovery time of <span class="hlt">Event</span> 1 is <span class="hlt">strongly</span> dependent on the median energy, compared to the nearly constant recovery time of <span class="hlt">Event</span> 2 over the studied energy range. Additionally, while the evolution of the energy spectra during the two FD <span class="hlt">event</span> exhibit similar variation pattern, the spectrum of <span class="hlt">Event</span> 2 is very harder, especially at the time of deepest depression. These difference are essentially related to their associated solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> disturbances. <span class="hlt">Event</span> 1 is associated with a complicated shock-associated ICME structure of IP/Sheath/MC sequence with large radial extend and limited longitudinal extent (narrow and thick), probably merged from multiple shocks and transient flows. Conversely, <span class="hlt">Event</span> 2 is accompanied by a relatively simple interplanetary disturbance of IP/Sheath/Ejecta sequence with small radial extend and wide longitudinal departure (wide and thin), possibly evolved from an over expanded CME. Such comparative study may help to clarify the occurrence mechanisms of Forbush <span class="hlt">events</span> related to different types solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> structures and provide valuable insight into the transient GCR modulation, especially during the unusual solar cycle 24.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ERL....12c4022V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ERL....12c4022V"><span>Prospects for generating electricity by large onshore and offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Volker, Patrick J. H.; Hahmann, Andrea N.; Badger, Jake; Jørgensen, Hans E.</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>The decarbonisation of energy sources requires additional investments in renewable technologies, including the installation of onshore and offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms. For <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy to remain competitive, <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms must continue to provide low-cost power even when covering larger areas. Inside very large <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms, <span class="hlt">winds</span> can decrease considerably from their free-stream values to a point where an equilibrium <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed is reached. The magnitude of this equilibrium <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed is primarily dependent on the balance between turbine drag force and the downward momentum influx from above the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm. We have simulated for neutral atmospheric conditions, the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed field inside different <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms that range from small (25 km2) to very large (105 km2) in three regions with distinct <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and roughness conditions. Our results show that the power density of very large <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms depends on the local free-stream <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed, the surface characteristics, and the turbine density. In onshore regions with moderate <span class="hlt">winds</span> the power density of very large <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms reaches 1 W m-2, whereas in offshore regions with very <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> it exceeds 3 W m-2. Despite a relatively low power density, onshore regions with moderate <span class="hlt">winds</span> offer potential locations for very large <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms. In offshore regions, clusters of smaller <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms are generally preferable; under very <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> also very large offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms become efficient.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1714201R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1714201R"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> tunnel study of a vertical axis <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine in a turbulent boundary layer flow</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rolin, Vincent; Porté-Agel, Fernando</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Vertical axis <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines (VAWTs) are in a relatively infant state of development when compared to their cousins the horizontal axis <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines. Very few studies have been carried out to characterize the wake flow behind VAWTs, and virtually none to observe the influence of the atmospheric boundary layer. Here we present results from an experiment carried out at the EPFL-WIRE boundary-layer <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel and designed to study the interaction between a turbulent boundary layer flow and a VAWT. Specifically we use stereoscopic particle image velocimetry to observe and quantify the influence of the boundary layer flow on the wake generated by a VAWT, as well as the effect the VAWT has on the boundary layer flow profile downstream. We find that the wake behind the VAWT is <span class="hlt">strongly</span> asymmetric, due to the varying aerodynamic forces on the blades as they change their position around the rotor. We also find that the wake adds <span class="hlt">strong</span> turbulence levels to the flow, particularly on the periphery of the wake where vortices and <span class="hlt">strong</span> velocity gradients are present. The boundary layer is also shown to cause greater momentum to be entrained downwards rather than upwards into the wake.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NHESS..13.2223B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NHESS..13.2223B"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> shear over the Nice Côte d'Azur airport: case studies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Boilley, A.; Mahfouf, J.-F.</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>The Nice Côte d'Azur international airport is subject to horizontal low-level <span class="hlt">wind</span> shears. Detecting and predicting these hazards is a major concern for aircraft security. A measurement campaign took place over the Nice airport in 2009 including 4 anemometers, 1 <span class="hlt">wind</span> lidar and 1 <span class="hlt">wind</span> profiler. Two <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear <span class="hlt">events</span> were observed during this measurement campaign. Numerical simulations were carried out with Meso-NH in a configuration compatible with near-real time applications to determine the ability of the numerical model to predict these <span class="hlt">events</span> and to study the meteorological situations generating an horizontal <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear. A comparison between numerical simulation and the observation dataset is conducted in this paper.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NHESD...1..855B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NHESD...1..855B"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> shear over the Nice Côte d'Azur airport: case studies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Boilley, A.; Mahfouf, J.-F.</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>The Nice Côte d'Azur international airport is subject to horizontal low-level <span class="hlt">wind</span> shears. Detecting and predicting these hazards is a major concern for aircraft security. A measurement campaign took place over the Nice airport in 2009 including 4 anemometers, 1 <span class="hlt">wind</span> lidar and 1 <span class="hlt">wind</span> profiler. Two <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear <span class="hlt">events</span> were observed during this measurement campaign. Numerical simulations were carried out with Meso-NH in a configuration compatible with near-real time applications to determine the ability of the numerical model to predict these <span class="hlt">events</span> and to study the meteorological situations generating a horizontal <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear. A comparison between numerical simulation and the observation dataset is conducted in this paper.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUFMSH21A0473S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUFMSH21A0473S"><span>ICME Identification from Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Ion Measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shinde, A.; Russell, C. T.</p> <p>2002-12-01</p> <p>In the solar corona, coronal mass ejections are generally identified as an outward moving density enhancement. At 1AU their interplanetary counterparts are generally identified as a twisted and enhanced magnetic structures lasting of the order of a day. In an effort to better classify ICMEs we attempt herein to identify their start and stop time by their signatures in ion data obtained by <span class="hlt">Wind</span> and ACE solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> instruments. We search for periods in which the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed is linearly decreasing and the ion temperature is cool, with a thermal speed of less than 20 km/s. We required a simultaneous enhanced magnetic field but required no special signature of this enhancement. We compared these identifications with those made by D. Larson and R. P. Lepping and published on the web. Of 14 <span class="hlt">events</span>, 4 were not identified as ICMEs by either Larson or Lepping. Similarly they identified many <span class="hlt">events</span> that we did not, often because the ion temperature was above our classification threshold, but also because there was no clear speed decrease as the <span class="hlt">event</span> crossed the spacecraft as would signal an expanding structure. The best <span class="hlt">events</span> in Larson and Lepping's list had a rate of speed decrease that, if due to the expansion of the structure with distance from the sun moving at the average observed speed, would bring the structure from zero width to the present size in its calculated transit time. We conclude that cold ion temperatures and a declining solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity are frequent ICME signatures but are neither necessary nor sufficient for ICME identification.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNG32A..04W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNG32A..04W"><span>The Impact of Natural Hazards such as Turbulent <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Gusts on the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Conversion Process</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wächter, M.; Hölling, M.; Milan, P.; Morales, A.; Peinke, J.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> turbines operate in the atmospheric boundary layer, where they are exposed to <span class="hlt">wind</span> gusts and other types of natural hazards. As the response time of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines is typically in the range of seconds, they are affected by the small scale intermittent properties of the turbulent <span class="hlt">wind</span>. We show evidence that basic features which are known for small-scale homogeneous isotropic turbulence, and in particular the well-known intermittency problem, have an important impact on the <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy conversion process. Intermittent statistics include high probabilities of extreme <span class="hlt">events</span> which can be related to <span class="hlt">wind</span> gusts and other types of natural hazards. As a summarizing result we find that atmospheric turbulence imposes its intermittent features on the complete <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy conversion process. Intermittent turbulence features are not only present in atmospheric <span class="hlt">wind</span>, but are also dominant in the loads on the turbine, i.e. rotor torque and thrust, and in the electrical power output signal. We conclude that profound knowledge of turbulent statistics and the application of suitable numerical as well as experimental methods are necessary to grasp these unique features and quantify their effects on all stages of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy conversion.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5004054','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5004054"><span>Eclipse-induced <span class="hlt">wind</span> changes over the British Isles on the 20 March 2015</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The British Isles benefits from dense meteorological observation networks, enabling insights into the still-unresolved effects of solar eclipse <span class="hlt">events</span> on the near-surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> field. The near-surface effects of the solar eclipse of 20 March 2015 are derived through comparison of output from the Met Office’s operational weather forecast model (which is ignorant of the eclipse) with data from two meteorological networks: the Met Office’s land surface station (MIDAS) network and a roadside measurement network operated by Vaisala. Synoptic-evolution relative calculations reveal the cooling and increase in relative humidity almost universally attributed to eclipse <span class="hlt">events</span>. In addition, a slackening of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds by up to about 2 knots in already weak <span class="hlt">winds</span> and backing in <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction of about 20° under clear skies across middle England are attributed to the eclipse <span class="hlt">event</span>. The slackening of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed is consistent with the previously reported boundary layer stabilization during eclipse <span class="hlt">events</span>. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> direction changes have previously been attributed to a large-scale ‘eclipse-induced cold-cored cyclone’, mountain slope flows, and changes in the strength of sea breezes. A new explanation is proposed here by analogy with nocturnal <span class="hlt">wind</span> changes at sunset and shown to predict direction changes consistent with those observed. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Atmospheric effects of solar eclipses stimulated by the 2015 UK eclipse’. PMID:27550759</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4305325','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4305325"><span>A Nonlinear Dynamics Approach for Incorporating <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-Speed Patterns into <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-Power Project Evaluation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Huffaker, Ray; Bittelli, Marco</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span>-energy production may be expanded beyond regions with high-average <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds (such as the Midwest U.S.A.) to sites with lower-average speeds (such as the Southeast U.S.A.) by locating favorable regional matches between natural <span class="hlt">wind</span>-speed and energy-demand patterns. A critical component of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-power evaluation is to incorporate <span class="hlt">wind</span>-speed dynamics reflecting documented diurnal and seasonal behavioral patterns. Conventional probabilistic approaches remove patterns from <span class="hlt">wind</span>-speed data. These patterns must be restored synthetically before they can be matched with energy-demand patterns. How to accurately restore <span class="hlt">wind</span>-speed patterns is a vexing problem spurring an expanding line of papers. We propose a paradigm shift in <span class="hlt">wind</span> power evaluation that employs signal-detection and nonlinear-dynamics techniques to empirically diagnose whether synthetic pattern restoration can be avoided altogether. If the complex behavior of observed <span class="hlt">wind</span>-speed records is due to nonlinear, low-dimensional, and deterministic system dynamics, then nonlinear dynamics techniques can reconstruct <span class="hlt">wind</span>-speed dynamics from observed <span class="hlt">wind</span>-speed data without recourse to conventional probabilistic approaches. In the first study of its kind, we test a nonlinear dynamics approach in an application to Sugarland Wind—the first utility-scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> project proposed in Florida, USA. We find empirical evidence of a low-dimensional and nonlinear <span class="hlt">wind</span>-speed attractor characterized by <span class="hlt">strong</span> temporal patterns that match up well with regular daily and seasonal electricity demand patterns. PMID:25617767</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Icar..308..188S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Icar..308..188S"><span>Seasonal variability in <span class="hlt">winds</span> in the north polar region of Mars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Smith, Isaac B.; Spiga, Aymeric</p> <p>2018-07-01</p> <p>Surface features near Mars' polar regions are very active, suggesting that they are among the most dynamic places on the planet. Much of that activity is driven by seasonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> that <span class="hlt">strongly</span> influence the distribution of water ice and other particulates. Morphologic features such as the spiral troughs, Chasma Boreale, and prominent circumpolar dune fields have experienced persistent <span class="hlt">winds</span> for several Myr. Therefore, detailing the pattern of <span class="hlt">winds</span> throughout the year is an important step to understanding what processes affect the martian surface in contemporary and past epochs. In this study, we provide polar-focused mesoscale simulations from northern spring to summer to understand variability from the diurnal to the seasonal scales. We find that there is a <span class="hlt">strong</span> seasonality to the diurnal surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds driven primarily by the retreat of the seasonal CO2 until about summer solstice, when the CO2 is gone. The fastest <span class="hlt">winds</span> are found when the CO2 cap boundary is on the slopes of the north polar layered deposits, providing a <span class="hlt">strong</span> thermal gradient that enhances the season-long katabatic effect. Mid-summer <span class="hlt">winds</span>, while not as fast as spring <span class="hlt">winds</span>, may play a role in dune migration for some dune fields. Late summer <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds pick up as the seasonal cap returns.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6271M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6271M"><span>Project "Convective <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Gusts" (ConWinG)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mohr, Susanna; Richter, Alexandra; Kunz, Michael; Ruck, Bodo</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Convectively-driven <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> usually associated with thunderstorms frequently cause substantial damage to buildings and other structures in many parts of the world. Decisive for the high damage potential are the short-term <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed maxima with duration of a few seconds, termed as gusts. Several studies have shown that convectively-driven gusts can reach even higher <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds compared to turbulent gusts associated with synoptic-scale weather systems. Due to the small-scale and non-stationary nature of convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> gusts, there is a considerable lack of knowledge regarding their characteristics and statistics. Furthermore, their interaction with urban structures and their influence on buildings is not yet fully understood. For these two reasons, convective <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> are not included in the present <span class="hlt">wind</span> load standards of buildings and structures, which so far have been based solely on the characteristics of synoptically-driven <span class="hlt">wind</span> gusts in the near-surface boundary layer (e. g., DIN EN 1991-1-4:2010-12; ASCE7). However, convective and turbulent gusts differ considerably, e.g. concerning vertical <span class="hlt">wind</span>-speed profiles, gust factors (i.e., maximum to mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed), or exceedance probability curves. In an effort to remedy this situation, the overarching objective of the DFG-project "Convective <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Gusts" (ConWinG) is to investigate the characteristics and statistics of convective gusts as well as their interaction with urban structures. Based on a set of 110 climate stations of the German Weather Service (DWD) between 1992 and 2014, we analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution, intensity, and occurrence probability of convective gusts. Similar to thunderstorm activity, the frequency of convective gusts decreases gradually from South to North Germany. A relation between gust intensity/probability to orography or climate conditions cannot be identified. Rather, high <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds, e.g., above 30 m/s, can be expected everywhere in Germany with almost</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MAP...tmp..290D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MAP...tmp..290D"><span>Synoptic thermodynamic and dynamic patterns associated with Quitandinha River flooding <span class="hlt">events</span> in Petropolis, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>da Silva, Fabricio Polifke; Justi da Silva, Maria Gertrudes Alvarez; Rotunno Filho, Otto Corrêa; Pires, Gisele Dornelles; Sampaio, Rafael João; de Araújo, Afonso Augusto Magalhães</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Natural disasters are the result of extreme or intense natural phenomena that cause severe impacts on society. These impacts can be mitigated through preventive measures that can be aided by better knowledge of extreme phenomena and monitoring of forecasting and alert systems. The city of Petropolis (in a mountainous region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is prone to heavy rain <span class="hlt">events</span>, often leading to River overflows, landslides, and loss of life. In that context, this work endeavored to characterize the thermodynamic and dynamic synoptic patterns that trigger heavy rainfall episodes and the corresponding flooding of Quitandinha River. More specifically, we reviewed <span class="hlt">events</span> from the time period between January 2013 and December 2014 using reanalysis data. We expect that the overall description obtained of synoptic patterns should provide adequate qualitative aid to the decision-making processes involved in operational forecasting procedures. We noticed that flooding <span class="hlt">events</span> were related to the presence of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ), frontal systems (FS), and convective storms (CS). These systems showed a similar behavior on high-frequency <span class="hlt">wind</span> components, notably with respect to northwest <span class="hlt">winds</span> before precipitation and to a <span class="hlt">strong</span> southwest <span class="hlt">wind</span> component during rainfall <span class="hlt">events</span>. Clustering analyses indicated that the main component for precipitation formation with regard to CS systems comes from daytime heating, with the dynamic component presenting greater efficiency for the FS configurations. The SACZ <span class="hlt">events</span> were influenced by moisture availability along the vertical column of the atmosphere and also due to dynamic components of precipitation efficiency and daytime heating, the latter related to the continuous transport of moisture from the Amazon region and South Atlantic Ocean towards Rio de Janeiro state.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.4311S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.4311S"><span>Climate projection of synoptic patterns forming extremely high <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed over the Barents Sea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Surkova, Galina; Krylov, Aleksey</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Frequency of extreme weather <span class="hlt">events</span> is not very high, but their consequences for the human well-being may be hazardous. These seldom <span class="hlt">events</span> are not always well simulated by climate models directly. Sometimes it is more effective to analyze numerical projection of large-scale synoptic <span class="hlt">event</span> generating extreme weather. For example, in mid-latitude surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed depends mainly on the sea level pressure (SLP) field - its configuration and horizontal pressure gradient. This idea was implemented for analysis of extreme <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed <span class="hlt">events</span> over the Barents Sea. The calendar of high surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed V (10 m above the surface) was prepared for <span class="hlt">events</span> with V exceeding 99th percentile value in the central part of the Barents Sea. Analysis of probability distribution function of V was carried out on the base of ERA-Interim reanalysis data (6-hours, 0.75x0.75 degrees of latitude and longitude) for the period 1981-2010. Storm <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> number was found to be 240 days. Sea level pressure field over the sea and surrounding area was selected for each storm <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">event</span>. For the climate of the future (scenario RCP8.5), projections of SLP from CMIP5 numerical experiments were used. More than 20 climate models results of projected SLP (2006-2100) over the Barents Sea were correlated with modern storm <span class="hlt">wind</span> SLP fields. Our calculations showed the positive tendency of annual frequency of storm SLP patterns over the Barents Sea by the end of 21st century.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMGC21A0875H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMGC21A0875H"><span>Simulation of Extreme Surface <span class="hlt">Winds</span> by Regional Climate Models in the NARCCAP Archive</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hatteberg, R.; Takle, E. S.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>Surface <span class="hlt">winds</span> play a significant role in many natural processes as well as providing a very important ecological service for many human activities. Surface <span class="hlt">winds</span> ventilate pollutants and heat from our cities, contribute to pollination for our crops, and regulate the fluxes of heat, moisture, and carbon dioxide from the earth's surface. Many environmental models such as biogeochemical models, crop models, lake models, pollutant transport models, etc., use surface <span class="hlt">winds</span> as a key variable. Studies of the impacts of climate change and climate variability on a wide range of natural systems and coupled human-natural systems frequently need information on how surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds will change as greenhouse gas concentrations in the earth's atmosphere change. We have studied the characteristics of extreme <span class="hlt">winds</span> - both high <span class="hlt">winds</span> and low <span class="hlt">winds</span> - created by regional climate models (RCMs) in the NARCCAP archives. We evaluated the capabilities of five RCMs forced by NCEP reanalysis data as well as global climate model (GCM) data for contemporary and future scenario climates to capture the observed statistical distribution of surface <span class="hlt">winds</span>, both high-<span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> and low-<span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions. Our domain is limited to the Midwest (37°N to 49°N, -82°W to -101°W) with the Great Lakes masked out, which eliminates orographic effects that may contribute to regional circulations. The majority of this study focuses on the warm seasonal in order to examine derechos on the extreme high end and air pollution and plant processes on the low <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed end. To examine extreme high <span class="hlt">winds</span> we focus on derechos, which are long-lasting convectively driven extreme <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> that frequently leave a swath of damage extending across multiple states. These <span class="hlt">events</span> are unusual in that, despite their relatively small spatial scale, they can persist for hours or even days, drawing energy from well-organized larger mesoscale or synoptic scale processes. We examine the ability of NARCCAP RCMs to reproduce</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.A11G3076L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.A11G3076L"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine Wake Variability in a Large <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Farm, Observed by Scanning Lidar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lundquist, J. K.; Xiaoxia, G.; Aitken, M.; Quelet, P. T.; Rana, J.; Rhodes, M. E.; St Martin, C. M.; Tay, K.; Worsnop, R.; Irvin, S.; Rajewski, D. A.; Takle, E. S.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Although <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine wake modeling is critical for accurate <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource assessment, operational forecasting, and <span class="hlt">wind</span> plant optimization, verification of such simulations is currently constrained by sparse datasets taken in limited atmospheric conditions, often of single turbines in isolation. To address this knowledge gap, our team deployed a WINDCUBE 200S scanning lidar in a 300-MW operating <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm as part of the CWEX-13 field experiment. The lidar was deployed ~2000 m from a row of four turbines, such that wakes from multiple turbines could be sampled with horizontal scans. Twenty minutes of every hour were devoted to horizontal scans at ½ degree resolution at six different elevation angles. Twenty-five days of data were collected, with <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds at hub height ranging from quiescent to 14 m/s, and atmospheric stability varying from unstable to <span class="hlt">strongly</span> stable. The example scan in Fig. 1a shows wakes from a row of four turbines propagating to the northwest. This extensive wake dataset is analyzed based on the quantitative approach of Aitken et al. (J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 2014), who developed an automated wake detection algorithm to characterize <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine wakes from scanning lidar data. We have extended the Aitken et al. (2014) method to consider multiple turbines in a single scan in order to classify the large numbers of wakes observed in the CWEX-13 dataset (Fig. 1b) during southerly flow conditions. The presentation will explore the variability of wake characteristics such as the velocity deficit and the wake width. These characteristics vary with atmospheric stability, atmospheric turbulence, and inflow <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. We find that the strongest and most persistent wakes occur at low to moderate <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds (region 2 of the turbine power curve) in stable conditions. We also present evidence that, in stable conditions with <span class="hlt">strong</span> changes of <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction with height, wakes propagate in different directions at different elevations above the surface</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSM31D..08H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSM31D..08H"><span>Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> - Magnetosheath - Magnetopause Interactions in Global Hybrid-Vlasov Simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hoilijoki, S.; Pfau-Kempf, Y.; Ganse, U.; Hietala, H.; Cassak, P.; Walsh, B.; Juusola, L.; Jarvinen, R.; von Alfthan, S.; Palmroth, M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>We present results of interactions of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> and Earth's magnetosphere in global hybrid-Vlasov simulations carried out using the Vlasiator model. Vlasiator propagates ions as velocity distribution functions by solving the Vlasov equation and electrons are treated as charge-neutralizing massless fluid. Vlasiator simulations show a <span class="hlt">strong</span> coupling between the ion scale and global scale physics. Global scale phenomena affect the local physics and the local phenomena impact the global system. Our results have shown that mirror mode waves growing in the quasi-perpendicular magnetosheath have an impact on the local reconnection rates at the dayside magnetopause. Furthermore, multiple X-line reconnection at the dayside magnetopause leads to the formation of magnetic islands (2D flux transfer <span class="hlt">events</span>), which launch bow waves upstream propagating through the magnetosheath. These steep bow waves have the ability to accelerate ions in the magnetosheath. When the bow waves reach the bow shock they are able to bulge the shock locally. The bulge in the shock decreases the angle between the interplanetary magnetic field and the shock normal and allows ions to be reflected back to the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> along the magnetic field lines. Consequently, Vlasiator simulations show that magnetosheath fluctuations affect magnetopause reconnection and reconnection may influence particle acceleration and reflection in the magnetosheath and solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810016148','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810016148"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> speed statistics for Goldstone, California, anemometer sites</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Berg, M.; Levy, R.; Mcginness, H.; Strain, D.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>An exploratory <span class="hlt">wind</span> survey at an antenna complex was summarized statistically for application to future windmill designs. Data were collected at six locations from a total of 10 anemometers. Statistics include means, standard deviations, cubes, pattern factors, correlation coefficients, and exponents for power law profile of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. Curves presented include: mean monthly <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds, moving averages, and diurnal variation patterns. It is concluded that three of the locations have sufficiently <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> to justify consideration for windmill sites.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27873792','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27873792"><span>SAR Observation and Modeling of Gap <span class="hlt">Winds</span> in the Prince William Sound of Alaska.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Liu, Haibo; Olsson, Peter Q; Volz, Karl</p> <p>2008-08-22</p> <p>Alaska's Prince William Sound (PWS) is a unique locale tending to have <span class="hlt">strong</span> gap <span class="hlt">winds</span>, especially in the winter season. To characterize and understand these <span class="hlt">strong</span> surface <span class="hlt">winds</span>, which have great impacts on the local marine and aviation activities, the surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> retrieval from the Synthetic Aperture Radar data (SAR-<span class="hlt">wind</span>) is combined with a numerical mesoscale model. Helped with the SAR-<span class="hlt">wind</span> observations, the mesoscale model is used to study cases of <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> and relatively weak <span class="hlt">winds</span> to depict the nature of these <span class="hlt">winds</span>, including the area of extent and possible causes of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> regimes. The gap <span class="hlt">winds</span> from the Wells Passage and the Valdez Arm are the most dominant gap <span class="hlt">winds</span> in PWS. Though the Valdez Arm is north-south trending and Wells Passage is east-west oriented, gap <span class="hlt">winds</span> often develop simultaneously in these two places when a low pressure system is present in the Northern Gulf of Alaska. These two gap <span class="hlt">winds</span> often converge at the center of PWS and extend further out of the Sound through the Hinchinbrook Entrance. The pressure gradients imposed over these areas are the main driving forces for these gap <span class="hlt">winds</span>. Additionally, the drainage from the upper stream glaciers and the blocking effect of the banks of the Valdez Arm probably play an important role in enhancing the gap <span class="hlt">wind</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22841159','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22841159"><span>Estimated GFR and incident cardiovascular disease <span class="hlt">events</span> in American Indians: the <span class="hlt">Strong</span> Heart Study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shara, Nawar M; Wang, Hong; Mete, Mihriye; Al-Balha, Yaman Rai; Azalddin, Nameer; Lee, Elisa T; Franceschini, Nora; Jolly, Stacey E; Howard, Barbara V; Umans, Jason G</p> <p>2012-11-01</p> <p>In populations with high prevalences of diabetes and obesity, estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation may predict cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk better than by using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation. Longitudinal cohort study comparing the association of GFR estimated using either the CKD-EPI or MDRD Study equation with incident CVD outcomes. American Indians participating in the <span class="hlt">Strong</span> Heart Study, a longitudinal population-based cohort with high prevalences of diabetes, CVD, and CKD. Estimated GFR (eGFR) predicted using the CKD-EPI and MDRD Study equations. Fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular <span class="hlt">events</span>, consisting of coronary heart disease, stroke, and heart failure. The association between eGFR and outcomes was explored in Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for traditional risk factors and albuminuria; the net reclassification index and integrated discrimination improvement were determined for the CKD-EPI versus MDRD Study equations. In 4,549 participants, diabetes was present in 45%; CVD, in 7%; and stages 3-5 CKD, in 10%. During a median of 15 years, there were 1,280 cases of incident CVD, 929 cases of incident coronary heart disease, 305 cases of incident stroke, and 381 cases of incident heart failure. Reduced eGFR (<90 mL/min/1.73 m2) was associated with adverse <span class="hlt">events</span> in most models. Compared with the MDRD Study equation, the CKD-EPI equation correctly reclassified 17.0% of 2,151 participants without incident CVD to a lower risk (higher eGFR) category and 1.3% (n=28) were reclassified incorrectly to a higher risk (lower eGFR) category. Single measurements of eGFR and albuminuria at study visits. Although eGFR based on either equation had similar associations with incident CVD, coronary heart disease, stroke, and heart failure <span class="hlt">events</span>, in those not having <span class="hlt">events</span>, reclassification of participants to eGFR categories was superior using the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160011497','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160011497"><span>Conflict Resolution for <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-Optimal Aircraft Trajectories in North Atlantic Oceanic Airspace with <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Uncertainties</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Rodionova, Olga; Sridhar, Banavar; Ng, Hok K.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Air traffic in the North Atlantic oceanic airspace (NAT) experiences very <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> caused by jet streams. Flying <span class="hlt">wind</span>-optimal trajectories increases individual flight efficiency, which is advantageous when operating in the NAT. However, as the NAT is highly congested during peak hours, a large number of potential conflicts between flights are detected for the sets of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-optimal trajectories. Conflict resolution performed at the strategic level of flight planning can significantly reduce the airspace congestion. However, being completed far in advance, strategic planning can only use predicted environmental conditions that may significantly differ from the real conditions experienced further by aircraft. The forecast uncertainties result in uncertainties in conflict prediction, and thus, conflict resolution becomes less efficient. This work considers <span class="hlt">wind</span> uncertainties in order to improve the robustness of conflict resolution in the NAT. First, the influence of <span class="hlt">wind</span> uncertainties on conflict prediction is investigated. Then, conflict resolution methods accounting for <span class="hlt">wind</span> uncertainties are proposed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860019853','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860019853"><span>Observations of vertical <span class="hlt">winds</span> and the origin of thermospheric gravity waves launched by auroral substorms and westward travelling surges</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Rees, D.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>Several sequences of observations of <span class="hlt">strong</span> vertical <span class="hlt">winds</span> in the upper thermosphere are discussed, in conjunction with models of the generation of such <span class="hlt">winds</span>. In the auroral oval, the strongest upward <span class="hlt">winds</span> are observed in or close to regions of intense auroral precipitation and <span class="hlt">strong</span> ionospheric currents. The strongest <span class="hlt">winds</span>, of the order of 100 to 200 m/sec are usually upward, and are both localized and of relatively short duration (10 to 20 min). In regions adjacent to those displaying <span class="hlt">strong</span> upward <span class="hlt">winds</span>, and following periods of upward <span class="hlt">winds</span>, downward <span class="hlt">winds</span> of rather lower magnitude (40 to about 80 m/sec) may be observed. <span class="hlt">Strong</span> and rapid changes of horizontal <span class="hlt">winds</span> are correlated with these rapid vertical <span class="hlt">wind</span> variations. Considered from a large scale viewpoint, this class of <span class="hlt">strongly</span> time dependent <span class="hlt">winds</span> propagate globally, and may be considered to be gravity waves launched from an auroral source. During periods of very disturbed geomagnetic activity, there may be regions within and close to the auroral oval where systematic vertical <span class="hlt">winds</span> of the order of 50 m/sec will occur for periods of several hours. Such persistent <span class="hlt">winds</span> are part of a very <span class="hlt">strong</span> large scale horizontal <span class="hlt">wind</span> circulation set up in the polar regions during a major geomagnetic disturbance. This second class of <span class="hlt">strong</span> horizontal and vertical <span class="hlt">winds</span> corresponds more to a standing wave than to a gravity wave, and it is not as effective as the first class in generating large scale propagating gravity waves and correlated horizontal and vertical oscillations. A third class of significant (10 to 30 m/sec) vertical <span class="hlt">winds</span> can be associated with systematic features of the average geomagnetic energy and momentum input to the polar thermosphere, and appear in statistical studies of the average vertical <span class="hlt">wind</span> as a function of Universal Time at a given location.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.A13G0305V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.A13G0305V"><span>Could Crop Height Impact the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Resource at Agriculturally Productive <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Farm Sites?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vanderwende, B. J.; Lundquist, J. K.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The agriculture-intensive United States Midwest and Great Plains regions feature some of the best <span class="hlt">wind</span> resources in the nation. Collocation of cropland and <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines introduces complex meteorological interactions that could affect both agriculture and <span class="hlt">wind</span> power production. Crop management practices may modify the <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource through alterations of land-surface properties. In this study, we used the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to estimate the impact of crop height variations on the <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource in the presence of a large turbine array. We parameterized a hypothetical array of 121 1.8 MW turbines at the site of the 2011 Crop/<span class="hlt">Wind</span>-energy Experiment field campaign using the WRF <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm parameterization. We estimated the impact of crop choices on power production by altering the aerodynamic roughness length in a region approximately 65 times larger than that occupied by the turbine array. Roughness lengths of 10 cm and 25 cm represent a mature soy crop and a mature corn crop respectively. Results suggest that the presence of the mature corn crop reduces hub-height <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds and increases rotor-layer <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear, even in the presence of a large <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm which itself modifies the flow. During the night, the influence of the surface was dependent on the boundary layer stability, with <span class="hlt">strong</span> stability inhibiting the surface drag from modifying the <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource aloft. Further investigation is required to determine the optimal size, shape, and crop height of the roughness modification to maximize the economic benefit and minimize the cost of such crop management practices.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..122.4064T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..122.4064T"><span>Location of intense electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave <span class="hlt">events</span> relative to the plasmapause: Van Allen Probes observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tetrick, S. S.; Engebretson, M. J.; Posch, J. L.; Olson, C. N.; Smith, C. W.; Denton, R. E.; Thaller, S. A.; Wygant, J. R.; Reeves, G. D.; MacDonald, E. A.; Fennell, J. F.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>We have studied the spatial location relative to the plasmapause (PP) of the most intense electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves observed on Van Allen Probes A and B during their first full precession in local time. Most of these waves occurred over an L range of from -1 to +2 RE relative to the PP. Very few <span class="hlt">events</span> occurred only within 0.1 RE of the PP, and <span class="hlt">events</span> with a width in L of < 0.2 RE occurred both inside and outside the PP. Wave occurrence was always associated with high densities of ring current ions; plasma density gradients or enhancements were associated with some <span class="hlt">events</span> but were not dominant factors in determining the sites of wave generation. Storm main and recovery phase <span class="hlt">events</span> in the dusk sector were often inside the PP, and dayside <span class="hlt">events</span> during quiet times and compressions of the magnetosphere were more evenly distributed both inside and outside the PP. Superposed epoch analyses of the dependence of wave onset on solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamic pressure (Psw), the SME (SuperMAG auroral electrojet) index, and the SYM-H index showed that substorm injections and solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> compressions were temporally closely associated with EMIC wave onset but to an extent that varied with frequency band, magnetic local time, and storm phase, and location relative to the PP. The fact that increases in SME and Psw were less <span class="hlt">strongly</span> correlated with <span class="hlt">events</span> at the PP than with other <span class="hlt">events</span> might suggest that the occurrence of those <span class="hlt">events</span> was affected by the density gradient.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780039623&hterms=orbiting+wind&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dorbiting%2Bwind','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780039623&hterms=orbiting+wind&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dorbiting%2Bwind"><span>Ion acoustic waves in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Gurnett, D. A.; Frank, L. A.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>Plasma wave measurements on the Helios 1 and 2 spacecraft have revealed the occurrence of electric field turbulence in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> at frequencies between the electron and ion plasma frequencies. Wavelength measurements with the Imp 6 spacecraft now provide <span class="hlt">strong</span> evidence that these waves are shortwavelength ion acoustic waves which are Doppler-shifted upward in frequency by the motion of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. Comparison of the Helios results with measurements from the earth-orbiting Imp 6 and 8 spacecraft shows that the ion acoustic wave turbulence detected in interplanetary space has characteristics essentially identical to those of bursts of electrostatic turbulence generated by protons streaming into the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> from the earth's bow shock. In a few cases, enhanced ion acoustic wave intensities have been observed in direct association with abrupt increases in the anisotropy of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> electron distribution. This relationship <span class="hlt">strongly</span> suggests that the ion acoustic waves detected by Helios far from the earth are produced by an electron heat flux instability, as was suggested by Forslund. Possible related mechanisms which could explain the generation of ion acoustic waves by protons streaming into the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> from the earth's bow shock are also considered.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRC..121.7088B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRC..121.7088B"><span>Surface water subduction during a downwelling <span class="hlt">event</span> in a semienclosed bay</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Barton, E. D.; Torres, R.; Figueiras, F. G.; Gilcoto, M.; Largier, J.</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>The Ría de Vigo is a bay <span class="hlt">strongly</span> influenced by upwelling-downwelling cycles along the adjacent coast of NW Iberia. Moored and ship-board observations during September 2006 showed that subduction, initially associated with an estuarine circulation, strengthened when a <span class="hlt">strong</span> downwelling circulation, resulting from northward <span class="hlt">wind</span> over the coastal ocean, was generated in the outer Ría causing ambient waters to be advected outward in the lower layer. Incoming surface waters confined the estuarine circulation to the shallow interior and displaced isopleths downward through the water column at ˜10 m d-1. As the estuarine circulation retreated inward, <span class="hlt">strong</span> flow convergence developed between middle and inner ria in the layer above 15 m, while divergence developed beneath. The convergence increased through the period of downwelling-favorable <span class="hlt">wind</span> at a rate consistent with the observed isopleth displacement velocities. The coefficient of turbulent diffusion Kt, from a microstructure profiler, indicated that mixing was <span class="hlt">strong</span> in the estuarine circulation and subsequently in the downwelling zone, where localized instabilities and temperature-salinity inversions were observed. During the downwelling, concentrations of phytoplankton, including potentially harmful species, increased, especially in the middle and inner ria, as a result of inward advection, subduction, and the ability of the dinoflagellates to maintain their position in the water column by swimming. In the course of the 5 day <span class="hlt">event</span>, the water mass of all but the innermost Ría was flushed completely and replaced by waters originating in the coastally trapped poleward flow along the Atlantic coastline.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BoLMe.149..103R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BoLMe.149..103R"><span>The Effect of <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-Turbine Wakes on Summertime US Midwest Atmospheric <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Profiles as Observed with Ground-Based Doppler Lidar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rhodes, Michael E.; Lundquist, Julie K.</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>We examine the influence of a modern multi-megawatt <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine on <span class="hlt">wind</span> and turbulence profiles three rotor diameters (D) downwind of the turbine. Light detection and ranging (lidar) <span class="hlt">wind</span>-profile observations were collected during summer 2011 in an operating <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm in central Iowa at 20-m vertical intervals from 40 to 220 m above the surface. After a calibration period during which two lidars were operated next to each other, one lidar was located approximately 2D directly south of a <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine; the other lidar was moved approximately 3D north of the same <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine. Data from the two lidars during southerly flow conditions enabled the simultaneous capture of inflow and wake conditions. The inflow <span class="hlt">wind</span> and turbulence profiles exhibit <span class="hlt">strong</span> variability with atmospheric stability: daytime profiles are well-mixed with little shear and <span class="hlt">strong</span> turbulence, while nighttime profiles exhibit minimal turbulence and considerable shear across the rotor disk region and above. Consistent with the observations available from other studies and with <span class="hlt">wind</span>-tunnel and large-eddy simulation studies, measurable reductions in wake <span class="hlt">wind</span>-speeds occur at heights spanning the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine rotor (43-117 m), and turbulent quantities increase in the wake. In generalizing these results as a function of inflow <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed, we find the <span class="hlt">wind</span>-speed deficit in the wake is largest at hub height or just above, and the maximum deficit occurs when <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds are below the rated speed for the turbine. Similarly, the maximum enhancement of turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence intensity occurs at hub height, although observations at the top of the rotor disk do not allow assessment of turbulence in that region. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear below turbine hub height (quantified here with the power-law coefficient) is found to be a useful parameter to identify whether a downwind lidar observes turbine wake or free-flow conditions. These field observations provide data for validating turbine-wake models and <span class="hlt">wind</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1913441D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1913441D"><span>ICE CONTROL - Towards optimizing <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy production during icing <span class="hlt">events</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dorninger, Manfred; Strauss, Lukas; Serafin, Stefano; Beck, Alexander; Wittmann, Christoph; Weidle, Florian; Meier, Florian; Bourgeois, Saskia; Cattin, René; Burchhart, Thomas; Fink, Martin</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Forecasts of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power production loss caused by icing weather conditions are produced by a chain of physical models. The model chain consists of a numerical weather prediction model, an icing model and a production loss model. Each element of the model chain is affected by significant uncertainty, which can be quantified using targeted observations and a probabilistic forecasting approach. In this contribution, we present preliminary results from the recently launched project ICE CONTROL, an Austrian research initiative on measurements, probabilistic forecasting, and verification of icing on <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine blades. ICE CONTROL includes an experimental field phase, consisting of measurement campaigns in a <span class="hlt">wind</span> park in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, in the winters 2016/17 and 2017/18. Instruments deployed during the campaigns consist of a conventional icing detector on the turbine hub and newly devised ice sensors (eologix Sensor System) on the turbine blades, as well as meteorological sensors for <span class="hlt">wind</span>, temperature, humidity, visibility, and precipitation type and spectra. Liquid water content and spectral characteristics of super-cooled water droplets are measured using a Fog Monitor FM-120. Three cameras document the icing conditions on the instruments and on the blades. Different modelling approaches are used to quantify the components of the model-chain uncertainties. The uncertainty related to the initial conditions of the weather prediction is evaluated using the existing global ensemble prediction system (EPS) of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Furthermore, observation system experiments are conducted with the AROME model and its 3D-Var data assimilation to investigate the impact of additional observations (such as Mode-S aircraft data, SCADA data and MSG cloud mask initialization) on the numerical icing forecast. The uncertainty related to model formulation is estimated from multi-physics ensembles based on the Weather Research</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26940495','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26940495"><span>Review: <span class="hlt">Wind</span> impacts on plant growth, mechanics and damage.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gardiner, Barry; Berry, Peter; Moulia, Bruno</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Land plants have adapted to survive under a range of <span class="hlt">wind</span> climates and this involve changes in chemical composition, physical structure and morphology at all scales from the cell to the whole plant. Under <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> plants can re-orientate themselves, reconfigure their canopies, or shed needles, leaves and branches in order to reduce the drag. If the <span class="hlt">wind</span> is too <span class="hlt">strong</span> the plants oscillate until the roots or stem fail. The mechanisms of root and stem failure are very similar in different plants although the exact details of the failure may be different. Cereals and other herbaceous crops can often recover after <span class="hlt">wind</span> damage and even woody plants can partially recovery if there is sufficient access to water and nutrients. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> damage can have major economic impacts on crops, forests and urban trees. This can be reduced by management that is sensitive to the local site and climatic conditions and accounts for the ability of plants to acclimate to their local <span class="hlt">wind</span> climate. