14 CFR 431.86-431.90 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false [Reserved] 431.86-431.90 Section 431.86-431.90 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT... Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions §§ 431.86-431.90 [Reserved] ...

14 CFR 431.86-431.90 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false [Reserved] 431.86-431.90 Section 431.86-431.90 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT... Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions §§ 431.86-431.90 [Reserved] ...

14 CFR 431.86-431.90 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false [Reserved] 431.86-431.90 Section 431.86-431.90 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT... Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions §§ 431.86-431.90 [Reserved] ...

Apoptotic induction of skin cancer cell death by plant extracts.

PubMed

Thuncharoen, Walairat; Chulasiri, Malin; Nilwarangkoon, Sirinun; Nakamura, Yukio; Watanapokasin, Ramida

2013-01-01

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of plant extracts on cancer apoptotic induction. Human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cell line, obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA), was maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 37 degrees C, 5% carbon dioxide (CO2). Plant extract solutions were obtained from S & J international enterprises public company limited. These plant extracts include 50% hydroglycol extracts from Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Smith (torch ginger; EE), Rosa damascene (damask rose; DR) and Rafflesia kerrii Meijer (bua phut; RM). The cell viability, time and dose dependency were determined by MTT (3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. A431 cells were treated with the plant extracts and stained with Hoechst 33342 fluorescent staining dye. Cell viability was demonstrated by the inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50). The anti-proliferative effects were shown to be dependent on time and dose. Typical characteristics of apoptosis which are cell morphological changes and chromatin condensation were clearly observed. The plant extracts was shown to be effective for anti-proliferation and induction of apoptosis cell death in skin cancer cells. Therefore, mechanisms underlying the cell death and its potential use for treatment of skin cancer will be further studied.

Effects of demethoxycurcumin on the viability and apoptosis of skin cancer cells.

PubMed

Wu, Yaoqun; Zhang, Pei; Yang, Hongyun; Ge, Yong; Xin, Yong

2017-07-01

The present study investigated the effects and mechanisms of demethoxycurcumin (DMC) on a human skin squamous cell carcinoma cell line, A431, and a human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT. A431 and HaCaT cells were cultured in vitro. The effects of DMC treatment on cell viability were analyzed using the Cell Counting kit‑8 (CCK‑8) assay; cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry; apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry and Hoechst 33258 staining; and the protein expression levels of cytochrome c, B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2), Bcl‑2‑associated X protein (BAX), caspase‑9 and caspase‑3 were evaluated by western blotting. CCK‑8 assay results demonstrated that DMC treatment significantly inhibited viability of A431 and HaCaT cells in a dose‑dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed that DMC treatment induced apoptosis in a dose‑dependent manner, and significantly increased the proportion of cells in G2/M phase. Western blot analysis indicated that the protein expression levels of Bcl‑2 were decreased, whereas the expression levels of BAX, caspase‑9, caspase‑3 and cytochrome c were increased following DMC treatment compared with in untreated cells. In conclusion, DMC treatment significantly inhibited viability of A431 and HaCaT cells, and induced cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. The present study indicated that DMC may induce apoptosis of skin cancer cells through a caspase‑dependent pathway.

Production of a germline-humanized cetuximab scFv and evaluation of its activity in recognizing EGFR- overexpressing cancer cells.

PubMed

Banisadr, Arsham; Safdari, Yaghoub; Kianmehr, Anvarsadat; Pourafshar, Mahdieh

2018-04-03

The aim of this study was to produce a humanized single chain antibody (scFv) as a potential improved product design to target EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) overexpressing cancer cells. To this end, CDR loops of cetuximab (an FDA-approved anti-EGFR antibody) were grafted on framework regions derived from type 3 (VH3 and VL3 kappa) human germline sequences to obtain recombinant VH and VL domainslinked together with a flexible linker [(Gly 4 Ser) 3 ] to form a scFv. Codon optimized synthetic gene encoding the scFv (with NH2-VH-linker-VL-COOH orientation) was expressed in E. coli Origami™ 2(DE3) cells and the resultant scFv purified by using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The scFv, called cet.Hum scFv, was evaluated in ELISA and immunoblot to determine whether it can recognize EGFR. The scFv was able to recognize EGFR over-expressing cancer cells (A-431) but failed to detect cancer cells with low levels of EGFR (MCF-7 cells). Although the affinity of the scFv forA-431 cells was 9 fold lower than that of cetuximab, it was strong enough to recognize these cells. Considering its ability to bind EGFR molecules, the scFv may exhibit a potential application for the detection of EGFR-overexpressing cancer cells.

Identification of specific gravity sensitive signal transduction pathways in human A431 carcinoma cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rijken, P. J.; de Groot, R. P.; Kruijer, W.; de Laat, S. W.; Verkleij, A. J.; Boonstra, J.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) activates a well characterized signal transduction cascade in human A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells. The influence of gravity on EGF-induced EGF-receptor clustering and early gene expression as well as on actin polymerization and actin organization have been investigated. Different signalling pathways induced by the agents TPA, forskolin and A23187 that activate gene expression were tested for sensitivity to gravity. EGF-induced c-fos and c-jun expression were decreased in microgravity. However, constitutive β-2 microglobulin expression remained unaltered. Under simulated weightlessness conditions EGF- and TPA-induced c-fos expression was decreased, while forskolin- and A23187-induced c-fos expression was independent of the gravity conditions. These results suggest that gravity affects specific signalling pathways. Preliminary results indicate that EGF-induced EGF-receptor clustering remained unaltered irrespective of the gravity conditions. Furthermore, the relative filamentous actin content of steady state A431 cells was enhanced under microgravity conditions and actin filament organization was altered. Under simulated weightlessness actin filament organization in steady state cells as well as in EGF-treated cells was altered as compared to the 1 G reference experiment. Interestingly the microtubule and keratin organization in untreated cells showed no difference with the normal gravity samples. This indicates that gravity may affect specific components of the signal transduction circuitry.

Binding of fluoresceinated epidermal growth factor to A431 cell sub-populations studied using a model-independent analysis of flow cytometric fluorescence data.

PubMed Central

Chatelier, R C; Ashcroft, R G; Lloyd, C J; Nice, E C; Whitehead, R H; Sawyer, W H; Burgess, A W

1986-01-01

A method is developed for determining ligand-cell association parameters from a model-free analysis of data obtained with a flow cytometer. The method requires measurement of the average fluorescence per cell as a function of ligand and cell concentration. The analysis is applied to data obtained for the binding of fluoresceinated epidermal growth factor to a human epidermoid carcinoma cell line, A431. The results indicate that the growth factor binds to two classes of sites on A431 cells: 4 X 10(4) sites with a dissociation constant (KD) of less than or equal to 20 pM, and 1.5 X 10(6) sites with a KD of 3.7 nM. A derived plot of the average fluorescence per cell versus the average number of bound ligands per cell is used to construct binding isotherms for four sub-populations of A431 cells fractionated on the basis of low-angle light scatter. The four sub-populations bind the ligand with equal affinity but differ substantially in terms of the number of binding sites per cell. We also use this new analysis to critically evaluate the use of 'Fluorotrol' as a calibration standard in flow cytometry. PMID:3015587

Purification of high-molecular-weight subfraction from porcine skin inhibiting proliferation of A431 human carcinoma epidermoid cells.

PubMed

Belova, O V; Sergienko, V I; Arion, V Ya; Lukanidina, T A; Moskvina, S N; Zimina, I V; Borisenko, G G; Lutsenko, G V; Grechikhina, M V; Kovaleva, E V; Klyuchnikova, Zh I

2014-07-01

Subfraction with a molecular weight >250 kDa isolated from porcine skin and inhibiting the proliferation of A431 human carcinoma epidermoid cells was purified by DEAE 32 anion exchange chromatography with NaCl concentration step-gradient. The effects of the initial subfraction and fractions obtained by separation in DEAE 32 on the proliferation of A431 human carcinoma epidermoid cells were studied in vitro in two tests (MTT and fluorescent test). The more sensitive fluorescent test showed the highest inhibitory activity of fraction No. 2 released from the column at 0.15 M NaCl. One major protein component and a series of minor protein components were detected in this fraction by vertical PAAG-SDS electrophoresis.

Soluble fragments of e-cadherin cell-adhesion molecule increase in urinary-excretion of cancer-patients, potentially indicating its shedding from epithelial tumor-cells.

PubMed

Katayama, M; Hirai, S; Yasumoto, M; Nishikawa, K; Nagata, S; Otsuka, M; Kamihagi, K; Kato, I

1994-11-01

E-cadherin (Ecad) is well known to be a calcium-ion-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecule expressed mostly in epithelial tissues. Previous immunohistochemical studies suggested that this cell adhesion molecule acts as an invasion suppressor and is negligibly detected in cancer metastatic regions. Soluble Ecad fragments derived from the proteolysed membrane-associated form were detected in culture supernatants of two cell lines, COLO 205 and A-431, with normal distribution of cell surface Ecad. Soluble Ecad levels released into culture of COLO 205 exhibiting reduced cell-cell adhesion were apparently elevated above those of A-431 with tight cell-cell adhesion. Furthermore, human circulation and urine continuously contain soluble Ecad which consists mainly of homogeneous 75-85 kDa extracellular domains. Soluble Ecad urinary level per urinary creatinine level was found to be significantly elevated in 53% of patients suffering from various types of cancers including lung, liver, stomach, colon and rectal cancers, as compared with those in the age-matched healthy subjects. These results suggest that dysfunction of cell surface Ecad is responsible for its enhanced proteolytic shedding in tumorigenesis, which may lead to the decrease of cell surface Ecads. Furthermore, excretion of high levels of soluble Ecad fragments potentially indicates the progression of epithelial tumors excessively degrading cell surface Ecad in clinical subjects.

Induction of apoptosis by lupeol in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells through regulation of mitochondrial, Akt/PKB and NFkappaB signaling pathways.

PubMed

Prasad, Sahdeo; Madan, Esha; Nigam, Nidhi; Roy, Preeti; George, Jasmine; Shukla, Yogeshwer

2009-09-01

The rising incidence of skin cancer in humans makes it equivalent to malignancies of organs. Therefore, it is necessary to intensify our efforts for better understanding and development of novel treatment and preventive approaches for skin cancer. Fruits and other plant derived products have gained considerable attention as they can reduce the risk of several cancer types. Lupeol, a triterpene, present in many fruits and medicinal plants, has been shown to possess many pharmacological properties including anti-cancer effect in both in vitro and in vivo assay systems. In the present study, apoptosis inducing effects of lupeol were studied in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. Cell cycle analysis showed that lupeol treatment induces apoptosis (14-37%) in a dose-dependent manner as evident by an increased sub G(1) cell population. The RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that lupeol-induced apoptosis was associated with caspase dependent mitochondrial cell death pathway through activation of Bax, caspases, Apaf1, decrease in Bcl-2 expression and subsequent cleavage of PARP. Lupeol treatment also inhibited Akt/PKB signaling pathway by inhibition of Bad (Ser136) phosphorylation and 14-3-3 expression. In addition, lupeol treatment inhibited cell survival by inactivation of NFkappaB through upregulation of its inhibitor Ikappabetaalpha. The Caspase mediated apoptosis was noticed by decrease in lupeol induced apoptosis by Caspase inhibitors as well as increase in reactive oxygen species generation and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. These results suggest that lupeol could be an effective anti-cancer agent and merits further investigation.

Bromelain inhibits nuclear factor kappa-B translocation, driving human epidermoid carcinoma A431 and melanoma A375 cells through G(2)/M arrest to apoptosis.

PubMed

Bhui, Kulpreet; Tyagi, Shilpa; Srivastava, Amit Kumar; Singh, Madhulika; Roy, Preeti; Singh, Richa; Shukla, Yogeshwer

2012-03-01

Bromelain, obtained from pineapple, is already in use clinically as adjunct in chemotherapy. Our objective was to test its ability to act as a sole anti-cancer agent. Therefore, we describe its anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and subsequent anti-cancer effects in vitro, against human epidermoid carcinoma-A431 and melanoma-A375 cells. Bromelain exhibited reduction in proliferation of both these cell-lines and suppressed their potential for anchorage-independent growth. Further, suppression of inflammatory signaling by bromelain was evident by inhibition of Akt regulated-nuclear factor-kappaB activation via suppression of inhibitory-kappaBα phosphorylation and concomitant reduction in cyclooxygenase-2. Since, the inflammatory cascade is well-known to be closely allied to cancer; we studied the effect of bromelain on events/molecules central to it. Bromelain caused depletion of intracellular glutathione and generation of reactive oxygen-species followed by mitochondrial membrane depolarization. This led to bromelain-induced cell-cycle arrest at G(2)/M phase which was mediated by modulation of cyclin B1, phospho-cdc25C, Plk1, phospho-cdc2, and myt1. This was subsequently followed by induction of apoptosis, indicated by membrane-blebbing, modulation of Bax-Bcl-2 ratio, Apaf-1, caspase-9, and caspase-3; chromatin-condensation, increase in caspase-activity and DNA-fragmentation. Bromelain afforded substantial anti-cancer potential in these settings; hence we suggest it as a potential prospect for anti-cancer agent besides only an additive in chemotherapy. Copyright ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

40 CFR 98.431 - Reporting threshold.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 22 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Reporting threshold. 98.431 Section 98.431 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Importers and Exporters of Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases Contained in Pre-Charged Equipment or Closed-Cell Foams §...

40 CFR 98.431 - Reporting threshold.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Reporting threshold. 98.431 Section 98.431 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Importers and Exporters of Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases Contained in Pre-Charged Equipment or Closed-Cell Foams §...

40 CFR 98.431 - Reporting threshold.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Reporting threshold. 98.431 Section 98.431 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Importers and Exporters of Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases Contained in Pre-Charged Equipment or Closed-Cell Foams §...

Regulation of apoptosis by resveratrol through JAK/STAT and mitochondria mediated pathway in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Madan, Esha; Prasad, Sahdeo; Roy, Preeti

2008-12-26

Resveratrol (trans-3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene), a polyphenolic phytoalexin present mainly in grapes, red wine and berries, is known to possess strong chemopreventive and anticancer properties. Here, we demonstrated the anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing activities of resveratrol in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. Resveratrol has cytotoxic effects through inhibiting cellular proliferation of A431 cells, which leads to the induction of apoptosis, as evident by an increase in the fraction of cells in the sub-G{sub 1} phase of the cell cycle and Annexin-V binding of externalized phosphatidylserine. Results revealed that inhibition of proliferation is associated with regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway, where resveratrol prevents phosphorylation ofmore » JAK, thereby inhibiting STAT1 phosphorylation. Furthermore, resveratrol treatment actively stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Consequently, an imbalance in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio triggered the caspase cascade and subsequent cleavage of PARP, thereby shifting the balance in favor of apoptosis. These observations indicate that resveratrol treatment inhibits JAK/STAT-mediated gene transcription and induce the mitochondrial cell death pathway.« less

Skin cancer chemoprevention by α-santalol.

PubMed

Zhang, Xiaoying; Dwivedi, Chandradhar

2011-01-01

Alpha-santalol, a naturally occurring terpenoid, has been shown to have chemopreventive effects on both 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-initiated and 12-O- tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-promoted skin cancer development in CD-1 and SENCAR mice, and UVB-induced skin cancer developments in SKH-1 hairless mice in a concentration-dependent manner. Studies have demonstrated that α-santalol could be effective against skin carcinogenesis through both induction of apoptosis via caspase activation together with dissipation of mitochondria membrane potential and cytochrome c release in A431 cells, and inhibition of cell growth via induction of G2/M phase arrest in both A431 cells and melanoma UACC-62 cells by altering multiple cell cycle regulatory proteins and complexes. This review summarizes the chemopreventive effects and molecular mechanisms of α-santalol on skin cancer development in both animal models and skin cancer cell lines.

Up-regulation of the tight-junction protein ZO-1 by substance P and IGF-1 in A431 cells.

PubMed

Ko, Ji-Ae; Murata, Shizuka; Nishida, Teruo

2009-08-01

The formation of a barrier by tight junctions is important in epithelia of various tissues. Substance P (SP) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 synergistically promote barrier function in the corneal epithelium. We have now examined the effects of SP and IGF-1 on expression of the tight-junction protein zonula occludens (ZO)-1 in A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunoblot analyses revealed that SP and IGF-1 increased the amounts of ZO-1 mRNA and protein in these cells in a concentration-dependent manner, with neither SP nor IGF-1 alone having such an effect. The SP- and IGF-1-induced up-regulation of ZO-1 was accompanied by phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and both of these effects were blocked by PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK activation. SP and IGF-1 also increased the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) (an indicator of barrier function) of an A431 cell monolayer in a manner sensitive to PD98059. Our results thus suggest that the synergistic induction of ZO-1 expression by SP and IGF-1 may promote barrier function in skin epithelial cells. (c) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Spatial and Temporal Confined Photothermolysis of Cancer Cells Mediated by Hollow Gold Nanospheres Targeted to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors

PubMed Central

2018-01-01

To date, a few studies have investigated the potential use of a short-pulsed laser in selective tumor cell destruction or its mechanism of cell killing. Computer simulation of the spatial and temporal profiles of temperature elevation after pulsed laser irradiation on an infinitesimal point source estimated that the temperature reached its highest point at ∼35 ns after a single 15 ns laser pulse. Moreover, temperature elevation was confined to a radius of sub-micrometer and returned to baseline within 100 ns. To investigate the effect of 15 ns laser pulses on A431 tumor cells, we conjugated hollow gold nanospheres (HAuNSs) to an antibody (C225) directed at the epithelial growth factor receptor. The resulting nanoparticles, C225-HAuNSs, bound to the cell membrane, internalized, and distributed throughout the cytoplasm, with some nanoparticles transported to the vicinity of the nuclear membrane. On using an optical microscope mounted to a tunable pulsed Ti:sapphire laser, rapid and extensive damage of live cancer cells was observed, whereas irradiation of A431 cells pretreated with nontargeted HAuNSs with a pulsed laser or pretreated with C225-HAuNSs with a continuous-wave laser-induced minimal cellular damage. Furthermore, after a single 15 ns laser pulse, C225-HAuNS-treated A431 cells cocultured with 3T3 fibroblasts showed signs of selective destruction. Thus, compared with a continuous-wave laser, shots of a short-pulsed laser were the most damaging to tumor cells that bound HAuNSs and generated the least heat to the surrounding environment. This mode of action by a short-pulsed laser on cancer cells (i.e., confined photothermolysis) may have potential applications in selective tumor cell destruction. PMID:29876540

Spatial and Temporal Confined Photothermolysis of Cancer Cells Mediated by Hollow Gold Nanospheres Targeted to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors.

