Inhibition of Bacillus cereus growth by bacteriocin producing Bacillus subtilis isolated from fermented baobab seeds (maari) is substrate dependent.

PubMed

Kaboré, Donatien; Nielsen, Dennis Sandris; Sawadogo-Lingani, Hagrétou; Diawara, Bréhima; Dicko, Mamoudou Hama; Jakobsen, Mogens; Thorsen, Line

2013-03-01

Maari is a spontaneously alkaline fermented food condiment made from baobab tree seeds. Due to the spontaneous nature of maari fermentations growth of the opportunistic human pathogen Bacillus cereus is occasionally observed. Bacillus subtilis strains are important for alkaline seed fermentations because of their enzymatic activities contributing to desirable texture, flavor and pH development. Some B. subtilis strains have antimicrobial properties against B. cereus. In the present work, three bacteriocin producing B. subtilis strains (B3, B122 and B222) isolated from maari were tested. The production of antimicrobial activity by the three strains was found to be greatly influenced by the substrate. All three B. subtilis strains produced antimicrobial activity against B. cereus NVH391-98 in BHI broth as determined by the agar well diffusion assay, whereas no antimicrobial activity was detected in whole cooked baobab seeds and in 10% (w/v) grinded baobab seeds. Incorporation of BHI with up to 5% (w/w) grinded baobab seeds enhanced the antimicrobial activity of B. subtilis compared with pure BHI in a strain dependent manner. Incorporation of BHI with 50% (w/w) baobab grinded seeds decreased the antimicrobial activity. Addition of the inorganic salts FeCl₃, MgSO₄ and MnSO₄ has previously been reported to increase bacteriocin production of B. subtilis, but the addition of these salts to 10% (w/v) grinded baobab seed broth did not cause antimicrobial activity. Survival of B. cereus NVH391-98 in co-culture with B. subtilis was tested in BHI broth, 10% (w/v) grinded baobab seed based broth and during baobab seed fermentation to produce maari. B. cereus NVH391-98 grew well in all three substrates in mono-culture. All the 3 B. subtilis strains were able to decrease B. cereus NVH391-98 to levels below the detection limit (<10 CFU/ml) in BHI, but not in baobab seed based substrates, even though the outgrowth of B. cereus NVH391-98 was delayed by up to 40 h. In

Experimental estimates of the energy budget of hydrothermal eruptions; application to 2012 Upper Te Maari eruption, New Zealand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Montanaro, Cristian; Scheu, Bettina; Cronin, Shane J.; Breard, Eric C. P.; Lube, Gert; Dingwell, Donald B.

2016-10-01

Sudden hydrothermal eruptions occur in many volcanic settings and may include high-energy explosive phases. Ballistics launched by such events, together with ash plumes and pyroclastic density currents, generate deadly proximal hazards. The violence of hydrothermal eruptions (or explosive power) depends on the energy available within the driving-fluids (gas or liquid), which also influences the explosive mechanisms, volumes, durations, and products of these eruptions. Experimental studies in addition to analytical modeling were used here to elucidate the fragmentation mechanism and aspects of energy balance within hydrothermal eruptions. We present results from a detailed study of recent event that occurred on the 6th of August 2012 at Upper Te Maari within the Tongariro volcanic complex (New Zealand). The eruption was triggered by a landslide from this area, which set off a rapid stepwise decompression of the hydrothermal system. Explosive blasts were directed both westward and eastward of the collapsed area, with a vertical ash plume sourced from an adjacent existing crater. All explosions ejected blocks on ballistic trajectories, hundreds of which impacted New Zealand's most popular hiking trail and a mountain lodge, 1.4 km from the explosion locus. We have employed rocks representative of the eruption source area to perform rapid decompression experiments under controlled laboratory conditions that mimic hydrothermal explosions under controlled laboratory conditions. An experimental apparatus for 34 by 70 mm cylindrical samples was built to reduce the influence of large lithic enclaves (up to 30 mm in diameter) within the rock. The experiments were conducted in a temperature range of 250 °C-300 °C and applied pressure between 4 MPa and 6.5 MPa, which span the range of expected conditions below the Te Maari crater. Within this range we tested rapid decompression of pre-saturated samples from both liquid-dominated conditions and the vapor-dominated field

Search for temporal changes in shear-wave splitting associated with the 2012 Te Maari Eruptions at Mount Tongariro, New Zealand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Godfrey, Holly J.; Shelley, Adrian; Savage, Martha K.