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> is also a major disturbance in many plant ecosystems and can play a crucial role in plant regeneration and the change of successional stage. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AeoRe..32...42S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AeoRe..32...42S"><span>Field and laboratory comparison of PM10 instruments in high <span class="hlt">winds</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sharratt, Brenton; Pi, Huawei</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Instruments capable of measuring PM10 (particulate matter ≤10 μm in aerodynamic diameter) concentrations may vary in performance as a result of different technologies utilized in measuring PM10. Therefore, the performance of five instruments capable of measuring PM10 concentrations above eroding soil surfaces was tested during high <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> at field sites in the Columbia Plateau and inside a <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel. Comparisons among the Big Spring Number Eight (BSNE) sampler, DustTrak monitor, E-sampler, High-Volume sampler, and Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) monitor were made at field sites during nine <span class="hlt">wind</span> erosion <span class="hlt">events</span> and inside a <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel at two <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds (7 and 12 m s-1) and two ambient PM10 concentrations (2 and 50 mg m-3). PM10 concentrations were similar for the High-Volume sampler and TEOM monitor as well as for the BSNE samplers and DustTrak monitors but higher for the High-Volume sampler and TEOM monitor than the E-sampler during field erosion <span class="hlt">events</span>. Based upon <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel experiments, the TEOM monitor measured the highest PM10 concentration while the DustTrak monitor typically measured the lowest PM10 concentration as compared with other instruments. In addition, PM10 concentration appeared to lower for all instruments at a <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed of 12 as compared with 7 m s-1 inside the <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel. Differences in the performance of instruments in measuring PM10 concentration poses risks in comparing PM10 concentration among different instrument types or using multiple instrument types to jointly measure concentrations in the field or laboratory or even the same instrument type subject to different <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70024249','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70024249"><span>Sea level response to ENSO along the central California coast: How the 1997-1998 <span class="hlt">event</span> compares with the historic record</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Ryan, H.F.; Noble, M.</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Long-term monthly sea level and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies from central California show that during winter months, positive anomalies are associated with El Nin??o <span class="hlt">events</span> and the negative ones with La Nin??a <span class="hlt">events</span>. There is no significant impact on monthly mean anomalies associated with Pacific decadal oscillations, although there is a tendency for more extreme <span class="hlt">events</span> and greater variance during positive decadal oscillations. The very <span class="hlt">strong</span> 1997-1998 El Nin??o was analyzed with respect to the long-term historic record to assess the forcing mechanisms for sea level and SST. Beginning in the spring of 1997, we observed several long-period (> 30days) fluctuations in daily sea level with amplitudes of over 10 cm at San Francisco, California. Fluctuations of poleward long-period alongshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress anomalies (AWSA) are coherent with the sea level anomalies. However, the <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress cannot entirely account for the observed sea level signals. The sea level fluctuations are also correlated with sea level fluctuations observed further south at Los Angeles and Tumaco, Columbia, which showed a poleward phase propagation of the sea level signal. We suggest that the sea level fluctuations were, to a greater degree, forced by the passage of remotely generated and coastally trapped waves that were generated along the equator and propagated to the north along the west coast of North America. However, both local and remote AWSA can significantly modulate the sea level signals. The arrival of coastally trapped waves began in the spring of 1997, which is earlier than previous <span class="hlt">strong</span> El Nin??o <span class="hlt">events</span> such as the 1982-1983 <span class="hlt">event</span>. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1611123D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1611123D"><span>Critical role of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-wave induced erosion on the morphodynamic evolution of shallow tidal basins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>D'Alpaos, Andrea; Carniello, Luca; Rinaldo, Andrea</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span>-wave induced erosion processes are among the chief processes which govern the morphodynamic evolution of shallow tidal basins, both in the vertical and in the horizontal plane. <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-wave induced bottom shear stresses can promote the disruption of the polymeric microphytobenthic biofilm and lead to the erosion of tidal-flat surfaces and to the increase in suspended sediment concentration which affects the stability of intertidal ecosystems. Moreover, the impact of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-waves on salt-marsh margins can lead to the lateral erosion of marsh boundaries thus promoting the disappearance of salt-marsh ecosystems. Towards the goal of developing a synthetic theoretical framework to represent <span class="hlt">wind</span> wave-induced resuspension <span class="hlt">events</span> and account for their erosional effects on the long-term biomorphodynamic evolution of tidal systems, we have employed a complete, coupled finite element model accounting for the role of <span class="hlt">wind</span> waves and tidal currents on the hydrodynamic circulation in shallow basins. Our analyses of the characteristics of combined current and wave-induced exceedances in bottom shear stress over a given threshold for erosion, suggest that <span class="hlt">wind</span> wave-induced resuspension <span class="hlt">events</span> can be modeled as a marked Poisson process. The interarrival time of wave-induced erosion <span class="hlt">events</span> is, in fact, an exponentially distributed random variable, as well as the duration and intensity of overthreshold <span class="hlt">events</span>. Moreover, the analysis of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-wave induced resuspension <span class="hlt">events</span> for different historical configurations of the Venice Lagoon from the 19th to the 21st century, shows that the interarrival times of erosion <span class="hlt">events</span> have dramatically decreased through the last two centuries, whereas the intensities of erosion <span class="hlt">events</span> have experienced a surprisingly high increase. This allows us to characterize the threatening erosion and degradation processes that the Venice Lagoon has been experiencing since the beginning of the last century.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/967233','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/967233"><span>Low Probability Tail <span class="hlt">Event</span> Analysis and Mitigation in BPA Control Area: Task 2 Report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Lu, Shuai; Makarov, Yuri V.; McKinstry, Craig A.</p> <p></p> <p>Task report detailing low probability tail <span class="hlt">event</span> analysis and mitigation in BPA control area. Tail <span class="hlt">event</span> refers to the situation in a power system when unfavorable forecast errors of load and <span class="hlt">wind</span> are superposed onto fast load and <span class="hlt">wind</span> ramps, or non-<span class="hlt">wind</span> generators falling short of scheduled output, causing the imbalance between generation and load to become very significant.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19730002078','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19730002078"><span>Corotation of an intermittent solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Croft, T. A.</p> <p>1972-01-01</p> <p>The measured electron content of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> in mid-1970 exhibited a region of relatively high electron density that reappeared at intervals of about 27.8 days. It is shown that the repeating <span class="hlt">event</span> cannot be reconciled with the concept of a long-enduring steady flow, even though the recurrence period is close to the rotation period of the sun. This evidence of transients is inferred from the short duration of each appearance of the interval of higher density; each should last for roughly one corotation interval if it is caused by a steady stream. The radio path was approximately 0.8 AU long, and the corotation interval exceeded 3 days. Other aspects of the content data patterns support the view that such transient <span class="hlt">events</span> are common in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. The mid-1970 repeating <span class="hlt">event</span> is an unusually good example of the intermittent character of flow regions in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> that fluctuate on a time scale of days but endure as identifiable regions for many months. A sputtering corotating source of thin solar plasma streams could explain this series of <span class="hlt">events</span>; it could also be explained in terms of a stream that is steady in density and speed but undulating north-south so that it passes into and out of the 0.8 AU radio path in a matter of a day or less.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AtmEn..54..603S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AtmEn..54..603S"><span>Cloud rise model for radiological dispersal devices <span class="hlt">events</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sharon, Avi; Halevy, Itzhak; Sattinger, Daniel; Yaar, Ilan</p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>As a part of the preparedness and response to possible radiological terror <span class="hlt">events</span>, it is important to model the evolution of the radioactive cloud immediately after its formation, as a function of time, explosive quantity and local meteorological conditions. One of the major outputs of a cloud rise models is the evaluation of cloud top height, which is an essential input for most of the succeeding atmospheric dispersion models. This parameter <span class="hlt">strongly</span> affects the radiological consequences of the <span class="hlt">event</span>. Most of the cloud rise models used today, have been developed according to experiments were large quantities of explosives were used, within the range of hundreds of kilograms of TNT. The majority of these models, however, fail to address Radiological Dispersion Devices (RDD) <span class="hlt">events</span>, which are typically characterized by smaller amounts of TNT. In this paper, a new, semi-empirical model that describes the vertical evolution of the cloud up to its effective height as a function of time, explosive quantity, atmospheric stability and horizontal <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed, is presented. The database for this model is taken from five sets of experiments done in Israel during 2006-2009 under the "Green Field" (GF) project, using 0.25-100 kg of TNT.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=255461','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=255461"><span>Mechanics of Interrill Erosion with <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-Driven Rain (WDR)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>This article provides an evaluation analysis for the performance of the interrill component of the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model for <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-Driven Rain (WDR) <span class="hlt">events</span>. The interrill delivery rates (Di) were collected in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel rainfall simulator facility of the International Cen...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017TCry...11..267D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017TCry...11..267D"><span>Atmospheric forcing of sea ice anomalies in the Ross Sea polynya region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dale, Ethan R.; McDonald, Adrian J.; Coggins, Jack H. J.; Rack, Wolfgang</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>We investigate the impacts of <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> on the sea ice concentration within the Ross Sea polynya (RSP), which may have consequences on sea ice formation. Bootstrap sea ice concentration (SIC) measurements derived from satellite SSM/I brightness temperatures are correlated with surface <span class="hlt">winds</span> and temperatures from Ross Ice Shelf automatic weather stations (AWSs) and weather models (ERA-Interim). Daily data in the austral winter period were used to classify characteristic weather regimes based on the percentiles of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. For each regime a composite of a SIC anomaly was formed for the entire Ross Sea region and we found that persistent weak <span class="hlt">winds</span> near the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf are generally associated with positive SIC anomalies in the Ross Sea polynya and vice versa. By analyzing sea ice motion vectors derived from the SSM/I brightness temperatures we find significant sea ice motion anomalies throughout the Ross Sea during <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span>, which persist for several days after a <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">event</span> has ended. <span class="hlt">Strong</span>, negative correlations are found between SIC and AWS <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed within the RSP indicating that <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> cause significant advection of sea ice in the region. We were able to partially recreate these correlations using colocated, modeled ERA-Interim <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds. However, large AWS and model differences are observed in the vicinity of Ross Island, where ERA-Interim underestimates <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds by a factor of 1.7 resulting in a significant misrepresentation of RSP processes in this area based on model data. Thus, the cross-correlation functions produced by compositing based on ERA-Interim <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds differed significantly from those produced with AWS <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds. In general the rapid decrease in SIC during a <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">event</span> is followed by a more gradual recovery in SIC. The SIC recovery continues over a time period greater than the average persistence of <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> and sea ice motion anomalies. This suggests that sea ice</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950015967','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950015967"><span>Solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> composition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ogilvie, K. W.; Coplan, M. A.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>Advances in instrumentation have resulted in the determination of the average abundances of He, C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, and Fe in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> to approximately 10%. Comparisons with solar energetic particle (SEP) abundances and galactic cosmic ray abundances have revealed many similarities, especially when compared with solar photospheric abundances. It is now well established that fractionation in the corona results in an overabundance (with respect to the photosphere) of elements with first ionization potentials less than 10 eV. These observations have in turn led to the development of fractionation models that are reasonably successful in reproducing the first ionization (FIP) effect. Under some circumstances it has been possible to relate solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> observations to particular source regions in the corona. The magnetic topologies of the source regions appear to have a <span class="hlt">strong</span> influence on the fractionation of elements. Comparisons with spectroscopic data are particularly useful in classifying the different topologies. Ions produced from interstellar neutral atoms are also found in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. These ions are picked up by the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> after ionization by solar radiation or charge exchange and can be identified by their velocity in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. The pick-up ions provide most of the pressure in the interplanetary medium at large distances. Interstellar abundances can be derived from the observed fluxes of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> pick-up ions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DFDM26003S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DFDM26003S"><span>Classification of Rotor Induced Shearing <span class="hlt">Events</span> in the Near Wake of a <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine Array Boundary Layer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Smith, Sarah; Viggiano, Bianca; Ali, Naseem; Cal, Raul Bayoan</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Flow perturbation induced by a turbine rotor imposes considerable turbulence and shearing effects in the near wake of a turbine, altering the efficiency of subsequent units within a <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm array. Previous methods have characterized near wake vorticity of a turbine and recovery distance of various turbine array configurations. This study aims to build on previous analysis with respect to a turbine rotor within an array and develop a model to examine stress <span class="hlt">events</span> and energy contribution in the near wake due to rotational effects. Hot wire anemometry was employed downstream of a turbine centrally located in the third row of a 3x3 array. Data considered points planar to the rotor and included simultaneous streamwise and wall-normal velocities as well as concurrent streamwise and transverse velocities. Conditional analysis of Reynolds stresses induced by the rotor agree with former near wake research, and examination of stresses in terms of streamwise and transverse velocity components depicts areas of significant rotational effects. Continued analysis includes spectral decomposition and conditional statistics to further characterize shearing <span class="hlt">events</span> at various points considering the swept area of the rotor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1510791C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1510791C"><span>Extreme <span class="hlt">Event</span> impacts on Seafloor Ecosystems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Canals, Miquel; Sanchez-Vidal, Anna; Calafat, Antoni; Pedrosa-Pàmies, Rut; Lastras, Galderic</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>The Mediterranean region is among those presenting the highest concentration of cyclogenesis during the northern hemisphere winter, thus is frequently subjected to sudden <span class="hlt">events</span> of extreme weather. The highest frequency of storm <span class="hlt">winds</span> occur in its northwestern basin, and is associated to NE and NW storms. The occurrence of such extreme climatic <span class="hlt">events</span> represents an opportunity of high scientific value to investigate how natural processes at their peaks of activity transfer matter and energy, as well as how impact ecosystems. Due to the approximately NE-SW orientation of the western Mediterranean coast, windforced motion coming from eastern storms generate the most intense waves and with very long fetch in the continental shelf and the coast, causing beach erosion, overwash and inundation of low-lying areas, and damage to infrastructures and coastal resources. On December 26, 2008 a huge storm afforded us the opportunity to understand the effect of storms on the deep sea ecosystems, as impacted violently an area of the Catalan coast covered by a dense network of monitoring devices including sediment traps and currentmeters. The storm, with measured <span class="hlt">wind</span> gusts of more than 70 km h-1 and associated storm surge reaching 8 m, lead to the remobilisation of a shallow water large reservoir of marine organic carbon associated to fine particles and to its redistribution across the deep basin, and also ignited the motion of large amounts of coarse shelf sediment resulting in the abrasion and burial of benthic communities. In addition to eastern storms, increasing evidence has accumulated during the last few years showing the significance of Dense Shelf Water Cascading (DSWC), a type of marine current driven exclusively by seawater density contrast caused by <span class="hlt">strong</span> and persistent NW <span class="hlt">winds</span>, as a key driver of the deep Mediterranean Sea in many aspects. A network of mooring lines with sediment traps and currentmeters deployed in the Cap de Creus canyon in winter 2005-06 recorded</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.A44A2677S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.A44A2677S"><span>Oxygen uptake and vertical transport during deep convection <span class="hlt">events</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sun, D.; Ito, T.; Bracco, A.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Dissolved oxygen (O2) is essential for the chemistry and living organisms of the oceans. O2 is consumed in the interior ocean due to the respiration of organic matter, and must be replenished by physical ventilation with the O2-rich surface waters. The O2 supply to the deep waters happens only through the subduction and deep convection during cold seasons at high latitude oceans. The Labrador Sea is one of the few regions where deep ventilation occurs. According to observational and modeling studies, the intensity, duration and timing of deep convection <span class="hlt">events</span> have varied significantly on the interannual and decadal timescales. In this study we develop a theoretical framework to understand the air-sea transfer of O2 during open-ocean deep convection <span class="hlt">events</span>. The theory is tested against a suite of numerical integrations using MITgcm in non-hydrostatic configuration including the parameterization of diffusive and bubble mediated gas transfer. Forced with realistic air-sea buoyancy fluxes, the model can reproduce the evolution of temperature, salinity and dissolved O2 observed by ARGO floats in the Labrador Sea. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed changing the intensity and duration of the buoyancy forcing as well as the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed for the gas exchange parameterizations. The downward transport of O2 results from the combination of vertical homogenization of existing O2 and the uptake from the air-sea flux. The intensity of the buoyancy forcing controls the vertical extent of convective mixing which brings O2 to the deep ocean. Integrated O2 uptake increases with the duration of convection even when the total buoyancy loss is held constant. The air-sea fluxes are highly sensitive to the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed especially for the bubble injection flux, which is a major addition to the diffusive flux under <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span>. However, the bubble injection flux can be partially compensated by the diffusive outgassing in response to the elevated saturation state. Under <span class="hlt">strong</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ClDy...33..297P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ClDy...33..297P"><span>Mesoscale numerical modeling of meteorological <span class="hlt">events</span> in a <span class="hlt">strong</span> topographic gradient in the northeastern part of Mexico</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pineda-Martinez, Luis F.; Carbajal, Noel</p> <p>2009-08-01</p> <p>A series of numerical experiments were carried out to study the effect of meteorological <span class="hlt">events</span> such as warm and cold air masses on climatic features and variability of a understudied region with <span class="hlt">strong</span> topographic gradients in the northeastern part of Mexico. We applied the mesoscale model MM5. We investigated the influence of soil moisture availability in the performance of the model under two representative <span class="hlt">events</span> for winter and summer. The results showed that a better resolution in land use cover improved the agreement among observed and calculated data. The topography induces atmospheric circulation patterns that determine the spatial distribution of climate and seasonal behavior. The numerical experiments reveal regions favorable to forced convection on the eastern side of the mountain chains Eastern Sierra Madre and Sierra de Alvarez. These processes affect the vertical and horizontal structure of the meteorological variables along the topographic gradient.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMOS41C1225G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMOS41C1225G"><span>Salty Anomalies Forced by Central American Gap <span class="hlt">Winds</span>: Aquarius Observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grodsky, S. A.; Carton, J.; Bentamy, A.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Although upwelling normally doesn't have direct impact on the sea surface salinity (SSS), we present observational evidence of upwelling-induced SSS patterns off the Pacific Central American coast. This area is characterized by stable near-surface salinity stratification that is produced by the mixed layer dilution by local rainfall. Here the fresh and warm mixed layer is periodically disrupted by the gap <span class="hlt">wind</span>-induced uplifts of colder and saltier water. Aquarius SSS data capture these high SSS <span class="hlt">events</span>. In boreal winter when the intense gap <span class="hlt">winds</span> are frequent, two tongues of anomalously salty water develop off the Gulfs of Tehuantepec and Papagayo. During that season the average SSS in the meridionally oriented Tehuantepec tongue is about 0.4 psu saltier than background SSS. The zonally elongated Papagayo tongue stands out even more <span class="hlt">strongly</span>, being 1 to 2 psu saltier than SSS in the neighboring Panama Bight. The spatial locations and orientations of these salty tongues closely correspond to the locations and orientations of the cool SST tongues suggesting they have similar governing mechanisms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27099703','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27099703"><span>Mind the <span class="hlt">wind</span>: microclimate effects on incubation effort of an arctic seabird.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Høyvik Hilde, Christoffer; Pélabon, Christophe; Guéry, Loreleï; Gabrielsen, Geir Wing; Descamps, Sébastien</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The energetic costs of reproduction in birds <span class="hlt">strongly</span> depend on the climate experienced during incubation. Climate change and increasing frequency of extreme weather <span class="hlt">events</span> may severely affect these costs, especially for species incubating in extreme environments. In this 3-year study, we used an experimental approach to investigate the effects of microclimate and nest shelter on the incubation effort of female common eiders (Somateria mollissima) in a wild Arctic population. We added artificial shelters to a random selection of nesting females, and compared incubation effort, measured as body mass loss during incubation, between females with and without shelter. Nonsheltered females had a higher incubation effort than females with artificial shelters. In nonsheltered females, higher <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds increased the incubation effort, while artificially sheltered females experienced no effect of <span class="hlt">wind</span>. Although increasing ambient temperatures tended to decrease incubation effort, this effect was negligible in the absence of <span class="hlt">wind</span>. Humidity had no marked effect on incubation effort. This study clearly displays the direct effect of a climatic variable on an important aspect of avian life-history. By showing that increasing <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed counteracts the energetic benefits of a rising ambient temperature, we were able to demonstrate that a climatic variable other than temperature may also affect wild populations and need to be taken into account when predicting the effects of climate change.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CSR...143..194H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CSR...143..194H"><span>Numerical simulation of the abrupt occurrence of <span class="hlt">strong</span> current in the southeastern Japan Sea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hirose, Naoki; Kumaki, Yutaka; Kaneda, Atsushi; Ayukawa, Kouta; Okei, Noriyuki; Ikeda, Satoshi; Igeta, Yosuke; Watanabe, Tatsuro</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Coastal set-net fisheries have been frequently damaged by the occurrence of sudden current (known as kyucho) in the Japan Sea. In this study, a high-resolution coastal ocean model is developed to provide a means to predict this stormy current. The 1.5 km-mesh model nested in a regional ocean data assimilation system is driven by mesoscale atmospheric conditions at 1-hour intervals. The modeled results show rapid changes of the coastal current along the San-in Coast, on the eastern side of the Tango Peninsula, and around the Noto Peninsula and Sado Island, mostly associated with <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span>. These modeled coastal water responses are consistent with in-situ velocity measurements. The simulation also shows that the vortex separated from the Tango Peninsula frequently grows to a bay-scale anticyclonic eddy in Wakasa Bay. Evidently, the coastal branch of the Tsushima Warm Current becomes unstable due to a <span class="hlt">strong</span> meteorological disturbance resulting in the generation of this harmful eddy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.2125W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.2125W"><span>Impact of <span class="hlt">strong</span> climate change on balancing and storage needs in a fully renewable energy system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Weber, Juliane; Wohland, Jan; Witthaut, Dirk</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>We investigate the impact of <span class="hlt">strong</span> climate change on a European energy system dominated by <span class="hlt">wind</span> power. No robust trend can be observed regarding the change of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> power yield for most countries in Europe. However, intra-annual variabilities in <span class="hlt">wind</span> power generation robustly increase in most of Central and Western Europe and decrease in Spain, Portugal and Greece by the end of this century. Thus, the generation of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power tends to increase (decrease) in the winter months compared to the summer months. Due to higher (lower) intra-annual variations, the probability for extreme <span class="hlt">events</span> with long periods of low power production increases (decreases) in summer. This implies that more (less) energy has to be provided by backup power plants. Our simulations are based on the results of five different Global Climate Models (GCMs) using the Representative Concentration Pathway scenario 8.5 (RCP8.5). These results are dynamically downscaled with the regional atmospheric model RCA4 by the EURO-CORDEX initiative (Coordinated Downscaling Experiment - European Domain). A comparison was made between historical data (1970-2000) and mid-century (2030-2060) and end-of-century (2070-2100) data, respectively. For all timeframes we made the assumption that a certain amount of energy is provided by <span class="hlt">wind</span> power plants. This implies that changes in <span class="hlt">wind</span> power potentials are neglected and only temporal effects are considered. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> speed time series are converted to power generation time series using an extrapolation to hub height and a standardized power curve. Assuming a scenario for the future distribution of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines, we obtain a <span class="hlt">wind</span> power generation time series aggregated on a national level. The operation of backup power plants and storage facilities is simulated on coarse scales assuming an optimal storage strategy. Backup is required whenever the storage facilities are empty. The amount of change of the backup energy depends on the storage capacity - the higher the</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS23A1986E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS23A1986E"><span>A Cause and A Solution for the Underprediction of Extreme Wave <span class="hlt">Events</span> in the Northeast Pacific</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ellenson, A. N.; Ozkan-Haller, H. T.; Thomson, J.; Brown, A. C.; Haller, M. C.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Along the coastlines of Washington and Oregon, at least one 10 m wave height <span class="hlt">event</span> occurs every year, and the strongest storms produce wave heights of 14-15 m. Extremely high wave heights can cause severe damage to coastal infrastructure and pose hazards to stakeholders along the coast. A system which can accurately predict such sea states is important for quantifying risk and aiding in preparation for extreme wave <span class="hlt">events</span>. This study explores how to optimize forecast model performance for extreme wave <span class="hlt">events</span> by utilizing different physics packages or <span class="hlt">wind</span> input in four model configurations. The different <span class="hlt">wind</span> input products consist of a reanalyzed Global Forecasting System (GFS) <span class="hlt">wind</span> input and a Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) from the National Center of Environmental Prediction (NCEP). The physics packages are the Tolman-Chalikov (1996) ST2 physics package and the Ardhuin et al (2009) ST4 physics package associated with version 4.18 of WaveWatch III. A hindcast was previously performed to assess the wave character along the Pacific Northwest Coastline for wave energy applications. Inspection of hindcast model results showed that the operational model, which consisted of ST2 physics and GFS <span class="hlt">wind</span>, underpredicted <span class="hlt">events</span> where wave height exceeded six meters.The under-prediction is most severe for cases with the combined conditions of a distant cyclone and a <span class="hlt">strong</span> coastal jet. Three such cases were re-analyzed with the four model configurations. Model output is compared with observations at NDBC buoy 46050, offshore of Newport, OR. The model configuration consisting of ST4 physics package and CFSR <span class="hlt">wind</span> input performs best as compared with the original model, reducing significant wave height underprediction from 1.25 m to approximately 0.67 m and mean wave direction error from 30 degrees to 17 degrees for wave heights greater than 6 m. Spectral analysis shows that the ST4-CFSR model configuration best resolves southerly wave energy, and all model</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A23J..11C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A23J..11C"><span>The New <span class="hlt">Wind</span>ForS <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Test Site in Southern Germany</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Clifton, A. J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> turbines are increasingly being installed in complex terrain where patchy landcover, forestry, steep slopes, and complex regional and local atmospheric conditions lead to major challenges for traditional numerical weather prediction methods. In this presentation, the new <span class="hlt">Wind</span>ForS complex terrain test site will be introduced. <span class="hlt">Wind</span>ForS is a southern Germany-based research consortium of more than 20 groups at higher education and research institutes, with <span class="hlt">strong</span> links to regional government and industry. The new test site will be located in the hilly, forested terrain of the Swabian Alps between Stuttgart and Germany, and will consist of two <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines with four meteorological towers. The test site will be used for accompanying ecological research and will also have mobile eddy covariance measurement stations as well as bird and bat monitoring systems. Seismic and noise monitoring systems are also planned. The large number of auxiliary measurements at this facility are intended to allow the complete atmosphere-<span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine-environment-people system to be characterized. This presentation will show some of the numerical weather prediction work and measurements done at the site so far, and inform the audience about <span class="hlt">Wind</span>ForS' plans for the future. A major focus of the presentation will be on opportunities for collaboration through field campaigns or model validation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996hst..prop.6690M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996hst..prop.6690M"><span>The <span class="hlt">Winds</span> of Main Sequence B Stars in NGC 6231, Evidence for Shocks in Weak <span class="hlt">Winds</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Massa, Derck</p> <p>1996-07-01</p> <p>Because the main sequence B stars in NGC 6231 have abnormallystrong C iv <span class="hlt">wind</span> lines, they are the only main sequence Bstars with distinct edge velocities. Although the underlyingcause for the <span class="hlt">strong</span> lines remains unknown, these stars doprovide an opportunity to test two important ideas concerningB star <span class="hlt">winds</span>: 1) that the driving ions in the <span class="hlt">winds</span> of starswith low mass loss rates decouple from the general flow, and;2) that shocks deep in the <span class="hlt">winds</span> of main sequence B stars areresponsible for their observed X-rays. In both of thesemodels, the <span class="hlt">wind</span> accelerates toward a terminal velocity,v_infty, far greater than the observed value, shocking ordecoupling well before it can attain the high v_infty. As aresult, the observable <span class="hlt">wind</span> accelerates very rapidly, leadingto <span class="hlt">wind</span> flushing times less than 30 minutes. If theseconjectures are correct, then the <span class="hlt">winds</span> of main sequence Bstars should be highly variable on time scales of minutes.Model fitting of available IUE data are consistant with thegeneral notion of a rapidly accelerating <span class="hlt">wind</span>, shocking wellbefore its actual v_infty. However, these are 5 hourexposures, so the fits are to ill-defined mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> flows.The new GHRS observations will provide adequate spectral andtemporal resolution to observe the expected variability and,thereby, verify the existance of two important astrophysicalprocesses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/15014321','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/15014321"><span>REGIONAL-SCALE <span class="hlt">WIND</span> FIELD CLASSIFICATION EMPLOYING CLUSTER ANALYSIS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Glascoe, L G; Glaser, R E; Chin, H S</p> <p>2004-06-17</p> <p>The classification of time-varying multivariate regional-scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields at a specific location can assist <span class="hlt">event</span> planning as well as consequence and risk analysis. Further, <span class="hlt">wind</span> field classification involves data transformation and inference techniques that effectively characterize stochastic <span class="hlt">wind</span> field variation. Such a classification scheme is potentially useful for addressing overall atmospheric transport uncertainty and meteorological parameter sensitivity issues. Different methods to classify <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields over a location include the principal component analysis of <span class="hlt">wind</span> data (e.g., Hardy and Walton, 1978) and the use of cluster analysis for <span class="hlt">wind</span> data (e.g., Green et al., 1992; Kaufmann and Weber, 1996). The goalmore » of this study is to use a clustering method to classify the <span class="hlt">winds</span> of a gridded data set, i.e, from meteorological simulations generated by a forecast model.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.554...69T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.554...69T"><span><span class="hlt">Strong</span> disk <span class="hlt">winds</span> traced throughout outbursts in black-hole X-ray binaries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tetarenko, B. E.; Lasota, J.-P.; Heinke, C. O.; Dubus, G.; Sivakoff, G. R.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Recurring outbursts associated with matter flowing onto compact stellar remnants (such as black holes, neutron stars and white dwarfs) in close binary systems provide a way of constraining the poorly understood accretion process. The light curves of these outbursts are shaped by the efficiency of angular-momentum (and thus mass) transport in the accretion disks, which has traditionally been encoded in a viscosity parameter, α. Numerical simulations of the magneto-rotational instability that is believed to be the physical mechanism behind this transport yield values of α of roughly 0.1–0.2, consistent with values determined from observations of accreting white dwarfs. Equivalent viscosity parameters have hitherto not been estimated for disks around neutron stars or black holes. Here we report the results of an analysis of archival X-ray light curves of 21 outbursts in black-hole X-ray binaries. By applying a Bayesian approach to a model of accretion, we determine corresponding values of α of around 0.2–1.0. These high values may be interpreted as an indication either of a very high intrinsic rate of angular-momentum transport in the disk, which could be sustained by the magneto-rotational instability only if a large-scale magnetic field threads the disk, or that mass is being lost from the disk through substantial outflows, which <span class="hlt">strongly</span> shape the outburst in the black-hole X-ray binary. The lack of correlation between our estimates of α and the accretion state of the binaries implies that such outflows can remove a substantial fraction of the disk mass in all accretion states and therefore suggests that the outflows correspond to magnetically driven disk <span class="hlt">winds</span> rather than thermally driven ones, which require specific radiative conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29364880','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29364880"><span><span class="hlt">Strong</span> disk <span class="hlt">winds</span> traced throughout outbursts in black-hole X-ray binaries.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tetarenko, B E; Lasota, J-P; Heinke, C O; Dubus, G; Sivakoff, G R</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Recurring outbursts associated with matter flowing onto compact stellar remnants (such as black holes, neutron stars and white dwarfs) in close binary systems provide a way of constraining the poorly understood accretion process. The light curves of these outbursts are shaped by the efficiency of angular-momentum (and thus mass) transport in the accretion disks, which has traditionally been encoded in a viscosity parameter, α. Numerical simulations of the magneto-rotational instability that is believed to be the physical mechanism behind this transport yield values of α of roughly 0.1-0.2, consistent with values determined from observations of accreting white dwarfs. Equivalent viscosity parameters have hitherto not been estimated for disks around neutron stars or black holes. Here we report the results of an analysis of archival X-ray light curves of 21 outbursts in black-hole X-ray binaries. By applying a Bayesian approach to a model of accretion, we determine corresponding values of α of around 0.2-1.0. These high values may be interpreted as an indication either of a very high intrinsic rate of angular-momentum transport in the disk, which could be sustained by the magneto-rotational instability only if a large-scale magnetic field threads the disk, or that mass is being lost from the disk through substantial outflows, which <span class="hlt">strongly</span> shape the outburst in the black-hole X-ray binary. The lack of correlation between our estimates of α and the accretion state of the binaries implies that such outflows can remove a substantial fraction of the disk mass in all accretion states and therefore suggests that the outflows correspond to magnetically driven disk <span class="hlt">winds</span> rather than thermally driven ones, which require specific radiative conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApJ...853...85V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApJ...853...85V"><span>3D Anisotropy of Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbulence, Tubes, or Ribbons?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Verdini, Andrea; Grappin, Roland; Alexandrova, Olga; Lion, Sonny</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>We study the anisotropy with respect to the local magnetic field of turbulent magnetic fluctuations at magnetofluid scales in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. Previous measurements in the fast solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> obtained axisymmetric anisotropy, despite that the analysis method allows nonaxisymmetric structures. These results are probably contaminated by the <span class="hlt">wind</span> expansion that introduces another symmetry axis, namely, the radial direction, as indicated by recent numerical simulations. These simulations also show that while the expansion is <span class="hlt">strong</span>, the principal fluctuations are in the plane perpendicular to the radial direction. Using this property, we separate 11 yr of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> spacecraft data into two subsets characterized by <span class="hlt">strong</span> and weak expansion and determine the corresponding turbulence anisotropy. Under <span class="hlt">strong</span> expansion, the small-scale anisotropy is consistent with the Goldreich & Sridhar critical balance. As in previous works, when the radial symmetry axis is not eliminated, the turbulent structures are field-aligned tubes. Under weak expansion, we find 3D anisotropy predicted by the Boldyrev model, that is, turbulent structures are ribbons and not tubes. However, the very basis of the Boldyrev phenomenology, namely, a cross-helicity increasing at small scales, is not observed in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>: the origin of the ribbon formation is unknown.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DFDG39006T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DFDG39006T"><span>LES-based generation of high-frequency fluctuation in <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbulence obtained by meteorological model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tamura, Tetsuro; Kawaguchi, Masaharu; Kawai, Hidenori; Tao, Tao</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The connection between a meso-scale model and a micro-scale large eddy simulation (LES) is significant to simulate the micro-scale meteorological problem such as <span class="hlt">strong</span> convective <span class="hlt">events</span> due to the typhoon or the tornado using LES. In these problems the mean velocity profiles and the mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> directions change with time according to the movement of the typhoons or tornadoes. Although, a fine grid micro-scale LES could not be connected to a coarse grid meso-scale WRF directly. In LES when the grid is suddenly refined at the interface of nested grids which is normal to the mean advection the resolved shear stresses decrease due to the interpolation errors and the delay of the generation of smaller scale turbulence that can be resolved on the finer mesh. For the estimation of <span class="hlt">wind</span> gust disaster the peak <span class="hlt">wind</span> acting on buildings and structures has to be correctly predicted. In the case of meteorological model the velocity fluctuations have a tendency of diffusive variation without the high frequency component due to the numerically filtering effects. In order to predict the peak value of <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity with good accuracy, this paper proposes a LES-based method for generating the higher frequency components of velocity and temperature fields obtained by meteorological model.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.8446V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.8446V"><span>Simulation of the last sapropel <span class="hlt">event</span> using high-regional oceanic model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vadsaria, Tristan; Ramstein, Gilles; Li, Laurent; Dutay, jean-Claude</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Since decades, the simulation of sapropel <span class="hlt">events</span> remains a challenge. These <span class="hlt">events</span>, occurring periodically in the Mediterranean Sea produce a <span class="hlt">strong</span> stratification of the water column and break intermediate and deep convection, thereby leading to a decrease in deep water oxygen, of which evidence are recorded in marine sediment cores. Data from Mediterranean sediments have thus helped to better understand the anoxia process, in particular for the last sapropel <span class="hlt">event</span>, S1, lasting 3000 years about 10 kyrs ago. However the causal link between insolation changes and the African monsoon variations - thought to be the trigger of sapropel <span class="hlt">events</span> -, and anoxia has still to be quantified. From a modelling point of view, a requisite for studying sapropel <span class="hlt">events</span> is to capture seasonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> that are instrumental in producing convection in the Med Sea. Recently, the development of high-resolution several models studies intend to fill this gap, building different scenarios (Grimm et al, 2015). Combining an atmospheric GCM (LMDZ4) and a high-resolution oceanic model (NEMOMED8, resolution of 1/8 degree) dedicated to the Med Sea, our first objective is to test whether monsoon precipitation triggered by insolation changes can increase the Nile run-off enough to stratify the East Mediterranean Sea. We notably show that a 15 mSv Nile runoff increase triggers a large decrease of convection in the whole Eastern Mediterranean Sea associated with <span class="hlt">strong</span> anoxia in bottom waters.. Comparisons of our first experiments with δ18O and ɛ-Nd data will also be presented. Future work includes extending our simulations to investigate whether sapropel <span class="hlt">events</span> can be maintained on longer time scales.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6872625-near-ground-tornado-wind-fields','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6872625-near-ground-tornado-wind-fields"><span>Near-ground tornado <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>McDonald, J.R.</p> <p>1984-07-01</p> <p>A study of near-ground tornado <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields has been conducted by inspecting damage and debris patterns found in tornado damage paths. Because there were no significant tornado <span class="hlt">events</span> (F4 or greater) during the contract performance period, data from the literature and the files of the Institute for Disaster Research were used to perform the analyses. The results indicate: (1) maximum tornado <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed ever experienced or expected is in the range of 250 to 300 mph; (2) appearance of damage, taken by itself, is a misleading parameter of tornado intensity. Type of construction, age of construction, materials and other constructionmore » features significantly affect structural performance of a building subjected to <span class="hlt">wind</span> loads and should be taken into account in assigning Fujita-Scale ratings; (3) damage to forests gives a good indication of tornado <span class="hlt">wind</span> field flow patterns, but do not give verifiable values of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed; (4) factors such as translational speed, <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction and path width affect appearance of damage or a tornado; and (5) even the most awesome appearing missiles do not require incredible <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds to explain them. Some progress in computer simulation of tornado missiles have been made. 31 references, 8 figures, 2 tables.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.9652R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.9652R"><span>Comparison of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> driving of the aurora in the two hemispheres due to the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamo</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Reistad, Jone Peter; Østgaard, Nikolai; Magnus Laundal, Karl; Haaland, Stein; Tenfjord, Paul; Oksavik, Kjellmar</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Event</span> studies of simultaneous global imaging of the aurora in both hemispheres have suggested that an asymmetry of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> driving between the two hemispheres could explain observations of non-conjugate aurora during specific driving conditions. North-South asymmetries in energy transfer from the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> across the magnetopause is believed to depend upon the dipole tilt angle and the x-component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Both negative tilt (winter North) and negative IMF Bx is expected to enhance the efficiency of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamo in the Northern Hemisphere. By the same token, positive tilt and IMF Bx is expected to enhance the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamo efficiency in the Southern Hemisphere. We show a statistical study of the auroral response from both hemispheres using global imaging where we compare results during both favourable and not favourable conditions in each hemisphere. By this study we will address the question of general impact on auroral hemispheric asymmetries by this mechanism - the asymmetric solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamo. We use data from the Wideband Imaging Camera on the IMAGE spacecraft which during its lifetime from 2000-2005 covered both hemispheres. To ease comparison of the two hemispheres, seasonal differences in auroral brightness is removed as far as data coverage allows by only using <span class="hlt">events</span> having small dipole tilt angles. Hence, the IMF Bx is expected to be the controlling parameter for the hemispheric preference of strongest solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamo efficiency in our dataset. Preliminary statistical results indicate the expected opposite behaviour in the two hemispheres, however, the effect is believed to be weak.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhDT.......380M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhDT.......380M"><span>Simulation of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Marjanovic, Nikola</p> <p></p> <p>Energy production from <span class="hlt">wind</span> is an increasingly important component of overall global power generation, and will likely continue to gain an even greater share of electricity production as world governments attempt to mitigate climate change and <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy production costs decrease. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> energy generation depends on <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed, which is greatly influenced by local and synoptic environmental forcings. Synoptic forcing, such as a cold frontal passage, exists on a large spatial scale while local forcing manifests itself on a much smaller scale and could result from topographic effects or land-surface heat fluxes. Synoptic forcing, if <span class="hlt">strong</span> enough, may suppress the effects of generally weaker local forcing. At the even smaller scale of a <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm, upstream turbines generate wakes that decrease the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and increase the atmospheric turbulence at the downwind turbines, thereby reducing power production and increasing fatigue loading that may damage turbine components, respectively. Simulation of atmospheric processes that span a considerable range of spatial and temporal scales is essential to improve <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy forecasting, <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine siting, turbine maintenance scheduling, and <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine design. Mesoscale atmospheric models predict atmospheric conditions using observed data, for a wide range of meteorological applications across scales from thousands of kilometers to hundreds of meters. Mesoscale models include parameterizations for the major atmospheric physical processes that modulate <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and turbulence dynamics, such as cloud evolution and surface-atmosphere interactions. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used in this dissertation to investigate the effects of model parameters on <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy forecasting. WRF is used for case study simulations at two West Coast North American <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms, one with simple and one with complex terrain, during both synoptically and locally-driven weather <span class="hlt">events</span>. The model's performance with different</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985BAMS...66..634L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985BAMS...66..634L"><span>Great Historical <span class="hlt">Events</span> That Were Significantly Affected by the Weather: 7, "Protestant <span class="hlt">Wind</span>"-"Popish <span class="hlt">Wind</span>": The Revolusion of 1688 in England.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lindgrén, S.; Neumann, J.</p> <p>1985-06-01</p> <p>James II, King of England from 1685 to 1688, increasingly antagonized his people by his forced attempts to restore the Catholic faith to a position of eminence in England; many of his actions were contrary to acts passed by earlier Parliaments (he ruled without Parliament most of his reign). Leading dignitaries of the Church of England, of the Protestant nobility, and some of the high officers of the Army and Navy came to the conclusion that the only remedy to the country's ills was to call in William, the Prince of Orange and Chief Magistrate ("Stadholder") of the Netherlands, whose spouse Mary, James' daughter, was, until July 1688, the heir-presumptive to the English crown; the prince himself had a position in the list of succession, bring a nephew of James.Over and above the prince's personal ambitions, it was his conviction and that of several other leading personalities in the Dutch Republic that it was in the vital interest of the Netherlands to influence England's policies, and, in particular, to prevent a line-up of England with the France of Louis XIV, who had hostile designs on the Republic. As long as the danger of a French assault on the Netherlands was imminent, the States-General of the Republic would not authorize the "descent" on England, but when late in September 1688 Louis decided to attack the German States on the Middle-Rhine first, the "descent" gained approval.The peak of the crisis about James' policies in England was reached in summer-early fall of 1688. In the meantime, William assembled a large fleet and force in the Netherlands to "descend" on England, but his sailing was hindered by <span class="hlt">winds</span> that in September and October blew with nearly total persistence from the westerly quarter. People in England and in the Netherlands were daily watching for weeks the direction of <span class="hlt">wind</span>. They called the easterly <span class="hlt">winds</span> "Protestant <span class="hlt">winds</span>" and the westerly <span class="hlt">winds</span> "Popish <span class="hlt">winds</span>." In addition to making possible the invasion, the "Protestant <span class="hlt">winds</span>" made it</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.B22B..04B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.B22B..04B"><span>A field study of flow turbulence and sediment transport dynamics on a beach surface in the lee of a coastal foredune under offshore <span class="hlt">winds</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Baas, A. C.; Jackson, D.; Cooper, J. A.; Lynch, K.; Delgado-Fernandez, I.; Beyers, M.; Lee, Z. S.