PubMed

Ku, Geng; Huang, Qian; Wen, Xiaoxia; Ye, John; Piwnica-Worms, David; Li, Chun

2018-05-31

To date, a few studies have investigated the potential use of a short-pulsed laser in selective tumor cell destruction or its mechanism of cell killing. Computer simulation of the spatial and temporal profiles of temperature elevation after pulsed laser irradiation on an infinitesimal point source estimated that the temperature reached its highest point at ∼35 ns after a single 15 ns laser pulse. Moreover, temperature elevation was confined to a radius of sub-micrometer and returned to baseline within 100 ns. To investigate the effect of 15 ns laser pulses on A431 tumor cells, we conjugated hollow gold nanospheres (HAuNSs) to an antibody (C225) directed at the epithelial growth factor receptor. The resulting nanoparticles, C225-HAuNSs, bound to the cell membrane, internalized, and distributed throughout the cytoplasm, with some nanoparticles transported to the vicinity of the nuclear membrane. On using an optical microscope mounted to a tunable pulsed Ti:sapphire laser, rapid and extensive damage of live cancer cells was observed, whereas irradiation of A431 cells pretreated with nontargeted HAuNSs with a pulsed laser or pretreated with C225-HAuNSs with a continuous-wave laser-induced minimal cellular damage. Furthermore, after a single 15 ns laser pulse, C225-HAuNS-treated A431 cells cocultured with 3T3 fibroblasts showed signs of selective destruction. Thus, compared with a continuous-wave laser, shots of a short-pulsed laser were the most damaging to tumor cells that bound HAuNSs and generated the least heat to the surrounding environment. This mode of action by a short-pulsed laser on cancer cells (i.e., confined photothermolysis) may have potential applications in selective tumor cell destruction.

Expression of heparanase in basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

PubMed

Pinhal, Maria Aparecida Silva; Almeida, Maria Carolina Leal; Costa, Alessandra Scorse; Theodoro, Thérèse Rachell; Serrano, Rodrigo Lorenzetti; Machado, Carlos D'Apparecida Santos

2016-01-01

Heparanase is an enzyme that cleaves heparan sulfate chains. Oligosaccharides generated by heparanase induce tumor progression. Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma comprise types of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Evaluate the glycosaminoglycans profile and expression of heparanase in two human cell lines established in culture, immortalized skin keratinocyte (HaCaT) and squamous cell carcinoma (A431) and also investigate the expression of heparanase in basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and eyelid skin of individuals not affected by the disease (control). Glycosaminoglycans were quantified by electrophoresis and indirect ELISA method. The heparanase expression was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR (qRTPCR). The A431 strain showed significant increase in the sulfated glycosaminoglycans, increased heparanase expression and decreased hyaluronic acid, comparing to the HaCaT lineage. The mRNA expression of heparanase was significantly higher in Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma compared with control skin samples. It was also observed increased heparanase expression in squamous cell carcinoma compared to the Basal cell carcinoma. The glycosaminoglycans profile, as well as heparanase expression are different between HaCaT and A431 cell lines. The increased expression of heparanase in Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma suggests that this enzyme could be a marker for the diagnosis of such types of non-melanoma cancers, and may be useful as a target molecule for future alternative treatment.

42 CFR 431.220 - When a hearing is required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false When a hearing is required. 431.220 Section 431.220 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES... Applicants and Recipients Right to Hearing § 431.220 When a hearing is required. (a) The State agency must...

A combined A431 cell membrane chromatography and online high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method for screening compounds from total alkaloid of Radix Caulophylli acting on the human EGFR.

PubMed

Sun, Meng; Ren, Jing; Du, Hui; Zhang, Yanmin; Zhang, Jie; Wang, Sicen; He, Langchong

2010-10-15

We have developed an online analytical method that combines A431 cell membrane chromatography (A431/CMC) with high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC/MS) for identifying active components from Radix Caulophylli acting on human EGFR. Retention fractions on A431/CMC model were captured onto an enrichment column and the components were directly analyzed by combining a 10-port column switcher with an LC/MS system for separation and preliminary identification. Using Sorafenib tosylate as a positive control, taspine and caulophine from Radix Caulophylli were identified as the active molecules which could act on the EGFR. This A431/CMC-online-LC/MS method can be applied for screening active components acting on EGFR from traditional Chinese medicines exemplified by Radix Caulophylli and will be of great utility in drug discovery using natural medicinal herbs as a source of novel compounds. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

14 CFR 431.75 - Agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Agreements. 431.75 Section 431.75...-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.75 Agreements. (a) Launch and reentry site use agreements. Before conducting a licensed RLV mission using property and services of a Federal...

14 CFR 431.75 - Agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Agreements. 431.75 Section 431.75...-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.75 Agreements. (a) Launch and reentry site use agreements. Before conducting a licensed RLV mission using property and services of a Federal...

14 CFR 431.75 - Agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Agreements. 431.75 Section 431.75...-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.75 Agreements. (a) Launch and reentry site use agreements. Before conducting a licensed RLV mission using property and services of a Federal...

14 CFR 431.75 - Agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Agreements. 431.75 Section 431.75...-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.75 Agreements. (a) Launch and reentry site use agreements. Before conducting a licensed RLV mission using property and services of a Federal...

14 CFR 431.75 - Agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Agreements. 431.75 Section 431.75...-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.75 Agreements. (a) Launch and reentry site use agreements. Before conducting a licensed RLV mission using property and services of a Federal...

14 CFR 431.77 - Records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Records. 431.77 Section 431.77 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF...-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.77 Records. (a) Except as specified in...

14 CFR 431.77 - Records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Records. 431.77 Section 431.77 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF...-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.77 Records. (a) Except as specified in...

42 CFR 431.16 - Reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Reports. 431.16 Section 431.16 Public Health... ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Single State Agency § 431.16 Reports. A State plan must provide that the Medicaid agency will— (a) Submit all reports required by the Secretary...

42 CFR 431.16 - Reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Reports. 431.16 Section 431.16 Public Health... ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Single State Agency § 431.16 Reports. A State plan must provide that the Medicaid agency will— (a) Submit all reports required by the Secretary...

42 CFR 431.16 - Reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Reports. 431.16 Section 431.16 Public Health... ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Single State Agency § 431.16 Reports. A State plan must provide that the Medicaid agency will— (a) Submit all reports required by the Secretary...

Protein-tyrosine-phosphatase-mediated epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor transinactivation and EGF receptor-independent stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by bradykinin in A431 cells.

PubMed Central

Graness, A; Hanke, S; Boehmer, F D; Presek, P; Liebmann, C

2000-01-01

Transactivation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) has been proposed to represent an essential link between G-protein-coupled receptors and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in various cell types. In the present work we report, in contrast, that in A431 cells bradykinin transinactivates the EGFR and stimulates MAPK activity independently of EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation. Both effects of bradykinin are mediated by a pertussis-toxin-insensitive G-protein. Three lines of evidence suggest the activation of a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) by bradykinin: (i) treatment of A431 cells with bradykinin decreases both basal and EGF-induced EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation, (ii) this effect of bradykinin can be blocked by two different PTP inhibitors, and (iii) bradykinin significantly increased the PTP activity in total A431 cell lysates when measured in vitro. The transmembrane receptor PTP sigma was identified as a putative mediator of bradykinin-induced downregulation of EGFR autophosphorylation. Activation of MAPK in response to bradykinin was insensitive towards AG 1478, a specific inhibitor of EGFR tyrosine kinase, but was blocked by wortmannin or bisindolylmaleimide, inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) and protein kinase C (PKC) respectively. These results also suggest that the bradykinin-induced activation of MAPK is independent of EGFR and indicate a pathway involving PI3-K and PKC. In addition, bradykinin evokes a rapid and transient increase in Src kinase activity. Although Src does not participate in bradykinin-induced stimulation of PTP activity, inhibition of Src by 4-amino-5-(4-methylphenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine leads to an increase in MAPK activation by bradykinin. Our results suggest that in A431 cells the G(q/11)-protein-coupled bradykinin B(2) receptor may stimulate PTP activity and thereby transinactivate the EGFR, and may simultaneously activate MAPK by an alternative signalling pathway

10 CFR 431.372 - Sampling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Sampling. 431.372 Section 431.372 Energy DEPARTMENT OF... Certification and Enforcement § 431.372 Sampling. For purposes of a certification of compliance, the... standard shall be based upon the testing and sampling procedures, and other applicable rating procedures...

10 CFR 431.386 - Remedies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Remedies. 431.386 Section 431.386 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Enforcement § 431.386 Remedies. If the Secretary determines that a basic model of any covered equipment does...

Evaluation of cytotoxic, membrane, and DNA damaging effects of Thymus revolutus Célak essential oil on different cancer cells.

PubMed

Özkan, Aysun; Erdoğan, Ayşe

2017-04-18

In this study, we evaluated Thymus revolutus Célak essential oil and its two main constituents, γ-terpinene and p-cymene, as potential oxidative agents against lung cancer and epidermoid carcinoma cells. Cell viability assessment was made by CellTiter-Blue1397904493 cell viability and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay after treatment with 5-600 μg/mL concentrations of essential oil, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene. Malondialdehyde and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels in parental H1299, epirubicin-resistant (drug-resistant) H1299, A549, and A431 cells were also assayed after essential oil, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene had been administered for 24 h. Glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRx), and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activities were determined. Parental H1299 cells were found to be more sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of all compounds. While A431 cells had the highest membrane damage, which was caused by essential oil (IC 50 and IC 70 ), A549 cells had the highest DNA damage at IC 50 and IC 70 p-cymene concentrations. G6PD, GST, GRx, and GPx enzyme activities of cells, which increased against these compounds, depended on concentrations, incubation times, and antioxidant capacities of the cells. This study suggests that different cancer cells showed different cellular responses against potential antitumor and prooxidative effects of the essential oil and its two main constituents.

10 CFR 431.406 - Subpoena.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Subpoena. 431.406 Section 431.406 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT General Provisions § 431.406 Subpoena. Pursuant to sections 329(a) and 345 of the Act, for purposes of...

42 CFR 431.1002 - Recoveries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Recoveries. 431.1002 Section 431.1002 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL... Payments in Medicaid and CHIP § 431.1002 Recoveries. (a) Medicaid. States must return to CMS the Federal...

miRNA-431 Prevents Amyloid-β-Induced Synapse Loss in Neuronal Cell Culture Model of Alzheimer's Disease by Silencing Kremen1.

PubMed

Ross, Sean P; Baker, Kelly E; Fisher, Amanda; Hoff, Lee; Pak, Elena S; Murashov, Alexander K

2018-01-01

Synapse loss is well regarded as the underlying cause for the progressive decline of memory function over the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD) development. Recent observations suggest that the accumulation of the Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) in the AD brain plays a critical role in triggering synaptic degeneration. Mechanistically, Dkk1 cooperates with Kremen1 (Krm1), its transmembrane receptor, to block the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Here, we show that silencing Krm1 with miR-431 prevents amyloid-β-mediated synapse loss in cortico-hippocampal cultures isolated from triple transgenic 3xTg-AD mice. Exposure to AβDDL (an amyloid-β derived diffusive ligand) or Dkk1 reduced the number of pre- and post-synaptic puncta in primary neuronal cultures, while treatment with miR-431 prevented synapse loss. In addition, treatment with miR-431 also prevented neurite degeneration. Our findings demonstrate that miR-431 protects synapses and neurites from Aβ-toxicity in an AD cell culture model and may be a promising therapeutic target.

10 CFR 431.426 - Hearing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Hearing. 431.426 Section 431.426 Energy DEPARTMENT OF... § 431.426 Hearing. The Secretary may hold a public hearing, and publish notice in the Federal Register of the date and location of the hearing, when he determines that such a hearing is necessary and...

10 CFR 431.426 - Hearing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Hearing. 431.426 Section 431.426 Energy DEPARTMENT OF... § 431.426 Hearing. The Secretary may hold a public hearing, and publish notice in the Federal Register of the date and location of the hearing, when he determines that such a hearing is necessary and...

14 CFR 431.77 - Records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Records. 431.77 Section 431.77 Aeronautics...-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.77 Records. (a) Except as specified in paragraph (b) of this section, a licensee shall maintain for 3 years all records, data, and other material...

14 CFR 431.77 - Records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Records. 431.77 Section 431.77 Aeronautics...-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.77 Records. (a) Except as specified in paragraph (b) of this section, a licensee shall maintain for 3 years all records, data, and other material...

14 CFR 431.77 - Records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Records. 431.77 Section 431.77 Aeronautics...-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.77 Records. (a) Except as specified in paragraph (b) of this section, a licensee shall maintain for 3 years all records, data, and other material...

10 CFR 431.384 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false [Reserved] 431.384 Section 431.384 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Enforcement § 431.384 [Reserved] ...

Genetic Alterations of RDINK4/ARF Enhancer in Human Cancer Cells

PubMed Central

Li, Junan; Knobloch, Thomas J.; Poi, Ming J.; Zhang, Zhaoxia; Davis, Andrew T.; Muscarella, Peter; Weghorst, Christopher M.

2017-01-01

Recent identification of an enhancer element, RDINK4/ARF (RD), in the prominent INK4/ARF locus provides a novel mechanism to simultaneously regulate the transcription of p15INK4B (p15), p14ARF, and p16INK4A (p16) tumor suppressor genes. While genetic inactivation of p15, p14ARF, and p16 in human tumors has been extensively studied, little is known about genetic alterations of RD and its impact on p15, p14ARF, and p16 in human cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential existence of genetic alterations of RD in human cancer cells. DNAs extracted from 17 different cancer cell lines and 31 primary pheochromocytoma tumors were analyzed for deletion and mutation of RD using qPCR and direct DNA sequencing. We found that RD was deleted in human cancer cell lines and pheochromocytoma tumors at frequencies of 41.2% (7/17) and 13.0% (4/31), respectively. While some of these RD deletion events occurred along with deletions of the entire INK4/ARF locus, other RD deletion events were independent of genetic alterations in p15, p14ARF, and p16. Furthermore, the status of RD was poorly associated with the expression of p15, p14ARF, and p16 in tested cancer cell lines and tumors. This study demonstrates for the first time that deletion of the RD enhancer is a prevalent event in human cancer cells. Its implication in carcinogenesis remains to be further explored. PMID:23065809

10 CFR 431.407 - Confidentiality.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Confidentiality. 431.407 Section 431.407 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT General Provisions § 431.407 Confidentiality. Pursuant to the provisions of 10 CFR 1004.11, any...

Green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, induces toxicity in human skin cancer cells by targeting β-catenin signaling.

PubMed

Singh, Tripti; Katiyar, Santosh K

2013-12-01

The green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), has been shown to have anti-carcinogenic effects in several skin tumor models, and efforts are continued to investigate the molecular targets responsible for its cytotoxic effects to cancer cells. Our recent observation that β-catenin is upregulated in skin tumors suggested the possibility that the anti-skin carcinogenic effects of EGCG are mediated, at least in part, through its effects on β-catenin signaling. We have found that treatment of the A431 and SCC13 human skin cancer cell lines with EGCG resulted in reduced cell viability and increased cell death and that these cytotoxic effects were associated with inactivation of β-catenin signaling. Evidence of EGCG-induced inactivation of β-catenin included: (i) reduced accumulation of nuclear β-catenin; (ii) enhanced levels of casein kinase1α, reduced phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β, and increased phosphorylation of β-catenin on critical serine(45,33/37) residues; and (iii) reduced levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, which are down-stream targets of β-catenin. Treatment of cells with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) enhanced the accumulation of β-catenin and enhanced β-catenin signaling. Treatment with either EGCG or an EP2 antagonist (AH6809) reduced the PGE2-enhanced levels of cAMP, an upstream regulator of β-catenin. Inactivation of β-catenin by EGCG resulted in suppression of cell survival signaling proteins. siRNA knockdown of β-catenin in A431 and SCC13 cells reduced cell viability. Collectively, these data suggest that induction of cytotoxicity in skin cancer cells by EGCG is mediated by targeting of β-catenin signaling and that the β-catenin signaling is upregulated by inflammatory mediators. © 2013.

Inhibition of STAT-3 Results in Radiosensitization of Human Squamous Cell Carcinoma

PubMed Central

Bonner, James A.; Trummell, Hoa Q.; Willey, Christopher D.; Plants, Brian A.; Raisch, Kevin P.

2009-01-01

Background Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription – 3 (STAT-3) is a downstream component of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFr) signaling process that may facilitate the resistance of tumor cells to conventional cancer treatments. Studies were performed to determine if inhibition of this downstream protein may produce radiosensitization. Methods/Results A431 cells (human squamous cell carcinoma cells with EGFr overexpression) were found to be sensitized to radiation after treatment with STAT-3 small interfering RNA (siRNA). Therefore, a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against STAT-3 was designed and cloned into a pBABE vector system modified for shRNA expression. Following transfection, clone 2.1 was selected for further study as it showed a dramatic reduction of STAT-3 protein (and mRNA) when compared to A431 parental cells or a negative control shRNA cell line (transfected with STAT-3 shRNA with 2 base pairs mutated). A431 2.1 showed doubling times of 25-31 h as compared to 18-24 h for the parental cell line. The A431 shRNA knockdown STAT-3 cells A431 were more sensitive to radiation than A431 parental or negative STAT-3 control cells. Conclusion A431 cells stably transfected with shRNA against STAT-3 resulted in enhanced radiosensitivity. Further work will be necessary to determine whether inhibition of STAT-3 phosphorylation is a necessary step for the radiosensitization that is induced by inhibition of EGFr. PMID:19616333

Cytotoxic Effects of PEGylated Anti-EGFR Immunoliposomes Combined with Doxorubicin and Rhenium-188 Against Cancer Cells.

PubMed

Hsu, Wei-Chuan; Cheng, Chu-Nian; Lee, Te-Wei; Hwang, Jeng-Jong

2015-09-01

We aimed to construct epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeting cetuximab-immunoliposomes (IL-C225) for targeted delivery of doxorubicin and rhenium-188 (Re-188) to EGFR(+) cancer cells. Synthesized IL-C225 was analyzed by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. Cell binding and internalization were examined using doxorubicin-loaded IL-C225 (DXR-IL-C225) with confocal microscopy. IL-C225 combined with doxorubicin and Re-188 ((188)Re-DXR-IL-C225) was synthesized, and the cytotoxic effects of (188)Re-DXR-IL-C225 were analyzed in EGFR(+) cancer cells using cell viability assays. IL-C225 bound to EGFR on A431 cancer cells and was rapidly internalized. Furthermore, IL-C225 localized within the tumor cells efficiently. (188)Re-DXR-IL-C225 exhibited outstanding cytotoxic effects against EGFR(+) cancer cells in vitro and showed superior cytotoxic effects compared to DXR-IL-C225 or (188)Re-IL-C225 alone. The new formulation of (188)Re-DXR-IL-C225 may be a potential theranostic vehicle for delivery of drugs in the treatment of EGFR-overexpressing human cancer. Copyright© 2015 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. John G. Delinassios), All rights reserved.

10 CFR 431.328 - Sampling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Sampling. 431.328 Section 431.328 Energy DEPARTMENT OF... Metal Halide Lamp Ballasts and Fixtures Energy Conservation Standards § 431.328 Sampling. For purposes... energy conservation standard shall be based upon the testing and sampling procedures, and other...

14 CFR 431.41 - Communications plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Communications plan. 431.41 Section 431.41 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... Launch and Reentry of a Reusable Launch Vehicle § 431.41 Communications plan. (a) An applicant shall...

14 CFR 431.83 - Compliance monitoring.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Compliance monitoring. 431.83 Section 431.83 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT... Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.83 Compliance monitoring. A...