2014-10-01

We investigate changes in shear wave splitting and VP/VS ratios of local earthquakes from the GeoNet catalogue during a 16 month period beginning a year before the first Te Maari eruption at Mount Tongariro on August 6, 2012, focusing on four permanent seismographs located in proximity to the volcano. We identify four time periods bounded by sharp transitions that comprise the study period, during which moving averages of the shear-wave splitting parameters, Φ (fast direction) and δt (delay time), are fairly constant. At all stations, VP/VS is steady throughout most of the study period at 1.75. Small variations occur during the earthquake swarm at the volcano, which started a month before the first eruption, and for some low magnitude events occurring after a change in earthquake location method. Analysis of data sets in which epicentre location, hypocentre depth and event magnitude are restricted illustrates that observed temporal changes in shear-wave splitting parameters are likely due to the spatial variation of paths. This in turn is governed by the spatial distribution of seismicity and measurement quality. We think the short term variation in VP/VS ratios is due to event origin time uncertainty of low magnitude earthquakes or incorrect S-phase arrival timing for events in the Tongariro swarm. These results suggest that any volcanic processes able to cause changes in shear-wave splitting or VP/VS associated with the two eruptions during our study period were too localised to Te Maari to be observed at the seismographs studied using our methods. Dominant Φ observed during the study period are oriented approximately tangential to the Tongariro/Ngauruhoe massif at all four stations. We suggest that this may result from gravitational loading of Tongariro and Ngauruhoe mountains inducing fracturing or dilatation of tangentially oriented microcracks. There may also be some effect from layered material causing horizontal propagating rays yielding faster speed SH

Dynamics of surges generated by hydrothermal blasts during the 6 August 2012 Te Maari eruption, Mt. Tongariro, New Zealand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lube, Gert; Breard, Eric C. P.; Cronin, Shane J.; Procter, Jonathan N.; Brenna, Marco; Moebis, Anja; Pardo, Natalia; Stewart, Robert B.; Jolly, Arthur; Fournier, Nicolas

2014-10-01

The 6 August 2012 Te Maari eruption produced violent and widespread "cold" Pyroclastic Density Currents (PDCs) following unroofing of the pressurized hydrothermal system. Despite an erupted volume of only ~ 5 × 105 m3, and lacking any juvenile component, the 340,000 m3 of PDCs spread over an area of 6.1 km2 and had mobilities that were on the order of volcanic blasts or blast-like PDCs. This great mobility was due to strong lateral focussing of explosion energy, producing jets with initial velocities > 100 m/s. We present a type-stratigraphy for these hydrothermal-derived low-temperature PDCs that show a tripartite deposit sequence. Each of the deposit units dominates respectively three outward-gradational sedimentary facies, reflecting transitions in the propagating PDC transport and depositional mechanisms. The largest PDCs, directed west and east of the Upper Te Maari area were generated from outer-cone breccias and tuffs that were mostly highly hydrothermally altered. Landsliding and the geometry of the hydrothermal area led to the directed jetting. Initial particle-laden jets laid sheets, grading into lobes of proximal massive sand to gravel-rich facies dominated by unit A and extending up to 1 km from the vents. As the jets were collapsing, a vertically and longitudinally stratified PDC developed within the first few hundred metres from source. Exponential thinning and coarse-tail grading-dominated fining with radial distance of massive unit A resulted from fast deposition and progressive depletion of the most concentrated flow region behind the PDC head. Markedly slower tractional sedimentation from the passing PDC body and tail deposited the highly stratified and ripple-bedded fine-coarse ash of unit B. This formed distinctive dune fields of the medial dune-bedded ash-rich facies. Upwards in depositional sequences the waning of the current can be seen, by replacement of higher-energy bedforms to progressively lower ones. Downstream progressive waning and

Using the spatial distribution and lithology of ballistic blocks to interpret eruption sequence and dynamics: August 6 2012 Upper Te Maari eruption, New Zealand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Breard, E. C. P.; Lube, G.; Cronin, S. J.; Fitzgerald, R.; Kennedy, B.; Scheu, B.; Montanaro, C.; White, J. D. L.; Tost, M.; Procter, J. N.; Moebis, A.