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>The past decade has seen a growing body of research on the relation between turbulence in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> and the resultant transport of sediment over active sand surfaces. Widespread use of sonic anemometry and high-frequency sand transport sensors and traps have facilitated recent field studies over dunes and beach surfaces, to move beyond monitoring of mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and bulk transport to more detailed measurements at much higher spatio-temporal resolutions. In this paper we present results of a field study conducted in the recirculation flow and re-attachment zone on a beach behind a foredune at Magilligan Strand, Northern Ireland. The offshore <span class="hlt">winds</span> over the foredune at this site are associated with flow separation and reversal located over the beach surface in the lee of the dune row, often <span class="hlt">strong</span> enough to induce sand transport toward the toe of the foredune (‘against’ the overall offshore flow). The re-attachment and recirculation zone are associated with <span class="hlt">strongly</span> turbulent fluid flow and complex streamlines that do not follow the underlying topography. High frequency (25 Hz) <span class="hlt">wind</span> and sand transport data were collected at a grid of point locations distributed over the beach surface between 35 m to 55 m distance from the 10 m high dune crest, using ultrasonic anemometers at 0.5 m height and co-located load cell traps and Safires at the bed surface. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> data are used to investigate the role of Reynolds shear stresses and quadrant analysis techniques for identifying burst-sweep <span class="hlt">events</span> in relation to sand transport <span class="hlt">events</span>. This includes an assessment of the issues involved with data rotations for yaw, pitch, and roll corrections relative to complex flow streamlines, and the subsequently derived turbulence parameters based on fluctuating vector components (u’, v’, w’). Results illustrate how transport may exist under threshold mean velocities because of the role played by coherent flow structures, and the findings corroborate previous findings that</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS51A2028C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS51A2028C"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span>-driven Ocean Circulation and the Spatial-temporal Variability of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, North Eastern Tropical Pacific</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chapa, C.; Beier, E.; Durazo, R.; Martin Hernandez-Ayon, J. M.; Alin, S. R.; Lopez-Perez, A.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The relationship between the surface enrichment of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and <span class="hlt">wind</span> variability and circulation in the Gulf of Tehuantepec (GT) was examined from satellite images and in situ data from three cruises (June 2010; April and November 2013). Monthly mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> climatologies (and derived variables), sea surface temperature and sea surface height anomaly fields were analyzed in the GT and part of the NETP. Signal decomposition according to circulation scales (seasonal, inter-annual, mesoscale) was performed using harmonic analysis for the seasonal components, and empirical orthogonal functions for the residuals, applied to satellite sea-level anomaly data. The results show that <span class="hlt">wind</span> is the main driving force of the variability in the GT. Mesoscale is the variable with the highest percent of local variance (25-75%), due mainly to mesoscale eddies, followed by seasonality (20-55%), and finally the inter-annual signal (10-30%), dominated by ENSO. Mesoscale and seasonality prevailed during the samplings. The changes in circulation led to variations in the concentration of surface DIC ranging between 100 and 300 µmol kg-1 (436 µatm) due to Ekman pumping. The largest enrichment occurred in November 2013 after a <span class="hlt">strong</span> northerly <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">event</span>. However, the predominance of mesoscale <span class="hlt">events</span> suggests that changes in dissolved inorganic carbon resulting from mesoscale- derived Ekman pumping may become important in the long term and with a larger spatial and temporal coverage. The results suggest that the seasonal cycle of dissolved inorganic carbon may be linked to <span class="hlt">wind</span> seasonality.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38.4229A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38.4229A"><span>Great SEP <span class="hlt">events</span> and space weather: 1. Experience of automatically searching for <span class="hlt">event</span> beginnings; probabilities of false and missed <span class="hlt">events</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Applbaum, David; Dorman, Lev; Pustil'Nik, Lev; Sternlieb, Abraham; Zagnetko, Alexander; Zukerman, Igor</p> <p></p> <p>It is well known that during great SEP <span class="hlt">events</span>, fluxes of energetic particles can be so big that the memory of computers and other electronics in space may be destroyed, and satellites and spacecraft may cease to function. According to the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Cen-ter, the following scales constitute dangerous solar radiation storms: S5-extreme (flux level of particles with energy ∼ 10 MeV more than 105 ); S4 - severe(f luxmorethan104 ); andS3 - <span class="hlt">strong</span>(f luxmorethan103 ). In these persiods, it is necessary to switch off some of the electronics for a few hours energy particles (meaning those with a few GeV/nucleon and higher), whose transportation to Earthfrom the S20 minutes after they accelerate and escape into the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>) than the main bulk of the smaller energy particle 60 minutes later). Here we describe the principles and experience of the automatic function of the "SEP - Search" program. The positive result, showing the exact beginning of an SEP <span class="hlt">event</span> on the Emilio Segre Observ 10.8GV ), is determined now automatically by simultaneously increasing by 2.5 St.Dev. in two sections of the ne search "programnext uses 1-mindata for checking whether or not the observed increase reflects the beginning Research "automatically starts to work online. We determine also the probabilities of false and missed alerts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5027414','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5027414"><span>Simple stochastic model for El Niño with westerly <span class="hlt">wind</span> bursts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Thual, Sulian; Majda, Andrew J.; Chen, Nan; Stechmann, Samuel N.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Atmospheric <span class="hlt">wind</span> bursts in the tropics play a key role in the dynamics of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). A simple modeling framework is proposed that summarizes this relationship and captures major features of the observational record while remaining physically consistent and amenable to detailed analysis. Within this simple framework, <span class="hlt">wind</span> burst activity evolves according to a stochastic two-state Markov switching–diffusion process that depends on the strength of the western Pacific warm pool, and is coupled to simple ocean–atmosphere processes that are otherwise deterministic, stable, and linear. A simple model with this parameterization and no additional nonlinearities reproduces a realistic ENSO cycle with intermittent El Niño and La Niña <span class="hlt">events</span> of varying intensity and strength as well as realistic buildup and shutdown of <span class="hlt">wind</span> burst activity in the western Pacific. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> burst activity has a direct causal effect on the ENSO variability: in particular, it intermittently triggers regular El Niño or La Niña <span class="hlt">events</span>, super El Niño <span class="hlt">events</span>, or no <span class="hlt">events</span> at all, which enables the model to capture observed ENSO statistics such as the probability density function and power spectrum of eastern Pacific sea surface temperatures. The present framework provides further theoretical and practical insight on the relationship between <span class="hlt">wind</span> burst activity and the ENSO. PMID:27573821</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920042432&hterms=amazon+rainforest&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Damazon%2Brainforest','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920042432&hterms=amazon+rainforest&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Damazon%2Brainforest"><span>Low-level nocturnal <span class="hlt">wind</span> maximum over the Central Amazon Basin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Greco, Steven; Ulanski, Stanley; Garstang, Michael; Houston, Samuel</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>A low-level nocturnal <span class="hlt">wind</span> maximum is shown to exist over extensive and nearly undisturbed rainforest near the central Amazon city of Manaus. Meteorological data indicate the presence of this nocturnal <span class="hlt">wind</span> maximum during both the wet and dry seasons of the Central Amazon Basin. Daytime <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds which are characteristically 3-7 m/s between 300 and 1000 m increase to 10-15 m/s shortly after sunset. The <span class="hlt">wind</span>-speed maximum is reached in the early evening, with <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds remaining high until several hours after sunrise. The nocturnal <span class="hlt">wind</span> maximum is closely linked to a <span class="hlt">strong</span> low-level inversion formed by radiational cooling of the rainforest canopy. Surface and low-level pressure gradients between the undisturbed forest and the large Amazon river system and the city of Manaus are shown to be responsible for much of the nocturnal <span class="hlt">wind</span> increase. The pressure gradients are interpreted as a function of the thermal differences between undisturbed forest and the river/city. The importance of both the frictional decoupling and the horizontal pressure gradient suggest that the nocturnal <span class="hlt">wind</span> maximum does not occur uniformly over all Amazonia. Low-level <span class="hlt">winds</span> are thought to be pervasive under clear skies and <span class="hlt">strong</span> surface cooling and that, in many places (i.e., near rivers), local pressure gradients enhance the low-level nocturnal <span class="hlt">winds</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140010294','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140010294"><span>Source Regions of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field and Variability in Heavy-Ion Elemental Composition in Gradual Solar Energetic Particle <span class="hlt">Events</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ko, Yuan-Kuen; Tylka, Allan J.; Ng, Chee K.; Wang, Yi-Ming; Dietrich, William F.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Gradual solar energetic particle (SEP) <span class="hlt">events</span> are those in which ions are accelerated to their observed energies by interactions with a shock driven by a fast coronal mass-ejection (CME). Previous studies have shown that much of the observed <span class="hlt">event-to-event</span> variability can be understood in terms of shock speed and evolution in the shock-normal angle. But an equally important factor, particularly for the elemental composition, is the origin of the suprathermal seed particles upon which the shock acts. To tackle this issue, we (1) use observed solar-<span class="hlt">wind</span> speed, magnetograms, and the PFSS model to map the Sun-L1 interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) line back to its source region on the Sun at the time of the SEP observations; and (2) then look for correlation between SEP composition (as measured by <span class="hlt">Wind</span> and ACE at approx. 2-30 MeV/nucleon) and characteristics of the identified IMF-source regions. The study is based on 24 SEP <span class="hlt">events</span>, identified as a statistically-significant increase in approx. 20 MeV protons and occurring in 1998 and 2003-2006, when the rate of newly-emergent solar magnetic flux and CMEs was lower than in solar-maximum years and the field-line tracing is therefore more likely to be successful. We find that the gradual SEP Fe/O is correlated with the field strength at the IMF-source, with the largest enhancements occurring when the footpoint field is <span class="hlt">strong</span>, due to the nearby presence of an active region. In these cases, other elemental ratios show a <span class="hlt">strong</span> charge-to-mass (q/M) ordering, at least on average, similar to that found in impulsive <span class="hlt">events</span>. These results lead us to suggest that magnetic reconnection in footpoint regions near active regions bias the heavy-ion composition of suprathermal seed ions by processes qualitatively similar to those that produce larger heavy-ion enhancements in impulsive SEP <span class="hlt">events</span>. To address potential technical concerns about our analysis, we also discuss efforts to exclude impulsive SEP <span class="hlt">events</span> from our <span class="hlt">event</span> sample.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MPLB...3240009S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MPLB...3240009S"><span>Numerical simulation of <span class="hlt">wind</span> loads on solar panels</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Su, Kao-Chun; Chung, Kung-Ming; Hsu, Shu-Tsung</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Solar panels mounted on the roof of a building or ground are often vulnerable to <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> loads. This study aims to investigate <span class="hlt">wind</span> loads on solar panels using computational fluid dynamic (CFD). The results show good agreement with <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel data, e.g. the streamwise distribution of mean surface pressure coefficient of a solar panel. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> uplift for solar panels with four aspect ratios is evaluated. The effect of inclined angle and clearance (or height) of a solar panel is addressed. It is found that <span class="hlt">wind</span> uplift of a solar panel increases when there is an increase in inclined angle and the clearance above ground shows an opposite effect.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH33C..07P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH33C..07P"><span>Widely distributed SEP <span class="hlt">events</span> and pseudostreamers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Panasenco, O.; Panasenco, A.; Velli, M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Our analysis of the pseudostreamer magnetic topology reveals new interesting implications for understanding SEP acceleration in CMEs. The possible reasons for the wide distribution of some SEP <span class="hlt">events</span> can be the presence of pseudostreamers in the vicinity of the SEP source region which creates conditions for the existence of <span class="hlt">strong</span> longitudinal spread of energetic particles as well as an anomalous longitudinal solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> magnetic field component. We reconstructed the 3D magnetic configurations of pseudostreamers with a potential field source surface (PFSS) model, which uses as a lower boundary condition the magnetic field derived from an evolving surface-flux transport model. In order to estimate the possible magnetic connections between the spacecraft and the SEP source region, we used the Parker spiral, ENLIL and PFSS models. We found that in cases of the wide SEP distributions a specific configuration of magnetic field appears to exist at low solar latitudes all the way around the sun, we named this phenomenon a pseudostreamers belt. It appears that the presence of the well developed pseudostreamer or, rather multiple pseudostreamers, organized into the pseudostreamer belt can be considered as a very favorable condition for wide SEP <span class="hlt">events</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1198477-statistical-spectral-analysis-wind-characteristics-relevant-wind-energy-assessment-using-tower-measurements-complex-terrain','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1198477-statistical-spectral-analysis-wind-characteristics-relevant-wind-energy-assessment-using-tower-measurements-complex-terrain"><span>Statistical and Spectral Analysis of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Characteristics Relevant to <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Assessment Using Tower Measurements in Complex Terrain</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Belu, Radian; Koracin, Darko</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The main objective of the study was to investigate spatial and temporal characteristics of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and direction in complex terrain that are relevant to <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy assessment and development, as well as to <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy system operation, management, and grid integration. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> data from five tall meteorological towers located in Western Nevada, USA, operated from August 2003 to March 2008, used in the analysis. The multiannual average <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds did not show significant increased trend with increasing elevation, while the turbulence intensity slowly decreased with an increase were the average <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and direction weremore » modeled using the Weibull and the von Mises distribution functions. The correlations show a <span class="hlt">strong</span> coherence between the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and direction with slowly decreasing amplitude of the multiday periodicity with increasing lag periods. The spectral analysis shows significant annual periodicity with similar characteristics at all locations. The relatively high correlations between the towers and small range of the computed turbulence intensity indicate that <span class="hlt">wind</span> variability is dominated by the regional synoptic processes. Knowledge and information about daily, seasonal, and annual <span class="hlt">wind</span> periodicities are very important for <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy resource assessment, <span class="hlt">wind</span> power plant operation, management, and grid integration.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990116473&hterms=daniel+bender&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Ddaniel%2Bbender','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990116473&hterms=daniel+bender&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Ddaniel%2Bbender"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span>-Related Features and Processes on Venus: Summary of Magellan Results</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Greeley, Ronald; Bender, Kelly; Thomas, Peggy E.; Schubert, Gerald; Limonadi, Daniel; Weitz, Catherine M.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>A search of Magellan synthetic aperture radar images covering approximately 98% of the venusian surface shows that aeolian features occur at all longitudes and latitudes. A global data base for <span class="hlt">wind</span> streaks, the most common type of aeolian feature, was developed. For each of the 5970 streaks in the data base, information was compiled on location, streak type, radar backscatter, dimensions, azimuth, orientation with respect to local slope, and type of landform with which it is associated. In addition, streaks occurring in association with parabolic ejecta deposits were designated type P streaks, which constitute about 31% of the data base. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> streak azimuths were analyzed to assess <span class="hlt">wind</span> patterns at the time of their formation. Both hemispheres show <span class="hlt">strong</span> westward and equatorward trends in azimuths, consistent with Hadley circulation and inferred upper atmospheric westward zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span>. When type P streaks (those considered to result from transient impact <span class="hlt">events</span>) were removed, the westward component was greatly reduced, suggesting that the upper zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> do not extend to the surface. The presence of equator-oriented streaks at high latitudes suggests that Hadley circulation extends to the poles. A field of possible yardangs found southwest of Mead Crater strikes NE-SW and occupies plains situated in a shallow topographic depression. Analysis of non-type P streaks in the area suggests that equatorward <span class="hlt">winds</span> are funneled through the depression and are responsible for the erosion of the terrain to form the yardangs. Dune deposits are limited on Venus. Two dune fields were identified (Aglonice and Fortuna-Meshkenet) which total in area about 18,300 sq km. Microdunes are proposed for some southern hemisphere areas which show distinctive radar reflectivities. Bragg scattering and/or subpixel reflections from the leeward faces of microdune bedforms could account for the unusual radar backscatter cross sections.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990116097&hterms=daniel+bender&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Ddaniel%2Bbender','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990116097&hterms=daniel+bender&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Ddaniel%2Bbender"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span>-Related Features and Processes on Venus Summary of Magellan Results</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Greeley, Ronald; Bender, Kelly; Thomas, Peggy E.; Schubert, Gerald; Limonadi, Daniel; Weitz, Catherine M.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>A search of Magellan synthetic aperture radar images covering about 98% of the venusian surface shows that aeolian features occur at all longitudes and latitudes. A global data base for <span class="hlt">wind</span> streaks, the most common type of aeolian feature, was developed. For each of the 5970 streaks in the data base, information was compiled on location, streak type, radar backscatter, dimensions, azimuth, orientation with respect to local slope, and type of landform with which it is associated. In addition, streaks occurring in association with parabolic ejecta deposits were designated type P streaks, which constitute about 31% of the data base. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> streak azimuths were analyzed to assess <span class="hlt">wind</span> patterns at the time of their formation. Both hemispheres show <span class="hlt">strong</span> westward and equatorward trends in azimuths, consistent with Hadley circulation and inferred upper atmospheric westward zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span>. When type P streaks (those considered to result from transient impact <span class="hlt">events</span>) were removed, the westward component was greatly reduced, suggesting that the upper zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> do not extend to the surface. The presence of equator-oriented streaks at high latitudes suggests that Hadley circulation extends to the poles. A field of possible yardangs found southwest of Mead Crater strikes NE-SW and occupies plains situated in a shallow topographic depression. Analysis of non-type P streaks in the area suggests that equatorward <span class="hlt">winds</span> are funneled through the depression and are responsible for the erosion of the terrain to form the yardangs. Dune deposits are limited on Venus. Two dune fields were identified (Aglonice and Fortuna-Meshkenet) which total in area about 18,300 square km. Microdunes are proposed for some southern hemisphere areas which show distinctive radar reflectivities. Bragg scattering and/or subpixel reflections from the leeward faces of microdune bedforms could account for the unusual radar backscatter cross sections.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.753b2042L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.753b2042L"><span>Forced pitch motion of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Leble, V.; Barakos, G.</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>The possibility of a <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine entering vortex ring state during pitching oscillations is explored in this paper. The aerodynamic performance of the rotor was computed using the Helicopter Multi-Block flow solver. This code solves the Navier-Stokes equations in integral form using the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation for time-dependent domains with moving boundaries. A 10-MW <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine was put to perform yawing and pitching oscillations suggesting the partial vortex ring state during pitching motion. The results also show the <span class="hlt">strong</span> effect of the frequency and amplitude of oscillations on the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IAUS..329..186D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IAUS..329..186D"><span>The <span class="hlt">wind-wind</span> collision hole in eta Car</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Damineli, A.; Teodoro, M.; Richardson, N. D.; Gull, T. R.; Corcoran, M. F.; Hamaguchi, K.; Groh, J. H.; Weigelt, G.; Hillier, D. J.; Russell, C.; Moffat, A.; Pollard, K. R.; Madura, T. I.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Eta Carinae is one of the most massive observable binaries. Yet determination of its orbital and physical parameters is hampered by obscuring <span class="hlt">winds</span>. However the effects of the <span class="hlt">strong</span>, colliding <span class="hlt">winds</span> changes with phase due to the high orbital eccentricity. We wanted to improve measures of the orbital parameters and to determine the mechanisms that produce the relatively brief, phase-locked minimum as detected throughout the electromagnetic spectrum. We conducted intense monitoring of the He ii λ4686 line in η Carinae for 10 months in the year 2014, gathering ~300 high S/N spectra with ground- and space-based telescopes. We also used published spectra at the FOS4 SE polar region of the Homunculus, which views the minimum from a different direction. We used a model in which the He ii λ4686 emission is produced by two mechanisms: a) one linked to the intensity of the <span class="hlt">wind-wind</span> collision which occurs along the whole orbit and is proportional to the inverse square of the separation between the companion stars; and b) the other produced by the `bore hole' effect which occurs at phases across the periastron passage. The opacity (computed from 3D SPH simulations) as convolved with the emission reproduces the behavior of equivalent widths both for direct and reflected light. Our main results are: a) a demonstration that the He ii λ4686 light curve is exquisitely repeatable from cycle to cycle, contrary to previous claims for large changes; b) an accurate determination of the longitude of periastron, indicating that the secondary star is `behind' the primary at periastron, a dispute extended over the past decade; c) a determination of the time of periastron passage, at ~4 days after the onset of the deep light curve minimum; and d) show that the minimum is simultaneous for observers at different lines of sight, indicating that it is not caused by an eclipse of the secondary star, but rather by the immersion of the <span class="hlt">wind-wind</span> collision interior to the inner <span class="hlt">wind</span> of the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhDT........19G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhDT........19G"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> energy development in the United States: Can state-level policies promote efficient development of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy capacity?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Goldstein, Blair S.</p> <p></p> <p>In the absence of <span class="hlt">strong</span> U.S. federal renewable energy policies, state governments have taken the lead in passing legislation to promote <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy. Studies have shown that many of these policies, including Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS), have aided in the development of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy capacity nationwide. This paper seeks to analyze whether these state-level policies have led to an efficient development of U.S. <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy. For the purposes of this paper, <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy development is considered efficient if competitive markets enable <span class="hlt">wind</span> capacity to be built in the most cost effective manner, allowing states to trade <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy between high <span class="hlt">wind</span> potential states and low <span class="hlt">wind</span> potential states. This concept is operationalized by analyzing how state policies that incentivize the in-state development of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy impact where <span class="hlt">wind</span> capacity is developed. A multivariate regression model examining <span class="hlt">wind</span> capacity in the 48 contiguous United States that had some <span class="hlt">wind</span> capacity between 1999 and 2008 found these in-state policies are associated with increased <span class="hlt">wind</span> capacity, controlling for states' <span class="hlt">wind</span> potential. The results suggest that state-level policies are distorting where <span class="hlt">wind</span> is developed. These findings support the enactment of a more comprehensive federal energy policy, such as a national RPS, a cap-and-trade program, or a targeted federal transmission policy. These federal policies could spur national markets that would result in the more efficient development of U.S. <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1402621','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1402621"><span>Location of intense electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave <span class="hlt">events</span> relative to the plasmapause: Van Allen Probes observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Tetrick, S. S.; Engebretson, M. J.; Posch, J. L.</p> <p></p> <p>In this paper, we have studied the spatial location relative to the plasmapause (PP) of the most intense electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves observed on Van Allen Probes A and B during their first full precession in local time. Most of these waves occurred over an L range of from -1 to +2 R E relative to the PP. Very few <span class="hlt">events</span> occurred only within 0.1 R E of the PP, and <span class="hlt">events</span> with a width in L of < 0.2 R E occurred both inside and outside the PP. Wave occurrence was always associated with high densities of ringmore » current ions; plasma density gradients or enhancements were associated with some <span class="hlt">events</span> but were not dominant factors in determining the sites of wave generation. Storm main and recovery phase <span class="hlt">events</span> in the dusk sector were often inside the PP, and dayside <span class="hlt">events</span> during quiet times and compressions of the magnetosphere were more evenly distributed both inside and outside the PP. Superposed epoch analyses of the dependence of wave onset on solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamic pressure (Psw), the SME (SuperMAG auroral electrojet) index, and the SYM-H index showed that substorm injections and solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> compressions were temporally closely associated with EMIC wave onset but to an extent that varied with frequency band, magnetic local time, and storm phase, and location relative to the PP. Finally, the fact that increases in SME and Psw were less <span class="hlt">strongly</span> correlated with <span class="hlt">events</span> at the PP than with other <span class="hlt">events</span> might suggest that the occurrence of those <span class="hlt">events</span> was affected by the density gradient.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1402621-location-intense-electromagnetic-ion-cyclotron-emic-wave-events-relative-plasmapause-van-allen-probes-observations','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1402621-location-intense-electromagnetic-ion-cyclotron-emic-wave-events-relative-plasmapause-van-allen-probes-observations"><span>Location of intense electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave <span class="hlt">events</span> relative to the plasmapause: Van Allen Probes observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Tetrick, S. S.; Engebretson, M. J.; Posch, J. L.; ...</p> <p>2017-03-17</p> <p>In this paper, we have studied the spatial location relative to the plasmapause (PP) of the most intense electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves observed on Van Allen Probes A and B during their first full precession in local time. Most of these waves occurred over an L range of from -1 to +2 R E relative to the PP. Very few <span class="hlt">events</span> occurred only within 0.1 R E of the PP, and <span class="hlt">events</span> with a width in L of < 0.2 R E occurred both inside and outside the PP. Wave occurrence was always associated with high densities of ringmore » current ions; plasma density gradients or enhancements were associated with some <span class="hlt">events</span> but were not dominant factors in determining the sites of wave generation. Storm main and recovery phase <span class="hlt">events</span> in the dusk sector were often inside the PP, and dayside <span class="hlt">events</span> during quiet times and compressions of the magnetosphere were more evenly distributed both inside and outside the PP. Superposed epoch analyses of the dependence of wave onset on solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamic pressure (Psw), the SME (SuperMAG auroral electrojet) index, and the SYM-H index showed that substorm injections and solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> compressions were temporally closely associated with EMIC wave onset but to an extent that varied with frequency band, magnetic local time, and storm phase, and location relative to the PP. Finally, the fact that increases in SME and Psw were less <span class="hlt">strongly</span> correlated with <span class="hlt">events</span> at the PP than with other <span class="hlt">events</span> might suggest that the occurrence of those <span class="hlt">events</span> was affected by the density gradient.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28416200','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28416200"><span>Comparison of QRS Duration and Associated Cardiovascular <span class="hlt">Events</span> in American Indian Men Versus Women (The <span class="hlt">Strong</span> Heart Study).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Deen, Jason F; Rhoades, Dorothy A; Noonan, Carolyn; Best, Lyle G; Okin, Peter M; Devereux, Richard B; Umans, Jason G</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>Electrocardiographic QRS duration at rest is associated with sudden cardiac death and death from coronary heart disease in the general population. However, its relation to cardiovascular <span class="hlt">events</span> in American Indians, a population with persistently high cardiovascular disease mortality, is unknown. The relation of QRS duration to incident cardiovascular disease during 17.2 years of follow-up was assessed in 1,851 male and female <span class="hlt">Strong</span> Heart Study participants aged 45 to 74 years without known cardiovascular disease at baseline. Cox regression with robust standard error estimates was used to determine the association between quintiles of QRS duration and incident cardiovascular disease in gender-stratified analyses, adjusted for age, systolic blood pressure, hypertension, antihypertensive medication use, body mass index, current smoking, diabetes, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and albuminuria. In women only, QRS duration in the highest quintile (≥105 ms) conferred significantly higher risk of cardiovascular disease than QRS duration in the lowest quintile (64 to 84 ms) (hazard ratio 1.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.4) likely because of higher risks of coronary heart disease (hazard ratio 1.8, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.1) and myocardial infarction (hazard ratio 2.1, 95% CI 1.0 to 4.7). Furthermore, when added to the <span class="hlt">Strong</span> Heart Study Coronary Heart Disease Risk Calculator, QRS duration significantly improved prediction of future coronary heart disease <span class="hlt">events</span> in women (Net Reclassification Index 0.17, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.47). In conclusion, QRS duration is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease in women in the <span class="hlt">Strong</span> Heart Study cohort and may have value in estimating risk in populations with similar risk profiles and a high lifetime incidence of cardiovascular disease. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Geomo.214..261L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Geomo.214..261L"><span>A <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel study of aeolian sediment transport response to unsteady <span class="hlt">winds</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Bailiang; McKenna Neuman, Cheryl</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>Although moderate attention has been paid to the response of the aeolian mass transport rate to <span class="hlt">wind</span> gusts, it is still unclear how the particle size and volumetric concentration affect this relation. Very little is known about the response time of the particle speed, and specifically, how the sensor scale and elevation affect measurements of this variable. The present study addresses this knowledge gap through a series of <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel experiments in which a gusty <span class="hlt">wind</span> was generated by programming the fan motor to adjust to a randomly selected rpm every 10 s. Beds consisting of either medium or coarse sand were investigated through synchronous, co-located measurements of the local <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and particle speed/count rate obtained via a customized laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) system. The vertically integrated sand transport rate (Q) and the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed in the freestream were quantified using a passive sand trap and pitot tube, respectively. The results of the experiments indicate that the response of the aeolian transport system to <span class="hlt">wind</span> gusts is generally faster in terms of the particle speed than the mass transport rate, while the degree of correlation is found to vary with the sensor elevation, as well as with the particle size and volumetric concentration. In essence, the coupling within the transport system is demonstrated to be <span class="hlt">strongly</span> scale dependent.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRC..11210008X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRC..11210008X"><span>Intraseasonal variability in the summer South China Sea: <span class="hlt">Wind</span> jet, cold filament, and recirculations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xie, Shang-Ping; Chang, Chueh-Hsin; Xie, Qiang; Wang, Dongxiao</p> <p>2007-10-01</p> <p>A recent study shows that the blockage of the southwest monsoon by the mountain range on the east coast of Indochina triggers a chain of ocean-atmospheric response, including a <span class="hlt">wind</span> jet and cold filament in the South China Sea (SCS). We extend this climatological analysis by using higher temporal resolution (weekly) to study intraseasonal variability in summer. Our analysis shows that the development of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> jet and cold filament is not a smooth seasonal process but consists of several intraseasonal <span class="hlt">events</span> each year at about 45-day intervals. In a typical intraseasonal <span class="hlt">event</span>, the <span class="hlt">wind</span> jet intensifies to above 12 m/s, followed in a week by the development of a cold filament advected by an offshore jet east of South Vietnam on the boundary of a double gyre circulation in the ocean. The double gyre circulation itself also strengthens in response to the intraseasonal <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">event</span> via Rossby wave adjustment, reaching the maximum strength in 2 to 3 weeks. The intraseasonal cold filaments appear to influence the surface <span class="hlt">wind</span>, reducing the local <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed because of the increased static stability in the near-surface atmosphere. To first order, the above sequence of <span class="hlt">events</span> may be viewed as the SCS response to atmospheric intraseasonal <span class="hlt">wind</span> pulses, which are part of the planetary-scale boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation characterized by the northeastward propagation of atmospheric deep convection. The intraseasonal anomalies of sea surface temperature and precipitation are in phase over the SCS, suggesting an oceanic feedback onto the atmosphere. As <span class="hlt">wind</span> variations are now being routinely monitored by satellite, the lags of 1-3 weeks in oceanic response offer useful predictability that may be exploited.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16319831','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16319831"><span>The vertical profile of <span class="hlt">winds</span> on Titan.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bird, M K; Allison, M; Asmar, S W; Atkinson, D H; Avruch, I M; Dutta-Roy, R; Dzierma, Y; Edenhofer, P; Folkner, W M; Gurvits, L I; Johnston, D V; Plettemeier, D; Pogrebenko, S V; Preston, R A; Tyler, G L</p> <p>2005-12-08</p> <p>One of Titan's most intriguing attributes is its copious but featureless atmosphere. The Voyager 1 fly-by and occultation in 1980 provided the first radial survey of Titan's atmospheric pressure and temperature and evidence for the presence of <span class="hlt">strong</span> zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span>. It was realized that the motion of an atmospheric probe could be used to study the <span class="hlt">winds</span>, which led to the inclusion of the Doppler <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Experiment on the Huygens probe. Here we report a high resolution vertical profile of Titan's <span class="hlt">winds</span>, with an estimated accuracy of better than 1 m s(-1). The zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> were prograde during most of the atmospheric descent, providing in situ confirmation of superrotation on Titan. A layer with surprisingly slow <span class="hlt">wind</span>, where the velocity decreased to near zero, was detected at altitudes between 60 and 100 km. Generally weak <span class="hlt">winds</span> (approximately 1 m s(-1)) were seen in the lowest 5 km of descent.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhDT........51S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhDT........51S"><span>Extreme hydrometeorological <span class="hlt">events</span> in the Peruvian Central Andes during austral summer and their relationship with the large-scale circulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sulca, Juan C.</p> <p></p> <p>In this Master's dissertation, atmospheric circulation patterns associated with extreme hydrometeorological <span class="hlt">events</span> in the Mantaro Basin, Peruvian Central Andes, and their teleconnections during the austral summer (December-January-February-March) are addressed. Extreme rainfall <span class="hlt">events</span> in the Mantaro basin are related to variations of the large-scale circulation as indicated by the changing strength of the Bolivian High-Nordeste Low (BH-NL) system. Dry (wet) spells are associated with a weakening (strengthening) of the BH-NL system and reduced (enhanced) influx of moist air from the lowlands to the east due to strengthened westerly (easterly) <span class="hlt">wind</span> anomalies at mid- and upper-tropospheric levels. At the same time extreme rainfall <span class="hlt">events</span> of the opposite sign occur over northeastern Brazil (NEB) due to enhanced (inhibited) convective activity in conjunction with a strengthened (weakened) Nordeste Low. Cold episodes in the Mantaro Basin are grouped in three types: weak, <span class="hlt">strong</span> and extraordinary cold episodes. Weak and <span class="hlt">strong</span> cold episodes in the MB are mainly associated with a weakening of the BH-NL system due to tropical-extratropical interactions. Both types of cold episodes are associated with westerly <span class="hlt">wind</span> anomalies at mid- and upper-tropospheric levels aloft the Peruvian Central Andes, which inhibit the influx of humid air masses from the lowlands to the east and hence limit the potential for development of convective cloud cover. The resulting clear sky conditions cause nighttime temperatures to drop, leading to cold extremes below the 10-percentile. Extraordinary cold episodes in the MB are associated with cold and dry polar air advection at all tropospheric levels toward the central Peruvian Andes. Therefore, weak and <span class="hlt">strong</span> cold episodes in the MB appear to be caused by radiative cooling associated with reduced cloudiness, rather than cold air advection, while the latter plays an important role for extraordinary cold episodes only.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PApGe.174.1453L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PApGe.174.1453L"><span>On the Analysis of <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-Induced Noise in Seismological Recordings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lott, Friederike F.; Ritter, Joachim R. R.; Al-Qaryouti, Mahmoud; Corsmeier, Ulrich</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>Atmospheric processes, ranging from microscale turbulence to severe storms on the synoptic scale, impact the continuous ground motion of the earth and have the potential to induce <span class="hlt">strong</span> broad-band noise in seismological recordings. We designed a target-oriented experiment to quantify the influence of <span class="hlt">wind</span> on ground motion velocity in the Dead Sea valley. For the period from March 2014 to February 2015, a seismological array, consisting of 15 three-component short-period and broad-band stations, was operated near Madaba, Jordan, complemented by one meteorological tower providing synchronized, continuous three-component measurements of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. Results reveal a pronounced, predominantly linear increase of the logarithmic power of ground motion velocity with rising mean horizontal <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed at all recording stations. Measurements in rough, mountainous terrain further identify a <span class="hlt">strong</span> dependency of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-induced noise on surface characteristics, such as topography and, therefore, demonstrate the necessity to consider <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction as well. To assess the noise level of seismological recordings with respect to a dynamically changing <span class="hlt">wind</span> field, we develop a methodology to account for the dependency of power spectral density of ground motion velocity on <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction for long, statistically significant periods. We further introduce the quantitative measure of the ground motion susceptibility to estimate the vulnerability of seismological recordings to the presence of <span class="hlt">wind</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890058245&hterms=alicia&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dalicia%2Bd','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890058245&hterms=alicia&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dalicia%2Bd"><span>Solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>-magnetosphere coupling during intense magnetic storms (1978-1979)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Gonzalez, Walter D.; Gonzalez, Alicia L. C.; Tsurutani, Bruce T.; Smith, Edward J.; Tang, Frances</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>The solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>-magnetosphere coupling problem during intense magnetic storms was investigated for ten intense magnetic storm <span class="hlt">events</span> occurring between August 16, 1978 to December 28, 1979. Particular attention was given to the dependence of the ring current energization on the ISEE-measured solar-<span class="hlt">wind</span> parameters and the evolution of the ring current during the main phase of the intense storms. Several coupling functions were tested as energy input, and several sets of the ring current decay time-constant were searched for the best correlation with the Dst response. Results indicate that a large-scale magnetopause reconnection operates during an intense storm <span class="hlt">event</span> and that the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> ram pressure plays an important role in the energization of the ring current.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20329823','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20329823"><span>Detecting blast-induced infrasound in <span class="hlt">wind</span> noise.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Howard, Wheeler B; Dillion, Kevin L; Shields, F Douglas</p> <p>2010-03-01</p> <p>Current efforts seek to monitor and investigate such naturally occurring <span class="hlt">events</span> as volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, bolides entering the atmosphere, earthquakes, and tsunamis by the infrasound they generate. Often, detection of the infrasound signal is limited by the masking effect of <span class="hlt">wind</span> noise. This paper describes the use of a distributed array to detect infrasound signals from four atmospheric detonations at White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico, USA in 2006. Three of the blasts occurred during times of low <span class="hlt">wind</span> noise and were easily observed with array processing techniques. One blast was obscured by high <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions. The results of signal processing are presented that allowed localization of the blast-induced signals in the presence of <span class="hlt">wind</span> noise in the array response.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMSH32B..05T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMSH32B..05T"><span>Source Regions of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field and Variability in Heavy-Ion Elemental Composition in Gradual Solar Energetic Particle <span class="hlt">Events</span> (Invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tylka, A. J.; Ko, Y.; Ng, C. K.; Wang, Y.; Dietrich, W. F.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Gradual solar energetic particle (SEP) <span class="hlt">events</span> are those in which ions are accelerated to their observed energies by interactions with a shock driven by a fast coronal mass-ejection (CME). Previous studies have shown that much of the observed <span class="hlt">event-to-event</span> variability can be understood in terms of shock speed and evolution in the shock-normal angle. But an equally important factor, particularly for the elemental composition, is the origin of the suprathermal seed particles upon which the shock acts. To tackle this issue, we (1) use observed solar-<span class="hlt">wind</span> speed, magnetograms, and the PFSS model to map the Sun-L1 interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) line back to its source region on the Sun at the time of the SEP observations; and (2) then look for correlation between SEP composition (as measured by <span class="hlt">Wind</span> and ACE at ~2-30 MeV/nucleon) and characteristics of the identified IMF-source regions. The study is based on 24 SEP <span class="hlt">events</span>, identified as a statistically-significant increase in ~20 MeV protons and occurring in 1998 and 2003-2006, when the rate of newly-emergent solar magnetic flux and CMEs was lower than in solar-maximum years and the field-line tracing is therefore more likely to be successful. We find that the gradual SEP Fe/O is correlated with the field strength at the IMF-source, with the largest enhancements occurring when the footpoint field is <span class="hlt">strong</span>, due to the nearby presence of an active region. In these cases, other elemental ratios show a <span class="hlt">strong</span> charge-to-mass (q/M) ordering, at least on average, similar to that found in impulsive <span class="hlt">events</span>. These results lead us to suggest that magnetic reconnection in footpoint regions near active regions bias the heavy-ion composition of suprathermal seed ions by processes qualitatively similar to those that produce larger heavy-ion enhancements in impulsive SEP <span class="hlt">events</span>. To address potential technical concerns about our analysis, we also discuss efforts to exclude impulsive SEP <span class="hlt">events</span> from our <span class="hlt">event</span> sample.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HEAD...1620004K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HEAD...1620004K"><span>Ultrafast outflows in Super-Eddington Tidal Disruption <span class="hlt">Events</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kara, Erin</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The disruption of a star from the <span class="hlt">strong</span> tidal forces of a supermassive black hole can cause the stellar debris to fall back towards the black hole at super Eddington rates. Efficient circularization of the debris can lead to the formation of an accretion disc with luminosities close to or potentially exceeding Eddington limit. Most super-Eddington accretion flow models (including recent magnetohydrodynamic simulations) predict large scale height, optically thick equatorial <span class="hlt">winds</span> at relativistic velocities. In this talk, we will present observational results from two of the most well-observed X-ray emitting Tidal Disruption <span class="hlt">Events</span>, Swift J1644+57 and ASASSN-14li. Both of these objects show evidence for massive outflows at tens of percent of the speed of light. The outflow in Swift J1644+57 was detected via blue shifted emission and reverberation of the iron K alpha line, and ASASSN-14li shows a potential P Cygni profile of the OVIII line. We will discuss the constraints that these observations put on the geometry of the super-Eddington accretion flows in tidal disruption <span class="hlt">events</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850011255','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850011255"><span>The effect of the arbitrary level assignment of satellite cloud motion <span class="hlt">wind</span> vectors on <span class="hlt">wind</span> analyses in the pre-thunderstorm environment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Peslen, C. A.; Koch, S. E.; Uccellini, L. W.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>The impact of satellite-derived cloud motion vectors on SESAME rawinsonde <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields was studied in two separate cases. The effect of <span class="hlt">wind</span> and moisture gradients on the arbitrary assignment of the satellite data is assessed to coordinate surfaces in a severe storm environment marked by <span class="hlt">strong</span> vertical <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear. Objective analyses of SESAME rawinsonde <span class="hlt">winds</span> and combined <span class="hlt">winds</span> are produced and differences between these two analyzed fields are used to make an assessment of coordinate level choice. It is shown that the standard method of arbitrarily assigning <span class="hlt">wind</span> vectors to a low level coordinate surface yields systematic differences between the rawinsonde and combined <span class="hlt">wind</span> analyses. Arbitrary assignment of cloud motions to the 0.9 sigma surface produces smaller differences than assignment to the 825 mb pressure surface. Systematic differences occur near moisture discontinuities and in regions of horizontal and vertical <span class="hlt">wind</span> shears. The differences between the combined and SESAME <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields are made smallest by vertically interpolating cloud motions to either a pressure or sigma surface.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120001503','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120001503"><span>Use of Dual-Polarization Radar Variables to Assess Low-Level <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Shear in Severe Thunderstorm Near-storm Environments in the Tennessee Valley</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Crowe, Christina C.; Schultz, Christopher J.; Kumjian, Matthew; Carey, Lawerence D.; Petersen, Walter A.