14 CFR 431.83 - Compliance monitoring.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Compliance monitoring. 431.83 Section 431.83 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT... Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.83 Compliance monitoring. A...

14 CFR 431.33 - Safety organization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Safety organization. 431.33 Section 431.33... Launch and Reentry of a Reusable Launch Vehicle § 431.33 Safety organization. (a) An applicant shall maintain a safety organization and document it by identifying lines of communication and approval authority...

42 CFR 431.710 - Provisional licenses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Licensing Nursing Home Administrators § 431.710 Provisional licenses. To fill a position of nursing home... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Provisional licenses. 431.710 Section 431.710 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES...

42 CFR 431.222 - Group hearings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Group hearings. 431.222 Section 431.222 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED... Recipients Right to Hearing § 431.222 Group hearings. The agency— (a) May respond to a series of individual...

14 CFR 431.33 - Safety organization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Safety organization. 431.33 Section 431.33... TRANSPORTATION LICENSING LAUNCH AND REENTRY OF A REUSABLE LAUNCH VEHICLE (RLV) Safety Review and Approval for Launch and Reentry of a Reusable Launch Vehicle § 431.33 Safety organization. (a) An applicant shall...

42 CFR 431.300 - Basis and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Basis and purpose. 431.300 Section 431.300 Public... Applicants and Beneficiaries § 431.300 Basis and purpose. (a) Section 1902(a)(7) of the Act requires that a... 7210, Feb. 28, 1986] Effective Date Note: At 77 FR 17203, Mar. 23, 2012, § 431.300 was amended by...

15 CFR 4.31 - Fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fees. 4.31 Section 4.31 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce DISCLOSURE OF GOVERNMENT INFORMATION Privacy Act § 4.31... section. Accordingly, no fee shall be charged or collected for: search, retrieval, or review of records...

15 CFR 4.31 - Fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fees. 4.31 Section 4.31 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce DISCLOSURE OF GOVERNMENT INFORMATION Privacy Act § 4.31... section. Accordingly, no fee shall be charged or collected for: search, retrieval, or review of records...

15 CFR 4.31 - Fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fees. 4.31 Section 4.31 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce DISCLOSURE OF GOVERNMENT INFORMATION Privacy Act § 4.31... section. Accordingly, no fee shall be charged or collected for: search, retrieval, or review of records...

15 CFR 4.31 - Fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fees. 4.31 Section 4.31 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce DISCLOSURE OF GOVERNMENT INFORMATION Privacy Act § 4.31... section. Accordingly, no fee shall be charged or collected for: search, retrieval, or review of records...

15 CFR 4.31 - Fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fees. 4.31 Section 4.31 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce DISCLOSURE OF GOVERNMENT INFORMATION Privacy Act § 4.31... section. Accordingly, no fee shall be charged or collected for: search, retrieval, or review of records...

10 CFR 431.404 - Imported equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Imported equipment. 431.404 Section 431.404 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT General Provisions § 431.404 Imported equipment. (a) Under sections 331 and 345 of the Act, any...

49 CFR 238.431 - Brake system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Brake system. 238.431 Section 238.431... Equipment § 238.431 Brake system. (a) A passenger train's brake system shall be capable of stopping the... train is operating under worst-case adhesion conditions. (b) The brake system shall be designed to allow...

14 CFR 431.23 - Policy review.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Policy review. 431.23 Section 431.23... TRANSPORTATION LICENSING LAUNCH AND REENTRY OF A REUSABLE LAUNCH VEHICLE (RLV) Policy Review and Approval for Launch and Reentry of a Reusable Launch Vehicle § 431.23 Policy review. (a) The FAA reviews an RLV...

42 CFR 431.222 - Group hearings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Group hearings. 431.222 Section 431.222 Public... Beneficiaries Right to Hearing § 431.222 Group hearings. The agency— (a) May respond to a series of individual requests for hearing by conducting a single group hearing; (b) May consolidate hearings only in cases in...

42 CFR 431.222 - Group hearings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Group hearings. 431.222 Section 431.222 Public... Beneficiaries Right to Hearing § 431.222 Group hearings. The agency— (a) May respond to a series of individual requests for hearing by conducting a single group hearing; (b) May consolidate hearings only in cases in...

42 CFR 431.222 - Group hearings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Group hearings. 431.222 Section 431.222 Public... Beneficiaries Right to Hearing § 431.222 Group hearings. The agency— (a) May respond to a series of individual requests for hearing by conducting a single group hearing; (b) May consolidate hearings only in cases in...

42 CFR 431.222 - Group hearings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Group hearings. 431.222 Section 431.222 Public... Recipients Right to Hearing § 431.222 Group hearings. The agency— (a) May respond to a series of individual requests for hearing by conducting a single group hearing; (b) May consolidate hearings only in cases in...

14 CFR 431.83 - Compliance monitoring.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Compliance monitoring. 431.83 Section 431... Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.83 Compliance monitoring. A... authorized by the FAA to observe any activities of the licensee, or of the licensee's contractors or...

14 CFR 431.83 - Compliance monitoring.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Compliance monitoring. 431.83 Section 431... Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.83 Compliance monitoring. A... authorized by the FAA to observe any activities of the licensee, or of the licensee's contractors or...

14 CFR 431.83 - Compliance monitoring.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Compliance monitoring. 431.83 Section 431... Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.83 Compliance monitoring. A... authorized by the FAA to observe any activities of the licensee, or of the licensee's contractors or...

42 CFR 431.705 - Licensing authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Nursing Home Administrators § 431.705 Licensing authority. (a) The State licensing program must provide for licensing of nursing home administrators by— (1) The agency designated under the healing arts act... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Licensing authority. 431.705 Section 431.705 Public...

10 CFR 431.423 - Filing requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... the right to refuse to accept, and not to consider, untimely submissions. (e) Filing of petitions. (1... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Filing requirements. 431.423 Section 431.423 Energy... Regulation § 431.423 Filing requirements. (a) Service. All documents required to be served under this subpart...

42 CFR 431.1002 - Recoveries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Payments in Medicaid and CHIP § 431.1002 Recoveries. (a) Medicaid. States must return to CMS the Federal... at part 431, subpart P of this chapter. (b) CHIP. Quarterly Federal payments to the States under...

42 CFR 431.1002 - Recoveries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Payments in Medicaid and CHIP § 431.1002 Recoveries. (a) Medicaid. States must return to CMS the Federal... at part 431, subpart P of this chapter. (b) CHIP. Quarterly Federal payments to the States under...

42 CFR 431.1002 - Recoveries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Payments in Medicaid and CHIP § 431.1002 Recoveries. (a) Medicaid. States must return to CMS the Federal... at part 431, subpart P of this chapter. (b) CHIP. Quarterly Federal payments to the States under...

42 CFR 431.1002 - Recoveries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Payments in Medicaid and CHIP § 431.1002 Recoveries. (a) Medicaid. States must return to CMS the Federal... at part 431, subpart P of this chapter. (b) CHIP. Quarterly Federal payments to the States under...

Inhibition of Phosphatidylcholine-Specific Phospholipase C Interferes with Proliferation and Survival of Tumor Initiating Cells in Squamous Cell Carcinoma

PubMed Central

Ferri, Renata; Mercurio, Laura; Canevari, Silvana; Podo, Franca; Miotti, Silvia; Iorio, Egidio

2015-01-01

Purpose The role of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC), the enzyme involved in cell differentiation and proliferation, has not yet been explored in tumor initiating cells (TICs). We investigated PC-PLC expression and effects of PC-PLC inhibition in two adherent (AD) squamous carcinoma cell lines (A431 and CaSki), with different proliferative and stemness potential, and in TIC-enriched floating spheres (SPH) originated from them. Results Compared with immortalized non-tumoral keratinocytes (HaCaT) A431-AD cells showed 2.5-fold higher PC-PLC activity, nuclear localization of a 66-kDa PC-PLC isoform, but a similar distribution of the enzyme on plasma membrane and in cytoplasmic compartments. Compared with A431-AD, A431-SPH cells showed about 2.8-fold lower PC-PLC protein and activity levels, but similar nuclear content. Exposure of adherent cells to the PC-PLC inhibitor D609 (48h) induced a 50% reduction of cell proliferation at doses comprised between 33 and 50 μg/ml, without inducing any relevant cytotoxic effect (cell viability 95±5%). In A431-SPH and CaSki-SPH D609 induced both cytostatic and cytotoxic effects at about 20 to 30-fold lower doses (IC50 ranging between 1.2 and 1.6 μg/ml). Furthermore, D609 treatment of A431-AD and CaSki-AD cells affected the sphere-forming efficiency, which dropped in both cells, and induced down-modulation of stem-related markers mRNA levels (Oct4, Nestin, Nanog and ALDH1 in A431; Nestin and ALDH1 in CaSki cells). Conclusions These data suggest that the inhibition of PC-PLC activity may represent a new therapeutic approach to selectively target the most aggressive and tumor promoting sub-population of floating spheres originated from squamous cancer cells possessing different proliferative and stemness potential. PMID:26402860

42 CFR 431.703 - Licensing requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Licensing Nursing Home Administrators § 431.703 Licensing requirement. The State licensing program must provide that only nursing homes supervised by an administrator licensed in accordance with the... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Licensing requirement. 431.703 Section 431.703...

7 CFR 58.431 - Hydrogen peroxide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Hydrogen peroxide. 58.431 Section 58.431 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards... Material § 58.431 Hydrogen peroxide. The solution shall comply with the specification of the U.S...

7 CFR 58.431 - Hydrogen peroxide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Hydrogen peroxide. 58.431 Section 58.431 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards... Material § 58.431 Hydrogen peroxide. The solution shall comply with the specification of the U.S...

7 CFR 58.431 - Hydrogen peroxide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Hydrogen peroxide. 58.431 Section 58.431 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards... Material § 58.431 Hydrogen peroxide. The solution shall comply with the specification of the U.S...

7 CFR 58.431 - Hydrogen peroxide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Hydrogen peroxide. 58.431 Section 58.431 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards... Material § 58.431 Hydrogen peroxide. The solution shall comply with the specification of the U.S...

7 CFR 58.431 - Hydrogen peroxide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Hydrogen peroxide. 58.431 Section 58.431 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards... Material § 58.431 Hydrogen peroxide. The solution shall comply with the specification of the U.S...

Novel derivatives of aclacinomycin A block cancer cell migration through inhibition of farnesyl transferase.

PubMed

Magi, Shigeyuki; Shitara, Tetsuo; Takemoto, Yasushi; Sawada, Masato; Kitagawa, Mitsuhiro; Tashiro, Etsu; Takahashi, Yoshikazu; Imoto, Masaya

2013-03-01

In the course of screening for an inhibitor of farnesyl transferase (FTase), we identified two compounds, N-benzyl-aclacinomycin A (ACM) and N-allyl-ACM, which are new derivatives of ACM. N-benzyl-ACM and N-allyl-ACM inhibited FTase activity with IC50 values of 0.86 and 2.93 μM, respectively. Not only ACM but also C-10 epimers of each ACM derivative failed to inhibit FTase. The inhibition of FTase by N-benzyl-ACM and N-allyl-ACM seems to be specific, because these two compounds did not inhibit geranylgeranyltransferase or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) synthase up to 100 μM. In cultured A431 cells, N-benzyl-ACM and N-allyl-ACM also blocked both the membrane localization of H-Ras and activation of the H-Ras-dependent PI3K/Akt pathway. In addition, they inhibited epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced migration of A431 cells. Thus, N-benzyl-ACM and N-allyl-ACM inhibited EGF-induced migration of A431 cells by inhibiting the farnesylation of H-Ras and subsequent H-Ras-dependent activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.

42 CFR 431.11 - Organization for administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Organization for administration. 431.11 Section 431... (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Single State Agency § 431.11 Organization for administration. (a) Basis and purpose. This section, based on section 1902(a...

42 CFR 431.246 - Corrective action.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Corrective action. 431.246 Section 431.246 Public... Recipients Procedures § 431.246 Corrective action. The agency must promptly make corrective payments, retroactive to the date an incorrect action was taken, and, if appropriate, provide for admission or...

42 CFR 431.246 - Corrective action.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Corrective action. 431.246 Section 431.246 Public... Recipients Procedures § 431.246 Corrective action. The agency must promptly make corrective payments, retroactive to the date an incorrect action was taken, and, if appropriate, provide for admission or...

14 CFR 431.21 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false General. 431.21 Section 431.21 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... RLV mission license applicant upon completion of a favorable policy review. A policy approval is part...

14 CFR 431.21 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false General. 431.21 Section 431.21 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... RLV mission license applicant upon completion of a favorable policy review. A policy approval is part...

14 CFR 431.21 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false General. 431.21 Section 431.21 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... RLV mission license applicant upon completion of a favorable policy review. A policy approval is part...

14 CFR 431.21 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false General. 431.21 Section 431.21 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... RLV mission license applicant upon completion of a favorable policy review. A policy approval is part...

14 CFR 431.21 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false General. 431.21 Section 431.21 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... RLV mission license applicant upon completion of a favorable policy review. A policy approval is part...

14 CFR 431.31 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false General. 431.31 Section 431.31 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF...) The FAA issues a safety approval to an RLV mission license applicant that satisfies the requirements...

14 CFR 431.31 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false General. 431.31 Section 431.31 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF...) The FAA issues a safety approval to an RLV mission license applicant that satisfies the requirements...

14 CFR 431.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Scope. 431.1 Section 431.1 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION... requirements for obtaining a reusable launch vehicle (RLV) mission license and post-licensing requirements with...

14 CFR 431.31 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false General. 431.31 Section 431.31 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF...) The FAA issues a safety approval to an RLV mission license applicant that satisfies the requirements...

14 CFR 431.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Scope. 431.1 Section 431.1 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION... requirements for obtaining a reusable launch vehicle (RLV) mission license and post-licensing requirements with...

14 CFR 431.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Scope. 431.1 Section 431.1 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION... requirements for obtaining a reusable launch vehicle (RLV) mission license and post-licensing requirements with...

14 CFR 431.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Scope. 431.1 Section 431.1 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION... requirements for obtaining a reusable launch vehicle (RLV) mission license and post-licensing requirements with...

14 CFR 431.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Scope. 431.1 Section 431.1 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION... requirements for obtaining a reusable launch vehicle (RLV) mission license and post-licensing requirements with...

14 CFR 431.31 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false General. 431.31 Section 431.31 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF...) The FAA issues a safety approval to an RLV mission license applicant that satisfies the requirements...

10 CFR 431.386 - Remedies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Remedies. 431.386 Section 431.386 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT... not comply with an applicable energy conservation standard: (a) The Secretary will notify the...

42 CFR 431.53 - Assurance of transportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Assurance of transportation. 431.53 Section 431.53... Requirements § 431.53 Assurance of transportation. A State plan must— (a) Specify that the Medicaid agency will ensure necessary transportation for beneficiaries to and from providers; and (b) Describe the methods...

42 CFR 431.53 - Assurance of transportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Assurance of transportation. 431.53 Section 431.53... Requirements § 431.53 Assurance of transportation. A State plan must— (a) Specify that the Medicaid agency will ensure necessary transportation for beneficiaries to and from providers; and (b) Describe the methods...

42 CFR 431.53 - Assurance of transportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Assurance of transportation. 431.53 Section 431.53... Requirements § 431.53 Assurance of transportation. A State plan must— (a) Specify that the Medicaid agency will ensure necessary transportation for beneficiaries to and from providers; and (b) Describe the methods...

10 CFR 431.405 - Exported equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Exported equipment. 431.405 Section 431.405 Energy... EQUIPMENT General Provisions § 431.405 Exported equipment. Under Sections 330 and 345 of the Act, this Part... for export from the United States (or such equipment was imported for export), unless such equipment...

42 CFR 431.300 - Basis and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Basis and purpose. 431.300 Section 431.300 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED... Applicants and Recipients § 431.300 Basis and purpose. (a) Section 1902(a)(7) of the Act requires that a...

42 CFR 431.221 - Request for hearing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Request for hearing. 431.221 Section 431.221 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED... Recipients Right to Hearing § 431.221 Request for hearing. (a) The agency may require that a request for a...

42 CFR 431.972 - Claims sampling procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Claims sampling procedures. 431.972 Section 431.972 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES... Estimating Improper Payments in Medicaid and CHIP § 431.972 Claims sampling procedures. (a) Claims universe...

42 CFR 431.972 - Claims sampling procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Claims sampling procedures. 431.972 Section 431.972 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES... Estimating Improper Payments in Medicaid and CHIP § 431.972 Claims sampling procedures. (a) Claims universe...

42 CFR 431.15 - Methods of administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Methods of administration. 431.15 Section 431.15 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES... § 431.15 Methods of administration. A State plan must provide for methods of administration that are...

42 CFR 431.15 - Methods of administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Methods of administration. 431.15 Section 431.15 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES... § 431.15 Methods of administration. A State plan must provide for methods of administration that are...

42 CFR 431.15 - Methods of administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Methods of administration. 431.15 Section 431.15 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES... § 431.15 Methods of administration. A State plan must provide for methods of administration that are...

10 CFR 431.403 - Maintenance of records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Maintenance of records. 431.403 Section 431.403 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT General Provisions § 431.403 Maintenance of records. (a) If you are the manufacturer of any...

14 CFR 431.8 - Human space flight.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Human space flight. 431.8 Section 431.8 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION LICENSING LAUNCH AND REENTRY OF A REUSABLE LAUNCH VEHICLE (RLV) General § 431.8 Human space flight...

14 CFR 431.8 - Human space flight.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Human space flight. 431.8 Section 431.8 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION LICENSING LAUNCH AND REENTRY OF A REUSABLE LAUNCH VEHICLE (RLV) General § 431.8 Human space flight...

14 CFR 431.8 - Human space flight.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Human space flight. 431.8 Section 431.8 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION LICENSING LAUNCH AND REENTRY OF A REUSABLE LAUNCH VEHICLE (RLV) General § 431.8 Human space flight...

14 CFR 431.8 - Human space flight.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Human space flight. 431.8 Section 431.8 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION LICENSING LAUNCH AND REENTRY OF A REUSABLE LAUNCH VEHICLE (RLV) General § 431.8 Human space flight...

14 CFR 431.8 - Human space flight.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Human space flight. 431.8 Section 431.8 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION LICENSING LAUNCH AND REENTRY OF A REUSABLE LAUNCH VEHICLE (RLV) General § 431.8 Human space flight...

42 CFR 431.53 - Assurance of transportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Assurance of transportation. 431.53 Section 431.53... Requirements § 431.53 Assurance of transportation. A State plan must— (a) Specify that the Medicaid agency will ensure necessary transportation for recipients to and from providers; and (b) Describe the methods that...

42 CFR 431.53 - Assurance of transportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Assurance of transportation. 431.53 Section 431.53... Requirements § 431.53 Assurance of transportation. A State plan must— (a) Specify that the Medicaid agency will ensure necessary transportation for recipients to and from providers; and (b) Describe the methods that...

10 CFR 431.154 - Test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Test procedures. 431.154 Section 431.154 Energy DEPARTMENT... EQUIPMENT Commercial Clothers Washers Test Procedures § 431.154 Test procedures. The test procedures for residential clothes washers in Appendix J1 to subpart B of part 430 of this title shall be used to test...