2014-10-01

The ballistic ejection of blocks during explosive eruptions constitutes a major hazard near active volcanoes. Fields of ballistic clasts can provide important clues towards quantifying the energy, dynamics and directionality of explosive events, but detailed datasets are rare. During the 6 August 2012 hydrothermal eruption of Upper Te Maari (Tongariro), New Zealand, three explosions occurred in rapid succession within less than 20 s. The first two produced laterally-directed pyroclastic density currents (PDC), and the final vertical explosion generated an ash plume. Each of these explosions was associated with the ejection of ballistic blocks. We present detailed maps of the resulting 5.1 km2 block impact field and the distribution of the > 2200 impact craters with diameters > 2.5 m. There are two distinct regions of high crater concentration, where crater densities reach more than six times the average background density. These occur at distances of 500-700 m east and 1000-1350 west of a 430-m-long fissure that was created during the eruption. The high-density fields are characterized by a narrow radial spread of < 45° and are located along the proximal transport direction of the pyroclastic density currents. A provenance analysis of ballistic blocks allowed us to reconstruct two different eruptive vents for the explosions. The first two laterally-directed explosions were sourced from the fissure, while the third explosion occurred through the pre-existing Upper Te Maari Crater, generating a roughly axisymmetric shower of ballistics. Stratigraphic relationships between impact craters, PDC and fall deposits suggest that the ballistic blocks were initially coupled with the rapidly expanding gas-particle mixtures that produced the PDCs. Ballistic trajectory modeling, reproducing the lateral extent and main impact density pattern of the western impact field, allows estimation of the vertical expansion angle of the second and largest explosion. The calculations show

Transport and deposition processes of the hydrothermal blast of the 6 August 2012 Te Maari eruption, Mt. Tongariro

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Breard, E. C. P.; Lube, G.; Cronin, S. J.; Valentine, G. A.

2015-11-01

The 2012 eruption of Tongariro volcano (New Zealand) produced highly mobile, low-temperature, blast-derived pyroclastic density currents after partial collapse of the western flank of the Upper Te Maari crater. Despite a low volume (340,000 m3), the flows traveled up to 2.5 km from source, covering a total area of 6.1 km2. Along one of the blast axes, freshly exposed, proximal-to-distal sedimentary structures and grain-size data suggest emplacement of the fining upward tripartite depositional sequence (massive, stratified, and laminated) under a dilute and strongly longitudinally zoned turbulent density current. While the zoning formed in the deposit in the first 1500 m of runout, the current progressively waned to the extent where it transported a nearly homogenous grain-size mixture at the liftoff position. Our data indicate that after the passage of an erosive flow front, massive unit A was deposited under a rapid-suspension sedimentation regime. Unit B was deposited under a traction-dominated regime generated by a subsequent portion of the flow moving at lower velocities and with lower sediment transport capacity than the portion depositing unit A. The final and slowest flow zone deposited the finest particles under weakly tractive conditions. Transport and emplacement dynamics inferred in this study show strong similarities between hydrothermal explosions, magmatic blasts, and high-energy dilute PDCs. The common occurrence of hydrothermal fields on volcanic flanks points to this hazard being an under-appreciated one at stratovolcanoes worldwide.

Herd immunity in adults against influenza-related illnesses with use of the trivalent-live attenuated influenza vaccine (CAIV-T) in children.

PubMed

Piedra, Pedro A; Gaglani, Manjusha J; Kozinetz, Claudia A; Herschler, Gayla; Riggs, Mark; Griffith, Melissa; Fewlass, Charles; Watts, Matt; Hessel, Colin; Cordova, Julie; Glezen, W Paul