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The upgrade of the National Weather Service (NWS) network of S ]band dual-polarization radars is currently underway, and the incorporation of polarimetric information into the real ]time forecasting process will enhance the forecaster fs ability to assess thunderstorms and their near ]storm environments. Recent research has suggested that the combination of polarimetric variables differential reflectivity (ZDR) and specific differential phase (KDP) can be useful in the assessment of low level <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear within a thunderstorm. In an environment with <span class="hlt">strong</span> low ]level veering of the <span class="hlt">wind</span>, ZDR values will be largest along the right inflow edge of the thunderstorm near a large gradient in horizontal reflectivity (indicative of large raindrops falling with a relative lack of smaller drops), and take the shape of an arc. Meanwhile, KDP values, which are proportional to liquid water content and indicative of a large number of smaller drops, are maximized deeper into the forward flank precipitation shield than the ZDR arc as the smaller drops are being advected further from the updraft core by the low level <span class="hlt">winds</span> than the larger raindrops. Using findings from previous work, three severe weather <span class="hlt">events</span> that occurred in North Alabama were examined in order to assess the utility of these signatures in determining the potential for tornadic activity. The first case is from October 26, 2010, where a large number of storms indicated tornadic potential from a standard reflectivity and velocity analysis but very few storms actually produced tornadoes. The second <span class="hlt">event</span> is from February 28, 2011, where tornadic storms were present early on in the <span class="hlt">event</span>, but as the day progressed, the tornado threat transitioned to a high <span class="hlt">wind</span> threat. The third case is from April 27, 2011, where multiple rounds of tornadic storms ransacked the Tennessee Valley. This <span class="hlt">event</span> provides a dataset including multiple modes of tornadic development, including QLCS and supercell structures. The overarching goal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/gis/assets/data/maine_50m_metadata.htm','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/gis/assets/data/maine_50m_metadata.htm"><span>ME_50m_<span class="hlt">Wind</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>at a 50 meter height. <em>Purpose</em>: Provide information on the <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource development potential within , alter, enhance and distribute this data for any <em>purpose</em> whatsoever, provided that this entire notice FOR A PARTICULAR <em>PURPOSE</em> ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO <span class="hlt">EVENT</span> SHALL DOE/NREL BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/gis/assets/data/vermont_50m_metadata.htm','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/gis/assets/data/vermont_50m_metadata.htm"><span>VT_50m_<span class="hlt">Wind</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Vermont at a 50 meter height. <em>Purpose</em>: Provide information on the <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource development potential , alter, enhance and distribute this data for any <em>purpose</em> whatsoever, provided that this entire notice FOR A PARTICULAR <em>PURPOSE</em> ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO <span class="hlt">EVENT</span> SHALL DOE/NREL BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1034596','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1034596"><span>Low Probability Tail <span class="hlt">Event</span> Analysis and Mitigation in BPA Control Area: Task One Report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Lu, Shuai; Makarov, Yuri V.</p> <p></p> <p>This is a report for task one of the tail <span class="hlt">event</span> analysis project for BPA. Tail <span class="hlt">event</span> refers to the situation in a power system when unfavorable forecast errors of load and <span class="hlt">wind</span> are superposed onto fast load and <span class="hlt">wind</span> ramps, or non-<span class="hlt">wind</span> generators falling short of scheduled output, the imbalance between generation and load becomes very significant. This type of <span class="hlt">events</span> occurs infrequently and appears on the tails of the distribution of system power imbalance; therefore, is referred to as tail <span class="hlt">events</span>. This report analyzes what happened during the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) reliability <span class="hlt">event</span> on Februarymore » 26, 2008, which was widely reported because of the involvement of <span class="hlt">wind</span> generation. The objective is to identify sources of the problem, solutions to it and potential improvements that can be made to the system. Lessons learned from the analysis include the following: (1) Large mismatch between generation and load can be caused by load forecast error, <span class="hlt">wind</span> forecast error and generation scheduling control error on traditional generators, or a combination of all of the above; (2) The capability of system balancing resources should be evaluated both in capacity (MW) and in ramp rate (MW/min), and be procured accordingly to meet both requirements. The resources need to be able to cover a range corresponding to the variability of load and <span class="hlt">wind</span> in the system, additional to other uncertainties; (3) Unexpected ramps caused by load and <span class="hlt">wind</span> can both become the cause leading to serious issues; (4) A look-ahead tool evaluating system balancing requirement during real-time operations and comparing that with available system resources should be very helpful to system operators in predicting the forthcoming of similar <span class="hlt">events</span> and planning ahead; and (5) Demand response (only load reduction in ERCOT <span class="hlt">event</span>) can effectively reduce load-generation mismatch and terminate frequency deviation in an emergency situation.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70193572','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70193572"><span>Injection, transport, and deposition of tephra during <span class="hlt">event</span> 5 at Redoubt Volcano, 23 March, 2009</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Mastin, Larry G.; Schwaiger, Hans F.; Schneider, David; Wallace, Kristi; Schaefer, Janet; Denlinger, Roger P.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Among the <span class="hlt">events</span> of the 2009 eruption at Redoubt Volcano, Alaska, <span class="hlt">event</span> 5 was the best documented by radar, satellite imagery, and deposit mapping. We use the new Eulerian tephra transport model Ash3d to simulate transport and deposition of <span class="hlt">event</span> 5 tephra at distances up to 350 km. The eruption, which started at about 1230 UTC on 23 March, 2009, sent a plume from the vent elevation (estimated at 2.3 ± 0.1 km above sea level or a.s.l.) to about 16 ± 2 km above sea level in 5 min. The plume was a few kilometers higher than would be expected for the estimated average mass eruption rate and atmospheric conditions, possibly due to release of most of the eruptive mass in the first half of the 20-minute <span class="hlt">event</span>. The eruption injected tephra into a <span class="hlt">wind</span> field of high shear, with weak easterly <span class="hlt">winds</span> below ~ 3 km elevation, <span class="hlt">strong</span> southerly <span class="hlt">winds</span> at 6–10 km and weak westerlies above ~ 16 km. Model simulations in this <span class="hlt">wind</span> field predicted development of a northward-migrating inverted “v”-shaped cloud with a southwest-trending arm at a few kilometers elevation, which was not visible in IR satellite images due to cloud cover, and a southeast-trending arm at > 10 km elevation that was clearly visible. Simulations also predicted a deposit distribution that <span class="hlt">strongly</span> depended on plume height: a plume height below 15 km predicted ash deposits that were located west of those mapped, whereas good agreement was reached with a modeled plume height of 15–18 km. Field sampling of the deposit found it to contain abundant tephra aggregates, which accelerated the removal of tephra from the atmosphere. We were able to reasonably approximate the effect of aggregation on the deposit mass distribution by two methods: (1) adjusting the grain-size distribution, taking the erupted mass < = 0.063 mm in diameter and distributing it evenly into bins of coarser size; and (2) moving 80–90% of the mass < = 0.063 mm into a single particle bin ranging in size from 0.25 to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....1712071T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....1712071T"><span>Typical meteorological conditions associated with extreme nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution <span class="hlt">events</span> over Scandinavia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Thomas, Manu Anna; Devasthale, Abhay</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Characterizing typical meteorological conditions associated with extreme pollution <span class="hlt">events</span> helps to better understand the role of local meteorology in governing the transport and distribution of pollutants in the atmosphere. The knowledge of their co-variability could further help to evaluate and constrain chemistry transport models. Hence, in this study, we investigate the statistical linkages between extreme nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution <span class="hlt">events</span> and meteorology over Scandinavia using observational and reanalysis data. It is observed that the south-westerly <span class="hlt">winds</span> dominated during extreme <span class="hlt">events</span>, accounting for 50-65 % of the total <span class="hlt">events</span> depending on the season, while the second largest annual occurrence was from south-easterly <span class="hlt">winds</span>, accounting for 17 % of total <span class="hlt">events</span>. The specific humidity anomalies showed an influx of warmer and moisture-laden air masses over Scandinavia in the free troposphere. Two distinct modes in the persistency of circulation patterns are observed. The first mode lasts for 1-2 days, dominated by south-easterly <span class="hlt">winds</span> that prevailed during 78 % of total extreme <span class="hlt">events</span> in that mode, while the second mode lasted for 3-5 days, dominated by south-westerly <span class="hlt">winds</span> that prevailed during 86 % of the <span class="hlt">events</span>. The combined analysis of circulation patterns, their persistency, and associated changes in humidity and clouds suggests that NO2 extreme <span class="hlt">events</span> over Scandinavia occur mainly due to long-range transport from the southern latitudes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993STIN...9414423K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993STIN...9414423K"><span>Inflow characteristics associated with high-blade-loading <span class="hlt">events</span> in a <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kelley, N. D.</p> <p>1993-07-01</p> <p>The stochastic characteristics of the turbulent inflow have been shown to be of major significance in the accumulation of fatigue in <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines. Because most of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine installations in the U.S. have taken place in multi-turbine or windfarm configurations, the fatigue damage associated with the higher turbulence levels within such arrangements must be taken into account when making estimates of component service lifetimes. The simultaneous monitoring of two adjacent <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines over a wide range of turbulent inflow conditions has given the authors more confidence in describing the structural load distributions that can be expected in such an environment. The adjacent testing of the two turbines allowed the authors to postulate that observed similarities in the response dynamics and load distributions could be considered quasi-universal, while the dissimilarities could be considered to result from the differing design of the rotors. The format has also allowed them to begin to define appropriate statistical load distribution models for many of the critical components in which fatigue is a major driver of the design. In addition to the adjacent turbine measurements, they also briefly discuss load distributions measured on a teetered-hub turbine.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.386.2330D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.386.2330D"><span>A multispectral view of the periodic <span class="hlt">events</span> in η Carinae†‡§¶</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Damineli, A.; Hillier, D. J.; Corcoran, M. F.; Stahl, O.; Groh, J. H.; Arias, J.; Teodoro, M.; Morrell, N.; Gamen, R.; Gonzalez, F.; Leister, N. V.; Levato, H.; Levenhagen, R. S.; Grosso, M.; Colombo, J. F. Albacete; Wallerstein, G.</p> <p>2008-06-01</p> <p>A full description of the 5.5-yr low excitation <span class="hlt">events</span> in η Carinae is presented. We show that they are not as simple and brief as previously thought, but a combination of two components. The first, the slow variation component, is revealed by slow changes in the ionization level of circumstellar matter across the whole cycle and is caused by gradual changes in the <span class="hlt">wind-wind</span> collision shock-cone orientation, angular opening and gaseous content. The second, the collapse component, is restricted to around the minimum, and is due to a temporary global collapse of the <span class="hlt">wind-wind</span> collision shock. High-energy photons (E > 16 eV) from the companion star are <span class="hlt">strongly</span> shielded, leaving the Weigelt objects at low-ionization state for more than six months. High-energy phenomena are sensitive only to the collapse, low energy only to the slow variation and intermediate energies to both components. Simple eclipses and mechanisms effective only near periastron (e.g. shell ejection or accretion on to the secondary star) cannot account for the whole 5.5-yr cycle. We find anti-correlated changes in the intensity and the radial velocity of P Cygni absorption profiles in FeII λ6455 and HeI λ7065 lines, indicating that the former is associated to the primary and the latter to the secondary star. We present a set of light curves representative of the whole spectrum, useful for monitoring the next <span class="hlt">event</span> (2009 January 11). Based partially on data collected at the OPD-LNA/MCT. Based partially on data collected at ESO telescopes. ‡ Based partially on data collected at Casleo Observatory. § Based partially on data collected at Magellan Telescopes. ¶ Based partially on data collected at CTIO. ∥ E-mail: damineli@astro.iag.usp.br</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140010935','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140010935"><span><span class="hlt">Strong</span> Temporal Variation Over One Saturnian Year: From Voyager to Cassini</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Li, Liming; Achterberg, Richard K.; Conrath, Barney J.; Gierasch, Peter J.; Smith, Mark A.; Simon-Miller, Amy A.; Nixon, Conor A.; Orton, Glenn S.; Flasar, F. Michael; Jiang, Xun; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20140010935'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20140010935_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20140010935_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20140010935_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20140010935_hide"></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Here we report the combined spacecraft observations of Saturn acquired over one Saturnian year (approximately 29.5 Earth years), from the Voyager encounters (1980-81) to the new Cassini reconnaissance (2009-10). The combined observations reveal a <span class="hlt">strong</span> temporal increase of tropic temperature (approximately 10 Kelvins) around the tropopause of Saturn (i.e., 50 mbar), which is stronger than the seasonal variability (approximately a few Kelvins). We also provide the first estimate of the zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> at 750 mbar, which is close to the zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> at 2000 mbar. The quasi-consistency of zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> between these two levels provides observational support to a numerical suggestion inferring that the zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> at pressures greater than 500 mbar do not vary significantly with depth. Furthermore, the temporal variation of zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> decreases its magnitude with depth, implying that the relatively deep zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> are stable with time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3740281','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3740281"><span><span class="hlt">Strong</span> Temporal Variation Over One Saturnian Year: From Voyager to Cassini</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Li, Liming; Achterberg, Richard K.; Conrath, Barney J.; Gierasch, Peter J.; Smith, Mark A.; Simon-Miller, Amy A.; Nixon, Conor A.; Orton, Glenn S.; Flasar, F. Michael; Jiang, Xun; Baines, Kevin H.; Morales-Juberías, Raúl; Ingersoll, Andrew P.; Vasavada, Ashwin R.; Del Genio, Anthony D.; West, Robert A.; Ewald, Shawn P.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Here we report the combined spacecraft observations of Saturn acquired over one Saturnian year (~29.5 Earth years), from the Voyager encounters (1980–81) to the new Cassini reconnaissance (2009–10). The combined observations reveal a <span class="hlt">strong</span> temporal increase of tropic temperature (~10 Kelvins) around the tropopause of Saturn (i.e., 50 mbar), which is stronger than the seasonal variability (~a few Kelvins). We also provide the first estimate of the zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> at 750 mbar, which is close to the zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> at 2000 mbar. The quasi-consistency of zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> between these two levels provides observational support to a numerical suggestion inferring that the zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> at pressures greater than 500 mbar do not vary significantly with depth. Furthermore, the temporal variation of zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> decreases its magnitude with depth, implying that the relatively deep zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> are stable with time. PMID:23934437</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA286599','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA286599"><span>Mild <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Series, Minute Steak <span class="hlt">Event</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1992-11-20</p> <p>radioactive gas and debris from reaching the atmosphere, thereby complying with the test ban treaty. distance from the source point to the surface was...percent of the active data recorded on film is also important in the <span class="hlt">event</span> of excessive radioactive release. The weighing of the experiments is arbitrary...in a water-base Polution . S41 ’ The caldera 245 feet In diameter and 17 feet deep formed at +23 minutes (figure 4.2). There was consistent</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10444E..0ZK','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10444E..0ZK"><span>Endangerment of cultural heritage sites by <span class="hlt">strong</span> rain</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Krauß, Thomas; Fischer, Peter</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Due to climate change extreme weather conditions become more and more frequent in the last years. Especially in Germany nearly every year a large flood <span class="hlt">event</span> happens. Most of these <span class="hlt">events</span> are caused by <span class="hlt">strong</span> rain. There are at most two causes for these floodings: The first is locally <span class="hlt">strong</span> rain in the area of damage, the second happens at damage sites located near confluxes and <span class="hlt">strong</span> rain in the upper stream areas of the joining rivers. The amount of damage is often <span class="hlt">strongly</span> correlated with unreasonable designation of new construction in such endangered regions. Our presented study is based on an earlier project together with a German insurance company. In this project we analyzed correlations of geographical settings with the insurance data of flood damages over ten years. The result of this study was a <span class="hlt">strong</span> relation of the terrain with the amount and the probability of damages. Further investigations allow us to derive a system for estimating potential endangerment due to <span class="hlt">strong</span> rain just from suitable digital terrain models (DTMs). In the presented study we apply this method to different types of cultural heritage (CH) sites in Germany and other parts of the world to detect which type of CH sites were build with potential endangerment of <span class="hlt">strong</span> rain <span class="hlt">events</span> in mind and which ones are prone to such <span class="hlt">events</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA02455&hterms=coverage&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dcoverage','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA02455&hterms=coverage&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dcoverage"><span>Sea<span class="hlt">Winds</span> Global Coverage with Detail of Hurricane Floyd</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p><p/>The distribution of ocean surface <span class="hlt">winds</span> over the Atlantic Ocean, based on September 1999 data from NASA's Sea<span class="hlt">Winds</span> instrument on the QuikScat satellite, shows <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction (white streamlines) at a resolution of 25 kilometers (15.5 miles), superimposed on the color image indicating <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed.<p/>Over the ocean, the <span class="hlt">strong</span> (seen in violet) trade <span class="hlt">winds</span> blow steadily from the cooler subtropical oceans to warm waters just north of the equator. The air rises over these warm waters and sinks in the subtropics at the horse latitudes. Low <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds are indicated in blue. In the mid-latitudes, the high vorticity caused by the rotation of the Earth generates the spirals of weather systems. The North Atlantic is dominated by a high-pressure system, whose anti-cyclonic (clockwise) flow creates <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> blowing parallel to the coast of Spain and Morocco. This creates <span class="hlt">strong</span> ocean upwelling and cold temperature. Hurricane Floyd, with its high <span class="hlt">winds</span> (yellow), is clearly visible west of the Bahamas. Tropical depression Gert is seen as it was forming in the tropical mid-Atlantic (as an anti-clockwise spiral); it later developed into a full-blown hurricane.<p/>Because the atmosphere is largely transparent to microwaves, Sea<span class="hlt">Winds</span> is able to cover 93 percent of the global oceans, under both clear and cloudy conditions, in a single day, with the capability of a synoptic view of the ocean. The high resolution of the data also gives detailed description of small and intense weather systems, like Hurricane Floyd. The image in the insert is based on data specially produced at 12.5 kilometers (7.7 miles). In the insert, white arrows of <span class="hlt">wind</span> vector are imposed on the color image of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. The insert represents a 3-degree area occupied by Hurricane Floyd. After these data were acquired, Hurricane Floyd turned north. Its strength and proximity to the Atlantic coast of the U.S. caused the largest evacuation of citizens in U.S. history. Its landfall on September 16, 1999</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.C24C..02B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.C24C..02B"><span>January 2016 West Antarctic Melt <span class="hlt">Event</span>: Large Scale Forcing and Local Processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bromwich, D. H.; Nicolas, J. P.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>A huge surface melt <span class="hlt">event</span> occurred in January 2016 that affected a large portion of the Ross Ice Shelf and adjacent parts of Marie Byrd Land of West Antarctica. It coincided with one of the strongest El Niño <span class="hlt">events</span> on record in the tropical Pacific Ocean. The El Niño teleconnection pattern in the South Pacific Ocean favors the advection of warm, moist air into the western part of West Antarctica. At the same time <span class="hlt">strong</span> westerly <span class="hlt">winds</span> over the Southern Ocean, captured by the Southern Annular Mode or SAM, were <span class="hlt">strong</span> before, during, and after the melting episode, and these tend to limit the transport of marine air into the Ross Ice Shelf region. This prominent melt <span class="hlt">event</span> demonstrates that extensive melting can happen regardless of the state of the SAM when the El Niño forcing is <span class="hlt">strong</span>. Furthermore, because climate models project more frequent major El Niños in the future with a warming climate, we can expect more major surface melt <span class="hlt">events</span> in West Antarctica as the 21st century unfolds. The melting <span class="hlt">event</span> occurred in part of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet that the ice sheet modeling study of DeConto and Pollard (2016) suggests is prone to collapse as a result of extreme greenhouse warming. This melt <span class="hlt">event</span> happened while an important field campaign, the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement West Antarctic Radiation Experiment (AWARE), was ongoing in central West Antarctica. The observations collected during this campaign provided unique insight into some of the physical mechanisms governing surface melting in this otherwise data-sparse region. In particular, these observations highlighted the presence of low-level liquid-water clouds, which aided the radiative heating of the snow surface from both shortwave and longwave radiation, reminiscent of summer melting conditions in Greenland. The resulting large flux of energy into the snow pack was reflected in increased satellite microwave brightness temperatures that were used to follow the evolution of the widespread</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC13K0880W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC13K0880W"><span>Assessment of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Datasets for Estimating Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy along the Central California Coast</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Y. H.; Walter, R. K.; Ruttenberg, B.; White, C.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Offshore renewable energy along the central California coastline has gained significant interest in recent years. We present a comprehensive analysis of near-surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> datasets available in this region to facilitate future estimates of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power generation potential. The analyses are based on local NDBC buoys, satellite-based measurements (QuickSCAT and CCMP V2.0), reanalysis products (NARR and MERRA), and a regional climate model (WRF). There are substantial differences in the diurnal signal during different months among the various products (i.e., satellite-based, reanalysis, and modeled) relative to the local buoys. Moreover, the datasets tended to underestimate <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed under light <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions and overestimate under <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions. In addition to point-to-point comparisons against local buoys, the spatial variations of bias and error in both the reanalysis products and WRF model data in this region were compared against satellite-based measurements. NARR's bias and root-mean-square-error were generally small in the study domain and decreased with distance from coastlines. Although its smaller spatial resolution is likely to be insufficient to reveal local effects, the small bias and error in near-surface <span class="hlt">winds</span>, as well as the availability of <span class="hlt">wind</span> data at the proposed turbine hub heights, suggests that NARR is an ideal candidate for use in offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy production estimates along the central California coast. The framework utilized here could be applied in other site-specific regions where offshore renewable energy is being considered.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983BoLMe..27...69G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983BoLMe..27...69G"><span>Low-level <span class="hlt">wind</span> response to mesoscale pressure systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Garratt, J. R.; Physick, W. L.</p> <p>1983-09-01</p> <p>Observations are presented which show a <span class="hlt">strong</span> correlation between low-level <span class="hlt">wind</span> behaviour (e.g., rotation near the surface) and the passage of mesoscale pressure systems. The latter are associated with frontal transition zones, are dominated by a pressure-jump line and a mesoscale high pressure area, and produce locally large horizontal pressure gradients. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> observations are simulated by specifying a time sequence of perturbation pressure gradient and subsequently solving the vertically-integrated momentum equations with appropriate initial conditions. Very good agreement is found between observed and calculated <span class="hlt">winds</span>; in particular, (i) a 360 ° rotation in <span class="hlt">wind</span> on passage of the mesoscale high; (ii) <span class="hlt">wind</span>-shift lines produced dynamically by the pressure-jump line; (iii) rapid linear increase in <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed on passage of the pressure jump.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=GL-2002-001705&hterms=twins&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dtwins','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=GL-2002-001705&hterms=twins&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dtwins"><span>Twin Cyclones Result From Shift in the Trade <span class="hlt">Winds</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>QuikSCAT, a NASA satellite instrument that measures <span class="hlt">winds</span>, observed a <span class="hlt">strong</span> typhoon threatening the Philippines on March 4, 2002, (top) unusual in the winter season, and a similar tropical cyclone passing along the Australian coast towards Nuomea. These unusual phenomena are results of the westerly <span class="hlt">winds</span> (blowing from Indonesia towards the American coast) along the equator which started back in February 25, (lower) as QuikSCAT revealed. Color in these images relates to <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed, arrows indicate direction. The reversal of the usual Trade <span class="hlt">Winds</span> (which blow from the American coast towards Asia) generally triggers Kelvin waves (warm surface water that moves along the equator from Indonesia to the coast of Peru) and twin cyclones, which are early indicators of El Nino. The equatorial westerly <span class="hlt">winds</span> generate a counter-clockwise vortex in the Northern Hemisphere and a clockwise vortex in the Southern Hemisphere. The Trade <span class="hlt">Winds</span> push warm water from east to west across the Pacific, reaching the American coast in one to two months. The increase in frequency and strength of the Kelvin Waves may lead to El Nino. <span class="hlt">Strong</span> westerly <span class="hlt">winds</span> and twin cyclones were also observed by QuikSCAT during last Christmas season (2001) and the Kelvin wave triggered at that time reached South America in Early March 2002. Images courtesy Liu, Xie, and Tang, QuikSCAT Science Team</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.1662F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.1662F"><span>The role of turbulent mixing in <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine wake recovery and <span class="hlt">wind</span> array performance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fruh, Wolf-Gerrit; Creech, Angus; Maguire, Eoghan</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>The effect of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine wakes in large offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy arrays can be a substantial factor in affecting the performance of turbines inside the array. Turbulent mixing plays a key role in the wake recovery, having a significant effect on the length over which the wake is <span class="hlt">strong</span> enough to affect the performance other turbines significantly. We aim to highlight how turbulence affects <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine wakes, first by examining a high resolution CFD model of a single turbine wake validated by LIDAR measurements [1], and secondly with a much larger CFD simulation of Lillgrund offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm, validated with SCADA data [2]. By comparing the decay rates behind single turbines in environments of different surrounding surface features, ranging from ideal free-slip <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnels to mixed-vegetation hills, we suggest that the decay rate of turbine wakes are enhanced by free-stream turbulence, created by topography and ground features. In the context of Lillgrund <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm, observations and computational results suggest that the wakes created by the turbines in the leading row facing the <span class="hlt">wind</span> decay much slower than those in second row, or further into the turbine array. This observation can be explained by the diffusive action of upwind turbulence breaking up the wake generated by a turbine rotor. Angus CW Creech, Wolf-Gerrit Früh, Peter Clive (2012). Actuator volumes and hradaptive methods for threedimensional simulation of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine wakes and performance. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Vol.15, 847 - 863. Angus C.W. Creech, Wolf-Gerrit Früh, A. Eoghan Maguire (2013). High-resolution CFD modelling of Lillgrund <span class="hlt">Wind</span> farm. Renewable Energies and Power Quality Journal, Vol. 11</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA20365.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA20365.html"><span>NASA RapidScat Observes El Nino Blowing in the <span class="hlt">Winds</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2016-01-21</p> <p>While El Niño <span class="hlt">events</span> have a significant impact on the entire Earth System, they are most easily visible in measurements of sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height (SSH) and ocean <span class="hlt">winds</span> near the surface. In fact, the precursor and the main driver of El Niño <span class="hlt">events</span> is manifested in the weakening of the normally westward blowing trade <span class="hlt">winds</span>, or even their complete reversal to blow from west to east, in the Western and Central tropical Pacific. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA20365</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A31P..03K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A31P..03K"><span>Prediction of North Pacific Height Anomalies During <span class="hlt">Strong</span> Madden-Julian Oscillation <span class="hlt">Events</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kai-Chih, T.; Barnes, E. A.; Maloney, E. D.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) creates <span class="hlt">strong</span> variations in extratropical atmospheric circulations that have important implications for subseasonal-to-seasonal prediction. In particular, certain MJO phases are characterized by a consistent modulation of geopotential height in the North Pacific and adjacent regions across different MJO <span class="hlt">events</span>. Until recently, only limited research has examined the relationship between these robust MJO tropical-extratropical teleconnections and model prediction skill. In this study, reanalysis data (MERRA and ERA-Interim) and ECMWF ensemble hindcasts are used to demonstrate that robust teleconnections in specific MJO phases and time lags are also characterized by excellent agreement in the prediction of geopotential height anoma- lies across model ensemble members at forecast leads of up to 3 weeks. These periods of enhanced prediction capabilities extend the possibility for skillful extratropical weather prediction beyond traditional 10-13 day limits. Furthermore, we also examine the phase dependency of teleconnection robustness by using Linear Baroclinic Model (LBM) and the result is consistent with the ensemble hindcasts : the anomalous heating of MJO phase 2 (phase 6) can consistently generate positive (negative) geopotential height anomalies around the extratropical Pacific with a lead of 15-20 days, while other phases are more sensitive to the variaion of the mean state.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991STIN...9216476.','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991STIN...9216476."><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> power: The new energy policy 1</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1991-10-01</p> <p>Increasing use of renewable energy sources is an important aspect of the new energy policy of the State government of Schleswig-Holstein. Technical and industrial innovation are involved. By expanding and developing these regionally available inexhaustible energy sources to generate electricity and heat, we are contributing to environmental protection and helping to reduce adverse affects on the climate. We are also taking our limited resources into account and expanding energy generation in a logical manner. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> energy is the most attractive renewable energy source for Schleswig-Holstein because our State is well known for its <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> and constant fresh breeze. For this reason the State government has made expansion of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy one of its primary areas of emphasis. The goals of our promotion measures includes ongoing technical and engineering development of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy facilities, increasing the level of use of the <span class="hlt">wind</span>, and increasing the percentage of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy used for power generation. This brochure is intended to demonstrate the significance and possibilities of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy for our State, to outline the legal requirements for erecting <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy facilities, and to explain the many promotion measures. It represents a favorable breeze for <span class="hlt">wind</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.7468M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.7468M"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> waves generated by Typhoon Vamei in the southern South China Sea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mohammed, Aboobacker; Tkalich, Pavel; Krishnakumar, Vinod Kumar; Ponnumony, Vethamony</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>Typhoon-generated waves are of interest scientifically for understanding <span class="hlt">wind</span>-wave interaction physics, as well as operationally for predicting potential hazards. The Typhoon Vamei formed in the southern South China Sea (SCS) was one of the rare typhoon <span class="hlt">events</span> that occurred near the equator. The typhoon developed on 26 Dec 2001 at 1.4°N in the southern SCS, strengthened quickly, made a landfall along the southeast coast of Malaysia and dissipated over Sumatra on 28 Dec 2001. With the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds were as high as 36 m/s in the southern SCS, this <span class="hlt">event</span> has significantly affected the atmospheric and oceanic conditions over the region. In the present study, we aim at understanding the <span class="hlt">wind</span> wave characteristics induced by Vamei along the Sunda Shelf and the southeast coast of Malaysia. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> velocity vectors over the southern SCS have been simulated for 22-30 Dec 2001 using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. These <span class="hlt">winds</span> have been forced in a third generation wave model to compute the <span class="hlt">wind</span> waves in the affected domain. Simulated significant wave heights reach as high as 7.5m off the southeast coast of Malaysia and 5.8m in the Singapore Strait (SS). Wave propagation from the SCS to the SS is highly noticeable during the typhoon <span class="hlt">event</span>. Directional distribution and propagation of the Vamei generated waves towards the southeast coast of Malaysia and part of Singapore region have been discussed. Keywords: South China Sea; <span class="hlt">wind</span> waves; typhoon; numerical modelling; significant wave height.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/941448','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/941448"><span>NAWIG News: The Quarterly Newsletter of the Native American <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Interest Group, Fall 2008, <span class="hlt">Wind</span> & Hydropower Technologies Program (Brochure)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Not Available</p> <p>2008-09-01</p> <p>As part of its Native American outreach, DOE?s <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Powering America program produces a newsletter to present Native American <span class="hlt">wind</span> information, including projects, interviews with pioneers, issues, WPA activities, and related <span class="hlt">events</span>. This issue features an interview with Dave Danz, a tribal planner for the Grand Portage Band of Chippewa in northeastern Minnesota, and a feature on the new turbine that powers the KILI radio station on the Pine Ridge Reservation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011APS..DFDG27006L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011APS..DFDG27006L"><span>Inherent Variability in Short-time <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine Statistics from Turbulence Structure in the Atmospheric Surface Layer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lavely, Adam; Vijayakumar, Ganesh; Brasseur, James; Paterson, Eric; Kinzel, Michael</p> <p>2011-11-01</p> <p>Using large-eddy simulation (LES) of the neutral and moderately convective atmospheric boundary layers (NBL, MCBL), we analyze the impact of coherent turbulence structure of the atmospheric surface layer on the short-time statistics that are commonly collected from <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines. The incoming <span class="hlt">winds</span> are conditionally sampled with a filtering and thresholding algorithm into high/low horizontal and vertical velocity fluctuation coherent <span class="hlt">events</span>. The time scales of these <span class="hlt">events</span> are ~5 - 20 blade rotations and are roughly twice as long in the MCBL as the NBL. Horizontal velocity <span class="hlt">events</span> are associated with greater variability in rotor power, lift and blade-bending moment than vertical velocity <span class="hlt">events</span>. The variability in the industry standard 10 minute average for rotor power, sectional lift and <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity had a standard deviation of ~ 5% relative to the ``infinite time'' statistics for the NBL and ~10% for the MCBL. We conclude that turbulence structure associated with atmospheric stability state contributes considerable, quantifiable, variability to <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine statistics. Supported by NSF and DOE.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/28672','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/28672"><span>Low-level <span class="hlt">wind</span> maxima in the 1969 San Mateo and Walker Fires</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Bill C. Ryan; George R. Ellis; Donald V. Lust</p> <p>1971-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">strong</span> band of low-level <span class="hlt">winds</span> that affected the severity of the San Mateo and Walker Fires in southern California on August 1969 was analyzed and studied. Mechanisms that could have caused or contributed to these <span class="hlt">winds</span> and similar <span class="hlt">wind</span> situations were evaluated and are discussed. Results show that the <span class="hlt">winds</span> in this case were probably a product of several...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BoLMe.165...87X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BoLMe.165...87X"><span>A Numerical Study of <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-Turbine Wakes for Three Atmospheric Stability Conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xie, Shengbai; Archer, Cristina L.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The effects of atmospheric stability on <span class="hlt">wind</span>-turbine wakes are studied via large-eddy simulations. Three stability conditions are considered: stable, neutral, and unstable, with the same geostrophic <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed aloft and the same Coriolis frequency. Both a single 5-MW turbine and a <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm of five turbines are studied. The single-turbine wake is <span class="hlt">strongly</span> correlated with stability, in terms of velocity deficit, turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and temperature distribution. Because of the Coriolis effect, the wake shape deviates from a Gaussian distribution. For the <span class="hlt">wind</span>-farm simulations, the separation of the core region and outer region is clear for the stable and neutral cases, but less distinct for the unstable case. The unstable case exhibits <span class="hlt">strong</span> horizontal variations in <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. Local accelerations such as related to aisle jets are also observed, whose features depend on stability. The added TKE in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm increases with stability. The highest power extraction and lowest power deficit are observed for the unstable case.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmRe.188...64Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmRe.188...64Z"><span>Quantifying the relationship between extreme air pollution <span class="hlt">events</span> and extreme weather <span class="hlt">events</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Henian; Wang, Yuhang; Park, Tae-Won; Deng, Yi</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Extreme weather <span class="hlt">events</span> can <span class="hlt">strongly</span> affect surface air quality, which has become a major environmental factor to affect human health. Here, we examined the relationship between extreme ozone and PM2.5 (particular matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) <span class="hlt">events</span> and the representative meteorological parameters such as daily maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum relative humidity (RHmin), and minimum <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed (Vmin), using the location-specific 95th or 5th percentile threshold derived from historical reanalysis data (30 years for ozone and 10 years for PM2.5). We found that ozone and PM2.5 extremes were decreasing over the years, reflecting EPA's tightened standards and effort on reducing the corresponding precursor's emissions. Annual ozone and PM2.5 extreme days were highly correlated with Tmax and RHmin, especially in the eastern U.S. They were positively (negatively) correlated with Vmin in urban (rural and suburban) stations. The overlapping ratios of ozone extreme days with Tmax were fairly constant, about 32%, and tended to be high in fall and low in winter. Ozone extreme days were most sensitive to Tmax, then RHmin, and least sensitive to Vmin. The majority of ozone extremes occurred when Tmax was between 300 K and 320 K, RHmin was less than 40%, and Vmin was less than 3 m/s. The number of annual extreme PM2.5 days was highly positively correlated with the extreme RHmin/Tmax days, with correlation coefficient between PM2.5/RHmin highest in urban and suburban regions and the correlation coefficient between PM2.5/Tmax highest in rural area. Tmax has more impact on PM2.5 extreme over the eastern U.S. Extreme PM2.5 days were more likely to occur at low RH conditions in the central and southeastern U.S., especially during spring time, and at high RH conditions in the northern U.S. and the Great Plains. Most extreme PM2.5 <span class="hlt">events</span> occurred when Tmax was between 300 K and 320 K and RHmin was between 10% and 50%. Extreme PM2.5 days usually occurred when</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994CSR....14.1063S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994CSR....14.1063S"><span>Sediment-transport <span class="hlt">events</span> on the northern California continental shelf during the 1990 1991 STRESS experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sherwood, C. R.; Butman, B.; Cacchione, D. A.; Drake, D. E.; Gross, T. F.; Sternberg, R. W.; Wiberg, P. L.; Williams, A. J.</p> <p>1994-08-01</p> <p>Measurements of currents and light transmission were made at bottom tripods and moorings arrayed across the northern California continental shelf along the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE) "C" transect as part of the 1990-1991 Sediment Transport <span class="hlt">Events</span> on Shelves and Slopes (STRESS) experiment. In combination with meteorological and wave data from the National Data Buoy Center Buoy 46013, these measurements provide information about the physical forcing and resultant resuspension and transport of bottom material between 21 November and 8 March. Sixteen <span class="hlt">events</span> were identified in the wave, <span class="hlt">wind</span> and current-meter records for this period. Only two were local storms with southerly <span class="hlt">winds</span>, but they caused about half of the seasonal net transport. Seven were swell <span class="hlt">events</span> that combined long-period waves generated by distant storms with local currents. At the 90-m site, swells interacted with the mean northward flow to produce northward transport. During six northerly <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span>, upwelling-favorable <span class="hlt">winds</span> often were sufficient to slow or reverse the mean northward flow and thus caused southward transport. A single current <span class="hlt">event</span>, which produced moderate southward transport, was observed at the 130-m site. Net transport during the winter experiment was offshore at all sites, northward at the inner- and mid-shelf sites, but southward at the outer-shelf site. The results suggest that local storms with southerly <span class="hlt">winds</span> may dominate seasonal transport, as on the Washington shelf, but significant transport also can occur during fair weather and during periods of northerly <span class="hlt">winds</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A53L..06L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A53L..06L"><span>Objective Tracking of Tropical Cyclones in the North-West Pacific Basin Based on <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Field Information only</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Leckebusch, G. C.; Befort, D. J.; Kruschke, T.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Although only ca. 12% of the global insured losses of natural disasters occurred in Asia, there are two major reasons to be concerned about risks in Asia: a) The fraction of loss <span class="hlt">events</span> was substantial higher with 39% of which 94% were due to atmospheric processes; b) Asia and especially China, is undergoing quick transitions and especially the insurance market is rapidly growing. In order to allow for the estimation of potential future (loss) impacts in East-Asia, in this study we further developed and applied a feature tracking system based on extreme <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed occurrences to tropical cyclones, which was originally developed for extra-tropical cyclones (Leckebusch et al., 2008). In principle, <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields will be identified and tracked once a coherent exceedance of local percentile thresholds is identified. The focus on severe <span class="hlt">wind</span> impact will allow an objective link between the strength of a cyclone and its potential damages over land. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> tracking is developed in such a way to be applicable also to course-gridded AOGCM simulation. In the presented configuration the <span class="hlt">wind</span> tracking algorithm is applied to the Japanese reanalysis (JRA55) and TC Identification is based on 850hPa <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds (6h resolution) from 1979 to 2014 over the Western North Pacific region. For validation the IBTrACS Best Track archive version v03r8 is used. Out of all 904 observed tracks, about 62% can be matched to at least one windstorm <span class="hlt">event</span> identified in JRA55. It is found that the relative amount of matched best tracks increases with the maximum intensity. Thus, a positive matching (hit rate) of above 98% for Violent Typhoons (VTY), above 90% for Very <span class="hlt">Strong</span> Typhoons (VSTY), about 75% for Typhoons (TY), and still some 50% for less intense TCs (TD, TS, STS) is found. This result is extremely encouraging to apply this technique to AOGCM outputs and to derive information about affected regions and intensity-frequency distributions potentially changed under future climate conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830010979','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830010979"><span>The useful potential of using existing data to uniquely identify predictable <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> and regimes, part 1</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Trettel, D. W.; Aquino, J. T.; Piazza, T. R.; Taylor, L. E.; Trask, D. C.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>Correlations between standard meteorological data and <span class="hlt">wind</span> power generation potential were developed. Combined with appropriate <span class="hlt">wind</span> forecasts, these correlations can be useful to load dispatchers to supplement conventional energy sources. Hourly <span class="hlt">wind</span> data were analyzed for four sites, each exhibiting a unique physiography. These sites are Amarillo, Texas; Ludington, Michigan; Montauk Point, New York; and San Gorgonio, California. Synoptic weather maps and tables are presented to illustrate various <span class="hlt">wind</span> 'regimes' at these sites.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.C41D..02S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.C41D..02S"><span>Dust Deposition <span class="hlt">Events</span> on Mt. Elbrus, Caucasus Mountains in the 21st Century Reconstructed from the Shallow Firn and Ice Cores (Invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shahgedanova, M.; Kutuzov, S.; Mikhalenko, V.; Ginot, P.; Lavrentiev, I.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>This paper presents and discusses a record of dust deposition <span class="hlt">events</span> reconstructed from the shallow firn and ice cores extracted on the Western Plateau, Mt. Elbrus, Caucasus Mountains, Russia. A combination of SEVIRI imagery, HYSPLIT trajectory model, meteorological and atmospheric optical depth data were used to establish timing of deposition <span class="hlt">events</span> and source regions of dust with very high temporal (hours) and spatial (c. 50-100 km) resolution. The source regions of the desert dust transported to Mt. Elbrus were primarily located in the Middle East, in particular in eastern Syria and in the Syrian Desert at the border between Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Jordan. Northern Sahara, the foothills of the Djebel Akhdar Mountains in eastern Libya and the border region between Libya and Algeria were other important sources of desert dust. Dust sources in the Sahara were natural (e.g. palaeolakes and alluvial deposits in the foothills) while in the Middle East, dust entrainment occurred from both natural (e.g. dry river beds) and anthropogenic (e.g. agricultural fields) sources. The overall majority of dust deposition <span class="hlt">events</span> occurred between March and June and, less frequently, dust deposition <span class="hlt">events</span> occurred in February and October. In all cases, dust deposition was associated with depressions causing <span class="hlt">strong</span> surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> and dust uplift in the source areas, transportation of dust to the Caucasus with a <span class="hlt">strong</span> south-westerly flow from the Sahara or southerly flow from the Middle East, merging of the dust clouds with precipitation-bearing weather fronts and precipitation over the Caucasus region. The Saharan depressions were vigorous and associated with stronger daily <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds of 20-30 m/s at the 700 hPa level; depressions forming over the Middle East and the associated <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds were weaker at 12-15 m/s. The Saharan depressions were less frequent than those carrying dust from the Middle East but higher dust loads were associated with the Saharan depressions. A higher</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110007118','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110007118"><span>Spectroscopy of the Stellar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> in the Cygnus X-1 System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Miskovicova, Ivica; Hanke, Manfred; Wilms, Joern; Nowak, Michael A.; Pottschmidt, Katja; Schultz, Norbert</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The X-ray luminosity of black holes is produced through the accretion of material from their companion stars. Depending on the mass of the donor star, accretion of the material falling onto the black hole through the inner Lagrange point of the system or accretion by the <span class="hlt">strong</span> stellar <span class="hlt">wind</span> can occur. Cygnus X-1 is a high mass X-ray binary system, where the black hole is powered by accretion of the stellar <span class="hlt">wind</span> of its supergiant companion star HDE226868. As the companion is close to filling its Roche lobe, the <span class="hlt">wind</span> is not symmetric, but <span class="hlt">strongly</span> focused towards the black hole. Chandra-HETGS observations allow for an investigation of this focused stellar <span class="hlt">wind</span>, which is essential to understand the physics of the accretion flow. We compare observations at the distinct orbital phases of 0.0, 0.2, 0.5 and 0.75. These correspond to different lines of sights towards the source, allowing us to probe the structure and the dynamics of the <span class="hlt">wind</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994ThApC..49..183S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994ThApC..49..183S"><span>The winterstorm ``Vivian'' of 27 February 1990: About the meteorological development, <span class="hlt">wind</span> forces and damage situation in the forests of Switzerland</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schüepp, M.; Schiesser, H. H.; Huntrieser, H.; Scherrer, H. U.; Schmidtke, H.</p> <p>1994-09-01</p> <p>During the months January and February 1990 a series of severe cyclones were responsible for enormous <span class="hlt">wind</span>-induced damage in Europe. The final of this series, on 27 February 1990, cyclone “Vivian” mainly affected the alpine valleys of Switzerland. 5 Millions m3 of timber were felled by the severe <span class="hlt">winds</span>, a record number in this century. A complete damage survey of the deforested areas offers in combination with meteorological data an unique data set for a detailed case study of this extreme <span class="hlt">event</span>. This paper describes the general meteorological development from the synoptic scale down to the mesoscale of Switzerland and presents a general overview of the damage situation. The main results show that a rare situation of a straight frontal zone stretching over the whole Atlantic Ocean and showing a <span class="hlt">strong</span> gradient in temperature pointed directly toward Central-Europe. Two waves formed along this elongated polar front and deepend rapidly to depressions. The first low travelled on the southernmost trajectory of the whole storm series and affected Switzerland most. North of the Alps the prefrontal warm air was blocked to the east by the arriving coldfront and had to escape into the complex terrain of the alpine valleys. There, the stormy <span class="hlt">winds</span> were strengthened by channelizing and “Föhn” effects. The large temperature gradient between the prefrontal and the incoming air masses induced thunderstorm activity which vortices and downdrafts might have enhanced locally. As a result most of the damaged forested areas were found between 1200 and 1600 m MSL on slopes, which were mainly exposed toward the prevailing NW-<span class="hlt">winds</span>. A comparison of extreme <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds for the period 1978 1992 revealed that this <span class="hlt">event</span>'s extreme high speed of 74.5 m/s, measured at a high elevated pass station in the mountains, was exceptional. For lower elevated stations the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds were high but in the range of other observed extreme values. In addition to the severe <span class="hlt">wind</span> forces the duration</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/921553','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/921553"><span>NAWIG News: The Quarterly Newsletter of the Native American <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Interest Group, Summer 2007</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Not Available</p> <p></p> <p>DOE's <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Powering America program has initiated a quarterly NAWIG newsletter to present Native American <span class="hlt">wind</span> information, including projects, interviews with pioneers, issues, WPA activities, and related <span class="hlt">events</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AGUFMAE41A..03S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AGUFMAE41A..03S"><span>The Meteorological Setting of Narrow Bipolar <span class="hlt">Events</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stanley, M. A.; Suszcynsky, D. M.; Heavner, M. J.