14 CFR 431.9 - Issuance of a reusable launch vehicle mission license.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Issuance of a reusable launch vehicle mission license. 431.9 Section 431.9 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL... VEHICLE (RLV) General § 431.9 Issuance of a reusable launch vehicle mission license. (a) The FAA issues...

14 CFR 431.9 - Issuance of a reusable launch vehicle mission license.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Issuance of a reusable launch vehicle mission license. 431.9 Section 431.9 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL... VEHICLE (RLV) General § 431.9 Issuance of a reusable launch vehicle mission license. (a) The FAA issues...

14 CFR 431.13 - Transfer of a reusable launch vehicle mission license.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Transfer of a reusable launch vehicle mission license. 431.13 Section 431.13 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL... VEHICLE (RLV) General § 431.13 Transfer of a reusable launch vehicle mission license. (a) Only the FAA may...

14 CFR 431.13 - Transfer of a reusable launch vehicle mission license.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Transfer of a reusable launch vehicle mission license. 431.13 Section 431.13 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL... VEHICLE (RLV) General § 431.13 Transfer of a reusable launch vehicle mission license. (a) Only the FAA may...

14 CFR 431.9 - Issuance of a reusable launch vehicle mission license.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Issuance of a reusable launch vehicle mission license. 431.9 Section 431.9 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL... VEHICLE (RLV) General § 431.9 Issuance of a reusable launch vehicle mission license. (a) The FAA issues...

14 CFR 431.13 - Transfer of a reusable launch vehicle mission license.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Transfer of a reusable launch vehicle mission license. 431.13 Section 431.13 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL... VEHICLE (RLV) General § 431.13 Transfer of a reusable launch vehicle mission license. (a) Only the FAA may...

14 CFR 431.13 - Transfer of a reusable launch vehicle mission license.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Transfer of a reusable launch vehicle mission license. 431.13 Section 431.13 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL... VEHICLE (RLV) General § 431.13 Transfer of a reusable launch vehicle mission license. (a) Only the FAA may...

14 CFR 431.13 - Transfer of a reusable launch vehicle mission license.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Transfer of a reusable launch vehicle mission license. 431.13 Section 431.13 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL... VEHICLE (RLV) General § 431.13 Transfer of a reusable launch vehicle mission license. (a) Only the FAA may...

14 CFR 431.9 - Issuance of a reusable launch vehicle mission license.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Issuance of a reusable launch vehicle mission license. 431.9 Section 431.9 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL... VEHICLE (RLV) General § 431.9 Issuance of a reusable launch vehicle mission license. (a) The FAA issues...

14 CFR 431.9 - Issuance of a reusable launch vehicle mission license.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Issuance of a reusable launch vehicle mission license. 431.9 Section 431.9 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL... VEHICLE (RLV) General § 431.9 Issuance of a reusable launch vehicle mission license. (a) The FAA issues...

10 CFR 431.406 - Subpoena-Electric Motors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Subpoena-Electric Motors. 431.406 Section 431.406 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT General Provisions § 431.406 Subpoena—Electric Motors. Pursuant to sections 329(a) and 345 of the...

14 CFR 431.51 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false General. 431.51 Section 431.51 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... approve reentry of the payload. (b) A payload reentry review may be conducted as part of an RLV mission...

14 CFR 431.51 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false General. 431.51 Section 431.51 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... approve reentry of the payload. (b) A payload reentry review may be conducted as part of an RLV mission...

14 CFR 431.51 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false General. 431.51 Section 431.51 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... approve reentry of the payload. (b) A payload reentry review may be conducted as part of an RLV mission...

14 CFR 431.51 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false General. 431.51 Section 431.51 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... approve reentry of the payload. (b) A payload reentry review may be conducted as part of an RLV mission...

14 CFR 431.51 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false General. 431.51 Section 431.51 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... approve reentry of the payload. (b) A payload reentry review may be conducted as part of an RLV mission...

10 CFR 431.426 - Hearing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Hearing. 431.426 Section 431.426 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT... of the date and location of the hearing, when he determines that such a hearing is necessary and...

10 CFR 431.405 - Exported electric motors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Exported electric motors. 431.405 Section 431.405 Energy... EQUIPMENT General Provisions § 431.405 Exported electric motors. Under Sections 330 and 345 of the Act, this part does not apply to any electric motor if: (a) Such electric motor is manufactured, sold, or held...

10 CFR 431.404 - Imported electric motors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Imported electric motors. 431.404 Section 431.404 Energy... EQUIPMENT General Provisions § 431.404 Imported electric motors. (a) Under sections 331 and 345 of the Act, any person importing an electric motor into the United States must comply with the provisions of the...

42 CFR 431.714 - Waivers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION State Programs for Licensing Nursing Home... subpart for any person who has served in the capacity of a nursing home administrator during all of the 3... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Waivers. 431.714 Section 431.714 Public Health...

42 CFR 431.711 - Compliance with standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Licensing Nursing Home Administrators § 431.711 Compliance with standards. The agency or board must... subpart when they serve as nursing home administrators. ... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Compliance with standards. 431.711 Section 431.711...

14 CFR 431.81 - Financial responsibility requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Financial responsibility requirements. 431.81 Section 431.81 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION...-Licensing Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.81 Financial...

14 CFR 431.81 - Financial responsibility requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Financial responsibility requirements. 431.81 Section 431.81 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION...-Licensing Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.81 Financial...

14 CFR 431.81 - Financial responsibility requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Financial responsibility requirements. 431.81 Section 431.81 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION...-Licensing Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.81 Financial...

14 CFR 431.81 - Financial responsibility requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Financial responsibility requirements. 431.81 Section 431.81 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION...-Licensing Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.81 Financial...

14 CFR 431.81 - Financial responsibility requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Financial responsibility requirements. 431.81 Section 431.81 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION...-Licensing Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.81 Financial...

A new prospect in cancer therapy: targeting cancer stem cells to eradicate cancer.

PubMed

Chen, Li-Sha; Wang, An-Xin; Dong, Bing; Pu, Ke-Feng; Yuan, Li-Hua; Zhu, Yi-Min

2012-12-01

According to the cancer stem cell theory, cancers can be initiated by cancer stem cells. This makes cancer stem cells prime targets for therapeutic intervention. Eradicating cancer stem cells by efficient targeting agents may have the potential to cure cancer. In this review, we summarize recent breakthroughs that have improved our understanding of cancer stem cells, and we discuss the therapeutic strategy of targeting cancer stem cells, a promising future direction for cancer stem cell research.

14 CFR 431.71 - Public safety responsibility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Public safety responsibility. 431.71 Section 431.71 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.71 Public safety responsibility...

14 CFR 431.71 - Public safety responsibility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Public safety responsibility. 431.71 Section 431.71 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.71 Public safety responsibility...

14 CFR 431.71 - Public safety responsibility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Public safety responsibility. 431.71 Section 431.71 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.71 Public safety responsibility...

Isolation and Characterization of Cancer Stem Cells of the Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (A549) Cell Line.

PubMed

Halim, Noor Hanis Abu; Zakaria, Norashikin; Satar, Nazilah Abdul; Yahaya, Badrul Hisham

2016-01-01

Cancer is a major health problem worldwide. The failure of current treatments to completely eradicate cancer cells often leads to cancer recurrence and dissemination. Studies have suggested that tumor growth and spread are driven by a minority of cancer cells that exhibit characteristics similar to those of normal stem cells, thus these cells are called cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are believed to play an important role in initiating and promoting cancer. CSCs are resistant to currently available cancer therapies, and understanding the mechanisms that control the growth of CSCs might have great implications for cancer therapy. Cancer cells are consist of heterogeneous population of cells, thus methods of identification, isolation, and characterisation of CSCs are fundamental to obtain a pure CSC populations. Therefore, this chapter describes in detail a method for isolating and characterizing a pure population of CSCs from heterogeneous population of cancer cells and CSCs based on specific cell surface markers.

10 CFR 431.81 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Purpose and scope. 431.81 Section 431.81 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Commercial Packaged Boilers § 431.81 Purpose and scope. This subpart contains energy conservation...

10 CFR 431.11 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Purpose and scope. 431.11 Section 431.11 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Electric Motors § 431.11 Purpose and scope. This subpart contains energy conservation requirements...

10 CFR 431.151 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Purpose and scope. 431.151 Section 431.151 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Commercial Clothers Washers § 431.151 Purpose and scope. This subpart contains energy conservation...

10 CFR 431.241 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Purpose and scope. 431.241 Section 431.241 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Unit Heaters § 431.241 Purpose and scope. This subpart contains energy conservation requirements...

10 CFR 431.201 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Purpose and scope. 431.201 Section 431.201 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Illuminated Exit Signs § 431.201 Purpose and scope. This subpart contains energy conservation...

10 CFR 431.381 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Purpose and scope. 431.381 Section 431.381 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Enforcement § 431.381 Purpose and scope. This subpart describes violations of EPCA's energy...

10 CFR 431.261 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Purpose and scope. 431.261 Section 431.261 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Commercial Prerinse Spray Valves § 431.261 Purpose and scope. This subpart contains energy...

29 CFR 1926.431 - Maintenance of equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 8 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Maintenance of equipment. 1926.431 Section 1926.431 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR... Environmental Considerations § 1926.431 Maintenance of equipment. The employer shall ensure that all wiring...

Myostatin regulates miR-431 expression via the Ras-Mek-Erk signaling pathway.

PubMed

Wu, Rimao; Li, Hu; Li, Tingting; Zhang, Yong; Zhu, Dahai

2015-05-29

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical regulatory roles in controlling myogenic development both in vitro and in vivo; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation of miRNA genes in skeletal muscle cells are largely unknown. Here, using a microarray hybridization approach, we identified myostatin-regulated miRNA genes in skeletal muscle tissues by systematically searching miRNAs that are differentially expressed between wild-type and myostatin-null mice during development. We found that 116 miRNA genes were differentially expressed in muscles between these mice across different developmental stages. We further characterized myostatin-regulated miR-431 was upregulated in skeletal muscle tissues of myostatin-null mice. In functional studies, we found that overexpression of miR-431 in C2C12 myoblast cells attenuated myostatin-induced suppression of myogenic differentiation. Mechanistic studies further demonstrated that myostatin acted through the Ras-Mek-Erk signaling pathway to transcriptionally regulate miR-431 expression C2C12 cells. Our findings provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation of miRNA genes by myostatin during skeletal muscle development. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

10 CFR 431.281 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Purpose and scope. 431.281 Section 431.281 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Mercury Vapor Lamp Ballasts § 431.281 Purpose and scope. This subpart contains energy conservation...

10 CFR 431.71 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Purpose and scope. 431.71 Section 431.71 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Commercial Warm Air Furnaces § 431.71 Purpose and scope. This subpart contains energy conservation...

10 CFR 431.407 - Confidentiality-Electric Motors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Confidentiality-Electric Motors. 431.407 Section 431.407... INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT General Provisions § 431.407 Confidentiality—Electric Motors. Pursuant to the provisions of 10 CFR 1004.11, any manufacturer or private labeler of electric motors submitting information or...

14 CFR 431.31 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false General. 431.31 Section 431.31 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... otherwise landing it on Earth, without jeopardizing public health and safety and the safety of property. (b...

42 CFR 431.307 - Distribution of information materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Distribution of information materials. 431.307 Section 431.307 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN... Information on Applicants and Recipients § 431.307 Distribution of information materials. (a) All materials...

27 CFR 70.431 - Imposition of taxes; regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Imposition of taxes; regulations. 70.431 Section 70.431 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE... Products, and Cigarette Papers and Tubes § 70.431 Imposition of taxes; regulations. (a) Taxes. Subchapter A...

42 CFR 431.706 - Composition of licensing board.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Composition of licensing board. 431.706 Section 431.706 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES... Licensing Nursing Home Administrators § 431.706 Composition of licensing board. (a) The board must be...

42 CFR 431.210 - Content of notice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Content of notice. 431.210 Section 431.210 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Fair Hearings for Applicants and Beneficiaries Notice § 431.210 Content of...

46 CFR 108.431 - Carbon dioxide systems: General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Carbon dioxide systems: General. 108.431 Section 108.431 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT Fire Extinguishing Systems Fixed Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishing Systems § 108.431 Carbon dioxide systems: General. (a)...

46 CFR 108.431 - Carbon dioxide systems: General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Carbon dioxide systems: General. 108.431 Section 108.431 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT Fire Extinguishing Systems Fixed Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishing Systems § 108.431 Carbon dioxide systems: General. (a)...

46 CFR 108.431 - Carbon dioxide systems: General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Carbon dioxide systems: General. 108.431 Section 108.431 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT Fire Extinguishing Systems Fixed Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishing Systems § 108.431 Carbon dioxide systems: General. (a)...

46 CFR 108.431 - Carbon dioxide systems: General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Carbon dioxide systems: General. 108.431 Section 108.431 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT Fire Extinguishing Systems Fixed Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishing Systems § 108.431 Carbon dioxide systems: General. (a)...

14 CFR 431.93 - Environmental information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Environmental information. 431.93 Section..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION LICENSING LAUNCH AND REENTRY OF A REUSABLE LAUNCH VEHICLE (RLV) Environmental Review § 431.93 Environmental information. An applicant shall submit environmental information concerning...

10 CFR 431.105 - Materials incorporated by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Storage Tanks Test Procedures § 431.105 Materials incorporated by reference. (a) The Department... Water Supply Boilers, and Unfired Hot Water Storage Tanks,” Docket No. EE-RM/TP-99-480, Forrestal... 10 Energy 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Materials incorporated by reference. 431.105 Section 431...

42 CFR 431.151 - Scope and applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Scope and applicability. 431.151 Section 431.151 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Appeals Process for NFs and ICFs/MR § 431.151 Scope and applicability...

42 CFR 431.151 - Scope and applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Scope and applicability. 431.151 Section 431.151 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Appeals Process for NFs and ICFs/IID § 431.151 Scope and applicabilit...

42 CFR 431.151 - Scope and applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Scope and applicability. 431.151 Section 431.151 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Appeals Process for NFs and ICFs/IID § 431.151 Scope and applicabilit...

42 CFR 431.151 - Scope and applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Scope and applicability. 431.151 Section 431.151 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Appeals Process for NFs and ICFs/IID § 431.151 Scope and applicabilit...

42 CFR 431.151 - Scope and applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Scope and applicability. 431.151 Section 431.151 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Appeals Process for NFs and ICFs/MR § 431.151 Scope and applicability...

10 CFR 431.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... the Act to state the energy conservation standard for that product. Btu means British thermal unit..., storage water heater, or unfired hot water storage tank. Covered equipment means any electric motor, as... 10 Energy 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Definitions. 431.2 Section 431.2 Energy DEPARTMENT OF...

10 CFR 431.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... the Act to state the energy conservation standard for that product. Btu means British thermal unit... heater, or unfired hot water storage tank. Covered equipment means any electric motor, as defined in... 10 Energy 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Definitions. 431.2 Section 431.2 Energy DEPARTMENT OF...

10 CFR 431.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... the Act to state the energy conservation standard for that product. Btu means British thermal unit..., storage water heater, or unfired hot water storage tank. Covered equipment means any electric motor, as... 10 Energy 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Definitions. 431.2 Section 431.2 Energy DEPARTMENT OF...

10 CFR 431.443 - Materials incorporated by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... the date of the approval and a notice of any change in the material will be published in the Federal... 10 Energy 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Materials incorporated by reference. 431.443 Section 431... AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Small Electric Motors Test Procedures § 431.443 Materials incorporated by...

10 CFR 431.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Definitions. 431.2 Section 431.2 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT... Section 340 of the Act. Act means the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975, as amended, 42 U.S.C...

42 CFR 431.702 - State plan requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Licensing Nursing Home Administrators § 431.702 State plan requirement. A State plan must provide that the State has a program for licensing administrators of nursing homes that meets the requirements of §§ 431...

42 CFR 431.702 - State plan requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Licensing Nursing Home Administrators § 431.702 State plan requirement. A State plan must provide that the State has a program for licensing administrators of nursing homes that meets the requirements of §§ 431...

A cancer cell-specific fluorescent probe for imaging Cu2 + in living cancer cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Chao; Dong, Baoli; Kong, Xiuqi; Song, Xuezhen; Zhang, Nan; Lin, Weiying

2017-07-01

Monitoring copper level in cancer cells is important for the further understanding of its roles in the cell proliferation, and also could afford novel copper-based strategy for the cancer therapy. Herein, we have developed a novel cancer cell-specific fluorescent probe for the detecting Cu2 + in living cancer cells. The probe employed biotin as the cancer cell-specific group. Before the treatment of Cu2 +, the probe showed nearly no fluorescence. However, the probe can display strong fluorescence at 581 nm in response to Cu2 +. The probe exhibited excellent sensitivity and high selectivity for Cu2 + over the other relative species. Under the guidance of biotin group, could be successfully used for detecting Cu2 + in living cancer cells. We expect that this design strategy could be further applied for detection of the other important biomolecules in living cancer cells.

46 CFR 154.431 - Model test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Model test. 154.431 Section 154.431 Shipping COAST GUARD... Model test. (a) The primary and secondary barrier of a membrane tank, including the corners and joints...(c). (b) Analyzed data of a model test for the primary and secondary barrier of the membrane tank...

40 CFR 415.431 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2011-07-01 2009-07-01 true Specialized definitions. 415.431 Section 415.431 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS INORGANIC CHEMICALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Iodine Production Subcategory...

10 CFR 431.30 - Applicability of labeling requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Applicability of labeling requirements. 431.30 Section 431.30 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Electric Motors Labeling § 431.30 Applicability of labeling requirements. The...

14 CFR 431.85 - Registration of space objects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Registration of space objects. 431.85 Section 431.85 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.85 Registration of space...

14 CFR 431.85 - Registration of space objects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Registration of space objects. 431.85 Section 431.85 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.85 Registration of space...

14 CFR 431.85 - Registration of space objects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Registration of space objects. 431.85 Section 431.85 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.85 Registration of space...

14 CFR 431.85 - Registration of space objects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Registration of space objects. 431.85 Section 431.85 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.85 Registration of space...

14 CFR 431.85 - Registration of space objects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Registration of space objects. 431.85 Section 431.85 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.85 Registration of space...

Cancer stem cells, cancer cell plasticity and radiation therapy.

PubMed

Vlashi, Erina; Pajonk, Frank

2015-04-01

Since the first prospective identification of cancer stem cells in solid cancers the cancer stem cell hypothesis has reemerged as a research topic of increasing interest. It postulates that solid cancers are organized hierarchically with a small number of cancer stem cells driving tumor growth, repopulation after injury and metastasis. They give rise to differentiated progeny, which lack these features. The model predicts that for any therapy to provide cure, all cancer stem cells have to be eliminated while the survival of differentiated progeny is less critical. In this review we discuss recent reports challenging the idea of a unidirectional differentiation of cancer cells. These reports provide evidence supporting the idea that non-stem cancer cells exhibit a remarkable degree of plasticity that allows them to re-acquire cancer stem cell traits, especially in the context of radiation therapy. We summarize conditions under which differentiation is reversed and discuss the current knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

42 CFR 431.708 - Procedures for applying standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Programs for Licensing Nursing Home Administrators § 431.708 Procedures for applying standards. The agency... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Procedures for applying standards. 431.708 Section 431.708 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN...