2005-02-18

Highest attack rates for influenza occur in children. Immunization of schoolchildren with inactivated influenza vaccine in Michigan and Japan was associated with decreased morbidity and mortality, respectively, in older community contacts. An open-labeled, non-randomized, community-based trial in children with the cold adapted influenza vaccine, trivalent (CAIV-T) was initiated to determine the coverage necessary to reduce spread of influenza in the community. Age-specific baseline rates of medically attended acute respiratory illness (MAARI) for Scott and White Health Plan (SWHP) members at intervention (Temple and Belton) and comparison communities (Waco, Bryan, and College Station) were obtained in 1997-1998. During three subsequent vaccination years, 4298, 5251 and 5150 children received one dose per season of CAIV-T. Vaccinees represented 20-25% of the age-eligible children. Age-specific MAARI rates were compared for SWHP members in the intervention and comparison sites during the influenza outbreaks. Baseline age-specific MAARI rates per 100 persons for the influenza season were comparable between the intervention and comparison communities. In the subsequent three influenza seasons, the age groups 35-44, 45-54, 55-65 and >64 years experienced reductions in MAARI rates in the intervention communities. In adults > or =35 years of age, significant reductions in MAARI of 0.08 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.13), 0.18 (95% CI: 0.14, 0.22) and 0.15 (95% CI: 0.12, 0.19), were observed in the influenza seasons for vaccination years 1, 2 and 3, respectively. No consistent reduction in MAARI rates was detected in the younger age groups. Vaccination of approximately 20-25% of children, 1.5-18 years of age in the intervention communities resulted in an indirect protection of 8-18% against MAARI in adults > or =35 years of age.

Dual polarisation C-band weather radar imagery of the 6 August 2012 Te Maari Eruption, Mount Tongariro, New Zealand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crouch, John F.; Pardo, Natalia; Miller, Craig A.

2014-10-01

The 6 August 2012 eruption of Mt. Tongariro from Upper Te Maari Crater in the central North Island of New Zealand was the first volcanic eruption observed by an operational weather radar in New Zealand, and is believed to be one of only a small number of eruptions observed by a dual-polarisation radar worldwide. The eruption was also observed by a GeoNet webcam, and detailed ash deposit studies have permitted analysis of the plume characteristics. A combination of radar and webcam imagery show 5 pulses within the first 13 min of the eruption, and also the subsequent ash transport downwind. Comparison with ash samples show the radar was likely detecting ash particles down to about 0.5 mm diameter. The maximum plume height estimated by the radar is 7.8 ± 1.0 km above mean sea level (amsl), although it is possible this may be a slight under estimation if very small ash particles not detected by the radar rose higher and comprised the very top of the plume. The correlation coefficient and differential reflectivity fields that are additionally measured by the dual polarisation radar provide extra information about the structure and composition of the eruption column and ash cloud. The correlation coefficient easily discriminates between the eruption column and the ash plume, and provides some information about the diversity of ash particle size within both the ash plume and the subsequent detached ash cloud drifting downwind. The differential reflectivity shows that the larger ash particles are falling with a horizontal orientation, and indicates that ice nucleation and aggregation of fine ash particles was probably occurring at high altitudes within 20-25 min of the eruption.

Mass transfer processes in a post eruption hydrothermal system: Parameterisation of microgravity changes at Te Maari craters, New Zealand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miller, Craig A.; Currenti, Gilda; Hamling, Ian; Williams-Jones, Glyn

2018-05-01

Fluid transfer and ground deformation at hydrothermal systems occur both as a precursor to, or as a result of, an eruption. Typically studies focus on pre-eruption changes to understand the likelihood of unrest leading to eruption; however, monitoring post-eruption changes is important for tracking the return of the system towards background activity. Here we describe processes occurring in a hydrothermal system following the 2012 eruption of Upper Te Maari crater on Mt Tongariro, New Zealand, from observations of microgravity change and deformation. Our aim is to assess the post-eruption recovery of the system, to provide a baseline for long-term monitoring. Residual microgravity anomalies of up to 92 ± 11 μGal per year are accompanied by up to 0.037 ± 0.01 m subsidence. We model microgravity changes using analytic solutions to determine the most likely geometry and source location. A multiobjective inversion tests whether the gravity change models are consistent with the observed deformation. We conclude that the source of subsidence is separate from the location of mass addition. From this unusual combination of observations, we develop a conceptual model of fluid transfer within a condensate layer, occurring in response to eruption-driven pressure changes. We find that depressurisation drives the evacuation of pore fluid, either exiting the system completely as vapour through newly created vents and fumaroles, or migrating to shallower levels where it accumulates in empty pore space, resulting in positive gravity changes. Evacuated pores then collapse, causing subsidence. In addition we find that significant mass addition occurs from influx of meteoric fluids through the fractured hydrothermal seal. Long-term combined microgravity and deformation monitoring will allow us to track the resealing and re-pressurisation of the hydrothermal system and assess what hazard it presents to thousands of hikers who annually traverse the volcano, within 2 km of the