</p> <p>2003-12-01</p> <p>Narrow Bipolar <span class="hlt">Events</span> (NBEs) are an impulsive form of electrical breakdown in storms which emits <span class="hlt">strong</span> VHF radiation. It is well known that these <span class="hlt">events</span> can be readily detected by VHF receivers in orbit and thus may provide a highly practical means to globally monitor storm activity. However, relatively little is known about how NBEs relate to the convective phase of storms and of how good a predictor they are of severe weather <span class="hlt">events</span> such as large hail, damaging <span class="hlt">winds</span>, and tornadoes. On June 10, 2002, numerous energetic NBEs were detected over Kansas by the Los Alamos National Laboratory Edot array, which is primarily located in Florida. These NBEs were also detected by a VHF receiver on-board the SVN 54 GPS satellite. The NBEs were associated with severe thunderstorms which produced softball size hail exceeding 11 centimeters in diameter and a weak F0 tornado. In another case study, several F2 tornadic Florida storms were analyzed for March, 2001. Unlike the Kansas storms, the NBEs of the Florida tornadic storms were spread out over a much wider area and exhibited considerable variability in both frequency of occurrence and predominant polarity of vertical charge transfer. To further explore the significance of the NBE rate variability, we will analyze NEXRAD radar volume scans in conjunction with Edot 3-dimensional locations to better understand how NBEs correlate with the thunderstorm life-cycle.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26537669','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26537669"><span>The dune effect on sand-transporting <span class="hlt">winds</span> on Mars.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jackson, Derek W T; Bourke, Mary C; Smyth, Thomas A G</p> <p>2015-11-05</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> on Mars is a significant agent of contemporary surface change, yet the absence of in situ meteorological data hampers the understanding of surface-atmospheric interactions. Airflow models at length scales relevant to landform size now enable examination of conditions that might activate even small-scale bedforms (ripples) under certain contemporary <span class="hlt">wind</span> regimes. Ripples have the potential to be used as modern '<span class="hlt">wind</span> vanes' on Mars. Here we use 3D airflow modelling to demonstrate that local dune topography exerts a <span class="hlt">strong</span> influence on <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and direction and that ripple movement likely reflects steered <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction for certain dune ridge shapes. The poor correlation of dune orientation with effective sand-transporting <span class="hlt">winds</span> suggests that large dunes may not be mobile under modelled <span class="hlt">wind</span> scenarios. This work highlights the need to first model <span class="hlt">winds</span> at high resolution before inferring regional <span class="hlt">wind</span> patterns from ripple movement or dune orientations on the surface of Mars today.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4667610','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4667610"><span>The dune effect on sand-transporting <span class="hlt">winds</span> on Mars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Jackson, Derek W. T.; Bourke, Mary C; Smyth, Thomas A. G.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> on Mars is a significant agent of contemporary surface change, yet the absence of in situ meteorological data hampers the understanding of surface–atmospheric interactions. Airflow models at length scales relevant to landform size now enable examination of conditions that might activate even small-scale bedforms (ripples) under certain contemporary <span class="hlt">wind</span> regimes. Ripples have the potential to be used as modern ‘<span class="hlt">wind</span> vanes' on Mars. Here we use 3D airflow modelling to demonstrate that local dune topography exerts a <span class="hlt">strong</span> influence on <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and direction and that ripple movement likely reflects steered <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction for certain dune ridge shapes. The poor correlation of dune orientation with effective sand-transporting <span class="hlt">winds</span> suggests that large dunes may not be mobile under modelled <span class="hlt">wind</span> scenarios. This work highlights the need to first model <span class="hlt">winds</span> at high resolution before inferring regional <span class="hlt">wind</span> patterns from ripple movement or dune orientations on the surface of Mars today. PMID:26537669</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6895021-el-nino-like-events-during-miocene','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6895021-el-nino-like-events-during-miocene"><span>El Nino-like <span class="hlt">events</span> during Miocene</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Casey, R.E.; Nelson, C.O.; Weinheimer, A.L.</p> <p></p> <p>El Nino-like <span class="hlt">events</span> have been recorded from the Miocene laminated siliceous facies of the Monterey Formation. These El Nino-like Miocene <span class="hlt">events</span> are compared to El Nino <span class="hlt">events</span> recorded from Holocene varved sediments deposited within the anoxic Santa Barbara basin. <span class="hlt">Strong</span> El Nino <span class="hlt">events</span> can be recognized from Holocene Santa Barbara basin sediments by increases in radiolarian flux to the sea floor during those <span class="hlt">events</span>. For the last 100-plus years, frequency of <span class="hlt">strong</span> El Ninos has been on the order of one extremely <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">event</span> about every 100 years, and one easily recognizable <span class="hlt">event</span> about every 18 years. Frequencies in themore » laminated (varved) Miocene range from about every 4-5 years to over 20 years. The higher frequencies occur within generally warm intervals and the lower frequencies within generally cold intervals. Perhaps the frequencies of these <span class="hlt">events</span> may, in fact, be an important indicator in determining whether the intervals were cold or warm. Reconstructions of the paleo-California Current system during El Nino-like periods have been made for the west coast from the Gulf of California to northern California. <span class="hlt">Strong</span> El Nino-like <span class="hlt">events</span> occurred 5.5 and 8 Ma, and a <span class="hlt">strong</span> anti-El Nino-like <span class="hlt">event</span> occurred at about 6.5 Ma. Evidence from the 5.5 and 8 Ma <span class="hlt">events</span> combined with other evidence suggests that modern El Ninos, similar to today's, were initiated at 5.5 Ma or earlier.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15716946','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15716946"><span>Solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamic pressure and electric field as the main factors controlling Saturn's aurorae.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Crary, F J; Clarke, J T; Dougherty, M K; Hanlon, P G; Hansen, K C; Steinberg, J T; Barraclough, B L; Coates, A J; Gérard, J-C; Grodent, D; Kurth, W S; Mitchell, D G; Rymer, A M; Young, D T</p> <p>2005-02-17</p> <p>The interaction of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> with Earth's magnetosphere gives rise to the bright polar aurorae and to geomagnetic storms, but the relation between the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> and the dynamics of the outer planets' magnetospheres is poorly understood. Jupiter's magnetospheric dynamics and aurorae are dominated by processes internal to the jovian system, whereas Saturn's magnetosphere has generally been considered to have both internal and solar-<span class="hlt">wind</span>-driven processes. This hypothesis, however, is tentative because of limited simultaneous solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> and magnetospheric measurements. Here we report solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements, immediately upstream of Saturn, over a one-month period. When combined with simultaneous ultraviolet imaging we find that, unlike Jupiter, Saturn's aurorae respond <span class="hlt">strongly</span> to solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions. But in contrast to Earth, the main controlling factor appears to be solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamic pressure and electric field, with the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field playing a much more limited role. Saturn's magnetosphere is, therefore, <span class="hlt">strongly</span> driven by the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>, but the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions that drive it differ from those that drive the Earth's magnetosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29904816','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29904816"><span>Water quality variation during a <span class="hlt">strong</span> El Niño <span class="hlt">event</span> in 2016: a case study in Kampar River, Malaysia.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ng, Casey Keat-Chuan; Goh, Choo-Hou; Lin, Jia-Chun; Tan, Minn-Syenn; Bong, Willie; Yong, Chea-Soon; Chong, Jun-Yao; Ooi, Peter Aun-Chuan; Wong, Wey-Lim; Khoo, Gideon</p> <p>2018-06-15</p> <p>El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a natural forcing that affects global climate patterns, thereon influencing freshwater quality and security. In the advent of a <span class="hlt">strong</span> El Niño warming <span class="hlt">event</span> in 2016 which induced an extreme dry weather in Malaysia, water quality variation was investigated in Kampar River which supplies potable water to a population of 92,850. Sampling points were stratified into four ecohydrological units and 144 water samples were examined from October 2015 to March 2017. The Malaysian Water Quality Index (WQI) and some supplementary parameters were analysed in the context of reduced precipitation. Data shows that prolonged dry weather, episodic and sporadic pollution incidents have caused some anomalies in dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity and ammoniacal nitrogen (AN) values recorded and the possible factors are discussed. The month of March and August 2016 recorded the lowest precipitation, but the overall resultant WQI remained acceptable. Since the occurrence of a <span class="hlt">strong</span> El Niño <span class="hlt">event</span> is infrequent and far between in decadal time scale, this paper gives some rare insights that may be central to monitoring and managing freshwater resource that has a crucial impact to the mass population in the region of Southeast Asia.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910069806&hterms=gaines&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dk.%2Bgaines','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910069806&hterms=gaines&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dk.%2Bgaines"><span>Horizontal <span class="hlt">wind</span> fluctuations in the stratosphere during large-scale cyclogenesis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Chan, K. R.; Scott, S. G.; Danielsen, Edwin F.; Pfister, L.; Bowen, S. W.; Gaines, Steven E.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>The meteorological measurement system (MMS) on the U-2 aircraft measured pressure, temperature, and the horizontal <span class="hlt">wind</span> during a cyclogenesis <span class="hlt">event</span> over western United States on April 20, 1984. The mean horizontal <span class="hlt">wind</span> in the stratosphere decreases monotonically with altitude. Superimposed on the mean stratospheric <span class="hlt">wind</span> is a perturbation <span class="hlt">wind</span> vector, which is an elliptically polarized wave with an amplitude of 4 to 10 m/s and a vertical wavelength of 2 to 3 km. The perturbation <span class="hlt">wind</span> vector rotates anticyclonically (clockwise) with altitude and produces alternating advection in the plane of the aircraft flight path. This differential advection folds surfaces of constant tracer mixing ratio and contributes to the observed tracer laminar structures and inferred cross-jet transport.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990039656','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990039656"><span>A Study of the December 1992 Westerly <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Burst <span class="hlt">Event</span> during TOGA COARE</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Chen, Chaing; Tao, Wei-Kuo; Duffy, Dean G.; Lai, George S.; Lin, Po-Hsiung</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>Using the Penn State/NCAR MM5 mesoscale model, a westerly <span class="hlt">wind</span> burst (WWB) that occurred during the period from 19 to 30 December 1992 over the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) has been simulated and compared with observation. This <span class="hlt">event</span> is characterized by the presence of super cloud clusters and the occurrence of a major WWB that extended over the western and central Pacific Ocean. Although several of the observed convective systems were not precisely simulated by MM5, the model did capture many other observed characteristics, such as the explosive development of convection, the cyclonic circulation and the WWB. The WWB resulted from the coalescence of three types of tropical disturbances. The first type was a low-level westerly jet (LWJ) that developed at the equator and may be associated with the eastward propagation of an ISO (Intraseasonal Oscillation). The second type featured an easterly wave-like disturbance that originated in the south central Pacific Ocean and propagated westward. Finally, the third type involved a cross-equatorial flow that deflected Northern Hemispheric easterlies into the Southern Hemisphere and may be caused by inertial instability. These disturbances worked in concert, resulting in intense convection over the TOGA COARE region. Once intense convection developed, a large-scale circulation was produced over the western Pacific warm pool, propagated eastward, and initiated a WWB.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70039994','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70039994"><span>Coupled atmosphere-ocean-wave simulations of a storm <span class="hlt">event</span> over the Gulf of Lion and Balearic Sea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Renault, Lionel; Chiggiato, Jacopo; Warner, John C.; Gomez, Marta; Vizoso, Guillermo; Tintore, Joaquin</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The coastal areas of the North-Western Mediterranean Sea are one of the most challenging places for ocean forecasting. This region is exposed to severe storms <span class="hlt">events</span> that are of short duration. During these <span class="hlt">events</span>, significant air-sea interactions, <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> and large sea-state can have catastrophic consequences in the coastal areas. To investigate these air-sea interactions and the oceanic response to such <span class="hlt">events</span>, we implemented the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport Modeling System simulating a severe storm in the Mediterranean Sea that occurred in May 2010. During this <span class="hlt">event</span>, <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed reached up to 25 m.s-1 inducing significant sea surface cooling (up to 2°C) over the Gulf of Lion (GoL) and along the storm track, and generating surface waves with a significant height of 6 m. It is shown that the <span class="hlt">event</span>, associated with a cyclogenesis between the Balearic Islands and the GoL, is relatively well reproduced by the coupled system. A surface heat budget analysis showed that ocean vertical mixing was a major contributor to the cooling tendency along the storm track and in the GoL where turbulent heat fluxes also played an important role. Sensitivity experiments on the ocean-atmosphere coupling suggested that the coupled system is sensitive to the momentum flux parameterization as well as air-sea and air-wave coupling. Comparisons with available atmospheric and oceanic observations showed that the use of the fully coupled system provides the most skillful simulation, illustrating the benefit of using a fully coupled ocean-atmosphere-wave model for the assessment of these storm <span class="hlt">events</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ECSS..206..101S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ECSS..206..101S"><span>Coastal upwelling by <span class="hlt">wind</span>-driven forcing in Jervis Bay, New South Wales: A numerical study for 2011</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sun, Youn-Jong; Jalón-Rojas, Isabel; Wang, Xiao Hua; Jiang, Donghui</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>The Princeton Ocean Model (POM) was used to investigate an upwelling <span class="hlt">event</span> in Jervis Bay, New South Wales (SE Australia), with varying <span class="hlt">wind</span> directions and strengths. The POM was adopted with a downscaling approach for the regional ocean model one-way nested to a global ocean model. The upwelling <span class="hlt">event</span> was detected from the observed <span class="hlt">wind</span> data and satellite sea surface temperature images. The validated model reproduced the upwelling <span class="hlt">event</span> showing the input of bottom cold water driven by <span class="hlt">wind</span> to the bay, its subsequent deflection to the south, and its outcropping to the surface along the west and south coasts. Nevertheless, the behavior of the bottom water that intruded into the bay varied with different <span class="hlt">wind</span> directions and strengths. Upwelling-favorable <span class="hlt">wind</span> directions for flushing efficiency within the bay were ranked in the following order: N (0°; northerly) > NNE (30°; northeasterly) > NW (315°; northwesterly) > NE (45°; northeasterly) > ENE (60°; northeasterly). Increasing <span class="hlt">wind</span> strengths also enhance cold water penetration and water exchange. It was determined that <span class="hlt">wind</span>-driven downwelling within the bay, which occurred with NNE, NE and ENE <span class="hlt">winds</span>, played a key role in blocking the intrusion of the cold water upwelled through the bay entrance. A northerly <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress higher than 0.3 N m-2 was required for the cold water to reach the northern innermost bay.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1375395','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1375395"><span>2016 Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Technologies Market Report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Musial, Walter; Beiter, Philipp; Schwabe, Paul</p> <p></p> <p>The 2016 Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Technologies Market Report was developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and is intended to provide offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> policymakers, regulators, developers, researchers, engineers, financiers, and supply chain participants, with quantitative information about the offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> market, technology, and cost trends in the United States and worldwide. In particular, this report is intended to provide detailed information on the domestic offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> industry to provide context to help navigate technical and market barriers and opportunities. The scope of the report covers the status of the 111 operating offshore windmore » projects in the global fleet through December 31, 2016, and provides the status and analysis on a broader pipeline of 593 projects at some stage of development. In addition, this report provides a wider assessment of domestic developments and <span class="hlt">events</span> through the second quarter of 2017 to provide a more up-to-date discussion of this dynamically evolving industry.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22121780-young-stellar-clusters-schuster-mass-distribution-stationary-winds','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22121780-young-stellar-clusters-schuster-mass-distribution-stationary-winds"><span>YOUNG STELLAR CLUSTERS WITH A SCHUSTER MASS DISTRIBUTION. I. STATIONARY <span class="hlt">WINDS</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Palous, Jan; Wuensch, Richard; Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, Filiberto</p> <p>2013-08-01</p> <p>Hydrodynamic models for spherically symmetric <span class="hlt">winds</span> driven by young stellar clusters with a generalized Schuster stellar density profile are explored. For this we use both semi-analytic models and one-dimensional numerical simulations. We determine the properties of quasi-adiabatic and radiative stationary <span class="hlt">winds</span> and define the radius at which the flow turns from subsonic to supersonic for all stellar density distributions. <span class="hlt">Strongly</span> radiative <span class="hlt">winds</span> significantly diminish their terminal speed and thus their mechanical luminosity is <span class="hlt">strongly</span> reduced. This also reduces their potential negative feedback into their host galaxy interstellar medium. The critical luminosity above which radiative cooling becomes dominant within the clusters,more » leading to thermal instabilities which make the <span class="hlt">winds</span> non-stationary, is determined, and its dependence on the star cluster density profile, core radius, and half-mass radius is discussed.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.1393T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.1393T"><span>Impact of tropical cyclones on modeled extreme <span class="hlt">wind</span>-wave climate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Timmermans, Ben; Stone, Dáithí; Wehner, Michael; Krishnan, Harinarayan</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>The effect of forcing <span class="hlt">wind</span> resolution on the extremes of global <span class="hlt">wind</span>-wave climate are investigated in numerical simulations. Forcing <span class="hlt">winds</span> from the Community Atmosphere Model at horizontal resolutions of ˜1.0° and ˜0.25° are used to drive Wavewatch III. Differences in extreme wave height are found to manifest most <span class="hlt">strongly</span> in tropical cyclone (TC) regions, emphasizing the need for high-resolution forcing in those areas. Comparison with observations typically show improvement in performance with increased forcing resolution, with a <span class="hlt">strong</span> influence in the tail of the distribution, although simulated extremes can exceed observations. A simulation for the end of the 21st century under a RCP 8.5 type emission scenario suggests further increases in extreme wave height in TC regions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ThApC.tmp...37V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ThApC.tmp...37V"><span>Representativeness of <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements in moderately complex terrain</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>van den Bossche, Michael; De Wekker, Stephan F. J.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>We investigated the representativeness of 10-m <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements in a 4 km × 2 km area of modest relief by comparing observations at a central site with those at four satellite sites located in the same area. Using a combination of established and new methods to quantify and visualize representativeness, we found significant differences in <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and direction between the four satellite sites and the central site. The representativeness of the central site <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements depended <span class="hlt">strongly</span> on surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and direction, and atmospheric stability. Through closer inspection of the observations at one of the satellite sites, we concluded that terrain-forced flows combined with thermally driven downslope <span class="hlt">winds</span> caused large biases in <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction and speed. We used these biases to generate a basic model, showing that terrain-related differences in <span class="hlt">wind</span> observations can to a large extent be predicted. Such a model is a cost-effective way to enhance an area's <span class="hlt">wind</span> field determination and to improve the outcome of pollutant dispersion and weather forecasting models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22413012','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22413012"><span>Pervasive growth reduction in Norway spruce forests following <span class="hlt">wind</span> disturbance.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Seidl, Rupert; Blennow, Kristina</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>In recent decades the frequency and severity of natural disturbances by e.g., <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> and insect outbreaks has increased considerably in many forest ecosystems around the world. Future climate change is expected to further intensify disturbance regimes, which makes addressing disturbances in ecosystem management a top priority. As a prerequisite a broader understanding of disturbance impacts and ecosystem responses is needed. With regard to the effects of <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span>--the most detrimental disturbance agent in Europe--monitoring and management has focused on structural damage, i.e., tree mortality from uprooting and stem breakage. Effects on the functioning of trees surviving the storm (e.g., their productivity and allocation) have been rarely accounted for to date. Here we show that growth reduction was significant and pervasive in a 6.79 million hectare forest landscape in southern Sweden following the storm Gudrun (January 2005). <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-related growth reduction in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forests surviving the storm exceeded 10% in the worst hit regions, and was closely related to maximum gust <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed (R(2) = 0.849) and structural <span class="hlt">wind</span> damage (R(2) = 0.782). At the landscape scale, <span class="hlt">wind</span>-related growth reduction amounted to 3.0 million m(3) in the three years following Gudrun. It thus exceeds secondary damage from bark beetles after Gudrun as well as the long-term average storm damage from uprooting and stem breakage in Sweden. We conclude that the impact of <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> on forest ecosystems is not limited to the immediately visible area of structural damage, and call for a broader consideration of disturbance effects on ecosystem structure and functioning in the context of forest management and climate change mitigation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3296682','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3296682"><span>Pervasive Growth Reduction in Norway Spruce Forests following <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Disturbance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Seidl, Rupert; Blennow, Kristina</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Background In recent decades the frequency and severity of natural disturbances by e.g., <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> and insect outbreaks has increased considerably in many forest ecosystems around the world. Future climate change is expected to further intensify disturbance regimes, which makes addressing disturbances in ecosystem management a top priority. As a prerequisite a broader understanding of disturbance impacts and ecosystem responses is needed. With regard to the effects of <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> – the most detrimental disturbance agent in Europe – monitoring and management has focused on structural damage, i.e., tree mortality from uprooting and stem breakage. Effects on the functioning of trees surviving the storm (e.g., their productivity and allocation) have been rarely accounted for to date. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we show that growth reduction was significant and pervasive in a 6.79·million hectare forest landscape in southern Sweden following the storm Gudrun (January 2005). <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-related growth reduction in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forests surviving the storm exceeded 10% in the worst hit regions, and was closely related to maximum gust <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed (R2 = 0.849) and structural <span class="hlt">wind</span> damage (R2 = 0.782). At the landscape scale, <span class="hlt">wind</span>-related growth reduction amounted to 3.0 million m3 in the three years following Gudrun. It thus exceeds secondary damage from bark beetles after Gudrun as well as the long-term average storm damage from uprooting and stem breakage in Sweden. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that the impact of <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> on forest ecosystems is not limited to the immediately visible area of structural damage, and call for a broader consideration of disturbance effects on ecosystem structure and functioning in the context of forest management and climate change mitigation. PMID:22413012</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AeoRe..32..192J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AeoRe..32..192J"><span>Simulations of <span class="hlt">wind</span> erosion along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in north-central Tibet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jiang, Yingsha; Gao, Yanhong; Dong, Zhibao; Liu, Benli; Zhao, Lin</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> erosion along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway causes sand hazard and poses threats to the safety of trains and passengers. A coupled land-surface erosion model (Noah-MPWE) was developed to simulate the <span class="hlt">wind</span> erosion along the railway. Comparison with the data from the 137Cs isotope analysis shows that this coupled model could simulate the mean erosion amount reasonably. The coupled model was then applied to eight sites along the railway to investigate the <span class="hlt">wind</span>-erosion distribution and variations from 1979 to 2012. Factors affecting <span class="hlt">wind</span> erosion spatially and temporally were assessed as well. Majority <span class="hlt">wind</span> erosion occurs in the non-monsoon season from December to April of the next year except for the site located in desert. The region between Wudaoliang and Tanggula has higher <span class="hlt">wind</span> erosion occurrences and soil lose amount because of higher frequency of <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> and relatively lower soil moisture than other sites. Inter-annually, all sites present a significant decreasing trend of annual soil loss with an average rate of -0.18 kg m-2 a-1 in 1979-2012. Decreased frequency of <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span>, increased precipitation and soil moisture contribute to the reduction of <span class="hlt">wind</span> erosion in 1979-2012. Snow cover duration and vegetation coverage also have great impact on the occurrence of <span class="hlt">wind</span> erosion.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120015427','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120015427"><span>Calculating the Motion and Direction of Flux Transfer <span class="hlt">Events</span> with Cluster</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Collado-Vega, Y. M.; Sibeck, D. G.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>For many years now, the interactions of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> plasma with the Earth's magnetosphere has been one of the most important problems for Space Physics. It is very important that we understand these processes because the high-energy particles and also the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy that cross the magneto sphere could be responsible for serious damage to our technological systems. The solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> is inherently a dynamic medium, and the particles interaction with the Earth's magnetosphere can be steady or unsteady. Unsteady interaction include transient processes like bursty magnetic reconnection. Flux Transfer <span class="hlt">Events</span> (FTEs) are magnetopause signatures that usually occur during transient times of reconnection. They exhibit bipolar signatures in the normal component of the magnetic field. We use multi-point timing analysis to determine the orientation and motion of ux transfer <span class="hlt">events</span> (FTEs) detected by the four Cluster spacecraft on the high-latitude dayside and flank magnetopause during 2002 and 2003. During these years, the distances between the Cluster spacecraft were greater than 1000 km, providing the tetrahedral configuration needed to select <span class="hlt">events</span> and determine velocities. Each velocity and location will be examined in detail and compared to the velocities and locations determined by the predictions of the component and antiparallel reconnection models for <span class="hlt">event</span> formation, orientation, motion, and acceleration for a wide range of spacecraft locations and solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800007748','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800007748"><span>Lyman alpha initiated <span class="hlt">winds</span> in late-type stars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Haisch, B. M.; Linsky, J. L.; Vanderhucht, K. A.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>The IUE survey of late-type stars revealed a sharp division in the HR diagram between stars with solar type spectra (chromosphere and transition region lines) and those with non-solar type spectra (only chromosphere lines). Models of both hot coronae and cool <span class="hlt">wind</span> flows were calculated using stellar model chromospheres as starting points for stellar <span class="hlt">wind</span> calculations in order to investigate the possibility of having a supersonic transition locus in the HR diagram dividing hot coronae from cool <span class="hlt">winds</span>. From these models, it is concluded that the Lyman alpha flux may play an important role in determining the location of a stellar <span class="hlt">wind</span> critical point. The interaction of Lyman alpha radiation pressure with Alfven waves in producing <span class="hlt">strong</span>, low temperature stellar <span class="hlt">winds</span> in the star Arcturus is examined.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ihy..workE.113J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ihy..workE.113J"><span>Role of Ambient Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Conditions in CME evolution (P21)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jadav, R.; Jadeja, A. K.; Iyer, K. N.</p> <p>2006-11-01</p> <p>ipsraj@yahoo.com Solar <span class="hlt">events</span> are mainly responsible for producing storms at the Earth. Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) is a major cause for this. In this paper, Coronal Mass Ejections occurred during 1998-2004 are studied. Ambient solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> does play some role in determining the effect of a CME. The effects produced at the Earth during the period 1999 2004 are considered and an attempt has been made to understand the role of ambient solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. This is to draw some conclusion about how some of the <span class="hlt">events</span> become geo- effective.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090005034','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090005034"><span>Highly Structured <span class="hlt">Wind</span> in Vela X-1</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kreykenbohm, Ingo; Wilms, Joern; Kretschmar, Peter; Torrejon, Jose Miguel; Pottschmidt, Katja; Hanke, Manfred; Santangelo, Andrea; Ferrigno, Carlo; Staubert, Ruediger</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>We present an in-depth analysis of the spectral and temporal behavior of a long almost uninterrupted INTEGRAL observation of Vela X-1 in Nov/Dec 2003. In addition to an already high activity level, Vela X-1 exhibited several very intense flares with a maximum intensity of more than 5 Crab in the 20 40 keV band. Furthermore Vela X-1 exhibited several off states where the source became undetectable with ISGRI. We interpret flares and off states as being due to the <span class="hlt">strongly</span> structured <span class="hlt">wind</span> of the optical companion: when Vela X-1 encounters a cavity in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> with <span class="hlt">strongly</span> reduced density, the flux will drop, thus potentially triggering the onset of the propeller effect which inhibits further accretion, thus giving rise to the off states. The required drop in density to trigger the propeller effect in Vela X-1 is of the same order as predicted by theoretical papers for the densities in the OB star <span class="hlt">winds</span>. The same structured <span class="hlt">wind</span> can give rise to the giant flares when Vela X-1 encounters a dense blob in the <span class="hlt">wind</span>. Further temporal analysis revealed that a short lived QPO with a period of 6800 sec is present. The part of the light curve during which the QPO is present is very close to the off states and just following a high intensity state, thus showing that all these phenomena are related.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19730011550','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19730011550"><span>Aeroacoustic research in <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnels: A status report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bender, J.; Arndt, R. E. A.</p> <p>1973-01-01</p> <p>The increasing attention given to aerodynamically generated noise brings into focus the need for quality experimental research in this area. To meet this need several specialized anechoic <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnels have been constructed. In many cases, however, budgetary constraints and the like make it desirable to use conventional <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnels for this work. Three basic problems are inherent in conventional facilities: (1) high background noise, (2) <span class="hlt">strong</span> frequency dependent reverberation effects, and (3) unique instrumentation problems. The known acoustic characteristics of several conventional <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnels are evaluated and data obtained in a smaller 4- x 5-foot <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel which is convertible from a closed jet to an open jet mode are presented. The data from these tunnels serve as a guideline for proposed modifications to a 7- x 10-foot <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel. Consideration is given to acoustic treatment in several different portions of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26847559','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26847559"><span>European shags optimize their flight behavior according to <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kogure, Yukihisa; Sato, Katsufumi; Watanuki, Yutaka; Wanless, Sarah; Daunt, Francis</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Aerodynamics results in two characteristic speeds of flying birds: the minimum power speed and the maximum range speed. The minimum power speed requires the lowest rate of energy expenditure per unit time to stay airborne and the maximum range speed maximizes air distance traveled per unit of energy consumed. Therefore, if birds aim to minimize the cost of transport under a range of <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions, they are predicted to fly at the maximum range speed. Furthermore, take-off is predicted to be <span class="hlt">strongly</span> affected by <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and direction. To investigate the effect of <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions on take-off and cruising flight behavior, we equipped 14 European shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis with a back-mounted GPS logger to measure position and hence ground speed, and a neck-mounted accelerometer to record wing beat frequency and strength. Local <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions were recorded during the deployment period. Shags always took off into the <span class="hlt">wind</span> regardless of their intended destination and take-off duration was correlated negatively with <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. We combined ground speed and direction during the cruising phase with <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and direction to estimate air speed and direction. Whilst ground speed was highly variable, air speed was comparatively stable, although it increased significantly during <span class="hlt">strong</span> head <span class="hlt">winds</span>, because of stronger wing beats. The increased air speeds in head <span class="hlt">winds</span> suggest that birds fly at the maximum range speed, not at the minimum power speed. Our study demonstrates that European shags actively adjust their flight behavior to utilize <span class="hlt">wind</span> power to minimize the costs of take-off and cruising flight. © 2016. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1236776-solar-wind-conditions-leading-efficient-radiation-belt-electron-acceleration-superposed-epoch-analysis','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1236776-solar-wind-conditions-leading-efficient-radiation-belt-electron-acceleration-superposed-epoch-analysis"><span>Solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions leading to efficient radiation belt electron acceleration: A superposed epoch analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Li, W.; Thorne, R. M.; Bortnik, J.; ...</p> <p>2015-09-07</p> <p>In this study by determining preferential solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions leading to efficient radiation belt electron acceleration is crucial for predicting radiation belt electron dynamics. Using Van Allen Probes electron observations (>1 MeV) from 2012 to 2015, we identify a number of efficient and inefficient acceleration <span class="hlt">events</span> separately to perform a superposed epoch analysis of the corresponding solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> parameters and geomagnetic indices. By directly comparing efficient and inefficient acceleration <span class="hlt">events</span>, we clearly show that prolonged southward Bz, high solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed, and low dynamic pressure are critical for electron acceleration to >1 MeV energies in the heart of the outermore » radiation belt. We also evaluate chorus wave evolution using the superposed epoch analysis for the identified efficient and inefficient acceleration <span class="hlt">events</span> and find that chorus wave intensity is much stronger and lasts longer during efficient electron acceleration <span class="hlt">events</span>, supporting the scenario that chorus waves play a key role in MeV electron acceleration.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22270776-source-regions-interplanetary-magnetic-field-variability-heavy-ion-elemental-composition-gradual-solar-energetic-particle-events','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22270776-source-regions-interplanetary-magnetic-field-variability-heavy-ion-elemental-composition-gradual-solar-energetic-particle-events"><span>SOURCE REGIONS OF THE INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC FIELD AND VARIABILITY IN HEAVY-ION ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION IN GRADUAL SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE <span class="hlt">EVENTS</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Ko, Yuan-Kuen; Wang, Yi-Ming; Tylka, Allan J.</p> <p></p> <p>Gradual solar energetic particle (SEP) <span class="hlt">events</span> are those in which ions are accelerated to their observed energies by interactions with a shock driven by a fast coronal mass ejection (CME). Previous studies have shown that much of the observed <span class="hlt">event-to-event</span> variability can be understood in terms of shock speed and evolution in the shock-normal angle. However, an equally important factor, particularly for the elemental composition, is the origin of the suprathermal seed particles upon which the shock acts. To tackle this issue, we (1) use observed solar-<span class="hlt">wind</span> speed, magnetograms, and the potential-field source-surface model to map the Sun-L1 interplanetary magneticmore » field (IMF) line back to its source region on the Sun at the time of the SEP observations and (2) then look for a correlation between SEP composition (as measured by <span class="hlt">Wind</span> and Advanced Composition Explorer at ∼2-30 MeV nucleon{sup –1}) and characteristics of the identified IMF source regions. The study is based on 24 SEP <span class="hlt">events</span>, identified as a statistically significant increase in ∼20 MeV protons and occurring in 1998 and 2003-2006, when the rate of newly emergent solar magnetic flux and CMEs was lower than in solar-maximum years, and the field-line tracing is therefore more likely to be successful. We find that the gradual SEP Fe/O is correlated with the field strength at the IMF source, with the largest enhancements occurring when the footpoint field is <span class="hlt">strong</span> due to the nearby presence of an active region (AR). In these cases, other elemental ratios show a <span class="hlt">strong</span> charge-to-mass (q/M) ordering (at least on average), similar to that found in impulsive <span class="hlt">events</span>. Such results lead us to suggest that magnetic reconnection in footpoint regions near ARs bias the heavy-ion composition of suprathermal seed ions by processes qualitatively similar to those that produce larger heavy-ion enhancements in impulsive SEP <span class="hlt">events</span>. To address potential technical concerns about our analysis, we also discuss</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JASTP.164....1G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JASTP.164....1G"><span>Can Nor'wester <span class="hlt">events</span> initiate stratospheric moistening?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ganguly, Nandita D.; Chakraborty, Rohit; Maitra, Animesh</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The possibility of stratospheric moistening being initiated by deep convective Nor'wester <span class="hlt">events</span> has been investigated over a period of three years spanning from 2013 to 2015 at a tropical location Kolkata, in India using radiosonde and satellite data. The back trajectories, instability indices, outgoing long wave radiation (OLR), convective available potential energy (CAPE), geopotential height maps, vertical pressure velocity, specific humidity, <span class="hlt">wind</span> vectors and precipitable water vapour (PWV) have been examined to assess the convective activity prevailing over the atmosphere during these <span class="hlt">events</span>. Increase in specific humidity, <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity at various levels of the lower atmosphere and CAPE values indicate an upwelling of moist air from the troposphere to lower stratosphere during Nor'westers. Decrease in OLR and large differences in the values of instability indices, relative humidity and precipitable water vapour during Nor'westers compared to normal convection also signify high intensity of convection and hence the possibility of higher stratospheric moistening during Nor'wester <span class="hlt">events</span>.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001SoSyR..35..354A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001SoSyR..35..354A"><span>The GalileoJupiter Probe Doppler <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Atkinson, D. H.</p> <p>2001-09-01</p> <p>The GalileoJupiter atmospheric entry probe was launched along with the Galileoorbiter spacecraft from Cape Canaveral in Florida, USA, on October 18, 1989. Following a cruise of greater than six years, the probe arrived at Jupiter on December 7, 1995. During its 57-minute descent, instruments on the probe studied the atmospheric composition and structure, the clouds, lightning, and energy structure of the upper Jovian atmosphere. One of the two radio channels over which the experiment data was transmitted to the orbiter was driven by an ultrastable oscillator. All motions of the probe and orbiter, including the speed of probe descent, Jupiter's rotation, and the atmospheric <span class="hlt">winds</span>, contributed to a Doppler shift of the probe radio frequency. By accurately measuring the frequency of the probe radio signal, an accurate time history of the probe-orbiter relative motions could be reconstructed. Knowledge of the nominal probe and orbiter trajectories allowed the nominal Doppler shift to be removed from the probe radio frequency leaving a measurable frequency residual arising primarily from the zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> in Jupiter's atmosphere, and micromotions of the probe arising from probe spin, swing under the parachute, atmospheric turbulence, and aerodynamic effects. Assuming that the zonal horizontal <span class="hlt">winds</span> dominate the residual probe motion, a profile of frequency residuals was generated. Inversion of the frequency residuals resulted in the first in situ measurements of the vertical profile of Jupiter's deep zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span>. It is found that beneath 700 mb, the <span class="hlt">winds</span> are <span class="hlt">strong</span> and prograde, rising rapidly to 170 m/s between 1 and 4 bars. Beneath 4 bars to 21 bars, the depth at which the link with the probe was lost, the <span class="hlt">winds</span> remain constant and <span class="hlt">strong</span>. When corrections for the high temperatures encountered by the probe are considered, there is no evidence of diminishing or strengthening of the zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> in the deepest regions explored by the Galileoprobe. Following the <span class="hlt">wind</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JGRA..116.3229N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JGRA..116.3229N"><span>Solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> driving and substorm triggering</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Newell, Patrick T.; Liou, Kan</p> <p>2011-03-01</p> <p>We compare solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> driving and its changes for three data sets: (1) 4861 identifications of substorm onsets from satellite global imagers (Polar UVI and IMAGE FUV); (2) a similar number of otherwise random times chosen with a similar solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> distribution (slightly elevated driving); (3) completely random times. Multiple measures of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> driving were used, including interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz, the Kan-Lee electric field, the Borovsky function, and dΦMP/dt (all of which estimate dayside merging). Superposed epoch analysis verifies that the mean Bz has a northward turning (or at least averages less southward) starting 20 min before onset. We argue that the delay between IMF impact on the magnetopause and tail effects appearing in the ionosphere is about that long. The northward turning is not the effect of a few extreme <span class="hlt">events</span>. The median field shows the same result, as do all other measures of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> driving. We compare the rate of northward turning to that observed after random times with slightly elevated driving. The subsequent reversion to mean is essentially the same between random elevations and substorms. To further verify this, we consider in detail the distribution of changes from the statistical peak (20 min prior to onset) to onset. For Bz, the mean change after onset is +0.14 nT (i.e., IMF becomes more northward), but the standard deviation is σ = 2.8 nT. Thus large changes in either direction are common. For EKL, the change is -15 nT km/s ± 830 nT km/s. Thus either a hypothesis predicting northward turnings or one predicting southward turnings would find abundant yet random confirming examples. Indeed, applying the Lyons et al. (1997) trigger criteria (excluding only the prior requirement of 22/30 min Bz < 0, which is often not valid for actual substorms) to these three sets of data shows that "northward turning triggers" occur in 23% of the random data, 24% of the actual substorms, and after 27% of the random elevations</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Geomo.114..319K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Geomo.114..319K"><span>Spatial distribution of threshold <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds for dust outbreaks in northeast Asia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kimura, Reiji; Shinoda, Masato</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Asian windblown dust <span class="hlt">events</span> cause human and animal health effects and agricultural damage in dust source areas such as China and Mongolia and cause "yellow sand" <span class="hlt">events</span> in Japan and Korea. It is desirable to develop an early warning system to help prevent such damage. We used our observations at a Mongolian station together with data from previous studies to model the spatial distribution of threshold <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds for dust <span class="hlt">events</span> in northeast Asia (35°-45°N and 100°-115°E). Using a map of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), we estimated spatial distributions of vegetation cover, roughness length, threshold friction velocity, and threshold <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. We also recognized a relationship between NDVI in the dust season and maximum NDVI in the previous year. Thus, it may be possible to predict the threshold <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed in the next dust season using the maximum NDVI in the previous year.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3821069','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3821069"><span><span class="hlt">Event</span> Segmentation Ability Uniquely Predicts <span class="hlt">Event</span> Memory</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Sargent, Jesse Q.; Zacks, Jeffrey M.; Hambrick, David Z.; Zacks, Rose T.; Kurby, Christopher A.; Bailey, Heather R.; Eisenberg, Michelle L.; Beck, Taylor M.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Memory for everyday <span class="hlt">events</span> plays a central role in tasks of daily living, autobiographical memory, and planning. <span class="hlt">Event</span> memory depends in part on segmenting ongoing activity into meaningful units. This study examined the relationship between <span class="hlt">event</span> segmentation and memory in a lifespan sample to answer the following question: Is the ability to segment activity into meaningful <span class="hlt">events</span> a unique predictor of subsequent memory, or is the relationship between <span class="hlt">event</span> perception and memory accounted for by general cognitive abilities? Two hundred and eight adults ranging from 20 to 79 years old segmented movies of everyday <span class="hlt">events</span> and attempted to remember the <span class="hlt">events</span> afterwards. They also completed psychometric ability tests and tests measuring script knowledge for everyday <span class="hlt">events</span>. <span class="hlt">Event</span> segmentation and script knowledge both explained unique variance in <span class="hlt">event</span> memory above and beyond the psychometric measures, and did so as <span class="hlt">strongly</span> in older as in younger adults. These results suggest that <span class="hlt">event</span> segmentation is a basic cognitive mechanism, important for memory across the lifespan. PMID:23942350</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180001126','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180001126"><span>High Temporal Resolution Tropospheric <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Profile Observations at NASA Kennedy Space Center During Hurricane Irma</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Decker, Ryan K.; Barbre, Robert E., Jr.; Huddleston, Lisa; Brauer, Thomas; Wilfong, Timothy</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) operates a 48-MHz Tropospheric/Stratospheric Doppler Radar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Profiler (TDRWP) on a continual basis generating <span class="hlt">wind</span> profiles between 2-19 km in the support of space launch vehicle operations. A benefit of the continual operability of the system is the ability to provide unique observations of severe weather <span class="hlt">events</span> such as hurricanes. Over the past two Atlantic Hurricane seasons the TDRWP has made high temporal resolution <span class="hlt">wind</span> profile observations of Hurricane Irma in 2017 and Hurricane Matthew in 2016. Hurricane Irma was responsible for power outages to approximately 2/3 of Florida's population during its movement over the state(Stein,2017). An overview of the TDRWP system configuration, brief summary of Hurricanes Irma and Matthew storm track in proximity to KSC, characteristics of the tropospheric <span class="hlt">wind</span> observations from the TDRWP during both <span class="hlt">events</span>, and discussion of the dissemination of TDRWP data during the <span class="hlt">event</span> will be presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.5970T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.5970T"><span>Sea spray production by bag breakup mode of fragmentation of the air-water interface at <span class="hlt">strong</span> and hurricane <span class="hlt">wind</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Troitskaya, Yuliya; Kandaurov, Alexander; Ermakova, Olga; Kozlov, Dmitry; Sergeev, Daniil; Zilitinkevich, Sergej</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Sea sprays is a typical element of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) of large importance for marine meteorology, atmospheric chemistry and climate studies. They are considered as a crucial factor in the development of hurricanes and severe extratropical storms, since they can significantly enhance exchange of mass, heat and momentum between the ocean and the atmosphere. This exchange is directly provided by spume droplets with the sizes from 10 microns to a few millimeters mechanically torn off the crests of a breaking waves and fall down to the ocean due to gravity. The fluxes associated with the spray are determined by the rate of droplet production at the surface quantified by the sea spray generation function (SSGF), defined as the number of spray particles of radius r produced from the unit area of water surface in unit time. However, the mechanism of spume droplets' formation is unknown and empirical estimates of SSGF varied over six orders of magnitude; therefore, the production rate of large sea spray droplets is not adequately described and there are significant uncertainties in estimations of exchange processes in hurricanes. Experimental core of our work comprise laboratory experiments employing high-speed video-filming, which have made it possible to disclose how water surface looks like at extremely <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> and how exactly droplets are torn off wave crests. We classified <span class="hlt">events</span> responsible for spume droplet, including bursting of submerged bubbles, generation and breakup of "projections" or liquid filaments (Koa, 1981) and "bag breakup", namely, inflating and consequent blowing of short-lived, sail-like pieces of the water-surface film, "bags". The process is similar to "bag-breakup" mode of fragmentation of liquid droplets and jets in gaseous flows. Basing on statistical analysis of results of these experiments we show that the main mechanism of spray-generation is attributed to "bag-breakup mechanism On the base of general principles</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SoPh..293...78R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SoPh..293...78R"><span>Single ICMEs and Complex Transient Structures in the Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> in 2010 - 2011</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rodkin, D.; Slemzin, V.; Zhukov, A. N.; Goryaev, F.; Shugay, Y.; Veselovsky, I.