10 CFR 431.171 - Purpose and scope. [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Purpose and scope. [Reserved] 431.171 Section 431.171 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Provisions for Commercial HVAC & Water Heating Products § 431.171 Purpose and scope...

14 CFR 431.15 - Rights not conferred by a reusable launch vehicle mission license.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Rights not conferred by a reusable launch vehicle mission license. 431.15 Section 431.15 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION... LAUNCH VEHICLE (RLV) General § 431.15 Rights not conferred by a reusable launch vehicle mission license...

14 CFR 431.15 - Rights not conferred by a reusable launch vehicle mission license.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Rights not conferred by a reusable launch vehicle mission license. 431.15 Section 431.15 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION... LAUNCH VEHICLE (RLV) General § 431.15 Rights not conferred by a reusable launch vehicle mission license...

14 CFR 431.15 - Rights not conferred by a reusable launch vehicle mission license.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Rights not conferred by a reusable launch vehicle mission license. 431.15 Section 431.15 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION... LAUNCH VEHICLE (RLV) General § 431.15 Rights not conferred by a reusable launch vehicle mission license...

14 CFR 431.15 - Rights not conferred by a reusable launch vehicle mission license.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Rights not conferred by a reusable launch vehicle mission license. 431.15 Section 431.15 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION... LAUNCH VEHICLE (RLV) General § 431.15 Rights not conferred by a reusable launch vehicle mission license...

14 CFR 431.15 - Rights not conferred by a reusable launch vehicle mission license.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Rights not conferred by a reusable launch vehicle mission license. 431.15 Section 431.15 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION... LAUNCH VEHICLE (RLV) General § 431.15 Rights not conferred by a reusable launch vehicle mission license...

10 CFR 431.443 - Materials incorporated by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Small Electric Motors Test Procedures § 431.443 Materials incorporated by... Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Program, Sixth Floor, 950 L'Enfant Plaza, SW., Washington, DC 20024... §§ 431.444; 431.447. (c) IEEE. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 445 Hoes Lane, P...

14 CFR 431.33 - Safety organization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Safety organization. 431.33 Section 431.33 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... for all mission decisions that may affect public safety. Lines of communication within the applicant's...

14 CFR 431.23 - Policy review.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Policy review. 431.23 Section 431.23 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... mission license application to determine whether the proposed mission presents any issues, other than...

14 CFR 431.33 - Safety organization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Safety organization. 431.33 Section 431.33 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... for all mission decisions that may affect public safety. Lines of communication within the applicant's...

14 CFR 431.23 - Policy review.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Policy review. 431.23 Section 431.23 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... mission license application to determine whether the proposed mission presents any issues, other than...

14 CFR 431.33 - Safety organization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Safety organization. 431.33 Section 431.33 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... for all mission decisions that may affect public safety. Lines of communication within the applicant's...

14 CFR 431.23 - Policy review.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Policy review. 431.23 Section 431.23 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... mission license application to determine whether the proposed mission presents any issues, other than...

14 CFR 431.23 - Policy review.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Policy review. 431.23 Section 431.23 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... mission license application to determine whether the proposed mission presents any issues, other than...

47 CFR 24.431 - Mutually exclusive applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Mutually exclusive applications. 24.431 Section 24.431 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES... result in a material impairment to service rendered to the public despite full cooperation in good faith...

47 CFR 24.431 - Mutually exclusive applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Mutually exclusive applications. 24.431 Section 24.431 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES... result in a material impairment to service rendered to the public despite full cooperation in good faith...

42 CFR 431.630 - Coordination of Medicaid with QIOs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Coordination of Medicaid with QIOs. 431.630 Section 431.630 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN... With Other Agencies § 431.630 Coordination of Medicaid with QIOs. (a) The State plan may provide for...

42 CFR 431.153 - Evidentiary hearing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Evidentiary hearing. 431.153 Section 431.153 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Appeals Process for NFs and ICFs...

42 CFR 431.153 - Evidentiary hearing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Evidentiary hearing. 431.153 Section 431.153 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Appeals Process for NFs and ICFs...

42 CFR 431.153 - Evidentiary hearing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Evidentiary hearing. 431.153 Section 431.153 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Appeals Process for NFs and ICFs...

42 CFR 431.153 - Evidentiary hearing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Evidentiary hearing. 431.153 Section 431.153 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Appeals Process for NFs and ICFs...

42 CFR 431.153 - Evidentiary hearing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Evidentiary hearing. 431.153 Section 431.153 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Appeals Process for NFs and ICFs...

10 CFR 431.382 - Prohibited acts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Prohibited acts. 431.382 Section 431.382 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL... energy efficiency standard prescribed under the Act and this part. (b) In accordance with sections 333...

10 CFR 431.31 - Labeling requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Labeling requirements. 431.31 Section 431.31 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL... be marked clearly with the following information: (i) The motor's nominal full load efficiency (as of...

10 CFR 431.423 - Filing requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, Section 327 Petitions, Building Technologies, EE... 10 Energy 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Filing requirements. 431.423 Section 431.423 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL...

10 CFR 431.423 - Filing requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, Section 327 Petitions, Building Technologies, EE... 10 Energy 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Filing requirements. 431.423 Section 431.423 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL...

10 CFR 431.423 - Filing requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, Section 327 Petitions, Building Technologies, EE... 10 Energy 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Filing requirements. 431.423 Section 431.423 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL...

10 CFR 431.423 - Filing requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, Section 327 Petitions, Building Technologies, EE... 10 Energy 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Filing requirements. 431.423 Section 431.423 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL...

43 CFR 431.9 - Future regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Future regulations. 431.9 Section 431.9 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands BUREAU OF RECLAMATION, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GENERAL REGULATIONS FOR POWER GENERATION, OPERATION, MAINTENANCE, AND REPLACEMENT AT THE BOULDER...

43 CFR 431.9 - Future regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Future regulations. 431.9 Section 431.9 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands BUREAU OF RECLAMATION, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GENERAL REGULATIONS FOR POWER GENERATION, OPERATION, MAINTENANCE, AND REPLACEMENT AT THE BOULDER...

14 CFR 431.71 - Public safety responsibility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Public safety responsibility. 431.71 Section 431.71 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION.... (a) A licensee is responsible for ensuring the safe conduct of an RLV mission and for protecting...

14 CFR 431.71 - Public safety responsibility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Public safety responsibility. 431.71 Section 431.71 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION.... (a) A licensee is responsible for ensuring the safe conduct of an RLV mission and for protecting...

Cancer stem cells in colorectal cancer: a review.

PubMed

Munro, Matthew J; Wickremesekera, Susrutha K; Peng, Lifeng; Tan, Swee T; Itinteang, Tinte

2018-02-01

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer in women and the third most common in men. Adenocarcinoma accounts for 90% of CRC cases. There has been accumulating evidence in support of the cancer stem cell (CSC) concept of cancer which proposes that CSCs are central in the initiation of cancer. CSCs have been the focus of study in a range of cancers, including CRC. This has led to the identification and understanding of genes involved in the induction and maintenance of pluripotency of stem cells, and markers for CSCs, including those investigated specifically in CRC. Knowledge of the expression pattern of CSCs in CRC has been increasing in recent years, revealing a heterogeneous population of cells within CRC ranging from pluripotent to differentiated cells, with overlapping and sometimes unique combinations of markers. This review summarises current literature on the understanding of CSCs in CRC, including evidence of the presence of CSC subpopulations, and the stem cell markers currently used to identify and localise these CSC subpopulations. Future research into this field may lead to improved methods for early detection of CRC, novel therapy and monitoring of treatment for CRC and other cancer types. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

10 CFR 431.15 - Materials incorporated by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Method With Indirect Measurement of the Stray-Load Loss and Direct Measurement of the Stator Winding (I2R), Rotor Winding (I2 R), Core and Windage-Friction Losses, IBR approved for §§ 431.12; 431.19; 431.20... with Loss Segregation, and the correction to the calculation at item (28) in Section 10.2 Form B-Test...

14 CFR 431.57 - Information requirements for payload reentry review.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... reentry review. 431.57 Section 431.57 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL... VEHICLE (RLV) Payload Reentry Review and Determination § 431.57 Information requirements for payload reentry review. A person requesting reentry review of a particular payload or payload class must identify...

10 CFR 431.441 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Purpose and scope. 431.441 Section 431.441 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL... procedures, and energy conservation requirements for small electric motors, pursuant to Part A-1 of Title III...

Evidence for toxicity differences between inorganic arsenite and thioarsenicals in human bladder cancer cells.

PubMed

Naranmandura, Hua; Ogra, Yasumitsu; Iwata, Katsuya; Lee, Jane; Suzuki, Kazuo T; Weinfeld, Michael; Le, X Chris

2009-07-15

Arsenic toxicity is dependent on its chemical species. In humans, the bladder is one of the primary target organs for arsenic-induced carcinogenicity. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying arsenic-induced carcinogenicity, and what arsenic species are responsible for this carcinogenicity. The present study aimed at comparing the toxic effect of DMMTA(V) with that of inorganic arsenite (iAs(III)) on cell viability, uptake efficiency and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) toward human bladder cancer EJ-1 cells. The results were compared with those of a previous study using human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. Although iAs(III) was known to be toxic to most cells, here we show that iAs(III) (LC(50)=112 microM) was much less cytotoxic than DMMTA(V) (LC(50)=16.7 microM) in human bladder EJ-1 cells. Interestingly, pentavalent sulfur-containing DMMTA(V) generated a high level of intracellular ROS in EJ-1 cells. However, this was not observed in the cells exposed to trivalent inorganic iAs(III) at their respective LC(50) dose. Furthermore, the presence of N-acetyl-cysteine completely inhibited the cytotoxicity of DMMTA(V) but not iAs(III), suggesting that production of ROS was the main cause of cell death from exposure to DMMTA(V), but not iAs(III). Because the cellular uptake of iAs(III) is mediated by aquaporin proteins, and because the resistance of cells to arsenite can be influenced by lower arsenic uptake due to lower expression of aquaporin proteins (AQP 3, 7 and 9), the expression of several members of the aquaporin family was also examined. In human bladder EJ-1 cells, mRNA/proteins of AQP3, 7 and 9 were not detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)/western blotting. In A431 cells, only mRNA and protein of AQP3 were detected. The large difference in toxicity between the two cell lines could be related to their differences in uptake of arsenic species.

10 CFR 431.385 - Cessation of distribution of a basic model of an electric motor.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Cessation of distribution of a basic model of an electric motor. 431.385 Section 431.385 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Enforcement § 431.385 Cessation of distribution of a...

42 CFR 431.715 - Federal financial participation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Programs for Licensing Nursing Home Administrators § 431.715 Federal financial participation. No FFP is... licensing of nursing home administrators. ... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Federal financial participation. 431.715 Section...

10 CFR 431.152 - Definitions concerning commercial clothes washers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Definitions concerning commercial clothes washers. 431.152 Section 431.152 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Commercial Clothers Washers § 431.152 Definitions concerning commercial...

Fusion of bone marrow-derived cells with cancer cells: metastasis as a secondary disease in cancer

PubMed Central

Pawelek, John M.

2014-01-01

This perspective article highlights the leukocyte-cancer cell hybrid theory as a mechanism for cancer metastasis. Beginning from the first proposal of the theory more than a century ago and continuing today with the first proof for this theory in a human cancer, the hybrid theory offers a unifying explanation for metastasis. In this scenario, leukocyte fusion with a cancer cell is a secondary disease superimposed upon the early tumor, giving birth to a new, malignant cell with a leukocyte-cancer cell hybrid epigenome. PMID:24589183

PEGylation of polypropylenimine dendrimers: effects on cytotoxicity, DNA condensation, gene delivery and expression in cancer cells.

PubMed

Somani, Sukrut; Laskar, Partha; Altwaijry, Najla; Kewcharoenvong, Paphitchaya; Irving, Craig; Robb, Gillian; Pickard, Benjamin S; Dufès, Christine

2018-06-20

Diaminobutyric polypropylenimine (DAB) dendrimers have been shown to be highly efficient non-viral gene delivery systems for cancer therapy. However, their cytotoxicity currently limits their applications. To overcome this issue, PEGylation of DAB dendrimer, using various PEG molecular weights and dendrimer generations, has been attempted to decrease the cytotoxicity and enhance the DNA condensation, size and zeta potential, cellular uptake and transfection efficacy of these dendriplexes. Among all the PEGylated dendrimers synthesized, generation 3- and generation 4-DAB conjugated to low molecular weight PEG (2 kDa) at a dendrimer: DNA ratio of 20:1 and 10:1 resulted in an increase in gene expression on almost all tested cancer cells lines (by up to 3.2-fold compared to unmodified dendrimer in A431 cells). The highest level of β-galactosidase gene expression (10.07 × 10 -3  ± 0.09 × 10 -3  U/mL) was obtained following treatment of B16F10-Luc cells with G4-dendrimer PEGylated with PEG2K at a dendrimer: DNA ratio of 20:1. These delivery systems significantly decreased cytotoxicity on B16F10-Luc cells, by more than 3.4-fold compared to unmodified dendrimer. PEGylated generations 3- and 4-DAB dendrimers are therefore promising gene delivery systems for cancer therapy, combining low cytotoxicity and high transfection efficacy.

40 CFR 86.431-78 - Data submission.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Data submission. 86.431-78 Section 86... Later New Motorcycles, General Provisions § 86.431-78 Data submission. (a) Data from all tests... was not appropriate, the Administrator may require that the data from that test be used in the...

40 CFR 86.431-78 - Data submission.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Data submission. 86.431-78 Section 86... Later New Motorcycles, General Provisions § 86.431-78 Data submission. (a) Data from all tests... was not appropriate, the Administrator may require that the data from that test be used in the...

40 CFR 86.431-78 - Data submission.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Data submission. 86.431-78 Section 86... Later New Motorcycles, General Provisions § 86.431-78 Data submission. (a) Data from all tests... was not appropriate, the Administrator may require that the data from that test be used in the...

40 CFR 86.431-78 - Data submission.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Data submission. 86.431-78 Section 86... Later New Motorcycles, General Provisions § 86.431-78 Data submission. (a) Data from all tests... was not appropriate, the Administrator may require that the data from that test be used in the...

40 CFR 86.431-78 - Data submission.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Data submission. 86.431-78 Section 86... Later New Motorcycles, General Provisions § 86.431-78 Data submission. (a) Data from all tests... was not appropriate, the Administrator may require that the data from that test be used in the...

42 CFR 431.709 - Issuance and revocation of license.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Programs for Licensing Nursing Home Administrators § 431.709 Issuance and revocation of license. Except as... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Issuance and revocation of license. 431.709 Section 431.709 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN...

42 CFR 431.712 - Failure to comply with standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Programs for Licensing Nursing Home Administrators § 431.712 Failure to comply with standards. The agency... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Failure to comply with standards. 431.712 Section 431.712 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN...

14 CFR 431.11 - Additional license terms and conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Additional license terms and conditions. 431.11 Section 431.11 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION...) General § 431.11 Additional license terms and conditions. The FAA may amend an RLV mission license at any...

14 CFR 431.11 - Additional license terms and conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Additional license terms and conditions. 431.11 Section 431.11 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION...) General § 431.11 Additional license terms and conditions. The FAA may amend an RLV mission license at any...

14 CFR 431.11 - Additional license terms and conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Additional license terms and conditions. 431.11 Section 431.11 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION...) General § 431.11 Additional license terms and conditions. The FAA may amend an RLV mission license at any...

14 CFR 431.11 - Additional license terms and conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Additional license terms and conditions. 431.11 Section 431.11 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION...) General § 431.11 Additional license terms and conditions. The FAA may amend an RLV mission license at any...

14 CFR 431.11 - Additional license terms and conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Additional license terms and conditions. 431.11 Section 431.11 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION...) General § 431.11 Additional license terms and conditions. The FAA may amend an RLV mission license at any...

45 CFR 150.431 - Acknowledgment of request for hearing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Acknowledgment of request for hearing. 150.431 Section 150.431 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES REQUIREMENTS RELATING TO HEALTH CARE ACCESS CMS ENFORCEMENT IN GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL INSURANCE MARKETS Administrative Hearings § 150.431...

45 CFR 150.431 - Acknowledgment of request for hearing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Acknowledgment of request for hearing. 150.431 Section 150.431 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES REQUIREMENTS RELATING TO HEALTH CARE ACCESS CMS ENFORCEMENT IN GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL INSURANCE MARKETS Administrative Hearings § 150.431...

40 CFR 60.431 - Definitions and notations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Definitions and notations. 60.431 Section 60.431 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS..., package inserts, book jackets, market circulars, magazine inserts, and shopping news, Newspapers, magazine...

40 CFR 60.431 - Definitions and notations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Definitions and notations. 60.431 Section 60.431 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS..., package inserts, book jackets, market circulars, magazine inserts, and shopping news, Newspapers, magazine...

40 CFR 60.431 - Definitions and notations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Definitions and notations. 60.431 Section 60.431 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS..., package inserts, book jackets, market circulars, magazine inserts, and shopping news, Newspapers, magazine...

40 CFR 60.431 - Definitions and notations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Definitions and notations. 60.431 Section 60.431 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS..., package inserts, book jackets, market circulars, magazine inserts, and shopping news, Newspapers, magazine...

40 CFR 60.431 - Definitions and notations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Definitions and notations. 60.431 Section 60.431 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS..., package inserts, book jackets, market circulars, magazine inserts, and shopping news, Newspapers, magazine...

Curcumin: a promising agent targeting cancer stem cells.

PubMed

Zang, Shufei; Liu, Tao; Shi, Junping; Qiao, Liang

2014-01-01

Cancer stem cells are a subset of cells that are responsible for cancer initiation and relapse. They are generally resistant to the current anticancer agents. Successful anticancer therapy must consist of approaches that can target not only the differentiated cancer cells, but also cancer stem cells. Emerging evidence suggested that the dietary agent curcumin exerted its anti-cancer activities via targeting cancer stem cells of various origins such as those of colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, brain cancer, and head and neck cancer. In order to enhance the therapeutic potential of curcumin, this agent has been modified or used in combination with other agents in the experimental therapy for many cancers. In this mini-review, we discussed the effect of curcumin and its derivatives in eliminating cancer stem cells and the possible underlying mechanisms.

10 CFR 431.176 - Voluntary Independent Certification Programs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Water Heating Products § 431.176 Voluntary Independent Certification Programs. (a) The Department will approve a Voluntary Independent Certification Program (VICP) for a commercial HVAC and WH product if the... Section 431.176 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN...

42 CFR 431.300 - Basis and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Basis and purpose. 431.300 Section 431.300 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Safeguarding Information on...

42 CFR 431.300 - Basis and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Basis and purpose. 431.300 Section 431.300 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Safeguarding Information on...

42 CFR 431.300 - Basis and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Basis and purpose. 431.300 Section 431.300 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Safeguarding Information on...

14 CFR 431.53 - Classes of payloads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Classes of payloads. 431.53 Section 431.53 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... (for example, communications or microgravity/scientific satellites). (b) The RLV mission licensee that...