2. Photocopy of Promotional Sketch (from the Historical Museum of ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. Photocopy of Promotional Sketch (from the Historical Museum of Southeast Florida and the Caribbean, Miami, Florida, G.E. Merrick Collection) Phineas T. Paist, artist CRAFTSCENTER - Coral Gables (Entrances, Streets, Gates, & Squares), Coral Gables, Miami-Dade County, FL

Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine, Trivalent, Is Safe in Healthy Children 18 Months to 4 Years, 5 to 9 Years, and 10 to 18 Years of Age in a Community-Based, Nonrandomized, Open-Label Trial

PubMed Central

Piedra, Pedro A.; Gaglani, Manjusha J.; Riggs, Mark; Herschler, Gayla; Fewlass, Charles; Watts, Matt; Kozinetz, Claudia; Hessel, Colin; Glezen, W. Paul

2006-01-01

Objective Influenza-associated deaths in healthy children that were reported during the 2003–2004 influenza season heightened the public awareness of the seriousness of influenza in children. In 1996–1998, a pivotal phase III trial was conducted in children who were 15 to 71 months of age. Live attenuated influenza vaccine, trivalent (LAIV-T), was shown to be safe and efficacious. In a subsequent randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled LAIV-T trial in children who were 1 to 17 years of age, a statistically significant increase in asthma encounters was observed for children who were younger than 59 months. LAIV-T was not licensed to children who were younger than 5 years because of the concern for asthma. We report on the largest safety study to date of the recently licensed LAIV-T in children 18 months to 4 years, 5 to 9 years, and 10 to 18 years of age in a 4-year (1998–2002) community-based trial that was conducted at Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Clinic (Temple, TX). Methods An open-label, nonrandomized, community-based trial of LAIV-T was conducted before its licensure. Medical records of all children were surveyed for serious adverse events (SAEs) 6 weeks after vaccination. Health care utilization was evaluated by determining the relative risk (RR) of medically attended acute respiratory illness (MAARI) and asthma rates at 0 to 14 and 15 to 42 days after vaccination compared with the rates before vaccination. Medical charts of all visits coded as asthma were reviewed for appropriate classification of events: acute asthma or other. We evaluated the risk for MAARI (health care utilization for acute respiratory illness) 0 to 14 and 15 to 42 days after LAIV-T by a method similar to the postlicensure safety analysis conducted on measles, mumps, and rubella and on diphtheria, tetanus, and whole-cell pertussis vaccines. Results All children regardless of age were administered a single intranasal dose of LAIV-T in each vaccine year. In the 4 years of

Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against 2009 Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) Virus Differed by Vaccine Type During 2013–2014 in the United States

PubMed Central

Gaglani, Manjusha; Pruszynski, Jessica; Murthy, Kempapura; Clipper, Lydia; Robertson, Anne; Reis, Michael; Chung, Jessie R.; Piedra, Pedro A.; Avadhanula, Vasanthi; Nowalk, Mary Patricia; Zimmerman, Richard K.; Jackson, Michael L.; Jackson, Lisa A.; Petrie, Joshua G.; Ohmit, Suzanne E.; Monto, Arnold S.; McLean, Huong Q.; Belongia, Edward A.; Fry, Alicia M.; Flannery, Brendan

2016-01-01

Background. The predominant strain during the 2013–2014 influenza season was 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus (A[H1N1]pdm09). This vaccine-component has remained unchanged from 2009. Methods. The US Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Network enrolled subjects aged ≥6 months with medically attended acute respiratory illness (MAARI), including cough, with illness onset ≤7 days before enrollment. Influenza was confirmed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We determined the effectiveness of trivalent or quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) among subjects ages ≥6 months and the effectiveness of quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV4) among children aged 2–17 years, using a test-negative design. The effect of prior receipt of any A(H1N1)pdm09-containing vaccine since 2009 on the effectiveness of current-season vaccine was assessed. Results. We enrolled 5999 subjects; 5637 (94%) were analyzed; 18% had RT-PCR–confirmed A(H1N1)pdm09-related MAARI. Overall, the effectiveness of vaccine against A(H1N1)pdm09-related MAARI was 54% (95% confidence interval [CI], 46%–61%). Among fully vaccinated children aged 2–17 years, the effectiveness of LAIV4 was 17% (95% CI, −39% to 51%) and the effectiveness of IIV was 60% (95% CI, 36%–74%). Subjects aged ≥9 years showed significant residual protection of any prior A(H1N1)pdm09-containing vaccine dose(s) received since 2009, as did children <9 years old considered fully vaccinated by prior season. Conclusions. During 2013–2014, IIV was significantly effective against A(H1N1)pdm09. Lack of LAIV4 effectiveness in children highlights the importance of continued annual monitoring of effectiveness of influenza vaccines in the United States. PMID:26743842