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>We analyze the statistics, solar sources, and properties of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. The total number of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) registered in the Coordinated Data Analysis Workshops catalog (CDAW) during the first eight years of Cycle 24 was 61% larger than in the same period of Cycle 23, but the number of X-ray flares registered by the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) was 20 % smaller because the solar activity was lower. The total number of ICMEs in the given period of Cycle 24 in the Richardson and Cane list was 29% smaller than in Cycle 23, which may be explained by a noticeable number of non-classified ICME-like <span class="hlt">events</span> in the beginning of Cycle 24. For the period January 2010 - August 2011, we identify solar sources of the ICMEs that are included in the Richardson and Cane list. The solar sources of ICME were determined from coronagraph observations of the Earth-directed CMEs, supplemented by modeling of their propagation in the heliosphere using kinematic models (a ballistic and drag-based model). A detailed analysis of the ICME solar sources in the period under study showed that in 11 cases out of 23 (48%), the observed ICME could be associated with two or more sources. For multiple-source <span class="hlt">events</span>, the resulting solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> disturbances can be described as complex (merged) structures that are caused by stream interactions, with properties depending on the type of the participating streams. As a reliable marker to identify interacting streams and their sources, we used the plasma ion composition because it freezes in the low corona and remains unchanged in the heliosphere. According to the ion composition signatures, we classify these cases into three types: complex ejecta originating from weak and <span class="hlt">strong</span> CME-CME interactions, as well as merged interaction regions (MIRs) originating from the CME high-speed stream (HSS) interactions. We describe temporal profiles of the ion composition for</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900027052&hterms=Fran&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DFran','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900027052&hterms=Fran&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DFran"><span>Pluto's interaction with the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bagenal, Fran; Mcnutt, Ralph L., Jr.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>If Pluto's atmospheric escape rate is significantly greater than 1.5 x 10 to the 27th molecules/s then the interaction with the tenuous solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> at 30 A.U. will be like that of a comet. There will be extensive ion pick-up upstream and the size of the interaction region will vary directly with variations in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> flux. If the escape flux is much less, then one expects that the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> will be deflected around Pluto's ionosphere in a Venus-like interaction. In either case, the weak interplanetary magnetic field at 30 A.U. results in very large gyroradii for the picked-up ions and a thick bow shock, necessitating a kinetic treatment of the interaction. <span class="hlt">Strong</span> variations in the size of the interaction region are expected on time scales of days due to changes in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1811086D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1811086D"><span>Atmospheric forcing of sea ice anomalies in the Ross Sea Polynya region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dale, Ethan; McDonald, Adrian; Rack, Wolfgang</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Despite warming trends in global temperatures, sea ice extent in the southern hemisphere has shown an increasing trend over recent decades. <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-driven sea ice export from coastal polynyas is an important source of sea ice production. Areas of major polynyas in the Ross Sea, the region with largest increase in sea ice extent, have been suggested to produce the vast amount of the sea ice in the region. We investigate the impacts of <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> on polynyas and the subsequent sea ice production. We utilize Bootstrap sea ice concentration (SIC) measurements derived from satellite based, Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) brightness temperature images. These are compared with surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements made by automatic weather stations of the University of Wisconsin-Madison Antarctic Meteorology Program. Our analysis focusses on the winter period defined as 1st April to 1st November in this study. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> data was used to classify each day into characteristic regimes based on the change of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. For each regime, a composite of SIC anomaly was formed for the Ross Sea region. We found that persistent weak <span class="hlt">winds</span> near the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf are generally associated with positive SIC anomalies in the Ross Sea polynya area (RSP). Conversely we found negative SIC anomalies in this area during persistent <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span>. By analyzing sea ice motion vectors derived from SSM/I brightness temperatures, we find significant sea ice motion anomalies throughout the Ross Sea during <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span>. These anomalies persist for several days after the <span class="hlt">strong</span> wing <span class="hlt">event</span>. <span class="hlt">Strong</span>, negative correlations are found between SIC within the RSP and <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed indicating that <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> cause significant advection of sea ice in the RSP. This rapid decrease in SIC is followed by a more gradual recovery in SIC. This increase occurs on a time scale greater than the average persistence of <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> and the resulting Sea ice motion anomalies, highlighting the production</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=281788','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=281788"><span>Using Rare Earth Elements (REE) to determine <span class="hlt">wind</span>-driven soil dispersal from a point source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Although erosion of soil by water is a predictably directional process, the erosion of soil by <span class="hlt">wind</span> is determined by <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction on an <span class="hlt">event</span>-wise basis. The <span class="hlt">wind</span>-driven dispersal patterns of chemical constituents including natural soil components and anthropogenic contaminants are not well under...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017A%26A...606A..40P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017A%26A...606A..40P"><span>Impact of red giant/AGB <span class="hlt">winds</span> on active galactic nucleus jet propagation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Perucho, M.; Bosch-Ramon, V.; Barkov, M. V.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Context. Dense stellar <span class="hlt">winds</span> may mass-load the jets of active galactic nuclei, although it is unclear on what time and spatial scales the mixing takes place. Aims: Our aim is to study the first steps of the interaction between jets and stellar <span class="hlt">winds</span>, and also the scales on which the stellar <span class="hlt">wind</span> mixes with the jet and mass-loads it. Methods: We present a detailed 2D simulation - including thermal cooling - of a bubble formed by the <span class="hlt">wind</span> of a star designed to study the initial stages of jet-star interaction. We also study the first interaction of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> bubble with the jet using a 3D simulation in which the star enters the jet. Stability analysis is carried out for the shocked <span class="hlt">wind</span> structure to evaluate the distances over which the jet-dragged <span class="hlt">wind</span>, which forms a tail, can propagate without mixing with the jet flow. Results.The 2D simulations point to quick <span class="hlt">wind</span> bubble expansion and fragmentation after about one bubble shock crossing time. Three-dimensional simulations and stability analysis point to local mixing in the case of <span class="hlt">strong</span> perturbations and relatively low density ratios between the jet and the jet dragged-<span class="hlt">wind</span>, and to a possibly more stable shocked <span class="hlt">wind</span> structure at the phase of maximum tail mass flux. Analytical estimates also indicate that very early stages of the star jet-penetration time may be also relevant for mass-loading. The combination of these and previous results from the literature suggests highly unstable interaction structures and efficient <span class="hlt">wind</span>-jet flow mixing on the scale of the jet interaction height. Conclusions: The <span class="hlt">winds</span> of stars with <span class="hlt">strong</span> mass loss can efficiently mix with jets from active galactic nuclei. In addition, the initial <span class="hlt">wind</span> bubble shocked by the jet leads to a transient, large interaction surface. The interaction between jets and stars can produce <span class="hlt">strong</span> inhomogeneities within the jet. As mixing is expected to be effective on large scales, even individual asymptotic giant branch stars can significantly contribute to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JGRA..118.4503R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JGRA..118.4503R"><span>Planetary wave-gravity wave interactions during mesospheric inversion layer <span class="hlt">events</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ramesh, K.; Sridharan, S.; Raghunath, K.; Vijaya Bhaskara Rao, S.; Bhavani Kumar, Y.</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>lidar temperature observations over Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E) show a few mesospheric inversion layer (MIL) <span class="hlt">events</span> during 20-25 January 2007. The zonal mean removed SABER temperature shows warm anomalies around 50°E and 275°E indicating the presence of planetary wave of zonal wave number 2. The MIL amplitudes in SABER temperature averaged for 10°N-15°N and 70°E-90°E show a clear 2 day wave modulation during 20-28 January 2007. Prior to 20 January 2007, a <span class="hlt">strong</span> 2day wave (zonal wave number 2) is observed in the height region of 80-90 km and it gets largely suppressed during 20-26 January 2007 as the condition for vertical propagation is not favorable, though it prevails at lower heights. The 10 day mean zonal <span class="hlt">wind</span> over Tirunelveli (8.7°N, 77.8°E) shows deceleration of eastward <span class="hlt">winds</span> indicating the westward drag due to wave dissipation. The nightly mean MF radar observed zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> show the presence of alternating eastward and westward <span class="hlt">winds</span> during the period of 20-26 January 2007. The two dimensional spectrum of Rayleigh lidar temperature observations available for the nights of 20, 22, and 24 January 2007 shows the presence of gravity wave activity with periods 18 min, 38 min, 38 min, and vertical wavelengths 6.4 km, 4.0 km, 6.4 km respectively. From the dispersion relation of gravity waves, it is inferred that these waves are internal gravity waves rather than inertia gravity waves with the horizontal phase speeds of ~40 m/s, ~37 m/s, and ~50 m/s respectively. Assuming the gravity waves are eastward propagating waves, they get absorbed only in the eastward local <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields of the planetary wave thereby causing turbulence and eddy diffusion which can be inferred from the estimation of large drag force due to the breaking of gravity wave leading to the formation of large amplitude inversion <span class="hlt">events</span> in alternate nights. The present study shows that, the mesospheric temperature inversion is caused mainly due to the gravity wave breaking and the inversion</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.1723J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.1723J"><span>Ion Acceleration by Flux Transfer <span class="hlt">Events</span> in the Terrestrial Magnetosheath</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jarvinen, R.; Vainio, R.; Palmroth, M.; Juusola, L.; Hoilijoki, S.; Pfau-Kempf, Y.; Ganse, U.; Turc, L.; von Alfthan, S.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>We report ion acceleration by flux transfer <span class="hlt">events</span> in the terrestrial magnetosheath in a global two-dimensional hybrid-Vlasov polar plane simulation of Earth's solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> interaction. In the model we find that propagating flux transfer <span class="hlt">events</span> created in magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause drive fast-mode bow waves in the magnetosheath, which accelerate ions in the shocked solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> flow. The acceleration at the bow waves is caused by a shock drift-like acceleration process under stationary solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> and interplanetary magnetic field upstream conditions. Thus, the energization is not externally driven but results from plasma dynamics within the magnetosheath. Energetic proton populations reach the energy of 30 keV, and their velocity distributions resemble time-energy dispersive ion injections observed by the Cluster spacecraft in the magnetosheath.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19402476','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19402476"><span>[Process study on hysteresis of vegetation cover influencing sand-dust <span class="hlt">events</span>].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xu, Xing-Kui; Wang, Xiao-Tao; Zhang, Feng</p> <p>2009-02-15</p> <p>Data analysis from satellite and weather stations during 1982-2000 shows nonlinear relationship between vegetation cover and sand-dust <span class="hlt">events</span> is present in most part of China. Vegetation cover ratio in summer can impact significantly on the frequency of sand-dust storms from winter to spring in the source regions of sand-dust <span class="hlt">events</span>. It is not quite clear about the hysteresis that vegetation cover in summer influence sand-dust <span class="hlt">events</span> during winter and spring. A quasi-geostrophic barotropic model is used under the condition of 3 magnitude of frictional coefficient to investigate the cause of the hysteresis. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> velocity shows a greatest decline at 90% during 72 h as initial <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity is 10 m/s for magnitude of frictional coefficient between atmosphere and water surface, greatest decline at 100% during 18 h for magnitude of frictional coefficient between atmosphere and bare soil and a 100% reduction of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed during 1 h for magnitude of frictional coefficient between atmosphere and vegetation cover. Observation and simulation prove that residual root and stem from summervegetation are one of factors to influence sand-dust <span class="hlt">events</span> happened during winter and spring. Air inhibition from residual root and stem is a most important reason for hysteresis that vegetation cover influence sand-dust <span class="hlt">events</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.749a2021S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.749a2021S"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> offering in energy and reserve markets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Soares, T.; Pinson, P.; Morais, H.</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>The increasing penetration of <span class="hlt">wind</span> generation in power systems to fulfil the ambitious European targets will make <span class="hlt">wind</span> power producers to play an even more important role in the future power system. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> power producers are being incentivized to participate in reserve markets to increase their revenue, since currently <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine/farm technologies allow them to provide ancillary services. Thus, <span class="hlt">wind</span> power producers are to develop offering strategies for participation in both energy and reserve markets, accounting for market rules, while ensuring optimal revenue. We consider a proportional offering strategy to optimally decide upon participation in both markets by maximizing expected revenue from day-ahead decisions while accounting for estimated regulation costs for failing to provide the services. An evaluation of considering the same proportional splitting of energy and reserve in both day- ahead and balancing market is performed. A set of numerical examples illustrate the behavior of such strategy. An important conclusion is that the optimal split of the available <span class="hlt">wind</span> power between energy and reserve <span class="hlt">strongly</span> depends upon prices and penalties on both market trading floors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5137733','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5137733"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> speed reductions by large-scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine deployments lower turbine efficiencies and set low generation limits</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Miller, Lee M.; Kleidon, Axel</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> turbines generate electricity by removing kinetic energy from the atmosphere. Large numbers of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines are likely to reduce <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds, which lowers estimates of electricity generation from what would be presumed from unaffected conditions. Here, we test how well <span class="hlt">wind</span> power limits that account for this effect can be estimated without explicitly simulating atmospheric dynamics. We first use simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) that explicitly simulates the effects of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines to derive <span class="hlt">wind</span> power limits (GCM estimate), and compare them to a simple approach derived from the climatological conditions without turbines [vertical kinetic energy (VKE) estimate]. On land, we find <span class="hlt">strong</span> agreement between the VKE and GCM estimates with respect to electricity generation rates (0.32 and 0.37 We m−2) and <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed reductions by 42 and 44%. Over ocean, the GCM estimate is about twice the VKE estimate (0.59 and 0.29 We m−2) and yet with comparable <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed reductions (50 and 42%). We then show that this bias can be corrected by modifying the downward momentum flux to the surface. Thus, large-scale limits to <span class="hlt">wind</span> power use can be derived from climatological conditions without explicitly simulating atmospheric dynamics. Consistent with the GCM simulations, the approach estimates that only comparatively few land areas are suitable to generate more than 1 We m−2 of electricity and that larger deployment scales are likely to reduce the expected electricity generation rate of each turbine. We conclude that these atmospheric effects are relevant for planning the future expansion of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power. PMID:27849587</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy..tmp..889W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy..tmp..889W"><span>Modulation of ENSO evolution by <span class="hlt">strong</span> tropical volcanic eruptions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Tao; Guo, Dong; Gao, Yongqi; Wang, Huijun; Zheng, Fei; Zhu, Yali; Miao, Jiapeng; Hu, Yongyun</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The simulated responses of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to volcanic forcings are controversial, and some mechanisms of these responses are not clear. We investigate the impacts of volcanic forcing on the ENSO using a long-term simulation covering 1400-1999 as simulated by the Bergen Climate Model (BCM) and a group of simulations performed with the Community Atmosphere Model version 4.0 (CAM4) and the BCM's ocean component Miami Isopycanic Coordinated Ocean Model (MICOM). The analysis of the long-term BCM simulation indicates that ENSO has a negative-positive-negative response to <span class="hlt">strong</span> tropical volcanic eruptions (SVEs), which corresponds to the different stages of volcanic forcing. In the initial forcing stage, a brief and weak La Niña-like response is caused by the cooling along the west coast of the South American continent and associated enhancement of the trade <span class="hlt">winds</span>. In the peak forcing stage, westerly <span class="hlt">wind</span> anomalies are excited by both reduced east-west sea level pressure gradients and weakened and equatorward shifted tropical convergence zones. These westerly <span class="hlt">wind</span> anomalies extend to the equatorial eastern Pacific, leading to an El Niño-like response. At the same time, easterly <span class="hlt">wind</span> anomalies west of 120°E and <span class="hlt">strong</span> cooling effects can promote a discharged thermocline state and excite an upwelling Kelvin wave in the western Pacific. In the declining forcing stage, forced by the recovered trade <span class="hlt">winds</span>, the upwelling Kelvin wave propagates eastward and reaches the equatorial eastern Pacific. Through the Bjerknes feedback, a <span class="hlt">strong</span> and temporally extended La Niña-like response forms. Additional CAM4 simulations suggest a more important role of the surface cooling over the Maritime Continent and surrounding ocean in shaping the westerly <span class="hlt">wind</span> anomalies over the equatorial central-eastern Pacific and the easterly <span class="hlt">wind</span> anomalies west of 120° E, which are key to causing the El Niño-like responses and subsequent La Niña-like responses</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993iue..prop.4552M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993iue..prop.4552M"><span>Main-Sequence O Stars in NGC 6231: Enhanced <span class="hlt">Winds</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Morrison, Nancy D.</p> <p></p> <p>Three late O-type main-sequence stars in the open cluster NGC 6231 will be observed with IUE at high dispersion, and their C IV and N V resonance-line profiles will be studied. From low-dispersion IUE observations, 10 members of the cluster have been found to have anomalously <span class="hlt">strong</span> C IV resonance lines for their spectral types. Massa, Savage, and Cassinelli (1984) observed two of these "UV peculiar" stars (spectral types B0.5 V and B1 V) at high dispersion. They found that the C IV lines have a <span class="hlt">strong</span>, broad, shortward-shifted absorption component, which suggests a greatly enhanced <span class="hlt">wind</span> relative to the average for the spectral type. They proposed that the enhancement is due to an overabundance of C. Recently, however, Grigsby, Gordon, Morrison, and Zimba (1992) showed from optical spectra that these stars have normal C abundances. Thus, there is not yet a convincing explanation for these strikingly anomalous stellar <span class="hlt">winds</span>. By extending the temperature range over which the phenomenon has been studied at high dispersion, however, we expect to gain new physical information. From <span class="hlt">wind</span> modeling of the line profiles, we will derive mass-loss rates and terminal velocities, and we will test whether these <span class="hlt">winds</span> are described by radiation-driven <span class="hlt">wind</span> theory.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5525180','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5525180"><span>Diode Laser Assisted Filament <span class="hlt">Winding</span> of Thermoplastic Matrix Composites</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Quadrini, Fabrizio; Squeo, Erica Anna; Prosperi, Claudia</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>A new consolidation method for the laser-assisted filament <span class="hlt">winding</span> of thermoplastic prepregs is discussed: for the first time a diode laser is used, as well as long glass fiber reinforced polypropylene prepregs. A consolidation apparatus was built by means of a CNC motion table, a stepper motor and a simple tensioner. Preliminary tests were performed in a hoop <span class="hlt">winding</span> configuration: only the <span class="hlt">winding</span> speed was changed, and all the other process parameters (laser power, distance from the laser focus, consolidation force) were kept constant. Small wound rings with an internal diameter of 25 mm were produced and compression tests were carried out to evaluate the composite agglomeration in dependence of the <span class="hlt">winding</span> speed. At lower <span class="hlt">winding</span> speeds, a <span class="hlt">strong</span> interpenetration of adjacent layers was observed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7295E..2DW','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7295E..2DW"><span>Operational load estimation of a smart <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine rotor blade</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>White, Jonathan R.; Adams, Douglas E.; Rumsey, Mark A.</p> <p>2009-03-01</p> <p>Rising energy prices and carbon emission standards are driving a fundamental shift from fossil fuels to alternative sources of energy such as biofuel, solar, <span class="hlt">wind</span>, clean coal and nuclear. In 2008, the U.S. installed 8,358 MW of new <span class="hlt">wind</span> capacity increasing the total installed <span class="hlt">wind</span> power by 50% to 25,170 MW. A key technology to improve the efficiency of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines is smart rotor blades that can monitor the physical loads being applied by the <span class="hlt">wind</span> and then adapt the airfoil for increased energy capture. For extreme <span class="hlt">wind</span> and gust <span class="hlt">events</span>, the airfoil could be changed to reduce the loads to prevent excessive fatigue or catastrophic failure. Knowledge of the actual loading to the turbine is also useful for maintenance planning and design improvements. In this work, an array of uniaxial and triaxial accelerometers was integrally manufactured into a 9m smart rotor blade. DC type accelerometers were utilized in order to estimate the loading and deflection from both quasi-steady-state and dynamic <span class="hlt">events</span>. A method is presented that designs an estimator of the rotor blade static deflection and loading and then optimizes the placement of the sensor(s). Example results show that the method can identify the optimal location for the sensor for both simple example cases and realistic complex loading. The optimal location of a single sensor shifts towards the tip as the curvature of the blade deflection increases with increasingly complex <span class="hlt">wind</span> loading. The framework developed is practical for the expansion of sensor optimization in more complex blade models and for higher numbers of sensors.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.8708I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.8708I"><span>Multi-component <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine wakes performed with three LiDARs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Iungo, G. V.; Wu, Y.-T.; Porté-Agel, F.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p> LiDARs are performed over the mean vertical symmetry plane of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine wake, while a third LiDAR measures the incoming <span class="hlt">wind</span> over a vertical plane parallel to the mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction and lying outside of the wake. One LiDAR is placed in proximity of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine location and measures pointing downstream, whereas a second LiDAR is located along the mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction at a downstream distance of 6.5 diameters and measures pointing upstream. For these measurements axial and vertical velocity components are retrieved only for measurement points where the two laser beams result to be roughly orthogonal. Statistics of the two velocity components show in the near wake at hub height <span class="hlt">strong</span> flow fluctuations with magnitudes about 30% of the mean value, and a gradual reduction for downstream distances larger than three rotor diameters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040082069&hterms=Particles&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DZ%2BParticles','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040082069&hterms=Particles&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DZ%2BParticles"><span>Heavy-Element Abundances in Solar Energetic Particle <span class="hlt">Events</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Reames, Donald V.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>We survey the relative abundances of elements with 1 less than or = Z less than or = 82 in solar energetic particle (SEP) <span class="hlt">events</span> observed at 2 - 10 MeV amu" during nearly 9 years aboard the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> spacecraft, with special emphasis on enhanced abundances of elements with 2Z greater than or = 34. Abundances of Fe/O again show a bimodal distribution with distinct contributions from impulsive and gradual SEP <span class="hlt">events</span> as seen in earlier solar cycles. Periods with greatly enhanced abundances of (50 less than or = Z less than or = 56)/O, like those with enhanced He-3/He-4, fall prominently in the Fe-rich population of the impulsive SEP <span class="hlt">events</span>. In a sample of the 39 largest impulsive <span class="hlt">events</span>, 25 have measurable enhancements in (50 less than or = Z less than or = 56)/O and (76 less than or = Z less than or = 82)/O, relative to coronal values, ranging from approx. 100 to 10,000. By contrast, in a sample of 45 large gradual <span class="hlt">events</span> the corresponding enhancements vary from approx. 0.2 to 20. However, the magnitude of the heavy-element enhancements in impulsive <span class="hlt">events</span> is less striking than their <span class="hlt">strong</span> correlation with the Fe spectral index and flare size, with the largest enhancements occurring in flares with the steepest Fe spectra, the smallest Fe fluence, and the lowest X-ray intensity, as reported here for the first time Thus it seem that small <span class="hlt">events</span> with low energy input can produce only steep spectra of the dominant species but accelerate rare heavy elements with great efficiency, probably by selective absorption of resonant waves in the flare plasma. With increased energy input, enhancements diminish, as heavy ions are depleted, and spectra of the dominant species harden.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040082185','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040082185"><span>Heavy-Element Abundances in Solar Energetic Particle <span class="hlt">Events</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Reames, D. V.; Ng, C. K.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>We survey the relative abundances of elements with 1 < or equal to Z < or equal to 82 in solar energetic particle (SEP) <span class="hlt">events</span> observed at 2-10 MeV/amu during nearly 9 years aboard the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> spacecraft, with special emphasis on enhanced abundances of elements with Z > or equal to 34. Abundances of Fe/O again show a bimodal distribution with distinct contributions from impulsive and gradual SEP <span class="hlt">events</span> as seen in earlier solar cycles. Periods with greatly enhanced abundances of (50 < or equal to Z < or equal to 56)/O, like those with enhanced (3)He/(4)He, fall prominently in the Fe-rich population of the impulsive SEP <span class="hlt">events</span>. In a sample of the 39 largest impulsive <span class="hlt">events</span>, 25 have measurable enhancements in (50 < or equal to z < or equal to 56)/O and (76 < or equal to Z < or equal to 82)/O, relative to coronal values, ranging from approx. 100 to 10,000. By contrast, in a sample of 45 large gradual <span class="hlt">events</span> the corresponding enhancements vary from approx. 0.2 to 20. However, the magnitude of the heavy-element enhancements in impulsive <span class="hlt">events</span> is less striking than their <span class="hlt">strong</span> correlation with the Fe spectral index and flare size, with the largest enhancements occurring in flares with the steepest Fe spectra, the smallest Fe fluence, and the lowest X-ray intensity, as reported here for the first time. Thus it seems that small <span class="hlt">events</span> with low energy input can produce only steep spectra of the dominant species but accelerate rare heavy elements with great efficiency, probably by selective absorption of resonant waves in the flare plasma. With increased energy input, enhancements diminish, as heavy ions are depleted, and spectra of the dominant species harden.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800008194','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800008194"><span>Overview of Federal <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy program</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ancona, D. F.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>The objectives and strategies of the Federal <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy program are described. Changes in the program structure and some of the additions to the program are included. Upcoming organizational changes and some budget items are discussed, with particular emphasis on recent significant <span class="hlt">events</span> regarding new approvals.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790022548','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790022548"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> turbines for electric utilities: Development status and economics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ramler, J. R.; Donovan, R. M.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>The technology and economics of the large, horizontal-axis <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines currently in the Federal <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Program are presented. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> turbine technology advancements made in the last several years are discussed. It is shown that, based on current projections of the costs of these machines when produced in quantity, they should be attractive for utility application. The cost of electricity (COE) produced at the busbar is shown to be a <span class="hlt">strong</span> function of the mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed at the installation site. The breakeven COE as a fuel saver is discussed and the COE range that would be generally attractive to utilities is indicated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.434.3628B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.434.3628B"><span>Galactic cluster <span class="hlt">winds</span> in presence of a dark energy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G. S.; Merafina, M.</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>We obtain a solution for the hydrodynamic outflow of the polytropic gas from the gravitating centre, in the presence of the uniform dark energy (DE). The antigravity of DE is enlightening the outflow and makes the outflow possible at smaller initial temperature, at the same density. The main property of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> in the presence of DE is its unlimited acceleration after passing the critical point. In application of this solution to the <span class="hlt">winds</span> from galaxy clusters, we suggest that collision of the <span class="hlt">strongly</span> accelerated <span class="hlt">wind</span> with another galaxy cluster, or with another galactic cluster <span class="hlt">wind</span>, could lead to the formation of a highest energy cosmic rays.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790054875&hterms=economics&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DTitle%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Deconomics','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790054875&hterms=economics&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DTitle%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Deconomics"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> turbines for electric utilities - Development status and economics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ramler, J. R.; Donovan, R. M.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>The technology and economics of the large, horizontal-axis <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines currently in the Federal <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Program are presented. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> turbine technology advancements made in the last several years are discussed. It is shown that, based on current projections of the costs of these machines when produced in quantity, they should be attractive for utility application. The cost of electricity (COE) produced at the busbar is shown to be a <span class="hlt">strong</span> function of the mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed at the installation site. The breakeven COE as a 'fuel saver' is discussed and the COE range that would be generally attractive to utilities is indicated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19720049125&hterms=enrichment&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Denrichment','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19720049125&hterms=enrichment&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Denrichment"><span>Solar flares and solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> helium enrichments - July 1965-July 1967.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hirshberg, J.; Bame, S. J.; Robbins, D. E.</p> <p>1972-01-01</p> <p>It has previously been suggested that the very high relative abundances of helium occasionally observed in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> mark the plasma accelerated by major solar flares. To confirm this hypothesis, we have studied the 43 spectra with He/H greater than 15% that were observed among 10,300 spectra collected by Vela 3 between July 1965-July 1967. Six new flare-enhancement <span class="hlt">events</span> are discussed in this paper. It is concluded that the association of helium enhancements with major flares is real, nonrandom, and very <span class="hlt">strong</span>. With this study, there are 12 cases of reliable associations between helium enhancements and flares reported in the literature. The general characteristics of these <span class="hlt">events</span> are discussed. It is found that the flares are typically large and bright (2B or 3B), often they produce cosmic ray protons, and they are widely distributed in solar longitude. A qualitative discussion of some of the possibilities for the source of helium enhanced plasma is presented. It is suggested that the helium enriched plasma may be the piston producing the shock causing the Type II radio emission.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.1245B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.1245B"><span>The Huygens Doppler <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Experiment: Ten Years Ago</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bird, Michael; Dutta-Roy, Robin; Dzierma, Yvonne; Atkinson, David; Allison, Michael; Asmar, Sami; Folkner, William; Preston, Robert; Plettemeier, Dirk; Tyler, Len; Edenhofer, Peter</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>The Huygens Doppler <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Experiment (DWE) achieved its primary scientific goal: the derivation of Titan's vertical <span class="hlt">wind</span> profile from the start of Probe descent to the surface. The carrier frequency of the ultra-stable Huygens radio signal at 2040 MHz was recorded using special narrow-band receivers at two large radio telescopes on Earth: the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia and the Parkes Radio Telescope in Australia. Huygens drifted predominantly eastward during the parachute descent, providing the first in situ confirmation of Titan's prograde super-rotational zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span>. A region of surprisingly weak <span class="hlt">wind</span> with associated <span class="hlt">strong</span> vertical shear reversal was discovered within the range of altitudes from 65 to 100 km. Below this level, the zonal <span class="hlt">wind</span> subsided monotonically from 35 m/s to about 7 km, at which point it reversed direction. The vertical profile of the near-surface <span class="hlt">winds</span> implies the existence of a planetary boundary layer. Recent results on Titan atmospheric circulation within the context of the DWE will be reviewed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1436150-impact-tropical-cyclones-modeled-extreme-wind-wave-climate','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1436150-impact-tropical-cyclones-modeled-extreme-wind-wave-climate"><span>Impact of tropical cyclones on modeled extreme <span class="hlt">wind</span>-wave climate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Timmermans, Ben; Stone, Daithi; Wehner, Michael; ...</p> <p>2017-02-16</p> <p>Here, the effect of forcing <span class="hlt">wind</span> resolution on the extremes of global <span class="hlt">wind</span>-wave climate are investigated in numerical simulations. Forcing <span class="hlt">winds</span> from the Community Atmosphere Model at horizontal resolutions of ~1.0° and ~0.25° are used to drive Wavewatch III. Differences in extreme wave height are found to manifest most <span class="hlt">strongly</span> in tropical cyclone (TC) regions, emphasizing the need for high-resolution forcing in those areas. Comparison with observations typically show improvement in performance with increased forcing resolution, with a <span class="hlt">strong</span> influence in the tail of the distribution, although simulated extremes can exceed observations. A simulation for the end of the 21stmore » century under a RCP 8.5 type emission scenario suggests further increases in extreme wave height in TC regions.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...805...43E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...805...43E"><span>On Multiple Reconnection X-lines and Tripolar Perturbations of <span class="hlt">Strong</span> Guide Magnetic Fields</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Eriksson, S.; Lapenta, G.; Newman, D. L.; Phan, T. D.; Gosling, J. T.; Lavraud, B.; Khotyaintsev, Yu. V.; Carr, C. M.; Markidis, S.; Goldman, M. V.</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>We report new multi-spacecraft Cluster observations of tripolar guide magnetic field perturbations at a solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> reconnection exhaust in the presence of a guide field BM which is almost four times as <span class="hlt">strong</span> as the reversing field BL. The novel tripolar field consists of two narrow regions of depressed BM, with an observed 7%-14% ΔBM magnitude relative to the external field, which are found adjacent to a wide region of enhanced BM within the exhaust. A stronger reversing field is associated with each BM depression. A kinetic reconnection simulation for realistic solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions and the observed <span class="hlt">strong</span> guide field reveals that tripolar magnetic fields preferentially form across current sheets in the presence of multiple X-lines as magnetic islands approach one another and merge into fewer and larger islands. The simulated ΔBM/ΔXN over the normal width ΔXN between a BM minimum and the edge of the external region agree with the normalized values observed by Cluster. We propose that a tripolar guide field perturbation may be used to identify candidate regions containing multiple X-lines and interacting magnetic islands at individual solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> current sheets with a <span class="hlt">strong</span> guide field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910040349&hterms=environnement&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Denvironnement','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910040349&hterms=environnement&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Denvironnement"><span>Comparison between reference atmosphere <span class="hlt">winds</span> and radar <span class="hlt">winds</span> from selected locations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Manson, A. H.; Meek, C. E.; Vincent, R. A.; Craig, R. L.; Phillips, A.; Fraser, G. J.; Smith, M. J.; Fellous, J. L.; Massebeuf, M.; Chandra, S.</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Zonal and meridional 60-110-km <span class="hlt">wind</span> profiles obtained by radar measurements at Saskatoon, Adelaide, Christchurch, Puerto Rico, and Mawson are presented graphically and compared with those from the COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA) for 1986. Good general agreement is found below about 80 km, but above 80 km the CIRA 1986 models show discrepancies, including: (1) no spring tongue of weak westward flow at latitudes 20-70 deg; (2) too <span class="hlt">strong</span> an eastward flow at 20-52 deg in summer; (3) too great reversal heights at 35-43 deg N in summer; and (4) too <span class="hlt">strong</span> (by a factor of 2) summer and winter jets at 65-70 deg N.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920030899&hterms=potential+difference&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dpotential%2Bdifference','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920030899&hterms=potential+difference&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dpotential%2Bdifference"><span>On the differences in element abundances of energetic ions from corotating <span class="hlt">events</span> and from large solar <span class="hlt">events</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Reames, D. V.; Richardson, I. G.; Barbier, L. M.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>The abundances of energetic ions accelerated from high-speed solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> streams by shock waves formed at corotating interaction regions (CIRs) where high-speed streams overtake the lower-speed solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> are examined. The observed element abundances appear to represent those of the high-speed solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>, unmodified by the shock acceleration. These abundances, relative to those in the solar photosphere, are organized by the first ionization potential (FIP) of the ions in a way that is different from the FIP effect commonly used to describe differences between abundances in the solar photosphere and those in the solar corona, solar energetic particles (SEPs), and the low-speed solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. In contrast, the FIP effect of the ion abundances in the CIR <span class="hlt">events</span> is characterized by a smaller amplitude of the differences between high-FIP and low-FIP ions and by elevated abundances of He, C, and S.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016DSRI..118...57S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016DSRI..118...57S"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span>-dependent beluga whale dive behavior in Barrow Canyon, Alaska</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stafford, K. M.; Citta, J. J.; Okkonen, S. R.; Suydam, R. S.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) are the most abundant cetacean in the Arctic. The Barrow Canyon region, Alaska, is a hotspot for Pacific Arctic belugas, likely because the oceanographic environment provides reliable foraging opportunities. Fronts are known to promote the concentration of planktonic prey; when Barrow-area <span class="hlt">winds</span> are weak or from the west, a front associated with the Alaskan Coastal Current (ACC) intensifies. This front is weakened or disrupted when <span class="hlt">strong</span> easterly <span class="hlt">winds</span> slow or displace the ACC. To determine if <span class="hlt">winds</span> influence the diving depth of belugas, we used generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) to examine how the dive behavior of animals instrumented with satellite-linked time-depth recorders varied with <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions. When projected along-canyon <span class="hlt">winds</span> are from the WSW and the front associated with the ACC is enhanced, belugas tend to target shallower depths (10-100 m) associated with the front. In contrast, when <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> from the ENE displaced the ACC, belugas tended to spend more time at depths >200 m where the Arctic halocline grades into relatively warmer Atlantic Water (AW). The probability of diving to >200 m, the number of dives >200 m, and the amount of time spent below 200 m were all significantly related to along-canyon <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress (p<0.01). From these results and known relationships between <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress, currents and frontal structure in Barrow Canyon and the characteristic vertical distribution of Arctic cod, we infer that the probability of belugas targeting different depth regimes is based upon how <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress affects the relative foraging opportunities between these depth regimes. Belugas are known to target AW throughout the Beaufort Sea; however, this is the first work to show that the probability of targeting the AW layer is related to <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.2937Q','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.2937Q"><span>A Subtropical Cyclone in the Canary Islands: the October 2014 <span class="hlt">event</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Quitian, Lara; Martin, Maria Luisa; Jesús González-Alemán, Juan; Santos-Muñoz, Daniel; Valero Rodríguez, Francisco</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Depending on the thermal structure and dynamics, there are different types of cyclones in the troposphere. Subtropical cyclones (STC) are low pressure systems that share tropical and extratropical characteristics, having hybrid thermal structures. In October 2014, a cyclonic system landfall the Canary Islands, causing widespread damages. The system began to develop in October 18 and its effects lasted until October 21. Here, the diagnosis and identification of such cyclone as STC is carried out, examining its dynamical and thermal evolution. Diverse fields have been obtained from three different numerical models, and several diagnostic tools and cyclone phase space diagrams have been used. The cyclone evolved from a typical extratropical cyclone, detached from the atmospheric circulation which was highly meridional and became a stationary cut-off low. The meridional intrusion of the trough as well as a low-level baroclinic zone favored the formation of a STC northwestern of the Canary Islands. Several cyclone phase space diagrams are used to classify the cyclone as a STC, highlighting a deep cold core in its early stages that develops into a shallow warm core. High potential vorticity areas associated with the cyclone promoted <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> and precipitation over the Islands. Throughout the <span class="hlt">event</span>, an increased conditional instability is observed in the different soundings, leading to <span class="hlt">strong</span> vertical <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear. Moreover, relatively warm sea surface temperature is obtained, establishing the conditions to favor the organization of long-lived convective structures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRA..121.8600S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRA..121.8600S"><span>The causes of the hardest electron precipitation <span class="hlt">events</span> seen with SAMPEX</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Smith, David M.; Casavant, Eric P.; Comess, Max D.; Liang, Xinqing; Bowers, Gregory S.; Selesnick, Richard S.; Clausen, Lasse B. N.; Millan, Robyn M.; Sample, John G.</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>We studied the geomagnetic, plasmaspheric, and solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> context of relativistic electron precipitation (REP) <span class="hlt">events</span> seen with the Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX), Proton Electron Telescope (PET) to derive an exponential folding energy E0 for each <span class="hlt">event</span>. <span class="hlt">Events</span> with E0< 400 keV peak near midnight, and with increasing E0, the peak magnetic local time (MLT) moves earlier but never peaks as early as the MLT distribution of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves in the outer belt, and a distinct component near midnight remains. <span class="hlt">Events</span> with E0>750 keV near dusk (1400 < MLT < 2000) show correlations with solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamic pressure and proton density, AE index, negative Dst index, and an extended plasmasphere, all supporting an EMIC wave interpretation. <span class="hlt">Events</span> with 500 keV <E0< 600 keV near midnight (MLT 2200-0200) do not show these correlations. Comparing these two samples to all <span class="hlt">events</span> with E0>500 keV ("hard REP"), we estimate that roughly 45% of the whole population has the distributions of geomagnetic and solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> parameters associated with EMIC waves, while 55% does not. We hypothesize that the latter <span class="hlt">events</span> may be caused by current sheet scattering (CSS), which can be mistaken for EMIC wave scattering in that both simultaneously precipitate MeV electrons and keV protons. Since a large number of MeV electrons are lost in the near-midnight hard REP <span class="hlt">events</span>, and in the large number of E0< 400 keV <span class="hlt">events</span> that show no dusk-like peak at all, we conclude that CSS should be studied further as a possibly important loss channel for MeV electrons.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150001358','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150001358"><span>Configuration and Evaluation of a Dual-Doppler 3-D <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Field System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Crawford, Winifred C.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Current LSP, GSDO, and SLS space vehicle operations are halted when <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds from specific directions exceed defined thresholds and when lightning is a threat. <span class="hlt">Strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> and lightning are difficult parameters for the 45th Weather Squadron (45 WS) to forecast, yet are important in the protection of customer vehicle operations and the personnel that conduct them. A display of the low-level horizontal <span class="hlt">wind</span> field to reveal areas of high <span class="hlt">winds</span> or convergence would be a valuable tool for forecasters in assessing the timing of high <span class="hlt">winds</span>, or convection initiation and subsequent lightning occurrence. This is especially important for areas where no weather observation platforms exist. Developing a dual-Doppler radar capability would provide such a display to assist forecasters in predicting high <span class="hlt">winds</span> and convection initiation. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields can also be used to initialize a local mesoscale numerical weather prediction model to help improve the model forecast <span class="hlt">winds</span>, convection initiation, and other phenomena. The 45 WS and NWS MLB tasked the Applied Meteorology Unit (AMU) to develop a dual- Doppler <span class="hlt">wind</span> field display using data from the 45th Space Wing radar, known as the Weather Surveillance Radar (WSR), NWS MLB Weather Surveillance Radar 1988 Doppler (KMLB), and the Orlando International Airport Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (KMCO). They also stipulated that the software used should be freely available. The AMU evaluated two software packages and, with concurrence from NWS MLB and the 45 WS, chose the Warning Decision Support System-Integrated Information (WDSS-II). The AMU collected data from two significant weather cases: a tornadic <span class="hlt">event</span> on 14 April 2013 and a severe <span class="hlt">wind</span> and hail <span class="hlt">event</span> on 12 February 2014. For the 14 April case, the data were from WSR and KMLB. For the 12 February case, the data were from KMCO and KMLB. The AMU installed WDSS-II on a Linux PC, then processed and quality controlled the radar data for display and analysis using WDSS-II tools</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JGR...10322911A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JGR...10322911A"><span>The Galileo probe Doppler <span class="hlt">wind</span> experiment: Measurement of the deep zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> on Jupiter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Atkinson, David H.; Pollack, James B.; Seiff, Alvin</p> <p>1998-09-01</p> <p>During its descent into the upper atmosphere of Jupiter, the Galileo probe transmitted data to the orbiter for 57.5 min. Accurate measurements of the probe radio frequency, driven by an ultrastable oscillator, allowed an accurate time history of the probe motions to be reconstructed. Removal from the probe radio frequency profile of known Doppler contributions, including the orbiter trajectory, the probe descent velocity, and the rotation of Jupiter, left a measurable frequency residual due to Jupiter's zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span>, and microdynamical motion of the probe from spin, swing under the parachute, atmospheric turbulence, and aerodynamic buffeting. From the assumption of the dominance of the zonal horizontal <span class="hlt">winds</span>, the frequency residuals were inverted and resulted in the first in situ measurements of the vertical profile of Jupiter's deep zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span>. A number of error sources with the capability of corrupting the frequency measurements or the interpretation of the frequency residuals were considered using reasonable assumptions and calibrations from prelaunch and in-flight testing. It is found that beneath the cloud tops (about 700 mbar) the <span class="hlt">winds</span> are prograde and rise rapidly to 170 m/s at 4 bars. Beyond 4 bars to the depth at which the link with the probe was lost, nearly 21 bars, the <span class="hlt">winds</span> remain constant and <span class="hlt">strong</span>. Corrections for the high temperatures encountered by the probe have recently been completed and provide no evidence of diminishing or strengthening of the zonal <span class="hlt">wind</span> profile in the deeper regions explored by the Galileo probe.