14 CFR 431.53 - Classes of payloads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Classes of payloads. 431.53 Section 431.53 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... (for example, communications or microgravity/scientific satellites). (b) The RLV mission licensee that...

14 CFR 431.53 - Classes of payloads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Classes of payloads. 431.53 Section 431.53 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... (for example, communications or microgravity/scientific satellites). (b) The RLV mission licensee that...

14 CFR 431.53 - Classes of payloads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Classes of payloads. 431.53 Section 431.53 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... (for example, communications or microgravity/scientific satellites). (b) The RLV mission licensee that...

14 CFR 431.53 - Classes of payloads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Classes of payloads. 431.53 Section 431.53 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... (for example, communications or microgravity/scientific satellites). (b) The RLV mission licensee that...

42 CFR 431.152 - State plan requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false State plan requirements. 431.152 Section 431.152 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Appeals Process for NFs...

42 CFR 431.152 - State plan requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false State plan requirements. 431.152 Section 431.152 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Appeals Process for NFs...

42 CFR 431.152 - State plan requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false State plan requirements. 431.152 Section 431.152 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Appeals Process for NFs...

42 CFR 431.152 - State plan requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false State plan requirements. 431.152 Section 431.152 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Appeals Process for NFs...

42 CFR 431.152 - State plan requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false State plan requirements. 431.152 Section 431.152 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Appeals Process for NFs...

37 CFR 1.431 - International application requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false International application requirements. 1.431 Section 1.431 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE GENERAL RULES OF PRACTICE IN PATENT CASES International Processing Provisions The...

37 CFR 1.431 - International application requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false International application requirements. 1.431 Section 1.431 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE GENERAL RULES OF PRACTICE IN PATENT CASES International Processing Provisions The...

37 CFR 1.431 - International application requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false International application requirements. 1.431 Section 1.431 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE GENERAL RULES OF PRACTICE IN PATENT CASES International Processing Provisions The...

37 CFR 1.431 - International application requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false International application requirements. 1.431 Section 1.431 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE GENERAL RULES OF PRACTICE IN PATENT CASES International Processing Provisions The...

37 CFR 1.431 - International application requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false International application requirements. 1.431 Section 1.431 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE GENERAL RULES OF PRACTICE IN PATENT CASES International Processing Provisions The...

42 CFR 431.806 - State plan requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false State plan requirements. 431.806 Section 431.806 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Quality Control General...

42 CFR 431.806 - State plan requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false State plan requirements. 431.806 Section 431.806 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Quality Control General...

42 CFR 431.806 - State plan requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false State plan requirements. 431.806 Section 431.806 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Quality Control General...

42 CFR 431.806 - State plan requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false State plan requirements. 431.806 Section 431.806 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Quality Control General...

42 CFR 431.105 - Consultation to medical facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Consultation to medical facilities. 431.105 Section... SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Administrative Requirements: Provider Relations § 431.105 Consultation to medical facilities. (a) Basis and...

42 CFR 431.105 - Consultation to medical facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Consultation to medical facilities. 431.105 Section... SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Administrative Requirements: Provider Relations § 431.105 Consultation to medical facilities. (a) Basis and...

42 CFR 431.105 - Consultation to medical facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Consultation to medical facilities. 431.105 Section... SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Administrative Requirements: Provider Relations § 431.105 Consultation to medical facilities. (a) Basis and...

42 CFR 431.105 - Consultation to medical facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Consultation to medical facilities. 431.105 Section... SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS STATE ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Administrative Requirements: Provider Relations § 431.105 Consultation to medical facilities. (a) Basis and...

Holoclone Forming Cells from Pancreatic Cancer Cells Enrich Tumor Initiating Cells and Represent a Novel Model for Study of Cancer Stem Cells

PubMed Central

Tan, Lei; Sui, Xin; Deng, Hongkui; Ding, Mingxiao

2011-01-01

cell line. Generation of holoclones can serve as a novel model for studying cancer stem cells, and attribute to developing new anti-cancer drugs. PMID:21826251

1,4-Naphthoquinone activates the HSP90/HSF1 pathway through the S-arylation of HSP90 in A431 cells: Negative regulation of the redox signal transduction pathway by persulfides/polysulfides.

PubMed

Abiko, Yumi; Sha, Liang; Shinkai, Yasuhiro; Unoki, Takamitsu; Luong, Nho Cong; Tsuchiya, Yukihiro; Watanabe, Yasuo; Hirose, Reiko; Akaike, Takaaki; Kumagai, Yoshito

2017-03-01

The current consensus is that environmental electrophiles activate redox signal transduction pathways through covalent modification of sensor proteins with reactive thiol groups at low concentrations, while they cause cell damage at higher concentrations. We previously exposed human carcinoma A431 cells to the atmospheric electrophile 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ) and found that heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), a negative regulator of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), was a target of 1,4-NQ. In the study presented here, we determined whether 1,4-NQ activates HSF1. We also examined whether such redox signaling could be regulated by nucleophilic sulfur species. Exposure of A431 cells to 1,4-NQ covalently modified cellular HSP90, resulting in repression of the association between HSF1 with HSP90, thereby enhancing HSF1 translocation into the nuclei. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis with recombinant HSP90 revealed that the modifications site were Cys412 and Cys564. We found that HSF1 activation mediated by 1,4-NQ upregulated downstream genes, such as HSPA6. HSF1 knockdown accelerated 1,4-NQ-mediated cytotoxicity in the cells. While simultaneous treatment with reactive persulfide and polysulfide, Na 2 S 2 and Na 2 S 4 , blocked 1,4-NQ-dependent protein modification and HSF1 activation in A431 cells, the knockdown of Cys persulfide producing enzymes cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and/or cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) enhanced these phenomena. 1,4-NQ-thiol adduct and 1,4-NQ-S-1,4-NQ adduct were produced during the enzymatic reaction of recombinant CSE in the presence of 1,4-NQ. The results suggest that activation of the HSP90-HSF1 signal transduction pathway mediated by 1,4-NQ protects cells against 1,4-NQ and that per/polysulfides can diminish the reactivity of 1,4-NQ by forming sulfur adducts. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chemoprevention of Skin Cancer with 1,1-Bis (3′-Indolyl)-1-(Aromatic) Methane Analog through Induction of the Orphan Nuclear Receptor, NR4A2 (Nurr1)

PubMed Central

Shah, Punit P.; Patel, Apurva R.; Godugu, Chandraiah; Safe, Stephen; Katiyar, Santosh K.; Singh, Mandip

2013-01-01

Background The objective of this study was to demonstrate the anti-skin cancer and chemopreventive potential of 1,1-bis(3′-indolyl)-1-(p-chlorophenyl methane) (DIM-D) using an in vitro model. Methods In vitro cell cytotoxicity and viability assays were carried out in A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cell line and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) respectively by crystal violet staining. Apoptosis induction in A431 cells (DIM-D treated) and NHEK cells pretreated with DIM-D (2 hr) prior to UVB irradiation, were assessed. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in DIM-D pretreated NHEK cells (2 hr) prior to UVB exposure was also determined. Immunocytochemistry and western blot analysis was performed to determine cleaved caspase 3 and DNA damage markers in DIM-D treated A431 cells and in DIM-D pretreated NHEK cells prior to UVB irradiation. Results The IC50 values of DIM-D were 68.7±7.3, 48.3±10.1 and 11.5±3.1 μM whilst for Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) were 419.1±8.3, 186.1±5.2 and 56.7±3.1 μM for 24, 48 and 72 hr treatments respectively. DIM-D exhibited a significantly (p<0.05) greater induction of DNA fragmentation in A431 cells compared to EGCG with percent cell death of 38.9. In addition, DIM-D induced higher expression in A431 cells compared to EGCG of cleaved caspase 3 (3.0-fold vs. 2.4-fold changes), Nurr1 (2.7-fold vs. 1.7-fold changes) and NFκB (1.3-fold vs. 1.1-fold changes). DIM-D also exhibited chemopreventive activity in UVB-irradiated NHEK cells by significantly (p<0.05) reducing UVB-induced ROS formation and apoptosis compared to EGCG. Additionally, DIM-D induced expression of Nurr1 but reduced expression of 8-OHdG significantly in UVB-irradiated NHEK cells compared to EGCG and UV only. Conclusion Our results suggest that DIM-D exhibits Nurr1-dependent transactivation in the induction of apoptosis in A431 cells and it protects NHEK cells against UVB-induced ROS formation and DNA damage. PMID:23950896

Gastric cancer stem cells: A novel therapeutic target

PubMed Central

Singh, Shree Ram

2013-01-01

Gastric cancer remains one of the leading causes of global cancer mortality. Multipotent gastric stem cells have been identified in both mouse and human stomachs, and they play an essential role in the self-renewal and homeostasis of gastric mucosa. There are several environmental and genetic factors known to promote gastric cancer. In recent years, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that gastric cancer may originate from normal stem cells or bone marrow–derived mesenchymal cells, and that gastric tumors contain cancer stem cells. Cancer stem cells are believed to share a common microenvironment with normal niche, which play an important role in gastric cancer and tumor growth. This mini-review presents a brief overview of the recent developments in gastric cancer stem cell research. The knowledge gained by studying cancer stem cells in gastric mucosa will support the development of novel therapeutic strategies for gastric cancer. PMID:23583679

10 CFR 431.370 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... water conservation standard set forth in this part. Energy and water conservation standards include... 10 Energy 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Purpose and scope. 431.370 Section 431.370 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL...

10 CFR 431.197 - Manufacturer's determination of efficiency for distribution transformers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... distribution transformers. 431.197 Section 431.197 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Distribution Transformers Compliance and Enforcement § 431.197 Manufacturer's determination of efficiency for distribution transformers. When a...

Identification of novel kynurenine production-inhibiting benzenesulfonamide derivatives in cancer cells.

PubMed

Nakano, Shintaro; Takai, Kazushige; Isaka, Yoshinobu; Takahashi, Susumu; Unno, Yuka; Ogo, Naohisa; Matsuno, Kenji; Takikawa, Osamu; Asai, Akira

2012-03-16

Kynurenine (Kyn), a metabolite of tryptophan (Trp), is known to be a key regulator of human immune responses including cancer immune tolerance. Therefore, abrogation of Kyn production from cancer cells by small molecules may be a promising approach to anticancer therapy. Indeed, several small molecule inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of Trp to Kyn, exert antitumor effects in animal models. We screened our chemical libraries using a cell-based Kyn production assay to identify a new type of small molecules that regulate Kyn production, and for the first time identified a benzenesulfonamide derivative (compound 1) as a hit with the ability to inhibit Kyn production in interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-stimulated A431 and HeLa cells. Unlike the previously identified S-benzylisothiourea derivative, compound 2, compound 1 had little effect on the enzymatic activity of recombinant human IDO in vitro but suppressed the expression of IDO at the mRNA level in cells. Furthermore, compound 1 suppressed STAT1-dependent transcriptional activity and DNA binding, whereas no decrement in either the expression or phosphorylation level of STAT1 was observed. The inhibition of IDO expression by several benzenesulfonamide derivatives is associated with the suppression of STAT1. Thus, compound 1 and its analogs might be useful for analyzing the regulation of IDO activation, and STAT1-targeting could be an alternative to the IDO-directed approach for the regulation of Kyn levels by small molecules in the tumor microenvironment. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

42 CFR 431.832 - Reporting requirements for claims processing assessment systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... assessment systems. 431.832 Section 431.832 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES... GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Quality Control Medicaid Quality Control (mqc) Claims Processing Assessment System § 431.832 Reporting requirements for claims processing assessment systems. (a) The agency must submit...

A POX on Renal Cancer Cells | Center for Cancer Research

Cancer.gov

Proline oxidase, or POX, is an enzyme responsible for metabolizing the amino acid proline. POX contributes to the regulation of cell death that occurs when cellular systems malfunction, a process called apoptosis. Previous studies have determined that levels of POX are reduced in several types of human cancer. Likewise, many cancer cells become resistant to apoptosis, suggesting a link between POX and cancer cell survival.

Anticancer drugs and the regulation of Hedgehog genes GLI1 and PTCH1, a comparative study in nonmelanoma skin cancer cell lines.

PubMed

Olesen, Uffe H; Bojesen, Sophie; Gehl, Julie; Haedersdal, Merete

2017-11-01

Nonmelanoma skin cancer is the most common cancer in humans, comprising mainly basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). BCC proliferation is highly dependent on the Hedgehog signaling pathway. We aimed to investigate a panel of anticancer drugs with known activity against skin cancer for their therapeutic potential in localized, enhanced topical treatment of SCC and BCC. Cytotoxicity profiles for vismodegib, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), methotrexate (MTX), cisplatin, bleomycin, and vorinostat were established in terms of half maximal inhibitory concentration values in a panel of immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT), BCC (UWBCC1 and BCC77015), and SCC (A431 and SCC25) cell lines. The impact of treatment on the regulation of Hedgehog pathway target genes (GLI1 and PTCH1), measured by real-time PCR, was compared between UWBCC1 and HaCaT. Varying cell line sensitivity profiles to the examined anticancer drugs were observed. Generally, 24-h drug exposure was sufficient to reduce cell viability. We found that 5-FU, MTX, and cisplatin significantly downregulated the expression of two genes controlled by the Hedgehog pathway (≤25-, 2.9-, and 12.5-fold, respectively, for GLI1 in UWBCC1 cells at 48 h, P<0.0001). The gene regulation showed clear concentration dependence and correlated with cytotoxicity for both 5-FU and MTX. We find a potential for the use of anticancer drugs in localized and enhanced topical treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Of importance in the clinical setting, 24-h drug exposure may be sufficient for significant cytotoxicity for vismodegib, 5-FU, cisplatin, and bleomycin. MTX, 5-FU, and cisplatin may offer particular promise through combined cytotoxicity and downregulation of Hedgehog pathway genes GLI1 and PTCH1.

10 CFR 431.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Purpose and scope. 431.1 Section 431.1 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL... implementation of provisions relating to commercial and industrial equipment in Part B of Title III of the Energy...

10 CFR 431.387 - Hearings and appeals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Hearings and appeals. 431.387 Section 431.387 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL... notwithstanding the provisions of title 28, United States Code, or Section 502(c) of the Department of Energy...

Cancer stem cells: a metastasizing menace!

PubMed

Bandhavkar, Saurabh

2016-04-01

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and is estimated to be a reason of death of more than 18 billion people in the coming 5 years. Progress has been made in diagnosis and treatment of cancer; however, a sound understanding of the underlying cell biology still remains an unsolved mystery. Current treatments include a combination of radiation, surgery, and/or chemotherapy. However, these treatments are not a complete cure, aimed simply at shrinking the tumor and in majority of cases, there is a relapse of tumor. Several evidences suggest the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) or tumor-initiating stem-like cells, a small population of cells present in the tumor, capable of self-renewal and generation of differentiated progeny. The presence of these CSCs can be attributed to the failure of cancer treatments as these cells are believed to exhibit therapy resistance. As a result, increasing attention has been given to CSC research to resolve the therapeutic problems related to cancer. Progress in this field of research has led to the development of novel strategies to treat several malignancies and has become a hot topic of discussion. In this review, we will briefly focus on the main characteristics, therapeutic implications, and perspectives of CSCs in cancer therapy. © 2016 The Authors. Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Effects of magnolol on UVB-induced skin cancer development in mice and its possible mechanism of action.

PubMed

Chilampalli, Chandeshwari; Guillermo, Ruth; Zhang, Xiaoying; Kaushik, Radhey S; Young, Alan; Zeman, David; Hildreth, Michael B; Fahmy, Hesham; Dwivedi, Chandradhar

2011-10-20

Magnolol, a plant lignan isolated from the bark and seed cones of Magnolia officinalis, has been shown to have chemopreventive effects on chemically-induced skin cancer development. The objectives of this investigation are to study the anticarcinogenic effects of magnolol on UVB-induced skin tumor development in SKH-1 mice, a model relevant to humans, and determine the possible role of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest involved in the skin tumor development. UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis model in SKH-1 mice was used for determining the preventive effects of magnolol on skin cancer development. Western blottings and flow cytometric analysis were used to study the effects of magnolol on apoptosis and cell cycle. Magnolol pretreated groups (30, 60 μ g) before UVB treatments (30 mJ/cm2, 5 days/week) resulted in 27-55% reduction in tumor multiplicity as compared to control group in SKH-1 mice. Magnolol pretreatment increased the cleavage of caspase-8 and poly-(-ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), increased the expression of p21, a cell cycle inhibitor, and decreased the expression of proteins involved in the G2/M phase of cell cycle in skin samples from SKH-1 mice.Treatment of A431 cells with magnolol decreased cell viability and cell proliferation in a concentration dependent manner. Magnolol induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in A431 cells at 12 h with a decreased expression of cell cycle proteins such as cyclin B1, cyclin A, CDK4, Cdc2 and simultaneous increase in the expression of Cip/p21, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Magnolol induced apoptosis in vivo and in vitro with an increased cleavage of caspase-8 and PARP. Phospho-signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (Tyr705), B-Raf, p-MEK, and p-AKT were down-regulated, whereas phosphorylation of ERK was induced by magnolol in A431 cells. Magnolol pretreatments prevent UVB-induced skin cancer development by enhancing apoptosis, causing cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, and affecting various signaling

Effects of magnolol on UVB-induced skin cancer development in mice and its possible mechanism of action

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background Magnolol, a plant lignan isolated from the bark and seed cones of Magnolia officinalis, has been shown to have chemopreventive effects on chemically-induced skin cancer development. The objectives of this investigation are to study the anticarcinogenic effects of magnolol on UVB-induced skin tumor development in SKH-1 mice, a model relevant to humans, and determine the possible role of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest involved in the skin tumor development. Methods UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis model in SKH-1 mice was used for determining the preventive effects of magnolol on skin cancer development. Western blottings and flow cytometric analysis were used to study the effects of magnolol on apoptosis and cell cycle. Results Magnolol pretreated groups (30, 60 μ g) before UVB treatments (30 mJ/cm2, 5 days/week) resulted in 27-55% reduction in tumor multiplicity as compared to control group in SKH-1 mice. Magnolol pretreatment increased the cleavage of caspase-8 and poly-(-ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), increased the expression of p21, a cell cycle inhibitor, and decreased the expression of proteins involved in the G2/M phase of cell cycle in skin samples from SKH-1 mice. Treatment of A431 cells with magnolol decreased cell viability and cell proliferation in a concentration dependent manner. Magnolol induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in A431 cells at 12 h with a decreased expression of cell cycle proteins such as cyclin B1, cyclin A, CDK4, Cdc2 and simultaneous increase in the expression of Cip/p21, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Magnolol induced apoptosis in vivo and in vitro with an increased cleavage of caspase-8 and PARP. Phospho-signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (Tyr705), B-Raf, p-MEK, and p-AKT were down-regulated, whereas phosphorylation of ERK was induced by magnolol in A431 cells. Conclusions Magnolol pretreatments prevent UVB-induced skin cancer development by enhancing apoptosis, causing cell cycle arrest at G2/M

42 CFR 431.713 - Continuing study and investigation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Continuing study and investigation. 431.713 Section... Programs for Licensing Nursing Home Administrators § 431.713 Continuing study and investigation. The agency or board must conduct a continuing study of nursing homes and administrators within the State to...