Surges of advanced medical support associated with influenza outbreaks.

PubMed

King, J C; Schweinle, J E; Hatchett, R J; Gao, Y; Lichenstein, R; Zhou, J

2017-08-01

We utilized de-identified data to evaluate increases in four outcomes during influenza outbreak periods (IOPs) including: hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation or death for adults aged 18 years or older with medically attended acute respiratory illnesses (MAARI) admitted to any of Maryland's 50 acute-care hospitals over 12 years. Weekly numbers of positive influenza tests in the Maryland area were obtained from the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention interactive website. The fewest consecutive weeks around the peak week containing at least 85% of the positive tests defined the IOP. Weekly counts of individual study outcomes were positively correlated with regional weekly counts of positive influenza tests during all the IOPs over 12 years. Also, rate ratios comparing daily occurrences of each study outcome between the IOP and non-IOP were significantly elevated. These results confirm conclusions of previous studies that influenza outbreaks are clearly associated with deaths and increased use of advanced medical resources by patients with MAARI. These data analyses suggest that increased efforts to develop more effective influenza vaccines and therapeutics should be a priority.

Loss-of-Use Damages From U.S. Nuclear Testing in the Marshall Islands: Technical Analysis of the Nuclear Claims Tribunal’s Methodology and Alternative Estimates

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-08-12

productivity of the islands in producing copra or fish, was not considered. The assumption is also inconsistent with the capitalization model that the value of...David Barker and Jay Wa-Aadu, “Is Real Estate Becoming Important Again? A Neo Ricardian Model of Land Rent.” Real Estate Economics, Spring, 2004, pp...the model explicit, it avoids shortcomings of the NCT methodology, by using available data from RMI’s national income and product accounts that is

Influenza Outbreaks Among Passengers and Crew on Two Cruise Ships: A Recent Account of Preparedness and Response to an Ever-Present Challenge

PubMed Central

Millman, Alexander J.; Duong, Krista Kornylo; Lafond, Kathryn; Green, Nicole M.; Lippold, Susan A.; Jhung, Michael A.

2016-01-01

Background During spring 2014, two large influenza outbreaks occurred among cruise ship passengers and crew on trans-hemispheric itineraries. Methods Passenger and crew information for both ships was obtained from components of the ship medical records. Data included demographics, diagnosis of influenza-like illness (ILI) or acute respiratory illness (ARI), illness onset date, passenger cabin number, crew occupation, influenza vaccination history, and rapid influenza diagnostic test (RIDT) result, if performed. Results In total, 3.7% of passengers and 3.1% of crew on Ship A had medically attended acute respiratory illness (MAARI). On Ship B, 6.2% of passengers and 4.7% of crew had MAARI. In both outbreaks, passengers reported illness prior to the ship’s departure. Influenza activity was low in the places of origin of the majority of passengers and both ships’ ports of call. The median age of affected passengers on both ships was 70 years. Diagnostic testing revealed three different co-circulating influenza viruses [influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, influenza A(H3N2), and influenza B] on Ship A and one circulating influenza virus (influenza B) on Ship B. Both ships voluntarily reported the outbreaks to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and implemented outbreak response plans including isolation of sick individuals and antiviral treatment and prophylaxis. Conclusions Influenza activity can become widespread during cruise ship outbreaks and can occur outside of traditional influenza seasons. Comprehensive outbreak prevention and control plans, including prompt antiviral treatment and prophylaxis, may mitigate the impact of influenza outbreaks on cruise ships. PMID:26031322