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.8225R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.8225R"><span>Shelf Circulation Induced by an Orographic <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Jet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ràfols, Laura; Grifoll, Manel; Jordà, Gabriel; Espino, Manuel; Sairouní, Abdel; Bravo, Manel</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The dynamical response to cross-shelf <span class="hlt">wind</span>-jet episodes is investigated. The study area is located at the northern margin of the Ebro Shelf, in the Northwestern (NW) Mediterranean Sea, where episodes of <span class="hlt">strong</span> northwesterly <span class="hlt">wind</span> occur. In this case, the <span class="hlt">wind</span> is channeled through the Ebro Valley and intensifies upon reaching the sea, resulting in a <span class="hlt">wind</span> jet. The <span class="hlt">wind</span>-jet response in terms of water circulation and vertical density structure is investigated using a numerical model. The numerical outputs agree with water current observations from a high-frequency radar. Additionally, temperature, sea level, and <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements are also used for the skill assessment of the model. For the <span class="hlt">wind</span>-jet episodes, the numerical results show a well-defined two-layer circulation in the cross-shelf direction, with the surface currents in the direction of the <span class="hlt">wind</span>. This pattern is consistent with sea level set-down due to the <span class="hlt">wind</span> effect. The comparison of the vertical structure response for different episodes revealed that the increase of stratification leads to an onshore displacement of the transition from inner shelf to mid-shelf. In general, the cross-shelf momentum balance during a <span class="hlt">wind</span>-jet episode exhibits a balance between the frictional terms and the pressure gradient in shallow waters, shifting to a balance between the Coriolis force and the <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress terms in deeper waters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1261099','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1261099"><span>Advanced Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy - Atlantic Consortium</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kempton, Willett</p> <p></p> <p>This project developed relationships among the lead institution, U of Delaware, <span class="hlt">wind</span> industry participants from 11 companies, and two other universities in the region. The participating regional universities were University of Maryland and Old Dominion University. Research was carried out in six major areas: Analysis and documentation of extreme oceanic <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> & their impact on design parameters, calibration of corrosivity estimates measured on a coastal turbine, measurment and modeling of tower structures, measurement and modeling of the tribology of major drive components, and gearbox conditioning monitoring using acoustic sensors. The project also had several educational goals, including establishing amore » course in <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy and training graduate students. Going beyond these goals, three new courses were developed, a graduate certificate program in <span class="hlt">wind</span> power was developed and approved, and an exchange program in <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy was established with Danish Technical University. Related to the installation of a Gamesa G90 turbine on campus and a Gamesa-UD research program established in part due to this award, several additional research projects have been carried out based on mutual industry-university interests, and funded by turbine revenues. This award and the Gamesa partnership have jointly led to seven graduate students receiving full safety and climb training, to become “research climbers” as part of their <span class="hlt">wind</span> power training, and contributing to on-turbine research. As a result of the educational program, already six graduate students have taken jobs in the US <span class="hlt">wind</span> industry.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRC..121.2231R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRC..121.2231R"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span>-driven changes of surface current, temperature, and chlorophyll observed by satellites north of New Guinea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Radenac, Marie-Hélène; Léger, Fabien; Messié, Monique; Dutrieux, Pierre; Menkes, Christophe; Eldin, Gérard</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Satellite observations of <span class="hlt">wind</span>, sea level and derived currents, sea surface temperature (SST), and chlorophyll are used to expand our understanding of the physical and biological variability of the ocean surface north of New Guinea. Based on scarce cruise and mooring data, previous studies differentiated a trade <span class="hlt">wind</span> situation (austral winter) when the New Guinea Coastal Current (NGCC) flows northwestward and a northwest monsoon situation (austral summer) when a coastal upwelling develops and the NGCC reverses. This circulation pattern is confirmed by satellite observations, except in Vitiaz Strait where the surface northwestward flow persists. We find that intraseasonal and seasonal time scale variations explain most of the variance north of New Guinea. SST and chlorophyll variabilities are mainly driven by two processes: penetration of Solomon Sea waters and coastal upwelling. In the trade <span class="hlt">wind</span> situation, the NGCC transports cold Solomon Sea waters through Vitiaz Strait in a narrow vein hugging the coast. Coastal upwelling is generated in westerly <span class="hlt">wind</span> situations (westerly <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">event</span>, northwest monsoon). Highly productive coastal waters are advected toward the equator and, during some westerly <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span>, toward the eastern part of the warm pool. During El Niño, coastal upwelling <span class="hlt">events</span> and northward penetration of Solomon Sea waters combine to influence SST and chlorophyll anomalies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22667527-transient-galactic-cosmic-ray-modulation-during-solar-cycle-comparative-study-two-prominent-forbush-decrease-events','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22667527-transient-galactic-cosmic-ray-modulation-during-solar-cycle-comparative-study-two-prominent-forbush-decrease-events"><span>TRANSIENT GALACTIC COSMIC-RAY MODULATION DURING SOLAR CYCLE 24: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TWO PROMINENT FORBUSH DECREASE <span class="hlt">EVENTS</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Zhao, L.-L.; Zhang, H., E-mail: zhaolingling@ucas.edu.cn</p> <p></p> <p>Forbush decrease (FD) <span class="hlt">events</span> are of great interest for transient galactic cosmic-ray (GCR) modulation study. In this study, we perform comparative analysis of two prominent Forbush <span class="hlt">events</span> during cycle 24, occurring on 2012 March 8 (<span class="hlt">Event</span> 1) and 2015 June 22 (<span class="hlt">Event</span> 2), utilizing the measurements from the worldwide neutron monitor (NM) network. Despite their comparable magnitudes, the two Forbush <span class="hlt">events</span> are distinctly different in terms of evolving GCR energy spectrum and energy dependence of the recovery time. The recovery time of <span class="hlt">Event</span> 1 is <span class="hlt">strongly</span> dependent on the median energy, compared to the nearly constant recovery time of Eventmore » 2 over the studied energy range. Additionally, while the evolutions of the energy spectra during the two FD <span class="hlt">events</span> exhibit similar variation patterns, the spectrum of <span class="hlt">Event</span> 2 is significantly harder, especially at the time of deepest depression. These difference are essentially related to their associated solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> disturbances. <span class="hlt">Event</span> 1 is associated with a complicated shock-associated interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) disturbance with large radial extent, probably formed by the merging of multiple shocks and transient flows, and which delivered a glancing blow to Earth. Conversely, <span class="hlt">Event</span> 2 is accompanied by a relatively simple halo ICME with small radial extent that hit Earth more head-on.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HEAD...1620401M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HEAD...1620401M"><span>X-ray <span class="hlt">Winds</span> from Black Holes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Miller, Jon M.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Across the mass scale, high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy has transformed our view of accretion onto black holes. The ionized disk <span class="hlt">winds</span> observed from stellar-mass black holes may sometimes eject more mass than is able to accrete onto the black hole. It is possible that these <span class="hlt">winds</span> can probe the fundamental physics that drive disk accretion. The most powerful <span class="hlt">winds</span> from accretion onto massive black holes may play a role in feedback, seeding host bulges with hot gas and halting star formation. The lessons and techniques emerging from these efforts can also reveal the accretion flow geometry in tidal disruption <span class="hlt">events</span> (TDEs), an especially rich discovery space. This talk will review some recent progress enabled by high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy, and look at the potential of gratings spectrometers and microcalorimeters in the years ahead.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-05-18/pdf/2012-12075.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-05-18/pdf/2012-12075.pdf"><span>77 FR 29633 - Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> VII, LLC, Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> IX, LLC, Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> X, LLC, Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> XI, LLC, Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> XII, LLC...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-05-18</p> <p>... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Docket No. EL12-68-000] Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> VII, LLC, Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> IX, LLC, Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> X, LLC, Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> XI, LLC, Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> XII, LLC, Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> XIII, LLC, Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> XIV, LLC, Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> XV, LLC, Alta Windpower Development, LLC, TGP Development Company, LLC...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-05-03/pdf/2010-10218.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-05-03/pdf/2010-10218.pdf"><span>75 FR 23263 - Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> I, LLC; Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> II, LLC; Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> III, LLC; Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> IV, LLC; Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> V, LLC...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-05-03</p> <p>... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Docket No. EL10-62-000] Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> I, LLC; Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> II, LLC; Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> III, LLC; Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> IV, LLC; Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> V, LLC; Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> VI, LLC; Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> VII, LLC; Alta <span class="hlt">Wind</span> VIII, LLC; Alta Windpower Development, LLC; TGP Development Company, LLC...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoJI.211.1319N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoJI.211.1319N"><span>How <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines affect the performance of seismic monitoring stations and networks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Neuffer, Tobias; Kremers, Simon</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>In recent years, several minor seismic <span class="hlt">events</span> were observed in the apparently aseismic region of the natural gas fields in Northern Germany. A seismic network was installed in the region consisting of borehole stations with sensor depths up to 200 m and surface stations to monitor induced seismicity. After installation of the network in 2012, an increasing number of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines was established in proximity (<5 km) to several stations, thereby influencing the local noise conditions. This study demonstrates the impact of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines on seismic noise level in a frequency range of 1-10 Hz at the monitoring sites with correlation to <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed, based on the calculation of power spectral density functions and I95 values of waveforms over a time period of 4 yr. It could be shown that higher <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds increase the power spectral density amplitudes at distinct frequencies in the considered frequency band, depending on height as well as number and type of influencing <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines. The azimuthal direction of incoming Rayleigh waves at a surface station was determined to identify the noise sources. The analysis of the perturbed wave field showed that Rayleigh waves with backazimuths pointing to <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines in operation are dominating the wave field in a frequency band of 3-4 Hz. Additional peaks in a frequency range of 1-4 Hz could be attributed to turbine tower eigenfrequencies of various turbine manufactures with the hub height as defining parameter. Moreover, the influence of varying noise levels at a station on the ability to automatically detect seismic <span class="hlt">events</span> was investigated. The increased noise level in correlation to higher <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds at the monitoring sites deteriorates the station's recording quality inhibiting the automatic detection of small seismic <span class="hlt">events</span>. As a result, functionality and task fulfilment of the seismic monitoring network is more and more limited by the increasing number of nearby <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014WRR....50.8571D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014WRR....50.8571D"><span>Exploration of discrepancy between radar and gauge rainfall estimates driven by <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dai, Qiang; Han, Dawei</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>Due to the fact that weather radar is prone to several sources of errors, it is acknowledged that adjustment against ground observations such as rain gauges is crucial for radar measurement. Spatial matching of precipitation patterns between radar and rain gauge is a significant premise in radar bias corrections. It is a conventional way to construct radar-gauge pairs based on their vertical locations. However, due to the <span class="hlt">wind</span> effects, the raindrops observed by the radar do not always fall vertically to the ground, and the raindrops arriving at the ground may not all be caught by the rain gauge. This study proposes a fully formulated scheme to numerically simulate the movement of raindrops in a three-dimensional <span class="hlt">wind</span> field in order to adjust the <span class="hlt">wind</span>-induced errors. The Brue catchment (135 km2) in Southwest England covering 28 radar pixels and 49 rain gauges is an experimental catchment, where the radar central beam height varies between 500 and 700 m. The 20 typical <span class="hlt">events</span> (with durations of 6-36 h) are chosen to assess the correlation between hourly radar and gauge rainfall surfaces. It is found that for most <span class="hlt">events</span>, the improved rates of correlation coefficients are greater than 10%, and nearly half of the <span class="hlt">events</span> increase by 20%. With the proposed method, except four <span class="hlt">events</span>, all the <span class="hlt">event</span>-averaged correlation values are greater than 0.5. This work is the first study to tackle both <span class="hlt">wind</span> effects on radar and rain gauges, which could be considered as one of the essential components in processing radar observational data in its hydrometeorological applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23942350','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23942350"><span><span class="hlt">Event</span> segmentation ability uniquely predicts <span class="hlt">event</span> memory.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sargent, Jesse Q; Zacks, Jeffrey M; Hambrick, David Z; Zacks, Rose T; Kurby, Christopher A; Bailey, Heather R; Eisenberg, Michelle L; Beck, Taylor M</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>Memory for everyday <span class="hlt">events</span> plays a central role in tasks of daily living, autobiographical memory, and planning. <span class="hlt">Event</span> memory depends in part on segmenting ongoing activity into meaningful units. This study examined the relationship between <span class="hlt">event</span> segmentation and memory in a lifespan sample to answer the following question: Is the ability to segment activity into meaningful <span class="hlt">events</span> a unique predictor of subsequent memory, or is the relationship between <span class="hlt">event</span> perception and memory accounted for by general cognitive abilities? Two hundred and eight adults ranging from 20 to 79years old segmented movies of everyday <span class="hlt">events</span> and attempted to remember the <span class="hlt">events</span> afterwards. They also completed psychometric ability tests and tests measuring script knowledge for everyday <span class="hlt">events</span>. <span class="hlt">Event</span> segmentation and script knowledge both explained unique variance in <span class="hlt">event</span> memory above and beyond the psychometric measures, and did so as <span class="hlt">strongly</span> in older as in younger adults. These results suggest that <span class="hlt">event</span> segmentation is a basic cognitive mechanism, important for memory across the lifespan. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AdAtS..24...65G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AdAtS..24...65G"><span>A heavy sea fog <span class="hlt">event</span> over the Yellow Sea in March 2005: Analysis and numerical modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gao, Shanhong; Lin, Hang; Shen, Biao; Fu, Gang</p> <p>2007-02-01</p> <p>In this paper, a heavy sea fog episode that occurred over the Yellow Sea on 9 March 2005 is investigated. The sea fog patch, with a spatial scale of several hundred kilometers at its mature stage, reduced visibility along the Shandong Peninsula coast to 100 m or much less at some sites. Satellite images, surface observations and soundings at islands and coasts, and analyses from the Japan Meteorology Agency (JMA) are used to describe and analyze this <span class="hlt">event</span>. The analysis indicates that this sea fog can be categorized as advection cooling fog. The main features of this sea fog including fog area and its movement are reasonably reproduced by the Fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5). Model results suggest that the formation and evolution of this <span class="hlt">event</span> can be outlined as: (1) southerly warm/moist advection of low-level air resulted in a <span class="hlt">strong</span> sea-surface-based inversion with a thickness of about 600 m; (2) when the inversion moved from the warmer East Sea to the colder Yellow Sea, a thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL) gradually formed at the base of the inversion while the sea fog grew in response to cooling and moistening by turbulence mixing; (3) the sea fog developed as the TIBL moved northward and (4) <span class="hlt">strong</span> northerly cold and dry <span class="hlt">wind</span> destroyed the TIBL and dissipated the sea fog. The principal findings of this study are that sea fog forms in response to relatively persistent southerly warm/moist <span class="hlt">wind</span> and a cold sea surface, and that turbulence mixing by <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear is the primary mechanism for the cooling and moistening the marine layer. In addition, the study of sensitivity experiments indicates that deterministic numerical modeling offers a promising approach to the prediction of sea fog over the Yellow Sea but it may be more efficient to consider ensemble numerical modeling because of the extreme sensitivity to model input.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPhCS.524a2008G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPhCS.524a2008G"><span>Toward Understanding Low Level Jet Climatology over West Texas and its Impact on <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gutierrez, W.; Araya, G.; Basu, S.; Ruiz-Columbie, A.; Castillo, L.</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>Low Level Jets (LLJs) are defined as regions of relatively <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> in the lower part of the atmosphere. They typically occur between 100 and 1500 m above ground level (ABL) and can be found in every continent. In particular, LLJs are a common feature over the Great Plains in the United States. It has been reported that 75% of LLJs in the Great Plains occur at night and with seasonal patterns. Our preliminary results have corroborated some of the LLJ known characteristics, but also shown the lack of a clear three-dimensional picture of how the phenomenon is displaced over West Texas (precise location, timing and lifespan). This paper is focused on the development of a detailed LLJ climatology and its weather correlates for West Texas. Using the 200-m tower data (Reese, Texas), profiler and Mesonet data, and WRF runs, a 4-dim model is introduced which summarizes the main features of the LLJ over the aforementioned region and shows its patterns along the year. Furthermore, we also demonstrate the importance of LLJs for <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy production. It has been observed that during a LLJ <span class="hlt">event</span> the level of turbulence intensities and TKE are significantly much lower than those during unstable conditions; as a result, cyclical aerodynamic loads on turbine blades are diminished. The major salient results from this study include: the vertical shears in LLJs are very large, causing higher static loads. Finally, the WRF model has accurately captured the beginning of the LLJ <span class="hlt">event</span>; however, the local maximum <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed at the LLJ "nose" has been under-predicted by approximately 15%, which highlights the difficulties WRF still faces in predicting this phenomenon.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A43C0224P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A43C0224P"><span>Analysis of the 2015-16 El Niño <span class="hlt">Event</span> Using NASA's GEOS Data Assimilation System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pawson, S.; Lim, Y. K.; Kovach, R. M.; Vernieres, G.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">strong</span> El Niño <span class="hlt">event</span> that occurred in 2015/2016 is analyzed using atmospheric and oceanic analyses produced using the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) systems. A theme of the work is to compare and contrast this <span class="hlt">event</span> with two other <span class="hlt">strong</span> El Niños, in 1982/1983 and 1997/1998, that are included in the satellite-data era of the MERRA and MERRA-2 reanalyses produced using the GEOS system. Distribution of the maximum anomalies of tropical sea-surface temperature (SST), precipitation, Walker circulation, and cloud fraction indicate that 2015/2016 is a Central Pacific (CP) El Niño. The <span class="hlt">event</span> had an early onset compared to the 1997/1998 El Niño, with extremely <span class="hlt">strong</span> warming and precipitation over the Central Pacific, and was the strongest in terms of central Pacific SST anomalies. The large region of warm temperature anomalies over most of the Pacific and Indian Ocean in the 2015-2016 <span class="hlt">event</span> were due to the accumulative impacts of the El Niño <span class="hlt">event</span> along with a positive phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and a decadal warming trend over the western Pacific, Maritime Continent, and Indian Ocean. The relatively weak development of the 2015/2016 El Niño <span class="hlt">event</span> over the Eastern Pacific was likely due to weaker westerly <span class="hlt">wind</span> bursts and Madden-Julian Oscillation during spring, which in 1997/1998 served to drive the warm anomalies further East towards South America, making that <span class="hlt">event</span> the strongest Eastern Pacific El Niño (in the recent data record). This is reflected in the 2015/2016 <span class="hlt">event</span> having a shallower thermocline over the Eastern Pacific, with a weaker zonal gradient of sub-surface water temperatures along the equatorial Pacific. The major extra-tropical teleconnections associated with the El Niño in 2015/2016 are at least comparable to those in the 1982/1983 and 1997/1998 El Niño <span class="hlt">events</span>. Specifically, the Pacific North American (PNA) teleconnection in 2015/2016 is the strongest of these three El Niño <span class="hlt">events</span>, leading to larger extra</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26768333','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26768333"><span>Flying with the <span class="hlt">winds</span>: differential migration strategies in relation to <span class="hlt">winds</span> in moth and songbirds.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Åkesson, Susanne</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The gamma Y moth selects to migrate in stronger <span class="hlt">winds</span> compared to songbirds, enabling fast transport to distant breeding sites, but a lower precision in orientation as the moth allows itself to be drifted by the <span class="hlt">winds</span>. Photo: Ian Woiwod. In Focus: Chapman, J.R., Nilsson, C., Lim, K.S., Bäckman, J., Reynolds, D.R. & Alerstam, T. (2015) Adaptive strategies in nocturnally migrating insects and songbirds: contrasting responses to <span class="hlt">winds</span>. Journal of Animal Ecology, In press Insects and songbirds regularly migrate long distances across continents and seas. During these nocturnal migrations, they are exposed to a fluid medium, the air, in which they transport themselves by flight at similar speeds as the <span class="hlt">winds</span> may carry them. It is crucial for an animal to select the most favourable flight conditions relative to <span class="hlt">winds</span> to minimize the distance flown on a given amount of fuel and to avoid hazardous situations. Chapman et al. (2015a) showed contrasting strategies in how moths initiate migration predominantly under tailwind conditions, allowing themselves to drift to a larger extent and gain ground speed as compared to nocturnal songbird migrants. The songbirds use more variable flight strategies in relation to <span class="hlt">winds</span>, where they sometimes allow themselves to drift, and at other occasions compensate for <span class="hlt">wind</span> drift. This study shows how insects and birds have differentially adapted to migration in relation to <span class="hlt">winds</span>, which is <span class="hlt">strongly</span> dependent on their own flight capability, with higher flexibility enabling fine-tuned responses to keep a time programme and reach a goal in songbirds compared to in insects. © 2015 The Author. Journal of Animal Ecology © 2015 British Ecological Society.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27849587','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27849587"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> speed reductions by large-scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine deployments lower turbine efficiencies and set low generation limits.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Miller, Lee M; Kleidon, Axel</p> <p>2016-11-29</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> turbines generate electricity by removing kinetic energy from the atmosphere. Large numbers of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines are likely to reduce <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds, which lowers estimates of electricity generation from what would be presumed from unaffected conditions. Here, we test how well <span class="hlt">wind</span> power limits that account for this effect can be estimated without explicitly simulating atmospheric dynamics. We first use simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) that explicitly simulates the effects of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines to derive <span class="hlt">wind</span> power limits (GCM estimate), and compare them to a simple approach derived from the climatological conditions without turbines [vertical kinetic energy (VKE) estimate]. On land, we find <span class="hlt">strong</span> agreement between the VKE and GCM estimates with respect to electricity generation rates (0.32 and 0.37 W e m -2 ) and <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed reductions by 42 and 44%. Over ocean, the GCM estimate is about twice the VKE estimate (0.59 and 0.29 W e m -2 ) and yet with comparable <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed reductions (50 and 42%). We then show that this bias can be corrected by modifying the downward momentum flux to the surface. Thus, large-scale limits to <span class="hlt">wind</span> power use can be derived from climatological conditions without explicitly simulating atmospheric dynamics. Consistent with the GCM simulations, the approach estimates that only comparatively few land areas are suitable to generate more than 1 W e m -2 of electricity and that larger deployment scales are likely to reduce the expected electricity generation rate of each turbine. We conclude that these atmospheric effects are relevant for planning the future expansion of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22118680-variable-winds-dust-formation-coronae-borealis-stars','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22118680-variable-winds-dust-formation-coronae-borealis-stars"><span>VARIABLE <span class="hlt">WINDS</span> AND DUST FORMATION IN R CORONAE BOREALIS STARS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Clayton, Geoffrey C.; Zhang Wanshu; Geballe, T. R., E-mail: gclayton@fenway.phys.lsu.edu, E-mail: wzhan21@lsu.edu, E-mail: tgeballe@gemini.edu</p> <p>2013-08-01</p> <p>We have observed P-Cygni and asymmetric, blue-shifted absorption profiles in the He I {lambda}10830 lines of 12 R Coronae Borealis stars over short (1 month) and long (3 yr) timescales to look for variations linked to their dust-formation episodes. In almost all cases, the strengths and terminal velocities of the line vary significantly and are correlated with dust formation <span class="hlt">events</span>. <span class="hlt">Strong</span> absorption features with blue-shifted velocities {approx}400 km s{sup -1} appear during declines in visible brightness and persist for about 100 days after recovery to maximum brightness. Small residual <span class="hlt">winds</span> of somewhat lower velocity are present outside of the declinemore » and recovery periods. The correlations support models in which recently formed dust near the star is propelled outward at high speed by radiation pressure and drags the gas along with it.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26121613','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26121613"><span>Observed Thermal Impacts of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Farms Over Northern Illinois.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Slawsky, Lauren M; Zhou, Liming; Baidya Roy, Somnath; Xia, Geng; Vuille, Mathias; Harris, Ronald A</p> <p>2015-06-25</p> <p>This paper assesses impacts of three <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms in northern Illinois using land surface temperature (LST) data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites for the period 2003-2013. Changes in LST between two periods (before and after construction of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines) and between <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm pixels and nearby non-<span class="hlt">wind</span>-farm pixels are quantified. An areal mean increase in LST by 0.18-0.39 °C is observed at nighttime over the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms, with the geographic distribution of this warming effect generally spatially coupled with the layout of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines (referred to as the spatial coupling), while there is no apparent impact on daytime LST. The nighttime LST warming effect varies with seasons, with the strongest warming in winter months of December-February, and the tightest spatial coupling in summer months of June-August. Analysis of seasonal variations in <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and direction from weather balloon sounding data and Automated Surface Observing System hourly observations from nearby stations suggest stronger <span class="hlt">winds</span> correspond to seasons with greater warming and larger downwind impacts. The early morning soundings in Illinois are representative of the nighttime boundary layer and exhibit <span class="hlt">strong</span> temperature inversions across all seasons. The <span class="hlt">strong</span> and relatively shallow inversion in summer leaves warm air readily available to be mixed down and spatially well coupled with the turbine. Although the warming effect is strongest in winter, the spatial coupling is more erratic and spread out than in summer. These results suggest that the observed warming signal at nighttime is likely due to the net downward transport of heat from warmer air aloft to the surface, caused by the turbulent mixing in the wakes of the spinning turbine rotor blades.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4541818','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4541818"><span>Observed Thermal Impacts of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Farms Over Northern Illinois</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Slawsky, Lauren M.; Zhou, Liming; Baidya Roy, Somnath; Xia, Geng; Vuille, Mathias; Harris, Ronald A.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>This paper assesses impacts of three <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms in northern Illinois using land surface temperature (LST) data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites for the period 2003–2013. Changes in LST between two periods (before and after construction of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines) and between <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm pixels and nearby non-<span class="hlt">wind</span>-farm pixels are quantified. An areal mean increase in LST by 0.18–0.39 °C is observed at nighttime over the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms, with the geographic distribution of this warming effect generally spatially coupled with the layout of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines (referred to as the spatial coupling), while there is no apparent impact on daytime LST. The nighttime LST warming effect varies with seasons, with the strongest warming in winter months of December-February, and the tightest spatial coupling in summer months of June-August. Analysis of seasonal variations in <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and direction from weather balloon sounding data and Automated Surface Observing System hourly observations from nearby stations suggest stronger <span class="hlt">winds</span> correspond to seasons with greater warming and larger downwind impacts. The early morning soundings in Illinois are representative of the nighttime boundary layer and exhibit <span class="hlt">strong</span> temperature inversions across all seasons. The <span class="hlt">strong</span> and relatively shallow inversion in summer leaves warm air readily available to be mixed down and spatially well coupled with the turbine. Although the warming effect is strongest in winter, the spatial coupling is more erratic and spread out than in summer. These results suggest that the observed warming signal at nighttime is likely due to the net downward transport of heat from warmer air aloft to the surface, caused by the turbulent mixing in the wakes of the spinning turbine rotor blades. PMID:26121613</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1379896-thirty-years-north-american-wind-energy-acceptance-research-what-have-we-learned','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1379896-thirty-years-north-american-wind-energy-acceptance-research-what-have-we-learned"><span>Thirty years of North American <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy acceptance research: What have we learned?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Rand, Joseph; Hoen, Ben</p> <p>2017-05-25</p> <p>Thirty years of North American research on public acceptance of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy has produced important insights, yet knowledge gaps remain. This review synthesizes the literature, revealing the following lessons learned. (1) North American support for <span class="hlt">wind</span> has been consistently high. (2) The NIMBY explanation for resistance to <span class="hlt">wind</span> development is invalid. (3) Socioeconomic impacts of <span class="hlt">wind</span> development are <span class="hlt">strongly</span> tied to acceptance. (4) Sound and visual impacts of <span class="hlt">wind</span> facilities are <span class="hlt">strongly</span> tied to annoyance and opposition, and ignoring these concerns can exacerbate conflict. (5) Environmental concerns matter, though less than other factors, and these concerns can both help andmore » hinder <span class="hlt">wind</span> development. (6) Issues of fairness, participation, and trust during the development process influence acceptance. (7) Distance from turbines affects other explanatory variables, but alone its influence is unclear. (8) Viewing opposition as something to be overcome prevents meaningful understandings and implementation of best practices. (9) Implementation of research findings into practice has been limited. The paper also identifies areas for future research on <span class="hlt">wind</span> acceptance. With continued research efforts and a commitment toward implementing research findings into developer and policymaker practice, conflict and perceived injustices around proposed and existing <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy facilities might be significantly lessened.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1379896','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1379896"><span>Thirty years of North American <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy acceptance research: What have we learned?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Rand, Joseph; Hoen, Ben</p> <p></p> <p>Thirty years of North American research on public acceptance of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy has produced important insights, yet knowledge gaps remain. This review synthesizes the literature, revealing the following lessons learned. (1) North American support for <span class="hlt">wind</span> has been consistently high. (2) The NIMBY explanation for resistance to <span class="hlt">wind</span> development is invalid. (3) Socioeconomic impacts of <span class="hlt">wind</span> development are <span class="hlt">strongly</span> tied to acceptance. (4) Sound and visual impacts of <span class="hlt">wind</span> facilities are <span class="hlt">strongly</span> tied to annoyance and opposition, and ignoring these concerns can exacerbate conflict. (5) Environmental concerns matter, though less than other factors, and these concerns can both help andmore » hinder <span class="hlt">wind</span> development. (6) Issues of fairness, participation, and trust during the development process influence acceptance. (7) Distance from turbines affects other explanatory variables, but alone its influence is unclear. (8) Viewing opposition as something to be overcome prevents meaningful understandings and implementation of best practices. (9) Implementation of research findings into practice has been limited. The paper also identifies areas for future research on <span class="hlt">wind</span> acceptance. With continued research efforts and a commitment toward implementing research findings into developer and policymaker practice, conflict and perceived injustices around proposed and existing <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy facilities might be significantly lessened.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989DSRA...36.1267R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989DSRA...36.1267R"><span>Improving the accuracy of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed observations from ships</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rahmstorf, Stefan</p> <p>1989-08-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> measurements from ships are troubled by the disturbance of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> field caused by the ship's hull and superstructure. To minimize this problem we used an anemometer on a boom 10 m off the port side of R.V. Rapuhia (former Meteor). Calculations show that the effect of the ship's rolling motions is negligible in most circumstances. Calibration runs, accelerating and decelerating the ship, were conducted to compare the performance of the anemometer on the boom with a traditional installation on the foremast. Significant differences were found. Even larger differences showed up between routine <span class="hlt">wind</span> reports prepared by the ship's officers from reading the mast anemometer, and careful measurements with the boom anemometer. The routine reports appear to be 30% too high in moderate to <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span>, and unreliable in low <span class="hlt">winds</span>. The most accurate <span class="hlt">wind</span> time series can be constru information collected with both anemometers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSM11A2299D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSM11A2299D"><span>Determination of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy input during different form of geomagnetic disturbances.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dahal, S.; Adhikari, B.; Narayan, C.; Shapkota, N.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>A quantitative study on solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy input during different form of geomagnetic disturbances as well as during quite period was performed. To enable a quantitative analysis, we estimate Akasofu parameter which plays an important role to understand the relationships between ionosphere-magnetosphere and solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy input. For comparative purpose, the total energy budget of Non storm HILDCAA <span class="hlt">event</span> (19th to 24th April 2003), Storm preceding HILDCAA <span class="hlt">event</span> (14th to 19th May 2005), Geomagnetic sub-storm (12nd to 16th November 2003), Geomagnetic super sub-storm (12nd to 16th November 2003) and a Quiet period (18th to 21st July 2006) were also analyzed. Among these <span class="hlt">events</span> the highest total energy budget was found during the occurrence of storm preceding HILDCAA. This is due to significant geomagnetic field perturbation as displayed on the value of interplanetary parameters. The principal cause of geomagnetic disturbance is the magnetic reconnection, which establishes an electrodynamic coupling between the solar plasma and the magnetosphere. Although there is distinct perturbation on SYM-H index for all <span class="hlt">events</span> but the values are different. The highest pick value of SYM-H index ( -300nT) was found for the storm preceding HILDCAA.This results suggest that the effects of HILDCAAs, displayed on the value of the SYM-H index, depends on the amount of the energy injected into the ring current. In a complementary way, fluctuation pattern of Temperature, IMF magnitude, Bx component, By component, and AE index are also studied and the possible physical interpretations for the statistical results obtained during each <span class="hlt">events</span> were discussed. We shall report the characteristics of Bz component during each <span class="hlt">events</span> by the implementation of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and cross correlation analysis. We did cross-correlation between solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy and Bz component of IMF and found a negative correlation between them during the main phase of geomagnetic disturbances. These</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH21A2647M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH21A2647M"><span>The role of MEXART in the National Space Weather Laboratory of Mexico: Detection of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>, CMEs, ionosphere, active regions and flares.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mejia-Ambriz, J.; Gonzalez-Esparza, A.; De la Luz, V.; Villanueva-Hernandez, P.; Andrade, E.; Aguilar-Rodriguez, E.; Chang, O.; Romero Hernandez, E.; Sergeeva, M. A.; Perez Alanis, C. A.; Reyes-Marin, P. A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The National Space Weather Laboratory - Laboratorio Nacional de Clima Espacial (LANCE) - of Mexico has different ground based instruments to study and monitor the space weather. One of these instruments is the Mexican Array Radio Telescope (MEXART) which is principally dedicated to remote sensing the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) at 140 MHz, the instrument can detect solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> densities and speeds from about 0.4 to 1 AU by modeling observations of interplanetary scintillation (IPS). MEXART is also able to detect ionospheric disturbances associated with transient space weather <span class="hlt">events</span> by the analysis of ionospheric scintillation (IONS) . Additionally, MEXART has followed the Sun since the beginning of the current Solar Cycle 24 with records of 8 minutes per day, and occasionally, has partially detected the process of <span class="hlt">strong</span> solar flares. Here we show the contributions of MEXART to the LANCE by reporting recent detections of CMEs by IPS, the arrive of transient <span class="hlt">events</span> at Earth by IONS, the influence of active regions in the flux of the Sun at 140 MHz and the detection of a M6.5 class flare. Furthermore we report the status of a near real time analysis of IPS data for forecast purposes and the potential contribution to the Worldwide IPS Stations network (WIPSS), which is an effort to achieve a better coverage of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> observations in the inner heliosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ThApC.tmp..326L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ThApC.tmp..326L"><span>The relationship between extreme weather <span class="hlt">events</span> and crop losses in central Taiwan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lai, Li-Wei</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>The frequency of extreme weather <span class="hlt">events</span>, which cause severe crop losses, is increasing. This study investigates the relationship between crop losses and extreme weather <span class="hlt">events</span> in central Taiwan from 2003 to 2015 and determines the main factors influencing crop losses. Data regarding the crop loss area and meteorological information were obtained from government agencies. The crops were categorised into the following five groups: `grains', `vegetables', `fruits', `flowers' and `other crops'. The extreme weather <span class="hlt">events</span> and their synoptic weather patterns were categorised into six and five groups, respectively. The data were analysed using the z score, correlation coefficient and stepwise regression model. The results show that typhoons had the highest frequency of all extreme weather <span class="hlt">events</span> (58.3%). The largest crop loss area (4.09%) was caused by two typhoons and foehn <span class="hlt">wind</span> in succession. Extreme <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed coupled with heavy rainfall is an important factor affecting the losses in the grain and vegetable groups. Extreme <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed is a common variable that affects the loss of `grains', `vegetables', `fruits' and `flowers'. Consecutive extreme weather <span class="hlt">events</span> caused greater crop losses than individual <span class="hlt">events</span>. Crops with long production times suffered greater losses than those with short production times. This suggests that crops with physical structures that can be easily damaged and long production times would benefit from protected cultivation to maintain food security.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4508932','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4508932"><span>Two-step forecast of geomagnetic storm using coronal mass ejection and solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> condition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kim, R-S; Moon, Y-J; Gopalswamy, N; Park, Y-D; Kim, Y-H</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>To forecast geomagnetic storms, we had examined initially observed parameters of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and introduced an empirical storm forecast model in a previous study. Now we suggest a two-step forecast considering not only CME parameters observed in the solar vicinity but also solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions near Earth to improve the forecast capability. We consider the empirical solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> criteria derived in this study (Bz ≤ −5 nT or Ey ≥ 3 mV/m for t≥ 2 h for moderate storms with minimum Dst less than −50 nT) and a Dst model developed by Temerin and Li (2002, 2006) (TL model). Using 55 CME-Dst pairs during 1997 to 2003, our solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> criteria produce slightly better forecasts for 31 storm <span class="hlt">events</span> (90%) than the forecasts based on the TL model (87%). However, the latter produces better forecasts for 24 nonstorm <span class="hlt">events</span> (88%), while the former correctly forecasts only 71% of them. We then performed the two-step forecast. The results are as follows: (i) for 15 <span class="hlt">events</span> that are incorrectly forecasted using CME parameters, 12 cases (80%) can be properly predicted based on solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions; (ii) if we forecast a storm when both CME and solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions are satisfied (∩), the critical success index becomes higher than that from the forecast using CME parameters alone, however, only 25 storm <span class="hlt">events</span> (81%) are correctly forecasted; and (iii) if we forecast a storm when either set of these conditions is satisfied (∪), all geomagnetic storms are correctly forecasted. PMID:26213515</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26213515','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26213515"><span>Two-step forecast of geomagnetic storm using coronal mass ejection and solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> condition.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kim, R-S; Moon, Y-J; Gopalswamy, N; Park, Y-D; Kim, Y-H</p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>To forecast geomagnetic storms, we had examined initially observed parameters of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and introduced an empirical storm forecast model in a previous study. Now we suggest a two-step forecast considering not only CME parameters observed in the solar vicinity but also solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions near Earth to improve the forecast capability. We consider the empirical solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> criteria derived in this study ( B z  ≤ -5 nT or E y  ≥ 3 mV/m for t ≥ 2 h for moderate storms with minimum Dst less than -50 nT) and a Dst model developed by Temerin and Li (2002, 2006) (TL model). Using 55 CME- Dst pairs during 1997 to 2003, our solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> criteria produce slightly better forecasts for 31 storm <span class="hlt">events</span> (90%) than the forecasts based on the TL model (87%). However, the latter produces better forecasts for 24 nonstorm <span class="hlt">events</span> (88%), while the former correctly forecasts only 71% of them. We then performed the two-step forecast. The results are as follows: (i) for 15 <span class="hlt">events</span> that are incorrectly forecasted using CME parameters, 12 cases (80%) can be properly predicted based on solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions; (ii) if we forecast a storm when both CME and solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions are satisfied (∩), the critical success index becomes higher than that from the forecast using CME parameters alone, however, only 25 storm <span class="hlt">events</span> (81%) are correctly forecasted; and (iii) if we forecast a storm when either set of these conditions is satisfied (∪), all geomagnetic storms are correctly forecasted.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/890093','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/890093"><span>NAWIG News: The Quarterly Newsletter of the Native American <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Interest Group; Summer 2006</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Not Available</p> <p>2006-06-01</p> <p>The United States is home to more than 700 American Indian tribes and Native Alaska villages and corporations located on 96 million acres. Many of these tribes and villages have excellent <span class="hlt">wind</span> resources that could be commercially developed to meet their electricity needs or for electricity export. The <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Powering America program engages Native Americans in <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy development, and as part of that effort, the NAWIG newsletter informs readers of <span class="hlt">events</span> in the Native American/<span class="hlt">wind</span> energy community.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/15020456','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/15020456"><span>NAWIG News: The Quarterly Newsletter of the Native American <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Interest Group; Summer 2005</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Not Available</p> <p>2005-09-01</p> <p>The United States is home to more than 700 American Indian tribes and Native Alaska villages and corporations located on 96 million acres. Many of these tribes and villages have excellent <span class="hlt">wind</span> resources that could be commercially developed to meet their electricity needs or for electricity export. The <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Powering America program engages Native Americans in <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy development, and as part of that effort, the NAWIG newsletter informs readers of <span class="hlt">events</span> in the Native American/<span class="hlt">wind</span> energy community.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19940033825&hterms=earth+magnetic+field&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dearth%2Bmagnetic%2Bfield','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19940033825&hterms=earth+magnetic+field&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dearth%2Bmagnetic%2Bfield"><span>High-time resolution measurements of upstream magnetic field and plasma conditions during flux transfer <span class="hlt">events</span> at the Earth's dayside magnetopause</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Jacob, Jamey D.; Carrell, Cynthia</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>We present preliminary results of a study of upstream magnetic field and plasma conditions measured by IRM during flux transfer <span class="hlt">events</span> observed at the Earth's magnetopause by CCE. This study was designed to determine the importance of various upstream factors in the formation of bipolar magnetic field signatures called flux transfer <span class="hlt">events</span> (FTEs). Six FTE encounters were examined. In three cases, the two satellites were on similar magnetic field lines. Preliminary investigation showed that fluctuations occurred in the Bz component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) resulting in a southward field preceding the FTE in all three of these cases. In two of these cases, the changes were characterized by a distinct rotation from a <span class="hlt">strong</span> southward to a <span class="hlt">strong</span> northward field. There were also accompanying changes in the dynamic and thermal pressure in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> immediately before the FTE was encountered. Examination of the 3D plasma distributions showed that these pulses were due to the addition of energetic upstreaming foreshock particles. There were no consistent changes in either Bz or the plasma pressure at IRM for the three <span class="hlt">events</span> when the satellites were not connected by the IMF.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005nrao.pres...12.','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005nrao.pres...12."><span>Scientists Track Collision of Powerful Stellar <span class="hlt">Winds</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2005-04-01</p> <p>Astronomers using the National Science Foundation's Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) radio telescope have tracked the motion of a violent region where the powerful <span class="hlt">winds</span> of two giant stars slam into each other. The collision region moves as the stars, part of a binary pair, orbit each other, and the precise measurement of its motion was the key to unlocking vital new information about the stars and their <span class="hlt">winds</span>. WR 140 Image Sequence Motion of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Collision Region Graphic superimposes VLBA images of <span class="hlt">wind</span> collision region on diagram of orbit of Wolf-Rayet (WR) star and its giant (O) companion. Click on image for larger version (412K) CREDIT: Dougherty et al., NRAO/AUI/NSF In Motion: Shockwave File Animated Gif File AVI file Both stars are much more massive than the Sun -- one about 20 times the mass of the Sun and the other about 50 times the Sun's mass. The 20-solar-mass star is a type called a Wolf-Rayet star, characterized by a very <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> of particles propelled outward from its surface. The more massive star also has a <span class="hlt">strong</span> outward <span class="hlt">wind</span>, but one less intense than that of the Wolf-Rayet star. The two stars, part of a system named WR 140, circle each other in an elliptical orbit roughly the size of our Solar System. "The spectacular feature of this system is the region where the stars' <span class="hlt">winds</span> collide, producing bright radio emission. We have been able to track this collision region as it moves with the orbits of the stars," said Sean Dougherty, an astronomer at the Herzberg Institute for Astrophysics in Canada. Dougherty and his colleagues presented their findings in the April 10 edition of the Astrophysical Journal. The supersharp radio "vision" of the continent-wide VLBA allowed the scientists to measure the motion of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> collision region and then to determine the details of the stars' orbits and an accurate distance to the system. "Our new calculations of the orbital details and the distance are vitally important to understanding the nature of these</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.2168S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.2168S"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> impact on the Black Sea ecosystem</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stanichny, Sergey; Ratner, Yuriy; Shokurov, Mike; Stanychna, Rimma; Soloviev, Dmytro; Burdyugov, Vyacheslav</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>Combination of the recent satellite and meteorological data for the regional investigation allowed to describe new features of the processes in marine ecosystem and detect some relations with <span class="hlt">wind</span> variability for different time scales. Next topics are highlighted in presentation: 1. Inter-annual variability of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress curl over the Black Sea. Shift in the atmospheric processes after 2003 year and related variations in chlorophyll concentration and intensity of the mesoscale currents. 