42 CFR 431.713 - Continuing study and investigation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Continuing study and investigation. 431.713 Section... Programs for Licensing Nursing Home Administrators § 431.713 Continuing study and investigation. The agency or board must conduct a continuing study of nursing homes and administrators within the State to...

10 CFR 431.15 - Materials incorporated by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... approval, and a notice of any change in the material will be published in the Federal Register. All... 10 Energy 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Materials incorporated by reference. 431.15 Section 431.15... INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Electric Motors Test Procedures, Materials Incorporated and Methods of Determining...

10 CFR 431.262 - Definitions concerning commercial prerinse spray valves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Definitions concerning commercial prerinse spray valves. 431.262 Section 431.262 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Commercial Prerinse Spray Valves § 431.262 Definitions...

10 CFR 431.25 - Energy conservation standards and effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Energy conservation standards and effective dates. 431.25 Section 431.25 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Electric Motors Energy Conservation Standards § 431.25 Energy...

10 CFR 431.25 - Energy conservation standards and effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Energy conservation standards and effective dates. 431.25 Section 431.25 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Electric Motors Energy Conservation Standards § 431.25 Energy...

10 CFR 431.25 - Energy conservation standards and effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Energy conservation standards and effective dates. 431.25 Section 431.25 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Electric Motors Energy Conservation Standards § 431.25 Energy...

10 CFR 431.25 - Energy conservation standards and effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Energy conservation standards and effective dates. 431.25 Section 431.25 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Electric Motors Energy Conservation Standards § 431.25 Energy...

10 CFR 431.25 - Energy conservation standards and effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Energy conservation standards and effective dates. 431.25 Section 431.25 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Electric Motors Energy Conservation Standards § 431.25 Energy...

14 CFR 431.3 - Types of reusable launch vehicle mission licenses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Types of reusable launch vehicle mission licenses. 431.3 Section 431.3 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION...) General § 431.3 Types of reusable launch vehicle mission licenses. (a) Mission-specific license. A mission...

14 CFR 431.3 - Types of reusable launch vehicle mission licenses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Types of reusable launch vehicle mission licenses. 431.3 Section 431.3 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION...) General § 431.3 Types of reusable launch vehicle mission licenses. (a) Mission-specific license. A mission...

14 CFR 431.3 - Types of reusable launch vehicle mission licenses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Types of reusable launch vehicle mission licenses. 431.3 Section 431.3 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION...) General § 431.3 Types of reusable launch vehicle mission licenses. (a) Mission-specific license. A mission...

14 CFR 431.3 - Types of reusable launch vehicle mission licenses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Types of reusable launch vehicle mission licenses. 431.3 Section 431.3 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION...) General § 431.3 Types of reusable launch vehicle mission licenses. (a) Mission-specific license. A mission...

14 CFR 431.3 - Types of reusable launch vehicle mission licenses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Types of reusable launch vehicle mission licenses. 431.3 Section 431.3 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION...) General § 431.3 Types of reusable launch vehicle mission licenses. (a) Mission-specific license. A mission...

A negative genetic interaction map in isogenic cancer cell lines reveals cancer cell vulnerabilities

PubMed Central

Vizeacoumar, Franco J; Arnold, Roland; Vizeacoumar, Frederick S; Chandrashekhar, Megha; Buzina, Alla; Young, Jordan T F; Kwan, Julian H M; Sayad, Azin; Mero, Patricia; Lawo, Steffen; Tanaka, Hiromasa; Brown, Kevin R; Baryshnikova, Anastasia; Mak, Anthony B; Fedyshyn, Yaroslav; Wang, Yadong; Brito, Glauber C; Kasimer, Dahlia; Makhnevych, Taras; Ketela, Troy; Datti, Alessandro; Babu, Mohan; Emili, Andrew; Pelletier, Laurence; Wrana, Jeff; Wainberg, Zev; Kim, Philip M; Rottapel, Robert; O'Brien, Catherine A; Andrews, Brenda; Boone, Charles; Moffat, Jason

2013-01-01

Improved efforts are necessary to define the functional product of cancer mutations currently being revealed through large-scale sequencing efforts. Using genome-scale pooled shRNA screening technology, we mapped negative genetic interactions across a set of isogenic cancer cell lines and confirmed hundreds of these interactions in orthogonal co-culture competition assays to generate a high-confidence genetic interaction network of differentially essential or differential essentiality (DiE) genes. The network uncovered examples of conserved genetic interactions, densely connected functional modules derived from comparative genomics with model systems data, functions for uncharacterized genes in the human genome and targetable vulnerabilities. Finally, we demonstrate a general applicability of DiE gene signatures in determining genetic dependencies of other non-isogenic cancer cell lines. For example, the PTEN−/− DiE genes reveal a signature that can preferentially classify PTEN-dependent genotypes across a series of non-isogenic cell lines derived from the breast, pancreas and ovarian cancers. Our reference network suggests that many cancer vulnerabilities remain to be discovered through systematic derivation of a network of differentially essential genes in an isogenic cancer cell model. PMID:24104479

13 CFR 120.431 - Which Lenders may sell, sell participations in, or pledge 7(a) loans?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Which Lenders may sell, sell participations in, or pledge 7(a) loans? 120.431 Section 120.431 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Lenders Other Conveyances § 120.431 Which Lenders may sell, sell participations in...

13 CFR 120.431 - Which Lenders may sell, sell participations in, or pledge 7(a) loans?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Which Lenders may sell, sell participations in, or pledge 7(a) loans? 120.431 Section 120.431 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Lenders Other Conveyances § 120.431 Which Lenders may sell, sell participations in...

10 CFR 431.19 - Department of Energy recognition of accreditation bodies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Department of Energy recognition of accreditation bodies. 431.19 Section 431.19 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR... Methods of Determining Efficiency § 431.19 Department of Energy recognition of accreditation bodies. (a...

10 CFR 431.66 - Energy conservation standards and their effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Energy conservation standards and their effective dates. 431.66 Section 431.66 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR... Energy Conservation Standards § 431.66 Energy conservation standards and their effective dates. (a) In...

10 CFR 431.66 - Energy conservation standards and their effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Energy conservation standards and their effective dates. 431.66 Section 431.66 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR... Energy Conservation Standards § 431.66 Energy conservation standards and their effective dates. (a) In...

10 CFR 431.66 - Energy conservation standards and their effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Energy conservation standards and their effective dates. 431.66 Section 431.66 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR... Energy Conservation Standards § 431.66 Energy conservation standards and their effective dates. (a) In...

10 CFR 431.19 - Department of Energy recognition of accreditation bodies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Department of Energy recognition of accreditation bodies. 431.19 Section 431.19 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR... Methods of Determining Efficiency § 431.19 Department of Energy recognition of accreditation bodies. (a...

10 CFR 431.19 - Department of Energy recognition of accreditation bodies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Department of Energy recognition of accreditation bodies. 431.19 Section 431.19 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR... Methods of Determining Efficiency § 431.19 Department of Energy recognition of accreditation bodies. (a...

10 CFR 431.66 - Energy conservation standards and their effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Energy conservation standards and their effective dates. 431.66 Section 431.66 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR... Energy Conservation Standards § 431.66 Energy conservation standards and their effective dates. (a) In...

10 CFR 431.19 - Department of Energy recognition of accreditation bodies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Department of Energy recognition of accreditation bodies. 431.19 Section 431.19 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR... Methods of Determining Efficiency § 431.19 Department of Energy recognition of accreditation bodies. (a...

10 CFR 431.66 - Energy conservation standards and their effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Energy conservation standards and their effective dates. 431.66 Section 431.66 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR... Energy Conservation Standards § 431.66 Energy conservation standards and their effective dates. (a) In...

10 CFR 431.19 - Department of Energy recognition of accreditation bodies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Department of Energy recognition of accreditation bodies. 431.19 Section 431.19 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR... Methods of Determining Efficiency § 431.19 Department of Energy recognition of accreditation bodies. (a...

Schwann cells induce cancer cell dispersion and invasion

PubMed Central

Deborde, Sylvie; Lyubchik, Anna; Zhou, Yi; He, Shizhi; McNamara, William F.; Chernichenko, Natalya; Lee, Sei-Young; Barajas, Fernando; Chen, Chun-Hao; Bakst, Richard L.; Vakiani, Efsevia; He, Shuangba; Hall, Alan; Wong, Richard J.

2016-01-01

Nerves enable cancer progression, as cancers have been shown to extend along nerves through the process of perineural invasion, which carries a poor prognosis. Furthermore, the innervation of some cancers promotes growth and metastases. It remains unclear, however, how nerves mechanistically contribute to cancer progression. Here, we demonstrated that Schwann cells promote cancer invasion through direct cancer cell contact. Histological evaluation of murine and human cancer specimens with perineural invasion uncovered a subpopulation of Schwann cells that associates with cancer cells. Coculture of cancer cells with dorsal root ganglion extracts revealed that Schwann cells direct cancer cells to migrate toward nerves and promote invasion in a contact-dependent manner. Upon contact, Schwann cells induced the formation of cancer cell protrusions in their direction and intercalated between the cancer cells, leading to cancer cell dispersion. The formation of these processes was dependent on Schwann cell expression of neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1) and ultimately promoted perineural invasion. Moreover, NCAM1-deficient mice showed decreased neural invasion and less paralysis. Such Schwann cell behavior reflects normal Schwann cell programs that are typically activated in nerve repair but are instead exploited by cancer cells to promote perineural invasion and cancer progression. PMID:26999607

14 CFR 431.79 - Reusable launch vehicle mission reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Reusable launch vehicle mission reporting requirements. 431.79 Section 431.79 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION...-Licensing Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.79 Reusable launch...

14 CFR 431.79 - Reusable launch vehicle mission reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Reusable launch vehicle mission reporting requirements. 431.79 Section 431.79 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION...-Licensing Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.79 Reusable launch...

14 CFR 431.79 - Reusable launch vehicle mission reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Reusable launch vehicle mission reporting requirements. 431.79 Section 431.79 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION...-Licensing Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.79 Reusable launch...

14 CFR 431.79 - Reusable launch vehicle mission reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Reusable launch vehicle mission reporting requirements. 431.79 Section 431.79 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION...-Licensing Requirements-Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission License Terms and Conditions § 431.79 Reusable launch...

Cancer stem cells and cell size: A causal link?

PubMed

Li, Qiuhui; Rycaj, Kiera; Chen, Xin; Tang, Dean G

2015-12-01

The majority of normal animal cells are 10-20 μm in diameter. Many signaling mechanisms, notably PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Myc, and Hippo pathways, tightly control and coordinate cell growth, cell size, cell division, and cell number during homeostasis. These regulatory mechanisms are frequently deregulated during tumorigenesis resulting in wide variations in cell sizes and increased proliferation in cancer cells. Here, we first review the evidence that primitive stem cells in adult tissues are quiescent and generally smaller than their differentiated progeny, suggesting a correlation between small cell sizes with the stemness. Conversely, increased cell size positively correlates with differentiation phenotypes. We then discuss cancer stem cells (CSCs) and present some evidence that correlates cell sizes with CSC activity. Overall, a causal link between CSCs and cell size is relatively weak and remains to be rigorously assessed. In the future, optimizing methods for isolating cells based on size should help elucidate the connection between cancer cell size and CSC characteristics. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Targeting lipid metabolism of cancer cells: A promising therapeutic strategy for cancer.

PubMed

Liu, Qiuping; Luo, Qing; Halim, Alexander; Song, Guanbin

2017-08-10

One of the most important metabolic hallmarks of cancer cells is deregulation of lipid metabolism. In addition, enhancing de novo fatty acid (FA) synthesis, increasing lipid uptake and lipolysis have also been considered as means of FA acquisition in cancer cells. FAs are involved in various aspects of tumourigenesis and tumour progression. Therefore, targeting lipid metabolism is a promising therapeutic strategy for human cancer. Recent studies have shown that reprogramming lipid metabolism plays important roles in providing energy, macromolecules for membrane synthesis, and lipid signals during cancer progression. Moreover, accumulation of lipid droplets in cancer cells acts as a pivotal adaptive response to harmful conditions. Here, we provide a brief review of the crucial roles of FA metabolism in cancer development, and place emphasis on FA origin, utilization and storage in cancer cells. Understanding the regulation of lipid metabolism in cancer cells has important implications for exploring a new therapeutic strategy for management and treatment of cancer. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

42 CFR 431.12 - Medical care advisory committee.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Medical care advisory committee. 431.12 Section 431... Medicaid agency about health and medical care services. (b) State plan requirement. A State plan must... Medicaid agency director about health and medical care services. (c) Appointment of members. The agency...

42 CFR 431.12 - Medical care advisory committee.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Medical care advisory committee. 431.12 Section 431... Medicaid agency about health and medical care services. (b) State plan requirement. A State plan must... Medicaid agency director about health and medical care services. (c) Appointment of members. The agency...

42 CFR 431.12 - Medical care advisory committee.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Medical care advisory committee. 431.12 Section 431... Medicaid agency about health and medical care services. (b) State plan requirement. A State plan must... Medicaid agency director about health and medical care services. (c) Appointment of members. The agency...

42 CFR 431.12 - Medical care advisory committee.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Medical care advisory committee. 431.12 Section 431... Medicaid agency about health and medical care services. (b) State plan requirement. A State plan must... Medicaid agency director about health and medical care services. (c) Appointment of members. The agency...

42 CFR 431.12 - Medical care advisory committee.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Medical care advisory committee. 431.12 Section 431... Medicaid agency about health and medical care services. (b) State plan requirement. A State plan must... Medicaid agency director about health and medical care services. (c) Appointment of members. The agency...

10 CFR 431.26 - Preemption of State regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Preemption of State regulations. 431.26 Section 431.26 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND... to the energy efficiency or energy use, of an electric motor that is not identical to a Federal...

Three-dimensional culture using a radial flow bioreactor induces matrix metalloprotease 7-mediated EMT-like process in tumor cells via TGFbeta1/Smad pathway.

PubMed

Shibata, Shun-Ichi; Marushima, Hideki; Asakura, Tadashi; Matsuura, Tomokazu; Eda, Homare; Aoki, Katsuhiko; Matsudaira, Hiroshi; Ueda, Kazu; Ohkawa, Kiyoshi

2009-05-01

To confirm the usefulness of the radial flow type bioreactor (RFB) for a three-dimensional (3D) culture system, which provides a tissue architecture and molecular function mimicking the in vivo environment, molecular expression in the A431 human squamous carcinoma cell line during culture were analyzed under the physically different environments of 3D culture in the RFB, 2D culture in a monolayer as well as in nude mice. Time-dependent accumulation of autocrine transforming growth factor (TGF) beta1 was found in spent culture media obtained only from 3D cultured A431 cancer cells, which grew well with a stratified-sheet morphology. Cells in the RFB overexpressed matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7) and showed an increased release of soluble 80-kDa fragments of E-cadherin into the media time-dependently, resulting in the reduction of E-cadherin protein at the cell surface without down-regulation of the mRNA. beta-Catenin and its nuclear partner, LEF1, were up-regulated and Wnt protein secretion was also accelerated. Additional up-regulation of the transcriptional factors, HMGA2 and down-stream Slug, was noted. TGFbeta1-dependent, MMP7-mediated up-regulation of beta-catenin/LEF1 signaling and TGFbeta1-activated HMGA2 pathways consequently converged with Slug overexpression, due to disassembly and further repression of E-cadherin expression, which was reproducible in the epithelial mesenchymal transition process without any manipulation. Other transcriptional factors, Notch/HEY1 and NF-kappaB, were also up-regulated in 3D-cultured cells. These signals recruited molecules related to extracellular matrix-cell remodeling and angiogenesis. Expression of several representative molecules in the 3D cultured cells was parallel with that in xenotransplanted A431 tumor tissues in nude mice. 3D culture of tumor cells in the RFB is a useful tool for cancer experimental biology and evaluation of cancer therapeutic-like systems in nude mice.

Proteomic Analysis and Functional Studies of Baicalin on Proteins Associated with Skin Cancer.

PubMed

Li, Dan; Lin, Bingjiang; Yusuf, Nabiha; Burns, Erin M; Yu, Xiuqin; Luo, Dan; Min, Wei

2017-01-01

Abundant evidence supports the key role of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in skin cancer development. The human skin, especially the epidermal layer, is the main defense against UV radiation. Baicalin is a major bioactive component of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, a plant which has been found to exhibit antitumor activity. The anticarcinogenic mechanism of baicalin is not completely understood. We have reported that baicalin inhibited UVB-induced photo-damage and apoptosis in HaCaT cells (human skin keratinocytes). The aim of the present study is to investigate the cellular gene targets responsible for baicalin's antitumor activity by performing two-dimensional electrophoresis liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (2-DE LC-MS/MS) with HaCaT cells following UVB and baicalin exposure. Two-DE for protein separation was performed, followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and database searches. Nucleophosmin (NPM)-specific siRNA was designed and synthesized, and the small interfering RNA was transfected into skin squamous cancer A431 cells to knockdown the NPM expression. Proliferation and cell cycle status were assessed by CCK8 and flow cytometric analyses, respectively. We have identified 38 protein spots that are differentially expressed in HaCaT cells exposed to baicalin and/or UVB irradiation These proteins are involved in detoxification, proliferation, metabolism, cytoskeleton and motility. In particular, we found several proteins that have been linked to tumor progression and resistance, such as NPM. Baicalin treatment reduced the cellular proliferation rate and induced arrest during the S-phase of the cell cycle in A431 cells. NPM1 silencing significantly enhanced the effect of baicalin. Our data indicated that baicalin results in the significant inhibition of tumor growth in the A431 cell line, which may be associated with the regulation of the NPM gene expression.

42 CFR 431.621 - State requirements with respect to nursing facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false State requirements with respect to nursing facilities. 431.621 Section 431.621 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF... ADMINISTRATION Relations With Other Agencies § 431.621 State requirements with respect to nursing facilities. (a...

42 CFR 431.621 - State requirements with respect to nursing facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false State requirements with respect to nursing facilities. 431.621 Section 431.621 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF... ADMINISTRATION Relations With Other Agencies § 431.621 State requirements with respect to nursing facilities. (a...

42 CFR 431.621 - State requirements with respect to nursing facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false State requirements with respect to nursing facilities. 431.621 Section 431.621 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF... ADMINISTRATION Relations With Other Agencies § 431.621 State requirements with respect to nursing facilities. (a...

42 CFR 431.621 - State requirements with respect to nursing facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false State requirements with respect to nursing facilities. 431.621 Section 431.621 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF... ADMINISTRATION Relations With Other Agencies § 431.621 State requirements with respect to nursing facilities. (a...

42 CFR 431.621 - State requirements with respect to nursing facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false State requirements with respect to nursing facilities. 431.621 Section 431.621 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF... ADMINISTRATION Relations With Other Agencies § 431.621 State requirements with respect to nursing facilities. (a...

Cell-of-Origin of Cancer versus Cancer Stem Cells: Assays and Interpretations.