Efficacy of Trivalent, Cold-Adapted, Influenza Virus Vaccine Against Influenza A (Fujian), a Drift Variant, during 2003–2004

PubMed Central

Halloran, M. Elizabeth; Piedra, Pedro A.; Longini, Ira M.; Gaglani, Manjusha J.; Schmotzer, Brian; Fewlass, Charles; Herschler, Gayla B.; Glezen, W. Paul

2009-01-01

In the 2003–2004 influenza season, the predominant circulating influenza A (H3N2) virus in the United States was similar antigenically to A/Fujian/411/2002 (H3N2), a drift variant of A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2), the vaccine strain. That year, a field study of trivalent live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV-T) was conducted in Temple-Belton, Texas, as part of a larger community-based, non-randomized, open-label study in three communities that began in August 1998 [1, 2, 3]. Participants were healthy children aged 5 – 18 years. The analysis here concerns 6,403 children in the Scott & White Health Plan (SWHP) database living within zip codes of the Temple-Belton area, of whom 1,706 received LAIV-T and 548 received trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) in 2003, 983 had been previously vaccinated in 1998–2001, but not in 2002–2003 or 2003, and 3,166 had never been vaccinated. The main outcome measure was medically-attended acute respiratory illness (MAARI). Surveillance culture results were incorporated into the analysis to estimate efficacy against culture-confirmed influenza illness. Vaccine effectiveness of LAIV-T against MAARI was 26% (95% confidence interval (CI) 11,39). Vaccine efficacy of LAIV-T against culture-confirmed influenza illness including surveillance cultures of children in the SWHP database in the validation calculation was 56% (95% CI 24,84). LAIV-T was cross-protective with a drift variant strain in 2003–2004, evidence that such vaccines could be important for preparing for a pandemic and for annual influenza. PMID:17395338

Influenza Outbreaks Among Passengers and Crew on Two Cruise Ships: A Recent Account of Preparedness and Response to an Ever-Present Challenge.

PubMed

Millman, Alexander J; Kornylo Duong, Krista; Lafond, Kathryn; Green, Nicole M; Lippold, Susan A; Jhung, Michael A

2015-01-01

During spring 2014, two large influenza outbreaks occurred among cruise ship passengers and crew on trans-hemispheric itineraries. Passenger and crew information for both ships was obtained from components of the ship medical records. Data included demographics, diagnosis of influenza-like illness (ILI) or acute respiratory illness (ARI), illness onset date, passenger cabin number, crew occupation, influenza vaccination history, and rapid influenza diagnostic test (RIDT) result, if performed. In total, 3.7% of passengers and 3.1% of crew on Ship A had medically attended acute respiratory illness (MAARI). On Ship B, 6.2% of passengers and 4.7% of crew had MAARI. In both outbreaks, passengers reported illness prior to the ship's departure. Influenza activity was low in the places of origin of the majority of passengers and both ships' ports of call. The median age of affected passengers on both ships was 70 years. Diagnostic testing revealed three different co-circulating influenza viruses [influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, influenza A(H3N2), and influenza B] on Ship A and one circulating influenza virus (influenza B) on Ship B. Both ships voluntarily reported the outbreaks to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and implemented outbreak response plans including isolation of sick individuals and antiviral treatment and prophylaxis. Influenza activity can become widespread during cruise ship outbreaks and can occur outside of traditional influenza seasons. Comprehensive outbreak prevention and control plans, including prompt antiviral treatment and prophylaxis, may mitigate the impact of influenza outbreaks on cruise ships. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

The Study of Fault Lineament Pattern of the Lamongan Volcanic Field Using Gravity Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aziz, K. N.; Hartantyo, E.; Niasari, S. W.

2018-04-01

Lamongan Volcano located in Tiris, East Java, possesses geothermal potential energy. The geothermal potential was indicated by the presence of geothermal manifestations such as hot springs. We usedsecondary gravity data from GGMplus. The result of gravity anomaly map shows that there is the lowest gravity anomaly in the center of the study area coinciding with the hot spring location. Gravity data were analyzed using SVD method to identify fault structures. It controls the geothermal fluid pathways. The result of this research shows thatthe type of fault in hot springsisanormal fault with direction NW-SE. The fault lineament pattern along maaris NW-SE.Maar indicates anormal fault. As the result we know that gravity data from GGMplus which analyzed with SVD can be used to determine the type and trend of fault.