2. Like-tropical cyclone in September 2005 and its impact o the Black Sea upper layer. 3. <span class="hlt">Strong</span> storm November 11, 2007 and oil pollutions of the Kerch Strait. 4. Relation of the Danube waters transport with <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields for summer 2007 and 2008. 5. "Valley" <span class="hlt">wind</span> in the Eastern part of the Black Sea and its impact on the Rim current formation. 6. Low <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions and blue -green algae bloom. NCEP, SKIRON and MHI MM5 <span class="hlt">wind</span> data together with AVHRR, MODIS, MERIS, ETM+, QuikSCAT, ASAR (ESA) satellite data were used for investigation. Work was done with support of the SESAME FP7, "Stable Ecosystem" and Operational Oceanography NASU projects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.U21A..01W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.U21A..01W"><span>Energy Infrastructure and Extreme <span class="hlt">Events</span> (Invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wakimoto, R. M.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The country's energy infrastructure is sensitive to the environment, especially extreme <span class="hlt">events</span>. Increasing global temperatures, intense storms, and space weather have the potential to disrupt energy production and transport. It can also provide new opportunities as illustrated by the opening of the Northwest Passage. The following provides an overview of some of the high impacts of major geophysical <span class="hlt">events</span> on energy production and transport. Future predictions of hurricanes suggest that we can expect fewer storms but they will be associated with stronger <span class="hlt">winds</span> and more precipitation. The <span class="hlt">winds</span> and storm surge accompanying hurricane landfall along the Gulf States has had a major impact on the coastal energy infrastructure and the oil/natural gas platforms. The impact of these surges will increase with predicted sea level rise. Hurricane Katrina caused damage to crude oil pipelines and refineries that reduced oil production by 19% for the year. The disruption that can occur is not necessarily linked with the maximum <span class="hlt">winds</span> of the tropical storm as recently shown by Hurricane Sandy which was classified as a ';post-tropical cyclone' during landfall. Another intense circulation, the tornado, can also cause power outages and network breaks from high <span class="hlt">winds</span> that can topple power poles or damage power lines from fallen trees. Fortunately, the Moore tornado, rated EF5, did not have a major impact on the oil and gas infrastructure in Oklahoma. The impact of earthquakes and tsunamis on energy was illustrated in Japan in 2011 with the shutdown of the Fukushima Daiichi plant. Other studies have suggested that there are areas in the United States where the energy services are highly vulnerable to major earthquakes that would disrupt electrical and gas networks for extended periods of time. Seismic upgrades to the energy infrastructure would help mitigate the impact. In 1859, a coronal mass ejection triggered a geomagnetic storm that disrupted communication wires around the world</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA11150&hterms=solar+panels&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Bpanels','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA11150&hterms=solar+panels&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Bpanels"><span>Solar Panel Buffeted by <span class="hlt">Wind</span> at Phoenix Site</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p><p/> <span class="hlt">Winds</span> were <span class="hlt">strong</span> enough to cause about a half a centimeter (.19 inch) of motion of a solar panel on NASA's Phoenix Mars lander when the lander's Surface Stereo Imager took this picture on Aug. 31, 2008, during the 96th Martian day since landing. <p/> The lander's telltale <span class="hlt">wind</span> gauge has been indicating <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds of about 4 meters per second (9 miles per hour) during late mornings at the site. <p/> These conditions were anticipated and the <span class="hlt">wind</span> is not expected to do any harm to the lander. <p/> The Phoenix Mission is led by the University of Arizona, Tucson, on behalf of NASA. Project management of the mission is by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. Spacecraft development is by Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Denver.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ERL.....9e5004S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ERL.....9e5004S"><span>Evidence for solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> modulation of lightning</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Scott, C. J.; Harrison, R. G.; Owens, M. J.; Lockwood, M.; Barnard, L.</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>The response of lightning rates over Europe to arrival of high speed solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> streams at Earth is investigated using a superposed epoch analysis. Fast solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> stream arrival is determined from modulation of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> V y component, measured by the Advanced Composition Explorer spacecraft. Lightning rate changes around these <span class="hlt">event</span> times are determined from the very low frequency arrival time difference (ATD) system of the UK Met Office. Arrival of high speed streams at Earth is found to be preceded by a decrease in total solar irradiance and an increase in sunspot number and Mg II emissions. These are consistent with the high speed stream’s source being co-located with an active region appearing on the Eastern solar limb and rotating at the 27 d period of the Sun. Arrival of the high speed stream at Earth also coincides with a small (˜1%) but rapid decrease in galactic cosmic ray flux, a moderate (˜6%) increase in lower energy solar energetic protons (SEPs), and a substantial, statistically significant increase in lightning rates. These changes persist for around 40 d in all three quantities. The lightning rate increase is corroborated by an increase in the total number of thunder days observed by UK Met stations, again persisting for around 40 d after the arrival of a high speed solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> stream. This result appears to contradict earlier studies that found an anti-correlation between sunspot number and thunder days over solar cycle timescales. The increase in lightning rates and thunder days that we observe coincides with an increased flux of SEPs which, while not being detected at ground level, nevertheless penetrate the atmosphere to tropospheric altitudes. This effect could be further amplified by an increase in mean lightning stroke intensity that brings more strokes above the detection threshold of the ATD system. In order to remove any potential seasonal bias the analysis was repeated for daily solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> triggers occurring during the summer</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/wind/resource-assessment.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/wind/resource-assessment.html"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> Resource Assessment | <span class="hlt">Wind</span> | NREL</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Resource Assessment <em><span class="hlt">Wind</span></em> Resource Assessment A map of the United States is color-coded to indicate the high <span class="hlt">winds</span> at 80 meters. This map shows the <em><span class="hlt">wind</span></em> resource at 80 meters for both land-based and offshore <em><span class="hlt">wind</span></em> resources in the United States. Correct estimation of the energy available in the <em><span class="hlt">wind</span></em> can</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26913216','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26913216"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> estimation around the shipwreck of Oriental Star based on field damage surveys and radar observations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Meng, Zhiyong; Yao, Dan; Bai, Lanqiang; Zheng, Yongguang; Xue, Ming; Zhang, Xiaoling; Zhao, Kun; Tian, Fuyou; Wang, Mingjun</p> <p></p> <p>Based on observational analyses and on-site ground and aerial damage surveys, this work aims to reveal the weather phenomena-especially the <span class="hlt">wind</span> situation-when Oriental Star capsized in the Yangtze River on June 1, 2015. Results demonstrate that the cruise ship capsized when it encountered <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> at speeds of at least 31 m s -1 near the apex of a bow echo embedded in a squall line. As suggested by the fallen trees within a 2-km radius around the wreck location, such <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> were likely caused by microburst straight-line <span class="hlt">wind</span> and/or embedded small vortices, rather than tornadoes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ASSL..445...63B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ASSL..445...63B"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span>-Driven Global Evolution of Protoplanetary Disks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bai, Xue-Ning</p> <p></p> <p>It has been realized in the recent years that magnetized disk <span class="hlt">winds</span><IndexTerm ID="ITerm1"> <Secondary>disk-</Secondary> likely play a decisive role in the global evolution of protoplanetary disks<IndexTerm ID="ITerm2"> <Secondary>protoplanetary</Secondary> <Tertiary>evolution</Tertiary> (PPDs). Motivated by recent local simulations<IndexTerm ID="ITerm3"> <Secondary>local</Secondary> , we first describe a global magnetized disk <span class="hlt">wind</span> model, from which <span class="hlt">wind</span>-driven accretion rate<IndexTerm ID="ITerm4"> <Secondary>-rate</Secondary> <Tertiary><span class="hlt">wind</span>-driven</Tertiary> and <span class="hlt">wind</span> mass loss rate can be reliably estimated. Both rates are shown to <span class="hlt">strongly</span> depend on the amount of magnetic flux<IndexTerm ID="ITerm5"> <Secondary>magnetic</Secondary> threading the disk. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> kinematics is also affected by thermodynamics in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> zone<IndexTerm ID="ITerm6"> (particularly far UV heating/ionization), and the mass loss process<IndexTerm ID="ITerm7"> <Secondary>loss-</Secondary> can be better termed as "magneto-photoevaporation." We then construct a framework of PPD global evolution<IndexTerm ID="ITerm8"> <Secondary>global</Secondary> that incorporates <span class="hlt">wind</span>-driven and viscously driven accretion<IndexTerm ID="ITerm9"> <Secondary>viscously-driven</Secondary> as well as <span class="hlt">wind</span> mass loss. For typical PPD accretion rates, the required field strength would lead to <span class="hlt">wind</span> mass loss rate at least comparable to disk accretion rate, and mass loss is most significant in the outer disk (beyond ˜ 10 AU). Finally, we discuss the transport of magnetic flux in PPDs, which largely governs the long-term evolution<IndexTerm ID="ITerm10"> <Secondary>long-term</Secondary> of PPDs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...850..184C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...850..184C"><span>The Crab Pulsar and Relativistic <span class="hlt">Wind</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Coroniti, F. V.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The possibility that the Crab pulsar produces a separated ion-dominated and pair-plasma-dominated, magnetically striped relativistic <span class="hlt">wind</span> is assessed by rough estimates of the polar cap acceleration of the ion and electron primary beams, the pair production of secondary electrons and positrons, and a simple model of the near-magnetosphere-<span class="hlt">wind</span> zone. For simplicity, only the orthogonal rotator is considered. Below (above) the rotational equator, ions (electrons) are accelerated in a thin sheath, of order (much less than) the width of the polar cap, to Lorentz factor {γ }i≈ (5{--}10)× {10}7({γ }e≈ {10}7). The accelerating parallel electric field is shorted out by ion-photon (curvature synchrotron) pair production. With <span class="hlt">strong</span>, but fairly reasonable, assumptions, a set of general magnetic geometry relativistic <span class="hlt">wind</span> equations is derived and shown to reduce to conservation relations that are similar to those of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> from a magnetic monopole. The strength of the field-aligned currents carried by the primary beams is determined by the wind’s Alfvén critical point condition to be about eight times the Goldreich-Julian value. A simple model for the transition from the dipole region <span class="hlt">wind</span> to the asymptotic monopole <span class="hlt">wind</span> zone is developed. The asymptotic ratio of Poynting flux to ion (pair plasma) kinetic energy flux—the <span class="hlt">wind</span> {σ }w∞ -parameter—is found to be of order {σ }w∞ ≈ 1/2({10}4). The far <span class="hlt">wind</span> zone is likely to be complex, with the ion-dominated and pair-plasma-dominated magnetic stripes merging, and the oppositely directed azimuthal magnetic fields annihilating.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26910982','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26910982"><span>[Distribution of Regional Pollution and the Characteristics of Vertical <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Field in the Pearl River Delta].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Liu, Jian; Wu, Dui; Fan, Shao-jia</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>Based on the data of hourly PM2.5 concentration of 56 environmental monitoring stations and 9 cities over the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, the distributions of PM2.5 pollution in PRD region were analyzed by systematic cluster analysis and correlational analysis. It was found that the regional pollution could be divided into 3 types. The first type was the pollution occurred in Dongguan, Guangzhou, Foshan and Jiangmen (I type), and the second type was the pollution occurred in Zhongshan, Zhuhai, Shenzhen and Huizhou (II type), while the last type was the pollution only occurred in Zhaoqing (III type). During the study period, they occurred 47, 7 and 128 days, respectively. During <span class="hlt">events</span> of pollution type I, except Zhuhai, Shenzhen and Huizhou, the PM2.5 concentrations of other cities were generally high, while the PM2.5 concentration in whole PRD region was over 50.0 μg x m(-3) during <span class="hlt">events</span> of pollution type II. The regions with higher PM2.5 concentration was mainly concentrated in Zhaoqing, Guangzhou and Foshan during <span class="hlt">events</span> of pollution type III. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> data from 4 <span class="hlt">wind</span> profile radars located in PRD region was used to study the characteristics of vertical <span class="hlt">wind</span> field of these 3 pollution types. It was found that the <span class="hlt">wind</span> profiles of type I and III were similar that low layer and high layer were controlled by the southeast <span class="hlt">wind</span> and the southwest <span class="hlt">wind</span>, respectively. For type II, the low layer and high layer were influenced by northerly <span class="hlt">wind</span> and westerly <span class="hlt">wind</span>, respectively. Compared with other types, the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and ventilation index of type II. were much higher, and the variation of <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction at lower-middle-layer was much smaller. When PRD region was influenced by northerly <span class="hlt">winds</span>, the PM2.5 concentration in the entire PRD region was higher. When PRD region was controlled by southeast <span class="hlt">wind</span>, the PM2.5 concentrations of I and II areas were relatively lower, while the pollution in III area was relatively heavier.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFM.V33B0652F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFM.V33B0652F"><span>Field-<span class="hlt">wind</span> Distribution and Eruption Columns: Colima Volcano, México.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fonseca, R.; Martin, A. L.; Perez, I.</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>Colima Volcano (19º51'N 103º62'W) is characterized by explosive behaviour. Recently this volcano has shown an increase in explosive activity suggesting the possibility of a subplinian <span class="hlt">event</span> in the next future like the ones occurred in 1818 and 1913. They were characterized by eruptive columns higher than 20 Km. Considering the possibility of a new explosive <span class="hlt">event</span> we carried out a <span class="hlt">wind</span> study based on the radiosonde balloon data set (1980-1995) with 15 atmospheric levels. This data set was collected by Global Gridded Upper Air Statistics (GGUAS) of the European Centre for Médium Range Weather Forecast (ECMRWF). The data was processed with a cinematic model for the study of global atmospheric <span class="hlt">wind</span> circulation. In this model the current function (vorticity) and a potential function (convergency and/or divergency) was calculated with the Poison equation, utilizing a spectral numeric model. Dominant <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction in January-May and October-December is toward the East with variations to the East/South East. On the contrary during July-September the dominant <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction is toward the West, South-West, North-East; East and North-East. The fluctuations related to anticyclonic circulation occur in May, July, September and November at the altitude between 5 and 18 Km. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> model allows identification of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> horizontal circulation during the whole year at different atmospheric levels. Moreover, the perturbations of the normal circulation have also been identified. These results are applied to an a ash fall map for ash-fall hazard zonification.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-05-20/pdf/2013-11886.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-05-20/pdf/2013-11886.pdf"><span>78 FR 29364 - Exelon Corporation, Exelon <span class="hlt">Wind</span> 1, LLC, Exelon <span class="hlt">Wind</span> 2, LLC, Exelon <span class="hlt">Wind</span> 3, LLC, Exelon <span class="hlt">Wind</span> 4...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-05-20</p> <p>...-005, QF07-55-005, QF07-56-005, QF07-257-004] Exelon Corporation, Exelon <span class="hlt">Wind</span> 1, LLC, Exelon <span class="hlt">Wind</span> 2, LLC, Exelon <span class="hlt">Wind</span> 3, LLC, Exelon <span class="hlt">Wind</span> 4, LLC, Exelon <span class="hlt">Wind</span> 5, LLC, Exelon <span class="hlt">Wind</span> 6, LLC, Exelon <span class="hlt">Wind</span> 7, LLC, Exelon <span class="hlt">Wind</span> 8, LLC, Exelon <span class="hlt">Wind</span> 9, LLC, Exelon <span class="hlt">Wind</span> 10, LLC, Exelon <span class="hlt">Wind</span> 11, LLC, High Plains...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AcAau..61..923O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AcAau..61..923O"><span>MHD simulation of the shock wave <span class="hlt">event</span> on October 24, 2003</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ogino, T.; Kajiwara, Y.; Nakao, M.; Park, K. S.; Fukazawa, K.; Yi, Y.</p> <p>2007-11-01</p> <p>A three-dimensional global MHD simulation of the interaction between the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> and the Earth's magnetosphere has been executed to study the shock wave <span class="hlt">event</span> on space weather problem on October 24, 2003, when an abnormal operation happened in a satellite for Environment Observation Technology, ADEOS-II (Midori-II). Characteristic features of the <span class="hlt">event</span> are the long duration of southward IMF, arrival of a <span class="hlt">strong</span> shock wave, then large variation of IMF By from negative to positive for about 15 min duration. In the simulation, the shock wave compresses the magnetosphere for southward IMF and a hot plasma was injected around the geosynchronous orbit from plasma sheet. During the interval when IMF By changes from negative to positive, the magnitude of IMF extremely decreases to bring attenuation of magnetic reconnection. The open-closed boundary shrinks in the polar cap and the transient expansion of the magnetic field lines occurs to imply enhancement of particle precipitation. The reconnection site moves from dawn to dusk in the dayside magnetopause and a narrow cockscomb closed field region is formed in the high latitude tail.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..12211468M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..12211468M"><span>Solar Illumination Control of the Polar <span class="hlt">Wind</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Maes, L.; Maggiolo, R.; De Keyser, J.; André, M.; Eriksson, A. I.; Haaland, S.; Li, K.; Poedts, S.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Polar <span class="hlt">wind</span> outflow is an important process through which the ionosphere supplies plasma to the magnetosphere. The main source of energy driving the polar <span class="hlt">wind</span> is solar illumination of the ionosphere. As a result, many studies have found a relation between polar <span class="hlt">wind</span> flux densities and solar EUV intensity, but less is known about their relation to the solar zenith angle at the ionospheric origin, certainly at higher altitudes. The low energy of the outflowing particles and spacecraft charging means it is very difficult to measure the polar <span class="hlt">wind</span> at high altitudes. We take advantage of an alternative method that allows estimations of the polar <span class="hlt">wind</span> flux densities far in the lobes. We analyze measurements made by the Cluster spacecraft at altitudes from 4 up to 20 RE. We observe a <span class="hlt">strong</span> dependence on the solar zenith angle in the ion flux density and see that both the ion velocity and density exhibit a solar zenith angle dependence as well. We also find a seasonal variation of the flux density.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016DPS....4842703L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016DPS....4842703L"><span>Planetary Seismology : Lander- and <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-Induced Seismic Signals</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lorenz, Ralph</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>Seismic measurements are of interest for future geophysical exploration of ocean worlds such as Europa or Titan, as well as Venus, Mars and the Moon. Even when a seismometer is deployed away from a lander (as in the case of Apollo) lander-generated disturbances are apparent. Such signatures may be usefully diagnostic of lander operations (at least for outreach), and may serve as seismic excitation for near-field propagation studies. The introduction of these 'spurious' <span class="hlt">events</span> may also influence the performance of <span class="hlt">event</span> detection and data compression algorithms.Examples of signatures in the Viking 2 seismometer record of lander mechanism operations are presented. The coherence of Viking seismometer noise levels and <span class="hlt">wind</span> forcing is well-established : some detailed examples are examined. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> noise is likely to be significant on future Mars missions such as InSight, as well as on Titan and Venus.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatSR...8..463L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatSR...8..463L"><span>Laboratory Study on Disconnection <span class="hlt">Events</span> in Comets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Yan-Fei; Li, Yu-Tong; Wang, Wei-Min; Yuan, Da-Wei; et al.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>When comets interacting with solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>, straight and narrow plasma tails will be often formed. The most remarkable phenomenon of the plasma tails is the disconnection <span class="hlt">event</span>, in which a plasma tail is uprooted from the comet's head and moves away from the comet. In this paper, the interaction process between a comet and solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> is simulated by using a laser-driven plasma cloud to hit a cylinder obstacle. A disconnected plasma tail is observed behind the obstacle by optical shadowgraphy and interferometry. Our particle-in-cell simulations show that the diference in thermal velocity between ions and electrons induces an electrostatic field behind the obstacle. This field can lead to the convergence of ions to the central region, resulting in a disconnected plasma tail. This electrostatic field-induced model may be a possible explanation for the disconnection <span class="hlt">events</span> of cometary tails.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26207472','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26207472"><span>Inertial-Range Reconnection in Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence and in the Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lalescu, Cristian C; Shi, Yi-Kang; Eyink, Gregory L; Drivas, Theodore D; Vishniac, Ethan T; Lazarian, Alexander</p> <p>2015-07-10</p> <p>In situ spacecraft data on the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> show <span class="hlt">events</span> identified as magnetic reconnection with wide outflows and extended "X lines," 10(3)-10(4) times ion scales. To understand the role of turbulence at these scales, we make a case study of an inertial-range reconnection <span class="hlt">event</span> in a magnetohydrodynamic simulation. We observe stochastic wandering of field lines in space, breakdown of standard magnetic flux freezing due to Richardson dispersion, and a broadened reconnection zone containing many current sheets. The coarse-grain magnetic geometry is like large-scale reconnection in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>, however, with a hyperbolic flux tube or apparent X line extending over integral length scales.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008noao.prop..119S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008noao.prop..119S"><span>IR Variability of Eta Carinae: The 2009 <span class="hlt">Event</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Smith, Nathan</p> <p>2008-08-01</p> <p>Every 5.5 years, η Carinae experiences a dramatic ``spectroscopic <span class="hlt">event</span>'' when high-excitation lines in its UV, optical, and IR spectrum disappear, and its hard X-ray and radio continuum flux crash. This periodicity has been attributed to an eccentric binary system with a shell ejection occurring at periastron, and the next periastron <span class="hlt">event</span> will occur in January 2009. The last <span class="hlt">event</span> in June/July 2003 was poorly observed because the star was very low in the sky, but this next <span class="hlt">event</span> is perfectly suited for an intense ground-based monitoring campaign. Mid-IR images and spectra with T-ReCS provide a direct measure of changes in the current bolometric luminosity and a direct measure of the mass in dust formation episodes that may occur at periastron in the colliding <span class="hlt">wind</span> shock. Near-IR emission lines trace related changes in the post-<span class="hlt">event</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> and ionization changes in the circumstellar environment needed to test specific models for the cause of η Car's variability as it recovers from its recent ``<span class="hlt">event</span>''. Because the nebular geometry is known very well from previous observations in this program, monitoring the changes in nebular ionization will yield a 3-D map of the changing asymmetric UV radiation field geometry in the binary system, and the first estimate of the orientation of its orbit.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy..tmp...41C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy..tmp...41C"><span>Mechanisms of the intensification of the upwelling-favorable <span class="hlt">winds</span> during El Niño 1997-1998 in the Peruvian upwelling system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chamorro, Adolfo; Echevin, Vincent; Colas, François; Oerder, Vera; Tam, Jorge; Quispe-Ccalluari, Carlos</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The physical processes driving the <span class="hlt">wind</span> intensification in a coastal band of 100 km off Peru during the intense 1997-1998 El Niño (EN) <span class="hlt">event</span> were studied using a regional atmospheric model. A simulation performed for the period 1994-2000 reproduced the coastal <span class="hlt">wind</span> response to local sea surface temperature (SST) forcing and large scale atmospheric conditions. The model, evaluated with satellite data, represented well the intensity, seasonal and interannual variability of alongshore (i.e. NW-SE) <span class="hlt">winds</span>. An alongshore momentum budget showed that the pressure gradient was the dominant force driving the surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> acceleration. The pressure gradient tended to accelerate the coastal <span class="hlt">wind</span>, while turbulent vertical mixing decelerated it. A quasi-linear relation between surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> and pressure gradient anomalies was found. Alongshore pressure gradient anomalies were caused by a greater increase in near-surface air temperature off the northern coast than off the southern coast, associated with the inhomogeneous SST warming. Vertical profiles of <span class="hlt">wind</span>, mixing coefficient, and momentum trends showed that the surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> intensification was not caused by the increase of turbulence in the planetary boundary layer. Moreover, the temperature inversion in the vertical mitigated the development of pressure gradient due to air convection during part of the <span class="hlt">event</span>. Sensitivity experiments allowed to isolate the respective impacts of the local SST forcing and large scale condition on the coastal <span class="hlt">wind</span> intensification. It was primarily driven by the local SST forcing whereas large scale variability associated with the South Pacific Anticyclone modulated its effects. Examination of other EN <span class="hlt">events</span> using reanalysis data confirmed that intensifications of alongshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> off Peru were associated with SST alongshore gradient anomalies, as during the 1997-1998 <span class="hlt">event</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC51C1177W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC51C1177W"><span>Predicting Near-surface <span class="hlt">Winds</span> with <span class="hlt">Wind</span>Ninja for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wagenbrenner, N. S.; Forthofer, J.; Shannon, K.; Butler, B.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span>Ninja is a high-resolution diagnostic <span class="hlt">wind</span> model widely used by operational wildland fire managers to predict how near-surface <span class="hlt">winds</span> may influence fire behavior. Many of the features which have made <span class="hlt">Wind</span>Ninja successful for wildland fire are also important for <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy applications. Some of these features include flexible runtime options which allow the user to initialize the model with coarser scale weather model forecasts, sparse weather station observations, or a simple domain-average <span class="hlt">wind</span> for what-if scenarios; built-in data fetchers for required model inputs, including gridded terrain and vegetation data and operational weather model forecasts; relatively fast runtimes on simple hardware; an extremely user-friendly interface; and a number of output format options, including KMZ files for viewing in Google Earth and GeoPDFs which can be viewed in a GIS. The recent addition of a conservation of mass and momentum solver based on OpenFOAM libraries further increases the utility of <span class="hlt">Wind</span>Ninja to modelers in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy sector interested not just in mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> predictions, but also in turbulence metrics. Here we provide an evaluation of <span class="hlt">Wind</span>Ninja forecasts based on (1) operational weather model forecasts and (2) weather station observations provided by the MesoWest API. We also compare the high-resolution <span class="hlt">Wind</span>Ninja forecasts to the coarser operational weather model forecasts. For this work we will use the High Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model and the North American Mesoscale (NAM) model. Forecasts will be evaluated with data collected in the Birch Creek valley of eastern Idaho, USA between June-October 2013. Near-surface <span class="hlt">wind</span>, turbulence data, and vertical <span class="hlt">wind</span> and temperature profiles were collected at very high spatial resolution during this field campaign specifically for use in evaluating high-resolution <span class="hlt">wind</span> models like <span class="hlt">Wind</span>Ninja. This work demonstrates the ability of <span class="hlt">Wind</span>Ninja to generate very high-resolution <span class="hlt">wind</span> forecasts for <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/33583','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/33583"><span>A case study of the Santa Ana <span class="hlt">winds</span> in the San Gabriel mountains</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Michael A. Fosberg</p> <p>1965-01-01</p> <p>Santa Ana <span class="hlt">wind</span> structure varies between the high main ridges, the foothills, and the canyon bottoms. In each of these regions, a typical pattern characterizes the Santa Ana. <span class="hlt">Strong</span> steady <span class="hlt">wind</span>, at the high levels are determined almost completely by the large scale weather patterns. lntermediate canyons and ridges are affected by Santa Ana <span class="hlt">winds</span> only when the foehn is...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1072049','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1072049"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Workforce Development: Engineering, Science, & Technology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Lesieutre, George A.; Stewart, Susan W.; Bridgen, Marc</p> <p>2013-03-29</p> <p>Broadly, this project involved the development and delivery of a new curriculum in <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy engineering at the Pennsylvania State University; this includes enhancement of the Renewable Energy program at the Pennsylvania College of Technology. The new curricula at Penn State includes addition of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy-focused material in more than five existing courses in aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, engineering science and mechanics and energy engineering, as well as three new online graduate courses. The online graduate courses represent a stand-alone Graduate Certificate in <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy, and provide the core of a <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Option in an online intercollege professional Mastersmore » degree in Renewable Energy and Sustainability Systems. The Pennsylvania College of Technology erected a 10 kilowatt Xzeres <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine that is dedicated to educating the renewable energy workforce. The entire construction process was incorporated into the Renewable Energy A.A.S. degree program, the Building Science and Sustainable Design B.S. program, and other construction-related coursework throughout the School of Construction and Design Technologies. Follow-on outcomes include additional non-credit opportunities as well as secondary school career readiness <span class="hlt">events</span>, community outreach activities, and public awareness postings.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AIPC.1279..363M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AIPC.1279..363M"><span>An X-ray Study of a Massive Star and its <span class="hlt">Wind</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Maeda, Yoshitomo; Sugawara, Yasuharu; Tsuboi, Yohko; Hamaguchi, Kenji</p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>WR 140 is one of the best known examples of a Wolf-Rayet stars. We executed the Suzaku X-ray observations at four different epochs around periastron passage in Jan. 2009 to understand the W-R stellar <span class="hlt">wind</span> as well as the <span class="hlt">wind-wind</span> collision shocks. The column density at periastron is about 30 times higher than that at pre-periastron, which can be explained as self-absorption by the Wolf-Rayet <span class="hlt">wind</span>. The spectra are dominated by a line and continuum emission from a optically thin-thermal plasma. The <span class="hlt">strong</span> Ne-K lines are evidence that the thermal plasma is shock-heated W-R <span class="hlt">wind</span> materials by the interaction with the <span class="hlt">wind</span> from the companion O star. We present the parameters of the <span class="hlt">wind</span>, such as a mass-loss rate, which were calculated with the absorption and line emission in the spectra.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4164007','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4164007"><span>Consequence of a sudden <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">event</span> on the dynamics of a coastal phytoplankton community: an insight into specific population growth rates using a single cell high frequency approach</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Dugenne, Mathilde; Thyssen, Melilotus; Nerini, David; Mante, Claude; Poggiale, Jean-Christophe; Garcia, Nicole; Garcia, Fabrice; Grégori, Gérald J.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Phytoplankton is a key component in marine ecosystems. It is responsible for most of the marine primary production, particularly in eutrophic lagoons, where it frequently blooms. Because they are very sensitive to their environment, the dynamics of these microbial communities has to be observed over different time scales, however, assessment of short term variability is often out of reach of traditional monitoring methods. To overcome these limitations, we set up a Cytosense automated flow cytometer (Cytobuoy b.v.), designed for high frequency monitoring of phytoplankton composition, abundance, cell size, and pigment content, in one of the largest Mediterranean lagoons, the Berre lagoon (South-Eastern France). During October 2011, it recorded the cell optical properties of 12 groups of pico-, nano-, and microphytoplankton. Daily variations in the cluster optical properties were consistent with individual changes observed using microscopic imaging, during the cell cycle. We therefore used an adaptation of the size-structured matrix population model, developed by Sosik et al. (2003) to process the single cell analysis of the clusters and estimate the division rates of 2 dinoflagellate populations before, during, and after a <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">event</span>. The increase in the estimated in situ daily cluster growth rates suggest that physiological changes in the cells can prevail over the response of abundance. PMID:25309523</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFMSH12A0861S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFMSH12A0861S"><span>Supercharging of the Lunar Surface by Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Halo Electrons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stubbs, T. J.; Farrell, W. M.; Collier, M. R.; Halekas, J. S.; Delory, G. T.; Holland, M. P.; Vondrak, R. R.</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>Lunar surface potentials can reach several kilovolts negative during Solar Energetic Particle (SEPs) <span class="hlt">events</span>, as indicated by recent analysis of data from the Lunar Prospector Electron Reflectometer (LP/ER). The lunar surface- plasma interactions that result in such extreme surface potentials are poorly characterized and understood. Extreme lunar surface charging, and the associated electrostatic discharges and transport of charged dust, will likely present significant hazards to future human explorers. This is of particular concern near the terminator and polar regions, such as the South Pole/Aiken Basin site planned for NASA's manned outpost. It is the flux of electrons from the ambient plasma that charges the surface of the Moon to negative potentials. In the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>, the electron temperature is typically ~10 eV which tends to charge the lunar surface to ~100 V negative in shadow. However, during space weather <span class="hlt">events</span> the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> electrons are often better described by the sum of two Maxwellian distributions, referred to as the "core" and "halo" components. The core electrons are relatively cool and dense (e.g., ~10 eV and ~10/cc), whereas the halo electrons are hot and tenuous (e.g., ~100 eV and ~0.1/cc). Despite, the tenuous nature of the halo electrons, our surface charging model - using core and halo electron data derived from the Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Experiment (SWE) aboard the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> spacrcraft - predicts that they are capable of "supercharging" the lunar surface to kilovolt potentials during space weather <span class="hlt">events</span>, which could explain the LP/ER observations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110008490','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110008490"><span>Response of the Antarctic Stratosphere to Warm Pool EI Nino <span class="hlt">Events</span> in the GEOS CCM</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hurwitz, Margaret M.; Song, In-Sun; Oman, Luke D.; Newman, Paul A.; Molod, Andrea M.; Frith, Stacey M.; Nielsen, J. Eric</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>A new type of EI Nino <span class="hlt">event</span> has been identified in the last decade. During "warm pool" EI Nino (WPEN) <span class="hlt">events</span>, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the central equatorial Pacific are warmer than average. The EI Nino signal propagates poleward and upward as large-scale atmospheric waves, causing unusual weather patterns and warming the polar stratosphere. In austral summer, observations show that the Antarctic lower stratosphere is several degrees (K) warmer during WPEN <span class="hlt">events</span> than during the neutral phase of EI Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Furthermore, the stratospheric response to WPEN <span class="hlt">events</span> depends of the direction of tropical stratospheric <span class="hlt">winds</span>: the Antarctic warming is largest when WPEN <span class="hlt">events</span> are coincident with westward <span class="hlt">winds</span> in the tropical lower and middle stratosphere i.e., the westward phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). Westward <span class="hlt">winds</span> are associated with enhanced convection in the subtropics, and with increased poleward wave activity. In this paper, a new formulation of the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry-Climate Model, Version 2 (GEOS V2 CCM) is used to substantiate the observed stratospheric response to WPEN <span class="hlt">events</span>. One simulation is driven by SSTs typical of a WPEN <span class="hlt">event</span>, while another simulation is driven by ENSO neutral SSTs; both represent a present-day climate. Differences between the two simulations can be directly attributed to the anomalous WPEN SSTs. During WPEN <span class="hlt">events</span>, relative to ENSO neutral, the model simulates the observed increase in poleward planetary wave activity in the South Pacific during austral spring, as well as the relative warming of the Antarctic lower stratosphere in austral summer. However, the modeled response to WPEN does not depend on the phase of the QBO. The modeled tropical <span class="hlt">wind</span> oscillation does not extend far enough into the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere, likely explaining the model's insensitivity to the phase of the QBO during WPEN <span class="hlt">events</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930035791&hterms=Wolf+Rayet+star&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DWolf%253FRayet%2Bstar','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930035791&hterms=Wolf+Rayet+star&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DWolf%253FRayet%2Bstar"><span>Polarization cancellation in the two-component <span class="hlt">winds</span> from Wolf-Rayet stars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Taylor, M.; Cassinelli, J. P.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>In this paper we explore the possibility that there can be at least partial cancellation of the equatorial disk polarization as a result of scattering from the electrons that are present in the <span class="hlt">strong</span> polar <span class="hlt">wind</span> of WR stars. In order to achieve the cancellation necessary to explain the wavelength-dependent polarization, the polar <span class="hlt">wind</span> must have a mass-loss rate that is near the maximum that is supported by radiation-driven <span class="hlt">wind</span> theory. In addition, we find that it is possible to derive important new information regarding the relative column masses of the polar and equatorial <span class="hlt">winds</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ThApC.130.1055K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ThApC.130.1055K"><span>Human-biometeorological assessment of increasing summertime extreme heat <span class="hlt">events</span> in Shanghai, China during 1973-2015</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kong, Qinqin; Ge, Quansheng; Xi, Jianchao; Zheng, Jingyun</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Summertime extreme heat <span class="hlt">events</span>, defined by the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), have shown increasing trends in Shanghai from 1973 to 2015. There is a clear shift to higher temperatures for the daily maximum UTCI values, and the number of days with daily maximum UTCI exceeding 38 °C significantly increased by 4.34 days/10a. An upward trend of 3.67 days/10a was detected for the number of hot days which also displays an abrupt increase around 1998. Both the frequency and total duration of heat waves have significantly increased by 0.77 times/10a and 3.51 days/10a respectively. Their inter-decadal variations indicate a three-part division of the study period showing more and more heat waves and longer total duration, which are 1.0 times/a and 4.13 days/a for 1973-1987, 1.71 times/a and 7.64 days/a for 1988-2001, and 3.57 times/a and 16.0 days/a for 2002-2015. In addition to that are more occurrences of long-lasting heat waves. Compared with the UTCI, air temperature-based definitions have indicated substantially higher increases in extreme heat <span class="hlt">events</span>, especially for hot nights. The relatively low humidity and <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds in the twenty-first century are considered to be responsible for this difference. Our study provides a more in-depth case to monitor extreme heat <span class="hlt">events</span> under the combining effects of air temperature, humidity, <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds, total cloud cover, etc. and can support studies over other regions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A11E1927K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A11E1927K"><span>A New Integrated Threshold Selection Methodology for Spatial Forecast Verification of Extreme <span class="hlt">Events</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kholodovsky, V.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Extreme weather and climate <span class="hlt">events</span> such as heavy precipitation, heat waves and <span class="hlt">strong</span> <span class="hlt">winds</span> can cause extensive damage to the society in terms of human lives and financial losses. As climate changes, it is important to understand how extreme weather <span class="hlt">events</span> may change as a result. Climate and statistical models are often independently used to model those phenomena. To better assess performance of the climate models, a variety of spatial forecast verification methods have been developed. However, spatial verification metrics that are widely used in comparing mean states, in most cases, do not have an adequate theoretical justification to benchmark extreme weather <span class="hlt">events</span>. We proposed a new integrated threshold selection methodology for spatial forecast verification of extreme <span class="hlt">events</span> that couples existing pattern recognition indices with high threshold choices. This integrated approach has three main steps: 1) dimension reduction; 2) geometric domain mapping; and 3) thresholds clustering. We apply this approach to an observed precipitation dataset over CONUS. The results are evaluated by displaying threshold distribution seasonally, monthly and annually. The method offers user the flexibility of selecting a high threshold that is linked to desired geometrical properties. The proposed high threshold methodology could either complement existing spatial verification methods, where threshold selection is arbitrary, or be directly applicable in extreme value theory.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940243','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940243"><span>Hurricane Katrina <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Investigation Report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Desjarlais, A. O.</p> <p></p> <p>This investigation of roof damage caused by Hurricane Katrina is a joint effort of the Roofing Industry Committee on Weather Issues, Inc. (RICOWI) and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory/U.S. Department of Energy (ORNL/DOE). The <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Investigation Program (WIP) was initiated in 1996. Hurricane damage that met the criteria of a major windstorm <span class="hlt">event</span> did not materialize until Hurricanes Charley and Ivan occurred in August 2004. Hurricane Katrina presented a third opportunity for a <span class="hlt">wind</span> damage investigation in August 29, 2005. The major objectives of the WIP are as follows: (1) to investigate the field performance of roofing assemblies after majormore » <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span>; (2) to factually describe roofing assembly performance and modes of failure; and (3) to formally report results of the investigations and damage modes for substantial <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds The goal of the WIP is to perform unbiased, detailed investigations by credible personnel from the roofing industry, the insurance industry, and academia. Data from these investigations will, it is hoped, lead to overall improvement in roofing products, systems, roofing application, and durability and a reduction in losses, which may lead to lower overall costs to the public. This report documents the results of an extensive and well-planned investigative effort. The following program changes were implemented as a result of the lessons learned during the Hurricane Charley and Ivan investigations: (1) A logistics team was deployed to damage areas immediately following landfall; (2) Aerial surveillance--imperative to target <span class="hlt">wind</span> damage areas--was conducted; (3) Investigation teams were in place within 8 days; (4) Teams collected more detailed data; and (5) Teams took improved photographs and completed more detailed photo logs. Participating associations reviewed the results and lessons learned from the previous investigations and many have taken the following actions: (1) Moved forward with recommendations for new installation</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28684889','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28684889"><span>Climate change amplifies the interactions between <span class="hlt">wind</span> and bark beetle disturbances in forest landscapes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Seidl, Rupert; Rammer, Werner</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Growing evidence suggests that climate change could substantially alter forest disturbances. Interactions between individual disturbance agents are a major component of disturbance regimes, yet how interactions contribute to their climate sensitivity remains largely unknown. Here, our aim was to assess the climate sensitivity of disturbance interactions, focusing on <span class="hlt">wind</span> and bark beetle disturbances. We developed a process-based model of bark beetle disturbance, integrated into the dynamic forest landscape model iLand (already including a detailed model of <span class="hlt">wind</span> disturbance). We evaluated the integrated model against observations from three <span class="hlt">wind</span> <span class="hlt">events</span> and a subsequent bark beetle outbreak, affecting 530.2 ha (3.8 %) of a mountain forest landscape in Austria between 2007 and 2014. Subsequently, we conducted a factorial experiment determining the effect of changes in climate variables on the area disturbed by <span class="hlt">wind</span> and bark beetles separately and in combination. iLand was well able to reproduce observations with regard to area, temporal sequence, and spatial pattern of disturbance. The observed disturbance dynamics was <span class="hlt">strongly</span> driven by interactions, with 64.3 % of the area disturbed attributed to interaction effects. A +4 °C warming increased the disturbed area by +264.7 % and the area-weighted mean patch size by +1794.3 %. Interactions were found to have a ten times higher sensitivity to temperature changes than main effects, considerably amplifying the climate sensitivity of the disturbance regime. Disturbance interactions are a key component of the forest disturbance regime. Neglecting interaction effects can lead to a substantial underestimation of the climate change sensitivity of disturbance regimes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JMS....78..124A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JMS....78..124A"><span>High frequency responses of nanoplankton and microplankton to <span class="hlt">wind</span>-driven upwelling off northern Chile</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Aguilera, Victor; Escribano, Ruben; Herrera, Liliana</p> <p>2009-08-01</p> <p>Autotrophic and heterotrophic nanoplankton and microplankton vary widely in quantity and composition in coastal upwelling zones, causing a highly heterogeneous distribution of food resources for higher trophic levels. Here, we assessed daily changes in size-fractioned biomass and community structure of nanoplankton and microplankton at two upwelling sites off northern Chile, Mejillones (23°S) and Chipana (21°S), during summer 2006, winter 2006 and summer 2007 as related to changes in oceanographic conditions upon upwelling variation. We found highly-significant changes in quantity and community structure (species diversity and richness) of both nanoplankton and microplankton fractions after 3-5 days of observations. These changes were coupled to an intermittent upwelling regime reflected in the alongshore component of the <span class="hlt">wind</span>. After a few days the whole community was modified in terms of species and size structure. Over-imposing this variability, during winter 2006 there was a <span class="hlt">strong</span> perturbation of remote origin that substantially impacted temperature, oxygenation and stratification of the water column. This "abnormal" warming <span class="hlt">event</span> altered the upwelling regime, but its impact on abundance and composition of the nanoplankton and microplankton fractions was uncertain. Over the short-time scale however, we found a <span class="hlt">strong</span> coupling between daily changes in the alongshore component of <span class="hlt">wind</span> and nanoplankton and microplankton abundances and their structure. All these findings indicate that despite the high biological productivity of this upwelling region, high frequency variation induced by <span class="hlt">wind</span> forcing may be a major regulator of food resources (quantity and quality) for primary consumers, such as zooplankton, fish larvae and benthic organisms in the near-shore area. This high frequency variation may also impose a key constrain for prey-predator encounter rates and survival of short-lived zooplankton and invertebrate and fish larvae in the upwelling zone.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1399571-comparison-methods-assessing-power-output-non-uniform-onshore-wind-farms','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1399571-comparison-methods-assessing-power-output-non-uniform-onshore-wind-farms"><span>A comparison of methods for assessing power output in non-uniform onshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Staid, Andrea; VerHulst, Claire; Guikema, Seth D.</p> <p>2017-10-02</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> resource assessments are used to estimate a <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm's power production during the planning process. It is important that these estimates are accurate, as they can impact financing agreements, transmission planning, and environmental targets. Here, we analyze the challenges in <span class="hlt">wind</span> power estimation for onshore farms. Turbine wake effects are a <span class="hlt">strong</span> determinant of farm power production. With given input <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions, wake losses typically cause downstream turbines to produce significantly less power than upstream turbines. These losses have been modeled extensively and are well understood under certain conditions. Most notably, validation of different model types has favored offshoremore » farms. Models that capture the dynamics of offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions do not necessarily perform equally as well for onshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms. We analyze the capabilities of several different methods for estimating <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm power production in 2 onshore farms with non-uniform layouts. We compare the Jensen model to a number of statistical models, to meteorological downscaling techniques, and to using no model at all. In conclusion, we show that the complexities of some onshore farms result in <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions that are not accurately modeled by the Jensen wake decay techniques and that statistical methods have some <span class="hlt">strong</span> advantages in practice.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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