PubMed

Rycaj, Kiera; Tang, Dean G

2015-10-01

A tumor originates from a normal cell that has undergone tumorigenic transformation as a result of genetic mutations. This transformed cell is the cell-of-origin for the tumor. In contrast, an established clinical tumor is sustained by subpopulations of self-renewing cancer cells operationally called cancer stem cells (CSC) that can generate, intraclonally, both tumorigenic and nontumorigenic cells. Identifying and characterizing tumor cell-of-origin and CSCs should help elucidate tumor cell heterogeneity, which, in turn, should help understand tumor cell responses to clinical treatments, drug resistance, tumor relapse, and metastatic spread. Both tumor transplantation and lineage-tracing assays have been helpful in characterizing these cancer cell populations, although each system has its strengths and caveats. In this article, we briefly review and summarize advantages and limitations of both assays in support of a combinatorial approach to accurately define the roles of both cancer-initiating and cancer-propagating cells. As an aside, we also wish to clarify the definitions of cancer cell-of-origin and CSCs, which are often interchangeably used by mistake. ©2015 American Association for Cancer Research.

10 CFR 431.35 - Applicability of certification requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Applicability of certification requirements. 431.35 Section 431.35 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN... with the applicable energy efficiency standards set forth in this subpart. ...

Anti-Cancer Phytometabolites Targeting Cancer Stem Cells

PubMed Central

Torquato, Heron F.V.; Goettert, Márcia I.; Justo, Giselle Z.; Paredes-Gamero, Edgar J.

2017-01-01

Medicinal plants are a plentiful source of bioactive molecules with much structural diversity. In cancer treatment, molecules obtained from plants represent an attractive alternative to other treatments because several plant-derived compounds have exhibited lower toxicity and higher selectivity against cancer cells. In this review, we focus on the possible application of bioactive molecules obtained from plants against more primitive cell populations in cancers, cancer stem cells. Cancer stem cells are present in several kinds of tumors and are responsible for recurrences and metastases. Common anti-cancer drugs exhibit lower effectiveness against cancer stem cells because of their biological features. However, recently discovered natural phytometabolites exert cytotoxic effects on this rare population of cells in cancers. Therefore, this review presents the latest research on promising compounds from plants that can act as antitumor drugs and that mainly affect stem cell populations in cancers. PMID:28367074

Xylitol induces cell death in lung cancer A549 cells by autophagy.

PubMed

Park, Eunjoo; Park, Mi Hee; Na, Hee Sam; Chung, Jin

2015-05-01

Xylitol is a widely used anti-caries agent that has anti-inflammatory effects. We have evaluated the potential of xylitol in cancer treatment. It's effects on cell proliferation and cytotoxicity were measured by MTT assay and LDH assay. Cell morphology and autophagy were examined by immunostaining and immunoblotting. Xylitol inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner in these cancer cells: A549, Caki, NCI-H23, HCT-15, HL-60, K562, and SK MEL-2. The IC50 of xylitol in human gingival fibroblast cells was higher than in cancer cells, indicating that it is more specific for cancer cells. Moreover, xylitol induced autophagy in A549 cells that was inhibited by 3-methyladenine, an autophagy inhibitor. These results indicate that xylitol has potential in therapy against lung cancer by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing autophagy of A549 cells.

NOVEL POLYPHENOLS THAT INHIBIT COLON CANCER CELL GROWTH AFFECTING CANCER CELL METABOLISM.

PubMed

Gomez de Cedron, Marta; Vargas, Teodoro; Madrona, Andres; Jimenez, Aranza; Perez Perez, Maria Jesus; Quintela, Jose Carlos; Reglero, Guillermo; San-Felix, Ana Rosa; Ramirez de Molina, Ana

2018-06-05

New series of polyphenols with a hydrophilic galloyl based "head" and a hydrophobic N-acyl "tail", linked through a serinol moiety, have been synthesized and tested against colon cancer cell growth. Our structure activity relationship studies revealed that galloyl moieties are essential for growth inhibition. Moreover, the length of the N-acyl chain is crucial for the activity. Introduction of a (Z) double bond in the acyl chain increased the anti-cancer properties. Our findings demonstrate that 16, the most potent compound within this series, has inhibitory effects on colon cancer cell growth and metabolism (glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration) at the same time that activates AMPK and induces apoptotic cell death. Based on these results we propose that 16 might reprogram colon cancer cell metabolism through AMPK activation. This might lead to alterations on cancer cell bioenergy compromising cancer cell viability. Importantly, these anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects are selective for cancer cells. Accordingly, these results indicate that 16, with an unsaturated C18 chain, might be a useful prototype for the development of novel colon cancer cell growth inhibitors affecting cell metabolism. The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.

10 CFR 431.198 - Enforcement testing for distribution transformers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Enforcement testing for distribution transformers. 431.198... COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Distribution Transformers Compliance and Enforcement § 431.198 Enforcement testing for distribution transformers. (a) Test notice. Upon receiving information in writing...

10 CFR 431.198 - Enforcement testing for distribution transformers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Enforcement testing for distribution transformers. 431.198... COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Distribution Transformers Compliance and Enforcement § 431.198 Enforcement testing for distribution transformers. (a) Test notice. Upon receiving information in writing...

42 CFR 431.105 - Consultation to medical facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... State agencies furnish consultative services to hospitals, nursing homes, home health agencies, clinics... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Consultation to medical facilities. 431.105 Section 431.105 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN...

7 CFR 28.431 - Strict Middling Tinged Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Strict Middling Tinged Color. 28.431 Section 28.431 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards... Color. Strict Middling Tinged Color is color which is better than Middling Tinged Color. ...

7 CFR 28.431 - Strict Middling Tinged Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Strict Middling Tinged Color. 28.431 Section 28.431 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards... Color. Strict Middling Tinged Color is color which is better than Middling Tinged Color. ...

7 CFR 28.431 - Strict Middling Tinged Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Strict Middling Tinged Color. 28.431 Section 28.431 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards... Color. Strict Middling Tinged Color is color which is better than Middling Tinged Color. ...

7 CFR 28.431 - Strict Middling Tinged Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Strict Middling Tinged Color. 28.431 Section 28.431 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards... Color. Strict Middling Tinged Color is color which is better than Middling Tinged Color. ...

7 CFR 28.431 - Strict Middling Tinged Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Strict Middling Tinged Color. 28.431 Section 28.431 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards... Color. Strict Middling Tinged Color is color which is better than Middling Tinged Color. ...

Cancer microenvironment, inflammation and cancer stem cells: A hypothesis for a paradigm change and new targets in cancer control

PubMed Central

Blaylock, Russell L.

2015-01-01

Since President Nixon officially declared a war on cancer with the National Cancer Act, billions of dollars have been spent on research in hopes of finding a cure for cancer. Recent reviews have pointed out that over the ensuing 42 years, cancer death rates have barely changed for the major cancers. Recently, several researchers have questioned the prevailing cancer paradigm based on recent discoveries concerning the mechanism of carcinogenesis and the origins of cancer. Over the past decade we have learned a great deal concerning both of these central issues. Cell signaling has taken center stage, particularly as regards the links between chronic inflammation and cancer development. It is now evident that the common factor among a great number of carcinogenic agents is activation of genes controlling inflammation cell-signaling pathways and that these signals control all aspects of the cancer process. Of these pathways, the most important and common to all cancers is the NFκB and STAT3 pathways. The second discovery of critical importance is that mutated stem cells appear to be in charge of the cancer process. Most chemotherapy agents and radiotherapy kill daughter cells of the cancer stem cell, many of which are not tumorigenic themselves. Most cancer stem cells are completely resistant to conventional treatments, which explain dormancy and the poor cure rate with metastatic tumors. A growing number of studies are finding that several polyphenol extracts can kill cancer stem cells as well as daughter cells and can enhance the effectiveness and safety of conventional treatments. These new discoveries provide the clinician with a whole new set of targets for cancer control and cure. PMID:26097771

Monanchosterols A and B, bioactive bicyclo[4.3.1]steroids from a Korean sponge Monanchora sp.

PubMed

Wang, Weihong; Lee, Tae Gu; Patil, Rahul S; Mun, Bora; Yang, Inho; Kim, Hiyoung; Hahn, Dongyup; Won, Dong Hwan; Lee, Jihye; Lee, Yehee; Choi, Hyukjae; Nam, Sang-Jip; Kang, Heonjoong

2015-03-27

Chemical investigation of a Korean marine sponge, Monanchora sp., led to the isolation of three new steroids (1-3). Compounds 1 and 2, designated as monanchosterols A and B, respectively, represent the first examples of steroids possessing the bicyclo[4.3.1] A/B ring system from a natural source. Compounds 1-3 were investigated for their anti-inflammatory activity by evaluating their inhibitory effects on the mRNA expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2 in the LPS-stimulated murine RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the mRNA expression of IL-6 without notable cytotoxicity to the cells in a dose-dependent manner.

14 CFR 431.5 - Policy and safety approvals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Policy and safety approvals. 431.5 Section 431.5 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... Policy and safety approvals. To obtain either type of RLV mission license, an applicant must obtain...

14 CFR 431.5 - Policy and safety approvals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Policy and safety approvals. 431.5 Section 431.5 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... Policy and safety approvals. To obtain either type of RLV mission license, an applicant must obtain...

14 CFR 431.5 - Policy and safety approvals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Policy and safety approvals. 431.5 Section 431.5 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... Policy and safety approvals. To obtain either type of RLV mission license, an applicant must obtain...

14 CFR 431.5 - Policy and safety approvals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Policy and safety approvals. 431.5 Section 431.5 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... Policy and safety approvals. To obtain either type of RLV mission license, an applicant must obtain...

14 CFR 431.5 - Policy and safety approvals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Policy and safety approvals. 431.5 Section 431.5 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... Policy and safety approvals. To obtain either type of RLV mission license, an applicant must obtain...

10 CFR 431.293 - Materials incorporated by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

.... Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Program, 6th... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Materials incorporated by reference. 431.293 Section 431.293 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL...

10 CFR 431.293 - Materials incorporated by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

.... Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Program, 6th... 10 Energy 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Materials incorporated by reference. 431.293 Section 431.293 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL...

10 CFR 431.293 - Materials incorporated by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

.... Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Program, 6th... 10 Energy 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Materials incorporated by reference. 431.293 Section 431.293 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL...

10 CFR 431.63 - Materials incorporated by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

.... Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Program, 6th... 10 Energy 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Materials incorporated by reference. 431.63 Section 431.63 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND...

10 CFR 431.95 - Materials incorporated by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Hearings and Dockets, “Test Procedures and Efficiency Standards... 10 Energy 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Materials incorporated by reference. 431.95 Section 431.95 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND...

10 CFR 431.323 - Materials incorporated by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Program, 6th Floor... 10 Energy 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Materials incorporated by reference. 431.323 Section 431.323 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL...

10 CFR 431.105 - Materials incorporated by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

..., Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Program, 6th Floor, 950 L'Enfant... 10 Energy 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Materials incorporated by reference. 431.105 Section 431.105 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL...

10 CFR 431.63 - Materials incorporated by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

.... Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Program, 6th... 10 Energy 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Materials incorporated by reference. 431.63 Section 431.63 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND...

10 CFR 431.105 - Materials incorporated by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

..., Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Program, 6th Floor, 950 L'Enfant... 10 Energy 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Materials incorporated by reference. 431.105 Section 431.105 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL...

10 CFR 431.63 - Materials incorporated by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

.... Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Program, 6th... 10 Energy 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Materials incorporated by reference. 431.63 Section 431.63 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND...

10 CFR 431.293 - Materials incorporated by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

.... Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Program, 6th... 10 Energy 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Materials incorporated by reference. 431.293 Section 431.293 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL...

10 CFR 431.293 - Materials incorporated by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

.... Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Program, 6th... 10 Energy 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Materials incorporated by reference. 431.293 Section 431.293 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL...

10 CFR 431.63 - Materials incorporated by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

.... Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Program, 6th... 10 Energy 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Materials incorporated by reference. 431.63 Section 431.63 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND...

10 CFR 431.323 - Materials incorporated by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Program, 6th Floor... 10 Energy 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Materials incorporated by reference. 431.323 Section 431.323 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL...

14 CFR 431.7 - Payload and payload reentry determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Payload and payload reentry determinations. 431.7 Section 431.7 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION... determination. Either an RLV mission license applicant or a payload owner or operator may request a review of...

14 CFR 431.7 - Payload and payload reentry determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Payload and payload reentry determinations. 431.7 Section 431.7 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION... determination. Either an RLV mission license applicant or a payload owner or operator may request a review of...

14 CFR 431.7 - Payload and payload reentry determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Payload and payload reentry determinations. 431.7 Section 431.7 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION... determination. Either an RLV mission license applicant or a payload owner or operator may request a review of...

14 CFR 431.7 - Payload and payload reentry determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Payload and payload reentry determinations. 431.7 Section 431.7 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION... determination. Either an RLV mission license applicant or a payload owner or operator may request a review of...

10 CFR 431.383 - Enforcement process for electric motors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Enforcement process for electric motors. 431.383 Section... COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Enforcement § 431.383 Enforcement process for electric motors. (a) Test... motor sold by a particular manufacturer or private labeler, which indicates that the electric motor may...

14 CFR 431.7 - Payload and payload reentry determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Payload and payload reentry determinations. 431.7 Section 431.7 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION... payload reentry determination is required to reenter a payload to Earth on an RLV unless the proposed...

In vitro and in vivo comparison of binding of 99m-Tc-labeled anti-CEA MAb F33-104 with 99m-Tc-labeled anti-CEA MAb BW431/26.

PubMed

Watanabe, N; Oriuchi, N; Sugiyama, S; Kuroki, M; Matsuoka, Y; Tanada, S; Murata, H; Inoue, T; Sasaki, Y

1999-01-01

The purpose of this study was to assess the potential for radio-immunodetection (RAID) of murine anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) monoclonal antibody (MAb) F33-104 labeled with technetium-99m (99m-Tc) by a reduction-mediated labeling method. The binding capacity of 99m-Tc-labeled anti-CEA MAb F33-104 with CEA by means of in vitro procedures such as immunoradiometric assay and cell binding assay and the biodistribution of 99m-Tc-labeled anti-CEA MAb F33-104 in normal nude mice and nude mice bearing human colon adenocarcinoma LS180 tumor were investigated and compared with 99m-Tc-labeled anti-CEA MAb BW431/26. The in vitro binding rate of 99m-Tc-labeled anti-CEA MAb F33-104 with CEA in solution and attached to the cell membrane was significantly higher than 99m-Tc-labeled anti-CEA MAb BW431/261 (31.4 +/- 0.95% vs. 11.9 +/- 0.55% at 100 ng/mL of soluble CEA, 83.5 +/- 2.84% vs. 54.0 +/- 2.54% at 10(7) of LS 180 cells). In vivo, accumulation of 99m-Tc-labeled anti-CEA MAb F33-104 was higher at 18 h postinjection than 99m-Tc-labeled anti-CEA MAb BW431/26 (20.1 +/- 3.50% ID/g vs. 14.4 +/- 3.30% ID/g). 99m-Tc-activity in the kidneys of nude mice bearing tumor was higher at 18 h postinjection than at 3 h (12.8 +/- 2.10% ID/g vs. 8.01 +/- 2.40% ID/g of 99m-Tc-labeled anti-CEA MAb F33-104, 10.7 +/- 1.70% ID/g vs. 8.10 +/- 1.75% ID/g of 99m-Tc-labeled anti-CEA MAb BW431/26). 99m-Tc-labeled anti-CEA MAb F33-104 is a potential novel agent for RAID of recurrent colorectal cancer.

10 CFR 431.87 - Energy conservation standards and their effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Energy conservation standards and their effective dates. 431.87 Section 431.87 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Commercial Packaged Boilers Energy Efficiency Standards § 431...

10 CFR 431.87 - Energy conservation standards and their effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Energy conservation standards and their effective dates. 431.87 Section 431.87 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Commercial Packaged Boilers Energy Efficiency Standards § 431...

10 CFR 431.87 - Energy conservation standards and their effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Energy conservation standards and their effective dates. 431.87 Section 431.87 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Commercial Packaged Boilers Energy Efficiency Standards § 431...

10 CFR 431.87 - Energy conservation standards and their effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Energy conservation standards and their effective dates. 431.87 Section 431.87 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Commercial Packaged Boilers Energy Efficiency Standards § 431...

10 CFR 431.87 - Energy conservation standards and their effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Energy conservation standards and their effective dates. 431.87 Section 431.87 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Commercial Packaged Boilers Energy Efficiency Standards § 431...

42 CFR 431.408 - State public notice process.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... demonstration. (B) To the extent applicable, the proposed health care delivery system and the eligibility... 42 Public Health 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false State public notice process. 431.408 Section 431.408 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES...

42 CFR 431.408 - State public notice process.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... demonstration. (B) To the extent applicable, the proposed health care delivery system and the eligibility... 42 Public Health 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false State public notice process. 431.408 Section 431.408 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES...

42 CFR 431.408 - State public notice process.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... demonstration. (B) To the extent applicable, the proposed health care delivery system and the eligibility... 42 Public Health 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false State public notice process. 431.408 Section 431.408 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES...

14 CFR 431.27 - Denial of policy approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Denial of policy approval. 431.27 Section 431.27 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION.... The FAA notifies an applicant, in writing, if the FAA has denied policy approval for an RLV mission...

14 CFR 431.27 - Denial of policy approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Denial of policy approval. 431.27 Section 431.27 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION.... The FAA notifies an applicant, in writing, if the FAA has denied policy approval for an RLV mission...

14 CFR 431.27 - Denial of policy approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Denial of policy approval. 431.27 Section 431.27 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION.... The FAA notifies an applicant, in writing, if the FAA has denied policy approval for an RLV mission...

14 CFR 431.27 - Denial of policy approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Denial of policy approval. 431.27 Section 431.27 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION.... The FAA notifies an applicant, in writing, if the FAA has denied policy approval for an RLV mission...

14 CFR 431.27 - Denial of policy approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Denial of policy approval. 431.27 Section 431.27 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION.... The FAA notifies an applicant, in writing, if the FAA has denied policy approval for an RLV mission...

14 CFR 431.47 - Denial of safety approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Denial of safety approval. 431.47 Section 431.47 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION.... The FAA notifies an applicant, in writing, if the FAA has denied safety approval for an RLV mission...

14 CFR 431.47 - Denial of safety approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Denial of safety approval. 431.47 Section 431.47 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION.... The FAA notifies an applicant, in writing, if the FAA has denied safety approval for an RLV mission...

14 CFR 431.47 - Denial of safety approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Denial of safety approval. 431.47 Section 431.47 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION.... The FAA notifies an applicant, in writing, if the FAA has denied safety approval for an RLV mission...

14 CFR 431.47 - Denial of safety approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Denial of safety approval. 431.47 Section 431.47 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION.... The FAA notifies an applicant, in writing, if the FAA has denied safety approval for an RLV mission...

14 CFR 431.47 - Denial of safety approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Denial of safety approval. 431.47 Section 431.47 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION.... The FAA notifies an applicant, in writing, if the FAA has denied safety approval for an RLV mission...

10 CFR 431.32 - Preemption of State regulations.