Precursory characteristics of the seismicity before the 6 August 2012 eruption of Tongariro volcano, North Island, New Zealand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hurst, Tony; Jolly, Arthur D.; Sherburn, Steven

2014-10-01

The 6 August 2012 eruption from the Upper Te Maari crater of Tongariro volcano followed approximately three weeks of precursory seismic activity. Earthquake relocations including data from extra temporary stations indicated that nearly all events were in a small area very close to Upper Te Maari. Most of these relocated events were very shallow, with nearly all events being between 1000 and 1500 m below the ground surface. The pre-eruption seismicity occurred in three main swarms. During the first swarm on 12-13 July 2012, all the earthquakes had consistent inter-event times of 71 ± 8 min, while in the later swarms (17-20 and 29-30 July) many events had a similar pattern of consistent inter-event times. The stationary quasi-periodic ("clockwork") earthquake process suggests that a single fracture point was excited by a nearly constant rate flux process. The dominant type of earthquake observed in these swarms had a sharp onset and a broad spectrum, with strong energy from 2 to 10 Hz. Most events seen had a local magnitude of 1.5 to 2.5, with virtually no smaller events. Most of these earthquakes appeared to belong to a main earthquake family whose characteristics included a strong spectral component at about 2 Hz and three bursts of energy spaced at intervals of about 1.5 s. Of the 116 located earthquakes, 75 had a correlation coefficient greater than 0.70 with a master event. The spectra of these events did not change with size, with matching frequency peaks for all the events with a high correlation. The last event of this type was the day before the 6 August 2012 eruption, none have been seen since and there has been very little seismicity under Tongariro. This seismicity alerted GNS Science and other organisations to the unrest of Tongariro, and the Volcanic Alert Level and Aviation Colour Code were raised to publicise this. GNS Science also increased its monitoring of Tongariro, and discovered that the magmatic gas concentrations had increased compared to

Efficacy of trivalent, cold-adapted, influenza virus vaccine against influenza A (Fujian), a drift variant, during 2003-2004.

PubMed

Halloran, M Elizabeth; Piedra, Pedro A; Longini, Ira M; Gaglani, Manjusha J; Schmotzer, Brian; Fewlass, Charles; Herschler, Gayla B; Glezen, W Paul

2007-05-16

In the 2003-2004 influenza season, the predominant circulating influenza A (H3N2) virus in the United States was similar antigenically to A/Fujian/411/2002 (H3N2), a drift variant of A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2), the vaccine strain. That year, a field study of trivalent live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV-T) was conducted in Temple-Belton, Texas, as part of a larger community-based, non-randomized, open-label study in three communities that began in August 1998 [Gaglani MJ, Piedra PA, Herschler GB, Griffith ME, Kozinetz CA, Riggs MW, et al. Direct effectiveness of the trivalent, cold-adapted, influenza virus vaccine (CAIV-T) against the 2000-2001 influenza A (H1N1) and B epidemic in healthy children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:65-73; Piedra PA, Gaglani MJ, Kozinetz CA, Herschler G, Riggs M, Griffith M, et al. Herd immunity in adults against influenza-related illnesses with use of the trivalent-live attenuated influenza vaccine (CAIV-T) in children. Vaccine 2005;23:1540-8; Piedra PA, Gaglani MJ, Riggs M, Herschler G, Fewlass C, Watts M, et al. Live attenuated influenza vaccine, trivalent, is safe in healthy children 18 months to 4 years, 5 to 9 years, and 10 to 18 years of age in a community-based, nonrandomized, open-label trial. Pediatrics 2005;116:397-407]. Participants were healthy children aged 5-18 years. The analysis here concerns 6403 children in the Scott & White Health Plan (SWHP) database living within zip codes of the Temple-Belton area, of whom 1706 received LAIV-T and 548 received trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) in 2003, 983 had been previously vaccinated in 1998-2001, but not in 2002-2003 or 2003, and 3166 had never been vaccinated. The main outcome measure was medically-attended acute respiratory illness (MAARI). Surveillance culture results were incorporated into the analysis to estimate efficacy against culture-confirmed influenza illness. Vaccine effectiveness of LAIV-T against MAARI was 26% (95% confidence interval (CI) 11, 39). Vaccine